353 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/104/5265/img_00951.pdf 703c1a2298468a365f1574183736d871 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southpaw Postcard Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Southpaw Postcard Collection Description An account of the resource George (Buzz) & Peg Heeschen have allowed us to include their collection of about 500 Huntsville and Madison County postcards, including scenes of buildings, streets, homes, Big Spring, Monte Sano, Marshall Space Flight Center and many others. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context img_00951;img_00952 Title A name given to the resource Sheraton Motor Inn Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant 4404 University Drive Description An account of the resource Back: SHERATON MOTOR INN, 4404 University Drive (72W), Huntsville, Alabama, Phone: (205) 837-3250. Convenient to Jetport, Research Facilities, Redstone Arsenal and Marshall Flight Center Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Hotels (Huntsville, Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hannah-Robinson Color Productions, Inc., NY, NY Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From the postcard collection of George and Peg Heeschen, The Southpaw, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection is digital only. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections may have physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource postcard_import-210603 Language A language of the resource en Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. 34.735254,-86.639091 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/5596/Loc_burw--1228.pdf f85eb55c11ff205e9363eac16363d39a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_1228 Title A name given to the resource Ship docked at Pier 16 in New York Harbor. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource New York Harbor (N.Y. and N.J.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image black-and-white prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This item was generously digitized by Dudley Burwell. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burwell, Edwin D. III [Burwell, Edwin D., Jr.] https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/5595/Loc_burw--1227.pdf b0ac4b91a1b67acf780bd5a486590b3b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_1227 Title A name given to the resource Ships depart from New York Harbor. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource New York Harbor (N.Y. and N.J.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image black-and-white prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This item was generously digitized by Dudley Burwell. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_05 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burwell, Edwin D. III [Burwell, Edwin D., Jr.] https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14922/East_India_Ships.png 40d79fcdfddec76881fcf01c132ea70a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Ships of the East India Company at Sea Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pocock, Nicholas Subject The topic of the resource East India Company Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context East India Company Ships Description An account of the resource Nicholas Pocock’s 1803 painting Ships of the East India Company at Sea captures a dramatic maritime scene, showcasing the grandeur and might of British merchant vessels during the height of imperial trade. Housed at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, the artwork reflects the strategic and economic significance of the East India Company’s naval presence. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available National Maritime Museum (Great Britain) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1803 Type The nature or genre of the resource Painting Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. Pocock, Nicholas. "Ships of the East India Company at Sea" 1803. Painting. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-12589. Web. April 12, 2025. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/109/7220/r01c08-60.pdf b7e2da10d342132480f7d664d5945b22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries C: Cabaniss Personal Correspondence Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries C: Cabaniss Personal Correspondence Description An account of the resource Subseries C, Cabaniss Personal Correspondence (CPC), consists of correspondence from letters from friends, relatives, and their children. Most of the family correspondence involves these children and families of S. D. Cabaniss, and his brothers and sisters who appeared to have been enormous burdens in these difficult years. These papers are sorted "to whom," "from whom," and then chronologically. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01c08-60 Title A name given to the resource Sholl, Dr. E. to Cabaniss, Septimus Douglass, Sr., 1884 Relation A related resource r01c-210910 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries C, Box 8, Folder 60, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3290/loc_burw_-80.pdf 4fe86db09296d122dee2f4773bf128c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000080 Title A name given to the resource Sick Report for Major Edwin D. Burwell Jr. Description An account of the resource The medical officer notes: "I certify that the above mentioned officer was sick while on leave and unfit to travel till 12-9-45". Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Russel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/9/1945 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource Burwell, Edwin D., Jr. United States. Army Health United States. Army--Leaves and furloughs Type The nature or genre of the resource Documents Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/75/1578/spc_spac_000357.pdf 76c70844f3f4f399ca3595264dbcf2d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space City Collection Title A name given to the resource Space City Collection Description An account of the resource Space City was to be an outer space theme park fantasy based in Huntsville; it was to capitalize on space's growing popularity as putting man on the moon became closer and closer to reality. The park's construction began in January 1964. Though a popular idea with the residents, the park ran into various difficulties and was never opened to the public or even fully completed. Construction was abandoned, and the land was put up for auction on October 17, 1967. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/166">View the Space City Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_spac_000357 Title A name given to the resource Side view of the "Albert" train ride. Description An account of the resource The photograph is black and white. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Amusement rides Railroad trains Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Space City Collection Box 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_spac_2020_02 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection was generously loaned for digitization by Dustin Shannon. The collection is digital only. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/40/1044/uah_uahp_000392.pdf 3a542ec262d1b1a807197656e50bac90 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource UAH Photograph Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context UAH Photograph Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context uah_uahp_000392 Title A name given to the resource Sigma Nu brothers build a human pyramid at the 2001 Homecoming bonfire. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Alabama in Huntsville Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2001-02-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2000-2009 Subject The topic of the resource College students Greek letter societies Student activities University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Slides Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived UAH Photograph Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource uah_photos_2019_10 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3904/Loc_burw-670.pdf ff5dda749a3e4362b0a50ecd91c78e21 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000670 Title A name given to the resource Sign on Hy. 6 of Mt. Trochio approx 2 mi. S. Cassino. Description An account of the resource Photograph number 449. This photograph shows a sign that reads: "Front Lines! Stop" on Highway 6 near Mount Trocchio and approximately two miles south of Cassino, Italy. The title for this image was found in Major Edwin D. Burwell Jr.'s list of photographs. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy Cassino (Italy) Caserta (Italy : Province) Frosinone (Italy : Province) Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_03B Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burwell, Edwin D. III [Burwell, Edwin D., Jr.] https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3905/Loc_burw-671.pdf 1f79e0740e73df23bcbea5fac90323e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000671 Title A name given to the resource Sign on Hy. 6 of Mt. Trochio approx 2 mi. S. Cassino. Description An account of the resource Photograph number 450. This photograph shows a sign that reads: "Front Lines! Stop" on Highway 6 near Mount Trocchio and approximately two miles south of Cassino, Italy. The title for this image was found in Major Edwin D. Burwell Jr.'s list of photographs. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy Cassino (Italy) Caserta (Italy : Province) Frosinone (Italy : Province) Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_03B Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burwell, Edwin D. III [Burwell, Edwin D., Jr.] https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/14799/sign-out-front-2024.jpg 86221092d92cf1fab3ef3c66c41c149c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sign-out-front-2024 Title A name given to the resource Sign out front of the First National Bank of Huntsville building posted by the Huntsville Historical Society in 1956 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brownbridge, Emma Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2024-10-08 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Emma Brownbridge HON 101: Then and Now Fall 2024 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/31/507/spc_schu_0001992.pdf 023712bb02d240d850d41812f35f0f66 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William August Schulze Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/38" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the William August Schulze Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context William August Schulze Collection Description An account of the resource William August Schulze (November 23, 1905 to November 4, 2001) received his education at Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin, graduating with an engineering doctorate degree in 1935 (Lundquist). Schulze was a guided missile expert during WWII, and he worked at Peenemünde from 1937 until 1945 (Wade, Lundquist). He was brought to America through Operation Paperclip, and he worked as a member of von Braun's Rocket Team (Wade). By July 1, 1965, Schulze was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center. "In the February 1969 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div." He retired in 1969 (Lundquist). Works Cited Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015. Wade, Mark. "Schulze, August Wilhelm." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/s/schulze.html. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_schu_0001992 Title A name given to the resource Signed photograph of Wernher von Braun. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bachrach, Fabian Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Aeronautical engineers Type The nature or genre of the resource Still image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived William August Schulze Collection Box 3, Folder 46 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collection, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource de Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_schu_2019_01A https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/207/14688/inst_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_Silence_Death_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_P.jpg 4bd11e6bf5b89c830be362313f32f5b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RCEU Faith Based AIDS Responses in 1980s and 1990s Alabama Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgon Newquist Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_'Silence=Death'_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_=_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP,_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_P Title A name given to the resource Silence = Death Description An account of the resource A pink triangle against a black backdrop with the words 'Silence=Death' representing an advertisement for The Silence = Death Project used by permission by ACT-UP, The AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource ACT UP Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available ACT UP Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1988 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource AIDS (Disease) Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wikipedia, Public Domain https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project#/media/File:A_pink_triangle_against_a_black_backdrop_with_the_words_'Silence=Death'_representing_an_advertisement_for_The_Silence_=_Death_Project_used_by_permission_by_ACT-UP,_The_AIDS_Coalition_To_Unleash_Power._Wellcome_L0052822.jpg Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/129/9059/r07_04-00-046.pdf fe0d5e7ea9e316ea509d789ea0d00ec5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r07_04-00-046 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Series 7, Box 4, Item 46 Title A name given to the resource Sisco House [Laughinghouse Place], built circa 1830 Description An account of the resource Madison Co. - Maysville Site #4, Sec. 6, T3, R2E Relation A related resource r07-211013 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/129/8992/r07_05-00-024.pdf 60acf2d31f3b3581c58ea8b3fc06dd2d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r07_05-00-024 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Series 7, Box 5, Item 24 Title A name given to the resource Site Map and Great Southern Railroad Depot, 1891 Description An account of the resource DeKalb Co. - Fort Payne Relation A related resource r07-211013 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/107/6694/r01a03-06.pdf 49f52ec2fe00fcb16b98121e3331f9b3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries A, Cabaniss Household Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries A: Cabaniss Household Business Description An account of the resource Subseries A (CHB) deals with the bills and receipts of family life from the 1830s to 1930s at the house at 603 Randolph Street. These papers are sorted chronologically. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01a03-06 Title A name given to the resource Six daybooks/ledgers, 1857-1884. Relation A related resource r01a-210825 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cabaniss, Frances S. Cabaniss, Septimus D. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. 1850-1859 1870-1879 1880-1889 Subject The topic of the resource Accounts Bookkeeping Debt General stores Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Daybooks Correspondence Invoices Leaflets Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 1, Subseries A, Box 3, Folder 6 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/104/5182/img_00725.pdf af83400e79c6f58d8f6fb446ae61ef0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southpaw Postcard Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Southpaw Postcard Collection Description An account of the resource George (Buzz) & Peg Heeschen have allowed us to include their collection of about 500 Huntsville and Madison County postcards, including scenes of buildings, streets, homes, Big Spring, Monte Sano, Marshall Space Flight Center and many others. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context img_00725;img_00726 Title A name given to the resource Skycenter Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant Huntsville International Airport Description An account of the resource Back: Skycenter, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, (205) 741-2300<br />A CITY WITHIN ITSELF! Luxury Hotel, Exciting Dining, 18 Hole Golf Course, Office Services, Shops, Cap &amp; Goggles Lounge, Entertainment. Type The nature or genre of the resource Postcards Subject The topic of the resource Miscellaneous Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Tri Ads Company, Hollywood, Calif. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From the postcard collection of George and Peg Heeschen, The Southpaw, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection is digital only. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections may have physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource postcard_import-210603 Language A language of the resource en Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. 34.648144,-86.775215 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/69/14361/sdsp_skyl_000009.jpg 1370492f1f01e634363219a93d52c9ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Robert McBrayer Collection Title A name given to the resource Robert McBrayer Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/112">View the Robert O. McBrayer Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000009 Title A name given to the resource Skylab "MANNED FLIGHT AWARENESS" Poster Skylab 1 & 2. Description An account of the resource This poster is an artistic depiction of the Skylab 2 mission Crew. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Manned Flight Awareness Skylab Program Skylab 1 Skylab 2 Conrad, Charles, Jr. Kerwin, Joseph P. Weitz, Paul J. Type The nature or genre of the resource One-Sheet Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert McBrayer Collection Box 7, Folder 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/69/14362/sdsp_skyl_000010.jpg 5a7f232834ae6859777a290733303cdf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Robert McBrayer Collection Title A name given to the resource Robert McBrayer Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/112">View the Robert O. McBrayer Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000010 Title A name given to the resource Skylab "MANNED FLIGHT AWARENESS" Poster Skylab 3. Description An account of the resource This poster is an artistic depiction of the Skylab 3 mission Crew. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Madison County (Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Manned Flight Awareness Skylab Program George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Skylab 3 Lousma, Jack R. Bean, Alan L. Garriott, Owen K. Type The nature or genre of the resource One-Sheet Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Robert McBrayer Collection Box 7, Folder 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/199/14393/sdsp_skyl_000058_001.pdf 0bc45b13e54c2c9c562fdf878ce71659 PDF Text Text /iec^/YWM NASA TECHNICAL August 1974 MEMORANDUM NASA TM X-64844 MSFC SKYLAB NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR Skylab Program Office NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama MSFC - Form 3190 (Rev June 1971) ��TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1 REPORT NO. 2. 3. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. NASA TM X-64844 4 5. TITLE AND SUBTITLE REPORT DATE August 1974 MSFC SKYLAB NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR 6. 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT » 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 10. WORK UNIT NO. 1 1. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 35812 13. TYPE OF REPORT ft 12 PERIOD COVERED SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ,6. ABSTRACT Technical Memorandum 14 SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Presented in this report is the role of the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator in the development, crew training, and flight operational aspects of Skylab. 17. 18. KEY WORDS DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Unclassified-unlimited m£ 19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of thl. repcrtl Unclassified MS FC - Form 3 2 9 2 (Rev December 1 9 7 2) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of thla Unclassified page) 21. NO. OF PAGES 172 NTIS For sale by National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 25151 �ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document was prepared for Marshall Space Flight Cente NASA, by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company - East, St. Louis, Missouri, under Contract NAS9-6555. Special thanks are extended to A. T. Earls, G. F. Bell and B. J. Thompson of MDAC-E for their diligent .efforts in producing this document. �PREFACE The value of man i n space has never been more g r a p h i c a l l y demonstrated than during the successful Skylab missions. This report documents the i m p o r t a n t r o l e played by t h e MSFC N e u t r a l Buoyancy S i m u l a t o r F a c i l i t y i n development o f t h e EVA s y s t e m s a n d i n p r e p a r i n g A m e r i c a ' s a s t r o n a u t s for operations in the weightless environment of space. The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS) Drovides a simulated zero-gravity environment in which astronauts and engineers can perform, for extended periods of time, the various phases of spacecraft operations in order to gain first-hand knowledge of hardware and total system operational characteristics. The simulator assists program organizations in arriving at concept selection, hardware development, design verification, proce­ dure development, and crew training. P r i o r t o t h e S k y l a b I l a u n c h , e q u i p m e n t e v a l u a t i o n a n d n o r m a l EVA t r a i n ­ ing were t h e major f u n c t i o n s o f t h e NBS. When Skylab I l o s t i t s meteor- o i d s h i e l d and a p p e a r e d t o b e u n s a l v a g e a b l e , t h e NBS was u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y to evaluate potential flight fixes via Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA) and t o provide management with the information necessary t o make go/no-go decisions. The contingency procedures thus developed resulted in a successful fix which permitted Skylab to exceed the originally planned mission. T h i s d e m o n s t r a t e d EVA t r a i n i n g c a p a b i l i t y i n d i c a t e s t h e manner i n w h i c h NBS c a n s e r v e a n i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n i n f u t u r e manned s p a c e p r o ­ grams and l a y s t h e ground work f o r expanded EVA m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g on iii �f u t u r e programs. The words " s l i c k " , " e a s y " , " j u s t l i k e t h e t a n k o n l y d e e p e r " , were used o f t e n by t h e a s t r o n a u t s d u r i n g S k y l a b EVA's t o d e s c r i b e t h e i n - f l i g h t t a s k s performed. These comments i n l a r g e measure were due t o r e a l i s t i c e n d - t o - e n d EVA t r a i n i n g i n t h e NBS. To t h o r o u g h l y u n d e r s t a n d t h e NBS approach t o t h e many c o m p l e x i t i e s o f a s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g i n a w e i g h t l e s s ­ n e s s e n v i r o n m e n t , one must f i r s t know t h e f a c i l i t y and i t s s y s t e m s . The NBS f a c i l i t y and u s e s a r e o u t l i n e d ; t r a i n e r d e s i g n , m a t e r i a l s e l e c ­ t i o n , c o r r o s i o n and maintenance problems a r e e x p l a i n e d . Astronaut t r a i n i n g and f l i g h t procedure development f o r t h e S k y l a b Program a r e included. Users o f t h i s r e p o r t w i l l g a i n d e s c r i p t i v e knowledge o f t h e S k y l a b u n d e r ­ w a t e r s i m u l a t o r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e hardware d e s i g n , problem r e s o l u t i o n and knowledge g a i n e d . This report will also further the user's under­ s t a n d i n g o f t h e c a p a b i l i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y i n h e r e n t i n u n d e r w a t e r s i m u l a ­ t i o n which w i l l minimize t h e n e c e s s i t y t o develop new methods, m a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n , and f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t f u t u r e manned s p a c e e f f o r t s . �TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 FACILITY AND OPERATIONS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 2.0 3.0 Water Tank Air Distribution System Instrumentation System Dressing and Suiting Facilities SCUBA Support Facilities Shop Facilities Briefing Facilities Neutral Buoyancy Operations Test Procedure Safety 1.10.1 Safety Divers 1.10.2 Recompression Chamber 1.10.3 Airlock System 1.10.4 Alarms/Safety Equipment 1.10.5 Simulator Provisions Lessons Learned 1_1 1-5 1- 5 1-11 1-11 1-14 1-15 1-15 1-21 1-23 1-23 1-24 1-26 1-26 1-29 1-30 TEST AND HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 2-1 2.1 2.2 2-1 2-6 Evaluations Lessons Learned TRAINING HARDWARE 3-1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3-3 3-4 3-6 3-12 3-14 3-16 3.8 4.0 1-1 Orbital Work Shop (OWS) Airlock Module (AM) Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA) Deployment Assembly (DA) Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS) Special Mechanisms 3.7.1 Air Operated and Neutrally Buoyant Booms 3.7.2 Clotheslines and Containers 3.7.3 D024 Experiment Module 3.7.4 Boom Hook Stowage Box 3.7.5 Cameras and Receptacles 3.7.6 Internal and EVA Hatches Training Hardware - Lessons Learned 3-17 3-19 3-25 3-28 3-31 3-31 3-33 3-38 SPECIAL HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 4-1 4.1 4.2 4-1 4-4 4-4 4-4 Corrosion Materials 4.2.1 Metals 4.2.2 Fiberglass v �4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-8 4-10 4-10 4-11 4-11 4-11 4-13 TRAINING 5-1 5.1 5.2 5-3 5-16 5-16 5-35 5-55 5.3 6.0 4.2.3 Plastics 4.2.4 Rubber 4.2.5 T a p e - Aluminum & M y l a r 4.2.6 Fasteners 4.2.7 Lubricants 4.2.8 Velcro Maintenance Fabrication and Fidelity 4.4.1 Fabrication 4.4.2 Hardware Fidelity Lessons Learned Normal EVA T r a i n i n g C o n t i n g e n c y EVA 5.2.1 Thermal Shield (Sail) 5.2.2 S o l a r A r r a y S y s t e m (SAS) D e p l o y m e n t 5.2.3 S u p p l e m e n t a l S o l a r A r r a y S y s t e m (SSAS) 5.2.4 C h a r g e r - B a t t e r y - R e g u l a t o r Module (CBRM) a n d R a t e Gyro R e p a i r 5.2.5 S193 Antenna Repair Lessons Learned CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX A 5-58 5-62 5-70 6-1 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS A-l T h i s document c o n s i s t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g p a g e s : iii 1-1 2-1 3-1 4-1 5-1 6-1 A-l Cover through through through through through through through through vi vi 1-32 2-7 3-41 4-15 5-72 6-2 A-5 �1.0 FACILITY AND OPERATION The Neutral Buoyancy Simulator (NBS), a t the Marshall Space Flight C e n t e r , i s u n i q u e w i t h i n t h e NASA c o m p l e x b e c a u s e o f i t s s i z e a n d a v a i l ­ able support systems. A large water tank, located in Bldg. 4706, is the nucleus of the simulator (Figure 1-1). Integrated into this tank are special systems for underwater audio and video, pressure suit environment c o n t r o l , SCUBA s u p p o r t , and emergency r e s c u e and t r e a t m e n t . Additional systems include data acquisition and recording, underwater lighting, special underwater pneumatic and electrically powered motors, valves, controls, and indicators that are required for high fidelity and func­ tional engineering mock-ups and trainers. the following sub-sections. 1.1 Each f a c i l i t y i s described in F i g u r e 1 - 2 i s a map o f t h e NBS f a c i l i t y . Water Tank The various engineering mock-ups and trainers required f o r underwater Neutral Buoyancy evaluations and training are installed in a welded s t e e l , polyester resin coated tank. The 1.32 million gallon tank of 22.8m (75ft.) diameter and 12.2m (40ft.) depth, i s large enough to accommodate full scale trainers for the required elements of the Skylab orbital assembly. A 1500 gal/min diatomaceous earth filtration system and automatic chlorination unit i s used to keep the water clean for the good visibility that is a prime necessity for realistic underwater evalua­ tions and training. Steam heat exchangers control the water temperature t o a c o m f o r t a b l e 8 6 ° F , a l l o w i n g l o n g t e r m s h i r t s l e e v e SCUBA work. Access t o the tank is provided by an elevator and stairways to external 1-1 ��BUILDING 4705 NORTH JSC OFFICE AND BRIEFING ROOM SHOP FACILITIES (BUTLER BLDG) • FABRICATION • MODIFICATION • REPAIR 3200 SQ FT r DRESSING FACILITIES • CHANGE ROOM • SUIT DRYING • MECH EQUIP REPAIR • REST ROOMS 2000 SQ FT INSTRUMENTATION & CAMERA SHOP • REPAIR • MAINTENANCE 2900 SQ FT • BUILDING 4711 T S STORAGE 750 SQ FT OFFICE AREA 220 SQ FT CONTROL CENTER (TRAILERS OFFICE AREA (TRAILERS) 1000 SQ FT NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR • TANK • WATER CONTROL • AIR DISTRIBUTION 12,000 SQ FT I CLEANING & DEGREASING AREA r SCALE 1 INCH = 150 FEET 1 CM = 18 METERS FIGURE 1 - 2 MSFC NEUTRAL BUOYANCY FACILITIES 1-3 SUIT LABORATORY • SUIT REPAIRS. MAINTENANCE • SUIT SHIPPINGS RECEIVING • SUIT CLEANING �p l a t f o r m s around t h e tank p e r i p h e r y a t t h r e e l e v e l s . used f o r d i v i n g and equipment s u p p o r t . The t o p l e v e l i s The second l e v e l c o n t a i n s a SCUBA maintenance and stowage c r i b and i s used a l o n g w i t h t h e f i r s t l e v e l f o r o b s e r v a t i o n through p o r t h o l e s i n t h e t a n k w a l l . a r e a l s o l o c a t e d around t h e tank a t ground l e v e l . Observation port holes Each l e v e l c o n t a i n s f l o o d l i g h t s mounted a t e v e r y o t h e r o b s e r v a t i o n p o r t t o i l l u m i n a t e t h e tank i n t e r i o r f o r n i g h t s i m u l a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e tank w a t e r s u r f a c e i s 12.2m ( 4 0 f e e t ) above ground l e v e l , moving t r a i n e r s , mock-ups, and a s s o c i a t e d hardware i n t o and o u t o f t h e tank r e q u i r e s s p e c i a l h a n d l i n g t e c h n i q u e s . Small equipment t h a t can be c a r r i e d by one o r two men i s normally l i f t e d t o t h e t a n k s u r f a c e by t h e tank e l e v a t o r , then p laced i n t h e w a t e r and handled by SCUBA d i v e r s . L a r g e r equipment i s t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e t a n k a r e a by f o r k l i f t and l i f t e d t o t h e w a t e r s u r f a c e by a 2000 l b pneumatic overhead monorail h o i s t . Equipment s i z e i s l i m i t e d t o 3.7m (12 f t . ) v e r t i c a l c l e a r a n c e due t o t h e low b u i l d i n g h e i g h t above t h e 12.2m ( 4 0 - f o o t ) high w a t e r t a n k . The h o i s t i s c o n t r o l l e d a t tank t o p - s i d e and once t h e equipment i s h o i s t e d from t h e ground l e v e l t o c l e a r t h e t o p o f t h e t a n k , t h e t o p t a n k p l a t f o r m r a i l s a r e swung open t o a l l o w t r a n s l a t i o n a l o n g t h e h o i s t monorail t o t h e center of the tank. S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e equipment i s lowered t o t h e tank bottom with t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f SCUBA d i v e r s and t r a n s f e r r e d t o a pneumatic w a t e r s u r f a c e f l o a t i n g h o i s t . 2000 l b The equipment i s t h e n maneuvered t o t h e d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n i n t h e tank by SCUBA d i v e r s . Because o f t h e b u i l d i n g h e i g h t r e s t r i c t i o n , t h e Skylab t r a i n e r s c o u l d n o t be l i f t e d 1-4 �i n t a c t and p l a c e d i n t h e t a n k . They were h o i s t e d up i n s e c t i o n s and assembled i n s i d e t h e t a n k by SCUBA d i v e r s . 1.2 A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n System An a i r d i s t r i b u t i o n system s u p p l i e s redundant b r e a t h i n g a i r f o r a l l p r e s s u r e s u i t o p e r a t i o n s and o r e s s u r i z a t i o n o f t h e A i r l o c k s y s t e m (Figure 1-3). M i s s i l e g r a d e a i r from t h e MSFC compressor f a c i l i t y i s f i l t e r e d and monitored f o r carbon monoxide and oxygen c o n t e n t b e f o r e i t goes i n t o t h e a i r d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m . ing 4 The s y s t e m i s c a p a b l e o f s u p p o r t ­ p r e s s u r e s u i t s a t 6 CFM e a c h , p l u s 4 HOOKAH's o r 4 Kirby- Morgan h e l m e t s v i a c o n n e c t i o n s a t t h e system d i s t r i b u t i o n p a n e l . Air flow f o r p r e s s u r e s u i t o p e r a t i o n i s monitored and c o n t r o l l e d a t t h e a i r console. An emergency back up a i r s u p p l y i s p ro v i d e d from a high pressure tube trailer located near the tank building. In addition, the t u b e t r a i l e r s u p p l i e s b r e a t h i n g a i r t o t h e SCUBA r e f i l l s t a t i o n and p r e s s u r i z e s t h e w a t e r d e l u g e f i r e e x t i n g u i s h i n g s y s t e m f o r t h e recom­ p r e s s i o n chamber. All components o f t h e system a r e checked d a i l y and a i r samples a r e analyzed t w i c e a week. 1.3 I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n System I n o r d e r t o c o l l e c t and a s s i m i l a t e d a t a from n e u t r a l buoyancy e v a l u a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s , an i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m , coupled w i t h a network o f t e s t m o n ito r s and c o n t r o l s , i s p r o v i d e d i n and around t h e w a t e r t a n k and a t t h e t e s t c o n t r o l t r a i l e r a d j a c e n t t o t h e t a n k ( F i g u r e s 1 - 4 , 1 - 5 , and 1 - 6 ) . As many as 200 s e p a r a t e d a t a c h a n n e l s can be handled i n c l u d i n g 1-5 �1-6 ��FIGURE 1 - 5 SURFACE CONTROL CONSOLES 1-8 �FIGURE 1 - 6 MAIN CONTROL CONSOLE AND VIDEO T A P E RECORDER 1-9 �v i d e o , a u d i o , EKG, h e a r t r a t e , LCG f l o w , LCG i n l e t temp, LCG o u t l e t temp, a i r flow t o s u i t , i n l e t a i r temp, o u t l e t a i r temp, r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e , differential suit pressure, depth pressure, absolute suit pressure, etc. The s i g n a l c o n d i t i o n i n g e q u i p m e n t , m e t e r s , and p r e s s u r e s u i t j u n c t i o n p a n e l s a r e l o c a t e d a t t h e tank w i t h t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n m o n i t o r i n g and r e c o r d i n g equipment l o c a t e d i n t h e t e s t c o n t r o l c e n t e r . Inside the water tank d u r i n g an NBS e x e r c i s e , t h e r e a r e n i n e r e m o t e l y c o n t r o l l e d TV cameras, a mobile underwater c o l o r v i d e o swim cameraman, a n u n d e r w a t e r photog­ r a p h e r , and an underwater s p e a k e r s y s t e m . A r e m o t e l y c o n t r o l l e d video camera i s l o c a t e d on t o p o f t h e t a n k a l o n g w i t h t e s t c o n s o l e s c o n t a i n i n g video monitors. The v i d e o s y s t e m has b l a c k and w h i t e o r c o l o r r e c o r d i n g and playback c a p a b i l i t y . For t h e Skylab Program, an a d d i t i o n a l f i x e d TV camera was p o s i t i o n e d i n s i d e t h e STS mockup t o view t h e ATM o u t one o f t h e STS windows. This gave t h e t e s t c o n d u c t o r t h e same f i e l d o f view on h i s v i d e o m o n i t o r i n t h e c o n t r o l c e n t e r a s t h e t h i r d crewman had from t h e STS window d u r i n g flight. The t o p s i d e s u r f a c e c o n t r o l c o n s o l e s u p p o r t s crew s a f e t y d u r i n g a l l t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s , and d u r i n g d e s i g n development and hardware e v a l ­ uation runs. The t e s t c o n t r o l t r a i l e r i s t h e n e r v e c e n t e r f o r a l l s u i t e d training exercises. I t p r o v i d e s 1000 s q . f e e t f o r t e s t c o n s o l e s , video mon ito r s and c o n t r o l s f o r t h e v i d e o , communication, and i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n systems, ihe communication s y s t e m i n c l u d e s a PA s y s t e m f o r t h e e n t i r e s i m u l a t o r complex. Two-way communications a r e p r o v i d e d f o r s u i t e d and 1-10 �Kirby-Morgan subjects via umbilical. All recorded data is kept on file through the duration of the program. 1.4 Dressing and Suiting Facilities Dressing facilities to support pressure suit and SCUBA operations for neutral buoyancy test and training exercises are provided in an annex adjacent to the NBS (Figure 1-2). This area contains the suit drying equipment and storage for pressure suits and life suoport gear. In addition, a suit system laboratory is maintained in Bldg. 4711 for the maintenance and preoaration of pressure garment assemblies and their associated life support systems. This laboratory contains pressure consoles for performing structural and leakage tests, work tables for maintenance and repair, equipment for preparation of garments for shipping, a receiving area, cleaning and laundry facilities, and a storage area for pressure suits and their associated components. This area is also used for donning and doffing suits during suit-fitting activities. Special suit support items to make the suited subjects neutrally buoyant are fabricated, assembled, and maintained in this 1aboratory. 1.5 SCUBA Support Facilities Facilities to support SCUBA operations (SCUBA tanks, wet suits, fins, cylinder refill station, etc.) are located on top-side of the tank (Figure 1-7). The SCUBA refill station consists of a panel containing supply, delivery, and SCUBA cylinder pressure gauges with delivery and vent valves (Figure 1-8). The high pressure air (2,250 psi max) is 1-11 �SCUBA FACILITIES SCUBA MAINTENANCE AND STOWAGE AREA FIGURE 1 - 7 NBS SCUBA SUPPORT FACILITIES 1-12 �FIGURE 1-8 SCUBA REFILL STATION 1-13 �SCUBA FACILITIES SCUBA MAINTENANCE AND STOWAGE AREA FIGURE 1 - 7 NBS SCUBA S U P P O R T FACILITIES 1-12 �FIGURE 1 - 8 SCUBA R E F I L L STATION 1-13 �s u p p l i e d from t h e emergency a i r s u p p l y t u b e t r a i l e r . t h e panel a i d s t h e u s e r i n r e f i l l o p e r a t i o n s . A f l o w diagram on Refill operating proce­ dures are also printed along side the refill panel. The SCUBA c y l i n d e r s a r e submerged i n a w a t e r c o n t a i n e r d u r i n g r e f i l l s a s a s a f e t y measure. The w a t e r s e r v e s a s a h e a t s i n k d u r i n g p r e s s u r i z a t i o n and p r o v i d e s a p r o t e c t i v e b a r r i e r i n c a s e t h e SCUBA c y l i n d e r r u p t u r e s . 1.6 Shop F a c i l i t i e s Shop f a c i l i t i e s a r e provided n e a r t h e w a t e r t a n k t o s u p p o r t t r a i n e r / mock-up i n s t a l l a t i o n s , m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and NBS a s s o c i a t e d equipment repairs (Figure 1-2). The B u t l e r B u i l d i n g (#4705) i s e q u i p p e d w i t h a l a t h e , g r i n d e r , band saw, t a b l e s a n d e r , sewing m a c h i n e , work benches, and fastener crib. During t h e Skylab p r o g r a m , i t was mainly used as the r e p a i r and m o d i f i c a t i o n a r e a f o r t h e A i r l o c k t r a i n e r and pneumatic o p e r a t e d e x t e n d i b l e booms. The machine shop i n B u i l d i n g 4705 i s equipped t o handle any NBS j o b and was used d u r i n g S k y l a b f o r new hardware development. A p a i n t s h o p , i n c l u d i n g a c l e a n i n g and d e g r e a s i n g f a c i l i t y , i s l o c a t e d i n an a d j a c e n t b u i l d i n g ( # 4 7 6 0 ) . On tank t o p l e v e l , two work benches s t o c k e d w i t h a s s o r t e d n u t s and b o l t s a r e used t o make minor o n - t h e - s p o t r e p a i r s . The second t a n k l e v e l con­ t a i n s a c l o s e d o f f a r e a equipped w i t h work bench and t o o l s f o r SCUBA g e a r repair. I t a l s o s e r v e s a s a s e c u r e a r e a f o r s t o w a g e o f SCUBA r e g u l a t o r s , d i v i n g masks, s n o r k e l s , f i n s , and w e t s u i t s . 1-14 �1.7 Briefing Facilities Briefings and debriefings were held in the JSC office and briefing room (Figure 1-2) for each Neutral Buoyancy evaluation or training exercise. To assist in obtaining and documenting information learned from each briefing, the facility was equipped with telephones, black boards, scale models, s t i l l pictures, movie and slide projectors, audio recording, and video monitors with video playback of test runs. Conference telephone hookup to the Johnson Space Center was also available. 1.8 Neutral Buoyancy Operations To simulate zero-G in t h e NBS, t h e t e s t s u b j e c t s and equipment t o be handled are made neutrally buoyant or neutralized. This requires that the test subject and equipment be the same weight as the displaced water so that they are in a neutral state, neither rising or sinking. For S k y l a b EVA e v a l u a t i o n s , t h e c r e w s u b j e c t d o n n e d a f l i g h t p r e s s u r e s u i t with a t r a i n i n g Pressure Control Unit (PCU) and a mock-up Supplemental Oxygen Pack (SOP). After the s u i t had been pressurized, weight pouches were fastened around the upper torso, the forearms and legs. Lead weights were then placed in the pouch pockets by the safety divers as required t o make the subject neutrally buoyant (Figure 1-9 and 1-10). The t r a i n i n g PCU ( f a b r i c a t e d by MSFC) was t h e same e n v e l o p e and c o n f i g u ­ r a t i o n a s t h e f l i g h t PCU w i t h a s p e c i a l r e g u l a t o r r e p l a c i n g t h e f l i g h t regulators for underwater operations. This regulator sensed changes in depth maintaining suit pressure a t 3.6 psid, the same as in flight, to give similar suit mobility. S i n c e t h e PCU was l o c a t e d a t m i d - w a i s t , 1-15 �FIGURE 1 - 9 SAFETY DIVER ATTACHING WEIGHT POUCHES T O SUITED CREWMAN 1-16 �FIGURE 1 - 1 0 NEUTRALIZING SUITED CREWMAN USING LEAD WEIGHTS 1-17 �changes i n d e p t h were compensated by t h e PCU r e g u l a t o r w i t h o n l y minor changes to the crewman's buoyancy and center of gravity. Quite often i t was beneficial to perform a preliminary suited exercise evaluation using the Kirby-Morgan head piece. The Kirby-Morgan helmet seals around the face and i s equipped with viewing glass, breathing r e g u l a t o r , and a s i n g l e umbilical t h a t provides b r e a t h i n g a i r and commu­ nications (Figure 1-11). belt. Neutral buoyancy i s achieved by a weighted EVA g l o v e s a n d b o o t s c o u l d b e w o r n t o make t h e p r e l i m i n a r y e v a l u a ­ tion more r e a l i s t i c in terms of what could or could not be accomplished i n a n EVA t a s k s i t u a t i o n . Using the Kirby-Morgan helmet provided the capability to perform a quick cursory review of hardware orientation and EVA t a s k s w i t h a minimum i m p a c t o n NBS s y s t e m s a n d p e r s o n n e l . In addi­ t i o n , use o f t h e Kirby-Morgan was more e f f e c t i v e t h a n u s e o f SCUBA d i v i n q equipment because of the tv/o-way communication c a p a b i l i t y and absence of bulky air cylinders. To make equipment neutrally buoyant, f l o t a t i o n units are installed inside the hardware and located so the equipment retains i t s original c e n t e r of g r a v i t y (CG) (Figure 1 - 1 2 ) . Additionally, flotation units must be strategically located so they will not interfere with equipment mechanism operation or disturb the equipment envelope. Also, the flota­ tion units must not change due to changes in water pressure, or the neutral buoyancy will be l o s t . Location and volume of the floatation units are calculated and temporarily installed so the unit can be "trimmed o u t " u n d e r w a t e r by SCUBA d i v e r s . 1-18 CPR-200-8 styrofoam with ��LIGHTENING HOLES—v, NEUTRALIZATION FOAM LIGHTENING HOLES FILLED WITH NEUTRALIZATION FOAM FIGURE 1 - 1 2 NEUTRALIZED VC ATM FILM T R E E 1-20 �6 - 8 I b / c u f t d e n s i t y was found t o be t h e b e s t m a t e r i a l f o r f l o t a t i o n units. I t was e a s i l y shaped t o o b t a i n t h e d e s i r e d volume f o r n e u t r a l buoyancy and was e a s y t o i n s t a l l . A f t e r s h a p i n g , and p r i o r t o f i n a l i n s t a l l a t i o n , i t was c o a t e d w i t h epoxy r e s i n ( C r e s t 3135) t o p r e v e n t water absorption. 1.9 T e s t Procedure A s c h e d u l i n g system was i n c o r p o r a t e d t o a s s u r e t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n r e q u i r e d between a l l t h e NASA d i s c i p l i n e s and a s s o c i a t e d c o n t r a c t o r personnel t o s u c c e s s f u l l y conduct a t e s t o r t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e . For example, a Skylab EVA t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s t a r t e d w i t h a JSC i n i t i a t e d t r a i n e r u t i l i z a t i o n r e q u e s t form. T h i s form n o t i f i e d MSFC o f t h e d a t e and t y p e o f t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , m o c k - u p / t r a i n i n g hardware t o be u s e d , and names o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g crew members and JSC s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l . A detailed test plan outline was t h e n prepared a t MSFC and approved by MSFC s a f e t y and medical p e r ­ sonnel. P r i o r t o t h e scheduled t e s t , t h e v a r i o u s n e u t r a l buoyancy f a c i l i t i e s were r e a d i e d f o r o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t u s . This was accomplished by completion o f w r i t t e n check l i s t s o f ; t r a i n i n g h a r d w a r e , s i m u l a t o r i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m , s i m u l a t o r s a f e t y e q u i p m e n t , and p r e s s u r e s u i t s . These s i g n e d check l i s t s were given t o t h e t e s t d i r e c t o r p r i o r t o i n i t i a ­ tion of testing. exercise. The t e s t d i r e c t o r had t o t a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e NBS In t h e e v e n t o f t h r e a t e n i n g w e a t h e r , t h e MSFC w e a t h e r o f f i c e was r e q u e s t e d t o n o t i f y t h e NBS s o t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e s a f e t y p r e c a u t i o n s could be t a k e n . An a c c e s s l i s t was p ro v i d e d t o t h e b u i l d i n g S e c u r i t y Guard showing t h e names o f a l l t e s t personnel and o b s e r v e r s . After a b r i e f i n g with t h e t e s t p e r s o n n e l , t h e a s t r o n a u t s were s u i t e d and b r o u g h t 1-21 �t o tank t o p s i d e . The t e s t d i r e c t o r t h e n made a f i n a l check t o a s s u r e t h a t a l l s t a t i o n s and p e r s o n n e l , i n c l u d i n g deck c h i e f , s y s t e m s e n g i n e e r , i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n e n g i n e e r , t e s t c o n d u c t o r , and s u i t t e c h n i c i a n were i n a ready c o n d i t i o n . pressurized. A f t e r a s u i t v e r i f i c a t i o n c h e c k was made, t h e s u i t was Then a v i s u a l s u i t i n s p e c t i o n was performed and t h e a s t r o n a u t s u b j e c t was g i v e n a p p r o v a l t o e n t e r t h e w a t e r f o r an underwater s u i t i n s p e c t i o n and n e u t r a l i z a t i o n . The deck c h i e f communicated with t h e s a f e t y d i v e r s and r e p o r t e d t o t h e t e s t d i r e c t o r when t h e underwater s u i t check and n e u t r a l i z a t i o n was c o m p l e t e . The t e s t d i r e c t o r t h e n gave t h e OK t o proceed t o t h e t r a i n i n g l o c a t i o n and d i r e c t e d t h e d i v e r s t o t h e trainer. A f t e r both crewmen were p o s i t i o n e d i n t h e t r a i n e r , t h e t e s t c o n d u c t o r i n t h e t e s t c o n t r o l c e n t e r commenced t h e t e s t s e q u e n c e with t h e r e a d i n g o f EVA p r o c e d u r e s . The t e s t c o n d u c t o r a c t e d a s t h e t h i r d crewman i n t h i s phase and was n o t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r NBS o p e r a t i o n s . By u s i n g a multi-channel communication system, the t e s t director could manage all t e s t o p e r a t i o n s and a t t h e same t i m e m o n i t o r t h e t e s t c o n d u c t o r ' s conver­ sations with the test subjects. I f , a t any t i m e d u r i n g t h e t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , a problem o c c u r r e d which i n v o l v e d t h e s u p p o r t d i v e r s o r crew s a f e t y , t h e t e s t d i r e c t o r would i m m e d i a t e l y t a k e o v e r and conduct s a f e t y operations. At t h e end o f t h e t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , t h e crewmen were brought t o t h e s u r f a c e and r e t u r n e d t o t h e s u i t room and l a t e r d e b r i e f e d . The recompression chamber crew remained on s t a t i o n u n t i l a l l d i v e r s were o u t o f t h e w a t e r and t h e f a c i l i t y was s e c u r e d . 1-22 �1.10 Safety S p e c i a l s a f e t y equipment and t r a i n i n g i s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e n e u t r a l buoyancy f a c i l i t y t o a s s u r e s u c c e s s f u l o p e r a t i o n s w h i l e working in t h e i n h e r e n t l y dangerous w a t e r environment a t 6.1m - 12.2m (20 t o 40 f o o t ) depths. Some o f t h e s a f e t y equipment and p r e v e n t i v e s a f e t y measures a r e unique w i t h i n t h e n e u t r a l buoyancy s i m u l a t o r and a r e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e following sub-sections. 1.10.1 S a f e t y Divers All t h e d i v e r s and t e s t s u b j e c t s a r e SCUBA t r a i n e d by MSFC o r by a comparable n a t i o n a l l y approved d i v i n g s c h o o l . First aid training is given by MSFC T r a i n i n g Branch w i t h a s s i s t a n c e by t h e NASA medical c e n t e r ; t h i s t r a i n i n g i s c o n c e n t r a t e d on medical problems p e c u l i a r t o n e u t r a l buoyancy t e s t o p e r a t i o n s . During a l l p r e s s u r e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e s , two SCUBA s a f e t y d i v e r s accompany each t e s t s u b j e c t and a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the subject s well being. The s a f e t y d i v e r s a r e w e l l t r a i n e d i n p r e s s u r e s u i t o p e r a t i o n s and underwater s u i t p h y s i c s . They a r e knowledgeable i n emergencies t h a t r e q u i r e immediate a c t i o n , i . e . , what t o do i n c a s e s o f suit pressure loss ness, etc. or suit over pressure, suit flooding or subject ill­ In a d d i t i o n t o t h e s a f e t y d i v e r s , a two man SCUBA equipped w a t e r team swims on t h e s u r f a c e u s i n g s n o r k e l s and m a i n t a i n s s u r v e i l l a n c e o f a l l tank d i v e r s ( u t i l i t y d i v e r s , underwater p h o t o g r a p h e r , video swim cameraman, and underwater t e s t o b s e r v e r s ) . They a r e a l s o q u a l i f i e d s a f e t y d i v e r s and a r e r e a d y t o a s s i s t t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t e d s u b j e c t s i n an emergency a n d , i f n e c e s s a r y , can r e p l a c e any d i v e r i n t h e t a n k i f t h a t 1-23 �d i v e r needs t o r e t u r n t o t h e s u r f a c e . 1.10.2 Recompression Chamber A recompression chamber ( F i g u r e 1 - 1 3 ) , used f o r t r e a t m e n t o f a i r embolism o r t h e b e n d s , i s l o c a t e d on t h e o p e r a t i o n s d e c k . These two s e r i o u s i l l n e s s e s a s s o c i a t e d with d i v i n g can o n l y be t r e a t e d by q u i c k recompres­ s i o n and c o n t r o l l e d decompression. The re c o m p re s s i o n chamber c o n s i s t s o f two compartments r e f e r r e d t o a s a chamber and a l o c k . The l o c k p r o v i d e s t h e c a p a b i l i t y o f moving p e r s o n n e l a n d / o r s u p p l i e s from o u t s i d e ambient p r e s s u r e t o depth p r e s s u r e i n t h e chamber w i t h o u t d e p r e s s u r i z i n g w h i l e t h e p a t i e n t i s undergoing t r e a t m e n t . Both compartments have viewing p o r t h o l e s f o r o b s e r v a t i o n by t h e chamber c r e w . The chamber i s manned f o r a l l n e u t r a l buoyant t e s t s by a chamber e n g i n e e r , l o c k o p e r a t o r , i n s i d e a t t e n d a n t , and t i m e k e e p e r - r e c o r d i n g e n g i n e e r . They a r e t r a i n e d and c e r t i ­ f i e d under t h e A i r Force t r a i n i n g program conducted a t JSC. The t i m e ­ k e e p e r - r e c o r d e r i s i n c h a r g e o f t h e o v e r a l l re c o m p re s s i o n chamber o p e r a ­ tion. He p r o v i d e s t h e chamber d i v e p r o f i l e t o t h e chamber e n g i n e e r and keeps t r a c k o f a l l chamber t i m e s . The chamber e n g i n e e r i s t h e o p e r a t o r of t h e recompression chamber, c o n t r o l l i n g t h e chamber p r e s s u r i z a t i o n a s d i r e c t e d by t h e t i m e k e e p e r - r e c o r d e r and m a i n t a i n i n g communication with i n s i d e crew members. The l o c k o p e r a t o r i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o p e r a t i n g t h e lock s e c t i o n o f t h e recompression chamber. He a l s o n o t i f i e s t h e NASA medical c e n t e r o f t h e a c c i d e n t v i a t h e " h o t l i n e " . As a m a t t e r o f p r e c a u t i o n , t h e l o c k i s p r e s s u r i z e d down t o a l e v e l s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n t h e chamber s o t h e lock can be used immediately i f t r o u b l e s h o u l d develop 1-24 ��i n t h e chamber. The i n s i d e a t t e n d a n t makes t h e d i v e w i t h t h e p a t i e n t t o a t t e n d t o h i s needs o r g i v e medical t r e a t m e n t . He a l s o keeps t h e o u t s i d e crew informed o f changes i n s i d e t h e chamber and a d v i s e s on decompression r a t e s . 1.10.3 A i r l o c k System The A i r l o c k system i s made up o f two compartments, one i n s i d e t h e w a t e r t a n k (wet A i r l o c k ) and one o u t s i d e ( d r y A i r l o c k ) , c o n n e c t e d by a hatch through t h e tank w a l l . The wet and d r y A i r l o c k s a r e p r o v i d e d f o r emer­ gency e s c a p e from t h e bottom o f t h e w a t e r tank f o r s u i t e d s u b j e c t s o r d i v e r s and a l l o w s o u t s i d e a c c e s s by medical p e r s o n n e l f o r t r e a t m e n t (sinus blockage, unconsciousness, etc.) without depressurizing the diver and r i s k i n g a i r embolism. The comnartment i n s i d e t h e t a n k i s e n t e r e d from t h e bottom and i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y p r e s s u r i z e d t o keep t h e w a t e r l e v e l a t t h e bottom o f t h e compartment. Once i n s i d e t h e wet A i r l o c k , t h e s u b j e c t can be t r e a t e d by s a f e t y d i v e r s o r by medical p e r s o n n e l v i a t h e dry Airlock a n d , i f n e c e s s a r y , c o m p l e t e l y removed from t h e t a n k . The Airlock s y s t e m i s m a i n t a i n e d and k e p t i n a s t a n d b y c o n d i t i o n a t a l l times. F i g u r e 1-14 shows t h e d r y A i r l o c k . 1.10.4 A l a r m s / S a f e t y Equipment S e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t s a f e t y d e v i c e s i n t h e form o f a l a r m s , e q u i p m e n t , and procedures a r e used i n t h e NBS t o g u a r a n t e e s a f e o p e r a t i o n s . o To a s s u r e s a f e , c l e a n b r e a t h i n g a i r f o r n e u t r a l buoyancy e x e r c i s e s , m i s s i l e grade a i r i s f i l t e r e d and m o n i t o r e d f o r 1-26 ��carbon monoxide and oxygen c o n t e n t b e f o r e i t goes i n t o t h e air distribution system. than 20 PPM I f t h e m o n i t o r e d a i r c o n t a i n s more o f carbon monoxide, o r i f t h e oxygen c o n t e n t f a l l s below 1 8 p e r c e n t , an a l a r m i s sounded and t h e backup a i r system is activated. The CO and O2 m o n i t o r i s c a l i b r a t e d once a week and v e r i f i e d b e f o r e each t e s t . Samples o f t h e p r i m a r y s u p p l y and emergency a i r a r e a l s o a n a l y z e d t w i c e a week. 0 The w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a r e checked w i t h t h e l o c a l w e a t h e r bureau b e f o r e each e x e r c i s e and i f t h u n d e r s t o r m s a r e i n t h e a r e a , t h e w e a t h e r bureau keeps t h e t e s t d i r e c t o r informed o f c o n d i t i o n s s o t h a t a o p r o p r i a t e d e c i s i o n s may be made c o n c e r n i n g n e u t r a l buoyancy a c t i v i t i e s . 0 When heavy equipment i s h o i s t e d i n t o and o u t - o f t h e t a n k , t h e t o p r a i l s a r e removed f o r equipment c l e a r a n c e . Durinq such o p e r a ­ t i o n s , a nylon s a f e t y h a r n e s s r e s t r a i n t a s s e m b l y , w i t h a nylon s t r a p a t t a c h e d t o overhead s t r u c t u r e , i s worn by p e r s o n n e l working on t h e t o p d e c k . The s t r a p a l l o w s o n l y l a t e r a l movement a l o n g t h e upper p l a t f o r m . 0 A manually o p e r a t e d m a s t e r a l a r m i s l o c a t e d on t o p o f t h e recompression chamber t o a l e r t a l l p e r s o n n e l o f a w a t e r emer­ gency. I t can be h e a r d o u t s i d e t h e w a t e r t a n k a r e a and i n t h e adjacent support buildings. 0 An emergency g e n e r a t o r a u t o m a t i c a l l y s u p p l i e s e l e c t r i c a l power t o t h e c r i t i c a l NBS equipment i n c a s e o f a power f a i l u r e . 1-28 �o S a f e t y p r o c e d u r e s were i n c o r p o r a t e d t o check t h e LSU's f o r s t r a y v o l t a g e b e f o r e t h e y were connected t o t h e s u i t e d s u b j e c t s , o R e l i e f v a l v e s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n a l l underwater cameras w i t h pressurized cases. This s a f e t y measure prevented gas b u i l d up i n s i d e t h e camera c a s e s , o The c o n t r o l room i s equipped w i t h an a u t o m a t i c C0 2 f i r e e x t i n ­ guishing system. The a u t o m a t i c system s e n s e s and t r i g g e r s on c o n d i t i o n s o f high t e m p e r a t u r e o r smoke, o During p r e s s u r e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e s , t h e LCG flow i s i n s t r u m e n t e d t o i l l u m i n a t e a red warning l i g h t i n t h e c o n t r o l c e n t e r i f low LCG flow c o n d i t i o n s o c c u r , o A s a f e t y a i r hose c a l l e d t h e "HOOKAH", i s c a r r i e d by each s a f e t y d i v i n g team d u r i n g e v e r y p r e s s u r e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e . A SCUBA mouth p i e c e r e g u l a t o r i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e end o f t h e a i r h o s e and i s q u i c k l y given t o t h e s u i t e d s u b j e c t i n an extreme emergency situation. 1.10.5 Simulator Provisions S p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e given t o t r a i n e r d e s i g n s t o p r o v i d e s a f e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s i n a r e a s t h a t could be p o t e n t i a l l y d a n g e r o u s . For example, when both s u i t e d s u b j e c t s were i n t h e l o c k compartment o f t h e Skylab A i r l o c k Module w i t h t h e EVA h a t c h c l o s e d , t h e s u b j e c t s were i s o ­ l a t e d from t h e s a f e t y d i v e r s . To p r o v i d e immediate a c c e s s t o t h e s u b ­ j e c t s by t h e s a f e t y d i v e r s , s h o u l d an emergency o c c u r , a removable panel t h e f u l l l e n g t h o f t h e l o c k compartment was i n c o r p o r a t e d . 1 -2 9 The emergency �e s c a p e panel had a window i n i t s o t h e s a f e t y d i v e r c o u l d m a i n t a i n v i s u a l c o n t a c t w i t h t h e s u b j e c t s a n d , i f n e c e s s a r y , remove t h e panel by o p e r a t ­ ing a single external latch. In a d d i t i o n , t h e EVA h a t c h was s p e c i a l l y r i g g e d s o ; ( l ) , i t could n o t be l o c k e d from t h e i n s i d e , and ( 2 ) , a n e x t e r n a l h a n d l e was added s o t h a t t h e h a t c h c o u l d be opened from t h e o u t s i d e by a safety diver. The LSU's f o r t h e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e s were e x t r a l o n g s o they could be r o u t e d through t h e bottom o f t h e m o d i f i e d LSU stowage s p h e r e s , through t h e EVA h a t c h , and back t o t h e s u b j e c t on t h e o p e r a t i o n d e c k . In t h i s way, t h e LSU's were stowed i n t h e stowage s p h e r e s t o s i m u l a t e f l i g h t u m b i l i c a l h a n d l i n g c o n d i t i o n s , w h i l e t h e u m b i l i c a l l e n g t h allowed t h e s u b j e c t t o be b r o u g h t t o t h e s u r f a c e i n an emergency s i t u a t i o n . S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f s h a r p edges i n a l l a r e a s o f t h e t r a i n e r s and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e h i g h a c t i v i t y crew a r e a s . Sharp edge e l i m i n a t i o n i s i m p o r t a n t n o t o n l y f o r p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e v u l n e r a b l e SCUBA d i v e r s from c u t s , s c r a t c h e s , e t c . , b u t was a n e c e s s i t y i n t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e s because t h e s u i t i n t h e tank i s s u b j e c t e d t o g r e a t e r abuse t h a n i n s p a c e f l i g h t and a r i p o r t e a r c o u l d r e s u l t i n an emergency s i t u a t i o n . 1.11 Lessons Learned The Neutral Buoyancy f a c i l i t i e s more t h a n met t h e needs o f S k y l a b through t h e d es ig n and development p h a s e , crew t r a i n i n g , and EVA c o n t i n g e n c i e s . Many l e s s o n s were l e a r n e d i n meeting t h e s e needs t h a t s h o u l d be noted and employed t o h e l p improve t h e f a c i l i t y f o r f u t u r e programs. 1-30 �o The office area for JSC personnel and the briefing room i s adequate, however, i t would be more convenient and efficient if i t is located closer to the simulator. This area could also double for outside support contractors, o Color TV was f i r s t used d u r i n g t h e Skylab Program and provided much b e t t e r realism than the black and white TV. C o l o r TV has a depth of field which is very helpful in training evaluations. This capability should be maintained and even expanded in the future. o The general viewing area adjacent to the simulator inside Building 4706 i s plagued with glare problems that affect the TV monitors and has poor a c o u s t i c s , making i t d i f f i c u l t t o h e a r the audio. A closed area with good acoustics i s needed for engineers, P i ' s , and management to adequately view the testing o p e r a t i o n s on TV and t o h e a r t h e i n t e r c o m m u n i c a t i o n , o Better access control i s needed to reduce the number and types of personnel in the control room t o avoid overcrowding, o There should be a better understanding of time limits that a crewman can stay underwater in a t e s t operation. Skylab time limits were variable depending on depth, surface time, and length of time between test and flights back t o JSC. Much b r i e f i n g time was used trying to establish these time limits. This delay could be eliminated with a clear set of rules, o The daily Operational Readiness Inspection (ORI) works well, and 1-31 �should be c o n t i n u e d i n t h e f u t u r e . A good f i l i n g / r e t r i e v a l s y s t e m s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d a t t h e b eg in n in g o f a program t o keep t r a c k o f v i d e o t a p e s , p h o t o s , t e s t p l a n s , b r i e f i n g n o t e s , s u i t s , hardware and t e c h n i c a l d a t a and t o a l l o w quick r e t r i e v a l . There was a c o n s t a n t l o g i s t i c s problem t o and from t h e s u i t Lab ( B l d g . 4711). T h i s could be e l i m i n a t e d by h a v i n g t h e s u i t Lab c l o s e r t o t h e NBS. A p o s i t i v e t r a c k i n g system s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a l l e q u i p ­ ment coming i n t o and o u t o f t h e NBS. The underwater s a f e t y team and u t i l i t y d i v e r c o n c e p t s works very w e l l and s h o u l d be c o n t i n u e d . The overhead pneumatic h o i s t was c o n t i n u a l l y b r e a k i n g down, e s p e c i a l l y with heavy l o a d s . A more powerful h o i s t i s n e e d e d , with c o n t r o l s t a t i o n s l o c a t e d a t both ground l e v e l and t o p deck. A l a r g e r work s p a c e i s needed n e a r t h e t o p d e c k . The p r e s e n t a r e a i s e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d f o r reworking underwater h a r d w a r e . This c a p a b i l i t y i s needed t o perform o n - t h e - s p o t minor r e p a i r s . The work a r e a should i n c l u d e a d r i l l p r e s s , g r i n d e r , band s a w , and s t o r a g e f o r s c r e w s , n u t s and b o l t s . The B u t l e r B u i l d i n g (4705) i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r major hardware rework. Having a l l NBS personnel o n - s t a t i o n p r i o r t o b e g i n n i n g o f s u i t - u p h e l p s a s s u r e a smooth t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e . 1-32 �2.0 TEST AND HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT The N e u t r a l Buoyancy S i m u l a t o r was e s s e n t i a l f o r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t e s t i n g of Skylab hardware designs that interfaced with a suited astronaut. Management d e c i d e d e a r l y i n t h e S k y l a b p r o q r a m t h a t a l l e q u i p m e n t r e q u i r i n g i n t e r f a c e w i t h a p r e s s u r e s u i t e d crewman b e e v a l u a t e d i n s i m u ­ lated zero-G conditions. T h i s c o u l d o n l y b e a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t h e NBS where the full scale man-machine interface could be assessed for long durations. 2.1 Evaluations E q u i p m e n t d e s i g n e v a l u a t i o n was p e r f o r m e d i n t h e NBS u s i n g p r o t o t y p e mock-up h a r d w a r e . These evaluations proved to be very beneficial and in some c a s e s w e r e a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y t o a r r i v e a t a c c e p t a b l e d e s i g n s a n d l o c a t i o n s f o r EVA e q u i p m e n t . S e v e r a l i m p o r t a n t d e s i g n c h a n g e s and new d e s i g n c o n c e p t s w e r e t h e d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e s e NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . These include, but are not limited to, the following: o E a r l y S k y l a b NBS e v a l u a t i o n s r e v e a l e d t h a t a t r a n s l a t i o n d e v i c e was r e q u i r e d t o move t h e ATM f i l m b e t w e e n FAS a n d ATM w o r k ­ stations. o One c o n c e p t was t o a t t a c h t h e ATM f i l m t o a t r o l l e y p l a t f o r m t h a t was c o n n e c t e d t o a p a i r o f r a i l s e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e DA t o t h e ATM S u n E n d ( F i g u r e 2 - 1 ) . The crewman w o u l d p u s h t h e f i l m t r o l l e y i n f r o n t o f him a s h e t r a n s l a t e d a l o n g t h e d u a l r a i l s . This c o n c e p t was t r i e d a n d p r o v e d m o r e c o m p l e x t h a n m e t h o d s l a t e r developed. 2-1 �DUAL TROLLEY RAILS ATM SUN END FILM ON TROLLEY PLATFORM FIGURE 2-1 TRANSLATION OF ATM FILM TO SUN END WORKSTATION USING PRELIMINARY "TROLLEY" CONCEPT 2-2 �o A f t e r many e v a l u a t i o n s i n t h e NBS u s i n g s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of prototype translation aids, i t was concluded that e i t h e r an extendible boom or a clothesline type translation device would b e f e a s i b l e t o c a r r y o u t t h e ATM f i l m r e p l a c e m e n t t a s k , o Preliminary e v a l u a t i o n s with a "SPAR" pneumatic boom revealed that i t was d i f f i c u l t to install the film packages on the rear loading boom hook. This resulted in a hook redesign so the pack­ ages could be loaded on the f r o n t of the boom hook, o During film t r a n s f e r evaluations with t h e prototype "SPAR" boom, t h e f i l m p a c k a g e s w o u l d i n t e r m i t t e n t l y h i t t h e DA a n d FAS h a n d ­ rails. This was mainly due t o the loose f i t between the smaller f i l m pack handles and t h e boom hook. Therefore, a new boom hook was d e s i g n e d by MSFC t h a t would c l a m p - u p on t h e d i f f e r e n t s i z e film pack handles. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e DA h a n d r a i l w a s r o t a t e d away f r o m t h e boom p a t h and t h e FAS h a n d r a i l was r e d e s i g n e d t o g i v e more clearance. o Preliminary mock-up of t h e Fairchild H i l l e r extendible boom envelope showed excessive interference with the astronaut when t r a n s l a t i n g b e t w e e n t h e EVA h a t c h and t h e FAS w o r k s t a t i o n (Figure 2-2). The boom film hook also i n t e r f e r r e d with the a s t r o n a u t s helmet when h e was i n t h e FAS f o o t r e s t r a i n t s . As a r e s u l t of t h i s preliminary evaluation, a 90° f o l d back boom hook was designed and the boom housing was shortened approximately .14m (5 inches) and tapered t o a smaller profile. 2-3 �PRELIMINARY BOOM ENVELOPES FIGURE 2-2 EVA 1 AT FAS WORK STATION (VF) EVA 2 EGRESSING FROM EVA HATCH 2-4 �o D u r i n g e v a l u a t i o n s o f e x t e n d i b l e boom o p e r a t i o n s , i t was d i s ­ c o v e r e d t h a t , p e r i o d i c a l l y , t h e r e was i n t e r f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s u n e n d f i l m p a c k a g e s and D024 m o d u l e . This resulted in redesign o f t h e m o u n t i n g s t r u c t u r e t o move t h e D024 m o d u l e away f r o m t h e s u n e n d boom p a t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y .16m ( 6 i n c h e s ) , o L o c a t i o n o f t h e e x t e n d i b l e boom c o n t r o l p a n e l was d e t e r m i n e d f r o m NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . L a t e r NBS e v a l u a t i o n s c h a n g e d t h e momentary boom c o n t r o l s w i t c h e s t o f i x e d s w i t c h e s and a d d e d a d d i t i o n a l switch guard protection, o Need f o r a s p e c i a l f o o t r e s t r a i n t l o c a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d a n d d e v e l o p e d i n t h e NBS s o t h e e x t e n d i b l e booms c o u l d b e r e p l a c e d in flight. o D e s i g n c o n c e p t f o r t h e e x t e n d i b l e boom q u i c k r e l e a s e r e c e p t a c l e was d e v e l o p e d i n t h e NBS. D u r i n g boom r e p l a c e m e n t e v a l u a t i o n s i t was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e boom h a n d l e t r i g g e r was t o o s h a l l o w , making i t d i f f i c u l t t o s q u e e z e w i t h t h e EVA p r e s s u r e s u i t g l o v e . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n a boom h a n d l e d e s i g n c h a n g e , o The c l o t h e s l i n e t r a n s l a t i o n method was d e v e l o p e d a n d t e s t e d i n t h e NBS. A z i p p e r e d pouch t o c o n t a i n t h e c l o t h e s l i n e was e v a l u a t e d and d i s c a r d e d i n f a v o r o f a h a r d c o v e r c o n t a i n e r w i t h a spring loaded lid. Where t o l o c a t e t h e c o n t a i n e r , how t o p a c k a g e t h e c l o t h e s l i n e a n d h o o k s , a n d how t o d e p l o y e a c h t o t h e VC a n d VS w o r k s t a t i o n s w e r e a l l d e t e r m i n e d b y NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . A f t e r b o t h VC a n d VS c l o t h e s l i n e s w e r e d e p l o y e d , i t was f o u n d 2-5 �t h a t t h e c l o t h e s l i n e s would i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e a s t r o n a u t t r a n s ­ l a t i n g back from t h e ATM. C l o t h e s l i n e c l i p s were t h e n designed and i n s t a l l e d on t h e FAS and AM t u n n e l h a n d r a i l s t o h o l d t h e c l o t h e s l i n e s o u t o f t h e EVA t r a i l when n o t i n a c t u a l u s e . o Foot r e s t r a i n t l o c a t i o n s a t t h e FAS and ATM w o r k s t a t i o n s were o p t i m i z e d through NBS e v a l u a t i o n s , o Location o f t h e L i f e S u p p o r t U m b i l i c a l (LSU) clamps o u t s i d e o f t h e EVA hatch and a t t h e ATM w o r k s t a t i o n s f o r LSU management was determined by NBS e v a l u a t i o n s , o All h a n d r a i l l o c a t i o n s were o p t i m i z e d through NBS e v a l u a t i o n s , o Handling and mounting l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e 16 mm Data A c q u i s i t i o n Camera (DAC) were d e t e r m i n e d by NBS e v a l u a t i o n s , o Location o f t h e ATM f i l m t r e e r e c e p t a c l e s i n both t h e l o c k compartment and FAS was t h e d i r e c t r e s u l t o f NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . 2.2 Lessons Learned o NBS personnel have e x p e r i e n c e u s e f u l t o e v a l u a t i o n o f zero-G hardware and s h o u l d be c o n s u l t e d i n t h e e a r l y d e s i g n s t a g e s on new f l i g h t i n t e r f a c e h a r d w a r e , o The need f o r NBS t e s t i n g was n o t f u l l y r e c o g n i z e d u n t i l a f t e r Skylab f l i g h t hardware was d e s i g n e d . F u t u r e programs s h o u l d r e c o g n i z e t h e need f o r NBS hardware s u c h t h a t n e u t r a l buoyancy equipment can be designed i n p a r a l l e l w i t h f l i g h t h a r d w a r e , o All new hardware e v a l u a t i o n s s h o u l d be performed by s u b j e c t s t h a t are experienced in the operation of pressure suits (at least 2-6 �t w e n t y h o u r s o f NBS s u i t e d o p e r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d b e f o r e m e a n i n g ­ ful evaluations can be made), o New h a r d w a r e s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d f i r s t i n t h e NBS by e x p e r i e n c e d neutral buoyancy personnel before flight crew evaluations, with sufficient time being allocated to work out any hardware discrep­ ancies and water peculiar problems, o A l l h a r d w a r e f a b r i c a t e d f o r t h e NBS s h o u l d g o t h r o u g h q u a l i t y control inspection before being evaluated i n NBS. o A l l NBS h a r d w a r e s h o u l d h a v e a f u n c t i o n a l c h e c k o f a l l m e c h a n i c a l operation parts prior to hardware being placed in the tank for test purposes. o All NBS h a r d w a r e s h o u l d b e f i t c h e c k e d b e f o r e h a r d w a r e i s p l a c e d in tank. o The NBS h a s p r o v e n t o b e a u s e f u l t o o l i n EVA h a r d w a r e d e v e l o p ­ ment and i t s use should be planned into future space programs. 2-7 ��3.0 TRAINING HARDWARE Trainers and mock-ups with special mechanisms were submerged in the water tank so design evaluations and training could be performed utilizing the neutral buoyancy concept. This section covers the design, description, size, materials and use of underwater Skylab hardware. Each module and special type of hardware will be considered separately due to different suppliers involved and separate operational functions required. Six different Skylab modules were constructed and then assembled u n d e r w a t e r i n an o r b i t a l d e p l o y e d p o s i t i o n f o r EVA t r a i n i n g . See Figure 3-1. o O r b i t a l Nork Shop (OWS) o A i r l o c k Module (AM) o M u l t i p l e Docking A d a p t e r (MDA) o Upper and Lower Deployment Assy (DA) o Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) o Fixed Airlock Snroud (FAS) In addition, many special mechanisms were required t o be i n s t a l l e d including but not limited to: o Air Operated Booms o Neutrally Buoyant Booms o Clothesline and Containers o D024 Experiment Module o Boom Hook Stowage Box o Cameras and Receptacles 3-1 ��Areas of the SkylaD trainers that required interface by a pressure suited crewman were high f i d e l i t y with operable mechanisms s i m i l a r t o f l i g h t . Tnese a r e a s i n c l u d e d t h e l o c k c o m p a r t m e n t , FAS (+Y-Z q u a d r a n t ) , EVA t r a i l , EVA e x p e r i m e n t s a n d ATM f i l m w o r k s t a t i o n s . fidelity representing flight geometry only. All other areas were low Some o f the low f i d e l i t y areas were u p g r a d e d a f t e r S L - 1 l a u n c h f o r t h e EVA c o n t i n g e n c y e v a l u a t i o n s a n d will be described later in this section. 3.1 Q r p i t a l Work Shop (OWS) The OWS w a s a c y l i n d r i c a l s t r u c t u r e 6 . 6 m ( 2 6 0 i n . ) i n d i a m e t e r a n d approximately 9.1m (360 in.) long. This structure was fabricated by NASA-MSFC u s i n g McDonnell D o u g l a s A s t r o n a u t i c s Company - West (MDAC-W) drawings. Basic structure consisted of welded aluminum rings and longerons of 6061-T6 alloy. Skins were originally .025m (1.0 in.) square 6061-T6 aluminum wire mesh. aluminum expanded metal. Later these were replaced with Subsequently solid 2042-T3 aluminum skins were installed on top of the expanded metal for more r e a l i s t i c pressure vessel simulation. These solid skins centered about the -Z axis (sun direction a n d EVA a r e a ) , c o v e r e d 1 8 0 ° o f t h e OWS c y l i n d e r . (.10 in.) thick 6061-T6 aluminum. Dome p o r t i o n was .0025m T h e OWS f o r w a r d s e c t i o n h a d t h e s a m e geometry as the flight a r t i c l e with a high fidelity isogrid floor. o f t h i s module was o r i g i n a l l y l i m i t e d t o a s t r o n a u t EVA p r e p a r a t i o n activities.and Airlock ingress training. 3-3 Use �When S k y l a b I l o s t i t s m e t e r o i d s h i e l d , m o d i f i c a t i o n s w e r e made t o t h e NBS OWS e l e m e n t s o p o s s i b l e f i x e s v i a EVA c o u l d be d e t e r m i n e d a n d e v a l u a t e d . T h e s e f i x e s c o n s i s t e d o f a d d i n g t h e - Z S c i e n t i f i c A i r l o c k a n d t h e number 1 S o l a r A r r a y S y s t e m (SAS) w i n g . Due t o t a n k s i z e l i m i t a t i o n s o n l y a p a r t i a l SAS w i n g mockup c o u l d , b e i n s t a l l e d . The SL-1 p r o b l e m had b e e n d e t e r m i n e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t Number 2 SAS w i n g w a s l o s t a n d Number 1 SAS w i n g was o n l y p a r t i a l l y d e p l o y e d . I t is especially worthy to note t h a t t h e a c t u a l p r o b l e m ( i . e . w h a t w a s r e s t r a i n i n g t h e SAS w i n g ) was n o t known, h o w e v e r , l o g i c a l a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e made a n d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e tools procured and then evaluated by the SL-2 crewmen. The success of t n a t t r a i n i n g was d e m o n s t r a t e d b y s u c c e s s f u l d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e SAS a n d r e s t o r a t i o n o f e l e c t r i c a l power t o p e r m i t f u l l c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e S k y l a b program. The OWS e x t e r i o r was u s e d o n c e a g a i n when t h e MSFC d e s i g n e d " t w i n p o l e s a i l " t h e r m a l s h i e l d w a s i n s t a l l e d o n t h e ATM s t r u c t u r e . The " s a i l " w a s d e p l o y e d a n d t h e n p i v o t e d , f r o m t h e ATM m o u n t i n g b r a c k e t , u n t i l t h e a f t e n d r e s t e d a g a i n s t OWS o u t e r s k i n . This activity is discussed in detail in Section 5.2.1 . 3.2 A i r l o c k Module (AM) The AM c o n s i s t e d o f a t u n n e l s e c t i o n , a s t r u c t u r a l t r a n s i t i o n s e c t i o n (STS) a n d f o u r ( 4 ) t r u s s e s t h a t a t t a c h t h e AM t o t h e F i x e d A i r l o c k S h r o u d (FAS). T h e AM t u n n e l a n d STS w e r e c y l i n d r i c a l s t r u c t u r e s 1 . 6 5 m ( 6 5 i n . ) i n d i a m e t e r a n d 3.89m ( 1 5 3 i n . ) l o n g a n d 3 . 2 m . ( 1 2 6 i n . ) i n d i a m e t e r a n d 1.2m (47 in.) long respectively. The tunnel consists of three sections a f t , lock, and forward, divided by bulkheads containing internal hatches. 3-4 �T h e AM w i t h a l l i n t e r i o r a n d e x t e r i o r e q u i p m e n t w a s b u i l t a n d m a i n t a i n e d oy McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Company - E a s t (MDAC-E) e x c e p t f o r too low f i d e l i t y trusses located a t +Z and -Y axis which were fabricated by NASA-MSFC. Interior geometry was the same as the f l i g h t a r t i c l e and all equipment, in the lock and a f t sections was regularly updated. Forward tunnel and STS section had low f i d e l i t y modules t o simulate envelope only and were not updated. Lock section equipment included two EVA p a n e l s , w i t h f i t t i n g s , s w i t c h e s , k n o b s , e t c , a n d a n i n s t r u m e n t p a n e l complete with switches. Also i n c l u d e d were two LSU stowage s p h e r e s , TV s t a t i o n , ATM f i l m t r e e m o u n t i n g r e c e p t a c l e s , h a n d r a i l s , e t c . The EVA natch was high f i d e l i t y and regularly monitored f o r correct latching forces, and used extensively for egress and ingress training. The hatch was a GEMINI t r a i n i n g a r t i c l e a n d was t h e same a s f l i g h t hardware e x c e p t for external handle and release cable added for underwater safety purposes. Hatches are covered in more detail in section (3.7.6). Exterior equipment included all astronaut interface surfaces and equipment, especially in t h e 9 0 ° EVA q u a d r a n t (+Y t o - Z ) . A l l EVA e q u i p m e n t s u c h a s boom c o n t r o l box, umbilical clamps, transfer work station (VT), clothesline clips, EVA l i g h t s , b o o m r e c e p t a c l e , c l o t h e s l i n e s t o w a g e b o x a n d a l l h a n d r a i l s were high fidelity and were regularly updated t o r e f l e c t current design of flight article. Other external equipment (electronic modules, nitrogen bottles, etc.) were low f i d e l i t y t o simulate equipment envelope only. Basic structure of the tunnel and STS was 2024-T4 extruded rolled aluminum 3-5 �rings and channels, riveted to the skins. Original skins were expanded m e t a l 3003-H14 aluminum .003m ( . 1 2 i n . ) t h i c k ; t h e s e w e r e l a t e r r e p l a c e d w i t h s o l i d 2 0 2 4 - T 3 aluminum r o l l e d s h e e t s . T r u s s s t r u c t u r e was .1m (4.0 in.) square 6061-T6 tubing with smaller diameter structural 6 0 6 1 - T 6 aluminum t u b i n g w e l d e d . See Figures (3-2, 3-3, 3-4, and 3-5). A l l f o r m a l EVA t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s b e g a n a n d e n d e d i n t h e AM. T h e AM was u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e h a r d w a r e d e v e l o p m e n t s t a g e a n d was u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y t o work o u t e q u i p m e n t h a n d l i n g m e t h o d s a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e ATM f i l m transfer. A f t e r SL-1 was l a u n c h e d , t h e N e u t r a l Buoyancy (NB) t r a i n e r proved extremely valuable in working out techniques and the successful contingency 3.3 procedures for EVA's . M u l t i p l e Docking A d a p t e r (MDA) The MDA was a c y l i n d r i c a l s t r u c t u r e 3 . 2 m ( 1 2 6 i n . ) i n d i a m e t e r a n d 5.2m (204 in.) long. F a b r i c a t i o n was o r i g i n a l l y d o n e b y NASA-MSFC a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y s e n t t o M a r t i n M a r i e t t a C o r p o r a t i o n (MMC) f o r u p d a t e . O r i g i n a l v e r s i o n had f i v e d o c k i n g p o r t s w h i c h w e r e r e d u c e d t o t w o d u r i n g later revision (Figure 3-6). B a s i c s t r u c t u r e was 6 0 6 1 - T 6 aluminum e x t r u d e d r o l l e d r i n g s a n d l o n g e r o n s . S k i n s w e r e o r i g i n a l l y .025m ( 1 . 0 i n . ) s q u a r e 6 0 6 1 - T 6 w i r e mesh a l u m i n u m ; these were l a t e r replaced with aluminum expanded metal. Still later, s o l i d 2024-T6 s k i n s w e r e a d d e d on t o p o f t h e e x p a n d e d m e t a l e x t e n d i n g i n e a c n d i r e c t i o n f r o m +Y a x i s ( t o p o f t a n k ) a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 0 ° a n d f o r i t s full length. Area around the docking ports had square extruded tubing 3-6 ��FIGURE 3-3 AIRLOCK STRUCTURAL TRANSITION SECTION (STS) NB TRAINER 3-8 ��FIGURE 3 - 5 AM NB TRAINER-INTERIOR O F LOCK AND A F T COMPARTMENT 3-10 ��to simulate flight configuration. Use o f t h e MDA m o d u l e w a s m i n o r f o r normal NBS p u r p o s e s , h o w e v e r t h e e x t e r i o r e n v e l o p e w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f EVA t r a n s l a t i o n m e t h o d s a n d a d d e d r e a l i s m t o EVA t r a i n i n g . I n t e r i o r MDA e q u i p m e n t was l o w - f i d e l i t y , o n l y p a r t i a l l y s i m u l a t i n g i n t e r i o r e n v e l o p e s i n c e no IVA t r a i n i n g was p l a n n e d . During Skylab mission c o n t i n g e n c y t r a i n i n g , t h e MDA a f t +Z s e c t i o n was u p d a t e d b y a d d i n g e x t e r n a l experiment modules so that the SL-4 crew could practice S193 antenna repair (Section 5.2.5 covers this in more d e t a i l ) . 3.4 Deployment Assembly (DA) The DA c o n s i s t e d o f a n u p p e r a n d l o w e r t r u s s a s s e m b l y . After orbit i n s e r t i o n , t h e u p p e r DA t r u s s w a s d e p l o y e d 9 0 d e g r e e s a r o u n d t w o t r u n n i o n p o i n t s a t t h e +Y a n d -Y a x i s , t o w a r d t h e - Z a x i s ( s u n d i r e c t i o n ) . The UBS DA was a d u p l i c a t e o f t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e , e x c e p t t h a t i t was f i x e d i n the oroit deployed position (see Figure 3-7). Also two additional struts w e r e i n s t a l l e d o n t n e UBS DA f o r s t r u c t u r a l s u p p o r t f r o m t h e f l o o r o f the tanK. O r i g i n a l uBS u n i t s w e r e f a o r i c a t e d b y NASA-MSFC; l a t e r n e w , h i g h f i d e l i t y a s s e m b l i e s w e r e f a b r i c a t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d b y MDAC-E. s t r u c t u r e was w e l d e d b i p o d s o f 6 0 6 1 - T 6 a l u m i n u m t u b i n g . Basic The l o w e r t r u s s a s s e m o l y was a t t a c h e d t o t h e FAS w i t h w e l d e d 5 0 6 1 - T 6 a l u m i n u m f i t t i n g s . The u p p e r t r u s s * a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e ATM w i t h w e l d e d f i t t i n g s a n d a d a p t e r rings. Tne two a s s e m b l i e s w e r e j o i n e d t o g e t h e r i n t h e o r b i t p o s i t i o n , w i t h two s t a i n l e s s s t e e l DA trunnion bolts and brass nuts. Tne contained high fidelity handrails that were essential in 3-12 ��e v a l u a t i n g t i e EVA t r a i l o u t t o t n e AT;i w o r k s t a t i o n s . Low-fidelity equip­ m e n t was mounted or, t n e DA t r u s s e s t o s i m u l a t e f l i g h t a r t i c l e g e o m e t r y only. D021 e x p e r i m e n t ( e x p a n d a b l e A i r l o c k ) w a s o r i g i n a l l y i n s t a l l e d on t h e N6S DA t r u s s b u t was removed when D021 w a s c a n c e l l e d ( F i g u r e 3 - 8 ) . The h a n d r a i l s , t n a t w e r e i n s t a l l e d f o r D021 a c c e s s , v e r e n o t removed f r o m t h e f l i g n t a r t i c l e o r t h e NB t r a i n e r a n d p r o v e d t o De v a l u a b l e d u r i n g c o n t i n g e n c y EVA's a n d a i d e d i n s t a l l a t i o n o f S 2 3 0 e x p e r i m e n t l a t e in the program. D u r i n g EVA c o n t i n g e n c y t r a i n i n g , a h i g h f i d e l i t y S 1 9 3 a n t e n n a t r a i n i n g u n i t was p r o v i d e d oy G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company (GE) a n d i n s t a l l e d i n t h e t a n k on t n e DA t o r e p l a c e t h e o r i g i n a l NBS u n i t . This unit was u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y b y S L - 4 p r i m e a n d b a c k - u p c r e w s f o r c o n t i n g e n c y training. 3.5 (See section 5.2.5). A p o l l o T e l e s c o p e Mount (ATM) Tne ATI1 c o n t a i n e d t h e s u n o r i e n t e d e x p e r i m e n t s f o r p r o j e c t S k y l a b . The NBS ATM c l o s e l y s i m u l a t e d t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e , w i t h a s t r o n a u t s c a p a b l e o f c o n t r o l l i n g r o l l o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t c a n i s t e r f r o m t h e VC w o r k s t a t i o n . The NBS ATM was f a b r i c a t e d , u p d a t e d , a n d m a i n t a i n e d b y Brown E n g i n e e r i n g u n d e r d i r e c t i o n o f NASA-MSFC. T h e ATM w a s a n o c t a g o n a l s t r u c t u r e 3 . 3 5 m ( 1 3 2 i n . ) a c r o s s a n d 3.66m ( 1 4 4 . 0 in.) long (Figure 3-8). An experiment c a n i s t e r , 2.13m ( 8 4 . 0 i n . ) i n diameter and 3.0m (120.0 i n . ) long, was inside this octagonal structure. 3-14 �3-15 �The experiment canister was made neutrally buoyant and gimbal mounted to simulate flight article roll capability. This feature was accomplished underwater by an a i r motor through a chain drive. B a s i c ATM s t r u c t u r e w a s 6 0 6 1 - T 6 a l u m i n u m w e l d e d r i n g s w i t h e x p a n d e d aluminum metal skins. Support rollers originally were phenolic; these were subsequently changed to hard anodized 7075-T4 aluminum. Gimbal r i n g s u p p o r t r o l l e r s were 300 s e r i e s s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , u t i l i z i n g FAFNIR needle bearings. The stainless steel drive chain was manufactured by McCullough Corp. The two w o r k s t a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e ATM, c e n t e r (VC) and sun end (VS) were high f i d e l i t y . Remainder of equipment was low f i d e l i t y T h e iibS ATM p r o v e d v e r y v a l u a D l e i n n o r m a l EVA t r a i n i n g . Each normal EVA e x e r c i s e u t i l i z e d b o t h w o r k s t a t i o n s a n d t r a i n e r r o l l c a p a b i l i t y . Tne workstations contained provisions for film exchange exercises and .IBS s e r v e d a s t h e o n l y f a c i l i t y t o a d e q u a t e l y t r a i n c r e w m e n f o r ATM f i l m cnangeout. D u r i n g EVA c o n t i n g e n c y t r a i n i n g , t h e ATM w a s u s e d t o s u p p o r t MSFC " t w i n p o l e s a i l " and r a t e g y r o s i x - p a c k i n s t a l l a t i o n t r a i n i n g . 3.6 Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS) The FAS was a c y l i n d r i c a l s t r u c t u r e 6.6m (260 i n . ) i n d i a m e t e r and 2.03m (80.0 in.) long. The FAS was i n i t i a l l y f a b r i c a t e d by NASA-MSFC and l a t e r t h e EVA q u a d r a n t (+Y t o - Z ) was s t r u c t u r a l l y r e b u i l t by MDAC-E. MDAC-E a l s o i n s t a l l e d and m a i n t a i n e d a l l e q u i p m e n t i n t h e EVA q u a d r a n t . Basic structure was welded 6061-T6 aluminum rings and longerons with 3-16 �e x p a n d e d aluminum s k i n s ( F i g u r e 3 - 9 } . L a t e r , t o a d d a more " r e a l i s t i c f e e l " t o t r a i n i n g i n t h e EVA q u a d r a n t , s o l i d 2 0 2 4 - T 3 aluminum s k i n s w e r e i n s t a l l e d on t o p o f t h e e x p a n d e d a l u m i n u m . The EVA q u a d r a n t o f t h e FAS c o n t a i n e d a l l t h e h i g h - f i d e l i t y c r e w i n t e r f a c e equipment required for EVA's. T h i s i n c l u d e d , t h e e x t e n d i b l e b o o m s , boorr. c o n t r o l p a n e l , ATM f i l m t r e e r e c e p t a c l e s , c l o t h e s l i n e s , boom h o o k s , t e m p o r a r y s t o w a g e h o o k , boom nook c o n t a i n e r , u m b i l i c a l c l a m p s , h a n d r a i l s and f i l m t r a n s f e r a n d boom r e p l a c e m e n t work s t a t i o n s . Original concepts and d e s i g n f i n a l i z a t i o n o f t h e a b o v e e q u i p m e n t was t h e r e s u l t o f many d e v e l o p m e n t e x e r c i s e s p e r f o r m e d i n t h e NBS. This i s where design concepts w e r e i n i t i a l l y t e s t e d a n d e q u i p m e n t l o c a t i o n s e v a l u a t e d t o p r o v i d e good crew interfaces. L a t e r i n c r e w t r a i n i n g , t h e NBS FAS w a s u s e d t o d e v e l o p p r o c e d u r e s a n d t r a i n t h e f l i g h t c r e w s i n ATM f i l m t r a n s f e r including umbilical management, clothesline deployment and operation, e x t e n d i b l e boom o p e r a t i o n , f a i l e d boom r e p l a c e m e n t , f a i l e d e x t e n d e d boom j e t t i s o n , ATM f i l m h a n d l i n g , s e q u e n c e o f p a c k a g e t r a n s f e r s , e t c . During flight contingency evaluations, the remaining quadrants were u p d a t e d by i n s t a l l i n g low f i d e l i t y bottles, discone antennas, thermal c u r t a i n s , a n d f o r w a r d l i p o f t h e FAS w i t h t h e p a y l o a d s h r o u d a t t a c h m e n t ring. These additions proved to be very valuable in developing methods a n d p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e EVA c o n t i n g e n c i e s . 3.7 S p e c i a l Mechanisms E q u i p m e n t d e s i g n e d f o r t h e vacuum o f s p a c e w a s n o t a l w a y s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h 3-17 ��t h e i n h e r e n t l y c o r r o s i v e w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t i n t h e NBS. F o r NBS d e s i g n e v a l u a t i o n s a n d t r a i n i n g t o b e m e a n i n g f u l i t was e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t o p e r a t e a n d f e e l t h e same way i t w o u l d i n s p a c e . To accomplish this task special mechanisms were incorporated into the f l i g h t h a r d w a r e s o t h e NBS e q u i p m e n t w o u l d o p e r a t e s i m i l a r t o f l i g h t e q u i p m e n t . 3.7.1 A i r O p e r a t e d & N e u t r a l l y B u o y a n t Booms Two i n f l i g h t r e p l a c e a b l e e x t e n d i b l e booms w e r e u s e d o n S k y l a b a s t h e p r i m a r y means t o t r a n s f e r t h e ATM f i l m b e t w e e n t h e FAS w o r k s t a t i o n a n d t h e ATM VC a n d VS w o r k s t a t i o n s . A s p a r e boom was l o c a t e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e VC boom t o s e r v e a s a r e p l a c e m e n t f o r e i t h e r t h e VC o r VS booms i n the event of a failure. To make t h e e x t e n d i b l e booms c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e NBS e n v i r o n m e n t a n d y e t m a i n t a i n r e a l i s t i c d e s i g n e v a l u a t i o n a n d crew t r a i n i n g , i t w a s n e c e s s a r y t o make t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u i p m e n t c h a n g e s prior to delivery: o The f l i g h t boom e l e c t r i c m o t o r was r e p l a c e d b y a p n e u m a t i c m o t o r to eliminate motor sealing problems and electric current hazards in the water ,(Figure 3-10). o Special back-up drive rollers were incorporated, pressing harder on t h e boom e l e m e n t t o p r e v e n t s l i p p a g e u n d e r w a t e r , o The NBS booms w e r e m o d i f i e d b y a d d i n g a check, y a l v e t o t h e pneumatic drive system to permit extend/retract cycles (Figure 3-11) o S p e c i a l s e a l i n g p r o c e s s e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d by NASA-MSFC t o s e a l t h e e l e c t r i c s w i t c h e s i n t h e e x t e n d i b l e boom c o n t r o l p a n e l . 3-19 The �FIGURE 3-10 NBS PNEUMATIC EXTENDIBLE BOOMS 3-20 �TO AIR FIGURE 3-11 SCHEMATIC OF NBS AIR OPERATED EXTENDIBLE BOOM 3-21 �suDmerged switches were wired to operate an air control valve located outside the tank which supplied air (at 80 psi) to the pneumatic motors for extension or retraction. A spare sealed and wired control panel was kept on standoy status for quick replacement oy SCUBA divers (Figure 3-12). FIGURE 3-12 EXTENDIBLE BOOM CONTROL PANEL o Dummy extendi D i e booms were fabricated with flight latching mechanisms and dummy zero-G electrical connectors to train the crew in replacement procedures. The dummy units were made neutrally buoyant and had the same envelope and latching forces as the flight units. The motorized units utilized cumbersome air hoses and were too heavy (80 lbs) to make neutrally buoyant, o Since there was no extend stop, yellow tape was added to the uoom element which appeared outside the boom housing at full extension. 3-22 �o An a i r h o s e was a d d e d f o r a r e t u r n l i n e t o p r e v e n t a i r b u b b l e s in the water and decrease back pressure in the pneumatic motor, o C o n t i n u o u s a i r f l o w had t o b e s u p p l i e d t h r o u g h t h e p n e u m a t i c motor to prevent water seepage into the motor. The e x t e n d i D l e booms w e r e d e s i g n e d a n d m a n u f a c t u r e d by F a i r c h i l d H i l l e r C o r p . a s s u b c o n t r a c t o r f o r MDAC-E. The p n e u m a t i c c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r boom o p e r a t i o n s was t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f NASA-MSFC w i t h MDAC-E a s s i s t a n c e . O r i g i n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w e r e f o r two u n i t s , b u t d u e t o t h e e x t e n s i v e m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e d i n t h e w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t , a t h i r d u n i t was p u r c h a s e d for a backup. A f t e r r e c e i v i n g t h e NBS u n i t s * s e v e r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s w e r e made a t MSFC t h a t w e r e e s s e n t i a l t o s u p p o r t t r a i n i n g : o The dummy e l e c t r i c a l z e r o - G c o n n e c t o r on t h e n e u t r a l l y b u o y a n t Dooms had t o h a v e a h o l e d r i l l e d t h r o u g h t h e c o n n e c t o r t o prevent a hydraulic lock during connector mating, o A flotation c o l l a r h a d t o b e i n s t a l l e d on t h e boom t i p b y SCUBA d i v e r s b e f o r e boom e x t e n s i o n t o k e e p t h e boom e l e m e n t f r o m bending o (Figure 3-13). S p e c i a l p a i n t was a p p l i e d t o a .025m ( 1 . 0 i n c h ) w i d e s t r i p down the element center section to increase friction and help prevent element slippage, o Four additional side mounted guide rollers were added to keep t h e boom e l e m e n t on t r a c k a n d f r o m b e c o m i n g e n t a n g l e d i n t h e drive gears. 3-23 �BOOM ELEMENT FLOTATION COLLAR EXTENDIBLE BOOM ELEMENT FIGURE 3 - 1 3 ASTRONAUT A T ATM TRANSFER WORKSTATION (VT) WITH BOOM ELEMENT FULLY EXTENDED 3-24 �o The extendible booms would only operate without slippage f o r two days and would have to be removed from the water, cleaned and wiped down with alcohol to remove grease from t h e boom element. o Two a d d i t i o n a l oack-up d r i v e r o l l e r s were added t o decrease slippage. 3.7.2 Clotheslines and Containers Two c l o t h e s l i n e s o f d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s w e r e p r o v i d e d a s a b a c k u p ATM f i l m transfer system. The VC c l o t h e s l i n e was t h e s h o r t e r u n i t a n d was s t o w e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e VC b o o m . VS boom ( F i g u r e 3 - 1 4 ) . The VS c l o t h e s l i n e was s t o w e d a d j a c e n t t o t h e The clotheslines were endless ropes with two pack­ age hooks tied directly into the rope approximately 1.0m (.40.0 inches) apart. Each clothesline also contained two swivel e y e l e t attachment hooks. One hook was connected d i r e c t l y t o the s t r u c t u r e o f the boom mounting p l a t e and the other hook was stowed in a special fiberglas container along with the clothesline. The clothesline ropes were folded back and forth in the container and held a t the folds with elastic straps similar to the method used in parachute packing to retain the shroud l i n e s . In use, the crewman pulled a velcro s t r a p which opened t h e c o n t a i n e r ' s spring loaded l i d , exposing the eyelet hook. In translating with the hook to t h e ATM, t h e crewman a u t o m a t i c a l l y d e p l o y e d t h e c l o t h e s l i n e from i t s container. When a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e ATM work s t a t i o n , t h e crewman attached the hook to the clothesline deployment arm (Figure 3-15). 3-25 �NEUTRALLY BUOYANT (VS) EXTENDIBLE BOOM (VS) CLOTHESLINE DEPLOYED (VS) CLOTHESLINE ATTACH HOOK VC FILM TREE RECEPTACLE (VS) CLOTHESLINE CONTAINER (LID OPEN) (VC) CLOTHESLINE DEPLOYED BOOM CONTROL BOX CLOTHESLINE CLIP FIGURE 3 - 1 4 ASTRONAUT IN T H E REPLACEMENT WORKSTATION (VR) PERFORMING EXTENDIBLE BOOM REPLACEMENT 3-26 �FIGURE 3-15 ASTRONAUT AT ATM WORK STATION (VC) UNFOLDING VC CLOTHESLINE DEPLOYMENT ARM 3-27 �The MBS c l o t h e s l i n e and c o n t a i n e r s had t o be removed from t h e tank each % time t h e y were deployed s o t h e y c o u l d be d r i e d and r e p a c k a g e d . Repack­ i n g two c l o t h e s l i n e i n t o t h e i r c o n t a i n e r s r e q u i r e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y two hours each s o two e x t r a c o n t a i n e r a s s e m b l i e s were b u i l t t o s u p p o r t c o n s e c u t i v e MBS c l o t h e s l i n e e x e r c i s e s . A different attachment method was a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e d t o f a c i l i t a t e r e p l a c e m e n t SCUBA d i v e r s . u n d e r w a t e r by This was accomplished by r e v e r s i n g t h e f o u r mounting screws s o they could be used a s t h r e a d e d s t u d s . The c o n t a i n e r assembly was packed on t h e bench w i t h t h e hook t h a t a t t a c h e s t o t h e boom b a s e p l a t e t e m p o r a r i l y stowed on t o p o f t h e c o n t a i n e r w i t h nylon v e l c r o . When t h e c o n t a i n e r was taken u n d e r w a t e r , t h e f o u r t h r e a d e d s t u d s were i n s t a l l e d througn c l e a r a n c e h o l e s i n t h e boom mounting p l a t e and f a s t e n e d w i t h b r a s s wing n u t s from t h e back s i d e . The hook was t h e n removed from t h e t o p o f t h e c o n t a i n e r and a t t a c h e d t o t h e b a s e p l a t e . S e v e r a l cnanges were made t o t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e s because o f c l o t h e s l i n e e v a l u a t i o n and t r a i n i n g i n t h e NBS. These changes i n c l u d e d a d d i t i o n o f c l i p s i n t h e box c o r n e r s t o i n s u r e smooth c l o t h e s l i n e d e p l o y m e n t . Also, t h e swivel hook was r e l o c a t e d i n t h e c o n t a i n e r s o t h e a s t r o n a u t would have e a s y a c c e s s t o t h e hook b e f o r e EVA t r a n s l a t i o n . The NBS p e r f e c t e d c l o t h e s l i n e procedures were s u c c e s s f u l l y proven i n f l i g h t d u r i n g t h e l a s t SL4 EVA. 3.7.3 D024 Experiment Module The D024 experiment module was a r e c t a n g u l a r box with a guard r a i l e x t e n d i n g around t h r e e s i d e s ( s e e F i g u r e 3 - 1 6 ) . 3-28 One e n d o f t h e module �RETURN CONTAINERS EXPERIMENT TRAYS GUARD RAIL FIGURE 3—16 NBS D024 MODULE 3-29 �c o n t a i n e d two experiment r e t u r n canisters, locked w i t h p i p p i n s . Four experiment t r a y s were each a t t a c h e d on t h e module w i t h f o u r s n a p s and a pip pin. The module was mounted t o s t r u c t u r e o f -Z A i r l o c k t r u s s and s u b s e q u e n t l y was r e l o c a t e d o f f c e n t e r due t o p r o t r u s i o n i n t o t h e ATM f i 1m t r a n s f e r p a t h . The module was f a b r i c a t e d and m a i n t a i n e d by MDAC-E. The r e t u r n c a n i s t e r s and experiment t r a y s were f u r n i s h e d t o NBS by NASA-JSC. The b a s i c s t r u c t u r e o f t h e module was 6061-T6 aluminum and was i d e n t i c a l t o f l i g h t a r t i c l e e x c e p t experiment t r a y s were n o n - f u n c t i o n a l . The s n a p s on t h e e x p e r i m e n t t r a y s corroded underwater and r e q u i r e d r e p l a c e m e n t . was a p p l i e d t o t h e problem. DC6 g r e a s e snaps t o r e t a r d c o r r o s i o n b u t i t d i d n o t c o m p l e t e l y s o l v e A hardware p r o c e d u r e was i n i t i a t e d t o remove t h e t r a y s from t h e w a t e r e x c e p t d u r i n g a c t u a l use i n t r a i n i n g . The D024 experiment module was used d u r i n g r e t r i e v a l e x e r c i s e s o f t h e return c a n i s t e r s and e x p e r i m e n t t r a y s by both prime and back-up c r e w s . Tne EV2 crewman r e s t r a i n e d h i m s e l f on lower deployment assembly (DA) by wrapping h i s l e g s around t h e s t r u t . He then removed t h e e x p e r i m e n t t r a y s (one o f each t y p e ) and i n s t a l l e d them i n t o t h e r e t u r n c a n i s t e r . A f t e r removal o f r e t u r n t o EV1 crewman. c a n i s t e r , EV2 passed t h e e n t i r e c a n i s t e r The EV1 crewman i n s t a l l e d r e t u r n c a n i s t e r o n t o temporary stowage hook and t h e n p a s s e d i t back t o EV2 a f t e r i n g r e s s i n t o Airlock. T h i s procedure was proven and p e r f e c t e d u n d e r w a t e r p r i o r t o f l i g h t . 3-30 �3.7.4 Boom Hook S t o w a g e Box The boom hook s t o w a g e box became a n e c e s s i t y when v i b r a t i o n t e s t s showed t h e boom e l e m e n t w o u l d n o t c a r r y l a u n c h l o a d s o f i n s t a l l e d h o o k s . The d e c i s i o n was made t o remove h o o k s , l a u n c h t h e m i n a s p e c i a l box a n d i n s t a l l them o n t o booms v i a f i r s t S L - 2 EVA. A quick disconnect coupler i n c o r p o r a t i n g a l o c k i n g c o l l a r was u s e d w i t h t h e m a l e e n d a t t a c h e d t o t h e boom e l e m e n t a n d t h e f e m a l e e n d a t t a c h e d t o t h e boom hook ( F i g u r e 3-17). Alignment marks were added to the couplers to aid installation by t h e s u i t e d c r e w m a n . P r o t o t y p e boom h o o k s a n d hook s t o w a g e box w e r e made f o r NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . The NBS booms w e r e r e v i s e d t o a c c e p t t h e new h o o k s a n d t h e box l o c a t i o n a n d f l i g h t i n s t a l l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d i n t h e NBS. The s t o w a g e box was f a b r i c a t e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d by MDAC-E a n d t h e boom h o o k s w e r e f u r n i s h e d by NASA-MSFC. aluminum w i t h s t i f f e n i n g b e a d s . l a n y a r d w e r e mounted o n t h e l i d . The b a s i c s t r u c t u r e was 6 0 6 1 - T 6 Two s l i d e l o c k s a n d o n e p i p p i n w i t h The box was f i l l e d w i t h s o f t foam w i t h c u t o u t s f o r boom h o o k s , t h i s s o f t foam was u n s u i t a b l e f o r u n d e r w a t e r u s e b e c a u s e t h e foam would a b s o r b w a t e r a n d l o s e i t s r e t a i n i n g q u a l i t i e s ; t h e r e f o r e n o n a b s o r b i n g h a r d foam i n s e r t s w e r e f a b r i c a t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d only for underwater use. 3.7.5 Cameras a n d R e c e p t a c l e s A l l c a m e r a s , f i l m c a s s e t t e s , a n d r e c e p t a c l e s f o r NBS s e r v i c e were f a b r i c a t e d b y NASA-MSFC a n d m a i n t a i n e d by Brown E n g i n e e r i n g . MDAC-E 3-31 �FIGURE 3-17 QUICK DISCONNECT BOOM HOOK 3-32 �b u i l t a n d m a i n t a i n e d a l l r e c e p t a c l e m o u n t i n g s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e AM and FAS. The camera and receptacle equipment was high f i d e l i t y and continually updated to project changes. Basic structure was different types of aluminum with some steel parts such as i n s e r t s , locking pins, etc. Steel parts were held t o a minimum due to corrosion. Lightening holes were drilled wherever possible to facilitate neutralization. The NBS e q u i p m e n t was u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y f o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f f i l m t r e e receptacle locations, for verification of film tree latching and locking mechanisms, developing flight procedures and training. Due t o NBS e x e r c i s e s , o n e f i l m t r e e r e c e p t a c l e i n s i d e t h e A i r l o c k was r e l o c a t e d to avoid interference with the forward internal hatch. During normal EVA t r a i n i n g , a l l NBS c a m e r a s f i l m t r e e s a n d r e c e p t a c l e s w e r e u s e d f o r c h a n g e o u t p r o c e d u r e d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e A i r l o c k , FAS a n d t h e ATM w o r k ­ stations. 3.7.6 I n t e r n a l & EVA H a t c h e s NBS h a t c h e s p r e s e n t u n i q u e p r o b l e m s f o r u n d e r w a t e r s i m u l a t o r s . of flight type actuation and correct loads are difficult. Simulation Moving an a r t i c l e , such as a hatch, through water created drag, therefore internal hatches were initially designed with expanded metal skins installed on an aluminum frame (see Figure 3-5). Design of the hatch yoke (hinge) was such that in one-G the hatch would not center itself as i t would in a zero-G environment. Foam was added t o hatch s t r u c t u r e t o give i t neutral buoyancy, but this realized only partial success. After astronaut training began, expanded metal and foam were removed and 3-33 �s o l i d aluminum s k i n was i n s t a l l e d t o s i m u l a t e c o n f i n e m e n t o f t h e flight article. A s t r o n a u t h a t c h c l o s i n g f u n c t i o n s was abandoned i n f a v o r o f r e a l " f e e l " o f lock compartment. A high f i d e l i t y l a t c h i n g mechanism was i n s t a l l e d on b u l k h e a d s and l a t c n i n g f o r c e s were r e g u l a r l y m o n i t o r e d and m a i n t a i n e d . The l a t c h dog mounting base was aluminum and had t o be r e p l a c e d once ( i n a twoy e a r p e r i o d ) due t o c o r r o s i o n ( s e e F i g u r e 3 - 1 8 ) . Latch dogs were covered by d e b r i s guards and a s such p r e s e n t e d an e n c l o s e d a r e a t h a t accumulated l o o s e hardware and p a r t i c l e d e b r i s c r e a t e d by c o r r o s i o n . The a r e a was d i f f i c u l t t o m a i n t a i n s i n c e b u l k h e a d s were part of the basic tunnel and remained underwater e x c e p t f o r one major u p d a t e i n A p r i l 1972. I n t e r n a l h a t c h e s were low f i d e l i t y t r a i n e r a r t i c l e s and d i d n o t c o n t a i n a s e a l i n g bead t h a t compresses i n t o t h e s e a l a s on t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e . There­ f o r e a d i f f e r e n t t y p e s e a l o f s l i g h t l y porous n e o p r e n e r u b b e r was u s e d . These s e a l s p r e s e n t e d l o a d problems w i t h i n t e r n a l h a t c h e s b e c a u s e t h e neoprene r u b b e r c o n t i n u a l l y a b s o r b e d w a t e r and s w e l l e d , which i n c r e a s e d latching forces. A p o r t i o n o f t h e s e a l t h a t p r o t r u d e d beyond t h e s i l l was trimmed c o m p l e t e l y o f f e x c e p t f o r f o u r pads a p p r o x i m a t e l y .072m ( 3 . 0 inches long. These pads c l o s e l y s i m u l a t e d f l i g h t l a t c h i n g f o r c e s u n t i l w a t e r was absorbed i n t h e open c e l l neoprene r u b b e r s e a l . l y 60 days u n d e r w a t e r , t h e l a t c h i n g f o r c e was o u t o f s p e c . In approximate­ During t h e m a j o r i t y o f t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s , i n t e r n a l h a t c h e s were p l a c e d i n t h e c o r r e c t f l i g h t p o s i t i o n by u t i l i t y d i v e r s p r i o r t o b e g i n n i n g EVA procedures. 3-34 �LATCHING DOGS (DEBRIS GUARD COVER REMOVED) * TUtf FIGURE 3-18 AM HATCH LATCHING MECHANISM 3-35 �When EVA t r a i n i n g began i n e a r l y 1 9 7 2 , f l i g h t p r o c e d u r e s c a l l e d f o r t h e a f t i n t e r n a l hatch t o be k e p t c l o s e d d u r i n g EVA. NBS e x e r c i s e s revealed that i s was d i f f i c u l t t o restow the LSU's in the stowage spheres while hard suited. I t was found t o be much e a s i e r t o temporarily s t o w t h e LSU's i n t h e a f t c o m p a r t m e n t and a f t e r t h e EVA h a t c h was closed to stow tne LSU's s o f t suited. The decision was then made to c l o s e t h e O W S h a t c h , l e a v i n g t h e AM a f t h a t c h o p e n s o t h a t t h e e n t i r e tunnel could be used for stowage of LSU's during ingress. The flight p r o c e d u r e s w e r e r e v i s e d t o r e f l e c t t h e e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d f r o m t h e NBS exercises. T r a i n e r o r i e n t a t i o n i n t h e NBS p l a c e d t h e h i n g e l i n e o f t h e 9 0 l b EVA h a t c h across tne top so the hatch swung upward to open. For neutralization a l l allowable foam was installed oetween structure of hatch and outer skin (Figure 3-19). With foam i n s t a l l e d , astronauts could open and close the hatch while pressurized , but simulation of zero-G was never attained through full travel. Other neutralizing methods were considered, such as counteroalancing with weights on opposite side of tunnel, but discarded o e c a u s e i t would r e q u i r e c a b l e s and p u l l e y s i n t h e EVA q u a d r a n t o f the FAS and would have i n t e r f e r r e d w i t h normal t r a i n i n g . The f l i g h t a r t i c l e EVA h a t c h h a d a r e t a i n e r mechanism t h a t a l l o w e d t h e hatch to open approximately .018m ( . 7 inch) when the handle to the open position. was placed This unit was installed to insure the hatch would not be blown open by lock residual pressure suits. 3-36 vented from the pressure ��The r e t a i n e r mechanism was i n i t i a l l y o m i t t e d from t h e NBS h a t c h b e c a u s e i t p r e v e n t e d h a t c h o p e n i n g from t h e o u t s i d e by SCUBA d i v e r s and was against safety regulations. S i n c e normal EVA t r a i n i n g began i n t h e l e e k compartment w i t h t h e crewman o p e n i n g t h e EVA h a t c h , t h e a b s e n c e o f t h i s assembly created difficulty in following flight procedures. MDAC-E t h e n d e s i g n e d a method which was a g r e e a b l e w i t h MSFC s a f e t y o f f i c e where t h e retaining mechanism could be installed and the hatch could be opened from tne outside. This was accomplished by a cable arrangement t h a t connected the inside latch to a ring on the outside of the hatch. Witn this installed, safety divers could pusn slightly on the outside of hatch, pull the ring so the latch retainer would not catch and open the natch i f an emergency should occur (see Figure 3-20). 3.8 Training Hardware - Lessons Learned The p l a n n i n g , f a b r i c a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e o f S k y l a b NBS t r a i n i n g h a r d ­ ware covered (7) years i n which much experience was gained. ideas were discarded and new ideas implemented. method was used when no precedent could be found. Many e a r l y The t r i a l and error The following recommen­ dations are summations of the experience gained through several years of Skylab nardware being used underwater. o Skins - Solid aluminum i s preferred over expanded metal. It is more durable, facilitates replacement, modification and addition of equipment and provides realistic closure for crew. 3-38 ��Functional hardware should be configured for on-site repair and not for return to vendor facility because training schedules are very tight. All trainer modules should be electrically bonded together and grounded external to tank to help retard corrosion from "battery action". Without grounding, hardware installed underwater will act as an anode for the tank structure. Riveted or bolted assemblies can be disassembled for replacement or repair and are therefore easier to maintain than welded assemblies. Only use welded assemblies when absolutely necessary. H o i s t i n g lug l o c a t i o n s s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d i n NBS t r a i n e r d e s i g n s and must be compatible with in-tank assembly procedures. Tapered guide pins are desired for mating modules underwater. Refrain from using aluminum alloy sheet, bar or rivets with highmagnesium content (^5%); these disintegrate rapidly underwater. Avoid "closed cell" in design of locking devices, connectors or any functional equipment to preclude "water lock" during underwater operations. Flignt configuration lighting designed for underwater usage s h o u l d be i n c l u d e d i n NBS t r a i n e r s . With solid skins installed, l i g h t s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r c l o s e d a r e a s a n d n i g h t EVA t r a i n i n g exercises. Fabric parts should be fabricated from water-compatible material such as Vinyl Laminated Facilon. 3-40 �o Alodine a l l hidden surfaces of aluminum parts ( inside tubes, handrails, closed areas, etc.) to retard aluminum hydroxide formation. o Complex mechanism should be designed with regular maintenance planned and with emphasis on replaceability. o Hardware use cycle and duration in the water, plus schedule slips, should be considered in the initial design and sufficient spare parts included. o NBS p e c u l i a r d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be made e a r l y i n d e s i g n stage. An example was t h e t h r e e a i r - o p e r a t e d booms. NBS r e q u i r e m e n t s d i f f e r e d g r e a t l y f r o m t h e Although flight article, units were fabricated as "spin-offs" of flight design and presented many d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r NBS o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e . Units had t o be completely disassembled many times f o r corrosion, bearings, bushings, water seepage, boom element slippage, e t c . Units were not adequately designed for high usage water service and had to have complete overhauls three times each during astronaut training period January 1972 through October 1973. This was in addition to many minor d i f f i c u l t i e s encountered such as broken elements, bearings, gears, bushings, etc. Much more design consideration should be given to training hardware as complex as booms. 3-41 ��4.0 SPECIAL HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Z e r o - G s i m u l a t i o n i n a w a t e r e n v i r o n m e n t p r e s e n t s many h a r d w a r e p r o b l e m s not found in other types of zero-G simulations or even in the space environment. Tnerefore, designing and fabricating t e s t and training hard­ w a r e f o r NBS u s a g e i s o f t e n a m o r e d i f f i c u l t t a s k t h a n d e v e l o p i n g t h e actual flight nardware. Different materials and fasteners are used, special lubrication and surface coatings are required and special maintenance i s needed to keep the trainers operational. In all cases i t i s aosolutely necessary to keep the mechanical forces on c r e w o p e r a t e d l a t c h e s , c o n n e c t o r s , e t c . t h e s a m e a s on t h e f l i g h t i t e m s . C o n s i d e r a t i o n has t o b e g i v e n t o w a t e r c o r r o s i o n , s e a l i n g o f e l e c t r i c a l components a n d h y d r a u l i c l o c k p r o b l e m s i n c e r t a i n t y p e s o f m e c h a n i s m s . I t i s also necessary to keep crew replaceable equipment neutrally b u o y a n t and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f l i g h t i t e m . 4.1 Corrosion C o r r o s i o n was t h e m a j o r p r o b l e m w i t h NBS S k y l a b h a r d w a r e . t i e s o f t h e NBS w a t e r a r e Corrosive proper­ a b o v e a v e r a g e d u e t o t h e s l i g h t l y a c i d i c ( l o w PH) T e n n e s s e e r i v e r w a t e r a n d t h e 1 . 0 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n (PPM) c h l o r i n e c o n t e n t required to kill bacteria and control algae. Soda ash i s used to raise t h e PH b e t w e e n 7 . 2 a n d 7 . 6 w h i c h i s l e s s c o r r o s i v e a n d i d e a l f o r d i v e r comfort. Corrosion from galvanic activity was inconsistent from area to area and difficult to control because of the wide variation of materials used in the trainers. A change of materials in the tank will change 4-1 �tne corrosion rate from galvanic action. For example, the steel tank walls a l w a y s e x h i b i t e d c o r r o s i o n a n d h a d t o be p a i n t e d o n c e e a c h y e a r . In 1971 t h e t a n k w a l l s w e r e c o a t e d w i t h a p o l y e s t e r r e s i n w h i c h g a v e good corrosion protection to the tank walls but the hardware installed inside the tank immediately began corroding a t an accelerated rate. I n t h e NBS,any aluminum s u r f a c e w o u l d o x i d i z e r a p i d l y i f n o t a d e q u a t e l y protected. The aluminum o x i d e t h a t f o r m e d on a l u m i n u m s u r f a c e s was extremely hard and rough and was not only unsightly but was a very real hazard to divers. Oxide would also quickly appear on protected surfaces i f t h e c o a t i n g was t h i n or had been scratched. The i n i t i a l a p p r o a c h t o a l u m i n u m p r o t e c t i o n w a s t o p a i n t t h e b a s i c s t r u c ­ t u r e w i t h a c o a t o f S u p e r Koropon f l u i d r e s i s t a n t , c l e a r e n a m e l ( # 5 2 0 - 0 1 6 ) and curing solution (910-014) in a one to one mixture. To control tank galvanic action, sacrificial anodes of magnesium were attached with nylon s c r e w s o n t o b a r e aluminum i n t h e AM a n d DA m o d u l e s . z i n c w e r e a t t a c h e d t o t h e ATM b a s i c s t r u c t u r e . Similar anodes of All aluminum detail parts w e r e b r u s h a l o d i n e d a n d p a i n t e d w i t h MMS 405 D e s o t o l i g h t g u l l g r a y e p o x y enamel. Fiberglass parts were also painted with epoxy paint. During the major update and refurbishment period in 1972, i t was discovered that the p r o t e c t i v e p a i n t was n o t p r o v i d i n g a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n . After s a n d b l a s t i n g t o remove a l l c o r r o s i o n , a l l i t e m s e x c e p t f i b e r g l a s s p a r t s w e r e u n d e r c o a t e d w i t h Sherman W i l l i a m s H i - B o l d P r i m e r N o . 9 6 0 0 8 ( 1 6 ) a n d 4-2 �painted with rubber based moisture and chemical resistant enamel (fiber­ glass parts were l e f t unpainted). Experience showed that the rubber based enamel held up much o e t t e r than the epoxy enamel. Even s o , the problem remained that i f a surface was scratched, corrosion would quickly form. I t was also discovered that the installation of sacrificial anodes provided relatively l i t t l e corrosion protection. During the nardware update period, aluminum expanded metal skins were found to oe so corroded that tney were easily broken exposing very sharp, ragged edges. The expanded metal skins were replaced by s o l i d aluminum skins f o r diver safety and to give the crew the correct "feel" for the compartment. Although relatively few steel parts, except fasteners, were used in the HBS S k y l a b , c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n was a s i m i l a r p r o b l e m . Aluminum handrails, due t o extensive use and abuse, normally had a poor appearance because of corrosion. Originally, handrails were installed witn Jo-Bolts the same as the flight vehicle. I t was quickly discovered that handrails required frequent removal and refurbishment, so the attach­ ing method was changed to screws. Tubes or plates onto which handrails were installed were tapped and the holes in the handrail mounting pad were drilled oversize to accommodate the attaching screws. With this installation metnod, handrails were easily removed and installed under­ water. Handrails that were used considerably more than others were sandblasted and painted approximately six times each. This included all o f t h e FAS a r e a h a n d r a i l s a n d two i n t h e EVA p a t h t o t h e ATM. 4-3 �4.2 Materials 4.2.1 Metals S t a i n l e s s s t e e l was t h e o n l y metal t h a t d i d n o t c o r r o d e i n t h e NBS. It was mainly used f o r s m a l l f i t t i n g s , l a t c h e s , g e a r s , f a s t e n e r s , e t c . S e l e c t i o n o f 2024-T4 aluminum f o r b a s i c p a r t s and 6061-T6 aluminum f o r welded p a r t s proved t o be a w i s e c h o i c e . Items f a b r i c a t e d from o t h e r types o f aluminum were much more s u s c e p t i b l e t o c o r r o s i o n and r e q u i r e d r e p l a c e ­ ment; f o r example, t h r e e deployment assembly f i t t i n g s were i n a d v e r t e n t l y f a b r i c a t e d from t o o l i n g s t o c k aluminum (TM673) and a f t e r a s h o r t time i n t h e w a t e r they completely e x f o i l i a t e d ( s e e F i g u r e 4 - 1 ) . These f i t t i n g s were r e p l a c e d w i t h 6061-T6 aluminum. 4.2.2 Fiberglass S e v e r a l p i e c e s o f t h e NBS h a r d w a r e , n o t r e q u i r i n g high s t r u c t u r a l s t r e n g t h , were f a b r i c a t e d from f i b e r g l a s . Some examples a r e : the d e b r i s guards and v a l v e c o v e r s i n s i d e t h e AM module; t h e e l e c t r o n i c s module c o v e r , t h e ECS dome c o v e r , and t h e LSU s p h e r e s o u t s i d e o f t h e AM module; and t h e EVA h a t c h c r a n k c o v e r . F i b e r g l a s s h e l d up remarkably w e l l w i t h no s i g n s o f c o r r o s i o n , and e x c e p t f o r p a i n t i n g , r e q u i r e d no maintenance. S e v e r a l t y p e s o f p a i n t were a p p l i e d t o t h e f i b e r g l a s t o r e f l e c t f l i g h t c o n f i g u r a t i o n , b u t none could be found t h a t would n o t p e e l . P a i n t , i n c l u d i n g t h e r u b b e r Dase e n a m e l , bubbled and p e e l e d e s p e c i a l l y when t h e p a r t s were removed from t h e w a t e r . 4-4 This experience led to the �FIGURE 4-1 TM673 ALUMINUM FITTING EXFOLIATION 4-5 �d e c i s i o n t o l e a v e a l l f i b e r g l a s s p a r t s u n p a i n t e d , e x c e p t t h e c o v e r on t h e EVA h a t c h c r a n k . T n i s c o v e r was p a i n t e d w i t h b l a c k and y e l l o w d i a g o n a l s t r i p e s t o s i g n i f y " C a u t i o n " , a s on t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e . Commercial pigments a r e a v a i l a b l e t o f a b r i c a t e c o l o r e d f i b e r g l a s s , e l i m i n a ­ t i n g t h e need f o r p a i n t i n g . S u g g e s t e d p r o c e d u r e f o r o r d e r i n g such m a t e r i a l i s s p e c i f y i n g t h e d e s i r e d c o l o r "Ground-in-Epoxy R e s i n " . The c o l o r e d r e s i n i s t h e n a p p l i e d t o t h e c l e a r l a m i n a t e c l o t h and becomes an i n t e r g r a l p a r t of t h e f i b e r g l a s s . r;'./;.- 4.2.3 Plastics A few p i e c e s o f t h e NBS hardware w e r e f a b r i c a t e d from p l a s t i c s and e x p e r i e n c e d no proolems from t h e c o r r o s i v e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e w a t e r . examples a r e : Some a s i m u l a t e d w i r e b u n d l e a t t a c h e d t o f o r w a r d FAS r i n g ; hose clamps; and a c l e a r p l e x i g l a s s d i s c used t o t a k e t h e p l a c e o f t h e OWS hatch The c l e a r p l e x i g l a s s d i s c was used i n s t e a d o f t h e NBS OWS h a t c h (which i s c l o s e d f o r EVA) t o a l l o w TV c o v e r a g e o f t h e crewmen i n s i d e t h e l o c k compart ment. C l e a r p l e x i g l a s s i s s o t r a n s p a r e n t u n d e r w a t e r t h a t t a p e had t o be added s o scuba d i v e r s would r e a l i z e i t was t h e r e . 4.2.4 Rubber NBS n a t c h s e a l s , t h e o r i g i n a l dummy w i r e b u n d l e a r o u n d f o r w a r d FAS r i n g , and t h e f l e x i b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e ATM n i t r o g e n purge l i n e were f a b r i c a t e d from r u b b e r . A r u b b e r hose (MIL-H-6000) was used f o r t h e dummy w i r e bundle b u t a f t e r a s h o r t time u n d e r w a t e r , c o n t a c t w i t h t h e hose r e s u l t e d i n a b l a c k s u b s t a n c e on t h e d i v e r s ' h a n d , s u i t , e t c . 4-6 T h i s dummy w i r e �bundle hose was replaced with a plastic hose held in place with plastic clamps. No problems were experienced with t h e p l a s t i c hose. The NBS EVA h a t c h s e a l was e x a c t l y l i k e t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e . was SHORE "A" 16 d u r o m e t e r s i l i c o n e r u b b e r . The material No problem was experienced underwater with this material. Tne two internal hatcn seals were fabricated from silicone sponge rubber (open cell). The seals absorbed water and bulged, increasing the latching forces; they were trimmed several times in attempts to eliminate tne proolem, Dut the final decision was to eliminate the seals, except for four small pads on each hatch ring to retain the hatch in the correct position. 4.2.5 Tape - Aluminum & Mylar S e v e r a l d u c t s i n t h e NB t r a i n e r s w e r e w r a p p e d w i t h t a p e t o s i m u l a t e t h e flight article. These included the circulation ducts inside the Airlock a n d t h e MOL S i e v e o v e r b o a r d v e n t o n t h e o u t s i d e o f t h e S T S s e c t i o n . F l i g h t t y p e MYLAR N o . 8 5 0 a l u m i n u m t a p e w a s u s e d u n t i l t h e s u p p l y w a s exhausted. A commercial aluminum tape was then substituted. Both types of aluminum tape retained their adhesive qualities, but the commercial tape became discolored a f t e r approximately 90 days underwater, becoming very dark and presenting an unsightly appearance. showed no color change. 4-7 The Mylar aluminum tape �4.2.6 Fasteners F a s t e n e r s e l e c t i o n began a s a d u p l i c a t e o f f l i g h t a r t i c l e s , b u t i t soon became a p p a r e n t t h a t underwater hardware usage demands s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a ­ tions. Cadmium p l a t i n g on s t a n d a r d f a s t e n e r s was e a s i l y c r a c k e d on installation. Every c r a c k i n t h e p r o t e c t i v e f i n i s h began t o c o r r o d e and soon became very u n s i g h t l y and h a z a r d o u s t o d i v e r s ( s e e F i g u r e 4 - 2 ) . The o n l y s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n t o t h e f a s t e n e r problem was t o use s t a i n l e s s steel fasteners. A combination o f s t a i n l e s s s t e e l b o l t s and b r a s s n u t s was b e s t f o r l a r g e f a s t e n e r s . R i v e t s were used e x t e n s i v e l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e and t h e NBS hardware. L i t t l e i n i t i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n was t h e r i v e t s used f o r NBS. given to the material of Some r i v e t s (5056 aluminum a l l o y ) which c o n t a i n e d 4 . 5 t o 5 . 6 p e r c e n t magnesium were used i n t h e NBS; t h e s e r i v e t s d e t e r i o r a t e d underwater i n ap p r o x im ate l y 90 d a y s . They d e t e r i o r a t e d t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t any p l a t e s , s k i n s , e t c , t h a t t h e y were used o n , would have len off. fal­ P e r i o d i c i n s p e c t i o n s o f NBS hardware p r e v e n t e d any such occurrance during Skylab. Subsequently, during the major update, all corroded r i v e t s were r e p l a c e d w i t h aluminum "pop" r i v e t s . 4.2.7 Lubricants L u b r i c a n t s such a s DC-6 g r e a s e have a d e f i n i t e p l a c e i n u n d e r w a t e r h a r d ­ ware and were used f o r many moving p a r t s s u c h a s g e a r s and s p r i n g s . When t h e p r o t e c t i v e f i n i s h i s worn o f f moving s u r f a c e s , c o r r o s i o n q u i c k l y begins. One d i s a d v a n t a g e o f DC-6 g r e a s e i s t h a t i t a t t r a c t s l o o s e metal p a r t i c l e s i n t h e w a t e r and p r e s e n t s a n u n s i g h t l y a p p e a r a n c e . 4-8 DC-6 ��g r e a s e was a p p l i e d t o t h e g e a r t r a i n i n t h e a i r o p e r a t e d booms and c r e a t e d a s l i g h t problem by a d h e r i n g t o t h e e l e m e n t s and c a u s i n g t h e rollers to slip. U n i t s were c l e a n e d w i t h a l c o h o l many t i m e s t o remove g r e a s e from e l e m e n t s . 4.2.8 Velcro Nylon v e l c r o l o s t i t s ' e f f e c t i v i t y a f t e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 days underwater; t h e hook p o r t i o n became s o f t and would n o t r e t a i n t h e p i l e . Velcro p a r t s , such a s s t r a p s t o r e s t r a i n open i n t e r n a l h a t c h e s and c l o s u r e s t h a t s e c u r e c l o t h e s l i n e c o n t a i n e r s , were r e p l a c e d a s r e q u i r e d . 4.3 Maintenance All N6S hardware r e q u i r e d p e r i o d i c m a i n t e n a n c e and complex mechanisms such a s booms, r e q u i r e d s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n and c a r e t o a v o i d problems w i t h corrosion. A major hardware u p d a t e and maintenance was performed on a l l NBS Skylab hardware i n e a r l y 1 9 7 2 . All hardware was removed from t a n k , c l e a n e d , updated t o l a t e s t p r o j e c t c h a n g e s , r e p a i n t e d and r e i n s t a l l e d underwater. I t was found t h a t a f t e r a module was removed from t h e w a t e r f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n t h e p a i n t e d s u r f a c e s buDbled and s a n d b l a s t i n g was r e q u i r e d t o remove o l d paint. o I f t h e metal p a r t was .0005m ( . 0 2 0 i n c h e s ) o r l e s s t h i c k , t h e sandblasting operation destroyed the part; therefore, these parts required replacement. 4-10 �o I f t h e p a r t was wood, i t would n o t h o l d up u n d e r s a n d b l a s t i n g ; t h e r e f o r e , wooden p a r t s h a d t o b e c l e a n e d a n d s a n d e d s e p a r a t e l y by h a n d . M a i n t e n a n c e p l a y s a m a j o r r o l e i n u n d e r w a t e r h a r d w a r e t o i n s u r e maximum benefit from the f a c i l i t i e s . The o n l y m e t a l t h a t w i l l w i t h s t a n d c o r r o s i v e properties found in the water i s stainless s t e e l . Training schedules snould reflect planned maintenance periods for underwater hardware a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x t o n i n e month i n t e r v a l s . Complex m e c h a n i s m s s h o u l d b e s o d e s i g n e d t h a t t h e y c a n b e e a s i l y removed f r o m w a t e r a n d k e p t d r y a s much a s p o s s i b l e . 4.4 4.4.1 Fabrication and Fidelity Fabrication D e s i g n a n d f a b r i c a t i o n o f d e t a i l p a r t s was t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l number o f p e o p l e w i t h i n e a c h c o n t r i b u t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n . B e c a u s e t r a i n e r f u n d i n g was l i m i t e d , s t a n d a r d f a b r i c a t i o n m e t h o d s a n d available materials were used whenever possible. Probable length of p l a n n e d s e r v i c e was c o n s i d e r e d , b u t l i t t l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n t o p r o g r a m s t r e t c h - o u t , t h u s many i t e m s r e q u i r e d r e p l a c e m e n t . 4.4.2 Hardware Fidelity The f i d e l i t y o f e a c h d e t a i l was d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e p l a n n e d a c t i v i t y t o t h e following fidelity code: 4-11 �A = F l i g h t Type - All f u n c t i o n a l and p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s o f t h e component o r subsystem wi11 be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f l i g h t d e s i g n and w i l l be o p e r a b l e and d e m o n s t r a t e d w i t h i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e n v i r o n ­ ment. Example: Switch must t u r n on s p e c i f i c i t e m s o f equipment a s i n d i c a t e d on c o n t r o l p a n e l . B = Functional Only - All f u n c t i o n a l a s p e c t s o f t h e component o r subsystem w i l l be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f f l i g h t d e s i g n and w i l l be o p e r a b l e and demonstrated w i t h i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e e n v i r o n m e n t . Switch must t u r n on s p e c i f i c i t e m s o f e q u i p m e n t . Example: Switch configura­ tion will not represent flight hardware. C = P h y s i c a l Only - All p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s o f t h e component o r s u b ­ system w i l l be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f l i g h t d e s i g n ( I n s t a l l a t i o n and crew i n t e r f a c e s o n l y ) and w i l l b e o p e r a b l e and d e m o n s t r a t e d w i t h i n the appropriate environment. Example: S w i t c h must o p e r a t e f u n c t i o n ­ a l l y b u t need n o t o p e r a t e o t h e r h a r d w a r e . D = Envelope Only - E x t e r i o r s h a p e o f t h e component o r s u b s y s t e m w i l l be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e f l i g h t d e s i g n . I n g e n e r a l , t h i s hardware i s used o n l y t o v e r i f y compartment l o c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e a p p r o p r i a t e environment. Example: A w i r e b u n d l e s h a l l be a "3-D" v o l u m e t r i c representation for external appearance. Normal p l a n n i n g was f o r a s t r o n a u t i n t e r f a c e e q u i p m e n t ; e s p e c i a l l y t h a t i n t h e 90 d e g r e e EVA q u a d r a n t , t o be complete and o f h i g h f i d e l i t y . The majority o f s t r u c t u r e was o f "B" t y p e f i d e l i t y and non-EVA hardware was g e n e r a l l y 4-12 �"D" f i d e l i t y . ("A"). E x c e p t i o n s w e r e t h e EVA h a t c h ( " A " ) & l a t c h i n g mechanism EVA h a r d w a r e was g e n e r a l l y o f t h e " B " t y p e , e x c e p t booms w h i c h a r e described in Section 3.7.1. Control panels in the lock section of the A i r l o c k a n d a l l ATM c o n t r o l s w i t c h e s w e r e "C" t y p e . C o n t i n g e n c y t r a i n i n g f o r r e p a i r i n g S k y l a b h a r d w a r e d i s c r e p a n c i e s was not planned for during tne initial design and problems frequently occurred i n a r e a s w h e r e f i d e l i t y was t o o low f o r a d e q u a t e t r a i n i n g . These areas i n c l u d e d t h e o u t e r s k i n o f t h e OWS, e q u i p m e n t l o c a t e d i n t h e non-EVA q u a d r a n t o f t h e FAS, t n e S I 9 3 e x p e r i m e n t m o d u l e , t h e r m a l c u r t a i n s , d i s c o n e antennas, and otners. Areas required for contingency training were u p g r a d e d f r o m "D" t o "B" f i d e l i t y . 4.5 Lessons Learned Hardware destined for long duration underwater usage must be well planned and fabrication methods must avoid production "spin-offs" since water peculiar problems such as corrosion, special materials, neutraliza­ tion, water lock and protective paints are very important. i n s t a l l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s m u s t be a p r i m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Handling and Planned maintenance w i l l be e s p e c i a l l y n e c e s s a r y f o r c o m p l e x m e c h a n i s m s . C o r r o s i o n i s t h e w o r s t enemy o f u n d e r w a t e r h a r d w a r e . Any c o r r o s i v e m a t e r i a l w i l l p r e s e n t complex p r o b l e m s , b u t a w e l l p l a n n e d p r o g r a m w i l l k e e p i t t o a minimum. Incorporation of a bonding strap arrangement between modules with grounding external to the tank will help maintain hardware. 4-13 �F i d e l i t y p l a n n i n g e a r l y i n t h e program w i l l c u t maintenance c o s t s and high f i d e l i t y hardware s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d s o i n s t a l l a t i o n w i l l be s i m p l e . I f t h i s i s accomplished, complex mechanisms can be k e p t o u t o f w a t e r e x c e p t for actual use. Material selection lessons learned include the following: o 2024 and 6061 aluminum ( f o r welded p a r t s ) a r e t h e p r e f e r r e d aluminum m a t e r i a l and s h o u l d be used t h r o u g h o u t t h e t r a i n e r s t o minimize g a l v a n i c a c t i v i t y , o Zinc o r magnesium s a c r i f i c i a l anodes a r e o f no use f o r aluminum corrosion protection, o Stainless steel bolts/nuts are preferred for small fasteners and s t a i n l e s s s t e e l b o l t s w i t h b r a s s n u t s f o r l a r g e f a s t e n e r s , o 17-7PH (AMS 5673) s t a i n l e s s s t e e l i s t h e p r e f e r r e d s p r i n g m a t e r i a l , o The most e f f e c t i v e s u r f a c e c o a t i n g i s a r u b b e r b a s e d enamel and p r i m e r . o S t a t n l e s s s t e e l i s impervious t o NBS c o r r o s i o n and s h o u l d be used i n high wear mechanical components, o F i b e r g l a s s w i l l n o t c o r r o d e i n t h e NBS. I t i s an e x c e l l e n t m a t e r i a l f o r n o n - s t r u c t u r a l equipment and low f i d e l i t y e n v e l o p e s . In a d d i t i o n i t i s e a s i l y f a b r i c a t e d w i t h rounded c o r n e r s o f f e r i n g e x c e l l e n t s h a r p edge p r o t e c t i o n . If colors are required, they s h o u l d be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e r e s i n d u r i n g f a b r i c a t i o n . 4-14 �Closed c e l l s i l i c o n e r u b b e r r e t a i n s i t s r e s i l i e n t q u a l i t i e s underwater and w i l l n o t d e t e r i o r a t e i n t h e NBS e n v i r o n m e n t . Open c e l l r u b b e r o r foam absorbs w a t e r and s h o u l d n o t be used a s hatch s e a l s o r i n any mechanism where crew o p e r a t i n g f o r c e s must be c o n s i s t e n t . 4-15 ��5.0 TRAINING F i f t e e n a s t r o n a u t s ( t h r e e p r i m a r y crews and two back-up crews) r e c e i v e d Skylab EVA t r a i n i n g t o t a l i n g 543 hours i n t h e NBS ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 ) . In a d d i t i o n , 95 hours were s p e n t i n t h e NBS f o r c o n t i n g e n c y EVA t r a i n i n g a f t e r SL-1 launch ( F i g u r e 5 - 2 ) . This s e c t i o n c o v e r s b o t h t h e normal ( p l a n n e d ) and t h e c o n t i n g e n c y (unplanned r e p a i r ) t r a i n i n g o f t h e Skylab crews. Normal EVA t r a i n i n g c o n t a i n e d m a l f u n c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s , " B u i l t I n " , t o accommodate p o s s i b l e equipment f a i l u r e s . These m a l f u n c t i o n p r o c e d u r e s were p r a c t i c e d a s p a r t o f t h e normal e x e r c i s e s and a r e n o t t o be confused with t r a i n i n g f o r Skylab r e p a i r EVA's, h e r e i n d e s i g n a t e d a s "Contingency EVA". Two p r e s s u r e s u i t e d crewmen were t r a i n e d a t a t i m e i n t h e NBS w i t h t h e 3 r d crewman i n t h e c o n t r o l room n a r r a t i n g t h e EVA p r o c e d u r e s . Each e x e r c i s e i n v o l v i n g two s u i t e d crewmen r e q u i r e d a minimum o f n i n e t o eleven additional divers in the water with the astronauts. These i n ­ cluded f o u r s a f e t y d i v e r s , two u t i l i t y d i v e r s , two w a t e r s a f e t y d i v e r s and one t o t h r e e p h o t o g r a p h e r s depending on t h e d a t a r e q u i r e m e n t s . In a d d i t i o n , a s u i t e d e x e r c i s e r e q u i r e d f o u r chamber and p r e s s u r e s u i t q u a l i f i e d personnel on t h e t o p deck and a f u l l y s t a f f e d c o n t r o l room. In t o t a l , twenty-one personnel were r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t a NBS t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , n o t i n c l u d i n g MSFC m e d i c a l , s a f e t y , and JSC p e r s o n n e l . 5-1 �DATE HOURS * CREW TYPE 0E TRAINING 9 - 1 1 FEB 72 28.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 8 - 1 0 MAR 72 24.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 22-24 MAR 72 24.0 S L - 3 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 1 1 - 1 2 APR 72 18.0 SL-4 PRIME AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT"/CLOTHESLINE 1 6 - 1 8 MAY 72 24.0 S L - 3 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE 2 0 - 2 2 JUN 72 24.0 S L - 3 PRIME &.BACKUP AO BOOM/EXP. D024 1 8 - 1 9 JUL 72 15.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT" 1 - 2 AUG 72 18.0 SL-4 PRIME AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE 29-31 AUG 72 30.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP S L - 3 PRIME AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT"/EXP. D024 1 7 - 2 0 OCT 72 36.0 S L - 3 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 7 - 1 0 NOV 72 39.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP SL-4 PRIME AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 23-26 JAN 73 39.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP SL-4 PRIME AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP l S. D024 & S230 1 3 - 1 6 FEB 7 3 48.0 S L - 3 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP'S. D024 & S230 2 7 - 2 9 MAR 7 3 40.5 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP SL-4 PRIME AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT" 9 - 1 1 APR 7 3 23.0 SL-2 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP. D024 2 2 - 2 6 JUN 7 3 13.5 SL-3 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT"/CLOTHESLINE/ EXP'S. D024, S 2 3 0 , & S020 25-26 JUL 7 3 24.0 S L - 4 PRIME AO BOOM/NB BOOM "CHANGEOUT"/CLOTHESLINE/ EXP'S. S 1 4 9 , S 2 3 0 , S 0 2 0 , & T025 1 4 MAY 1 9 7 3 25 MAY 1973 pssti'=X===Ba 28 JULY 1973 j|SKY LAB' 1 2 - 1 3 SEP 73 24.0 SL-4 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/RATE GYRO REPLACEMENT/EXP'S. DO24, S 1 4 9 , S 2 0 1 , S 2 2 8 , S230, & T025 9 - 1 2 OCT 73 51.0 SL-4 PRIME & BACKUP AO BOOM/CLOTHESLINE/EXP'S. D024, S149, S193, S 2 0 1 , S 2 2 8 , S 2 3 0 , & T025 1 6 NOV 1973 jISKYLAB SL'-4 NOTES: • T o t a l S u i t e d A s t r o n a u t manhours u n d e r w a t e r = 5 4 3 . 0 AO BOOM = AIR OPERATED BOOM NB BOOM = NEUTRALLY BUOYANT BOOM FIGURE 5-1 NORMAL EVA-NBS TRAINING SCHEDULE 5-2 �DATE 22 HAY 7 3 25 MAY 1973 TOTAL HOURS * CREW 5.5 SL-2 PRIME TYPE OF TRAINING FLIGHT CONTINGENCY/TWIN POLE SAIL DEPLOYMENT 'WMMiKYLAB' SL-2 I"A 2 - 4 JUN 73 27.0 SL-4 PRIME SL-2 PROCEDURES 22-26 JUN 7 3 52.5 S L - 3 PRIME & BACKUP SL-3 PROCEDURES 28 JULY 1 9 7 3 2-9 AUG 7 3 7.0 S L - 3 BACKUP FLIGHT CONTINGENCY 1 3 SEP 7 3 3.0 SL-4 PRIME & BACKUP RATE GYRO REPLACEMENT 16 NOV 1973 SKYLAB''S[-4'LAUNCH'^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ NOTES: * T o t a l S u i t e d A s t r o n a u t manhours u n d e r w a t e r = 95.0 FIGURE 5 - 2 FLIGHT CONTINGENCY EVA - NBS TRAINING SCHEDULE 5.1 Normal EVA T r a i n i n g There were s i x planned two-man EVA's f o r t h e Skylab m i s s i o n s and each crew, p l u s t h e backup c r e w s , were t r a i n e d t o perform any combination o f EVA t a s k s . T h i s t r a i n i n g was s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished by c o n d u c t i n g NBS e x e r c i s e s with a t y p i c a l t e s t sequence c o n s i s t i n g o f two s u i t e d a s t r o n a u t s twice p e r day f o r t h r e e c o n s e c u t i v e days ( R e f e r t o F i g u r e 5 - 1 ) . When p o s s i b l e , a t l e a s t two weeks was a l l o t t e d between each t h r e e day t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e f o r NBS f a c i l i t y maintenance and t o p r e p a r e t h e h a r d ­ ware f o r t h e n ex t t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e . Also, as a standard practice, the NBS personnel would run through t h e planned t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e t h r e e t o f i v e days b e f o r e t h e a s t r o n a u t s a r r i v e d f o r a c t u a l t r a i n i n g . T h i s allowed time t o c o r r e c t any anomalies and t o s u g g e s t p r o c e d u r e changes which helped a s s u r e a more s u c c e s s f u l t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e . 5-3 As a r e s u l t , t h e �e n t i r e Skylab NBS t r a i n i n g program was conducted w i t h o n l y two i n t e r ­ ruptions. The elem en t o f one a i r o p e r a t e d boom was d e s t r o y e d when i t became e n t a n g l e d i n t h e g e a r s ; t h i s s t o p p e d t h e t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e u n t i l t h e s p a r e boom could be i n s t a l l e d ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 ) . The o t h e r i n t e r r u p t i o n t o t r a i n i n g o c c u r r e d when a s u p p o r t d i v e r had t o e n t e r t h e recompression chamber and t h e medical r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o p p e d t h e e x e r c i s e f o r s a f e t y precautionary reasons. The normal NBS EVA t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s t a r t e d w i t h t h e two s u i t e d a s t r o ­ n a u t s i n t h e Airlock "lock Compartment" r e a d y f o r e g r e s s and ended w i t h i n g r e s s and c l o s i n g o f t h e EVA h a t c h . Some EVA p r e p a r a t i o n t r a i n i n g ( i . e . , t r a n s l a t i n g t o t h e l o c k compartment from t h e OWS) was conducted underwater b u t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e IVA t r a i n i n g was accomplished i n t h e "One-G" t r a i n e r a t NASA-JSC, H o u s t o n , T e x a s . EVA h a t c h t r a i n i n g (opening and c l o s i n g ) was done with a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e NBS and t h e One-G trainer. All t r a i n i n g f o r i n g r e s s and e g r e s s t h r o u g h t h e EVA h a t c h was conducted underwater i n p r e s s u r e s u i t s . A normal, p l a n n e d - f l i g h t EVA was f o r two crewmen t o p e r f o r m t h e EVA with t h e t h i r d crewman o b s e r v i n g t h e a c t i v i t y t h r o u g h a STS window and n a r r a t i n g t h e p r o c e d u r e s . EVA crewmen were d e s i g n a t e d EV1 and EV2 with t h e IVA crewman d e s i g n a t e d EV3. A normal NBS f i l m r e t r i e v a l / i n s t a l l a t i o n EVA e x e r c i s e c o n s i s t e d o f t h e f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s : o EV1 opens A i r l o c k EVA h a t c h and i n s e r t s h a t c h r e s t r a i n t , o EV1 e g r e s s e s A i r l o c k t o FAS w o r k s t a t i o n ( F i g u r e 5 - 4 ) . 5-4 �FIGURE 5 - 3 NBS EXTENDIBLE BOOM (COVER REMOVED) 5-5 �FIGURE 5-4 ASTRONAUT AT THE FAS WORK STATION (VF) 5-6 �o EV2 p a s s e s a l l a p p r o p r i a t e f i l m p a c k a g e s , e t c . , t o E V I . o EVI s t o w s e q u i p m e n t i n FAS a r e a ( F i g u r e 5 - 5 ) . o EV2 e g r e s s e s A i r l o c k a n d g o e s t o ATM c e n t e r w o r k s t a t i o n (VC) (Fi gure 5-6). o EV1 v e r i f i e s booms o p e r a t i o n a l a n d i n s t a l l s h o o k s , o C h a n g e o u t o f f i l m v i a boom ( o r c l o t h e s l i n e ) , o EV2 moves t o ATM s u n a n d t r a n s f e r w o r k s t a t i o n (VT) t o r e c e i v e s u n e n d f i l m v i a boom ( o r c l o t h e s l i n e ) ( F i g u r e s 5 - 7 a n d 5 - 8 ) . o EV2 moves t o s u n e n d w o r k s t a t i o n (VS) t o c h a n g e o u t f i l m (Figures 5-9 and 5-10). o EV2 moves t o a p p r o p r i a t e e x p e r i m e n t ( D 0 2 4 , S 2 3 0 , e t c . ) o EV2 i n g r e s s e s A i r l o c k a n d s t o w s e q u i p m e n t f r o m EV1. o EV1 i n g r e s s e s A i r l o c k a n d c l o s e s EVA h a t c h . Different combinations of equipment were required underwater since there were s i x different planned-flight EVA's. P r i o r t o e a c h EVA e x e r c i s e , a k n o w l e d g e a b l e SCUBA d i v e r p h y s i c a l l y c h e c k e d a l l u n d e r w a t e r hardware. This assured a smooth exercise and any anomalies could be explained to the astronaut crew during the briefings. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f i n - f l i g h t f a i l u r e o f EVA f i l m t r a n s f e r e q u i p m e n t was r e c o g n i z e d a n d p l a n s a n d p r o c e d u r e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d f o r NB t r a i n i n g t o cope with such events. S h o u l d o n e t r a n s f e r boom f a i l , t h e f l i g h t p l a n c a l l e d f o r u s e o f a s p a r e boom b y e x c h a n g i n g u n i t s , o r j e t t i s o n o f t h e unit should i t fail in the extended position. A c l o t h e s l i n e was t o b e �FIGURE 5-5 ASTRONAUT AT FAS WORK STATION (VF) INSTALLING ATM FILM TREE IN FAS RECEPTACLE 5-8 �FIGURE 5-6 ASTRONAUT AT ATM CENTER WORK STATION (VC) 5-9 �FIGURE 5 - 7 ASTRONAUT RECEIVING ATM FILM FROM EXTENDIBLE BOOM AT SUN TRANSFER WORK STATION (VT) 5-10 �FIGURE 5 - 8 ASTRONAUT USING CLOTHESLINE A T SUN TRANSFER WORK STATION (VT) 5-11 �FIGURE 5-9 ASTRONAUT LOADING ATM FILM AT THE SUN WORK STATION (VS) 5-12 �FIGURE 5-10 ASTRONAUT AT THE SUN WORK STATION (VS) 5-13 �used i n t h e e v e n t t h a t both booms f a i l e d . The p r o c e d u r e s f o r t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o normal NBS f i l m t r a n s f e r e x e r c i s e s and improved upon a s zero-G t e c h n i q u e s were d e v e l o p e d . F i g u r e 5-11 d e p i c t s a boom exchange p r o c e d u r e i n p r o g r e s s . A s t r o n a u t and s u p p o r t team c o n f i d e n c e and e f f i c i e n c y g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d during training. The e f f i c i e n c y g a i n e d reduced a c t u a l underwater time by a s much a s 50 p e r c e n t i n some c a s e s . T h i s was i n p a r t due t o a l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s i n becomming f a m i l i a r w i t h p r e s s u r e s u i t o p e r a t i o n s i n s i m u l a t e d zero-G; i n f a c t , many p r o c e d u r e s were r e w r i t t e n t o i n c l u d e t a s k s n o t c o n s i d e r e d p o s s i b l e by a s u i t e d s u b j e c t a t t h e s t a r t o f t r a i n i n g . was d i s c o v e r e d t h a t once t h e crew became f a m i l i a r w i t h p r e s s u r e s u i t o p e r a t i o n s and had t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to. p r a c t i c e and work o u t f i r m p r o c e d u r e s , many d i f f i c u l t t a s k s were p o s s i b l e ; t h i s f a c t made p o s s i b l e t h e Skylab i n - o r b i t r e p a i r s . 5-14 It �FIGURE 5-11 ASTRONAUT REPLACING EXTENDIBLE BOOM AT T H E REPLACEMENT WORK STATION (VR) 5-15 �5.2 Contingency EVA NBS e v a l u a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g f o r c o n t i n g e n c y EVA's began a f t e r i t was a p p a r e n t t h a t r e p a i r s v i a EVA's were n e c e s s a r y t o s a l v a g e S k y l a b . The NBS was t h e o n l y f a c i l i t y a v a i l a b l e where p o s s i b l e S k y l a b f i x e s c o u l d be developed and f u l l y e v a l u a t e d . These f a c i l i t i e s were u t i l i z e d t o t h e maxi­ mum by a l l t h e NASA and Skylab i n d u s t r y t e a m s . The r e s u l t s o f t h e NBS contingency e x e r c i s e s with t h e prime and backup crews p r o v i d e d numerous r e a l - t i m e hardware improvements and " f i x e s " d u r i n g t h e S k y l a b m i s s i o n s . These r e p a i r s covered a broad s p e c t r u m o f EVA t a s k s , some o f which were n o t thought p o s s i b l e b e f o r e t h e l a u n c h . Program management was a b l e t o w i t n e s s both t h e hardware and p r o c e d u r e s d u r i n g t h e NBS t r a i n i n g p e r i o d s , making r e a l - t i m e d e c i s i o n s on t h e r i s k s i n v o l v e d . The f i n a l s u c c e s s o f S k y l a b ' s n i n e EVA's, i n c l u d i n g t h e c o n t i n g e n c i e s , r e f l e c t on t h e d i l i g e n t e f f o r t s o f t h e NASA and i n d u s t r y t e a m s . The f o l l o w i n g s u b - s e c t i o n s d e s c r i b e S k y l a b ' s problems and t h e c o n t i n g e n c y EVA's t h a t were developed i n t h e NBS t n a t s o l v e d t h e s e p r o b l e m s . 5.2.1 Thermal S h i e l d ( S a i l ) Approximately 63 seconds a f t e r l a u n c h o f S k y l a b 1 on 1 4 May 1 9 7 3 , t h e OWS m e t e o r o i d s h i e l d m a l f u n c t i o n e d , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e l o s s o f t h e s h i e l d and t h e #2 S o l a r Array System (SAS) Wing Assembly. The #1 SAS Wing Assembly remained i n t a c t , a l t h o u g h i t was p a r t i a l l y d e p l o y e d and jammed. As a r e s u l t o f t h e m a l f u n c t i o n , t h e S k y l a b was l e f t w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e thermal p r o t e c t i o n and dependent on t h e ATM s o l a r a r r a y s f o r o p e r a t i o n a l power. 5-16 �The thermal problem was given f i r s t priority and deployment of a thermal s h i e l d c a p a b l e o f r e d u c i n g t h e extreme h e a t i n s i d e t h e OWS, was c o n s i d e r e d the most feasible solution. NASA a n d c o n t r a c t o r p e r s o n n e l b e g a n w o r k i n g r o u n d - t h e - c l o c k . Several potential shielding methods were evaluated and, as a result of this evaluation, a management decision was made t o f l y two concepts. The f i r s t was the JSC "Parasol" concept, so called because of i t s appearance arid o p e r a t i o n . This was f i r s t choice because i t could be installed soon after docking to give quick thermal protection without subjecting the c r e w t o a n EVA r i g h t a f t e r a f a t i g u i n g f i r s t d a y ( l a u n c h , r e n d e z v o u s , docking activation, zero-G sickness, e t c . ) . The system consisted of a ribbed, cone-shaped covering supported by an extendible rod and equipped witn a springloaded mechanism for automatic opening. This concept was designed t o a l l o w i n s t a l l a t i o n from w i t h i n t h e OWS, through t h e S c i e n t i f i c Air Lock (SAL). The s e c o n d c o n c e p t s e l e c t e d f o r f l i g h t was t h e MSFC t w i n - p o l e s a i l . This shielding method utilized a covering of aluminized mylar film, coated with a special thermal compound (designated S-13G). The deployment/ assembly for the replacement thermal shield consisted of a simple mount­ i n g b r a c k e t " B a s e p l a t e " w h i c h a t t a c h e d t o t h e ATM A - f r a m e t r u s s e s ( F i g u r e 5-12). Two 16.6m ( 5 5 - f o o t ) p o l e s mounted i n a "V" p o s i t i o n were i n s t a l l e d i n t h e "Base p l a t e " a n d e x t e n d e d t o t h e OWS. A Thermal Shield (sail) 6.7m by 7.3m (22 f t by 24 f t ) , which was packaged i n a large retaining bag, (Figure 5-13), was unfurled by attaching the forward edge of the 5-17 �5-18 �FIGURE 5 - 1 3 THERMAL SHIELD (SAIL) BAG 5-19 �sail to the clothesline hooks on each pole. Next, the thermal sail was positioned by drawing the ropes ( i . e . endless clothesline) until the leading edge of the sail was positioned against the far end of the extended poles. The trailing end of the s a i l , with attached reefer l i n e s , w a s s t r e t c h e d a n d t i e d t a u t l y t o t h e ATM o u t r i g g e r s ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 4 ) . The s a i l was capable of being deployed over the "Parasol", i f required. As s o o n a s MSFC management had s e l e c t e d t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e s a i l (twin-pole concept) and preliminary hardware had been designed and fabricated, the backup and prime crews were requested to participate in t h e NBS e v a l u a t i o n s . An e x t e n s i v e Neutral Buoyancy t e s t i n g program was c o n d u c t e d t o e v a l u a t e the s a i l ' s design philosophy and the training of the astronauts. Neutral Buoyancy twin-pole preliminary concept, t e s t hardware design, and f a b r i c a t i o n began 1 5 May 1973, i . e . , one day a f t e r SL-1 l a u n c h , and t h e NBS was p r e p a r e d f o r t h e development t e s t i n g and t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s . On 16 May 1 9 7 3 , t h e NBS p e r s o n n e l began n e u t r a l i z i n g h a r d w a r e f o r t h e s a i l simulator activities. Astronauts R. Schweickart and J . Kerwin made a " L o o k - S e e " S k y l a b NB t r a i n e r e x e r c i s e i n SCUBA g e a r f o r o r i e n t a t i o n , general volume assessments, and to evaluate the potential areas for mount­ ing hardware for the sail deployment. In the debriefing that followed this exercise, astronaut Schweickart suggested significant changes which firmed up the twin-pole sail concept. Representatives "at t h i s debriefing were from S&E-ASTN-E, S&E-ASTN-S, S&E-PE-M, Skylab Program O f f i c e , 5-20 �BASE PLATE ASSEMBLY ATM OUTRIGGERS REEFING LINES SAIL POLE & CLOTHES LINE PARASOL- FIGURE 5 - 1 4 THERMAL SHIELD DEPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION "TWIN-POLE 5-21 �c o n t r a c t o r s , and a s t r o n a u t f l i g h t c r e w s . personnel worked through t h e n i g h t . Designers and m a n u f a c t u r i n g The n e x t d a y , 1 7 May, t e s t hardware was d e l i v e r e d t o t h e NBS where a l l components were n e u t r a l i z e d t o p e r m i t a c c u r a t e and meaningful z e r o - G s i m u l a t i o n s . The 16.6m ( 5 5 f t ) p o l e , c o n s i s t i n g o f e l e v e n i n t e r l o c k i n g 1.55m ( 5 f t ) segments ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 5 ) , was f i t checked and t h e t o l e r a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e p o l e c o n n e c t i o n s were e v a l u a t e d d u r i n g dynamic a c t i o n o f t h e p o l e a s s e m b l y . Personnel a s s i g n e d t o t h e NBS, who had p a r a c h u t e r i g g i n g e x p e r i e n c e , f o l d e d t h e numerous s a i l d e s i g n s f o r deployment t e s t s ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 6 ) . These men u l t i m a t e l y packed and stowed t h e f l i g h t s a i l f o r s h i p m e n t t o KSC. Another NBS man was a s s i g n e d t h e t a s k o f p a c k i n g t h e c o n t i n u o u s c l o t h e s l i n e s used w i t h t h e t w i n - p o l e arrangement ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 7 ) ; he a l s o packed t h e f l i g h t clothesline. On 1 8 May 1973, an e n d - t o - e n d s i m u l a t i o n was conducted i n t h e NBS on t h e twin-pole sail concept. A s t r o n a u t s R. S c h w e i c k a r t and S . Musgrave were the pressure suited subjects. i n SCUBA g e a r . Astronaut E. Gibson o b s e r v e d t h e e x e r c i s e The rod segments were m o d i f i e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s e x e r c i s e , which determined t h a t t h e rod segments c o u l d be i n a d v e r t e n t l y s e p a r a t e d d u r i n g t h e s a i l deployment o p e r a t i o n . A p o s i t i v e l o c k was added t o t h e male end of each rod ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 5 ) . Most of t h e d a y , 1 9 May 1 9 7 3 , was s p e n t modifying t h e s a i l hardware ( r o d s e g m e n t s , p o l e base p l a t e a s s e m b l y , s a i l p o l e p a l l e t a s s e m b l y , e t c . ) a s d i c t a t e d by t h e NB e x e r c i s e s . I n a d d i t i o n , work s t a r t e d on t h e r i g g i n g o f a 1.22m by 3.05m ( 4 f t by 10 f t ) s e c t i o n o f t h e OWS a f t s k i r t w i t h 5-22 �FIGURE 5 - 1 5 INTERLOCKING 1.55M (5 F T ) SAIL POLES 5-23 ��FIGURE 5-17 PACKING THE TWIN-POLE SAIL CLOTHESLINE 5-25 �fragments of the micrometeoroid shield, wire bundles, e t c . , (called the "Junk Pile") to permit the evaluation of the type of tools required for c l e a r i n g d e b r i s f r o m t h e OWS p r i o r t o d e p l o y i n g t h e t h e r m a l s a i l . On 2 0 May 1 9 7 3 , a n o t h e r e n d - t o - e n d NB e x e r c i s e w a s c o n d u c t e d w i t h A s t r o n a u t E . G i b s o n a n d S&E-PE-MS E n g i n e e r C . C o o p e r s e r v i n g a s p r e s s u r e suit test subjects. T h i s e x e r c i s e was to evaluate the modified hardware. A s t r o n a u t A. Bean o b s e r v e d t h e e x e r c i s e i n SCUBA g e a r . modifications resulted from this exercise: The f o l l o w i n g Tighter restraint around tne top of tne sail stowage bag and addition of tether devices to the twin-pole base plate assembly for securing the clothesline after sail deployment. A c o m p l e t e NB t w i n - p o l e e x e r c i s e , f r o m e n d - t o - e n d , w i t h h a r d w a r e m o d i f i ­ c a t i o n s i n c o r p o r a t e d was c o n d u c t e d o n 21 May 1 9 7 3 , w i t h f l i g h t t y p e h a r d w a r e by A s t r o n a u t s A. Bean a n d E . G i b s o n . Additional modifications were required: 1) positive locking device was added to the twin-pole base plate assembly; 2) c o l o r c o d i n g o f t h e OWS p o r t a b l e f o o t r e s t r a i n t s m o u n t i n g b r a c k e t was a d d e d t o i n s u r e p r o p e r m o u n t i n g t o t h e ATM o u t r i g g e r ; 3 ) teflon inserts were added to the pole segment eyelets to reduce friction of the clothes­ lines during the sail deployment; and 4) all stowage locations in the FAS w e r e f i n a l i z e d i n c l u d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e s t r a i n t d e v i c e s . The e n t i r e night was spent in final "tuning" of the hardware for the SL-2 crew train­ i n g e x e r c i s e t h e n e x t d a y , 2 2 May 1 9 7 3 . A l l h a r d w a r e was f i t - c h e c k e d on t h e One-G T r a i n e r a n d ATM f l i g h t b a c k u p a r t i c l e . 5-26 �The u n d e r w a t e r Command Module (CM) was f l o w n f r o m JSC t o MSFC on 1 7 May 1 9 7 3 , a n d i n s t a l l e d i n t h e NBS a f t e r a s p e c i a l s u p p o r t s t r u c t u r e was d e s i g n e d and f a b r i c a t e d f o r m o u n t i n g t h e 2 0 0 0 l b CM. Late in the d a y , 21 May, S&E-PE-MS E n g i n e e r C . C o o p e r p e r f o r m e d a s u i t e d Standup-EVA (SEVA) f r o m t h e CM f o r w a r d h a t c h ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 8 ) . T h i s e x e r c i s e was t o e v a l u a t e t h e SAS d e p l o y m e n t a n d t h e d e b r i s r e m o v a l t o o l s ( s h e e t m e t a l c u t t e r s d e s i g n e d b y MSFC S&E-ASTN-ETA, mushroom h e a d a n d s h e p h e r d s hook d e s i g n e d by J S C , a n d c a b l e c u t t e r s a n d t h e t w o - p r o n g e d u n i v e r s a l t o o l d e s i g n e d by A. B . C h a n c e Company, a s shown i n F i g u r e s 5 - 1 9 a n d 5 - 2 0 . These tools were developed to be adapted to the thermal sail poles (Figure 5-21). The 1.22m by 3.05m ( 4 f t b y 1 0 f t ) s e c t i o n o f t h e SIV-B a f t s k i r t " j u n k p i l e " a n d 3 . 6 6 m ( 1 2 f t ) s e c t i o n o f t h e #1 SAS w i n g h i g h f i d e l i t y mock-up h a d b e e n m o u n t e d t o t h e S - I V B . The p o s i t i o n i n g o f t h e s e t o o l s , o n t h e e n d o f t h r e e 1 . 5 5 m ( 5 f t ) s e c t i o n s of the s a i l pole, was d i f f i c u l t ; however, the task could be accomplished; SAS d e p l o y m e n t by t h i s m e t h o d a p p e a r e d t o b e m a r g i n a l . The f o l l o w i n g t r a i n i n g s c h e d u l e was p r e p a r e d f o r 2 2 May 1 9 7 3 a t t h e MSFC NBS: 9 : 0 0 A.M. NB H a r d w a r e Bench Review ( F i g u r e 5 - 1 9 ) 1 0 : 0 0 A.M. T h e r m a l S a i l C o n t i n g e n c y EVA T r a i n i n g i n NBS Astronauts C. Conrad and J . Kerwin 2 : 0 0 P . M. SEVA, D e b r i s Removal a n d SAS D e p l o y m e n t Astronaut P. Weitz 3 : 0 0 P . M. F l i g h t H a r d w a r e Bench Review 4 : 1 5 P . M. S a i l P o l e S t a b i l i t y T e s t , B u i l d i n g 4 6 1 9 (One-G) 5-27 �FIGURE 5-18 NBS STANDUP-EVA (SEVA) EXERCISE 5-28 �5-29 �FIGURE 5-20 MUSHROOM (UPPER) AND TWO-PRONG UNIVERSAL TOOL (LOWER) 5-30 �FIGURE 5-21 MSFC SAIL POLES (5) WITH MUSHROOM HEAD 5-31 �This meant an unprecedented deviation in the crew prelaunch quarantine requirements. To a c c o m p l i s h t h i s t a s k a s s a f e l y a s p o s s i b l e , n u m e r o u s medical precautions were taken, (all personnel were screened, sanitation masks w e r e w o r n , e t c . , a s shown i n F i g u r e 5 - 2 2 ) . The t w i n - p o l e s a i l d e p l o y m e n t t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , w i t h A s t r o n a u t s C. C o n r a d a n d J . K e r w i n , s t a r t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t 1 0 : 0 0 A.M. ( F i g u r e 5 - 2 3 ) a f t e r a N3 h a r d w a r e b e n c h r e y i e w . flight procedures less. The t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e , u s i n g d e v e l o p e d d u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s t e s t s , was n e a r l y f l a w ­ D r . P e t r o n e , Mr. S c h n e i d e r , Mr. Low a n d Mr. Myers m o n i t o r e d t h e SL-2 crew training. T o t a l EVA t i m e was 1 h o u r a n d 3 5 m i n u t e s w i t h no m o d i f i c a t i o n s recommended. The NB SEVA t r a i n i n g , w i t h A s t r o n a u t P . W e i t z , d i d n o t g o w e l l d u e t o d i f f i c u l t t o o l a l i g n m e n t w i t h SAS a n d s u r r o u n d i n g d e b r i s . During the e v e n i n g t h e f l i g h t s a i l was f o l d e d a n d p a c k e d f o r s h i p m e n t t o KSC b y NBS p e r s o n n e l . 2 3 May 1 9 7 3 was s p e n t p r e p a r i n g t h e f a c i l i t i e s a n d h a r d w a r e f o r a d d i t i o n a l verification exercises. On 2 4 May 1 9 7 3 , a h a r d w a r e v e r i f i c a t i o n e x e r c i s e w a s c o n d u c t e d i n t h e NBS w i t h S&E-PE-MS E n g i n e e r C. C o o p e r a s t h e t e s t s u b j e c t . made t o i n s u r e h a r d w a r e c o m p a t i b i l i t y i n t e r f a c e . T h i s e x e r c i s e was No c h a n g e s r e s u l t e d from this exercise. On 26 May 1 9 7 3 , t h e S L - 2 c r e w s u c c e s s f u l l y d e p l o y e d t h e JSC p a r a s o l and t h e OWS i n t e r n a l t e m p e r a t u r e s i m m e d i a t e l y b e g a n t o d r o p . 5-32 On 6 Aug. ��FIGURE 5-23 TWIN-POLE SAIL DEPLOYMENT TRAINING EXERCISE 5-34 �1 9 7 3 , t h e S L - 3 c r e w s u c c e s s f u l l y d e p l o y e d t h e MSFC t w i n - p o l e s a i l o v e r t h e p a r a s o l w h i c h p r o v i d e d a d e q u a t e OWS t h e r m a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of Skylab. 5.2.2 S o l a r A r r a y S y s t e m (SAS) Deployment D u r i n g t h e NBS T h e r m a l S a i l a c t i v i t i e s , a p a r a l l e l e f f o r t was i n i t i a t e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e f e a s i b l e m e t h o d s f o r d e p l o y i n g t h e #1 SAS wing assembly. S e v e r a l c o n c e p t s f o r d e p l o y m e n t o f t h e SAS w i n g w e r e s t u d i e d , o n e o f w h i c h was t h e S t a n d u p EVA (SEVA) d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 5 . 2 . 1 . On 25 May 1 9 7 3 , S L - 2 was l a u n c h e d a n d t h e d e c i s i o n was m a d e , p r i o r t o l a u n c h , t h a t t h e SAS d e p l o y m e n t w o u l d b e a t t e m p t e d b y CM SEVA i f t h e CDR deemed i t f e a s i b l e . P e r s o n n e l a t t h e NBS w e r e o n " R e a d y S t a t u s " t o s i m u l a t e i n r e a l t i m e , t h e SEVA f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s t o b e p e r f o r m e d b y A s t r o n a u t P . W e i t z . C. Cooper was p r e s s u r e s u i t e d a n d t h e NBS w a s f u l l y manned f o r i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n i f requested to resolve unsuspected flight problems. Upon r e n d e z v o u s w i t h t h e S k y l a b c l u s t e r , a f l y - a r o u n d i n s p e c t i o n o f t h e OWS was c o n d u c t e d w i t h t h e c r e w p r o v i d i n g r e a l - t i m e TV. a t t e m p t e d b u t was u n s u c c e s s f u l . The SEVA was From t h e TV c o v e r a g e a n d v e r b a l d e s c r i p t i o n f r o m t h e c r e w , two a s s u m p t i o n s w e r e m a d e : (.1) a n aluminum a n g l e " s t r a p " was t h e o n l y d e b r i s p r e v e n t i n g t h e SAS w i n g f r o m b e i n g deployed, and (2) or pry i t loose. on-board tools would be sufficient to cut the strap T h i s s t r a p was a l s o d e t e r m i n e d t o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7.6m 5-35 �(25 f t ) below t h e t o p o f t h e FAS and .46 ( 1 - 1 / 2 f t ) below t h e f i r s t v e n t module on t h e SAS wing ( F i g u r e s 5 - 2 4 and 5 - 2 5 ) . In a d d i t i o n , s t u d i e s o f t h e SAS wing h i n g e j o i n t i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e h y d r a u l i c deployment a c t u a t o r would probably be f r o z e n and would r e q u i r e b r e a k i n g a t i t s weak p o i n t , the actuator clevis. McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Company-East s u g g e s t e d using t h e fulcrum method ( F i g u r e 5 - 2 6 ) . From t h e above i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e NBS #1 SAS wing h i g h - f i d e l i t y mock-up was m o d if ied ( F i g u r e 5 - 2 7 ) and i n s t a l l e d on t h e S k y l a b NB t r a i n e r 27 May 1974. Two methods o f t r a n s l a t i n g t o t h e FAS a r e a above t h e SAS wing were identified: ( 1 ) t r a n s l a t i o n o v e r t h e ATM Deployment Assembly (.DA) t r u s s e s and around t h e t o p o f t h e FAS t o t h e Discone Antenna Boom, d i r e c t l y forward o f t h e SAS and d e b r i s s t r a p ; and ( 2 ) t r a n s l a t i o n under t h e DA t r u s s e s and o v e r t h e thermal c a p a c i t o r u s i n g t h e Molecular S i e v e d u c t f o r a h a n d r a i l t o t h e Discone Antenna Boom a r e a . t r a n s l a t i o n r o u t e was u s e d . The l a t t e r T h i s s t i l l l e f t t h e problem o f t r a n s l a t i n g o u t t o t h e SAS wing s i n c e t h e r e were no r e s t r a i n t s o f any k i n d from t h e d i s c o n e antenna a r e a o u t t o t h e d e b r i s s t r a p . The McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Company-East p e r s o n n e l d e f i n e d t h e h i - f i d e l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e FAS q u a d r a n t from t h e EVA work a r e a t o t h e +Z a x i s . The r e q u i r e d hardware i n s t a l l a t i o n began i n t h e FAS a r e a on 29 May 1973 t o s u p p o r t EVA SAS wing c o n t i n g e n c y r e p a i r t r a i n i n g . 5-36 This consisted of �5-7o6 CM ( 2" TO 3" ) BOW BETWEEN STRAP & SIDE OF METEOROID SHIELD DEFORMED UNDER SOLAR WING PARTIALLY .64 CM (1/4") CLEARANCE AT END OF STRAP FIGURE 5-24 CONFIGURATION OF SAS WING NO. 1 PER TELECON WITH CREW - CDT 1430 6/1/73 FIGURE 5-25 SAS BEAM DEPLOYMENT AREA 5-37 �FIGURE 5-26 SAS BEAM DEPLOYMENT CONFIGURATION (FULCRUM METHOD) 5-38 �FIGURE 5-27 NBS SAS WING MOCKUP WITH DEBRIS STRAP 5-39 �a d d i n g low f i d e l i t y o x y g e n b o t t l e s , a p o r t i o n o f o n e d i s c o n e a n t e n n a boom w i t h m o u n t i n g s t r u c t u r e , f o r w a r d FAS r i n g , o n e e l e c t r o n i c m o d u l e e n v e l o p e (+Z t r u s s ) and t h e r m a l c u r t a i n s t o s i m u l a t e t h e f l i g h t a r t i c l e i n t h e +V t o +Z q u a d r a n t . A l l t h e h a r d w a r e was f a b r i c a t e d on s i t e t o minimize time due to the urgency of Skylab's problems. In parallel with t h i s e f f o r t , t h e " p a r a s o l " was r e c e i v e d f r o m NASA-JSC a n d i n s t a l l e d on t h e NB t r a i n e r t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f d e p l o y i n g t h e MSFC twin-pole sail over the parasol. An NBS e x e r c i s e was made o n 3 0 May 1 9 7 3 w i t h C. C o o p e r , S&E-PT-MSE, a n d R. Heckman, S&E-ASTN-SMD, a s s u i t e d s u b j e c t s . T h i s e x e r c i s e w a s made using preliminary procedures to determine potential ways/techniques of r e s t r a i n i n g a crewman and f r e e i n g t h e SAS f r o m t h e d e b r i s s t r a p u s i n g t h e v a r i o u s t o o l s and e q u i p m e n t f l o w n up on S L - 2 (SEVA h o o k , mushroom h e a d , cable cutters, universal tool, twin-pole segments, onboard tethers, etc.). C. C o o p e r made a n a d d i t i o n a l s u i t e d t e s t e x e r c i s e t o v e r i f y t h a t t h e twin-pole sail could be deployed over the JSC "parasol", which had been d e p l o y e d o n S k y l a b b y t h e S L - 2 c r e w t h r o u g h t h e OWS S c i e n t i f i c A i r Lock on 2 6 May 1 9 7 3 . This simulation exercise proved that i t could be a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h no p r o b l e m s s i n c e i t was l e a r n e d t h a t t h e p a r a s o l rods would deflect f a r enough under the twin-pole s a i l t o allow the sail t o r e s t a g a i n s t t h e a f t OWS s k i n . By 31 May 1 9 7 3 , SAS d e p l o y m e n t f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s h a d b e e n a c c e l e r a t e d . The f o l l o w i n g s c h e d u l e a c t i v i t i e s w e r e p l a n n e d f o r t h a t d a y : 5-40 �8 : 0 0 A.M. D e b r i e f i n g o f t h e 30 May s u i t e d e x e r c i s e a n d suggested hardware usage 1 1 : 0 0 A.M. Bench r e v i e w o f t h e NB o n - b o a r d t y p e h a r d w a r e a n d e q u i p m e n t a v a i l a b l e f o r SAS d e p l o y m e n t 1 1 : 3 0 A.M. SCUBA e x e r c i s e , A s t r o n a u t R. S c h w e i c k a r t 4 : 3 0 P.M. S u i t e d e x e r c i s e u s i n g NB t o o l h a r d w a r e and preliminary procedures Five sail pole segments, for a total length of 7.6m (25 f t ) , with the u n i v e r s a l t o o l on o n e e n d h e l d by t h e c r e w m a n , w i t h a i d o f a w a i s t t e t h e r , w e r e s e l e c t e d a s p r i m e e q u i p m e n t f o r t h e 4 : 3 0 P.M. s u i t e d e x e r c i s e . A s t r o n a u t S c h w e i c k a r t s u g g e s t e d t h e d e n t a l k i t b o n e saw f o r c u t t i n g t h e debris strap. He a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h e N2 p u r g e d u c t , l o c a t e d on t h e FAS r i n g i n t h e EVA b a y , a s a n a l t e r n a t e work s t a t i o n f o r t r a n s l a t i n g t o t h e d e b r i s s t r a p u s i n g t h e SEVA h o o k t a p e d o r c l a m p e d t o t h e s a i l p o l e ( f i v e s e g m e n t s ) , a s shown i n F i g u r e 5 - 2 8 . The NBS e x e r c i s e w i t h A s t r o n a u t S c h w e i c k a r t a n d C . C o o p e r , S&E-PT-MSE as suited subjects was very informative. The N2 p u r g e d u c t work s t a t i o n w i t h SEVA hook a n d s a i l p o l e w a s d e t e r m i n e d d a n g e r o u s b e c a u s e t h e c r e w ­ m a n ' s u m b i l i c a l w o u l d b e o v e r t h e SAS w i n g when d e b r i s s t r a p was c u t . When t h e crewman was a t t h e SAS d e b r i s s t r a p a r e a , i t was n o t e d t h a t restraints were needed to secure him in a working position. The D i s c o n e A n t e n n a work s t a t i o n w e n t much s m o o t h e r b u t l a c k o f r e s t r a i n t s a t t h e d e b r i s work a r e a h a m p e r e d t h e w o r k e f f o r t s . On 1 J u n e 1 9 7 3 , A s t r o n a u t S c h w e i c k a r t made a n e v a l u a t i o n e x e r c i s e , i n SCUBA g e a r , o f t h e h a r d w a r e [ t o o l p o l e w i t h c a b l e c u t t e r s , bone s a w , p r y 5-41 �FIGURE 5-28 ASTRONAUT SCHWEICKART AT THE FAS N 2 PURGE DUCT ASSEMBLING FIVE SAIL POLE SEGMENTS 5-42 �bar, wrist and waist tethers, and the 9.5m (31 f t ) long adjustable t e t h e r ] , work s t a t i o n s , and methods of r e s t r a i n i n g a crewman a t t h e SAS debris strap. In addition, he evaluated the "fulcrum method" for breaking the frozen actuator clevis. The n e x t morning, 2 J u n e 1 9 7 3 , a bench r e v i e w was h e l d a t t h e NBS o f t h e s e l e c t e d f l i g h t - t y p e NB h a r d w a r e t o b e e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e SAS d e p l o y m e n t . An EVA " P r e p " was c o n d u c t e d a f t e r t h e b e n c h r e v i e w f o r t h e NBS e x e r c i s e that afternoon in which Astronaut Schweickart verbally went over all the hardware describing the function, nomenclature, tethering methods and procedures. The exercise t h a t afternoon s t a r t e d a t 3:00 P.M. and was completed a t 5:30 P.M. jects. Astronauts R. Schweickart and E. Gibson were the suited sub­ This exercise was an end-to-end evaluation, starting and finishing a t t h e FAS EVA work s t a t i o n . Equipment t r a n s f e r i n t h e FAS a r e a , s a i l pole assembly, and equipment transfer in the Discone Antenna area are shown in Figures 5-29, 5-30, and 5-31. Restraining methods at the Discone Antenna Area ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 2 ) , crewman t r a n l a t i o n t o t h e SAS d e b r i s s t r a p (Figure 5-33), and various methods of restraint in a working position and cutting the debris s t r a p were evaluated; including simulation of the breaking of the actuator clevis using the fulcrum method (Figure 5-34). Some o f t h e NB h a r d w a r e w a s " n e g a t i v e " i . e . , n o t n e u t r a l , w h i c h made several tasks more d i f f i c u l t . Results of this exercise were; equipment and hardware need to be neutral, restraining methods need t o be improved, and t h e EVA " P r e p " n e e d e d f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t . 5-43 �FIGURE 5 - 2 9 NBS EXERCISE IN EQUIPMENT TRANSFER F O R S A S WING DEPLOYMENT 5-44 ��FIGURE 5 - 3 1 EQUIPMENT TRANSFER EXERCISE A T T H E DISCONE ANTENNA AREA 5-46 �FIGURE 5 - 3 2 NBS EXERCISE EVALUATING RESTRAINING METHODS AT T H E DISCONE ANTENNA AREA 5-47 �CABLE CUTTERS CLAMPED TO DEBRIS STRAP- FIGURE 5-33 ASTRONAUTS TRANSLATING OUT TO THE SAS WING USING FIVE SAIL POLE SEGMENTS WITH CABLE CUTTER CLAMPED TO DEBRIS STRAP 5-48 �FIGURE 5-34 ASTRONAUT ATTACHING THE ADJUSTABLE TETHER TO THE SAS WING VENT MODULE FOR BREAKING THE ACTUATOR CLEVIS BY THE FULCRUM METHOD 5-49 �The method f o r f r e e i n g t h e d e b r i s s t r a p from t h e SAS wing was determined t o be a t t h e o p t i o n o f t h e EVA crewman: (1) cut with cable cutters ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 5 ) ; (2) pry l o o s e u s i n g t h e pry b a r ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 6 ) , o r ( 3 ) saw with t h e d e n t a l bone saw ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 7 ) . The 9.5m (31 f t ) a d j u s t a b l e t e t h e r was r e p l a c e d w i t h p a r t s from t h e JSC SEVA s a i l c o n c e p t and t e t h e r h o o k s , c a l l e d t h e Boom E r e c t i o n T e t h e r (BET), which had been flown up on SL-2 ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 8 ) . The BET had g r e a t e r t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e a d j u s t a b l e t e t h e r , which p ro v i d e d a g r e a t e r s a f e t y margin when u s i n g t h e f u l c r u m e r e c t i o n method. Another hardware bench review was h e l d i n t h e NBS B u i l d i n g on 3 June 1973. Afterwards A s t r o n a u t s R. S c h w e i c k a r t and E. Gibson d i d t h e i r EVA "Prep" f o r t h e 1 0 : 3 0 A.M. NB s u i t e d e x e r c i s e . The e n d - t o - e n d s u i t e d e x e r c i s e u s i n g t h e r e f i n e d EVA p r o c e d u r e s went very smoothly. Equipment t r a n s f e r from t h e FAS EVA work s t a t i o n t o t h e Discone Antenna work a r e a went w e l l . The s a i l p o l e w i t h t h e c a b l e c u t t e r s clamped s e c u r e l y t o t h e d e b r i s s t r a p worked w e l l a s a t r a n s l a t i o n r a i l w h i l e t h e second crewman s e c u r e d t h e o t h e r end o f t h e p o l e a t t h e d i s c o n e antenna a r e a . Once t h e crewman was a t t h e SAS d e b r i s s t r a p he could t e t h e r h i m s e l f t o t h e s a i l p o l e o r t o t h e SAS v e n t module. On 4 June 1973, NASA Management gave t h e a p p r o v a l f o r t h e S k y l a b contingency EVA t o complete SAS deployment. Most o f t h e day on 6 J u n e was s p e n t p r e p a r i n g t h e f a c i l i t i e s and "trimming o u t " t h e hardware f o r r e a l - t i m e s i m u l a t i o n t h e n e x t d a y , 7 J u n e 1 9 7 3 . 5-50 �FIGURE 5-35 CUTTING DEBRIS STRAP WITH CABLE CUTTERS 5-51 �FIGURE 5-36 ASTRONAUT USING PRY BAR TO REMOVE SAS WING DEBRIS STRAP 5-52 �FIGURE 5-37 ASTRONAUT CUTTING DEBRIS STRAP WITH DENTAL BONE SAW 5-53 �3- APOLLO SMALL HOOK (TYP 2 PLACES) (75") 190.5 CM \L (37.5") 95.3 CM TIE LOOP IN THIS END SEVA SAIL CLOTHESLINE APEX HOOK AT ATM CONNECTION -PBI FROM SEVA SAIL CLOTHESLINE "7 £— - PBI FROM SEVA SAIL -(31' 10")970 CM FIGURE 5 - 3 8 BOOM ERECTION T E T H E R ( B E T ) 5-54 �R. S c h w e i c k a r t c o m m u n i c a t e d w i t h t h e S L - 2 c r e w b r i e f i n g t h e m on a l l t h e EVA h a r d w a r e , t e t h e r s , r e s t r a i n i n g a n d t r a n s l a t i o n m e t h o d s , e t c . , a n d a n s w e r e d a n y q u e s t i o n s t h e y h a d on t h e EVA p r o c e d u r e s s e n t t o t h e m t h e night before via the teleprinter. The n e x t d a y , 7 J u n e 1 9 7 3 , S L - 2 Crewmen C . Conrad and J . Kerwin s u c c e s s f u l l y d e p l o y e d t h e #1 SAS w i n g a s s e m b l y . The d e b r i s s t r a p was c u t u s i n g t h e c a b l e c u t t e r s ( F i g u r e 5 - 3 9 ) a n d t h e a c t u a t o r c l e v i s was b r o k e n u s i n g t h e "BET" ( F i g u r e 5 - 4 0 ) . D u r i n g t h e c o n t i n g e n c y EVA, t h e NBS was o n s t a n d b y r e a d y f o r r e a l - t i m e s i m u l a t i o n . 5-2.3 S u p p l e m e n t a l S o l a r A r r a y S y s t e m (SSAS) An a l t e r n a t e m e t h o d o f r e s t o r i n g s u f f i c i e n t e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r t o S k y l a b was s t u d i e d , a l t h o u g h t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f d e p l o y i n g t h e #1 SAS Wing Assembly b y EVA w a s v e r y h i g h . SSAS b y EVA o n t h e S L - 3 M i s s i o n . T h i s m e t h o d was t o d e p l o y a f o l d e d The m e c h a n i c a l a t t a c h m e n t w o u l d b e a t t h e A i r l o c k FAS r i n g , w i t h a n e l e c t r i c a l c a b l i n g c o n n e c t i o n a t t h e u m b i l i c a l p l a t e l o c a t e d a t t h e IU/OWS i n t e r f a c e . The S k y l a b NBS a g a i n w a s u t i l i z e d t o e v a l u a t e m e t h o d s o f a t t a c h m e n t a n d means o f c o n n e c t i n g t h e e l e c t r i c a l c a b l i n g . To p e r f o r m t h e s e e v a l u a t i o n s , t h e NBS f o r w a r d r i n g w a s u p - d a t e d t o f l i g h t c o n f i g u r a t i o n a n d a f l i g h t t y p e IU/OWS u m b i l i c a l p l a t e w a s i n s t a l l e d . On 6 J u n e 1 9 7 4 , MDAC-E N e u t r a l B u o y a n c y s u p p o r t p e r s o n n e l p r o v i d e d t h e engineering coordination and drawings for fabrication of the required NBS m o d i f i c a t i o n h a r d w a r e a n d f i d e l i t y . 5-55 �FIGURE 5-39 ASTRONAUT TETHERED AT DISCONE ANTENNA BOOM USING FIVE SAIL POLE SEGMENTS WITH CABLE CUTTERS ATTACHED TO CUT DEBRIS STRAP 5-56 ��The word from NASA Management was " P r e s s On" f o r SSAS PDR t o be h e l d a t MSFC 11 June 1974. S e v e r a l NB e x e r c i s e s were made t o e v a l u a t e c o n c e p t s o f t r a n s l a t i n g from t h e FAS EVA w o r k s t a t i o n t o t h e IU/OWS u m b i l i c a l p l a t e and methods o f r e s t r a i n i n g t h e crewman. A management c o u n c i l m e e t i n g was h e l d 1 3 J u n e 1974 a n d , b a s e d on s u c c e s s ­ f u l SAS deployment and A i r l o c k E l e c t r i c a l Power System (EPS) a c t i v a t i o n , t h e d e c i s i o n was made t o s t o p a l l e f f o r t s on t h e SSAS. 5.2.4 C h a r q e r - B a t t e r y - R e q u l a t o r Module (CBRM) and Rate Gyro R e p a i r The C h a r g e r - B a t t e r y - R e g u l a t o r Module (CBRM) No. 3 and No. 1 5 , and t h e o r b i t a l a t t i t u d e r a t e gyros m a l f u n c t i o n e d e a r l y i n t h e SL-2 m i s s i o n . An e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t e l e m e t r y measurements i n d i c a t e d t h e CBRM's problem was probably caused by a r e l a y c o n t a c t b e i n g s t u c k i n t h e open p o s i t i o n . The a t t i t u d e r a t e gyros i n d i c a t e d f a u l t y , e r r a t i c d a t a . The methods chosen f o r r e p a i r a t t e m p t s were r e p l a c e m e n t o f CBRM No. 3 , use o f a jumper c a b l e on CBRM No. 1 5 , and i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a s p e c i a l Rate Gyro Package (RGP) or "Six Pack". In o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e t h e s e r e p a i r m e t h o d s , t h e S k y l a b NBS was used f o r d e v e l o p i n g t e c h n i q u e s , f o r m u l a t i n g p r o c e d u r e s , and crew training. A meeting was h e l d 1 3 June t o d e f i n e t h e s e r e p a i r t e c h n i q u e s and t h e NB hardware r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n and t r a i n i n g . The NB c a b l i n g and c o n n e c t o r hardware was p r e p a r e d by t h e S&E-ASTR L a b o r a t o r y , which worked c l o s e l y w i t h t h e NB p e r s o n n e l i n f a b r i c a t i n g t h e h a r d w a r e f o r u n d e r w a t e r use ( F i g u r e s 5 - 4 1 and 5 - 4 2 ) . _ �FIGURE 5 - 4 1 NBS ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR P A N E L AT U P P E R DA FOR R A T E GYRO REPAIR 5-59 �FIGURE 5-42 NBS ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS AT ATM FOR RATE GYRO REPAIR 5-60 �On 1 5 J u n e , a NB p r e s s u r e s u i t e d e x e r c i s e w a s p e r f o r m e d by C . C o o p e r . T h i s e x e r c i s e was made f o r f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n o f c a b l e c o n n e c t o r s , EVA routes, restraining techniques, and to evaluate the length of cabling requi red. A f t e r s e v e r a l NB e x e r c i s e s t h e r e p l a c e m e n t o f a CBRM was d e t e r m i n e d n o t f e a s i b l e a n d j u m p e r i n g t h e s t u c k r e l a y a p p e a r e d more l i k e l y t o s u c c e e d ; h o w e v e r , t h e EVA crewman w o u l d h a v e t o remove a n d r e p l a c e c a b l e connectors in tight access areas. D u r i n g t h e f i r s t EVA on t h e S L - 2 m i s s i o n t h e S&E-ASTR L a b o r a t o r y w a n t e d t o t r y t h e p r o c e d u r e o f a n EVA crewman s t r i k i n g t h e CBRM No. 1 5 c o v e r n e a r t h e r e l a y w i t h a hammer ( o r o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e t o o l ) i n t h e h o p e that the shock would free the relay. On t h e f i r s t EVA o f S L - 2 t h e a b o v e p r o c e d u r e was s u c c e s s f u l l y c o m p l e t e d The RGP r a t e g y r o p r o b l e m r e m a i n e d . Special cable connectors with extended backshells and a set of connector pliers were developed for the SL-3 mission. D u r i n g t h i s p h a s e , t h e r e q u i r e d a r e a s o f t h e Sky l a b NBS w e r e b r o u g h t t o f l i g h t c o n f i g u r a t i o n . T h e DA t r u n n i o n i n t e r ­ c o n n e c t b o x a n d t h e ATM Workshop Computer I n t e r f a c e U n i t (WCIU) w e r e modified to provide the same working envelope and "flight feel" ("C" fidelity). D u r i n g t h e EVA, c o n n e c t o r s a t b o t h t h e DA t r u n n i o n i n t e r c o n n e c t b o x a n d t h e WCIU w o u l d b e d i s c o n n e c t e d a n d t h e new c a b l e connected. T h e " S i x P a c k " w o u l d t h e n b e m o u n t e d i n s i d e t h e MDA. 5-61 �On 22 J u n e , A s t r o n a u t s 0 . G a r r i o t t a n d J . Lousma p e r f o r m e d a s u i t e d NB e x e r c i s e . T h i s e x e r c i s e i n c l u d e d a n e n d - t o - e n d CBRM a n d " S i x Pack" procedure run through. The n e x t d a y , 2 3 J u n e , A s t r o n a u t A. B e a n a n d C . C o o p e r , S&E-PE-MS p e r f o r m e d t h e same s u i t e d 5-43). A f t e r t h e s e NB e x e r c i s e s , t h e exercise (Figure c o n t i n g e n c y EVA p r o c e d u r e s were finalized. On t h e s e c o n d EVA o f S L - 3 , t h e " S i x P a c k " was s u c c e s s f u l l y i n s t a l l e d a n d t h e s y s t e m began t o work s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . 5.2.5 S193 Antenna Repair The S 1 9 3 Microwave R a d i o m e t e r / S c a t t e r o m e t e r u t i l i z e d a g i m b a l l e d a n t e n n a w h i c h d e v e l o p e d s c a n n i n g m a l f u n c t i o n s d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d manned mission. T r o u b l e s h o o t i n g a n d r e p a i r r e q u i r e d a n EVA o p e r a t i o n a n d t h e NBS was u s e d f o r d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e e q u i p m e n t a n d t e c h n i q u e s . The a n t e n n a was a 1.13m ( 4 4 . 5 i n c h ) d i a m e t e r d i s h m o u n t e d on a n e l e c t r o n i c s p a c k a g e , i n s t a l l e d b e t w e e n DA s t r u t s b e l o w t h e S T S . This was on the s i d e o p p o s i t e t o t h e ATM, i . e . , on t h e " b o t t o m 1 ' o f t h e v e h i c l e . o p e r a t i o n s had b e e n p l a n n e d f o r i n t h i s a r e a . h a d t o De s o l v e d : No EVA Thus, several problems ( 1 ) EVA l i g h t s , h a n d r a i l s , a n d w o r k s t a t i o n f o o t restraints were not available; (2) the electronics package was very inaccessible behind the antenna dish; (3) the exact nature of the malfunc­ tion and the required corrective action were not yet established. 5-62 �FIGURE 5-43 ASTRONAUT USING EVA CONNECTOR PLIERS IN RATE GYRO REPAIR 5-63 �I n i t i a l ."IBS e x e r c i s e s t o e v a l u a t e r e p a i r t e c h n i q u e s (shown i n F i g u r e 5-44) emphasized t h e need f o r b e t t e r f i d e l i t y o f S I 9 3 e q u i p m e n t , work s t a t i o n f o o t r e s t r a i n t s , and a d e v i c e f o r h o l d i n g t o o l s i n an a c c e s s i b l e position. A high f i d e l i t y SI93 package was made a v a i l a b l e by General E l e c t r i c , p r e p a r e d f o r underwater o p e r a t i o n s , and i n s t a l l e d i n t h e NBS i n p l a c e o f tne existing unit. During t h i s p e r i o d o f t i m e , more d a t a was c o l l e c t e d from Skylab and p r e l i m i n a r y r e p a i r p r o c e d u r e s were d e v e l o p e d . The f i r s t r e p a i r s t e p was t o sweep t h e p o t e n t i o m e t e r s w i t h a s p a t u l a t y p e brush t o remove d e o r i s and check o p e r a t i o n v i a t h i r d crewman i n s i d e t h e MDA. If t n i s d i d n o t prove s u c c e s s f u l , t h e EVA crewmen were t o demate e l e c t r i c a l c o n n e c t o r s and i n s t a l l a s p e c i a l s w i t c h box t o a l l o w e x t e r n a l c o n t r o l o f t h e antenna sweep. Tne r e p a i r p r o c e d u r e s r e q u i r e d s e v e r a l t o o l s b u i l t e s p e c i a l l y f o r t n e 3193 r e p a i r , and c o n t a i n e d i n a t o o l pouch t h a t was developed i n t h e NBS. When a t t h e S193 a n t e n n a , t h e a s t r o n a u t wrapped t h e t o o l pouch around t h e lower DA s t r u t and s e c u r e d i t w i t h a v e l c r o s t r a p . A f t e r t h e pouch was s e c u r e d t o t h e s t r u t , a l l o f t h e s p e c i a l t o o l s were e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e , one a t a t i m e , i n i n d i v i d u a l p o c k e t s . Each crew o p e r a ­ t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d t o minimize EVA e f f o r t and a s s u r e s a f e t y o f t h e astronauts. On 27 September, A s t r o n a u t R. S c h w e i c k a r t and R. Heckman, S&E-ASTN-SMD, made a s u i t e d NbS e x e r c i s e . T h i s e x e r c i s e was t o e v a l u a t e methods o f t r a n s l a t i n g t o t h e S193 a n t e n n a and t h e use o f t h e p o r t a b l e MSFC 5-64 �FIGURE 5 - 4 4 EARLY NBS S193 REPAIR EVALUATION 5-65 �u n i v e r s a l f o o t r e s t r a i n t s a n d t h e JSC r e s t r a i n t s . In addition, the t e s t s u b j e c t s d e t e r m i n e d p o s s i b l e body p o s i t i o n s f o r r e p a i r o f t h e g i m b a l assembly. The Dody p o s i t i o n s d e t e r m i n e d t h e l o c a t i o n (on t h e ATM DA memoers) f o r t h e r e s t r a i n t s . The f o o t r e s t r a i n t s w e r e j u d g e d f o r t h e i r rigidity and ease of adjustment. As a r e s u l t o f t h i s e x e r c i s e b o t h t h e MSFC a n d JSC u n i v e r s a l f o o t r e s t r a i n t s w e r e m o d i f i e d . Due t o t h e c r i t i c a l l a u n c h w e i g n t , t h e o n b o a r d MSFC p o r t a b l e f o o t r e s t r a i n t s w e r e s e l e c t e d w i t h a s p e c i a l NBS d e v e l o p e d a d a p t e r . The s p e c i a l a d a p t e r was i n s t a l l e d i n t o a n e x i s t i n g l i g h t e n i n g h o l e i n t h e l a u n c h support structure of the discone antenna (Figure 5-45). The method of t r a n s l a t i n g t o t h e a n t e n n a a r e a was f r o m t h e FAS w o r k s t a t i o n u s i n g t h e m o l e s i e v e v e n t d u c t a s a h a n d r a i l a l o n g t h e e x t e r i o r o f t h e AM Structure Transition Section (STS). Anotner NB e x e r c i s e w a s p e r f o r m e d o n 3 O c t o b e r , w i t h R. Heckman, S&E- ASTJ-SMD and C . C o o p e r , S&E-PE-MSE a s s u i t e d s u b j e c t s . This exercise was t o d e v e l o p a preliminary procedure, for the S193 antenna repair, (Figure 5-46). The n e x t d a y , 4 O c t o b e r , A s t r o n a u t s W. L e n o i r a n d S . ilusgrave performed a suited exercise after a briefing from Astronaut R. Schweickart. T h i s e x e r c i s e was e n d - t o - e n d u s i n g p r e l i m i n a r y procedures (Figure 5-47). The p o r t a b l e f o o t r e s t r a i n t s w e r e e v a l u a t e d along with the special tools for repair of the S193 antenna and methods of using the waist and wrist tethers. 5-66 �HIGH FIDELITY S193 ANTENNA FOOT RESTRAINTS DISCONE ANTENNA SUPPORT STRUCTURE FIGURE 5-45 FOOT RESTRAINT LOCATION FOR S193 REPAIR 5-67 ��FIGURE 5-47 ASTRONAUTS TRAINING FOR S193 ANTENNA REPAIR 5-69 �The SL-4 prime crew made an e n d - t o - e n d NB t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e on 10 October on t h e S193 a n t e n n a r e p a i r . crew performed t h e same e x e r c i s e . On 11 O c t o b e r , t h e back-up The NBS t e s t s v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e a n t e n n a r e p a i r could be performed, b u t because o f t h e a n t e n n a ' s mass and s i z e , and t h e i n a c c e s s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e e l e c t r o n i c components, t h e t a s k would be both long and d i f f i c u l t . During t h e f i r s t EVA o f SL-4, two crewmen s u c c e s s f u l l y performed t h e i n s p e c t i o n r e p a i r t a s k and t h e a n t e n n a ' s p i t c h and r o l l gimbal was pinned, and a d i s a b l e p l u g and jumper box i n s t a l l e d . During t h e contingency EVA, t h e NBS was on s t a n d b y s t a t u s t o a s s i s t i n s o l v i n g any problems w i t h r e a l time s i m u l a t i o n . 5.3 Lessons Learned o The NBS has proven t o be a n e c e s s a r y t o o l i n EVA t r a i n i n g and i t s use s h o u l d o e planned i n t o f u t u r e s p a c e programs, o NBS contingency e v a l u a t i o n s and t r a i n i n g proved t h a t r e p a i r t a s k s n o t b e f o r e t h o u g h t p o s s i b l e c o u l d be accomplished i n o r b i t with p r o p e r t o o l s , a c c e s s , r e s t r a i n t s , and D r o c e d u r e s . o Foot r e s t r a i n t s a r e p r e f e r r e d o v e r w a i s t t e t h e r s o r h a n d - h o l d s because they g i v e t h e crewman more f l e x i b i l i t y and freedom o f movement. o For NBS t r a i n i n g and e v a l u a t i o n s t o be meaningful h i g h f i d e l i t y equipment i s r e q u i r e d i n t h e crew i n t e r f a c e a r e a s , expecially tether points, protrusions, envelopes, etc. 5-70 �Crew t r a i n i n g i n t h e NBS gave t h e a s t r o n a u t s v a l u a b l e p r e s s u r e s u i t f a m i l i a r i z a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e i n a s i m u l a t e d zero-G e n v i r o n ­ ment. E x p e r i e n c e showed t h a t a t l e a s t twenty hours o f NBS s u i t e d o p e r a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d b e f o r e a crewman can s t a r t t o b e n e f i t from NBS t r a i n i n g . P o s s i b l y one o f t h e g r e a t e s t b e n e f i t s from t h e NBS was d e r i v e d by NASA management d u r i n g t h e c r i t i c a l r e p a i r c o n t i n g e n c y t r a i n ­ ing exercises. By viewing t h e a c t u a l s i m u l a t i o n e x e r c i s e performed by t h e c r e w , and s u b s e q u e n t l y reviewing video t a p e s o f t r a i n i n g e x e r c i s e s , management made t h e i r d e c i s i o n t o approve t h e f l i g h t p l a n c h a n g e s , based on a f u l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s proposed f o r t h e crewmen t o perform. Thus, t h e NBS s e r v e d a s a t o o l t o a l l o w e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e r i s k s t o l i f e and m i s s i o n and make c r i t i c a l real-time decisions. On f u t u r e manned s p a c e programs, high f i d e l i t y hardware such as test articles, qualification units, static articles, etc., s h o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e NBS f o r use d u r i n g t h e m i s s i o n . A f t e r hardware has s e r v e d i t s o r i g i n a l purpose ( t e s t , q u a l i f i ­ c a t i o n , e t c . ) NBS p e r s o n n e l could a d a p t i t f o r underwater s e r v i c e s o t h a t i t could be used immediately t o work o u t r e p a i r methods and p r o c e d u r e s under s i m u l a t e d zero-G c o n d i t i o n s . The S k y l a b m i s s i o n s demonstrated t h a t EVA t a s k time l i n e s could be c l o s e l y d e f i n e d by p e r f o r m i n g e n d - t o - e n d t r a i n i n g exercises. Although some IVA t a s k s have been accomplished u n d e r ­ w a t e r , r e s u l t s have shown more e x p e r i e n c e must be gained b e f o r e 5-71 �meaningful simulations can be accomplished. Future programs, may b e n e f i t f r o m NBS IVA t r a i n i n g f o r o r i e n t a t i o n p u r p o s e s . The three dimensional freedom of training could be a valuable a s s e t f o r IVA e x e r c i s e s e s p e c i a l l y f o r s h o r t d u r a t i o n f l i g h t s . 5-72 �6.0 CONCLUSIONS The N e u t r a l Buoyancy S i m u l a t o r was a n e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l t o o l i n EVA equipment evaluation, crew training, procedures development and was an essential element in the real time determination of the repair capability that made Skylab a success. This was clearly demonstrated in the nine very successful SkylaD EVA's and i s bourne out by the following crew comments: " I f you can do i t i n t h e NBS, i t works." "Trainers, Neutral Buoyancy: I personnally couldn't say enough for that whole effort, both from the standpoint of training and from the standpoint of evaluation and procedures development. Much o f t h a t went on d u r i n g t h e Skylab mission a s we came up with new EVA's. That was where a l l the action was and i t was exceptionally well done. I can't say enough for the people a t the tank and their motivation and capabilities. I hope that tnose people will be used in the future." "The other EVA's t h a t came up i n Skylab - Pete started off with the wing deployment, the deployment of the twin poles and finally we ended up with S193 and a couple of o t h e r s . I think all that went well because of the efforts of people in the neutral buoy­ ancy tank. Had t h a t tank not been available, I wouldn't have given you a dime f o r the e f f o r t s of those EVA's ever succeed­ ing I can't say enough for those people. I think their contribution t o the Skylab program was just outstanding." 6-1 �"Any EVA a c t i v i t y l i k e r a t e gyro i n s t a l l a t i o n has t o be w e l l t h o u g h t o u t and t r a i n e d f o r i n t n e w a t e r t a n k and have f o o t r e s t r a i n t s where t h e guy has t o work t o a s s u r e s u c c e s s . " " I hope we d o n ' t l o s e t h a t f a c i l i t y . " " I doubt i f Skylab would have succeeded w i t h o u t t h e t a n k . " I n - f l i g h t maintenance and hardware r e p l a c e m e n t proved t o be no more d i f f i c u l t than a n t i c i p a t e d from NBS e x p e r i e n c e . The NBS p r o v i d e d t h e zero-G environment t h a t was n e c e s s a r y i n d e v e l o p i n g hardware and procedures t o s u c c e s s f u l l y perform Skylab EVA r e p a i r t a s k s t h a t were c o n s i d e r e d i m p o s s i b l e b e f o r e t h e SL-1 l a u n c h . T h i s , i n no s m a l l way, allowed man t o demonstrate a l m o s t l i m i t l e s s r e p a i r c a p a b i l i t i e s i n orbit. Based on t h e s u c c e s s o f S k y l a b , t h e NBS has a d e f i n i t e p l a c e i n manned s p a c e programs and i t s use s h o u l d be a b o n a f i d e s t e p i n f u t u r e d e v e l o p ­ ment p l a n s . 6-2 �APPENDIX A ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS The following list includes those acronyms and abbreviations con­ sidered appropriate to the NBS. Obvious standard abbreviations are not included. AGE Aerospace Ground Equipment ALC Audio Load Compensator ALSA Astronaut Life Support Assembly AM Airlock Module AMS Airlock Module Station ATM Apollo Telescope Mount BET Boom Erection Tether CBRM Charger-Battery-Regulator Module (ATM) ecu Crewman Conmunication Umbilical C&D Control and Display CDR Commander CDR Critical Design Review CEI Contract End Item CFE Contractor Furnished Equipment CM Command Module COMM Communications CRS Cluster Requirements Specification CSM Command and Service Module C&W Caution and Warning DA Deployment Assembly A-l �DAC Data A c q u i s i t i o n Camera DCR D e s i g n C e r t i f i c a t i o n Review DCS D i g i t a l Command S y s t e m DOY Day Of Y e a r ECS Environmental Control System EJS Engineering Job Sheet EKG Electrocardiagram EOP Emergency Oxygen P a c k EPS E l e c t r i c a l Power S y s t e m EREP Earth Resource Experiment Package ESE Electrical Support Equipment EVA Extra-Vehicular Activity FAS Fixed Airlock Shroud FTB F i l m T r a n s f e r Boom GE G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c Company GFE Government F u r n i s h e d E q u i p m e n t GSE Ground S u p p o r t E q u i p m e n t ICD I n t e r f a c e C o n t r o l Document I/F Interface IU Instrumentation Unit IVA Intervehicular Activity JSC Johnson Space Center LCCU L i g h t w e i g h t Crewman C o m m u n i c a t i o n U m b i l i c a l LCG L i q u i d - C o o l e d Garment A-2 �LSU Life Support Umbilical MDA Multiple Docking Adapter MDAC-E McDonnell D o u g l a s A s t r o n a u t i c s Company - E a s t MDAC-W McDonnell D o u g l a s A s t r o n a u t i c s Company - West MMC Martin Marietta Corporation MMS McDonnell M a t e r i a l S p e c i f i c a t i o n s MOLE Molecular (Reference to the Molecular Sieve) MSFC M a r s h a l l S p a c e F l i g h t C e n t e r (NASA) MSG Mission Support Groups NBS N e u t r a l Buoyancy S i m u l a t o r NBT N e u t r a l Buoyancy T r a i n e r NT NASA T r a i n e r OA Orbital Assembly ORI Operational Readiness Inspection 0V Orbital Vehicle OWS O r b i t a l Workshop PB Process Bulletin PCU Pressure Control Unit PDR P r e l i m i n a r y D e s i g n Review PI Principal Investigator PPCO2 Partial Pressure Carbon Dioxide PPM Parts Per Million PPO2 P a r t i a l P r e s s u r e Oxygen PS Payload Shroud A-3 �QA Quality Assurance QD Quick Disconnect RGP Rate Gyro Package SAL S c i e n t i f i c A i r Lock SAR Spacecraft Acceptance Review SAS Solar Array System SCO S o u r c e ( S p e c i f i c a t i o n ) C o n t r o l Drawing SCUBA Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus SEVA S t a n d u p EVA SL Skylab SL-1 Skylab 1 (Laboratory) SL-2 S k y l a b 2 (Crew V e h i c l e 1 ) SL-3 S k y l a b 3 (Crew V e h i c l e 2 ) SL-4 S k y l a b 4 (Crew V e h i c l e 3 ) SM S e r v i c e Module S/O Shutoff SOP S u p p l e m e n t a l Oxygen P a c k a g e SOS S u p p l e m e n t a l Oxygen S y s t e m SPT Science Pilot SSAS Supplemental Solar Array System STS Structural Transition Section SUS Suit Umbilical System SV Space Vehicle A-4 �sws S a t u r n Workshop (PS/MDA/ATM/AM/OWS/IU/ATM, Deployment Assembly) TCS Thermal Control System TCV Temperature Control Valve TR Test Request U-l Airlock Vehicle Unit 1 U-2 Airlock Vehicle Unit 2 vc Workstation - Center VF W o r k s t a t i o n - FAS VR Workstation - Replacement VS W o r k s t a t i o n - S u n End VT Workstation - Transfer WCIU Workshop Computer I n t e r f a c e U n i t A-5 ��APPROVAL M S F C S K Y L A B N E U T R A L BUOYANCY S I M U L A T O R By Space Simulation Branch The information in this report has been reviewed for security classification. Review of any information concerning Department of Defense or Atomic Energy Commission programs has been made by the MSFC Security Classification Officer. This report, in its entirety, has been determined to be unclassified. This document has also been reviewed and approved for technical accuracy. Chief, Space Simulation Branch R. I s e ^ '4 Program Manager, Skylab Program Office Chief, Research and Process Technology Division Director, Process Engineering Laboratory GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE JACKET NO. 640-445 PRINT ORDER NO.59 ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Richard Heckman Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000058 Title A name given to the resource Skylab "MSFC SKYLAB NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SIMULATOR" Technical MEMORANDUM. Description An account of the resource This report describes the importance of the Neutral Buoyancy Simulator for preparing the Skylab astronauts to work in space. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Madison County (Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Skylab Program Neutral buoyancy simulation Apollo Telescope Mount Space habitats Multiple docking adapters Airlock modules Extravehicular mobility units Skylab 1 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Type The nature or genre of the resource Memorandums Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Richard Heckman Collection Box 1, Folder 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary