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                <text>Series 2, Subseries A, Box 2, Folder 4</text>
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                    <text>ALABAMA SECTION
AMERICAN ,INSTITUTE
OF
AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

27th Jlnnua! Jlwa1ids
and !fnstaf!ation 93anquet

THU1RSD
' AY, MAY 24, 1979
HUNTSVILL
, E, ALABAMA

�PROGRAM

ALABAMA SECTION
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
1978 -1979

Dr Kenneth Thompson

Welcome
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Secretary
Treasurer.
Regional Representative.
Terrltorial Liaison.
HATS Representative. . ..

Dr. Kenneth Thompson
. Mr. Troy Street
. Mr. Wayne Mccain
. . . Mr. David Schuhz
Mr. John P. Young
. Mr. Fred W. Martin
.Dr. Gerald R. Guinn

Awards and Membership

Director .

Technical Panel Program ..

Director
Associate Director

Dr. Nicholas Costes
Dr. Michael Susko

Section Programs

Director
Associate Director

Mr. Gerald Driggers
Mr. Gordon L. Collyer

Section Awards

Director.

Publicity

Director
Associate Director

Mr. Henry Oldham
Dr Gerald Karr

Explorer Publication

Director
Associate Director

Dr. George Fichtl
Dave Dooling

.

Mr. Irvin P. Vatz

DINNER

Dr Eberhard F. M. Rees
Dr. Walter Haeussermann
Mr. Karl L. Heimburg
Dr Ernst Stuhlinger
Dr William R. Lucas

Irvin P Vatz

Presentation of Awards
Martin Schilling Award
Holger N Toftoy Award
Herman Oberth Award
Special Awards

Sponsor Teledyne Brown Engineering
Sponsor: Lockheed Missiles &amp; Space Company
Sponsor: McDonnel Douglas Astronautics Company

lns.allalion of 1979· 1980 Officers &amp; Directors

. Dr Philomena Grodzka

Alfred G. Orillion

INTERMISSION
Introduction of Banquet Speaker
"The Design and Development of the National Air and Space Museum"
Closing Remarks

FELLOWS OF THE AIAA, ALABAMA SECTION

Dr Kenneth Thompson

Introduction and Recognition of Guests

Dave Dooling
Melvin B. Z1sfein
Dr Kenneth Thompson

�GUEST SPEAKER

MARTIN SCHILLING AWARD
SPONSORED BY TELEDYNE BROWN ENGINEERING
[Named for this Section's founding president, Or. Martin Schilling].

The Martin Schilling Award is presented to a member of the Alabama Section to recognize outstanding
service to the Section, such as major contribution to its growlh, technical program, or administrative
functions.
PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS

1960 James W. Lee
1961 Konrad K. Rannenberg
1962 Rodney D. Stewart
1964 Max W Stone
1965 Lloyd H. Johnson

1966
1967
1966
1969
1970
1971

John M. Meshgian
William E. Douglass
Robert J. Brazil
Jess B. Huff
Will A. Lewis
Wm. A. Ernshaw

1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977

Wm. A. Klabunde
John W. Bensfield
Thomas C. Tarbox
John P. Young
Alfred G. Orillion
Raymond A. Deep

• No award for 1963

In the two short years since the Nahonal Air and Space Museum opened its doors to the public {July
1, 1976), 1t has become one of the ma1or tourist {and resident) altractions in the nation's capital. Mr.
Zisfein, who had been in on the planning and operation of the museum since some live years belore its
opening, !races in his lecture the museum's design and development. His presentation focuses
particularly on the role played by technology in aeronautical and space history; and the fascination ol
that technology for multitudes of people -- even those who ordinarily can take technology or leave it
alone.
Mr. Zisfein, presently Acting Director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space
Museum, has been its Deputy Director since March 1971. He is an M.I.T. graduate, simultaneously
earning both his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Aeronautical Engineering in
1948. In the years following graduation, he worked for various companies as a designer and
aerodynamicist. and then in 1953 joined Bell Aircraft Corporation (now Bell Aerospace) where he was
Chief of the Dynamics Department. In 1960, he left Bell for the Giannini Controls Corporation, becoming
General Manager of their Astromechanics Research Division. From 1966 until he joined the staff of the
museum, he was Associate Director of the Franklin Institute Research Laboratories. Mr. Zisfein is listed
In American Men of Science; Who's Who in America; and the Dictionary of International Biography. He is
an Associate Fellow of the AIAA, a member of the Board of Directors of the American Society for
Aerospace Education, a member of the advisory committee of the John F. Kennedy Library, and a Fellow
of the Explorers Club. He was awarded the Exceptional Service Gold Medal of the Smithsonian Institution
for the development of the National Air and Space Museum's exhibits.

1978 MARTIN SCHILLING AWARD - DR. NICHOLAS C. COSTES
The award is in recognition of Dr. Castes· contributions to the Section's technical activity. As Director
for Technical Panel Programs he has presented a full series of outstanding panel speakers thereby
promoting the technical growth of Section members
Dr. Castes is a Staff Scientist with the Space Sciences Laboratory at NASA's George C. Marshall
Space Flight Center. He was born in Athens, Greece, and came to this country in 1948. After attending
engineering schools in Greece he received a BS from Dartmouth College, an M. S.C.E.. also from
Dartmouth, AM and ME degrees from Harvard, and M.S.C.E. and Ph. D. degrees from North Carolina
State University.
Dr. Castes is a registered professional engineer He specializes in the research fields of applied
mechanics, materials science and geotechnical engineering. During the Apollo Program, Or. Costes
served as Team Leader of the Apollo II Soil Mechanics Investigation science team. He was
co-investigator of the Lunar Soil Mechanics and Lunar Geology Experiments during Apollo Missions 12,
13 14. 15, 16 and 17. He also worked on the performance evaluation of the Lunar Roving Vehicle. He
holds a patent for a self-recording Soil Penetrometer. Dr. Costes has other honors: Norman Medal from
ASCE, Outstanding Engineer of the year from this section of AIAA, and numerous NASA awards and
citations. He has authored or co-authored about 40 publications.
Dr. Costes is married 10 the former Polytime Andros of Chicago, Illinois. There are three children
m the family.

�HERMAN OBERTH AWARD

HOLGER N. TOFTOY AWARD
Sponsored by Lockheed Missile and Space Company

Sponsored by McDonnel Douglas Astronautics Company

The Holger N. Tofloy Award is presented to a member of the Alabama Section to recognize
outstanding technical management in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics.

The Herman Oberth Award is presented for outstanding individual scientific achievement in the fields
of astronautics or aeronautics or for the promotion and advancement of the aeronautical sciences Is
presented annually to a member of the Alabama Section.

PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967

Wm. A. Davis, Jr.
Carl A. Pingerd
Ivey O. Prewry
Joseph C. Moquin
Eberhard F. Rees

1968
1969
1970
1971
1972

Arthur Rudolph
John H. Goodloe
Or. Martin Schilling
Dr. John S. McDaniel
Dr. Wm. C. Mccorkle

1973
1974
1975
1976
1977

Wm. A. Giardine
Leland F. Belew
Dr. Wm. R. Lucas
John P. Leonard
Dr. Fred A. Speer

f

1978 HOLGER N. TOFTOY AWARD· GUSTAV A. KROLL
The award is in recognition of Mr. Kroll's contribution to America's space program as Chief of
Structures Div1s1on. NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. The complete success of Saturn
flights and subsequent other space programs can be attributed, in part. to his outstanding management
of the structural research. design and development programs.
Gustav A. Kroll was born in Bielefeld, Germany. He receieved his B.S. in Aeronautical Engineering
before empfoyment at Ago Aircraft Corp. and Fieseler Aircraft Corp. He joined the German Rocket
Research Center in Peenemuende where he advanced to Chief of the Airframe Design Section. He served
with Dr. Von Braun at Fort Bliss, Texas, and later (1950) at the Redstone Arsenal. He was transferred to
NASA's MSFC as Chief, Structure's Division. a position he still holds.
Mr. Kroll developed the concept of an integral container fuselage with a common bulkhead to separate
fueld and oxidizer for the Redstone Missile. This design contributed to the success of the Saturn
Vehicles. As Chief of Structures Division. he plans and directs the research and development for MSFC
in the fields of structural design, testing and analysis. Included is the structural integrity of the vehicle
and ground support equipment at launch. He undertakes the complex management of integrating the
contributions of government. industry and science to achieve new structural design concepts. new
configurations involving inconventional and advanced materials, fastening and joining techniques, and
composite structural combinations. He operated experimental and test laboratories to support the
research and developmental activities.
Mr. Kroll. by example and training, has contributed to the advancement of many of his subordinates.
Through these people his mark will be felt in the future space programs for many years to come.

PREVIOUS RECIPIENTS
1959 J. B. Medaris
1960 J. A. Barclay
1961 H. N. Toftoy, and
Wernher Von Braun
1962 Ernst Stuhlinger
1963 Karl L. Heimburg
1964 Hugh M. Taylor, Jr.

1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971

Dr. W. C. Lucas
Or. H. H. Koeller
Wm. C. Snoddy
Chas. W. Eifler. Jr.
Helmet J. Horn
Dr. Hermann K. Wedner
Dr. Eberhard Rees

1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977

Gerald B. Heller
James E. Kingsbury
Dr. Rudolf Hermann
Or. Henry M. Shuey
Frederick I. Ordway 111
Dr. Chas. A. Lundquest

1978 HERMAN OBERTH AWARD - OR. WILLIAM A. MRAZEK

I
I

The Herman Oberth Award is presented to Dr. William A. Mrazek for outstanding achievements in
astronautics and for the promotion and advancement of astronautical sciences. He has contributed to the
science and design concepts that developed the Redstone Jupiter C, Juno I, Juno II, Pershing,
Mercury-Redstone Missile Systems. and the Saturn Launch Vehciles.
Dr. Mrazek was born in Lukavac, Austria-Hungary and received a MS. Engineering from Technical
University Bruenn. Germany. He was employed at the Solvay Works before joining the rocket
development team at Peenemuende. In 1946 Dr. Mrazek came to the United States and worked at Fort
Bliss. He was transferred to the Redstone Arsenal where he has served as Chief of Layout and Assembly
Section. and Deputy Director of the Structures and Mechanics Laboratory. He was appointed Director of
that laboratory. In this capacity he directed research and development in the fields of structures,
propulsion. mechanics, chemistry, materials and design integration. He served as Director of the
Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Center. In 1965 he
was appointed Assistant Director for Engineering, Industrial Operations and later served in a similar
position in the Program Development Directorate.
Dr. Mrazek received an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Auburn University in 1962. He was
given the U.S. Army Decoration for Exceptional Service. In 1963 he received the NASA Medal for
Outstanding Leadership. In 1969 he received the NASA Meal for Exceptional Service. Or. Mrazek is a
registered Professional Engineer in Alabama and has been very active in the Alabama Society of
Professional Engineers. He retired from NASA in 1973.

�SPECIAL AWARDS
The Alabama Section of AIAA covers territory that includes all of the State of Alabama and the Eastern
portion of the State of Mississippi. Therelore, the Section includes student Chapters at four major
universities. These student chapters are remote but not forgotten.
During the last several years all ol these student chapters have been unusually active in promoting
aerospace and engineering prolessionalism. These activities naturally are the result of dedicated
leaderships as shown by each chapter's faculty advisor. After reviewing the Section's Awards program,
the Committee decided to present special awards to partially compenstate these able men tor the time
and elfort spent in improving the quality of our young aerospace engineers. The awards are issued lor
their outstanding "Support of University Chapter Activities." The Alabama Section wants to put on
record our appreciation for their contributions toward the betterment of our Section.

1978 SPECIAL AWARDS:
DR. JULIA D. DOUGHTY, P.E. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA
Dr.Doughty has been the AIAA Student Faculty Advisor for 10 years He has also participated in
national AIAA Student Activities Committees. He serves as Chairman of the Aerospace Engineering
Program at UA with the rank of Professor Or. Doughty received his BS and MS lrom Mississippi State
University and his Ph D. from the University of Tennessee. He has served on the faculty of all the
aforementioned schools. He is a member of ASEE, Sigma Xi and ASME as well as AIAA.

MR. LESLIE R. HESTER, JR.· MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY
Leslie R. Hester is Professor of Aerospace Engmeenng at Mississippi State University. His area of
teaching includes flight mechanics, astrodynamics, automatic controls, and experimental laboratory
classes. His area of research includes instrumentation and control fluidics and numerical f,uid
dynamics. With the exception of three years, 1965-1968, Professor Hester has served as !acuity advisor
of the AIAA Student Branch at Mississippi State since 1955 and has been recognized with several
outstanding faculty advisor awards. He has been a continuous member of the AIAA since 1952.
Professor Hester received a B.S. and M.S. m Aeronautical Engineering from Mississippi State
University in 1952 and 1953, respectively. He did graduate work at the University of Texas, Auslin, in
1965-67 on a National Science Foundation Fellowship Award.

DR. FRED WILLIAM MARTIN - AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Dr Fred W Martm has held his present position as Professor, Aerospace Engineering, Auburn
Engineering. Auburn, Alabama, since 1956. He received his B.S., M S., and Ph.D. degrees from the
Virginia Polytechnic Institute where he also held a teaching position from 1952-1955. His industrial
experience included one and a half years with the North-American Aviation Company, Downey,
California; and summer employment at the Langley Research Center, George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center; Thiokol Chemical Company, Space BoosterDivision; and the Air Force Armament Laboratory
(AFATL), Eglin Air Force Base. Florida. His principal responsibility at Auburn University is in
aerodynamics. He is an Associate Fellow of AIAA and has been active since he joined as a student
member in 1948. He is currently the Faculty Aovisor of the Auburn University Student Branch.

DR. SHU YI WANG - UNIVERSITY DF MISSISSIPPI
Or. Wang has been at Mold Miss since 1967 and holds the rank of Associate Professor. He received
his M.S. and Ph. O. from tey U of Rochester, New York where ne majored in Mechanical and Aerospace
Sciences. He is a member ol ASME, ASEE, SAE as well as AIAA (1967). Dr. Wang has been Faculty
Advisor to the Student Chapter since 1970. He won the AIAA outstanding Faculty Citation in 1970 and
1972 He was the winner of the Ralph R. Teeton Award (outstanding young eductor) of the SAE in 1975,
and the Outstanding Engineering Teacher Award of UM in 1977. He is the coordinator of "Project
Explorer'' at Old Miss.

�ALABAMA SECTION AIAA 1978 -1979
SPECIAL AWARD

ALABAMA SECTION
OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
1979 -1980
..... Mr. Troy Street
..Dr. Klaus Dannenburg
. ... Dr. Gerald Karr
. . . . . .. .. . .... Dr. William Pittman
. Dr. Kenneth Thompson
. .Dr. S. Y. Wang

Chairman.
Vice Chairman .
Secretary.
Treasurer.
Regional Representative ..
Territorial Liaison.

DR. FREOW. MARTIN
AUBURN UNIVERSITY

DR. SHU YI WANG
UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI

DIRECTORS
Mr. Gerald Driggers
Mr. Henry Oldham
Mr. Dave Schultz

Mr. David Christensen
Mr. David Dooling
Mr. Robert Seitz

(PICTURE NOT AVAILABLE)

ALABAMA SECTION AWARDS
Section Special Event Award 1975· 1976
Outstanding Section Publication 1975-1976
Outstanding Section Award 1977-1978

PROFESSOR LESLIE R. HESTER
MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIVERSITY

OR. JULIAN 0. DOUGHTY
UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA

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                  <text>William Anthony Mrazek “(October 20, 1911 to February 8, 1992)” received his education at Deutsche Technische Hochschule, Brünn, Germany, graduating with an engineering diploma in 1935 (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek worked at Peenemünde from 1941 to 1945 as a loads engineer (Lundquist, Wade). He worked with Wernher von Braun at Peenemünde. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mrazek was brought to America through Operation Paperclip and arrived at Fort Bliss on April 8, 1946 (Wade, Lundquist). In 1950, Mrazek moved to Huntsville, Alabama, and worked for the U.S. Army’s rocket programs until 1960.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By 1960, Mrazek became Director, Structures and Mechanics Division at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, and by February 1969, he became the Assistant Director for Engineering for Industrial Operations (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek later served as the “Chief Engineer for all Saturn development and fabrication work, reporting to the Saturn V Project Manager,” from “1965 to 1970” (Lundquist).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mrazek retired from the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1973 (Lundquist).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Works Cited&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wade, Mark. "Mrazek, Willi." &lt;em&gt;Encyclopedia Astronautica&lt;/em&gt;, http://www.astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html.</text>
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NO. - ----AEROSPACE WELDING STANDARDS

//d3

FOR THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF AMEIUCAN ORDNANCE ASSOCfATION
I

The term "Welding Standard" is one which must be qualefied since
there are many dfjfferent classifications. There are, for example, welding

,

standards for bridge and building construction, automotive manufacturers,
machinery manufacuurers, and, of course, space vehicle manufacturers.

To

each of the functional segments of an organization, producing welds to meet
the requirements

vr

a welding standard has a different meaning:

(1) to

engineering, it is a necessary requirement to fulfill the design function;

(2) to manufacturing, it means additional operations, precise dimensional
tolerances, elaborate tooling and pre-production test sampling; (3) to
quality control, 5t is the responsibility to select inspection points within
the manufacturing operations and to apply NM: methods to insure that the
product meets engineering requirements; and (4) to top management, producing

'

welds to meet the requirements of a weld standard means much higher costs.
Fundamentally, the'basic objective of any welding application is
to obtain a weld which will perform the function for which it: was designed.

The problem then, in establishing an aerospace welding standard, is one of
determining what parameters must be controlled and the limits of acceptability
'

to meet the design function.
If perfect welds could be produced consistently with 100% reliability,
the problem would be solved. This is not possible, of course, since a
perfect weld would be one having absolutely no defects and having 100%
joint efficiency based on mechanical, metallurgical, and physical properties.

�Thds means thas realistic welding standards must be established which
require a minimum level of performance based on what engineering can
tolerate and what manufacturing can produce.

Even though the present welding

standard is based on this philosophy, the. question still arises, "Is the
high quality required by this standard really necessary?"

In reviewing

the product history, the answer is quite evident.
From the first missiles and rockets constructed, many failures which
occurred during proof testing of the components have been traced to poor
quality welds. Natueally, with each incident, engineers became educated
as to the type and magnitude of defects which can be tolerated; thus, the
standard is modified to correct the deficiences.
As an example of failures which have occurred in the past, Figure 1
shows a portion of a weld from a missile propellant tank,whichexhibits
transverse weld cracks.

Radiographic examination of the welds in this tank

revealed porosity in excess of specification requirements. Prior to this
failure, there were no requirements for 100% radiographic inspection.
quality control of these welds was based on the establishment of welding
schedules which produced welds to meet the specification requirements.
Then the operator and equipment were relied upon to produce the same weld
quality in the production part.
Upon completion of the failure analysis, it was concluded that the
failure resulted from very low ductility in the weld, with porosity being a
contributing factor.

That is, the weld could not plastically deform with

thgt base material without failure. This is an example of a defect resulting from
dissimilar mechanical properties between the base material and filler metal.

�Thus, in order to have a complete welding standard, the mechanical
properties 0f.a welded joint must be defined and controlled.
Corrective action for this failure was to modify the welding standard,
incorporating a different filler metal and, in addition,-arequirement was
imposed for 100% radiographic inspection of all subsequent welds to insure
that porosity w~uldbe within specifications.
As another example, Figure 2 shows a failure in ground support
equipment (54-in&amp;

diameter water line flange-to-pipe weld) which occurred

during cyclic pressure proof testing. The crack shown here initiated at
the toe of the weld as a result of undercut.

The undercut was noted to

be more severe on the side of the forged flange, which happened also to be
the weaker material.

This, of course, necessitated tightening the allowable

undercut requirements for steel weldments in certain ground support equipment.
The above examples illustrate typical defects which have caused failure
and which must be controlled to insure weldment reliability. Without
attempting to define or describe in detail all of the parameters which
form a welding standard, the following may serve as a generalized description:
a.

Metallurgical Compatibility of Base Material and Filler Material
A filler metal must be selected which is metallurgically compatible
with the base material.

The filler metal should not present a

metallurgical discontinuity (i. e. , formation of brittle phases)
which could cause premature failure, nor should there be a high
electro-chemical potential.difference between the weld and base
metal which would invite corrosion. Stress corrosion characteristics
of the deposited filler metal must also be considered in the selection.

�b, Nechahical Properties of the Welded Joint
In order to have a high degree of confidence in the mechanical
properties of a weldment, a 1arge.amountof data must be obtained
and statistically analyzed. If, for example, the ductility or
tensile strength of the weld is below that of the base material,
the des$gners may compensate by increasgng the thickness of the
weld joiht.
c. Welding Brocess
~tandarazationon a particular welding process must be based
on its adaptability to the product and the quality of weld which
can be produced. Subsequently, the welding procedure must be
docum@nted, listing allowable variations for each variable in the
proce4s.

Joint preparation and fit-up tolerances must be

established to maintain good weld quality and consistent
mechanioal properties. Simultaneously, and in combination with
the det-ination

of mechanical properties, acceptance limits

for both internal and external defects must be established.
Having in mind the parameters which must be controlled, the next
objective is to establish what tools will be used to insure control.
a.

Research and Development
Through research and development, the optimum filler wire for the
specific application may be determined together with the optimum
welding process, joint design, mechanical properties, defect
limitations, etc.

�b.

Measurement of Dimensional Tolerances
The component p a r t s must be dimensionally i n s p e c t e d t o i n s u r e
p r o p e r f i t - u p and proper joint p r e p a r a t i o n .

P o s t weld inspection

of dimensions i s necessary t o i n s u r e t h a t metal d i s t o r t i o n h a s
n o t renPered t h e p a r t unusable,

c.

Visual I n s p e c t i o n
V i s u a l i n s p e c t i o n , a v e r y important t o o l , i s i n continuous u s e
b e f o r e , d u r i n g , and a f t e r t h e welding operation.

d.

Sampling
Often i t i s b e n e f i c i a l , o r even necessary, t o make pre-production
and/or post-production samples which a r e s u b j e c t e d t o d e s t r u c t i v e and
n o n d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t s f o r g r e a t e r assurance of t h e q u a l i t y w i t h i n
t h e product.

e.

Radiography
Radiography i s g e n e r a l l y considered a p o s t weld i n s p e c t i o n t o o l
f o r determining i n t e r n a l q u a l i t y .

f,

Penetrants
Most s u r f a c e d e f e c t s which a r e not v i s i b l e t o t h e naked eye can

,

g.

be d e t e c t e d by p e n e t r a n t i n s p e c t i o n .
Magnetic P a r t i c l e
This i n s p e c t i o n t o o l i s used w i t h magnetic m a t e r i a l s f o r d e t e c t i n g
s u r f a c e o r s l i g h t l y subsurface d e f e c t s .

h.

Ultrasonic
U l t r a s o n i c i n s p e c t i o n may be used f o r both s u r f a c e and i n t e r n a l
defects.

�i, Eddy :Current
Eddy current inspection, also, may be used for surface and internal
defects.

It is obvious that no one of the above tools, by itself, could assure.
a high quality weldment.

In almost all instances, at least three of the

above tools are used: namely, (1) research and development, (2) measurement
of dimensional twlerances, and (3) visual inspection.

Determining a welding standard for the major structural material used
in the S-IC booster stage of the Saturn V vehicle, as discussed below,
will serve as a guide for determining a welding standard and for illustrating
the use of several of the tools.' The platerial used was aluminum alloy
2219-T87. Folluwing the selection of type 2319 filler metal as .the optimum
commercially available filler, welds were made in 1/4, 1'/2, 3/4, and 1-inch
thick plates using both the consumable and nonconsumable electrode processes in the flat, vertical,' and horizontal welding positions.
Discontinuities,such as weld undercut and joint misfit (root openings
and misalignment), were introduced purposely to establish tolerable limits.
All panels were radiographed, noting both internal and external defects in
the weld. Figure 3 shows an example of internal defects which were
tested to evaluate their effect on strength properties, This is a mild
example, for many of the weldments contained a vast amount of internal
defects.

Ultrasonic inspection was also performed for correlation to

radiographic defects and for determination of the sensitivity of ultrasonic
testing.

�T e n s i l e sgecimens and specimens f o r m e t a l l u r g i c a l examination were
s e l e c t e d from Ehe welded panels t o i n s u r e ample r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of a l l
t y p e s of d e f e c t s ,

L a t e r , t h e mechanical p r o p e r t i e s were compared t o t h e

recorded d e f e c t s , and d e f e c t l i m i t a t i o n s were e s t a b l i s h e d .

If the strength

of a specimen having a s p e c i f i c type and magnitude of d e f e v t dropped
below t h e strenggh s c a t t e r f o r sound welds, t h a t magnitude of d e f e c t was
considered unacceptable f o r s t r u c t u r a l q u a l i t y weldments.
Among t h e i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s were t h e l o c a t i o n and s i z e e f f e c t of
p o r o s i t y o r i n c l u s i o n s on weld s t r e n g t h .

Very l a r g e d e f e c t s l o c a t e d i n

t h e c e n t e r of t h e weld had l e s s e f f e c t upon s t r e n g t h than small d e f e c t s
along t h e f u s i o n l i n e , which i s t h e usual path of f a i l u r e when t h e weld
reinforcement i s not removed.

For a given s i z e c a v i t y o r i n c l u s i o n , the

s t r e n g t h of a t e n s i l e specimen decreased a s t h e d e f e c t approached t h e normal
p a t h of f a i l u r e o r t h e f u s i o n l i n e .
Another magnitude of p o r o s i t y which caused considerable l o s s i n
s t r e n g t h , as k l d u s t r a t e d i n Figure 4 , i s macro p o r o s i t y l o c a t e d along
t h e fusion line,

This might be d e t e c t e d by radiography, depending on t h e

f u s i o n zone geolaetry.

I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r i n c i d e n t , it was d e t e c t e d

because of i t s o r i e n t a t i o n , b u t , i n o t h e r i n s t a n c e s where i t i s not
p a r a l l e l t o t h e beam of X-rays, it i s not detected.

I n one of t h e welded

p a n e l s , t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e specimens ranged from 40 t o 44 K s i , w i t h t h e
exception of two specimens, one being 33 and t h e o t h e r 35 K s i l o c a t e d
s i d e by s i d e .

There was no explanation f o r t h e l o s s i n s t r e n g t h ; t h e

f r a c t u r e s appeared normal t o t h e naked eye, but upon examination a t 20

�power m a g n i f i c a t i o n , very f i n e p o r o s i t y was q u i t e evident over t h e e n t i r e
f r a c t u r e surfkce.

Lack of p e n e t r a t i o n , t o t h e degree shown i n Figure 5 , was n o t d e t e c t a b l e by normal radiographic procedures.
d i d d e t e c t t h i s magnitude of d e f e c t .

U l t r a s o n i c i n s p e c t i o n , of course,

I n Figure 6 , t h e degree of incom-

p l e t e penetratzon i s very small but s e r i o u s l y lowers t h e s t r e n g t h .

In

t h i s c a s e , it was not d e t e c t e d by u l t r a s o n i c s o r , a t l e a s t , could n o t
be resolved.

TMs unpenetrated zone i s s i m i l a r t o a forge weld because

of t h e h e a t from welding and t h e pressure from shrinkage,
t h e r e was a l o s s i n s t r e n g t h .

Nevertheless,

Magnified views of t h i s zone show how

g r a i n s have a tendency t o grow a c r o s s t h e unpenetrated l i n e which i s no
l a r g e r than a g r a i n boundary,
Figure 7 shows t h e l o s s i n s t r e n g t h a s . a r e s u l t of incomplete
penetration.

It i s obvious from t h e s e d a t a t h a t incomplete p e n e t r a t i o n

cannot be t o l e r a t e d ; t h u s , methods f o r p o s i t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n must be
developed.

T h i s d e f e c t i s p r e s e n t l y being c o n t r o l l e d by t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t

of welding schedules recording t h e c u r r e n t , v o l t a g e , t r a v e l speed, and
w i r e f e e d speed necessary t o a s s u r e complete p e n e t r a t i o n ;

F u r t h e r , pre-

production test samples a r e made and checked before each production weld,
One p o s s i b l e method f o r p o s t i n s p e c t i o n c o n t r o l i s t h e use of a
modified square b u t t j o i n t wherein a shallow groove i s machined down t h e
c e n t e r of t h e a b u t t i n g p l a t e s , a s shown by t h e j o i n t c r o s s - s e c t i o n i n
F i g u r e 8.

If p e n e t r a t i o n i s n o t complete, a void i s p r e s e n t a t t h e c e n t e r

of t h e p l a t e which i s d e t e c t a b l e by radiography.

8

This i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n

�Figure 9.
(i.e.,

Id was found t h a t grooves, w h o s e . t o t a 1 width equal t o .O4O-inch,

.020-inch deep i n each p l a t e ) , would s h r i n k t i g h t and would not be

d e t e c t e d by radiography.

P r e s e n t l y , s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s 'can be obtained

w i t h a 0.030-Anch deep by 1 / 3 T width groove i n t o each a b p t t i n g edge.
R e l i a b i l i t y o r c t h e j o i n t h a s not been f u l l y e v a l u a t e d , but f u r t h e r t e s t i n g

i s being conduoced.
I n c o n s i d e r i n g radiography a s a t o o l f o r i n s p e c t i n g weldments i n
t h i c k p l a t e aluminum a l l o y s , i t was p o s s i b l e t o d e t e c t p o r o s i t y approximately 1%of t h e m a t e r i a l t h i c k n e s s and undercut of t h e same magnitude.
Defects which could not be r e l i a b l y d e t e c t e d were micro p o r o s i t y , l a c k
of p e n e t r a t i o n , l a c k of f u s i o n ( i . ' e , , t h e t i e - i n between t h e f i l l e r metal
and t h e base m e t a l ) , and t i g h t cracks o r c r a c k s which were not p a r a l l e l
t o t h e beam of X-rays.

Radiography, of course, i s only one t o o l f o r

i n s u r i n g a high q u a l i t y weld, and i t s l i m i t a t i o n must be defined Eor each
application.

This c e r t a i n l y i n d i c a t e s t h a t more than one i n s p e c t i o n t o o l

i s necessary t o p r o p e r l y e v a l u a t e weld q u a l i t y .

Similar definition,of

l i m i t a t i o n s can, and should, be obtained f o r each of t h e i n s p e c t i o n t o o l s
f o r a given a p p l i c a t i o n .
I n summary, an a e r o s p a c e welding standard must encompass (1) m e t a l l u r g i c a l c o m p a t i b i l i t y of base metal and f i l l e r m e t a l , (2) mechanical

proper-

ties of t h e welded j o i n t , and (3) t h e welding process ( d e f e c t l i m i t a t i o n s ,
s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n of equipment, e t c , ) .

The t o o l s a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s u r i n g

h i g h q u a l i t y have been reviewed, and i t h a s been shown why t h e h i g h q u a l i t y
welds a r e necessary.

�Although welding i s not the only i t e m which can cause the f a i l u r e
of a v e h i c l e , i t i s a f a c t that poor welds'can be a s o l e cause.

The

succeae of agaoa vekLcle structures dependslargely upon the quality af

welding and tihe completeness of the welding standards.

�FIGURE 1

Transverse Weld Cracks i n Aluminum Alloy Weldrnen't

FIGURE 2

Longitudinal Crack A t The Toe O f The Weld In A
S t e e l Weldrnent

�FIGURE 3

Radiographic Reproduction Of Weld Test panel

FIGURE 4

Macro-Porosity In Aluminum Alloy Weld Test Panel

�FIGURE 5

Incomplete Penetration Not Detected By Normal
Radiographic Procedures

�(c)

FIGURE 6

200X

Incomplete Penetration Having Overlap Of Heat Affected Zone

�-

50

-

45

-

40

-

35

-

30

-

-

25

-

-

20

-

I

I

I

I

WELDED 2219.787 ALUMINUM ALLOY

@

-

@

-

-

@

"
L
7

0

xX-

r'
0

5

C
e

=:
VI

-*

E

C

-

C

I

3

a

z

=

15

10

-

-

LfGfND:
0-

SOUND WELDS

X-

WELDS WITH LACK OF PENETRATION

I

1

1

%

%

h'

I
1

THICKNESS, INCHES

FIGURE 7

Loss In Weld Strength Resulting From Incomplete
Penetration

�FIGURE 8

Cross-Section Of Modified Square Butt Joint Design

�(b)

FIGURE 9

Weld In Modified Square Butt
Joint Design

50X

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                    <text>THE OAK ANCHOR.
FOR

SOFT OR

HARD

COAL. COKE. OR

WOOD.

Air Tight.
List Price
Height to
Circumference
Code
Full Nickel
List Price
Diameter
Collar
Weight
Pipe Collar
Word
$18 50
$20 00
12 in.
38
in.
141 lbs.
19
in.
Lift.
22 50
24 00
14 in.
40J4 in.
180 lbs.
19
in.
I.igan.
29
25
27 50
18 in.
44
in.
245 lbs.
22V in.
Lictor.
32 50
34 25
18 in.
47J4 in.
287 lbs.
22 V in.
Libral.
Self Feeder, for Hard Coal, extra add to list No. 611. $2.25; 616, $2.75; 618. $3.25.
Leash.
When Full Nickel is wanted.
Leaven.
A first-class air tight construction in Oak Stoves, carefully fitted and mounted: heavy steel plate body : beauti­
ful rococo ornamentation, unusually well proportioned and symmetrical lines. Extra deep fire pot to protect steel
plate from discoloration by fire, constructed with heavy ribs on inner side, a most effective Hot Blast holding
coal away from fire pot, making it more durable and less liable to crack while admitting an abundant supoiv of air
for perfect combustion, also has triple safe joint ground into ash box. no leak. Large double feed door with Alaska
turn key and splendid mica illumination with smokeless device. Air Tight Ash Box: Ash Door and Draft
Slide ground and fitted to prevent leakage of air this means control, any desired degree of heat and conseouently. economy. Keeps fire twelve to twenty-four hours. Draw center grate, works on ball bear­
ings, shakes from outside with alight effort, no duet, easy and cleanly: ha largo surface, hence perfect
combustion, is readily removed through ash pit door. Lsrge ash pan. Swing off urn top. boiler hole below. The
new style Foot Rail with attached Skirting or Screen, deflects heat to the floor, but does not become tarnished ; also
prevents sight of fire bowl when discolored.
Nickeled Parts: Drntop.top ring, both panels in feed door, round foot rail, with attached Skirting, drafl
slide, grate shaker, knobs and turn keys, nickel Bnd bronze urn. Full nickel finish has in addition to above parts
four feet and skirting base, nickel plated.
78
No.
612
614
616
618

�SMOKE AND GAS
CONSUMING DEVICE
AS APPLIED TO THE

"OAK ANCHOR,"
ILLUSTRATED ON OPPOSITE PAGE.

To llio left is represented a side Re­
flector and at the bottom a Bell Re­
flector as tbev appear before being
placed in stove.

Above the Reflectors are shown
in the position occupied in the
"Oak Anchor" ready to ignite
and consume soot, smoke and
gases when heated.

THE OAK ANCHOR SMOKE CONSUMER.
Air Tight, for Soft or Hard Coal, Coke or Wood.
No.
1)12
614
616
618

List Price
List Price
Fuli Nickel
Diameter
§23 50
§25 00
12 in.
28 50
30 00
14 in.
34 50
36 25
16 in.
40 50
42 25
18 in.
When full nickel is wanted.

Height to
Collar
38 in.
40}£ in.
44
in.
47t£ in.

Weight
163 lbs.
208 lbs.
279 lbs.
329 lbs.

Circumf.
Pipe Col.
19 in.
19
in.
22^ in.
22% in.

Code Word
Likol.
Lilok.
Lipol.
Lil'os.
Lentven.

We have secured from Messrs. Oblinger &amp; Beatty, patentees and owners, license to manufacture this
marvelous invention, and are now prepared to otter the exclusive sale of this stove to live, wide-awake,
pushing dealers. No such chance will appear again in a life-time. Mankind has looked forward for years'
confident that some genius would invent a simple device for consuming the valuable gases and smoke
given off by our present imperfect methods of burning soft coal. The Hot Blast Tube, the Hot Blast Rings.
Air -lets, etc. have all been tried, but they consume only a small fraction of the gases and smoke, and no
device that permits open combustion, as these do, will ever realize reasonable expectations of the vast economy
to be achieved. Two things have been shown to be absolutely essential by the thousands of devices and
years of experiments: 1st, The gases and smoke must be confined, otherwise they will escape up the chim­
ney unburned. 2d, Great heat is necessary, applied direct to the gases and smoke above the fire itself.
All appliances that have contained these essential and successful requirements have been so compli­
cated and costly as to preclude their common use. All really great inventions are SIMPLE, and as
an evidence of the great simplicity of this invention no directions are necessary beyond turning the
damper i handle toward the front) when starting fire, (this gives direct draft same as if the smoke consumer
was not in the stove) in ten or fifteen minutes, reverse the damper the Bell Reflectors will then have become
hot, and the reversal of the damper will force all of the gases and smoke into the hollow red hot bell,
suspended over the fire, and then between it and the outer bell, tbe opening between the two being 'f-., of an
inch, all of the soot, gases and smoke will be consumed instantly. The roar of the gases can be heard
while burning and their combustion can be seen through the small damper in pipe collar, but best of all,
their perfect combustion, can be felt in the great heat given oil and the small amount of coal consumed.
After the Bell Reflectors are once heated the burning gases will keep tliern hot, so that a slow fire may be
kept. The black coal smoke turns white like steam as it comes from the chimney immediately after the
damper has been turned and the reflectors are hot, and as they become highly heated the white smoke Grad­
ually disappears, and after the gases are all burned the coal will be found coked and will burn to light ashes
without clinkers.
Lose no time, apply immediately and get the best seller in stoves ever put forward in this centurv.
79

�</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/65" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;View the Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>Originally establishing a tobacco shop on Jefferson Street in 1879, brothers James B. and Daniel T. Harrison moved their shop to their current location in Huntsville’s Southside Square in 1897. After the building was damaged by a fire in 1901, the brothers rebuilt and expanded their store, reopening as Harrison Brothers Hardware in 1902. After James’ death in 1908, Daniel T. and Robert Harrison, their younger brother, ran the store. In 1940, Daniel T. Harrison passed away leaving Robert the sole owner of the store. In the 1950s, Robert’s sons, Daniel F. and John Harrison, took over the store. In 1952, Robert Harrison passed away. In 1981, Daniel F. Harrison passed away leaving John Harrison as the sole owner of the store. The Historic Huntsville Foundation purchased the store in 1984, after the store closed due to John’s death in 1983. As one of the first major projects of the Historic Huntsville Foundation, the store was reopened in October of 1984 and is staffed by several volunteers. The Historic Huntsville Foundation currently continues the operation of Harrison Brothers Hardware in Huntsville, making it Alabama’s oldest operating hardware store.</text>
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                <text>These images are from Anchor Stove and Range Company catalog and price list volume no. 39, August 1904. The item pictured on the first page is The Oak Anchor stove and price descriptions and product details are written in the text below the image and the second page.</text>
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                <text>Physical Replica of the British Interplanetary Society Lunar Space Suit.</text>
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                <text>This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html"&gt;here,&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html"&gt;here,&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;and&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html"&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html"&gt;here,&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html"&gt;here,&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;and&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html"&gt;here.&lt;/a&gt;) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.&lt;/p&gt;
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              <elementText elementTextId="161887">
                <text>This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.</text>
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            <name>Rights</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="178793">
                <text>This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.</text>
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                  <text>&lt;a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"&gt;View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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