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                    <text>skylab

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER

an adventure
•
• 1n

science
and
::photograRhy

The significant role of the photographic process on Skylab can
be appreciated when one realizes that nearly one-half of the ex­
periments onboard utilize some form of photography to gather
their scientific data. The inherent advantages of returned photo­
graphic records, high information density and permanence,
justifies the effort involved with its launch, stowage, and return.
One of the more important aspects of Skylab photography is the
entirely new portion of the spectrum revealed to solar and stellar
astronomers. As shown on the chart below, the experiments of
Skylab embrace wavelengths from Hard X-Rays to the Thermal
Infrared. The areas of Vacuum Ultraviolet and X-Ray studies have
only become feasible through space research because the Earth's
atmosphere filters and scaners these wavelengths.

Skylab Experiment Spectral Coverage

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The camera systems aboard Skylab range from conventional
35mm cameras to exotic systems employing detraction gratings,
articulated mirrors, and photocathodes emitting photoelectrons
to be focused on film. Through the use of these systems and their
films the scope of the studies is extremely broad. They will
return information concerning subjects as varied as the intense
Sun to the faint Zodiacal Light, cloud formations to the mass of
the Universe, and the contamination around the spacecraft to the
contamination of our Earth's atmosphere and rivers.
The films to support these experiments vary from color interior
films, similar to those commercially available, to films highly
sensitive to Far Ultraviolet. The quantity of film involved is
revealed in the fact that there are in excess of 125,000 exposures
in the area of solar astronomy alone.

�Skylab Films
Name
Shon Wave
Radiation

Vacuum UV
RecQfding

Related
Types
SC-5
104-06

101-05
101-06

Size
50 x 70mm
Grus Plates
35mm
Stnp$

$183-Ultrav,olet PanoralT\8
S082A-X/UV Coronal Spectrograph
S0828-UV Corof'l81 Spectr09'3Ph

50 x 70mm
Glass Plates
35mm
Slides
7.5 x 150mm
Suips
Glau Plates

S019-UV Stellar Aurof'lomv

S183-Ultraviolet PanotalTli;I

Spectregraphic

103a-O

16mm

Pan,;nom1c�X
Aerial

3400
3414
S0022

35mm
5 inch
70mm
70mm
70mm

026•02

35mm

S0212

ExPL'f1m8nt Apphcation

S183-Ultrav,olet Pano,ama

Earth Resources

S020-UV/X-Ray Solar Photography

S183-Ultraviolet Panaroma

T025-Coronograph Contam. Meas

S190B-Eanh Terrain Camera
S190A-Multispectral Photographic Facllttv
S054-X Ray Spectrograph1c Telescope
S056-X•Aay Telescope
S052-Wn1te- Light Coronograoh

16mm

35mm

S233-t&lt;ohoutek Photomcu 1c Pho1ography
S191-lnfrared $pactrometer

2403

35mm
35mm

S063-UV Anglow Horizon Photography
T025-Corono graph Contam Meas.

Aerial
Color

S0242
S0356

5 inch
70mm

S1908-Earth Terrain Camera
S190A-Multispectra l PhQtograph1c Camera

Oata
Recordmg

2485

35mrn

S063-UV Auglow Hotizon
T027/S073-GetJensche,n/Zodiaeal Light
S232-Banum Plasma Observation

Ekt.Jchrome
MS (Color)

S0368

35mm
35mm
16mm&amp;
70mm

S063-UV Airglow Horizon
T053 Earth Laser Beacon A$$essment
Operational (E l(lf8Yeh 1cular ActiYity)

Ektaehrome

S0168

16&amp; 35mm

M151 T11-ne and Mo11on Study
M479-Zero G1avHy Flammability
M487-Hab1tab 1 1t1v/Crew Quarters
M509- As1ronaut Maneu,..eung Equipment
M516-Crew Act1111 t1es/Mamtenance
S191-lnfrar&amp;d Spectrometer
T01J-Ctew Vehicle Disturbances
T020-Foo1 Controlled ManeuYeong Unn
T053-Earth Laser Beacon Assenment
Student lnwst1ga11ons
Science Ocmonstrations

Plus-X
Aerial

3401

Tri•X
Aerograph, c

Ef

16&amp; 3 5 m m
35mm

(Oayl19htJ

16, 35&amp;
70mm

Operational F,tm

Solar Flare
Palfol

S0101

35mm

Hydrogen Alpha Telescope

Ektachrome
lr'llfra,ed
(Colorl

2443
3443
S0131

35mm
70mm
35mm
16mm
5 ir,ch

S063-UV A1rglow Hor.zoo
S190A-Mult1spectral Photographic Camera
Operational Film
M479-Zero GraYity Flammab1l1ty
S190B- Earth Terr(lm Camera

2424

70mm

$190A-Mult1spectn1I Photographic Camera

NTB·3

35mm

5201-X/UV Electronograph1 c Camera

lr'llfrared
Aerograph1 c
Nuc1ear
Track
Ma1er1al

The Earth Resources Experiment Package is an integrated system of
s·:msors for earth observations. Detecting electromagnetic radiation,
either reflected or emitted in the Visible through Thermal Infrared wave·
lengths. These sensors provide high resolution data covering widespread
areas of the earth. This data is expected to yield information fundamental
to the use and conservation of our natural resources. Some of the major
d1sciplmes addressed are agriculture, geology, continental water resources,
ocean investigations, and atmospheric investigations.

Exp.

Photog,aph1c Techmque

No.

TIiie

ObjeCll'Ve

S190A

Multi•
SpeCtral
Pho109raph 1c
Camera

Determine the extent
by \M11ch precision and
rep&amp;t1trve Muh 1speccral
from
Photography
space can be applied 10
the Earth Resources
Disc1pl 1nes m the Vis•·
ble and Near IA regions.

Six Channel High Prec1s1on
10mm camera with matched
distortion aoo focal length,
and bore1119hted so that photo­
graphs from all six Ci!lmeras
will be accu,ately 1n reg,ster.
Came,as utilize 70mm film
!S0356, S0022. E� 2424 ond
EK 24431 ,n cassettes hold mgapl)roxunately 400 frames

S1908

Earth
Terrain
Camera

Obtain high ,esolut1on
photography 10 assess
techniques in remote
sensing for application
in the use and con•
se,...aoon of natural re•
sources.

Automatic operation for over•
tapping topographic coverage
and manual ooerat1on fo, sin­
gle photographs of selected
scer'lles. Camera ut1liies 5 ,neh
S0242, S0131, ond EK 3414
film in canettes of approx1•
mately 450 frames e8ch and
has a ,e$olutton of 37 feet
from an atrnude of 23Snm,.

S192

Mult1Speetr1I
Scanner

Assess
Multisoectral
techniQues for remote
sensing of Eaqh re•
sources.
Spec1f1cally:
Spectral
Signat1.11e
Identification and Map•
ping ol 51tes related to
Agriculture, Forestry,
Geology,
Hydrology,
and Oceanography.

Mechan1eal Optical Scanner
combined 11111th a folded re•
fleeting telescope osed as a
radiation eollector to 9c1ther
high re$Olut1on, quantttati11e
da1a on ,ad1ation reflected and
em,ued by selected test sites
,n thirteen discrete spectral
bands of the Visible, Near IR
and Thermal IA regions. Oata
returneQ on magnetic t�pe is
converted to pictorial repre­
sentation

Film Storage
Five aluminum filrn vaults are provid•
ed aboard Skylab to serve as re�sitories
for all experiment photographic film to
reduce radiation exposures of the stored
film to levels consistent with require­
ments for acceptable photographic data.
These vaults vary in thickness from 0.5
to 3.4 inches, and the largest weighs
approximately 2250 pounds.
Four of the vaults are used to protect
Apollo Telescope Mount {ATM) solar
astronomy film. and the fifth (IJrgest)
is used to store corollary experiment,
general purpose, land operational films.
In addition, the largest vault contains a
passive humidity control system which
assures a relative humidity of 45 ±: 5 per­
cent.
0

�Solar Observations
The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) serves as the painting base for
eight solar telescopes. These telescopic observations are primarily in
spectral ranges that are obscurecl by the Earth's atmosphere. The high
resolution provided through photographic techniques 1s expected to
greatly e)(pand our understanding of solar behavior and 1n the assessment
of Its impact on our environment. Skylab provides th� first opportunity
to perform long duration, high spectral and special resolution studies of
the Sun ,n the Visible, Ultraviolet, Vacuum Ultrav,o·let: anci
regions

x:Ray

s,multaneously
E,cp.
No

Photographic Te,chnique

S020

Obtain X•Rav/UV spec­
tr• of the Sun 1n the
Solar
Photography 10 to 200 ang5trom
wavelength region.

ExPosures
obtained tA1ng
Spectrograph
conta1n1ng a
h'IIOi&gt;lrt grallng, sl,t, f,her.
opt1CBI bores19h1er, and film
drum w11h Kodak 101-06 film.

S052

Wtute
Obtain synopttC photo
Ltght
greph,c data of the
Co,onagraph bflghtneH. form. and
polarization
of the
corona from I 5 to 6
soi.Ir r�u. and observe
assOc,ated
tranrnmts
1A1th
coronal
radlO
bursts

Sun 1s occulted by disks
mounted exurnaltv to a re•
fract1ve teleM::ope Exposures
of 3 durat,ons 11 one clear
and three polartzat1on anglei
Trans,enu are photographed
e1 htgh re1es with no pol; ri•
.Qlt!On ftlters.
F1lrn type IS
Kodak 026.02 Research

Photograph spat.al and
spectral d,stt1but1on of
X Ray en"'mI0I, of the
actH.re and QuIe1 corona
Photogtaph flares, ac•
1,ve regions, coronal
hea1,ngs.and ta,ge-scale
magnetic l,elds

Telescope has comp0und gru­
,ng ,nc1denc:e ObJeC:t1ve reflec­
tor Spectral data 1s obtitmed
by selec:t,ng 1ransm1u1on f1I•
ten, an ob1ect1ve transm1ss1on
grating or none Film tvoe ,s
Kodak $0212 lunove-rcoa1e-d
type w,th conduc11ve bi,ckmgl

EUV

Photograph 1ma9e1 of
lower
the
coronal
X-Ray emissions

Telescope �s simple grazmg
,nctdence ob1ect1ve reflector
w11h selective 1ransm1ss1on f1I•
ters
Film type u KodaS(
S0212 ( unovercoated 'Nlth
conduc:t1ve backings).
and
$0242 Aenal Color

EUV

Photograph corol'\ill im­
agery m the short XUV
10 de1e,m1 ne th•rmal
and ma tenat structure
of the inner corona

Ob1ective focusmg reflec1,ng
grattr'9 disperses images of the
solar disk and corona onto
10-,nc:h strips of 35mm film.
First and second order spectra
are photographed sep1uately
to cover the spectral range,
Film type 1s Kodak 104-06

UV

Photograph line spectra
in the coronal chromo­
spher,.: trans111on zone
for studv of the trans­
fer of energy into the
corona

Solar image is focuMKi on the
entrance silt {1 x 60 arc•
seconds) of a reflec:t1ve grating
Spectrogreph Spectr•I range
1s achieved by recording f1ot
�nd second ord•rs !oeperately.
E,ght spectra ere recorded on
eight 1 O•inch srnps of 35mm
fllm.
Film type Is Kodak
104-06

SOS•

S056

S082A

S0828

H-a

X Rav
Spec1r
9reph1c
Camerc1

end X�ay
Telescope

Spec:trO•
helio•
griiph

SpectrO•
graph

f&lt;.a
Telescope

Provide reference pho­
tography rn the Hydro­
gen H-4 ltne with

ground observations

Except for spoce quelif1e9t1on.
the H•a film telescope 1s 1im1lar to Earth-based un1ts. Film
type 1s Kodak $0101,

Stellar Observations
As with solar observations, stellar researc:h is being conduc:ted in the
Ultraviolet. Since these emissions are characteristic of "young" stars, it is
hoped that they will provide ,m,ght to the origins of the universe. Efforts
in mapping the universe have already shown that our galaxie is larger than
previously believed.
Comet Kohoutek presented Skylab with the opportunity to be the
first to.view what may be the key to the origins of our own solar system.
Comets are thought to be pr,moral matter, which in this case has been
sitting at the fringes of our solar system, unaffected by our sun, possibly
since ils beginning.
Exp.
No

Photographic Techmqve

S019

Ultraviolet
Stellar
Astronomy

Obtain moderate and
low resolut1on UVipec•
ua of very ho1 stars,
M,lky Way star ftelds,
gala•ies, etc., 1n the
1300-to 3000,.ngstrom
wa.,,..length reg,on

Exposure$ obta.ned using UV
Spect,ograph attached to an
A.n,culated Mirror System,
emp1oymg 164-frame rnaga
ZIMS of Kodak 101-06 emul­
sion mounted on metal plat­
tens

S063

UV

Photograph Earth's o­
zone layer from above,
m I he 2500· 10 3000angttrom
wavelength
region. and photograph
twilight airglow em1s­
s1ons ,n the 2600- 10
6300-engstrom
wave•
length reg,on

Photographs obuuned us.mg
specially designed exper1meni
hardware hnclud1ng a UV
1ransm,n1ve window&gt; ,n con
1unct1on w11h two 35mm
Nikon cameras ut1t1z:1ng Kodak
2485. S0368, 2403. and 2443
Fi lm

Gegensche1n/ Measure the br,ghtnen
and polanzet1on of the
skyglow, and obtain
data on th@ existence
and nature of contam1nant matenal around
the spacecraft

Telemetry ob111n&amp;d with a
photoelectric polarimeter and
also a camera svnem using a
35mm Nik.on
camera and
Kodek 2485 film

$183

Ultravtolet
Panoral'Nt

Obtain color 1nd1ces of
stars end clusters 1n the
1800·.2500·.•nd 3100angstrom �veleo91hs

Exposures obtained us1ngwide
f1 eld-0f•vtew
Spectrograph.
Articulated Mirror System,
and
carrou�ls
containing
slldes of Kodak 101-05, 103&amp;0,
and SC-5.

T025

Corono­
graph
Contam,­
nat,on
Measure­

Detect and Identify
light-scattering proper­
ties of small particles,
and prO\lide detailed 1n•
formauon on the verti•
cal d1stnbut1on of o­
zone at high altitudes.

Exposures Obtained USHlQ a
canister assembly and 35mm
Ntkon camera with Kodak
3400 and 2403 film

Obte1n
Lyman•Alphe
and 01 imagery of geo­
phys,c:al and astrophv­
rn:el (come and tail of
comet Kohoutek) tar•
!)ell in the 1050· to
1304-engstrom �ve­
length region.

E i.-posures &lt;&gt;btcu nl!(l usa ng en
f/1 SChmldt camera conf 1gu­
rat1on with a K8r photocath­
Photoelectrons are
ode,
focused onto 35mm Kodak.

S073

Airglow
Hot,zon
Photo•
graphy

G�n•
sc:hein/
Zodiacal
Light

ment

S201

xuv

Electrono•
graphic

NTS-3 Mm.

�At scheduled times and at other moments of opportunity the
Skylab astronauts use general purpose cameras and accessories to
record their performances of certain experiment tasks and to
document specific happenings and conditions. The 35mm and
70mm instruments were procured as slightly modified versions
of the commercially available units. The 16mm camera was
developed for NASA early in the space program.

16MM DATA ACQUISITION CAMERA SYSTEM
Unlike typical movie cameras, the
Skylab Data Acquisition Camera
provides the capability for selecting
independent shutter speeds and
framing rates. Its unique film
magazine and transport mechanism
was developed such that as one
film cassette becomes depleted, it
then serves as the take-up mechan­
ism for the next cassette, thus
saving premium space and weight.
The basic, portable camera is 6" x 3.75" x 2.4" in size and weighs
but 2.7 pounds, including a 140-foot film cassette. The DAG
system includes an additional assortment of lenses, remote cables,
and auxiliary lighting, mounting, and extension devices.
The primary application of the 16mm DAC system on Skylab
is directed toward the documentation of crew activities and tasks
of interest ,n crew motion studies, recording of scientific results
of experiments, and the generation of documentaries and demon­
strations covering both planned and unplanned crew activities.
Such tasks and activities include events as varied as preparing an
evening meal, performing a complex operation such as manipulat­
ing a unique foot-controlled maneuvering unit, or visual inspection
of the Skylab cluster during a fly-around. Over half of all experi­
ments requiring such photographic coverage further require the
DAG. A majority of the photography is performed using color
interior film (S0168 Ektachrome ); however, infrared film (3443)
is used to record the results of space manufacturing experiments,
and UV emulsion (103ao) is used during stellar observations.

35MM NIKON CAMERA SYSTEM .........................
The 35mm Camera System consists
of two motorized dnd three manu­
ally operated Nikon cameras. These
models are Nikon FTN 35mm re­
flex cameras, two having motorized
film advancement mechanisms. Ac­
CP.Ssory ;enses include a 55mm f/1.2
visible, a 55mm f/2 UV lens, and
an assortment of wide-angle through
telephoto attachments.
The Nikon cameras are used in
conjunction with approximately
one-third of the experiments requiring photographic records of
scientific data or documentary records of tr.� performances of
scheduled tasks. In addition, the cameras are used to obtain
photographs useful in studies of the Earth's ozone layers, the
horizon airglow in visible and UV light, and the skyglow caused by
sunlight reflections from interplanetary dust (Zodiacal Light).

General
Purpose
Camera ----Systems
70MM HASSELBLAD DATA CAMERA SYSTEM
Two Hasselblad Data Cameras,
slightly modified versions of the
commercial, electric model (500
EL). are used on Skylab. The
camera incorporates a qlass reseau
plate wltt&lt;.h is positioned immedi·
ately in front of the film plate.
This reseau plate causes a pattern
of precision crosses to be placed
on each photograph, which facili­
tates photogrammetric utilization
of the photography.
The Hasselblad cameras are used primarily by the astronauts for
handheld photography in support of Skylab's Earth Visual
Observation Program. This program permits the astronaut•
operator to be both sensor and data processor, in that he is free
to make real-time assessments relative to optimum data-gathering
at pre-selected sites, and to identify/pursue alternate sites or other
targets of opportunity. These targets may include such items as
cloud formations, vegetation patterns. water/air contaminants,
volcanic observations, deserts, African drought patterns, geology,
or even cultural patterns.
In addition, the cameras are used to document astronaut
activities and to obtain reference photographs of the Skylab
cluster as each crew departs.

TELEVISION SYSTEM
Two television systems are used frequently on Skylab for
viewing the Sun, the Earth, and a variety of localized internal and
external targets.
For Sun viewing it is possible to display on black and white TV
the information from five Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) cameras
in various wavelengths. The display is monitored routinely by the
crew on two screens at the ATM Control and Display Console.
The display can also be downlinked to scientists on the ground as
a check on the ATM instruments.
A color TV camera on Skylab generates a color signal using a
single tube with a tricolor, rotating filter wheel. Its output
characteristics are compatible with commercial television. The
camera can be fixed-mounted on the optical viewfinder/tracking
system used by the crew to view the Earth, as seen by the Earth
Resources experiments or mounted in various locations by the
crew to televise Extra Vehicular Activities (EVAs) and onboard
events, such as meal preparation and eating, science demonstra­
tions, and press conferences. A black and white monitor is
mounted on the camera to assist in aiming, focusing, and adjusting
the light level.
Television is broadcast in real-time or recorded on video tape
for later transmission to the ground. In either case, it is down­
linked only over selected ground stations.

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                  <text>1973-1979</text>
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                  <text>https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80"&gt;View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns.&#13;
&#13;
Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.&#13;
&#13;
Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere.&#13;
&#13;
References:&#13;
&#13;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions&#13;
&#13;
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html&#13;
&#13;
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                    <text>The Civil Rights Movement in Alabama
Join us in Fall 2001 in celebrating a series of public lectures,
panels and firsthand accounts of the major developments of
the Civil Rights Movement that took place in Alabama
from 1954 to 1965.

Presented by

Alabama A&amp;M University

UAH LECTURES
f-!l@lfift•I

Inaugural Lecture

Taylor Branch, Pulirzer Prize-winning author of Paning
�JhL%�rs;.c.Av1eiica in ihe Ki11g Ye&lt;lrs, 1954-63 (1988)_
and Pillar of Fire: America in ihe King Years, 1963-65
(1998).

fi��i#+�1�13;11ci

Early Years of the Movement (Part 1)--

Diane Nash, student leader, Nashville sit-ins of 1960,
Freedom Rides of 196 I, and the Selma Right-ro-Votc
movement, and a founding member of the Student
No,wiolenr Coordinating Commitree (SNCC).

ti4iji#�1�J3;fiJ

The Montgomery Bus Boycott

Fred Gray, acrorney for Rosa Parks and Martin Luther
King, Jr., and author of B11s Ride w)11s1ice (1995);
Charles Moore, Tuscumbia native and celebrated
photographer of the civil rights era; D'Linell Finley,
Sr., University of Alabama Department of Political
Science.

t•Xit•]a3;11:I

Trial by Fire and Water:
Birmingham, 1963 (Part II)

Glenn Eskew, Georgia State University, author of But
for Binninglumi: The Local and National Movemenrs in ihe
Civil Righis Struggle (1997); Horace Huntley,
University of Alabama in Birmingham, author of a
forthcoming oral history of the Birmingham movement;
-e.Jessa Woolfolk, Presidem Emerita ofthe &amp;a,&lt;l t&gt;{
Directors of the Birmingham Civil Righcs Institute.

m•VU+�l:l3ili

"Bloody Lowndes" and the
Black Panther Party

John Hulett, Lowndes County activist during SNCC's
local voter registration drive; Frye Gaillard, prize-win­
ning journalist, author of The Dream Long Deferred
(1988) and a forthcoming history of the civil rights
movement in Alabama.

m•i'4Ml:'3ilf.l

Turmoil in Tuskegee

Ocmon$1rO!rol"$ QI Kcly l"9rom Port&lt;, Bi,minghom, Maj 1903'

Frank Toland, Tuskegee University Department
of History.

�AAMU LECTURES
, ,:

❖

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.

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.

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,1fai#tM41·
1
The Long Night's Jo urney, 1877-1941

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NOVEMBER 8
Selma to Montgomery, 1965

Linda Reed, University of Houston, author of Sim/)ie
Decency and Common Sense: The Sol((hem Conference
lvlovemem, 1938-1963 (1991 ).

John Lewis, U.S. Congressman (Ga., O-Sth)
a native of Troy, A labama and author of \'(/a/king tvith rhe
\Vind: A Memoir of rhe Movement ( 1998), active in the
Freedom Rides and in the events of "Bloody Sunday" at
Selma in 1965; Mary Stanton, author of From Selma ro

SEPTEMBER 20
Early Years of the Movement (Part II)
J. L. Chestnut, Jr., attorney and civil rights nctivist,

Sorrow: the Life and Dearh of Viola Uuzzo ( 1998).

l§t•V4#�J:13;fkl

author of ·BJack in Selma: The Uncommon Life of). L.
Chesnrnt]r.: Poliiics and Power in a Small American

The Case of Mobile

City ( 1990).

Walker Leflore, Janet Owens Leflore, and Burton R .
LeFlore, family o f the eariy civii rights leader John
Leflore; O. B. Purifoy, member of the Non-Partisan
Voters League.

t❖it•M3ilil

Trial by Fire and Water:
Birmingham, 1963 (Part I)

l•J«#�H1#;11

Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, veteran civil rights fighter,
pastor of Birmingham's Bethel Baptist Church
between 1953 and 1961, and a founder of the
Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

The Civil Rights Movement in Alabama
(A Look Back and a Look Ahead)

Aldon Morris, Northwestern University, author of

The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black
Communities Organizing for Change ( 1984).

(❖i(•J:)3iffi

Huntsville during the Civil Rights Movement

Sonnie W. Hereford, III, local physician and activist;
Veronica Pearson, Fred Carodine, and other former
Alabama A&amp;M students active in the 1962 sit-ins.

For more information, look us up on the web at:
Charles Moore, Tuscumbia native
a�d renowned pho(ograpcr of the
Civil Rights era.

http://www.uah.edu/rights or
1------http:;tlwww.aamu.eauTr·-, g�ts---or call 824-6822 or 851-5846

All sessions are free and open to the public and will be held on Thursday evenings at 7 p.m,
except the final session on Dec. 4, which will be on Tuesday. UAH programs will be held at
Roberts Recital Hall. Alabama A&amp;M programs will be held in the School of Business Multipurpose Room.
This series is mode possible in port by funding from lhe Alobamo Humanities Foundation, o state program
of the Notional Endowment for the Humonities; Senator Hank Sandert; The Huntsville Times; DESE Research, Inc.;
MEVATEC Corp.; Alabama Representative Louro Holl; Alabama A&amp;M University, Office of the President;
Office of the Provost; State Black Archives; Reseorch Center and Museum; Tide Ill; Telecommunications and Distance
Learning Center; Office of Student Development; Honors Center; Sociol ogy/Social Work; History; Political Science;
The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Office of the President; Office of the Provost; History Forum/Bonkheod Foundation;
Sociology/Social Issues Symposium; Humanities Center; Division of Continuing Education; Honors Program; Office of
Multiculturol Affairs; Office of Student Affoirs; UAH Copy Center.

'Any ':production of image prohibited without permission o( Charles Moore or Black Star (cmoore 1567@earthlink.net/.

I&lt;
[;

�UAH

Joo(

al lllt&lt;lfSIJII_M _

Alabama A&amp;M University

X

�</text>
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                    <text>1•

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�,.

In der folgenden Beschreibung handelt es sich nicht nor um meine
persoenliche Erlebnisse, sondern teilweise auch meiner Familie, meiner
Mitarbeiter und nicht zuletzt auch Dr. Wernher von Braun.
Weltkrieg Nr. 2 ging dem Ende entgegen undjedem war es klar, &lt;lass Deutschland
verloren hat.
Nach dem ersten grossen Bomben-Angriff im Sommer 1943 auf Peenemuende und
die Siedling wurden Peenemuende geraeumt und die Arbeiten.,einschlisslich
Personal,verlagert. Jedoch ist ein kleiner Stab regelmaessig nach Peneeenemuende
gekommen (nicht alles war vernichtet) und den fortschritt der .Entwicklung zu leiten.
Als die Russen grosse Fortschritte machten wurden alle Arbeiten am 76. Januar1945
eingestellt und der letzte Eisenbahn-Zug hat am 26. February 1945 die letzten
Arbeitkraefte mit Familien von der Insel Usedom herausgebracht. Ausser einigen
Gueterwagen waren es dritte Klasse Wagen. Hannes und Brigitte Finzel waren mit
der Schulze-Familie (3 Leute) in einem Abteil. Vor der Abfuhrt hat Hannes Finzel
noch in der Naehe der Lokomotive Briketts gefunden fuer unser Abteil damit wir
uns warm halten konnten. Er hat auch noch ein Abteil gefunden wo es Lebensmittel
gab fuer unsere Reise, die uns nach 5 Tagen, am 3. Maerz 1945 nach Weissenborn
brachte.
Der Ziel der Reise war uns nicht bekannt. Wir haben aber bald festgestellt, &lt;lass die
SS unsere Reisebegleitung war und wenn die Eisenbahn stehen blieb, durfte niemand
aussteigen. Die Eisenbahn ist oft stehen geblieben wenn Feindflieger in der Naehe
sichtbar waren. Mitunter standen wir da ohne Lokomotive.
Maerz 3, 1945. Ankunft in Weissenborn. Da es keine Unterkunft gab, mussten wir
alle, mit und ohne Familien, noch einige weiteren Tage in unserem Eisenbahn-Abteil
bleiben.
April 6, 1945 wurden alle Maenner abgeholt. Reiseziel war unbekannt. Drei
Maenner von dem Technischen Buereau waren nicht auffindbar. Unser Buss ist nach
langem Warten abgefahren. Nach einigen Tagen waren sie wieder bei uns.
Ungefaehr am 10. April, 1945 waren wir am Abend in Bleicherode, wo ich &lt;lurch
Zufall unseren frueheren Nachbam in der Siedlung Peenemuende, Arthur Martin,
getroffen babe.
April 10, 1945 in Oberammergau angekommen und im SS Lager hinter
Stacheldraht in einem Unfergrund Tunnel untergebracht.
April 19, 1945. Von Oberammergau entlassen und nach Kinsau und Apfeldorf
geiracht. Unterkunft im Sc�_ulgebaeude auf Stroh.
{ �JJ,
�: .,-L �

"""""

April 21, 1945. Ich wurde &lt;lurch einen extra Boten aufgefora·e·_rt_n_o_c--=-h-m-al -na- ch
Oberammergau zu kommen. Der Bote hatte einen mit Holzkohle betriebenen Truck.
Auf dieser Fahrt hatte ich sicher erhoeten Puls. Dort angekommmen war ich
ueberrascht! Das SS-Lager war aufgeloest und deren Lebensmittel wurden unter

�uns aufgeteilt. Die Freude war gross, als ich mit dem beladenen Truck wieder bei
meiner Gruppe war. Wir waren etwa 15 Mann.
Hier hatten wir von jetzt an ein sorgefreies Leben weil wir frei waren (ohne SS­
Begleitung) und genuegend Lebensmittel hatten fuer mehrere Wochen. Das Mehl
gaben wir dem Baecker und wir beW'men genuegend Brot. Bei der Molkerai hatten
wir taeglich Milch.
Wir machten Spaziergaenge in die Umgebung und haben die Nachrichten ueben den
Verlauf des Krieges vetfolgt. Mit unseren Familien hatten wir keine Verbindung.
Darueber haben wir uns Sorge gemacht.
'

I 0..11'-

qo...,-----�
L

In den Nachrichten hoerten wir, dass der Russe grosse Fortschritte macht und wir
selbst auch hatten keine Vorstellung wenn und wie wir von den Americanem
ueberrannt werden. Vom Buergermeister war die Anordnung, dass aus alien
Fenstem weisse Tuecher haengen muessen. Deshalb wurde in unserer Ortschaft
alles friedllich uebergeben. woy oL� 11
Wir blieben alle in der Schule als die U.S. Truppen kamen und unser Gebaeude
umstellten und 3 Mann die Haustuer aufrissen und in Secunden vor uns standen und
unsere Ausweise sehen wollten. Einer unserer Maenner hatte keine Papiere, was er
uns vorher erzaehlte. Wir alle blieben bewusst ganz dicht zusammen und unser
Mann ohne Papi ere stand ploetzlich auf der Seite wer schon abgefortigt war. Eine
Weile spaeter kamen sie nochmal, stellten ihre Waffen in die Ecke und wir hatten
eine nette Unterhaltung mit ihnen. Wir haben ein Document bekommen, dass wir
nur von US Truppen verlagert werden koennen: wenn eine besondere Genemigung
vorliegt. Also haben wir gewartet was noch kommt.
Die Besatzung blieb our eine Nacht im Ort und ist am kommenden Morgen wieder
weiter gezogen. Die Abreise hat sich Verschoben weil die Deutschen fliehenden
Truppen eine Bruecke gesprengt haben.
May 7, 1945 (Waffenstillstand. Deutschland hat sich ergeben) Wir wurden wieder
verlagert! Dieses Mal nach Garmisch-Pacatenkirchen in eine Kaserne und
Bewachung von American Truppen. So gut hatten wir es noch niemals.
May 16, 1945 Meine Gruppe war eine der Letzten, die hierher gebracht wurde.
Damit waren wir etwa 500 Mann, angefangen von General Domberger, unser
militaerischer Vorgesetzte vomWettenamt, Berlin, Dr. von Braun mit seinem
Vertreter, seinen Wissenschaftlem, Ingenieurs imd Spezialisten aus alien
Arbeitsgebieten.
Als erstes mussten wir Angaben machen ueber unsere Ausbijidung, Taetigkeit usw.
Es war ohne Zweifel, dass wir uns in einem lnterogation-Lager befanden und
wurden von Amerikanem und Englaendern verhoert.
lnnerhalb der folgenden Wochen hat sich viel ereignet. Es wurde an Vertraegen
zwischen uns und den U.S.A. gearbeitet wie wir in den U.S.A. auf unserem Gebiet

�weiter arbeiten koennten und wer in Frage kaeme. Es war kein Zweifel, dass diese
Entwicklung weiter gehen wird. V otflen flttwa 500 Maennem wurden 118
ausgesucht und ich war einer davon. Auch wurde festgelegt, dass Dr. von Braun mit
6 Mann als erste Gruppe vorab in die U.S.A. geht und ich war auch einer in dieser
Gruppe. Ein Datum fuer die Abreise war offen und an den V ertratf'wurde auch noch
gearabeitet. Es war ein grosses Hin und Her. Jeder wurde genau unter die Lupe
genommen, wie alle Deutschen. Entlassungs-Ausweise mussten auch ausgestellt
werden damit wir auf unserer Heimreise nicht nochmal irgendwo festgehalten
werden.

�WICHTIGE EREIGNISSE AUS MEINEM T¥°GESBUCH
.7 x 10 cm, im Telegram Stil!
�

May16

l

Axter nach _____ geflogen
't---0

May21

Abtransport miti&lt;fLKW verschoben

Juni 8

Schilling, Steinhof &amp; Axter nach BL geflogen mit Gepaeckliste und
Dienstunterlagen.

Juni 13

To agree that Familybe evacuated

Juni 17

Messwagen mit 18 Leuten nach EW21 gefahren

Juni 19

Messwagen zurueck gekommen.

Juni 20

Familien wurden aus Weissenborn verlagert aus Weissenborn. . Dr.
Von Braun nach BL geflogen

Juni 21

Americaner ziehen sich zurueck von Mittel-Deutschland

June 22

Die Russen besetzen Mittel-Deutschland

June 28

Goldammer mit Post angekommen.
Brief von Trude vom 10. Juni war dabei.

Juli 4

Verlagerungliste eingetroffen

Juli 13

General Dornberger abgereist

July14

Dr. Steinhof um 10:00 a.m. mit Post angekommen mit Brief von .
Truide vom 23. 6 erhalten

July12

2 Sonderboten aus Stuttgart eingetroffen und sind nach
Witzenhausen weiter gefahren.

July23

81 unserer Maenner u.a. Dannenberg, deBeek, Bringer, Bippart,
Hutzel werden verlagert.

July25

Alie Soldaten werden entlassen ueber Weilheim

July28

Kroll, Patt und Schulze fahren im Diens tauto (Kroll faehrt) zu
unseren Familien in Eschwege.

July29

Um 8:00 p.m. in Eschwege angekommen. An mehreren
Steigungen mussten wir die Koffer den Berg hoch tragen weil der
Motor es nicht schaffen konnte.

�Aug. 6

Erste Atombombe auf Japan geworfen. 180,000 tote

Aug. 9

Zweite Atombombe auf Japan geworfen. 78,000 tote.

Aug. 15

Japan gibt auf.

Sept. 11

Willi um 9:00 p.m. mit Jeep nach Witzenhausen gebracht (Abreise
nach U.S.A. ersten Tag)

Sept. 12

5:30 a.m., erste Gruppe: von Braun, Rees, Neubert, Schwidetzki,
Jungert, Poppel, Schulze in Jeep und Trucks abgefahren. Ziel:
Frankfurt. Unterwegs wurde in Privathaeusem gehalten.

Sept. 12 Fortsetzung:
Unsere Begleiter waren in der Kueche und wir im Wohnzimmer. Alie batten in der
Kueche eine gute Zeit und nach 30 Minuten ging die Fahrt weiter ohne das wir
etwas zu Essen bekamen.
In Frankfurt uebernachteten wir in Einzel-Zellen in ein SS-Gefangenen-Lager.
Tueren waren innen ohne Tuerklinken!! Unsere Reisepapiere waren nicht auffindbar
und neue Vertraege mussten ausges.___ werden. Rees hat ueberlegt ob er weiter
mit macht. lnnen war in jeder Zelle ein Schild: "Warnung, es wird scharf
geschossen bei Verweigerung Befehle auszufuehren." Das Essen wurde auf den
Fussboden an der Tuer gestellt. Ich war boese und babe nicht gegessen. Jeder
musste seine Zelle ausfegen. Ich wollte die ganze Zelle fegen, aber der GI meinte nur
an dem Eingang. Als wir dann wieder frei waren haben wir alle ueber diese
Behandlung geklagt.
Poppel war auch unzufrieden aber er sei auf seine Kosten gekommen, meinte er. In
seinem Zimmer waren mehrere Deeken und zwei der besten Deeken hat er in seinen
Koffer gepackt. lch wuerde es nicht wagen! Er sagte das die Amerikaner ihn
tagelang als Gefangener im Lager unter freiem Himmel schlafen ohne Zudecke. Als
er in sein Zimmer trat und den Stoss mit Deeken sah, wusste er was er machen wird.
Dr. von Braun sagte er weiss nicht warum wir so unzufrieden sind. Er ist ganz
zufrieden. So eine aufgeraeumte Unter Kunft hat er schon lange nicht gehabt.
Sept. 13

Um 13:45 p.m. sind wir weiter gefahren nach Paris.

Sept. 14

Um 4:00 a.m. in Versailes angekommen, das erste Bad genommen,
gut verpflegt und an einem grossen Park gut gewohnt. Wir
konnten in dem Park lauf en. General Toftoy hat uns bier begruesst.

Sept. 18

16:00 pm nach Paris gefahren zum Flugplatz
22:00pm gestartet. 4 motor Truppentransporter
Wir liessen Deutschland und Europa hinter uns.

�Sept. 19

7:30 a.m. (9 1/2 Stunden) auf den Azoren gelandet.
9:00 a.m. gestarted fuer Neu Fundland
20:45 p.m. gelandet Neu Fundland, Pflugplatz Harmon bei
Stefensville. (11 3/34 Stunden)
22:30 p.m. gestartet fuer Wilmington

Sept. 20

04:45 a.m. gelandet in Wilmington (6 1/4 Stunden)
08:15 a.m. gestarted fuer Boston
10:15 a.m. gelandet in Boston (2 Stunden)
11 :30 a.m. gestarted mit Bot fuer Fort Strong
12:00 a.m. angekommen in Fort Strong.

Mr. Karsen und Mr. Mayer haben uns hier betreut. Wir waren in einem grossen
Raum in einer der Baracken untergebracht. Jeder hatte sein Bett und einen
Foodlocker. (Footlocker?) Unsere Koffer waren auch da. Wir wurden vom Doktor
untersucht und haben viele Frageboegen ausgefuellt.
Verpflegung war sehr gut und reichlich. Fuer Zerstreuung und Unterhaltung batten
wir Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und Deutsche Kriegsgefangene! Das war eine schoene
Ueberraschung fuer beide Seiten. Viele Fragen wurden gestellt. Nach einigen Tagen
wurden die Gefangenen entlassen. Wir konnten uns frei bewegen. Dr. von Braun
wurde Krank, flu, dadurch blieben wir hier laenger als geplant.
(jl,

Oct. 2

9:00 a.m. kam ames Haemmel und holte uns ab und wir fuhren
wieder mit dem Boot nach Boston.
11 :00 a.m. Abfahrt im Schlafwagen. Alie 20 Minuten kam die M.P.
Fragen wurden nicht gestellt. Wir batten Verbot in Gegenwart von
Fremden nicht zu Reden und auf Fragen nicht zu antworten.

Oct. 3

7:15 a.m. An Kunft in Baltimore, mit Buss nach Aberdeen. Hamel
und von Braun und Rees sind nicht in Baltimore ausgestiegen; sie
sind nach Washington, D.C. weitergefahren, Rees nach White Sands.
In Aberdeen Proving Ground hat uns ein Mr. Bauer betreut. Er
war ein Civilist von G.E. angestellt. Wir batten auch Army Officers.
Major Lord war der Army-Vorgesetzte.

In Aberdeen Proving Ground haben wir in Junior Officers Quarters gewohnt.
Einzelzimmer in Baracken. Bezahlung: $6.00 /fag
minus
$1.20 /Tag fuer Quartier
minus
$0.75/Tag fuer Verpfflegung
Transportation war frei, Bus oder Auto. Unsere Amerikaner-Begleiter waren die
Fahrer. Nach Dienstschluss oder am Wochende oder langen Wochenenden machten
wir Ausfluege mit der Eisenbahn nach New York und Philadelphia, nach
Washington, D.C. und Umgebung mit dem Auto. Jeder Ausflug so weit entfernt
wurdeJuendlich beantragt. Uebemachtung und Essen haben wir fuer unseren
Fahrer (Begleiter) bezahlt. Seine Sorge war, dass wir fuer die Rueckfahrt rechtzeitig
an der Stelle sind wie Verabredet. Bei unserrm zweiten Mal in New York war Dr.

�Schwidetzki nich zu sehen und er kam am folgenden Morgen mit dem ersten Zug
an.
Oct. 14

waren wir mit PKW in Washsington. Begleiter: Drenning

Oct. 19

Fahrt nach New York

Oct. 21

Rueckfahrt von New York

Oct. 28

Auto-Fahrt nach Washington

Nov. 3

Fahrt nach Baltimore

Nov. 10 - 12

New York

Nov. 17

Fahrt nach Philadelphia

Nov. 21

Thanksgiving - Mr. Bauer invited us for coffee at his home.

Nov. 28

Ich bekam die erste Post von Trude aus Landshut, mitgebracht von
der ersten Schiffsgruppe. Zu uns kamen: Patt, Tessman, Riedel III,
Dr. Steinhoff, Boehm, Merk, und Woerdeman.

Dec. 8

Ausflug nach Baltimore

Dec. 9

Ausflug nach Washington

Dec. 13

Uns wird mitgeteilt, dass von U.S.A. noch keine Post nach
Deutschland ging!

Dec. 16

Trip to Washington und 11:00 p.m. Schou in Baltimore

Dec. 22

Nach Baltimore mit Mr. Reimund. Major Sommerbelt gibt uns
Erklaerungen ueber die neuen Postwege.

Dec. 24

Ausflug ein Electr. Kraftwerk zu besichtigen

Jan.8,1946

Neubert, Schwidetzki, Poppel &amp; Jungert abgereeeist nach Fort Bliss

Feb. 5

Die Miete, $1.20 proTag, die uns bisher abgezogen wurde, hat man
uns zurueck gezahlt! ! $446.00

F,,,_ 'h, :i-3
Feb. 27
Maerz 18

,?}� c 1--- '-:, c:,. h .... �,:;..h rt na..c.\.-.. � � l a.cf._-e...l r-' h,'o... V&gt;-&gt;-;-+ L+. IVo++V'o..cl.i

Eine V erknotung auf einer meiner Backen. Innen wurde
herausgeschnitten von Major Bordner und Capt. Kroeg.
15:10 p.m. Abreise von Aberdeen Proving Ground
16:15 p.m. Abreise Baltimore to Chicago

�Maerz 18

15:10 p.m. Abreise von Aberdeen Proving Ground
16:15 p.m. Abreise Baltimore to Chicago

Maerz 19

10:00 a.m. an Chicago
21:00 p.m. ab Chicago

Maerz. 21

10:00 a.m. an El Papso mit $462.00 cash.
Escort war Major Lord

�:,

Partial Autobiography of William A. Schulze

Includes translation of events described in "Beschreibung of events 1943-1945

I was born on November 23, 1905, in Neulaubusch, a village in the state of
Hoyerswerda, to parents Matthes and Marie Kopf Schulze who were farmers.
was the youngest of four children. The village was a rather small one and was
annexed by the larger village of Laubusch which was located two miles away.
About 1910 an open-ditch coal mining company named Grube Erika made a
survey regarding the coal potential in the ground. It was found to contain a very.
high percentage of coal and thus Grube Erika purchased the land of all the
farmers within a ten by 20 mile radius. The farmers had the right to grow crops
on their land until such time a the company needed the land. In 1925 the
company made its final payment to the farmers who were given money for their
land, which due to inflation, was almost worthless.
There were limits on the children's education because there was no high school
in the area. However, the company owned school containing grades 1 through
8, which I attended, was considered quite good, largely because the coal
company could afford to pay for quality teachers. As Grube Erika built up its
production of coal there were also opportunities for young people to learn
professional and technical skills such as mechanics and electric.
In 1918 our family received its final payment for the farm with inflationary money
(not worth the paper it was printed on) and so our family moved to one of the
empty company houses in Laubusch. At the age of fourteen I got a job in the
technical bureau of Grube Erika to learn to make mechanical drawings. At the
same time I attended a night school established by the company. After two
years I completed this program and got a job in the mechanical area of the
mining company as a mechanic's apprentice. Three years later I completed the
apprenticeship, and wishing to further my education, moved to Berlin, attended
high school at night in the Staetischegewerbe Schule Berlin/Charlottenburg, and
during the day time I had a job with Knorr Bremse A.G. Berlin, an electrico­
mechanical company.
After graduating from High School I enrolled at the Stattische Maschienbau
Schule Berlin in Berlin and graduated four years later with a Bachelor's Degree.
While attending college at night school I also learned a lot from the before
mentioned companies for.which I worked during the day. It was in Berlin that I
met my wife, Gertrud Meischeider, who I subsequently married.
On February 1, 1936 I started working for Dr. Wernher von Braun in
Kummersdorf, where the first German rockets were built. From there I moved

�with the company to Peenemuende and was exposed to the design and
development of the most modern rocket concepts: the A-3, A-5, A-7 and V-3.
Meanwhile, World War II was being fought on German soil and elsewhere.
Following the first bombing attach on Peenemuende in the summer of 1943, the
area was evacuated. Families were relocated and only a small group of
professionals remained in Peenemuende to carry on the work of developing. The
rockets. During the next two years my wife and daughter lived in several places
while I continued my work with Dr. Von Braun.
On January 26, 1945 General Dornberger explained to our group that the war
was lost and we had to stop our work in Peenemuende. One month later I left
on the last train which would carry employees and families from the Island of
Usedom and Peenemuende. It was third class travel.
My wife Gertrud, my daughter Erika and I were assigned to a compartment with
Hannes and Mrs. Finzel. Prior to departure Hannes Finzel located brickettes
near the train's engine which then served as a heat source for our compartment
on the train. In addition, he was able to locate some food for the trip which
would last five days.
As we began this journey our destination was unknown to us. We soon
discovered, however, that the S.S. was "accompanying" us. In the past there
had been several rumors that the. S.S. had orders from highest levels to be sure
that no secret weapons would get into the hands of the enemy and they were
required to act accordingly. The train began to roll and several times it was
Lleft abandoned in its tracks without a locomotive or very close to trains which
were marked with black flags, meaning they were ammunition trains. At one
time the train stopped in the woods and people tried to get out of their
compartments but the S.S. stationed at the doors prevented any one's leaving
by drawing their pistols. On March 3, 1945, five days after departing
Peenemuende, we arrived in Weissenborn. There were, however, no available
accommodations, thus we had to remain on the train for several more days.
On April 6, 1945 all the men were picked up by bus, with destination unknown.
Three men from the Technical Bureau were not to be found. After a long wait,
the bus departed. Several days later, the three missing men were again with us.
A few days later we arrived in Bleichenrode where I chanced to meet Arthur
Martin, a former neighbor from Peenemuende ..
On April 10 we arrived in Oberammergau and were detained and held captive
overnight in an underground bunker of the S.S. which was filled with plenty of

�bad bugs. Several days later (April 19) we were released and taken to the
neighboring villages of Kinsau and Apfeldorf. We were housed in a school with
only straw for our beds.
On April 21, 1945 a courier brought me an order to return to the S.S. bunker in
Oberammergau. The courier was driving a truck fueled with wood. My pulse
rate soared on this trip! Upon arrival in Oberammergau and much to my
surprise I learned that the S.S. prison camp had been dissolved and the
remaining food was being distributed. I returned to Kinsau-Apfeldorf with a
truck loaded with food which was divided among the 15 men.
Without constant S.S. accompaniment and with food to last us several weeks
we had a relatively carefree life. We gave the flour to the baker who provided us
with ample baked bread. Fresh milk was available through the local dairy.
We took walks in the surrounding area and followed the news reports on the
progress of the war. However, we had no contact with our families which was of
great concern.
In the news we heard that the Russians were advancing and we had no idea
when and if we would be ueberrant by the Americans. The mayor gave the
order, that a white handkerchief was to be hung outside every window.
Therefore the transfer of the village was handled in a peaceful manner.
We remained in the school building as the U.S. troops arrived and surrounded
our building. Three men came to the door and threw it open and seconds later
were inside, demanding to see our passports. One of our men did not have
appropriate papers, which he had told us ahead of time. We purposely stood
very close together and the man without papers suddenly was on the side which
had already been processed. A awhile later the officials came again, placed
their weapons in a corner and we then had a pleasant conversation with them.
We received a document informing us that high level U.S. Troops would move us
as soon as they received orders. And so we waited for what was to come.
The occupation troops remained in the town for only one night and left the
following morning. Their departure had been delayed because the fleeing
German troops exploded a bridge.
On May 7, 1945 Germany surrendered and the war was over. Once again we
were to be moved! This time to Garmisch-Partenkirchen to an interrogation
camp and guarded by American troops. Food was ample. We have never had it
this good.!

�Our group was one of the last to have been brought to this camp. In total there
were approximately 500 men, including General Dornberger, our military leader
from the Weapons Bureau in Berlin, Dr. von Braun and his deputy, scientists,
engineers and specialists in all endeavors of rocketry.
There was absolutely no question that we were in an interrogation camp as we
were being questioned by officials from America and England regarding the
mission and details of our work. Within the following week there were many
developr:nents. Work proceeded on contracts between ourselves and the U.S.A.
which would enable us to continue our work in that country in addition to which
of the group would go. There seemed little doubt that the work would proceed.
Of the 500 persons in. The camp, only 118 were selected and I was among
them. It was further established that Dr. Von Braun, along with six men (Schulze,
Poppel, Schwiedetsky, Rees, Neubert, Jungert) would be the first group to go to
the U.S.A. and again I was in that select group. The date for our departure was
still undetermined and negotiations on the final contract continued. There was
lots of "hin und her", (back and forth). Everyone was examined as though
under a microscope, as were all Germans. Departure papers and passports had
to be prepared so that we would not have any further delay along the way.
Note:
1. Story continues with "Wichtige Ereignesse Aus Meinem Tagesbuch 1945 and
1946. (Important happenings from date books 1945 and 1946)
2. German poem, and translation, depicting journey from Germany to U.S.A. of
first seven scientists to come to the U.S.

�William A. Schulze
1303 Hermitage Avenue S.E.
Huntsville, AL 35801

Born November 23, 1905 in Neula.ubusch, County Hoyerswerda, Germany
Studied in Berlin, earned B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering
Worked in private industry from 1928 -1936 at the Knorr-Bremse A.G., Berlin, in design
and development of mechanical and eJectromechanicaJ apparatus
Worked for the German Government from 1937 until the end of W.W. IT, helping the
late Dr. Wernher von Braun design and develop rockets: A3, AS, A 7 and the A4, later
called V2.
Worked for the U.S. Government from September 1945 until my retirement October
1969, under the leadership of Dr. Wernher von Braun, helping to design and develop
rockets: Redstone, Juno, Jupiter, Saturn I, Saturn IB and Saturn V (the Moon Rocket)
Some of my inventions are now U.S.A. patents.
Patent No.

3,160,098

12-08-1964

Missile Separation System

3,164,992

01-12-1964

Liquid Level Indicating and Varying Device

3,190,305

06-22-1965

Mixture Ratio Control Valvt!

3,266,244

08-16-1966

Liquid-Fueied Rocket Roll Control Device

3,277,648

10-11-1966

Roll Control Device

3,283,508

I 1-08-1966

Missile Control System

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Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&#13;
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Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html.</text>
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Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&#13;
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Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html.</text>
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1. E�t!''fn1ce on c1.1.1ty. T;1e c1.ate of entrance Ol1 �uty Yd.11 be considerec�. to
be the df fte of isE·,;.anc�· of trmrel orc1 ers· from the place of resi.c:ence to the U.S.
Tl:e EmpJ..oyee wiJ.l cowrly pronptly ·with a:Ll reque::;ts and instructions receivec.
from the ·;Tar Depnrt,.1Emt Agency charged- v,ith the re:::pon.s1bili ty for processing
h:i.s appoin't;';lent und.er tr.is contr::ict.

2.

Tran.snortation.

I

a. The Employer ·will pay tl�e cost of t.ranEportation from the location
o.f the original
place o.f encagement to thG
of the overseas duty .station,
.
" . location
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seventy-five (175 lbs:-fpounds
-v•rill be permit:t,0c: ·when tra-.;el by water is
.
authorized. Bagg· age not . in excess of sixt.;,r-five ((5 lbs.) pounds vd.11 be
permitted Tvhen trzvel uy air is authorized;; an adc1.itional amount (not to exceed
one hur1dred ten (110 lbs.) pounds) may be sl:innec. by ·water transportation.
Baggage allovrances are s·tibject to cha2:.:-:e.
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�d. Personal professional books and such equipment required for the
conduct of the projec-ts ,,till be transpcrted by the service concerned over and
above personal baggaee alJ.m,.rance.

3.

General Conditj.ons. ··

-=-

c
1Ji1dert,ake-suhresearch,

design, developa. �1�s-s:Lon. Employees- 1tvi11
ment and other tasks associated �Qth scientific development as may be assigned
by competent U.S. authori tie,s •.
b. Augmentation of Personnel. American scientists, engineers and
sub-professional employees ,,.,ho are technically qualified will be assigned to
the project and ·will 1t10rk in close conjunction vri.th the German employees.
c. :t1:3terial. The War Department v,i.11 ;.;ro vide such material and
equipment as itdeems necessar·.f to the project,s assigned.
d� Location.
War Department.

Projects will be loca�ec1. at points designated by the

e. Restraint. 'I'he group ·:rill not be u.nder physical restraint but ::1ust
aeree to remainirlthe area Sr3lected by the E•i9loyer unless specific authority
is granted to leave the area.
f. Administration. Administrat:i.on of the Z:rnploye�s ancl the projects
Y\':i.11 be under the- supervision of o.ffi.cer personnel of the War Depart:nent assigned
for this purpoF.e.
IJ• Recreation. Reasonable accesfJ to· recrnational facilities 'r:ill be
provic.ed ,.,ith incidental expense borne by the partic:L?,mts.
h, rteligious Activitx._ Jo res-crj_ction ···ill be nJ.act:xl on religious
beliefs or activities.
i. •�gal Pr�sses. Civil · anc:. criminal -juri·sd:i.ction 1:r.ill reside in
the enl')ronriate U.S. anc: ['tate Court::: as in the case of othsr re$idents of t=-io
U.S •. As an employee of th:.=: United States Governmr::)nt, l',·hc Employee vrill be
subject to all lm·rs, cxecuti ve orders, and regulationc., pertaining to such
t�r1:;;-iloyees.
J. -

-

4. Tour of Du.�. The estabJ.ishec: tour o.f.' dut�r ic forty-eight (L.8) hours

per week (eight (8) hours per c�ay, six'(6) dciys per week).
may.be required..
.

Oc1.d-hour shifts

·,

5. Quarters anc� Eubsistence.

a. Housing. Er,1ployec::1 ·rill be houcoc. in tem;;)Orary construction
_
sjmilar to that fi.rnishod jtmior offic,.:ffc and civilian e:mployeos. 11 his 7.ri.11
be furnished by-the Unitm�. E.tate,5 Gov2rnm.0nt . Incidental costs T:ill be paid
by E1-::.ployces.
b. C.uboistGncc. F'ood ,,.ri 11 bo furnished throu.ch J.,_rmy operatoc1• messes
in the project area. Employees 1i\rj.ll be n:iquirod to ·pay for mGals at the same
rate chargec. for U.S. officers and civilian om:?loyccs.

6. li!edicol Ser vice!. t.:cdical cnrc Trill he su::1pliccl by the Government at
the military installation at v.•hich tho proj cct is located. Acc8ss ·will bo
permittcc:. to civilian mcd.:i.cc1l care at the E:,nployec I s oxpcmso, if available.

7. --I.eave. Er:nlovocs
be enti tlt;( to an..viu21 r-md sick 1c1:.r�! in accord­
. "v, ofvii.11
l!.f.:,r Dcpartncnt Ci vili.�m Pori::onnel Rcgul@tion 75 , .
anc(.') W7 th + 1·,n nrr,�ri· C:] o
. . -·
dated 12 JuJ.y 1941.i., and chang0;s thereto.
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Psymont. and Gµrrcncy.

a. .Salary 'Nill bo in th0 amount set forth in Section I of' this contract
c:m.d v,rill be paid. in rnarl-rn bi-weekly by the :?inancc Officer to· the bank or
dependent named by tho Employee.
�
...,tatcs.

b•

No part of

tb,:?

s2lc1ry ·•.1r ll be paid to the Erny.&gt; ·i..()yce in the Uni tcd
i

- 2 --,

----

�c. No fu."lds may be transmitted. by the Employee to his dependents or any
other agency in Germany.
d. The Employer vr.i_ll make no deductions from Employee's ·wages for
contribution to health insurance, pensions, unemployment relief or taxes. 'fhe
Employee ·will, h01vevcr, retain his obligation to the Ger,,rnn Government for any
payments duo by him . in r:espect Qi: such charges including his ovm and what would
normally be the employer Is contribut:i.on. - -~ - - -9.

�ependcnts.

a. Depcndc!1ts :Lncludc a lav,rful wife, unmarried children under 21 years
of age, a dGJ;endont mother, fathor, or unmarried dependent stcp-cr.iild or adopted
child under 21 years of ago or individual or individuals determined to be doriend­
ent by the Employer.
b.

Dependents will not .gccompany Employees to the United Etatcs.

c. Dependents vrlll be c1ssombled at such place or places as Employer
may direct anc1. tl'wre furnish0d aclcquatG housing sub,joct to the following condi.tions:
(1) Dcrcnc:ont� may ror,1ain in this housine; project only so long as
thi.s contrc.,c.t i_s in force.
(2) Dependents whose conduct is such that they disturb tho peace
�nd normc:l tranquility of other oocupants w:i.11 be required to vacate.
(3) Dopendentq who cloct not to avail themselves of this housing
vrill not be acccrded the privi.lcgcs herein ;:irovided.

cl. Effort -r:i11 be mado to loc2to dcpendentB in GcrmcJn Zone occupied by
United States ;;·orccs. In the c�vc:nt, of changee of Zones of ·occupation in Germany,
families vrill be :relocated i.n an area rm1,qini.ne m1dcr Unitod .States occupancy.
e. :.:hen a diet of 2300 calorius per person of reasonable variety and
minimum. fuel rcquiromonts arc_ n&lt;�t availc.12lc, t:,l-10 .E�rlc:yGr will supplement food
and fuel. Cost of augmen:tation ,rLJ.l be borne by the 'Bm:nloycJe.
10 •. Mail. Correspondence ,.,ytll be '.:lorm.ittud botvrcen. Employees and thoir
de:i;icndents under such rogulat:i.ons as arc proscr:Lbod by UE:FET.
ll.

_

----

l'Jotico_,,of 'I'armination or Cont5.m12,tion --�
of..... Co!l.trect.
.......

__..

a. The employer reserves the. rie;ht to tz.:rminatc this contract at any
time� and return t.he Employee to Germany if the Emrloyoe is admi.nistratively
dcterrri:\.ncd to be uns�itisfactory .from 3 �rofGssional standpoint, or if his conduct
does not meet roouirod
...
. standards.
b. Aftor the inittal cnploymunt ycriod of six (6) months, this contract
may be cxt0ndod for an ·c:d.c&lt;.itionaJ. I)Crioc:. not to oxcced six ( 6) months at the
option of the Em.player.
c. Extension of this contrtict beyond the provlsions of (b) above, will
require .mutv.al agreement of Employer and. E1:1pJ.oycc. If, at th·3 · end.. qf ·twelve· (12)
months, the Errrploycr dcsirc.s to cont:i.nuo the oi:n.:ilo:yi,cnt o:t the Ei:iployoe for· an
approci::1blc period of time, rind cor:idition.s ::it the. time ·me�rn t t practicable; an
cf.fort will be rnade to porr.'ii.t dependents of Zr-:ployc.:: to bo r:1ovcd to tho United
.States.
d. If D real emergency (-lffuct:i.ng tho ·tc:uniiy ·of the Ei:1ploi..:oo in Germany
arises and is substanti,rtcd by j_nvcsti;_;etion by the far1p1oycr, the E�11ployce ·will
be roturnod to Gcrr.i.any. If the health of the Em1;loycc requires, he vr:i.11 be ro­
turncc1. to Germany .. In such cr-11::c::E, the contrect bcco1-:-:-3s voic. upon orrival of the
fu.ployce at the locc.1tion specific£ �ri FnrEi[;rnph 2 b, mid rut.urn to duty. in the
United St,c1tos v.d.11 be at tho discretion of tho &amp;lploycr.
12. Buriol oml Effects: In thcr ;:;vc:nt o.f death o.f the Employee, the E.mploycr
Y,rill provi(1c .for loccl bu:c;ai �nd r::�i;:,urn of' rxrsonol effects to dcpcndent,s. If
rcqucstied by dependents, thi:.; bocly i:.rilJ bo. returned to Gcrrnany at. U. :S. Govcrr1in.cnt
cxpcnE;Q for internment whcntir11c -8pq. concitions-pc:r:i1.it..

- 3 -

�The' Enlployeo certifies ti-wt, to thG bc.:,ot of his kno1,1.rlcc�ge and .be­
lief, his physicc:11 condition, character.and qualifications arc such as to
perm.it hir.i. to fulfill thic: contract, and t ha t no prom i ses or roprosontat ions
on the part of tho Enployor other than those st�tcd hcrGin hMVC been made.
Tho Employee certifies that he has re2d the foregoing paragraphs
which 1Nill govern l:.is employment as conternplatod horcin, and agrees that he
·will recognize them �s tho conc.itions under ·which such employment is accepted
ond held.
/ s/ Au�uet Schulze
(Signature of Employee)
Signature of United Etatos Forces .Hcprcscntativo:

/ s/ r.:arian R. KcKay

Typed or .Stamped nnIT'.c and titlc: ___J::A;lIA:1 :t. �'CK.A.Y Ca;.,p_t_._,_· _A_G____
D
__

A�r-istan'ti Adjutant 'Jeneral

United. f.tatos Forces Instc:1llation performing

�..a

t he

proc0rn:�ing:

vf Army
Civilian Pe "'::mnnel, Hg USFET (�:ain) � APO 757,
""'----------- .....----.-------�i
t
,:::
)
l
( Nmric ,1 hd oc on

Da t e: _J._5_ Ce....,tember 1911- 5
Dist ribution of copies of this Contrc::ct:
1. Hq, U.S. Forces, European 1'h0Dtcr, APO 757, U. c. Army.
2. E.rnployoo.
, 3. Discontj_nuod Projects Brnr..ch, Wor Dcp.�rtmcmt, Omnha, Nebraska.
A TRU� COFY:
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i� •
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'

.

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�</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/38" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;View the William August Schulze Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>William August Schulze Collection</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
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                  <text>William August Schulze (November 23, 1905 to November 4, 2001) received his education at Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin, graduating with an engineering doctorate degree in 1935 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Schulze was a guided missile expert during WWII, and he worked at Peenemünde from 1937 until 1945 (Wade, Lundquist). He was brought to America through Operation Paperclip, and he worked as a member of von Braun's Rocket Team (Wade).&#13;
&#13;
By July 1, 1965, Schulze was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center. "In the February 1969 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div." He retired in 1969 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Works Cited&#13;
&#13;
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&#13;
&#13;
Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html.</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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                <text>Special Contract for Employment of German Nationals with the War Department in the United States.</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This special contract outlines the conditions of August Schulze's employment as an engineer in the United States. The document also includes instructions regarding the engineers' housing, dependents, mail, termination of contract, and burial.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>1945-09-14</text>
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                <text>1940-1949</text>
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                <text>Schulze, William August</text>
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                <text>Aeronautical engineers</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="8409">
                <text>Operation Paperclip (U.S.)</text>
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          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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                <text>William August Schulze Collection</text>
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                <text>University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collection, Huntsville, Alabama</text>
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                <text>en</text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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                  <elementText elementTextId="176757">
                    <text>S1..lpplc.:ncnt No .1 to Sp,Jcia.l
Contr:ict for Krn.)lo�rJitont of Gorman
Nation:1.ls with the V{o:r. Dcpo.i�tmcnt
in th'.:; Unitod Stntcs dD.tod 14 September-

1945�

.

TO: AUGUST SCHULZE.

T'•,.r·'"'
·,b}KN
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,....'V'1 -�,n
.. '
� u. uL-,n.n+4 t�o Su.
D ·O f na"'3. gra
'ph TI 0 f
you wtich provides �s fol.i.01A.rs:
,..,

1.-.

1

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.1.

1c above contract with

After th:) ii.'1itial emplo;,tmcnt period of three (3) months,
this cont:,'o..Gt .;nay be extond0d for an additioml poriod
not oxcGcd nine (9) months nt the option of the

11

Empioyor 11 •

ouch cont:r·act is horob_y cxt0nde;d to and includir:.g

,J;J��ptember

19460

F::xcept as h()rc:inbef ore o.mcnclod, alJ_ thE- terms and conditions of the
and cf foe
cont re ct af foctod sl1 :11 r cma.i'1 unmodified a.nd i.'1 f
z
Asst Adj General
Hq 3d u; So Afrrw
APO 40 3, U. S" J.xrrry •
Capt�

Distrib�tion
of Conics
of this Contr�ct:
-----------�......�--�-------

2- E8.1.ciquart-.;rs, US Forc-.;s ., Enro:p0an Thcntcr, APO 757 ., U.S. Army

--Z::: Err.ployec

1- DiocontinuGd P;roj octs Br.:-,.nch ., V.far DcP3-rtm/J'nt, 0m.1.ho. Ncbr2-skn

1- File

�/_a -.Sep,· ltf4�

WAR DEPARTMENT

OFFICE OF THE �HIEF OF OrlDNANCE
RE.:iEARl-H. AND uEVELOPki};T SERVIt,;E iSUBOFFICE (rlOC,r.ET)

F'OHT BLISS, Tt.:XAS

Supplement No. f to �pecial
Contract for Employment of German
Nationals with the liar Department
in the United States dated

lll !Uts,U 1,i.,

fursuant to subparagraph b of paragraph II of the above,contract
with you which provides as follows:
"After th e initial employment period of one year (twelv� months),
this contract may be extended for an additional period not to
exceed six (6) months at th e option of the Employer."
such contract is hereby extended to and including

teltC ..
---------fl ......_.

Except as herei nbefore amended, all the terms and conditions of
the contract affected shall remain unmodified and in full force and
effect.

�� of Employee)
�J.c¢,_7c;7�....,,.....'&gt;s..a
Signature of Hepresentative of �ar
Department of the United States)

(Type name and title)

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�</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/38" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;View the William August Schulze Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>William August Schulze (November 23, 1905 to November 4, 2001) received his education at Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin, graduating with an engineering doctorate degree in 1935 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Schulze was a guided missile expert during WWII, and he worked at Peenemünde from 1937 until 1945 (Wade, Lundquist). He was brought to America through Operation Paperclip, and he worked as a member of von Braun's Rocket Team (Wade).&#13;
&#13;
By July 1, 1965, Schulze was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center. "In the February 1969 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div." He retired in 1969 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Works Cited&#13;
&#13;
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&#13;
&#13;
Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html.</text>
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,.
/

Z 2., Nor. �c/➔ JtJ �
-

•

CONTRACT FOR EMPLOYMENT
OF
FOREIGN NATIONAlS
WITH THE VIAR DEPARTMENT
OF THE
·
'ht' �i�
1
UNITED STATF.s

Tenns of employment made the
J:)day of �
19�y and
between the War Depart ment of the United States of America hereinafter referred
to as the employer, and ____________of _________ __
hereinafter referred to as the employee.
WITNESSETH:

SECTION I
1.

Name:

21

Sex:

3.

Place of Original EngacJmcnt (home addross) : ___________

4.

s.

6•

7.

Soh:rl re

( last)

(Strike out one) ____�_la_l_c_____...,,,,.
�+
'il
f-Hr..,.
-1--------

Position (job title):

�� 7....£_41 4�

'tttl

Gross Pay:? J.1
"" n
Vlri ton)
Hininum period of dutys

J: =,iz;;xht:&amp;z-.n
� �X Dollars a 5 qQ s:. 0
t2..c..c.,

•

f

1Figurcs
t

p0r year.

.S-- ____ ycar(s).
r'""')
-=--�b-e....
,)-- --(r:Num
f,..ri,..'T'"'ff'!""',.no-.-----(-i� �

Home and address of person to be notified in case of cncrgoncy:

Martha Hotflwm1 Schwend:yweg

36 X, BvJ1n:-a»endeu, lne:J1•h Zms

----------------------------------,----8.

Dependents (list name, age, and ro la tionship) s

Tent,t1Ya ],•t, pe»42.ng
ds�i91on of us�-T •
So• 1noloon

.l t. Ge.rtrud Schulu1 38, wife
- A. 2. Erika Schulze, 81 daughtc
B 2. otto Meiseht1ider1 66 1 tath.Gr•in•la•

SECTION II
NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION OF THE TERMS, DUTIES, OBLIGATIONS AND
RELATIONSHIP HEREIN RECITED ., AND OF THE PREMTSES AND PROMISES CONTAilf.8D AND FOR
SERVICE RENDERED AND TO BE RE}IDERZD AND FOR VALUE RECEIVED AND TO BE RECEI�D,
IT IS UNDERSTOOD, AGREED AND CONVENANTED AS FOLLOVISs
1.

Entrance on Daty

The date of entrance on duty will be considered to be the date of signing
of this contract.
2. Mission
_

_ Enr'-lovce i.vill 1:-ndertakc: =tnd. ·,- ,.()�r�cut'

-1

c ttc ,c·: c:

scientific and technological tasks as employer may assign.

11H

�:.bility su.ch

//

..

�\

Aue;mentation of; Personnel

The e�ployar will furnish as available.such sciept1£ically, and techno­
logically qualified personnel as -employer deems necessary to the successful
·completion of the task assigned employee•

4. Material

The empipyer will provide such material and equipment as C;:1ployer deems
necessary to thE? successful completion of t'he task assigned employee,

5,

�lace of EmploYiAent

Employer will designate place of cmploym0nt.

6,

To.ur of Duty

The 0stablished tour of duty will be th0 samG a.s that prescribed for
civilian employees perfoming similar work for cr:iploycr. If overtir.10 work is

r0quireGl it 'will be at tho rate&amp; of compensation cu.stomtlrily paid other civilian
employees of employer.

7,

Administration

Adninistration of c:r:iployco wi ll be under th,-: sup--:rvision of officor
pors-onncl,of the Unit8d States Army or Navy or civilian employees of these dcpart­
r.icnts having comp�rablo status.

8,

Houf.iing

The O!!iployer ·will furnisl) .housing for om::,loyoc.

Tho t�o of housing fur­

nis·hcd will be siru.ilar to that furnish�d junior of.ficors or civilian employees of
the Unitcd States Army. Tho cost of such hous.Lng will bo borne by tho
employer, The incidental chargos of said housing B"-lch a.s ordctly fees will be
borne by the employee. Incidental char�0s will be fixG d at the rat0s charged
junior offic�rs or civilian employees- of thu United Stat...:s for sir.1ilar services;

9,

Subsistoncb
'

Food will be furnished through tlOS$eS O?�r3.tod by ,;r:ip1.oyor j_n the project
arJa, Employee will be rcq�irca to pay for mJals at the &amp;nne rate charged
United Sta.tos military and civilian porsonnol for tht1 sai':l.J mGssinc faciliti-3s,

10. Modical Service
Emergency mJdic.:11 service \\"ill 'be provided by the ,)mploycr at or near the
project area, Acc0ss to ctvilian mo�ical car0 1•1ill b� p..;rmittcd at the exp0nse
of or.iployce.
, 11.

Sick and Annual

wave- ·

Employ0e shall rc�qiv0 si?k c1nd annual leave 0q'J.ivalcnt to that received
by Civil Service &lt;tmployces of th0 Uni t�(;l Statps Gov-ornm0nt •
12 •

M�il

Employee. will be pGrmitt0d to corrcspond,·witb such porsons as employer may
designate. In ovory casG·corr0spond.0ncc ·will be p�;rrnittod betvwGn employca and
persons d0omod by employ .;r to be bon3. fi.c�o dGp.(!ndents.

13. Religious Activity
No restrictions will b� placed on religious beliefs or activities,

2

�14.

..

Rccr-Jation

Reasonable access to recreational facilities will be provided for em­
ployee with the incid�ntal costs of such recreation to be borne by thG omployoc.

15.. Salary
a.

Salary ':rill be in the amount set fort� in Section I of this contract.

b, Until such time as 0r.iployoe and employee ts dependents are offieially
advis3d by omploy0r' s rcprescntatiYc to prepare c;;iployoe 's d0pcmdents for move­
ment fro;n Euro?c to the United States cmploy3c may allot to his dep�ndcnts in
Europe so much of his sal,a.ry as he deems advisabl�. Such allotment will be
convartcd to l0r,al tender in G�rm�ny at th0 o�ficial r�t� of �xchangc and Giv�n
to �orycndJnts of cmployo� or ddoosited in a bank �esi�nat0d by G�ployc� in
G.Jrmany. HoY�.JV-.:r, ,.v�0n '-'mploy�-3 h:i.s h�en declaro&lt;l by ,3mploy�r to b,3 a bona
fid.e citizen of Austria and wh0h e::n,loyoc 1 s d0pcn '"1 �mts a.re d.ecla.r0d by employer
to b0 bona fida resi dents of 1;,ustria, c:nl_'.)loy0c' s allotmcmt 1N ill be conv-tn·t,;d to
Austrian Schillings and givon to (;C!'.')•.mdcr.ts or i:lepositcd i.n bank designat0d oy
0mnloye�.
c. �\.fWr such time as -3:tploy..Jc 1nd employee I s d.Jpendents ar8 officially
advised by employer's representative to pr.Jparc ,.rn1ploy0e Is d0:1enr1 ._mts for
movement to th0 Uni tcd Stat0s, em::,loy-30 vrilJ. retain 1-�is salary in its nntirety
and no �art of said salary may b-3 allot0tl to any p0rson or institution outside
the United .St3.t0s 8XC.Jpt by vrri ttcn ;_J�.nmission of th8 employJr.
16.

Dependents
a.

.i!:ii1ployer v1ill d0t0r1J1ino wnich p2rsons arc dc1;&gt;cn-:,.:mts of employee.

b. --rithin three nonth3 after th.� cff�ctiv:; datu of this contract em­
ployer will c1dvis0 01!)lo:rc0 in ·;,,riting: of 11at'..; on vhich ..Jmnloyc:8 1 s d8r-,en·.:-�onts
-rd.11 be alerted for movemont from iurop.:.; to the Unit0d StatGs, cxc2pt that
on!)lo�r-cs who h:::i.v;; b..;0n in th0 l;ni t0d S;:.-3.t�s for lonpor than tv.r0lvc nonths
Yrill 1)c advisod within t0n , 3.ys of t:l..:: ..:�to of sicninr; of this contract of
anryrGxim.:i.t.J datu of. arrival of i3.:nilivs in tho Unit�d Stat.,:;s •

..

c. D,•rx.m:.1cr.ts will ')a -�ov.::c: to thu U11..itcd St,.:!.t.83 on a priority basis,
such ?riori ty to be cl�t.3rmin..)d by t.;m9lcy.J8's Lm:-t.h of s,Jrvic0 in the Unitcd
...-:t::rLcs.
d, Ho dop . m&lt;4 ,.mts ".i.11 �)c :ncv0d to tho Unit0d States until c:iployor is
satisfied that suitable housinP, for SD.id dencn:J ..:mts is J.Vail.a.':-JlG at or n._;ar
th0 proj�ct on l'fhich or:iplcy JO is on�a'.�:cd. Eir.1?lOY0r ,.rill nak.J ,:v.;ry cff ort to
obtain suita' le hoiisinr; ,·;it11in th...! s·1ortvst posstbl;J tir:i..:.
c. .E,11ployor -vYill assume th...! cost of movinr, employco' s c�cp...)ndun ts from
pr.Jscnt r�sid.:mcc i,o .Jmloycc' s place of e·11nlo:•,7r.11.;nt in th.J Uni tcd Stat(3S.
f. :"{hdn umoloyoc' s doocm:·�•.;mts a:rc t1ov0d to the Unitud Stat.JG said
dcpcn-icnts -:rill be aut: o�izod colL.,cti vely an ini ti.al allm·.ranca tot:1ling one
tl-iou.s-.1nd (1,000) ooun'ls of ?ersonal -3.ncl household ofi.'ccts. Fanili0s consisting
of more t�1an four doD ..mdonts will '· u p0.m1 i ttJd o.n D.:�d�_ticnal ht.'.nrl.r,.;d pounds of
bao:6a£:C for -.: 1 ch dai')cmclcnt: in excess nf four.
g. Notwi thstandinr, the r:rovisions of 50ction II paraeraph �ight :ibovc
at th0 timo of arrival at th� pro:j..:::ct ar0a of 0r,mloy..;_: 1 $ d0ryonc.tl;,.1ts, -::!aploye;c
will assUr1c all costs of his own ar.:::. :1is cLJpanc.:cmts :10usine. Jfo·.:,GV,.;r, Y-rh:m
�.rnnloy ,.:;..} ,"'.ncl :1is -:cp0nd0nts oc,:upy Un:i. t--1d Stato:..:s Gov-.:rn::10nt hons ·ng, tho
0mryloy .:a t•:il:!.. bJ c�argod for such hous:i.nr at th0 s.:1:::1,3 rato as :i.s ch1;3.rgGd oth-:ir
civl.lian r.,:;sic•.�nts of such ;1ousing cccu-'.)yinr si::1il&lt;1.r quarters.

3

•

��··

h.

,

17.

D0Pun&lt;ionts ,till not acco-:::1pany cmnlo:1,r..;0 to th0 Unit�d States.
( 1)

If -.:"!vlo?00 so '0s�_ros, dcp,.mc.:mt::; of -.;itploy..;-.! in Europ0 vn.11
fror:1 the cff0ctiv0 dat0 of this contract until mov.;d to the
Uni t.::d St=:tt•JS l:k, ass0:1blcd at su ch housing !)reject or projects
in :Curop.J 3.S 0::1;)J.o;:r r S..;L:·ctr, .?.nd wi2.l be furnis 110d :i.d,.Jquatc
housine.

(2)

Said dopond-:::nts r.iay r....:r.iain in sue� housirlf project only so
lonr as t!1is contr:1ct is in .__,ffuct.

( 3)

D�p...:m�unts. ·:,rh0sc conduct is such t� t they disturb tril: peace:
and norr·:3.l tr:1..1qui li ty o.f on, .:r occur.&gt;,::.nt�; o:.' sue h �1ousinf
proj..;ct vtill bv r,:;r1uircti to v:J.c:..t.;;.
_

(l.i)

Emoloyvr
�:rill :.mc;c:tvor to loca ti., -:Icr,....,r:,C:.�nts
cf ...:-,;;;i1Jloy.::c
in
.
'
..
tl1'.1t s0ction of G.Jrr,,.:iny and .c\.ustria o�cui."licd by the Armed
I•'orcos cf the United s+,::i.tcs j_f cm.ploy,,:e so requests.

( 5)

'"Then a diJt 0f 2 300 c.'llori.js p.:;r ')0rsor- 1)f rcason:i.bL:; vari_ ty­
und r.1inir:1Um food r:Jquirmr.onts ar,� not 2.vailablo to dependents
livine in a '-J.ousinG proj�ct co,1troll0d by C!7ploy.Jr, ;.;:19loy.Jr
will suppl..;r.i.--mt food and fHcl,

(6)

Employ,Jr agr.;-.;S to furniSil tc� r,___rs,:,;-'.s vrho arc dc.J:-:1...::d hy
�r.rnloy•.)r to 'b..:.: 1 10::1. f-i_r_:c dG1,cr!cl-.!nts of .J ·1ploy(;,0 anc1. -who by
pemission o.f ,.::nplo:r(.;r, , r,)�.:iin in the ;�;.10ricc1n Occupstion
ZonJs in Gcr:-:1any or .\.ustria, 3. L..:ttcr prot2cting said
dupe:no-..:nts, th0:i.r ;:,,.1rs0ns anrl !.)rOp8 1�ti.&lt;.::s from a.-rr2�ts,
sci�ures 11nd re1,uisi. ti ens GXc..:pt by ct,w ry:roccss o.f law.

Burtnl and Eifacts

In 1..:v,.n1t of ,lea.th of -,:rrtployo.J, thu oinploy-::r will provi(k for local burial
and r�turn of pJrsonal ..:.�ff1.,;cts t0 d�?..::ndc:nts.

18. Return to Europe
In 1:.Nont of '3mcrr,c:icy dcvmcd to b..J such b;'., 0mplcy-.)r, c:nploy-.Je nay return
to Europe at ]1is ovm JXp0nso for o.Jrior1. to b0 SD...::cLCL�d by omploy.,r.
19.

'

Educational FJ..�11iti..;s

(

Employee ·1'fill b·J p ..Jr:n.i.tt1:Jcl oo i!lahJ a.rrnnr;.Hner.ts for 1Jducati0n of his
chilc.lr0n at his o,m ,._,xncns-..: in public 0r Dri�,at...: :3c1-:.ools y:it\in the Unit0d
States.
20,

Visn

Upon sir,naturo of t'tis col1tr:-..1.ct and provid.1d. t:1.c p,Jrsonal conduct and
political haclwround of ..;�:1;iloy0-.: j 1J stif,r s1_; c ·1 stops, thrJ -.::-:1Dloy..., r -.-.rill :·,Kdrn
ir.imodiatc 0ffe&gt;rt� to 0�1ta. ·d1 an iE1:11'u-r-J.t:i
Oc� 'IJ.s::, for the; .nDloydo.
'

.

SECTIOH III
1.

Disr.,utcs

Except as oth,nwisc s:.i--:cif:i_cally provi""kd in this contract, all :4isnutes
conccrnint.; questions of fact which r.-tay nris0 unc1 cr this contr:1ct wi.11 be dc­
cid�d b�r the S..,crctary of /.tr of th-3 Unit0d States.
2.

Security R�gulations

In vi )W o£4he c-onfiri-.:!lc-:; n.n'0 trust-1'J""IOS8d-in .;;m�loy0u unc.cr tho snocial
circumstanclJs of 0mploymcnt, an, in vi,w of th0 vital conn2r,tions of thJ proj2ct·
contcmryl.:i.tcd !lJ!"vtind...:r to th-J d,:d'cm,.J, s-.::curity and vrclf:iro of th8 United Statos,

4
\

-

�anti as a conclition to adni t't-d.nce -1:o this c ount�J and 3mplo�.�, t hervund.ar ., 1;r.t­
pltt'/...:-.t at;r'-' cs to obsc:::-v,3 such s3c·1•1 rity :.1-]asurvs ::is th.) nr,.;sict:m t of the Uni tcd
St t 0s may clir�ct rrith r,.;Spt.,ct to th0 ryroj..:ct hJTG involv0d. !t..furthor is
unclorstood that this covenant sh3.�l surviv -J thJ 0r:1ploymc.:nt provided h�reundor
and V1e; lif 2 of t 11is agr��rn(..nt, a.n.1 j_n any ,.Jv0nt, shall not he aff.Jct :;;d 'Jy such
st:1tus as omrloy0a ;,riy attain hy r �si_c:0:1.ce within tri(.; Uni t-::d St :ri.,:;s or by virtue
cf a citizonship h.:.'rcin, cmplo�,...;U h3.vi.n;: a�r�r::d th:1-'i. r3si:l.Jnco in this country
and ·anplication for citiz0nship in the :Jnited St3.t-..')S rrill ba subj,,;ct to the
•
terms of this cov\;;nant.

3.

Termination
This contract may be tcrr1in�tcd at any �ime by IT!tltual consent.

4.

Certification

a. The omploy:.:8 c0rtifi0s tt:i.t, to the best of �:..s tnov1l�dg2 and bJliJf,
his physical condition, cha:ractor 1.nd qn.e..lifications ar::: such 3.S to pGrmit him
to fulfill this contract, a:i.d that no uroi-:iiscs or r0urJGern,ations on th0 part
of th-3 crtr�:,loy..;r oth..?r t han t'1osi2 hc..r,3in hav0 'J:::cn r:ndc.
b. The en'!loyao c0rtifi�s i:,:1a·0 h0 h ··s r.::ad t:1(J for.:;roiw' !)aragraDhs which
will gov Jrn his cr.iploymcnt 3.S con·te·n.ola·�cd h.Jrcin, o.nd agr.10s tho.t hµ ·.·rill
rccognire t�1em 3.s thl.3 condition:;; ur..-\]r which such �:nnloymcnt is ::i.cccotJd 3.nd
held.

'f7.'lr
States)
I

I

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.,·,\ .

•••t lo!mlae

· . .,•••. M._.-o.t•t.)
'
'

ion_ &amp;1••/texae ·
�.

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I

l

bJi�gQ;Si &amp;loloaure to •OOJTf.RMJI lOR Jra:LOIIIElit ·Of
i'Oiml&amp;I JiAUORALS WIG fHI. WAR.DEi!Af?fKENf
01 ml Ullflm St�m•
'

,11th reference to the obove 11entioned . contra.qt_ . .ection I
�pb 8, the t'ollo•� expl.ana"bione and grouncl• are
adde&lt;l:
Dependents·. tlarked ri. th letter' A!' aboul.4 'be -.ovecl . to
tbe.;Q,.s., upon •1«pat11n of contract ae •oon ae poeaib.le..
Iha•
111 wLfe and. daustiter.

aw,

· Jepewiente maiited. with letter •a• ahalJ remain a ilerlta.
Go�• fhe7 are� - Martha Boft.aJ1m •• , 7ear1. Old,.
rla.tionabip eiater, n.Uence: Scmrewi,.eg J6/l,
Jerlin.Spancialt, an4 ·01to-1'tliacho1cler, 66.7ear1 old_.,·
relaU.c&gt;nahip father in law. relJidence·; O.V.ltillera�raaee,
14-16, .Berl.in-Jalltenaee. Doth, m'3 :father in.law as nU
as -,q •.tetor are not able to wpport their own ·living,
l
•· their heath
condition and age dgea not permit that.
rb.ey are more thon 50 ., depending on me.

�r

RESTRICTED

7 November 1946
.SU?,JECT:

Employment of German Scientists

TO.

Chief, Research and Development Service, Office of the Chief
oI On½nnct; � ·.7ashington, D. C.

Io Re:.'crence is made to letter your office, subject as above, dated
7 qov '!m��-�l' 1?46
2; It is '\gr�;cd l-y t:1i3 off ice tl1a t G·.:.r.nan civilian scientists be
porr.ii_t.L.,3-.J to v1.sit, Sll,...h ·1�.:-cs in the United States as are deemed necessary
in tho ex::.c1n1.oi1 ot l·.., .;-i" a')s.ig:cnn.cm t.s o It is further agreed that said
GJrman sc:;..en".:, is·�s "Jill trJv .:1 ·,:.ri thou!:. csco::.·t throughout the United States
reportin..:; upon arr::. v-.1 :-..t t! u:..i.t' c-lcstin·1tion to the nearest Ordnance office.
Th ey will bG roquirci ·:-.u �on-::.J.ct the office r0ferred to above at such times
as mo.y be d.:;cm,:::d. �1".."ccss.:-..r7 for sccurity reasons.
3. All referenc...;s -m.do h�reinaftcr arc to the final draft of contract
for employment of foreign nation:J.ls :-rith the '.'for Dopartm-.;nt of the United
States.
1

REFERENCES�
a. Par�graph 12 --- German sci0ntists si�ning said contract may
be assured th..:..t unr:1strictod m.:1.il privileges ,.v-ill be cxtcn1ud to thorn
immedi.:1.tcly uron re�cint of irrll11if:r.:i.tion visas or four months after signing
the new contr'lct vrhjch;vor is 01.rlier.
b. p3.ro.rr.:1.ph 16 --- A dependent is clcfincd :is one v1ho must rely
for more th::m 50% of riis su:::,port on cmployo,1 an,� is recognized as a bon.:1.
fide depcncl:::mt by tho · T,.,.r Department.
c � Section III, P:&gt;.r:tgrJ.ph 2 -- Se;curi ty r.]e;ul::i.tions as herein
defined refer to 1',rmy R\;gul.:ttion 380-5 .'.lnd to such directives as are applied
to all pcrs0nn::l c:-1ploycd by the government. Nothing contained therein
shall be construed to mean a rcstriction of personal libcrti2s.
h. �\lthough not specific.:illy n..:ntioncd in the contract, it is believed
that for public rGlations rc�sons, it is not J.dvis2ble to extend to Gorman
scientists th8 right to trav.Jl through')ut the Unit0d States without
restriction. It is understood, however, th:it not later th:1n four months
after signing the new contract or U"JOn r2c0ipt of immigration visas, which­
ever is sooner, Gcrm::m civili::ms will be p-Jrmittod to travel in tho normal
manner under the rights extended by an immigration visa.
RESTRICTED

�RESTRICTED

5.

The status of German scientists as War Department employees will be
clc1rly defined in separate dir'ltctives to be published by this office prior
to the signing of the contractsl

FOR THE CHI�F, INTELLIGENCE GROUP:

M. J. HAGOOD
Lt Colonel, GSC
Executive, Exploitation Branch

RESTRICTED

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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/38" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;View the William August Schulze Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>William August Schulze (November 23, 1905 to November 4, 2001) received his education at Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin, graduating with an engineering doctorate degree in 1935 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Schulze was a guided missile expert during WWII, and he worked at Peenemünde from 1937 until 1945 (Wade, Lundquist). He was brought to America through Operation Paperclip, and he worked as a member of von Braun's Rocket Team (Wade).&#13;
&#13;
By July 1, 1965, Schulze was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center. "In the February 1969 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div." He retired in 1969 (Lundquist).&#13;
&#13;
Works Cited&#13;
&#13;
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&#13;
&#13;
Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html.</text>
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