3 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/44/loc_mshc_0000033_web.pdf 92b9217e79b722a7f6e42610348062e2 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000033 Title A name given to the resource "Lilly Lake -- Monte Sano." Description An account of the resource This photo shows a scene at Lily Lake on the grounds of Col. James O'Shaughnessy's home on Monte Sano. According to the Historic Huntsville Quarterly, the structure in the foreground of the photo is a "four-tiered vertical framework covered with ivy, and reaching an impressive height of twelve feet or so." Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1880-1889 1890-1899 Type The nature or genre of the resource Card photographs Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Collins, Ira F. Subject The topic of the resource Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) O'Shaughnessy, James Lakes & ponds Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection Box 4, Folder 30 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/45/loc_mshc_0000034_web.pdf cf22727fed39c49addedf3e8dca325ad PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000034 Title A name given to the resource "The Valley of Huntsville." Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1880-1889 1890-1899 Type The nature or genre of the resource Card photographs Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Collins, Ira F. Subject The topic of the resource Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection Box 4, Folder 30 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Description An account of the resource The view shows Athens Pike (now Holmes Avenue) in Huntsville, Alabama, with Monte Sano Mountain in the background. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/46/loc_mshc_0000035_web.pdf 33aa8e4de034891756e54a2a11a7a2be PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000035 Title A name given to the resource Monte Sano Boy Scout troop on a camping trip. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Subject The topic of the resource Boy Scouts of America Camping Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/47/loc_mshc_0000036_web.pdf 4fe80c666d374e8369344d9c9e341756 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000036 Title A name given to the resource Photo of the cast of a production of Snow White at the Monte Sano community pool. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Subject The topic of the resource Community theater Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/48/loc_mshc_0000047_web.pdf fdc8fe1ef0607c8600063fe5f5473c7b PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000047 Title A name given to the resource Topographical map of Monte Sano. Description An account of the resource This map was drawn by William W. Varnedoe, Jr. and published by the Monte Sano Civic Association. It shows Monte Sano's neighborhoods, the state park, and the mountain's natural features, including springs and caves. The map also notes changes in elevation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Varnedoe, William W., Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Huntsville (Ala.)--Maps Monte Sano State Park (Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Maps Topographic maps Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/50/SpaceJournal_1957-Summer_LowResolution.pdf 1213a4b8a297ab9378c6e5ec9338cc6a PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space Journal, vol. 1, no. 1., Summer 1957. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1957_summer Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics Observatories Propulsion systems Redstone missile Satellites Space flight to Mars Oberth, Hermann, 1894-1989 Description An account of the resource This issue of Space Journal includes articles written by Fred L. Whipple, Hermann Oberth, and Ernst Stuhlinger, as well as a foreword by Wernher von Braun. The issue also includes drawings for an observatory to be built at the top of Monte Sano Mountain in Huntsville, Alabama. Produced by the Rocket City Astronomical Association (now known as the Von Braun Astronomical Society), Space Journal was published in Huntsville from 1957 to 1959. This digitized copy was generously provided by Jeff Bennett at the Von Braun Astronomical Society (VBAS). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/8/51/loc_hbhc_0000001_0000011a.pdf 2f69d0a10a9cf163597c7bc017b57b4d PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/65" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection Description An account of the resource Originally establishing a tobacco shop on Jefferson Street in 1879, brothers James B. and Daniel T. Harrison moved their shop to their current location in Huntsville’s Southside Square in 1897. After the building was damaged by a fire in 1901, the brothers rebuilt and expanded their store, reopening as Harrison Brothers Hardware in 1902. After James’ death in 1908, Daniel T. and Robert Harrison, their younger brother, ran the store. In 1940, Daniel T. Harrison passed away leaving Robert the sole owner of the store. In the 1950s, Robert’s sons, Daniel F. and John Harrison, took over the store. In 1952, Robert Harrison passed away. In 1981, Daniel F. Harrison passed away leaving John Harrison as the sole owner of the store. The Historic Huntsville Foundation purchased the store in 1984, after the store closed due to John’s death in 1983. As one of the first major projects of the Historic Huntsville Foundation, the store was reopened in October of 1984 and is staffed by several volunteers. The Historic Huntsville Foundation currently continues the operation of Harrison Brothers Hardware in Huntsville, making it Alabama’s oldest operating hardware store. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Your Family Survival Plan." Subject The topic of the resource Cold War--Social aspects--United States Fallout shelters United States. Federal Extension Service Civil defense Description An account of the resource The pamphlet instructs readers how to build a fallout shelter and includes instructions for storing food and water, specifications for building materials, and charts for keeping track of food and water supply, shelter supplies and equipment, and first aid. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U. S. Department of Agriculture Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Pamphlets Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_hbhc_000001_000011 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/1/52/loc_hilt_0000006_0000042.pdf 94ebf56693fc08ca3fd96cd86d9fe518 PDF Text Text .-.. ~ . - ~- • Remarks by Dr. We rnher von Braun. Dir ec t or George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center National Ae r onautics and Space Administration Huntsville. Alabama A l abam a Legislature Montgomery, Alabarna J une 20, 19 61, 11:00 a.m. Your Excellency Gove rnor Patterson, Lieutenant Governor Boutwell, Speaker Ashwo rth and gentlemen of this joint session of the Legislature of Alabama: I want you to know that it is a very real honor for me, a citizen of A l abama . to add r es 5 you today in the Capit a l City of our Great State . 1 deeply appreciate your thoughtfulness in inviting me to be with you in this historic C a pitol Bu ilding . It is my privilege to know a number of you pe r sonally , and I wish I knew tTlore of you. I'm su r e that if the appropriations for the George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center carne directly from the Legi s i"at ure of Alabama ins te ad of the Congress I would know many more of you. I have been privileged for some time, of cou r se, to know Governor John Patterson. In fact, I enjoyed a ve ry pleasant luncheon and conve r sation in Washington wi t h the Gove rn or not so long ago. • �• <. 2 Also, I frequently see and talk with our own representatives from Madison County: Senator Dave Archer, Representative Roscoe Roberts and Representative Luke Reynolds. I should like to give a little public credit to Dave and Roscoe and Luke for the tremendous help they have been to the Marshall Space Flight Center and the U. S. Army at Huntsville. They have frequently helped pull us over the rough spots as the rocket and space exploration business in Alabama began to have more and more impact on the State and South. I am. glad to say, too, that you gentlemen of the Legislature have responded ITlore than once to our expanding needs. And thanks to the persuasiveness of our Madison County delegation -- and your own good judgement and conscience - - I as we wanted you to. ~m glad to add that you responded We are delighted, of course, that you did, and we are grateful. As you may recall, some of my former German colleagues and I carne to Alabama from Ft. Bliss, Texas , some ten or ~leven years ago, and six years ago this past spring we were awarded our Alnerican citizenship. I want to take advantage of this occasion to express my sincere appreciation to the many fine citizens of this State for the warm, truly Southern hospitality which they have extended to us. We like -- and we are proud of -- our Alabama friends and neighbors. • �-" 3 As you will remember, during the past few years all of us in Alabama have shared some exciting. history-making moments together. First there were the pioneering Redstone and Jupiter missile programs~ then our laounching of the Free World's first satellite around the earth, built right here in Alabama; then our launching of the Free World's first satellite around the sun, again built right here in Alabama; then only a few weeks ago came our launching of the Free World's first man into space. And, 1 hasten to add, with the Saturn deep space rocket and other programs now underway at the Marshall Center. we expect to ring up a few more firsts before too long. Even now a lot of people still ask me, "Why do you want to go to the moon? II I like to remind them about one of this country's most famous scientists. When wise old Ben Franklin sent up his kite that day in the thunderstorm, he got his knuckles singed by electricity. Franklin learn by this experiment? from the clouds would shock him. Not much. What did Only that electricity But because Ben was curious about the world around him, his simple research -- plus a few other experiments conducted elsewhere -- stirred up a lot of interest. A burst of attention was then focussed on electrical research, and as a result, old Ben Franklin's kite sparks flew around the world. Today, we can't drive a tractor, fly an airplane, light a house, or send a satellite into space without electricity. • �, 4 My point here is that as wise as Ben Franklin was, he didn't have the faintest idea of the great benefits that were in store for mankind as a result of the first faltering experiments that he and others about that time carried out. But Franklin did have scientific curiosity. It was curiosity that made him go fly a kite that day. not some mysterious. prophetic knowledge that he was about to help pave the way for va'st new benefits for all mankind. So when somebody tells you to go fly a kite, don't punch him in the nose. Who knows? You too might discover electricity. Incidentally, as you know, Benjamin Franklin was not only a s.c ientist and inventor, but he was also a great statesman and politician. In fact, he would be equally as much at home -- were he alive today -with the employees of the Marshall Space Flight Center as he would with the m.em.bers of our Legislature. And after reading som.ething of som.e of the rem.arkably skillful operations conducted around Goat Hill here lately. I wouldn't be surprised if we couldn't learn m.ore fro.m. Franklin about our business than you could learn from. hitn about yours. It is curiosity that sets m.an apart . • It is curiosity that m.akes hitn learn. This has been true throughout history .... first curiosity; then learning; then advancement. • �• 5 But the guy who is curious -- the restless searcher for new knowledge -- never knows where his curiosity will lead him. All he knows is that SQIne time, in Borne way. the knowledge he digs up will better the lot of his fellow man. For instance, the great bacteriologist, Sir Alexander Fleming. found one day that certain bacteria were killed by a mold. This "accidental discovery -- which happened because Fleming was curious about mold -gave us penicillin. He didn't have the faintest idea that what he saw under his microscope that day would end up by saving many, many thousands of h~an liv es. It's always that way. • We just never know what the next bit of information will bring f orth. That's why we want to -- and why we must -- explore space. !tIS our next frontier, our newest challenge. and the greatest unknown today. I am convinced that the exploration of outer space will produce undream e d of benefits for all of us. And the very fact that nobody knows for sure what all of these benefits will be opens new prospects and excites our imagination to further progress . It has been said (Henry Ward Beecher) that lithe soul without imagination is what an observatory would be without a telescope. II Now how are we going to space? �6 I'd like now to show you a few slides of actual space hardware and d i scuss with you some promising methods we plan t o US~ to get out there. The other day The President said we should go to the moon. Well, he's not alone. Let us just hope that somebody named Ivan Ivanovich or Yuri Gagarin doesn't get there first. How are we going to get there? And when? F i rst, l e t me say here and now that this country has nothing to be ashamed o f in c omparison with the Soviets in space exploration to date. This c omparison may have been valid three years ago, but today we have orbited many more scientific satellites than they; and from them we have gleaned a great deal more new flcientific information from. the universe than anyone else. The area where we are obviously behind is in the field of big boosters .... the big push. That is the bottleneck. That',s why I should like to talk with you today about our efforts in big space booster development. I shall discuss two in particular: The Saturn and Nova . But, before I go into that let me say that we're all highly gratified , of course, at Alan Shepard's successful and historic voyage aboard the Mercury-Redstone rocket. • �7 LIGHTS OFF SLIDE I But to achieve this we had to fall back on that old reliable Alabama-made Redstone rocket. The Redstone . taking off on the left , was first developed as a weapon . It has never yet been fired in anger . But when we got into trouble (and maybe angry) because the Russ.ians beat us up there with the Sputniks, we had to call on the Redstone to put the first American earth satellites into orbit. In the middle is the Jupiter C which lofted Explorer satellites I , III, and IV. Then after Yuri Gagarin 1 s orbit ... . in an effort to stay in the man-in-space race .. .. we again relied on that old reliable Redstone to boost our first American • into space. You see it on the right -with the space capsule on top. Following the Mercury-Redstone will be the Mercury-Atlas which will'J?lace an American in orbit later this year. Well, as to How and When . .. . to put it sinlply the United States now has a whole stable-full of other good rockets to do the job with; and from all indications we're going to accelerate our most vital space exploration programs and tinletables rapidly and forcefully. I should like now to talk with you about two big space exploration vehicles . SLIDE Z �8 First the Saturn . Thanks to a little clever fCfking .... and with the cooperation of the Governor's press secretary .... we see the Saturn deep space rocket right on the lawn of our Capitol building. This particular ve rs ion of Saturn stands about 18 stories. high . The Saturn rocket not only compares in size with the Capitol, but I suspe,ct a comparison in internal complexity and perhaps an ability to shift courses might be made, With the belp of private industry and universities around the country, the Saturn space carrier vehicle is under development here in Alabama for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Several versions of the Saturn are being considered. smallest -- 80 called Even the is the world's largest known rocket. SLIDE 3 Here is a cutaway of the Saturn booster showing· the fuel and oxygen tanks. There are eight tanks six feet in diameter surrounding one tank in the middle of the cluster that is nine feet in diameter. of the outer tanks -- and the middle t ank - - hold liquid oxygen . Four The remaining carry the kerosene. You can't see them all here. but the booster has eight keroseneoxygen engines. each of which can develop 188.000 pounds of thrust. By "thrust" we mean lifting force. • �., • 9 The Saturn represents a four-fold jwnp in thrust power .... from the 360. 000 pound thrust Atlas to the 1.5 million pound thrust Saturn. This is equal to the energy developed by almost all the 100, 000 or more automobiles in Montgomery, Alabama. This particular first stage will be used to boost the first two versions of the Saturn rocket now under consideration into space. For our purposes, we call the three versions of the Saturn the C-l, C-2. and C-3. SLIDE 4 Here is the second stage of the first -- or C-l -- version of Saturn. This stage will be powered by six hydrogen-oxygen engines, each developing 15, 000 pounds thrust. These new hydrogen engines represent the first step forward in advanc ed li quid propellants . Our earlier space vehicles generally used sorne type of kerosene as fuel. This stage is some 17 feet in diarneter and about 40 feet tall. SLIDE 5 A new developrnent in liquid rocket engines is underway to power this, t he number two stage. of the second -- or C-2 -- Saturn vehicle, Four new hydrogen engines. each developing 200,000 pounds thrust, will be combined to give this stage a total of 800,000 pounds thrust. This new engine will be a really big step in the development of hydrogen engines ... , frorn 15,000 pounds to 200, 000 pounds thrust. SLIDE 6 • �.. 10 Here at a glance you can get a good look at the three Saturns. The first version, . on the left, can put la, 000 pounds of payload into low earth orbit. earth. It is also designed· to put three men into orbit around the The £irst launching of the Saturn C - l . without a payload,. is schedul ed for the last quarter of this year. about 180 feet tal1 . With payload, it stands It weighs about 1, 000, 000 pounds at liftoff. The second Saturn, in the middle, will be about 210 feet high. It will have three stages and will be capable of orbiting manned or un- manned payloads of more than 44, 000 pounds around the earth, soft -lan d a 3,000 pound payload on the moon and back to earth, or put instruments • on Mars or Venus. The third Saturn shown here is a rather radical departure over the other versions in that the booster will be powered by two huge new kerosene engines, each of which develops 1. 5 million pounds of thrust. This Saturn booster, then, will be twice as powerful -- with three million pounds thrust - - as the earlier version. The second stage will have the same four 200,000 pound hydrogen engines, and the third will have six hydrogen engines with 15,000 pounds thrust each. • 1,6, OOtIt can put"*, 000, 000 pounds into earth orbit, or fly a multiple crew around the moon or send 24,000 pounds on a one-way trip to Mars. Ten launchings of research and development vehicles are scheduled in the current Saturn program. �:: . 11 We expect the Saturn deep space rocket to be the major rocket for U. S. space exploration for a number of years. It is the first large rocket to be developed in the U. S. for scientific peaceful research. SLIDE 7 When the Saturn puts men into space it will carry a spacecraft known as Apollo. Here you see the Saturn booster out in space separating from the remaining stage and the Apollo. The Apollo is not only an extension of the Mercury-man-in-space program, it has other capabilitie.8. For instance, men can use it to observe the surface and envirorunent of the moon before a manned landing takes place. The Apollo is also sufficiently flexible to serve as a manned orbiting laboratory .... a laboratory where man can perform useful space research in a low earth orbit. This orbiting laboratory is a necessary step leading toward a permanent {nanned space station. This will be the main application of the Saturn rocket ... . man into space. SLIDE 8 Here is a promising plan to recover Saturn boosters and thus save a lot on money. Rockets are usually considered expendable, but by using this unique Rogalla kite -- called a paraglider -- _we think we can return boosters and some upper stages to land and fly them again. • �• IZ The paraglider would actually be guided down from the ground -as you see here -- through a radio remote cont r ol system. Lines attaching the kite to the booster can be pulled in or let out to cont r ol the kite as it descends and finally approaches the landing strip. SLIDE 9 The special barge was built because it's about the only way -- at present, anyway -- that we can get the Saturn booster from the Marsha ll Center to Cape Canaveral. However, due to an accident at the Wheeler lock on the Tennessee River not long ago , it looks as if we're going to have to use two water - going vessels temporarily. name of this barge -- to get it to the lock. WeI ll use the Palaernon -- the ITlQve it by a whee led transporter around the lock. then re-load on a former Navy barge and proceed to the Cape. It 1 s a 2,200 mile trip by river. the intercoastal waterway that runs across the southern tip of Alabama. the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The skipper of this unusual craft describes the barge as a crOBB between a mine sweeper, a garbage scow and a blimp hanger. SLIDE 10 Moving the upper stages of Saturn by air is a possibility. A rather startling proposal by Douglas Aircraft has been made to carry the Saturn second stage on top of an aircraft in piggy-back fashion. seriously looking into this scheme. We 1 r e The idea is to save time and money. �13 When I first studied this proposal I couldn't help thinking about the caterpillar who, like too many of us, never can accept a new idea. Two caterpillars were strolling along in the dust one day when a butterfly went by overhead. One caterpillar said to the other: "They'll ne ve r get me up in that thing. " SLIDE 11 Here is Saturn with a nuclear upper stage. In this concept of a nuclear rocket, hydrogen is heated by passing it through a nuclear reactor and then exhausted through a nozzle yielding about twice the propellant economy you get with a hydrogen oxygen engine. With this rn.ore efficient engine, smaller quantities of propellants will be needed, thus ITlaking ou r payloads a lot bigger. • NASA and the Marshall Space Flight Center are making a number of studies in this area. Also, NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission jointly are pushing forward the pace of the Rover development, as the nuclear rocket reactor program is called. We should fly our first prototype nuclear rocket by 1966. This first nuclear rocket will be called RIFT .... for" Reactor In Flight Test tt • Itls easy to see that we call dream up weird alphabetical abbreviations with the best of them. The RIFT nuclear vehicle will be flight-tested as a second stage of the Saturn C-3. ) . �14 SLIDE 12 As we approach manned space travel involving several men . ... and women, eventually, of course .... we must put up much bigger payloads . Incidentally. Bob Gilruth, the man in charge of the U. S. Mercury program, was asked the other day if he plans to use women astronauts in the man-in-space program . With a straight face, Bob replied: "Well, we are reserving 110. pounds of payload for recreational equipment. T o put these bigger payloads up it takes thrust. II Here is a dramatic example. The smallliquid engine you see creates 188, 000 pounds thrust. Eight of these make up the Saturn first stage which produces, as you now know. ' 1. 5 million pounds. Then , at one stroke. comes a single engine that produces the same amount of thrust - - · 1. 5 million pounds - - that the whole Saturn engine~ cluster produces . Both are kerosene engines . To express myself in more familiar terms, this big rocket engine produces 33, 000 , 000 horsepower, compared with these two diesel locomotive units at the left which together produce only about 4, 000 horsepowe r . Now by clustering a batch of these big engines you can see that we can really • achieve power. SLIDE 13 And h ere is where we will need it. possible Nova space vehicle concepts. Saturn. This slide depicts one of the Nova is the next big step beyond • �15 By clustering the Saturn C-3 boosters -- those first stages with the two 1. 5 million pound single chamber engines -- on the left we come up with this clustered Nova vehicle in the center. For very high speed it would be advantageous to increase the propellant capacity of the top stage. Thus Nova would offer us an escape payload of up to 140, 000 pounds. By "escape" we mean escape from the earth's gravity . With Nova, we could land a locomotive on the moon if anyone wanted one there. What is more important, this Nova space rocket can put a spacecraft -- like the one on the right -- with three men on the moon and return them to earth, and at the same time leave 40, 000 pounds of supplies and equipment to support a manned lunar station . • With a nuclear third stage, it could go into orbit around Mars and return to earth later on. Nova vehicles of this class give us the most direct approach to manned lunar and planetary exploration. LIGHTS ON Before Nova, though, comes Saturn. I might mention here that the Saturn space rocket will be shown to the public for the first time on July 1. In fact you can see two fully assembled Saturn rockets which we will display at an open house we are having to celebrate the first anniversary of the Marshall Center. �16 We will also erect a Mercury~Redstone capsule like the one Al Shepard rode in. rocket, complete with a spa.ce We would be most happy to have any of you who can to visit us that day. We hope it will provide you and the public with a pretty good .- and rather interesting -- look at Alabama's major role in the national space program. We will conduct four live, that is hot, static tests of a Saturn engine for you. Also; for the first time each of the 10 space research laboratories of the Marshall Center will be opened to the general public. 8: 30 to 3: 30. Our open house will be from I'd like to remind you that Huntsville - - for the first time in several years -- is on Central Standard Tirne this swnmer . As a reward for our cooperation in staying on standard time, however, they give us the privilege of going to work at seven o'clock in the morning . July 1 is on Saturday, so I s,;!ggest you come up to Huntsville for a visit to the space center and leave your politics ba.ck here. Now .... what will it take for this country to regain lost prestige and once more asswne its place as the scientific and technological leader among nations? More particularly, what can the people of Alabama do? What can the people in this room do? These slides you have just seen show how much the national space program depends upon the work going on here in the State of Alabanla. Just as important for the country's well-being, of course, is the enormous national defense effort being carried out at Huntsville by the Army Ordnance Missile Command and the Army Ordnance Guided Missile School. • �• 17 The 25. 000 persons employed at Huntsville who carryon this work receive an annual payroll of about $200, ODD, DOD, The total money spent by these agencies each year is nearly Z. 2 billion dollars. and about 16 per cent of this (or 350 million dollars) is spent in Alabama with companies and educational institutions throughout the state. I haven't mentioned this to Dave Archer yet, but when the ~igure of 25, 000 arsenal and Marshall Center employees was ITlentioned in a ITleeting in Huntsville th e other day. somebody suggested: "With all these voters around here, why don't we elect a Senator frOrri Redstone Arsenal?" The Marshall Center is now in the process of hiring more than • 1600 new employees. engineers Most of the people we need and ~ scientists. 60 urgently are graduate In other words, highly skilled and e ducated men and women . Although a substantial nwnber of our present technical people are products of Alabama's educational system , most of ther;,., frankly. have come f rom e lsewhere ... . from all 50 states and several other countries, as a matter of fact. • �18 You've heard and seen something now about the kind of people we need and what we need them for. We need the best, and we need them for one of the most vital jobs in the history of free men. This. I submit, is substantial evidence to show that opportunity is indeed knocking on Alabama's door, and knocking hard, just as oppor tunity knocked on California's door a few decades ago when the aircraft industry was beginning to blossom. The question today is. II Will Alabama open the door?" As a proud citizen of this state and of this count ry I I feel a responsibility to raise this question with you and to discuss it openly and frankly. Shakespeare said. "There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune". now -- but is passing fast. For Alabama. the tide is at flood My appeal to you is to recognize this and to take action today while the opportunity is still available. I am sure there are very few problems in Alabama which could not be solved with more money -- the proper capital investment at this time can produce that money for the State of Alabama. Now what investment am I s peaking of? I am speaking of an investment in people -- strong. capable, educated people! Opportunity goes where the best people go, and the best people go where good education goes. • �19 Unless we get -- and keep -- many more bright young men and women very soon to help us carry the present load, our programs -- and Alabama -- will suffer. , This danger was sensed last winter by a keen Washington official during his visit with us. We were asking for rn.ore funds for construction of facilities, and he raised the question as to whether it was really .smart for the Federal Government to continue to build up its facilities in a place which has much difficulty in obtaining the right kind of senior personnel to operate these facilities, like a business: You see, a goverrunent agency functions much Success is not guaranteed by past successes; no one in Washington is assuring our future; if we begin to falter -- as we most certainly will without the right kind of personnel -- serious consequences will surely r~esu1t. To lTlake Huntsville lTlore attractive to technical and scientific people across the country -- and to further develop the people we have now - - the acadelTlic and research environment of Huntsville and AlabatTla lTlust be Unproved and Unproved UnlTlediately. As lTlany of you know, the University of AlabalTla has a University Center in Huntsville, which is definitely a step in the right direction. In addition they have just opened a slTlall Research Institute closely affiliated with this Center. • �20 As this Institute grows. large corporations will be encouraged to establish research organizations nearby to form an industrial research park as a part of the University complex, which in turn will give birth to major new industries throughout the State. Unless, however, large swns of lTloney can be found immediately to improve and enlarge this University complex, its real value may come too late to help us attract and develop the kind of people we must have. The citizens of Alabama should recognize even more fully that the United States, as well as the other leading countries of the world, now lives in a technological age. The efforts along this line that have been taken in the past -- in developing our technological manpower and other industrial resources -- will not, I repeat , will not suffice to keep pace with the other states and nati ons today. It's the university climate that brings the business. What do you think attracted the aircraft industry to the Los Angeles area? The desert and smog? No, it was U. C. L. A. and Cal Tech and the Art Institute and St. Mary's and The University of Southern California. Was it beans that brought great electronic and other industri es to Boston? It was the Educational Triangle of Boston University, Harvard and M. 1. T. A friend of mine said last week that if M. 1. T. was as close to Huntsville as are the University of Alabama and Auburn University that M. 1. T . would own Redstone Arsenal. • �21 Let's be honest with ourselves about it: it's not water, or real estate. or labor. or power, or cheap taxes that brings industry to a state or city. It's brainpower. make it rich. Nowadays, brainpower dwnped in a desert will Right now you could run a profitable electronics firm on the moon, if the company liked the climate. Educational c1hnate, that is. Without question, such a climate is the most important resource in attracting new people and new ideas. process. si~gle It's a self-generating Once you get it started, it snowballs. The top people in industry and goverrunent today like to improve themselves. them. TheY llike flourishing research institutions. They thrive on 1£ they have a bachelor's degree, they want a master's. If they • have a master's, they want a Ph. D. to teach and do research. are not satisfied. And if they have a Ph. D. they want So our young engineers with bachelor's degrees If they could get advanced degrees and remain near an academic environment, they would stay with us. Lacking such opportunities they want to move on to California and Massachusetts. While we are trying to bootleg young engineers from other states ... because w e don't produce them here .... the same states are stealing our senior scientists, �22 The State of Alabama ... . in this case I you .... has a very real responsibility to promote the advancement of science and higher education. In short, itls up to you to create the right climate. In Huntsville we are trying to create a vigorous and varied educational and research clilnate. The seed is sown with the University Center and the infant Research Institute. But the seed is starving. It needs s o mething green .... Money. To be specific. the Research Institute needs .... at this very moment . . . . three million dollars for buildings and equipment. Following this first investment the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will enrich the State both financially and culturally. Let me remind you of something: the rocket and missile business at Huntsville pours 350 million dollars annually into the State of Alabama. That's more ~ than a hundred dollars a year per man, woman and child. The only reason that Alabarrta has this bonanza at all is because the Army had a big chunk of spare real estate that served the immediate purpose of providing a home. We've lived in that home for more than ten years now, and it's about time we got a schoolhouse. And everything that goes with it. For a three million dollar investment now, I promise you that you'll reap billions. Easily billions. is more than a third of a billion. 350 million dollars, don't forget, �23 The President has asked the Congress for from seven to nine billion dollars for space for the next five years alone. that dough will e nd up in Alabama . A big hunk of End up in Alabama, that is I if Alabama can attract the kind of people we have to have . provide them , with a decent educational. scientific and cultural climate . and make them want to stay. If Alabama does this. then the prosperity and culture of the entire state will g r ow and fl ou rish . If Alabama doesn't . ... Well, I'd hate to see those Saturn and Nova r ockets begin that long and lucrative trip to the moon from the State of California. • Now, it is not my place to tell you what to change or how to change it . but I tru s t you may take this warning seriously. I' m not a s king for something next year, or n ext month, or next week, or tomorrow . I'm asking that you -- each of you, individually and collectively -- do something now . On one hand , you have the greatest opportunity fo r wealth , prosperity and culture ever offered to this state and seldom to any other state . While on the other, you face the greatest of dangers . . . . n ot only the danger of a ggress ion and lo ss of prestige, but also the danger of economic competition from other cities • . states and nations all over the world . �Z4 When a prospective employee looks at us he does not try to decide whether to liv e in Huntsville or Montgomery , he is choosing between Alabama and Los Angeles. New York or Boston. It is your decision whether you want to make Alabama attractive enough to stay in this race. I do not believe you will back away from this competition . I believe I know the citizens of my state well enough to say with full confidence that they will accept this challenge with the gusto of Macbeth as he said: "Lay on, Macduff. and damn'd be hiIn that first cries. 'Hold, enough! II' • I �I • "'_-.. • . -- ~ ~- , , .~ ~ # ! 4 Q • • ��SATURN C-I FIRST STAGE C-2 FIRST STAGE �SATUR!'\ C-I SECOND STAGE • �'~------~--------- SATURN c- 2 SECOND STAGE • �Story Bldg -- • ��- MAT '- • -, ;T 0'- • ",~ " • ~ �• �• �• ��MODULAR NOVA CONCEPT . "'~ '=""lP � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heinz Hilten Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/29" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Heinz Hilten Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Heinz Hilten Collection Description An account of the resource At the start of the Second World War, Heinz Hilten (1909 to 2013) was drafted into the German army, where he worked with von Braun’s V-2 rocket team at Peenemünde. In 1954, Hilten made his way to America, where he rejoined von Braun. Hilten helped plan the growth of Alabama’s Redstone Arsenal until 1960, when he began designing laboratories, control centers, test stands, and administrative buildings for the newly minted Marshall Space Flight Center; Hilten also helped design the Saturn rocket program. Hilten was also a founding member of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transcript of a speech given by Wernher von Braun to the Alabama Legislature. Subject The topic of the resource Aerospace industries Alabama. Legislature George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Saturn Project (U. S.) University of Alabama in Huntsville University of Alabama in Huntsville. Research Institute Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Description An account of the resource Von Braun, then the director of Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, delivered this speech to the legislature in 1961. In the speech, he emphasizes that Alabama must take advantage of its position in the aerospace industry and create a robust "academic and research environment" in Huntsville to attract businesses that "will give birth to major new industries throughout the state." He exhorts the legislature to fund the newly established University of Alabama Research Institute (now part of the University of Alabama in Huntsville), arguing that "the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will enrich the State both financially and culturally." The legislature later approved von Braun's request of $3 million for the Research Institute, enabling the purchase of 200 acres of land for the campus and the construction of the Institute in 1964. The speech includes copies of slides von Braun used during his presentation, including diagrams of Saturn and Nova rockets as well as a mockup of a Saturn rocket on the lawn of the state capitol in Montgomery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heinz Hilten Collection Box 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-06-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Speeches Transcripts Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_hilt_000006_000042 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/53/spc_stnv_001_003.pdf 5c10e1d73855e40136a6eabb881b96e8 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Saturn I: The First Generation of Heavy Launch Vehicles Designed for Peaceful Exploration of Space." Description An account of the resource The leaflet outlines the history of Saturn launches and gives a physical description of the rocket. The description includes a diagram of each stage; specifications of each stage's thrust, propellants, liftoff weight, and burning time; and engine specifications. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Leaflets Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000001_000003 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Project Apollo (U.S.) Saturn Project (U.S.) Space flight Rocket engines https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/54/skylab30anniv150_[1].mp4 ebb34a6dea31f99374ab85921261c6da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214 <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "SkyLab: An Oral History of America's First Space Station." Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Von Braun Symposium Skylab 30th anniversary Description An account of the resource This video was released in conjunction with Skylab's 30th anniversary in 2003. It contains video footage from the Skylab program as well as interviews with those associated with the program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context skylab30anniv150 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2000-2009 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Moving Image Oral History https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/56/web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers.pdf 65c7bdd04f8f487699fd418a0200bcdb PDF Text Text 1 �Transplanted Rocket Pioneers Copyright 2015 University of Alabama in Huntsville, all rights reserved. 2 �TRANSPLANTED ROCKET PIONEERS – Introduction The first time mankind left the Earth and worked on another body in the Solar System will undoubtedly be one of the few events of the 20th Century that will be remembered in future centuries. Also, most historians conclude that the lunar missions of the Apollo Program could not have been possible without the leadership and experience provided by a core of engineers, scientists and managers transplanted from Europe to the Unites States after World War II. Hence, these ‘Transplanted Rocket Pioneers’ have particular historical significance. This fact has motivated the Archives of the Library at the University of Alabama in Huntsville to assemble an individual file on each of the people included in several lists of individuals who came from Europe to participate in the rocketry activities in Huntsville, or in a few cases who had other ties to Huntsville. This collection of individual files supplied the data base for preparation of a Summary sheet for each individual. Although most sheets are relatively complete, some data are still missing. For uniformity, a standard format has been adopted for these one-page summaries: The first two lines on each page records fundamental identification information: Family name Date of birth Place of birth Given names Date of death Place of death The next standard entry is a statement of the extent of the Archives Holdings, either i) A Primary collection of documents housed in one or more banker boxes, ii) A secondary collection in a standard archive box, or iii) a file folder. Next, if there is an oral or video history for the individual, this fact is noted. A statement about the highest education levels of the individual follows. The next five entries, in chronological order, record whether the individual participated in activities at five sites: 1st Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf, Individuals engaged in the activities at these sites of early rocket development experiments sponsored first by VfR and subsequently by the German Army. 2nd Peenemünde, Included here are individuals who participated in Peenemünde programs under several auspices: as Army civilian employees, as members of the German military, as contractor employees on site or visiting as needed, and university employees collaborating as required. 3rd Fort Bliss, Individuals who were brought to Fort Bliss from 1945 to 1950 4th GMDD-ABMA, Individuals who came to Huntsville, Alabama to work for the US 3 �Army rocket programs in the decade 1950 to 1960. 5th MSFC, Individuals who were employed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in the decade 1960-70. Some people had various relationships with UAH and that is so noted. A statement of immigration details is noted if pertinent. Finally, a great variety of incidental information is included under Incidental Remarks. The creation of the data base and summaries described here is only one example of many space history collections and resources housed in the UAH Archives. These collections are available to historians, scholars and students. 4 �ALPHABETICAL LIST, 218 Individuals Adams, Ernst Angele, Wilhelm Axster, Herbert Ball, Erich Bauer, Helmut Bauschinger, Oscar Beduerftig, Hermann Beichel, Rudi Beier, Anton Bergeler, Herbert Blumrich, Josef Boehm, Josef Brandner, Friedrich Braselmann, Ferdinand Bruenecki, Eberhard Bruns, Rudolf Buchhold, Theodor Burose, Walter Cerny, Otto Dahm, Werner Dannenberg, Konrad de Beek, Gerd Debus, Kurt Decher, Rudolf Deppe, Hans Dhom, Friedrich Dobrick, Herbert Dornberger, Walter Drawe, Gerhard Duerr, Friedrich Ehricke, Krafft Eisenhardt, Otto Engler, Erich Engler, Helga Venzke Erbskorn, Karl Eulitz, Werner Evers-Euterneck, Ernst Fehlberg, Erwin Festa, Rudolf Fichtner, Hans Finzel, Alfred Fischel, Eduard Fleischer, Karl Friedrich, Hans Fuhrmann, Herbert Geissler, Ernst Gengelbach, Werner Glaser, Rudolf Goerner, Erich Goethert, Bernhard Goetz, Otto Grau, Dieter Gross, Klaus Gruene, Hans Guendel, Herbert Gustav, Johann Haeussermann, Walter Hager, Karl Hartbaum, Helmut Haukohl, Guenther Heck, Arno Heimburg, Karl Hein, Leopold Hellebrand, Emil Heller, Gerhard Helm, Bruno Henning, Alfred Hermann, Adolf Hermann, Rudolf Herold, Curt Heusinger, Bruno Heybey, Willi Hilten, Heinz Hintze, Guenther Hirschler, Otto Hoberg, Otto Hoelker, Rudolf Hoelzer, Helmut Holderer, Oscar Horn, Helmut Hosenthien, Hans Hueter, Hans Huzel, Dieter Jacobi, Walter Jenke, Richard Jennissen, Joseph Juergensen, Klaus Junegert, Wilheim Kampmeier, Heinz Kaschig, Erich Kennel, Hans Klauss, Ernst 5 Klein, Johann Knothe, Adolf Koelle, Heinz Kraemer, Fritz Kraus, Gerhard Krause, Helmut Kroeger, Arthur Kroeger, Hermann Kroh, Hubert Kroll, Gustav Kuberg, Willi Kuebler, Manfred Kuers, Werner Kuerschner, Helmut Kuettner, Joachim Kurzweg, Hermann Lacker, Herbert Lahser, Heinz Lange, Ernst Lange, Hermann Lange, Oswald Ley, Willy Lindenberg, Hans Lindenmayr, Hans Lindner, Kurt Ludewig, Hermann Luehrsen, Hannes Lusser, Robert Mandel, Carl Manteuffel, Erich Martineck, Hans Maus, Hans Merk, Helmut Michel, Josef Milde, Hans Millinger, Heinz Minning, Rudolf Mrazek, Willi Muehlner, Joachim Mueller, Fritz Nein, Hans Neubert, Erich Neuhoefer, Kurt Nowak, Max Oberth, Hermann Osthoff, Leopold �Paetz, Robert Palaoro, Hans Panzer, Walter Patt, Kurt Paul, Hans Pauli, Fritz Pfaff, Helmuth Polstorff, Walter Poppel, Theodor Prasthofer, Willibald Raithel, Wilhelm Rees, Eberhard Reichert, Rudolf Reilmann, Karl Reisig, Gerhard Rheinfurth, Mario Riedel, Walther III Rosinski, Werner Roth, Ludwig Rothe, Heinrich Rothe, Kurt Rudolph, Arthur Ruppe, Harry Sassenfeld, Helmut Schaefer, Herbert Scharnowski, Heinz Scheufelen, Klaus Schilling, Martin Schlidt, Rudolf Schlitt, Helmuth Schmid, Helmut Schneider, Horst Schnelle, Heinz Schuler, Albert Schulz-Arenstorff, Richard Schulze, Heinrich Schulze, William Schwartz, Friedrich Schwidetzki, Walter Seiler, Ernst Sendler, Karl Sieber, Werner Speer, Fritdjof Sperling, Hans Spohn, Eberhard Stein, Arnold Steinhoff, Ernst Steurer, Wolfgang Struck, Heinrich Stuhlinger, Ernst Tessmann, Bernhard Teuber, Dieter Thiel, Adolf Thomas, Horst Tiller, Werner Tschinkel, Johann Tuebbecke, Julius Urbanski, Arthur Vandersee, Fritz von Braun, Magnus von Braun, Wernher von Pragenau, George von Puttkamer, Jesco von Saurma, Friedrich von Saurma, Ruth von Tiesenhausen, Georg Voss, Werner Vowe, Theodor Wagner, Carl Wagner, Hermann Weber, Fritz Weidner, Hermann Wiesman, Walter Wittman, Albin Woerdemann, Hugo Wuenscher, Hans Zeiler, Albert Zettler-Seidel, Philipp Ziesmer, Erich Zoike, Helmut 6 �Adams, Ernst Wilhelm Feb. 2, 1928 Essen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Dr. Ing. July 9 1956 (mathematics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Nov. 1957. Cited as Redstone Arsenal employee in 1959 Huntsville Directory MSFC yes, Listed in 1960 MSFC Directory. He is no longer listed in the 1964 MSFC Directory. He is also missing from 1965 onward Huntsville City Directories. UAH involvement He taught graduate courses in Huntsville in early 1960s for the University of Alabama. Immigration He is on a third Paperclip list. Incidental remarks In the June 13, 1962 Marshall Star, he is mentioned as being in the Fluid Dynamics Section of the Aerodynamics Branch in the Aeroballistics Division. He was the supervisor of a summer high school employee. He was an author on several publications from the Goddard Space Flight Center from 1963 through 1968, implying that he had transferred there from MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 001. 7 �Angele, Wilhelm Feb. 8, 1905 Aug. 22, 1996 Memmingen, Germany Richmond City, Virginia UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Friedrich-Alexander University, Nuremberg, BS in engineering. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Prototype Development Branch of the Astrionics Laboratory. He was very active in the von Braun Astronomical Society Observatory on Monte Sano in Huntsville. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 003. 8 �Axster, Herbert Felix Nov. 3, 1899 May 5, 1991 Berlin, Germany Düsseldorf, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Educated as a lawyer. Pre-WWII he specialized in technical and patent law. He was an officer in the German Army Reserves. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was an Army officer assigned to the Peenemünde Base. He became executive officer to General Dornberger. Axster was in the small group with von Braun who surrendered to the American Army. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, He is in 1951 and 1952 Huntsville directories. He returned to Germany by 1953. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks An informative account of his close relationship with Wernher von Braun during the Fort Bliss period is given on page 262 in Wernher von Braun: Crusader for Space by Stuhlinger and Ordway. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 005. 9 �Ball, Erich Karl August Sep. 12, 1901 Nov. 2, 1990 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Machinist Trade School, Berlin. (tool and die maker and machine construction) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, 1936-1937, Kummersdorf Proving Grounds, Foreman for the rocket propulsion test stand [NARA file]. Peenemünde yes 1937-1945, Master mechanic and Foreman for assembly of experimental rockets. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, In the December 1964 MSFC Directory he in listed in the Engine Test Branch of the Test Laboratory. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed a MSFC. Retired 1968. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians, and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 007. 10 �Bauer, Helmut F. Sep. 21, 1926 Dec. 27, 2012 Europe Boca Raton, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University in Darmstadt, Ph.D. (mathematics and physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Listed in 1959 Huntsville Directory as engineer at ABMA. MSFC yes. In the Aeroballistics Division in the 1960 MSFC Directory. Left in 1963. UAH involvement Taught graduate mathematics courses for University of Alabama starting in the late 1950s. Later he was a Temporary Associate Professor of Engineering. Incidental remarks He was chief of the Flutter and Vibration Section of Aeroballistics Division at MSFC in 1961. He left MSFC in March 1963 to accept a position as a professor of engineering mechanics at Georgia Tech. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 008. 11 �Bauschinger, Oscar Hugo Aug. 9, 1911 Dec. 27, 1989 Landshut, Germany Bad Windesheim, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Berlin Institute of Technology, MS in Eng., 1958 (physics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a physicist at Redstone Arsenal. Left Army employment before 1960. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks A March 5, 1956 document in his NARA file says that he was then employed by the Curtis Wright Corp. in New Jersey. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 009. 12 �Beduerftig, Hermann May 17, 1903 Mar. 18, 1973 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Higher Technical Institute, Berlin, graduate Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945, Turbine and centrifugal pump designer. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1969. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Division. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 009. 13 �Beichel, Rudi H. Aug. 19, 1913 Oct. 25, 1999 Heidelberg, Germany Sacramento, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education State Technical College, Karlsruhe Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1944 assigned to Peenemünde by the Army. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left Army employment in 1956 to join Aerojet Company. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks Drafted into the German Army in 1939. The conference paper AIAA 93-1941 is titled, “Pioneering High Pressure Rocketry, A Short Biography of Rudi Beichel.” At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 010. 14 �Beier, Anton Sep. 9, 1906 Sep. 12, 1960 Odernheim, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical College, Mittweida, (machine construction). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1938-1945. Fort Bliss yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, But only for a few months before he died. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 010. 15 �Bergeler, Herbert R. May 16, 1907 Oct. 9, 1996 Breslau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Advanced State Institute for Engineering, Stettin, (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Apr. 8, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Apr. 8, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Division. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 011. 16 �Blumrich, Josef F. Mar. 17, 1913 Feb. 10, 2002 Europe Larimer, Colorado UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1959. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Received an award in 1972. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Advanced Studies Office. He is cited in the Marshall Star for participating in the Marshall supporting research and technology program and for several patents. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 17 �Boehm, Josef Aug. 7, 1908 Dec. 31, 1973 Unterhimmel, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology, Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1935. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He participated in British Operation Backfire in fall 1945. He designed and developed the modifications to Redstone rockets to create a Jupiter-C rocket. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Electro-Mechanical Engineering Branch of the Astrionics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 016. 18 �Brandner, Friedrich W. Aug. 15, 1919 May 30, 2004 Vienna, Austria Wagrain, Austria UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technologischen Gewerbemuseum, Vienna, Austria, 1938 (electrical engineer). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Worked on rocket guidance and control for Peenemünde while employed by Siemens Co. in Berlin. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1954. MSFC yes, In the 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired June 1974. Immigration Immigrated in February 1954. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab. Friedrich and his wife were trapped in Russian occupied East Germany after WW II. They escaped from East Germany in 1949, and went to Vienna. He was Guidance and Control Project Engineer for JUNEO II. After retirement from MSFC, “Fritz” Brandner and his wife returned to Austria where they operated a small bed and breakfast in Wagrain. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 019. 19 �Braselmann, Ferdinand 1914 (age 61 at death) Germany Jan. 8, 1976 Oberbauer über Milspe, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education High school (Oberschule) in Gevelsberg. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In a biographical sketch, he is described as having been a reaction motor specialist who worked at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss yes, His Special Contract for Employment at Fort Bliss was dated July 21, 1947. His travel orders to return to Germany were dated April 1948. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss, as a hand written name at the very end with no further personal information. Incidental remarks Correspondence in Dec. 2014 with Ferdinand’s granddaughter, Imke Braselmann, quotes a passage from a letter by Ferdinand to his wife in Germany as he contemplated return to Germany from Fort Bliss. In it he relates that he had expected to work on some subject that Klaus Scheufelen and he had begun in Peenemünde, but that had not materialized. Therefore, he had told Wernher von Braun he wished to return to Germany in the next few months. Klaus Scheufelen also returned to Germany after a brief stay in the U.S. Imke Braselmann also notes that the Braselmann family had wished he would return to Germany to help manage the family metal fabrication business, started by his grandfather, also a Ferdinand Braselmann. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 20 �Bruenecki, Eberhard or Erhardt UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Konrad Dannenberg’s list indicates he was at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss yes, Unconfirmed reference says he was there in Jan. 1947. GMDD-ABMA no, MSFC no Immigration On a second Paperclip list. Incidental remarks An unconfirmed reference suggests that he returned to Germany from Fort Bliss. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 21 �Bruns, Rudolf Heinrich O. May 4, 1923 July 1986 Hanover, Germany California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Hanover, Apr. 1953 (geodetic engineering). Title Dr., used in articles citing him. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Apr. 13, 1957. He was in Huntsville only briefly before establishing residence in Florida. MSFC - KSC yes, In MSFC 1960 Directory section for Launch Operations Directorate in Florida Incidental remarks He was involved in automating telemetry operations for Saturn I. Two interviews with him are referenced in Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations. He was in the German Army from 1941 to 1945. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 022. 22 �Buchhold, Theodor July 10, 1900 Feb. 23, 1984 Unterliederbach, Germany Wiesbaden, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University at Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1923, Dr. Ing. 1925. (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Research and development for Peenemünde as a contractor while a professor at the Technical University at Darmstadt. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived June 24, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left in 1954 for employment in private industry. MSFC no UAH involvement In April 1951, Dr. Buchhold was a member of an eight man committee appointed by the Commanding Officer of Redstone Arsenal to determine the scope of the graduate program desired for Arsenal employees. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived June 24, 1946. Incidental remarks Retired in 1967 from General Electric Company in Schenectady, NY and returned to Wiesbaden, Germany. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 023. 23 �Burose, Walter Oct. 4, 1906 Jan. 19, 1955 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical Trade School, Lage (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1943, Designer and Section Chief for A-4. 1944-1945, Designer and Section Chief for Wasserfall. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950 to Jan. 19, 1955 MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946 Incidental remarks A road on Redstone Arsenal is named for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 024. 24 �Cerny, Otto Franz Dec. 5. 1909 Sep. 26, 1985 Linz, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Dipl.Ing., Dec. 1936 Rakentenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, May 1940-Apr. 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes Arrived Dec. 12, 1957. MSFC yes Retired 1982 Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance Lab, Analysis and Operations Div. Worked in Austria after WWII until coming to the U.S. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 025. 25 �Dahm, Werner Karl Feb. 16, 1917 Jan. 17, 2008 Lindenthal, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technical University in Aachen, (attendance interrupted by WWII) Mechanical Engineering degree completed 1947. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting 1941, after 2 years in the German Army Signal Corps. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived September 1947, after delaying immigration to complete university degree in Germany GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, He was chief of the MSFC Aerodynamics Division until 1992 when he was named Chief Aerodynamicist at the Center. He retired in 2006 at age 89. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947 Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Aerophysics Division of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. He was by far the last and oldest of the Peenemünde rocket team members to retire from MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 028. 26 �Dannenberg, Konrad UAHuntsville Archives holding Aug. 5, 1912 Feb. 16, 2009 Weißenfels, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Konrad Dannenberg Collection/MC-36/72 linear feet https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=14908848 Oral history Video interviews with Donald Tarter. Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Technische Hochschule in Hanover, Dipl. Ing. (mechanical) 1938. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German Army in 1940. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. MSFC yes, 1960-1972. On the July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement Recorded with Donald Tarter video interviews with several rocket pioneers. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks The extensive Dannenberg Collection in the UAH Archives includes a personal, day-by-day, log of activities at Peenemünde. The Collection also contains four loose leaf notebooks with information on other Rocket Pioneers. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief Mission Engineering Office in the Advanced Systems Office of R&D Operations. After retiring from MSFC, he became deeply involved in the programs of the Space and Rocket Center and of Space Camp. The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville have document holdings for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 028. 27 �de Beek, Gerd Wilhelm July 13, 1904 Dec. 2, 1989 Bremen, Germany Lake Wales, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Nordische Hochschule, 1924, (industrial graphics technician). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From Oct. 2, 1939 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired in 1967. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the 1964 MSFC Directory, he is listed as Chief of Graphical Engineering and Model Studies in the Management Services Office. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 009. 28 �Debus, Kurt H. Nov. 29, 1908 Oct. 10, 1983 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Cocoa Beach, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Darmstadt University, Doctorate 1939, (mechanical and electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Director of launch operations. MSFC – KSC yes. Director of Launch Operations Directorate in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. Became first Director of Kennedy Space Center in July 1962 and retired in November 1974. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks He directed all the early rocket launches by the Army and then by NASA at KSC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 028. 29 �Decher, Rudolf Aug. 22, 1927 Apr. 25, 2004 Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Gravity Probe B Collection/MC-14/19 linear feet Education University of Würzburg, Ph.D. 1954. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1959. MSFC yes, During his later years at MSFC, he was a Division Chief in the Space Sciences Laboratory. Retired 1994. UAH involvement After retiring from MSFC, he joined the UAH Center for Space Plasma and Atmospheric Research, where he worked until his death. Incidental remarks He was a research scientist at Dynamit AG in Troisdorf, West Germany from 1955-1959. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 30 Rocket Pioneer �Deppe, Dec. 6, 1917 Hans Heinrich Wilhelm Gotha, Germany presumed to be Germany Rocket Pioneer UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Rustin Institute, Berlin, (general machine construction engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Cited as returned to Germany. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration He is on a second list of Paperclip immigrants but apparently did get to Fort Bliss before the move to Huntsville. Incidental remarks In some Paperclip lists, his given name is given as Kurt. That seems to be a later change or an error. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 029. 31 �Dhom, Friedrich Mar. 10, 1909 Aug. 25, 1988 Hamburg, Germany St. Petersburg, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education School for Engineers, Mannheim (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1971. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Saturn IB Program Office, Systems Engineering Office. He left Fort Bliss briefly in the early 1950s to work for the Bendix Corporation, but returned. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 029. 32 �Dobrick, Herbert Otto Feb. 25, 1910 July 2, 1986 Powunden, Germany Oberlenningen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education State Higher Technical Institute for Machine Construction, Stettin, (machine construction). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1938-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Cited as returned to Germany. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In The Rocket Team by Ordway and Sharpe, Herbert Dobrick at Fort Bliss was assigned to work on a rocket design that eventually was named the Loki. In a paperclip list his given name is shown as Werner, but this seems to be an error. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 031. 33 �Dornberger, Walter Robert Sep. 6, 1895 Gießen, Germany July 27, 1980 Baden-Württemberg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding His book: V-2, Viking Press, New York, 1954 and File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection. Oral history Audio recording of conversation with him. Education Technische Hochschule Charlottenberg, Berlin, Dilp. Ing., 1930. Honorary Doctorate, 1935. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Commanding officer of rocket development, 1933-1937. Peenemünde yes, Commanding officer starting in 1937. Roles evolved with time. Wernher von Braun and Rudolf Hermann reported to him. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration US Air Force for 3 years, postwar. Incidental remarks Worked for Bell Aircraft Corporation, 1950-1965. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 032. 34 �Drawe, Gerhard Paul Nov. 5, 1910 June 16, 1996 Schivelbein, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Correspondence School, Berlin, 2 years, (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Guidance and Control Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 033. 35 �Duerr, Friedrich Jan. 26, 1909 Dec. 20, 2000 Munich, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Institute of Technology, Stuttgart, BS Institute of Technology, Stuttgart, MS Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental Remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Instrumentation Unit Project Manager in the Saturn V Program Office. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 033. 36 �Ehricke, Krafft Arnold Mar. 24, 1917 Dec. 1, 1984 Berlin, Germany La Jolla, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Technical University of Berlin, MS 1942 (aeronautical engineering). Attended Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin from 1941 to 1942, until drafted into the German Army. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no, But he was interested in rocketry at an early age. Peenemünde yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German army in June 1942. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 1, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, He left Redstone Arsenal in 1952 for employment in private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 1, 1947. Incidental remarks He wrote several books and published numerous papers. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 37 �Eisenhardt, Otto Karl June 7, 1905 Dec. 10, 1986 Ebhausen, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education School of Handicraft, Stettin, (master mechanic) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In charge of rocket fabrication. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 3, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He was very much involved in developing the welding process for the large Saturn fuel tanks. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Manufacturing Development Division of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 036. 38 �Engler, Erich Engelbert Sep. 11, 1926 Reichenberg, Bohemia April 2014 address: 80 Valley Way Circle SE, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Engineering School, Berlin (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1956. MSFC yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory. Received 30-year service award in 1986. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Structures Div. After retirement, he worked for Morgan Research Co. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 038. A single NARA file was for both Erich Engler and Mrs. Helga Engler. 39 �Engler, (maiden name Venzke) Apr. 25, 1925 Helga (Mrs. Erich Engler) Berlin, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Engineering School, Berlin (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1956. MSFC yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory. Incidental remarks Helga Irene Engler and Erich E. Engler were divorced on June 26, 1959 in Huntsville. Helga Engler is in the 1961, 1962 and 1963 MSFC Directories, Astrionics Lab, but she is not in 1964 and later directories. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, her personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. Her dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 038. A single NARA file was for both Erich Engler and Mrs. Helga Engler. 40 �Erbskorn, Karl June 14, 1905 Jan. 12, 1991 Alsfeld, Germany Long Valley, Morris Co., New Jersey UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Engineering School, Lage (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no, GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1959 Huntsville Directory as eng ABMA. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1963 Directory, in Computation Lab, but not 1969. Immigration Arrived at Holloman AFB, NM in 1956. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 038. 41 �Eulitz, Dec. 15, 1903 Werner Richard Herbert May 26, 1985 Zwickau, Germany West Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Leipzig, Ph.D. 1930 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945, Chief of Physics Laboratory. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1956 MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Materials Division. He received a NASA award for inventing a slosh suppressing device and he published papers on the sloshing of liquids in rocket tanks. From 1945 to 1952 he was self-employed: Dr. Werner Eulitz Apparatus Construction, Schlewecke, Bad Harzburg, Germany. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 039. 42 �Evers-Euterneck, Ernst Theodor Feb. 20, 1924 Bremen, Germany Mar. 2014 Address: 4416 Shelby Ave. SE, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Darmstadt, (degree in control systems) after 1949. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1957 to 1960. Army Missile Command 1961 to 1985. MSFC yes, 1960-1961, Guidance and Control in Astrionics Division. UAH involvement In 2013, he collaborated with a senior-level engineering design class to refine and model a device that will make semi-tractor trailer trucks turn better. Immigration Arrived in the U.S. Sep. 21, 1957. Incidental remarks He was in the German Navy during World War II. He spent time in a British holding camp in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 039. 43 �Fehlberg, Erwin Sep. 8, 1911 Nov. 1990 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Doctorate, (mathematics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1954. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1975. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab. He is recognized in the Marshall Star (Sep. 8, 1965), for his research and development of numerical integration methods. From 1942 to 1945 he was in the German Air Force and from 1937 to 1945 he provided ballistic consultations to the German military. In Huntsville City Directories he was a retired resident through the 1990 volume. His widow, Mrs. Hildegard Fehlberg, was shown living in the same residence in the 1991 volume. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 040. 44 �Festa, Rudolf K. J. Aug. 28, 1909 Mar. 27, 1991 Vienna, Austria Anaheim, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Vienna, Ph.D. 1932 (mathematics and astrophysics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived June 30, 1958. In 1959 Huntsville Directory, listed as scientist Redstone Arsenal. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Probably had a break in NASA employment as he is listed as a new employee in April 1964. MSFC retiree. UAH involvement The 1962 Huntsville Directory lists him as an Associate Professor at the University of Alabama. He also taught University of Alabama courses in Huntsville while a NASA employee. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab, Astrodynamics and Guidance Theory Div He was a scientist with the rank of major in the German military from Jan. 1939 to Jan. 1943. From Sep. 1956 to June 1957 was on the faculty of the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa under the Fulbright Exchange Program. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 040. The following is a quotation from his statement in his NARA file: “I was released from the military in Jan. 1943 and I worked in Czechoslovakia. ---My work in Czechoslovakia pertained to the V-2 and was a duplicate of work being conducted at Peenemünde.” 45 �Fichtner, Sep. 8, 1917 Hans Joachim Oskar Oct. 21, 2012 Leipzig, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview by Steve Doyle of the Huntsville Times, Oct. 5, 2008 Education Höhere Technische, Lehranstalt, B.S. 1939 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Apr. 1940 to Mar. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration yes, On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Electrical Systems Integration Division of the Astrionics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 041. 46 �Finzel, Alfred Johannes July 26, 1916 Dec. 1, 1984 Leipzig, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Leipzig, B.S. 1939 (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Jan. 8, 1940 to May 1945. He was a designer. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1974. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed on the Staff of the Director of Industrial Operations. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 042. 47 �Fischel, Eduard July 6, 1902 May 13, 1984 Bacharach, Germany Rocket Pioneer Bad Reichenhall, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Charlottenburg, Berlin, Ph. D. (Thesis: automatic aircraft control systems) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left Redstone Arsenal in 1955 for employment in private industry MSFC no UAH involvement In April 1951, Dr. Fischel was a member of an eight man committee appointed by the Commanding Officer of Redstone Arsenal to determine the scope of the graduate program desired for Arsenal employees. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks From 1939 to 1945 he worked at the German Research Institute for Gliders in Darmstadt and later in Anzing, Bavaria. He returned to Germany in 1962 where he lived until his death. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 042. 48 �Fleischer, Karl Otto July 24, 1912 2005 Berlin, Germany Reichenhall, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Bonn University, 1 and ½ years (industrial engineering) Berlin University, 2 years (law) Berlin University, 3 years (training at court) Institute of Technology, Berlin, 3 years (independent study) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was business manager of the Niedersachswerfen site dispersed from Peenemünde. Fort Bliss yes, In late 1946 group photograph. Cited as returned to Germany. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Toftoy list of scientists and technicians brought to Fort Bliss by the Army. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He was involved in the hidden Peenemünde documents being transferred to the American forces. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 043. 49 �Friedrich, Hans Rudolf Sep. 12, 1911 Dec. 6, 1958 Zwickau, Germany San Diego, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Leipzig University, Ph.D. (mathematics and physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Finishing all electrical instrumentation in the A-4 rocket. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. GMDD-ABMA yes, but he left Huntsville in 1951 to join Convair and worked on the Atlas missile. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks Charles Bradshaw, in his book Rockets, Reactors and Computers Define the Twentieth Century, describes intensive mentoring by Friedrich. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 047. 50 �Fuhrmann, Herbert Walter Apr. 27, 1912 Jan. 1, 2005 Dresden, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Engineers School, Dresden, 1913, (graduate engineer) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retiree. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 047. 51 �Geissler, Ernst Dietrich Aug. 4, 1915 June 3, 1989 Chemnitz, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interview (5 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Technical University, Dresden, Dipl. Ing., 1939 University of Darmstadt, Dr. Ing. (applied mathematics), 1951 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting in 1940 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960 MSFC yes, 1960-1973, Director of Aeroballistics Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired Dec. 1973. UAH Involvement In May 1968, Dr. Geissler was a lecturer at a UAH short course on Fundamentals of Guidance and Control. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. He served as director of that division until his retirement in 1973. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 050. 52 �Gengelbach, Werner K. Sep. 29, 1912 Sep. 18, 2001 Buchfart, Germany Santa Barbara, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology Darmstadt, MS 1938 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Started in 1942. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. In 1949 he transferred to work for the US Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base near White Sands Missile Range, where he stayed until 1957. GMDD-ABMA no, Not found in Huntsville Directories. MSFC yes, Joined MSFC in 1962. Retired in June 1972. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Resident Manager of the S-II Resident Office in the Saturn V Program Office. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 050. 53 �Glaser, Rudolf Friedrich Jan. 10, 1910 June, 1992 St. Gallen, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Breslau, now Poland, 1938, Dr.Ing. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Nov. 1957. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1975. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Structures Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 052. 54 �Goerner, Erich Louis Ernst Apr. 4, 1910 Oct. 4, 1979 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education MS in aeronautical engineering. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in Sep. 1954. MSFC yes, Retired December 1973. Immigration Came to the U.S. in 1954. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of Advanced Studies Office in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Office. At retirement, he was Director of the Preliminary Design Office in Program Development. Erich Goerner was an original member of the Huntsville Civic Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 053. 55 �Goethert, Bernhard Hermann Oct. 20, 1907 Mar. 29, 1988 Hanover Germany Manchester, Tennessee UAHuntsville Archives holdings File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Berlin, PhD (aeronautical engineering) 1938. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, As department chief of high speed aerodynamics in Berlin he led wind tunnel testing and development and collaborated with the wind tunnel work and with Rudolf Hermann at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration He was brought to Wright Field in 1945 by the Army Air Force, where he worked with several other former German engineers, including Dr. Rudolf Hermann. Incidental remarks In 1952, Dr. Goethert moved to the U.S. Air Force Arnold Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, Tennessee. He was instrumental in the 1964 formation of the University of Tennessee Space Institute and was its first dean. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 053. 56 �Goetz, Otto K. Sep.t 25, 1932 May 24, 2014 Rastatt, Germany New Market, Madison Co., Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history He was interviewed on July 20, 2010 as part of the NASA STS Recordation Oral History Project. Education Technical University of Karlsruhe, Germany, (degree in mechanical engineering) 1957 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC yes, Arrived 1961. Retired Jan. 3, 1996 Incidental remarks Before coming to the United States, he worked in Switzerland on pumps and turbines for big power plants. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Computer and Sub-System Test Div. During his final years at MSFC, he was the deputy manager of the Shuttle Main Engine project. He was a consultant for Pratt and Whitney after retirement. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 57 �Grau, Dieter E. Apr. 24, 1913 Dec. 17, 2014 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Berlin, MS 1937 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. On late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Director of Systems and Reliability in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired December 1973. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks At White Sands, during stay at Fort Bliss, he assisted in launching some 50 V-2 rockets specifically equipped for scientific investigations. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Quality and Reliability Laboratory. On Apr. 24, 2013, he was honored at a 100-year birthday party for him at Regency Retirement Village, Huntsville, Alabama. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 055. 58 �Gross, Klaus Wilhelm Dec. 18, 1931 Herne, Germany April 2014 address: 178 Sandy Drive NE, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University Braunschweig, MS 1958 (Department of Machine Elements) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Jan. 21, 1960. MSFC yes, In 1985, listed as MSFC charter member. Twenty-five-year service award in Feb. 1985. Retired early in 1998. UAH involvement His wife and both sons obtained their degrees at UAH. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div. During his career at MSFC, he was involved in rocket engine developments, the first manned flight, the unsurpassed lunar landings, the following shuttle flights, as well as new engine concepts for the next century. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 59 �Gruene, Hans F. May 24, 1010 Oct. 23, 1979 Braunschweig, Germany Cocoa Beach, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University in Braunschweig, Ph. D. 1941 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1943 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC - KSC yes, MSFC from 1960 until he was transferred to KSC when it was formed in 1963. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He was deputy director of Launch Operations for ABMA and for the first years of MSFC. He became deputy director of KSC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 056. 60 �Guendel, Herbert Hans Dec. 10, 1914 Mar. 23, 1976 Leipzig, Germany Boston, Massachusetts UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, B.S., 1940 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, July 1940 to Mar. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as an engineer at Redstone Arsenal. Moved to private industry before 1960. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 058. 61 �Gustav, Johann UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Encyclopedia Astronautica says he was a German expert on guided missiles during WWII. Fort Bliss yes, He is cited as working in Fort Bliss as of January 1947. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration He is not on any of the standard Paperclip lists. Incidental remarks He is reported to have returned to Germany, probably from Ft. Bliss. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 62 �Haeussermann, Walter Mar. 2, 1914 Dec. 8, 2010 Künzelsau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Technology in Darmstadt, Doctorate in physics,1939. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German Army in Dec. 1939 and stayed for three years. Left to go to Darmstadt to work for Kreiselgeräte and Siemens to develop a gyroscopic guidance platform. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948 (delayed due to illness of wife). GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Director of Guidance and Control Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. Retired in 1978. UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Haeussermann was a lecturer in Physics. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5, 1948. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director Astrionics Laboratory. Paper IAC-11-E.4.2.2 by John B. Alcorn is titled, “The Contributions of Walter Haeussermann to Rocket Development.” At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 061. 63 �Hager, Karl Franz Mar. 25, 1903 June 1980 Nuremberg, Germany Mooresville, North Carolina UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Würzburg, Ph.D. 1927 (chemistry and mathematics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1944. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Moved to private sector before 1960. MSFC no UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Hager was a lecturer in Chemistry. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 061. 64 �Hartbaum, Helmut Karl Hans June 19, 1924 Jan. 15, 1996 Munich, Germany Europe UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology, Munich, Dr. of Science 1957 (engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. In 1959 Huntsville Directory listed as scientist at ABMA. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Incidental remarks In 1961 MSFC Directory, Guidance and Control Division, but not in later Directories. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 064. 65 �Haukohl, Mar. 27, 1913 Guenther Hans Friedrich Dec. 9, 2002 Hamburg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Engineering school, Berlin, 4 sem, (machine construction) School of Machine Construction, Rostock Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, 1936-1937. Foreman, jet propulsion. Master mechanic. [NARA file] Peenemünde yes, From 1937 to 1945, Development of jet propulsion and factory superintendent. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Components and Sub-Systems Test Div. He retired from MSFC by April 1971. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 065. 66 �Heck, Arno E. July 21, 1903 Apr. 11, 1983 Königsberg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Berlin Ingenieurschule, Dipl.Ing. 1934 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Sep. 1941-Mar. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1947 GMDD-ABMA yes, National Procurement Division, 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory. MSFC yes, Joined MSFC in Nov. 1963. Retiree. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1947. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Manufacturing Engineering Lab, Manufacturing Research and Technology Div. His years of service awards indicate he had continuous civic service from 1947 to at least 1967. The Huntsville Directory entries indicate that he did not join the mass transfer from the Army to NASA on July 1, 1960, but transferred in 1963. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 067. 67 �Heimburg, Karl Ludwig Jan. 29, 1910 Jan. 26, 1997 Lindenfels, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technology Institute, Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1935 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, from 1942 to 1945. After 1943 bombing of Peenemünde, his work was displaced to Lehesten. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1950 until 1960. MSFC yes, Director of Test Division in MSFC 1960 initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement Volunteer help at the Johnson Environmental and Energy Center after retirement from MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks From 1937 to 1941 he designed coal plants in the Far East. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Test Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 068. 68 �Hein, Leopold A. July 26, 1921 Jan. 6, 1984 Europe Flintville, Tennessee Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. In the 1959 Huntsville Directory he is listed as an engineer at ABMA. MSFC yes, He was an engineer in the Mechanical Division of the Structures and Propulsion Laboratory at the time of his death. Incidental remarks Twenty-five-year service award in April 6, 1983 Marshall Star. He was a patient recipient for his work on a resilient seal ring assembly and for a solar heating and cooling apparatus. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 068. 69 �Hellebrand, Aug. 1, 1914 Emil August Heinrich Dec. 16, 1981 Vienna, Austria Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S. 1938 (construction engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1972. UAH involvement Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Emil Hellebrand was a lecturer in Strength of Materials. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of the Propulsion and Engineering Laboratory. When he retired he was deputy director of the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 068. 70 �Heller, Gerhard B. Jan. 24, 1814 Oct. 1, 1972 Eschwegen, Germany Nashville, Tennessee UAHuntsville Archives holding Gerhard Heller Collection/2 linear feet Oral history Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Institute of Technology Darmstadt, BS 1938 and MS 1940 (physical chemistry) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940 – 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Gerhard Heller was a lecturer in thermodynamics The Gerhard B. Heller Memorial Scholarship was established at UAH in 1974 by his widow, Ms. Hertha Heller, who was herself a longtime faculty member. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Space Thermodynamics Division of the Space Sciences Laboratory. Gerhard Heller died after an automobile accident in 1972 while Director of the MSFC Space Sciences Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 069. 71 �Helm, Bruno Kurt Dec. 31. 1909 Dec. 1, 1987 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Trade school of the Bergmann Electrical Works, Berlin 1928-1931. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1938-1945. While employed by Heereswaffenant, Berlin. Assembly foreman for V-2 rockets. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. He retired in 1970. U of AL Bruno Helm’s body was donated to the University of Alabama Medical Center in Birmingham. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Manufacturing Engineering Lab, Manufacturing Development Div. From 1933 to 1938 he was employed by Siemens-Schuckert Co., Berlin-Gartenfeld, as a tool and die maker and also in manufacturing of dies, set-ups and inspections. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box o69. 72 �Henning, Alfred Hermann Dec. 8, 1904 1960-1965 Gevelsbert, Germany Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Hanover, Dr.Ing., 1941 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Involvement while employed at Leunawerke. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Deputy Director Weapons Systems Coordination Office in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks From 1936 to 1945 he was employed at Leunawerke. Not in 1961 and 1962 MSFC Directories. In the July 1, 1965 MSFC Public Affairs list of 118 Paperclip specialists transferred to Fort Bliss in 1945-1946, Alfred Henning is listed as deceased. Another paper clip list says he died in Germany. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 069 73 �Hermann, Adolf L. Aug. 26, 1898 Dec. 6, 1966 Mittelhausbergen, Germany Porz-Zündorf, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Polytech Institute in Friedberg, Degree 1921 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In 1944-1945, while working for Brown Boveri Co., he had an assignment as project engineer for a high pressure air system and related equipment for the V-2 missile program and other projects at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1954. MSFC yes, Retired Jan. 1, 1966, after suffering a stroke in 1965. Immigration Came to the USA in 1954. Incidental remarks Moved to Germany after retirement, and died there. He was the subject of a “Star Salute” biography in the Jan. 9, 1963 issue of the Marshall Star. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 070. 74 �Hermann, Rudolf Dec. 15, 1904 May 17, 1991 Leipzig, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding Rudolf Hermann Collection/22 linear feet Oral history Video interview by Tarter and Dannenberg Education University of Leipzig, PhD in physics and astronomy, 1929. Aachen Institute of Technology, Doctor Phil. Habil., 1935 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes. Director of the Supersonic Wind Tunnel, reporting to General Dornberger. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no UAH involvement First Director of the University of Alabama Research Institute, 1962 to 1970. Professor, 1962 to 1980. Immigration Air Force list. Went to Wright Field (Air Force), November 1945. Incidental remarks The Hermann Collection in the UAH Archives has an authorized memoir of his life. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 070. 75 �Herold, Curt P. Nov. 25, 1912 July 15, 1998 Europe UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Electro-mechanical engineering, Bavaria. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting in 1942, engineering supervisor on development and design of components for the V2. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1954. Chief of firing equipment design section. MSFC-KSC yes, In MSFC Directories through 1964. In 1962 he was deputy chief of the Launch Equipment Branch of the Launch Operations Directorate. May have continued employment at KSC Incidental remarks He was issued a patent for a multiple quick disconnect umbilical device. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 070. 76 �Heusinger, Bruno Kaspar Aug. 27, 1912 Mar. 30, 1968 Essen, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical State School of Machinery, Essen, B.S. 1936 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1942 to 1945. Worked on turbopump systems. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Propulsion system design and evaluation. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Chief of Propulsion Evaluation Branch. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks His specialty was performance prediction, analysis and evaluation of propulsion systems in space and on orbital vehicles. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 071. 77 �Heybey, Willi H.E. Mar. 27, 1904 Nov. 2, 1985 Leipzig, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education University of Leipzig, Diploma for high school teaching, 1929, Ph.D. 1941 (Thesis: wind tunnel nozzle design and correction). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1937 to 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1959. MSFC yes, From 1960 to retirement in 1970. UAH involvement He taught graduate courses in Huntsville in early 1960s for the University of Alabama. Immigration In 1946, he was brought to US Navy Ordnance Laboratory in Maryland to help rebuild the wind tunnel that was transported to the US from Kochel, Germany. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab. The Archives has a number of papers coauthored by him during his residence at Peenemünde and Kochel. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 071. 78 �Hilten, Heinz Apr. 29, 1909 Mar. 1, 2013 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Heinz Hilten Collection/3 linear feet Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1934 (Architecture) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, June 1944-Apr. 1945. Sent to Peenemünde by German Army. Architect and design engineer. Drawing documents for V-2. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Came in 1954. MSFC yes, Retiree. Immigration Came to the United States in 1954 to rejoin von Braun rocket team, Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Facilities and Design Office, Planning Branch. He is quoted as saying “I always said that I was not a space scientist that designed rockets, but that I designed the space these scientists worked with.” Heinz Hilten was an original member of the Huntsville Civic Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 071. 79 �Hintze, Guenther July 8, 1906 Dec. 9, 1995 Breslau, Germany District of Columbia UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Breslau Institute of Technology, M.S. (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Final job was development of rocket and ground control installations for firing. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory. Not in 1956 Directory. Moved to private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 072 80 �Hirschler, Otto Heinrich Dec. 14, 1913 Feb. 2, 2001 Darmstadt, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education Technical University, Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1940 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From Oct. 16, 1939 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1970. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks From July 1945 to Sep. 1945, he participated in British Project Backfire. When most technical members of ABMA transferred to MSFC, he elected to stay with the Army. He was retired from Army employment on June 29, 1970. His biographical summary in his Archives File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection has a quite detailed timeline of his work assignments for his employers and his travel from organization to organization. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 072. 81 �Hoberg, Otto August Sep. 5, 1912 Jan. 27, 1991 Rüthen. Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Darmstadt, BS and Dipl. Ing. (electrical and communications engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the Astrodynamics Laboratory. A biographical note about Otto Hoberg is on page 92 of the 2009 edition of 50 Years of Rockets and Spacecraft. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 072. 82 �Hoelker, Rudolf F. Mar. 16, 1912 June 14 2003 Halle, Germany Newton, Massachusetts UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University Muenster, Dr. Sc. 1942 (thesis on analytical functions with several complex variables)_ Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1940 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, From 1960 until 1965 when he transferred to the NASA Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, MA. UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Hoelker was a lecturer in Mathematics. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the 1963 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Aeroballistics Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 072 83 �Hoelzer, Helmut Feb. 27, 1912 Aug. 19, 1996 Bad Liebenstein, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Institute of Technology Darmstadt, all degrees: BS 1935, MS 1939, Doctorate 1946 (mathematics and natural sciences). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1939 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, 1946 to 1950. GMDD-ABMA yes, Director of Computation Laboratory. MSFC yes, Director of Computations Division in MSFC 1960 initial management structure. Retired 1973. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired Dec. 1973. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived May 28, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Computation Laboratory. After NASA retirement he worked in Europe on Spacelab from 1974 to 1976. Later he worked with private industry in the USA. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 073. 84 �Holderer, Oscar Carl Nov. 4, 1919 Prüm, Germany 2013 address; 2304 Oakwood Ave NW, Huntsville, AL. Living, December 2014. UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin B.S. 1940 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Mechanical engineering design and calculations. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab, Aerophysics Div. Holderer made it possible for thousands of Space Camp attendees to learn about space travel through his realistic design of Space Camp trainers. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 074. 85 �Horn, Helmut Justus Karl June 24, 1912 Jan. 20, 1994 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding Helmut Horn Collection/MC-54/5 linear feet Education Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S.in engineering, 1939 (applied physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Helmut Horn was a lecturer in Applied Mathematics. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the AeroAstrodynamics Laboratory. Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 075. 86 �Hosenthien, Hans June 26, 1915 July, 3, 1996 Werkleitz, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing., 1938. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks Page 118 in The Rocket Team tells of his experience at Peenemünde. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Flight Dynamics Branch of the Astrionics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 076. 87 �Hueter, Hans, Herbert Mar. 21, 1906 Sep. 6, 1970 Bern, Switzerland Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with his son, Uwe Hueter. Education Technikum Mittweida, BS (mechanical engineering). Honorary Doctorate from Adelphi College. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, 1932-, Society for Space Travel, Kummersdorf, Berlin, Chief designer for development of liquid propellant rockets. Peenemünde yes, 1937-1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. 1945-1947 Leader of Paperclip group at White Sands for test firings of V-2 rockets. 1947-1951 back at Fort Bliss. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1951-1960. Director of Launching and Handling. MSFC yes, 1960-1969, Director Agena and Centaur Systems Office. in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In 1937 he moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde [Wernher von Braun, Crusader for Space, p 27] In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of Industrial Operations. His Archives file has a year by year account of his work assignments. He was Director of Safety at MSFC at the time of his death. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 076. 88 �Huzel, Dieter K. June 3 1912 Nov. 2, 1994 Essen, Germany Woodland Hills, California UAHuntsville File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection and his book Peenemünde to Canaveral. Archives holding Education Technical University of Stuttgart, MS 1937 (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In 1943 he was sent to Peenemünde by the German Army. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks In 1950 he joined the Rocketdyne Division of North American Aviation (later Rockwell International). He retired on June 30, 1976. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 077. 89 �Jacobi, Walter Willi Jan. 13, 1918 Aug. 19, 2009 Saalfeld, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Walter Jacobi Collection/13 linear feet Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, Apr. 1938-July 1939, (machine construction) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div. Walter Jacobi, in his retirement years, was a long-time officer in the Friends of German Culture in Huntsville. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 077. 90 �Jenke, Richard Karl Sep. 10, 1907 Apr. 7, 1982 Wiener Neustadt, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Staatliche Hochschule, Engineering Degree, 1932. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Oct. 1943-Apr. 1945. Detached to Peenemünde by the Army. Participated in tests and development of the V-2. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Civil Service started in 1953. MSFC yes, Retired June 1973 Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Systems Engineering Office, Ground Systems Office. From 1945 to July 1953 he worked in a chemical plant in Ehingen/Danube. He was the leader of a team effort that automated the electrical check out of the Saturn I vehicle. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 079. 91 �Jennissen, Joseph Peter Karl May 16, 1905 Aachen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Dr.Ing., 1932 (aeronautical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Oct. 16, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a scientist at Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Oct. 16, 1947. Incidental remarks From 1940 to 1945 he worked for the German State Aviation Ministry in Berlin doing research on aeronautical problems. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 079. 92 �Juergensen, Klaus Dec. 28, 1928 Plön, Germany April 2014 address: 4221 Choctaw Dr. SE, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S., 1954 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1957. MSFC yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory. Received 25 years of service award in 1982. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Applied Research Branch. He was awarded patents for some of his work at MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 080. 93 �Junegert, Wilheim Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education In The Rocket Team (page 310) he is described as a highly skilled technician who had worked for Rees. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, In the late 1946 group photograph. An account in The Rocket Team reports that he returned to Germany after only a year at Fort Bliss. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration He is not on the Army list of individuals initially brought to Fort Bliss. Perhaps he came a bit later or was not listed because he had returned by the time the list was finalized. Incidental remarks The inclusion of Wilheim Junegert on the list of members of the von Braun team who moved to Huntsville is probably an error. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 94 �Kampmeier, Heinz Wilhelm Sep. 4, 1914 Aug. 7, 2005 Gerbstedt, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Höhere Technische Lehranstalt, Mittweida, Engineering Degree, 1936 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1953. MSFC yes Immigration Came to the U.S.A. in 1953. Incidental remarks He was in the German military service from Nov. 1937 to Apr. 1943. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Project Office. His role in the MSFC Astrionics Laboratory, Instrumentation and Communications Division is described on p165 of ’50 Years of Rockets and Spacecraft’. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 082. 95 �Kaschig, Erich Feb. 11, 1906 Sep. 7, 1988 Breslau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection. Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Breslau Technical College, BS, 1928 (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Starting in 1937. From 1938 to 1939 he was subforeman for jet propulsion combustion chamber production and testing [NARA file] Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945, From 1940 to 1945 he was foreman for testing and firing. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1966. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the 1963 MSFC Directory, he is list in in the Test Division. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 083. 96 �Kennel, Hans Friedrich May 6, 1929 Jan. 9, 2013 Weißenfels an der Saale, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Education Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, MS 1955 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1956 to 1960. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1992. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Guidance and Control Div. His biography in the Archives file contains a good account of how the Paperclip program operated in Germany for many years after World War II. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 084. 97 �Klauss, Ernst Karl May 16, 1914 July 29, 1986 Berlin, Germany Ottobrunn, Germany (died during a visit) UAHuntsville Archives holding Ernst Klaus Collection/.25 linear feet Oral history Video interview with son, Rainer Klauss Education As a teenager in Germany, apprenticed in mechanical design at Orenstein und Koppel, Berlin, 1929-1932. On-job training and experience led to employment as an engineer. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Mar. 1, 1939 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived, May 7, 1950 MSFC yes, July 1, 1960 to November 1970. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired Nov. 1970. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16,1945. U.S. citizen in 1955. Incidental remarks A detailed autobiography is in the Klauss Collection in the UAH Archives. It has many references to coworkers in Germany and in the United States. It also has family details and experiences. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Projects Office of the Quality and Reliability Laboratory. He ended his career as Senior Technical Assistant to the Director of the Quality and Reliability Laboratory, MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 085. 98 �Klein, Johann Mar. 10, 1915 Dec. 28, 1998 Flörsheim, Germany Los Altos Hills, California. UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. in engineering, 1941, (applied physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Development of control methods. Fort Bliss yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. GMDD-ABMA yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a physicist at Redstone Arsenal, but not in later directories. Moved to private industry. MSFC no, Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 086 99 �Knothe, Adolf Heinrich Sep. 17, 1922 Feb. 27, 2004 Traisa/Darmstadt, Germany Traisa/Darmstadt, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, MS-1946, Ph.D.-1951 (mathematics and physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953. MSFC-KSC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory as an employee in Florida at the Launch Operations Directorate Immigration Entered U.S. on Jan. 8, 1953. Incidental remarks In a February 19, 1964 Marshall Star article announcing a reorganization of the Kennedy Space Center, he is cited as Senior Scientist on the Technical Staff. After retiring from NASA, he returned to Germany where he was a professor of mathematics at Hagen/Iserlohn Technical University. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 088. 100 �Koelle, Heinz-Hermann July 22, 1925 Feb. 20, 2011 Free City of Danzig Berlin, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding Heinz-Hermann Koelle Collection/.5 linear feet Education University of Stuttgart, Dipl. Ing. 1954 Technical University in Berlin, Dr. Ing. 1963. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, arrived in 1955 MSFC yes, Director of Future Projects Office on 1960 MSFC initial management structure. He returned to Germany in 1965. Immigration He spent ten years in the USA. Incidental remarks Pilot in German Air Force in World War II. At ABMA, edited Project Horizon Report. From 1965 to 1991 he was a Professor of Space Technology at the Technical University in Berlin. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box -89. 101 �Kraemer, Fritz Feb. 19, 1907 Oct. 16, 1996 Darmstadt, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, M.S., 1930 (aerodynamics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, Special Assistant to Heimburg in the Test Laboratory. MSFC yes Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. Incidental remarks Worked on aircraft design and research in Germany before coming to the United States. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory He seems to have used the spelling “Kramer” in later years. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 092. 102 �Kraus, Gerhard W. Mar. 13, 1914 June 10, 1992 Saalsberg, Silesia Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Staatliche Ingenieurschule, Breslau, Graduate 1937 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Apr. 1942-Apr. 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1974. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div. He served in the German military from 1937 to 1942. His role as chief of the MSFC Mockup Section of the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Division is described in a Marshall Star article, (Jan. 17, 1962). At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 093. 103 �Krause, Nov. 10, 1911 Helmut Gottlieb Louis Feb. 18, 2003 Königsberg, East Prussia Harris, Texas UAHuntsville Archives holding Helmut Krause Collection/6 linear feet Education Albertus University, Königsberg, East Prussia MS and PhD (astronomy, physics, mathematics and geophysics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Joined ABMA in 1957. MSFC yes, Retiree. UAH involvement His book collection was donated to the UAH Library. Incidental remarks From Apr. 1937 to Feb. 1945 he was a scientific assistant at the Observatory of Königsberg. From Mar. 1945 to Nov. 1945 he was a Russian POW at Graudenz, West Prussia. Before coming to the USA, he coauthored with Manfred E. Kuebler, a book published in 1956 by Stuttgart Verl. Flugtechnik. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab. “Star Salute” biography in Marshall Star, Oct. 9, 1968. He was the Plaintiff in a 1978 suit vs. James C. Fletcher. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 093. 104 �Kroeger, Arthur J. Heinrich Jan. 5, 1900 Sep. 11, 1988 Hamburg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical College, Hamburg, BS (mechanical engineering). Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1923. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1941 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Oct. 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, Listed in directories. MSFC yes, Retired 1963. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1947. Incidental remarks He was in the German infantry in WWI, 1918. In the 1962 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 094. 105 �Kroeger, Hermann W.(Ivan) Jan. 23, 1908 Oct. 22, 1984 Brodten (near Lübeck), Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Hochschule für Angew. Technik, Köthen, Dipl.Ing. 1932. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1944. Fort Bliss no, He came to Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Sep. 1947 where he worked for the US Air Force until Nov. 1954. GMDD-ABMA 1954, yes, Transferred from Air Force to Army employment in Nov. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired June 1, 1973. At time of retirement he was Director of the Projects Office of the Science and Engineering Directorate. Incidental remarks During WWII he worked on remote controlled glide bombs (See Marshall Star, May 8, 1968). In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director Astrionics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 094. 106 �Kroh, Hubert Feb. 15, 1908 Apr. 14, 1998 Wittingau, Czechoslovakia Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule Electr. Technics, Prague, Dipl.Ing. 1934. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Steering devices and measurements. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Retired 1970. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab., At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 095. 107 �Kroll, Gustav Albert May 25, 1914 Mar. 1, 2005 Bielefeld, Germany Huntsville, Alabama. UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education (engineering). Höhere Technische Lehranstalt, Lager Lippe, BS 1935. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting May 1940. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Structures Division of the Propulsion and Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 095. 108 �Kuberg, Willi K. July 8, 1917 Aug. 13, 1994 Gelsenkirchen, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Trained in industry as a mechanical technician, 1934-1939. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Jan. 1942 to July 1945. First as a soldier and later as a civilian technician. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 095. 109 �Kuebler, Manfred Erich Mar. 16, 1928 Backnang, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Stuttgart Institute of Technology, Dipl.Math., 1952. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as scientist Redstone Arsenal. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1963 Directory but not in 1964. Incidental remarks From 1952 to 1955 he was employed as a mathematician at the Astronautical Research Institute in Stuttgart. Before coming to the USA, he coauthored with Helmut G. L. Krause, a book published in 1956 by Stuttgart Verl. Flugtechnik. In the 1963 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Astrionics Division. He was a glider instructor in the Huntsville Soaring Club in 1962. He patented “Method and Means for Damping Nutation in a Satellite.” He is not in Huntsville City Directories from 1964 onward. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 095. 110 �Kuers, Werner Richard Apr. 18, 1907 May 14, 1983 Berlin, Germany Oaxaca, Mexico UAHuntsville Archives holding Werner Kuers Collection/.5 linear feet Education Berlin Institute of Technology, M.S. Engineering, Dec. 1930, (machine construction) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was sent to Peenemünde by the German Army in 1942. After an interview by Dr. von Braun, he was assigned to work for Eberhard Rees in the manufacturing shop. He was discharged from the Army in Aug. 1944 and left Peenemünde in Feb. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. He was assigned to White Sands to assemble, test and launch V-2 rockets using components brought from Germany by the Army. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired in Nov., 1968. Moved to Mexico. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the 1964 MSFC Directory, he is listed as the Director of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. His Archives collection includes a 171-page memoir of his life that he wrote and dated July 4, 1972. It has a first-hand account of the first successful A-4 launch on June 13, 1942. He also has a vivid description of the first bombing raid on Peenemünde. He joined the El Paso Symphony Orchestra while in Ft. Bliss. In Huntsville, he was the concert master of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra from its founding in 1955 until he retired from MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 096. 111 �Kuerschner, Helmut Alfred Mar. 1, 1915 Aug. 13, 1999 Erbach, Germany Taos, New Mexico UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History An unverified reference cites a U.S. Air Force Oral History interview K239.0512-1648 of Helmut A. Kuerschner by Dr. James C. Hasdorff concerning the bridge at Remagen. Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1941. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Worked on rocket development problems as an employee of Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt from 1941 to 1947. Fort Bliss yes, GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 and 1952 Huntsville Directories. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5, 1948. Incidental remarks His wife and children joined him in the US in 1948. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 096. 112 �Kuettner, Joachim P. Sep. 21, 1909 Feb. 24, 2011 UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Breslau, Ph.D. about 1930 (law and economics) Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Ph.D. (meteorology) Also studies at Universities of Helsinki and Hamburg. no Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf Breslau, Germany Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Joined in 1958 to be Director of the Mercury Project Office. MSFC yes. Apollo-Saturn System’s Integration Office. Left MSFC in 1965 Immigration A few years after the end of World War II, he came to the US to join the Air Force Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Incidental remarks He was at Wright-Patterson AFB starting in 1948. He knew Wernher von Braun in Germany, but was not involved in Peenemünde. His Archives file has a seven-page transcript of an interview with him: “Renaissance Man: A Conversation with Joachim P. Kuettner, Director of Project Mercury.” At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 096. 113 �Kurzweg, Hermann H. 1908 June 29, 2000 Germany United States UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Leipzig, Ph.D., 1933 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was deputy to Dr. Rudolf Hermann. Fort Bliss no, He came to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak, Maryland, in 1946, where he was involved in aerodynamic research. He led the reassembly of the wind tunnel transported from Kochel, Germany. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Incidental remarks In September 1960 he joined NASA Headquarters as assistant director for aerodynamics and flight mechanics. Later he was appointed director of research in the NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. He retired from NASA in 1974. The UAH Archives has a number of papers from Peenemünde and Kochel on which he is an author. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 097. 114 �Lacker, Herbert Friedrich Nov. 1, 1927 Stuttgart, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, 1954 (electrical engineering degree) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Dec. 1957. In 1959 Huntsville Directory as eng Redstone Arsenal. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1962 Directory, but not in 1963. Incidental remarks In the 1962 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Astrionics Lab. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 098. 115 �Lahser, Heinz Friedrich Dec. 21, 1907 Apr. 11, 1999 Kiel, Germany Aachen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Vereinigte Technische Lehranstalten, Berlin, 1930-1934. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Jan. 1942-Apr. 1945, first as a military assignee and later as an engineer. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1957 and worked in Computation Laboratory. MSFC yes, Retired in 1973. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab. In 1985 newspaper photograph of Germans who moved to Huntsville 35 years earlier. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 099 116 �Lange, Ernst Sep. 25, 1915 June 17, 2003 Hamburg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Hanover, M.S., 1942. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Feb. 1943 to Apr. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 8, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Quality control and reliability engineer. UAH involvement After retiring from MSFC, he was a Research Associate at UAH. He established the UAH Metric Information Office and supported solar energy and electric car research at the Johnson Research Center. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, ElectroMechanical Engineering Div. He was very committed to America’s conversion to the metric system. He was the main compiler of an early metric bibliography, providing the foundation for metric implementation by industry. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 099. 117 �Lange, Hermann Oct. 23, 1906 July 3. 1997 Frohburg, Germany Los Angeles, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Dresden, M.S, 1932. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, Test and Engineering Div, GMDG. Not in 1956 Directory. Moved to private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 099. 118 �Lange, Oswald H. June 1, 1912 Feb. 20, 2000 Haynau, Germany Bluffton, South Carolina UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Breslau, MS (mathematics, physics, chemistry) Heinrich Hertz Research Institute, Berlin, Doctor of Science. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1959 he became head of the Saturn Project Office. MSFC yes, Director Saturn Systems Office in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. Immigration Came to the USA in 1954 and worked for Martin Aircraft. Incidental remarks In 1964 MSFC Directory but not in 1969. After World War II, from 1946 to 1953, he worked for the British Royal Aircraft Establishment. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 099. 119 �Ley, Willy Oct. 2, 1906 June 24, 1969 Berlin, Germany Jackson Heights, New York Archives holding His extensive collection of books. Willy Ley Collection/MC-3/12 linear feet Oral history Audio conversation with Wernher von Braun. Education Attended University of Berlin and University of Königsberg Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Photographs from Raketenflugplatz are in a file with his book collection. Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration Ley came to the United States in 1935 and became a citizen in 1944. UAH involvement His book collection was purchased for UAH in 1970 from his family. Incidental remarks He co-authored Collier’s magazine articles with Wernher von Braun. 120 �Lindenberg, Hans F. A. Feb. 1. 1904 Feb. 14, 1946 Dresden Germany Fort Bliss, Texas UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Chief propulsion engineer. Fort Bliss yes, But he died shortly after he arrived. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Incidental remarks See Rocket Team p 317. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 103. 121 �Lindenmayr, Hans Josef Oct. 19, 1912 Munich, Germany presumably Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Munich Technical College, graduate engineer, 1929. Munich Institute of Technology, engineering degree 1936. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a scientist at Redstone Arsenal. Reported to have returned to Germany before 1960. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 103. 122 �Lindner, Kurt Adolf Oct. 20, 1914 July 5, 1960 Aussig, Czechoslovakia Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Engineering School at Bad Frankenhausen, B.S. engineering. Also attended Braunschweig Institute of Technology, 1941. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Research and production engineer, Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, At time of his death he was Director of the Guidance and Control Laboratory at ABMA. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He had a heart attack at his office about noon and died shortly thereafter. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 103. 123 �Ludewig, Oct. 12, 1898 Hermann Richard Rudolf Mar. 2, 1986 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding Hermann Ludewig Collection/1 linear foot, Biographical article by his daughter, Christel Ludewig McCanless from Huntsville Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter-Spring 2000) p 27-35. Revised 2018 to appear in Kenny Mitchell’s 2019 book. Education Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Attended after service in World War I. Degree in 1924. (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, May 1937 to Apr. 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1953. MSFC yes Immigration Came to the U.S. in October 1953. Incidental remarks In the 1964 MSFC Directory he is listed as on the staff of the Center Director. He is not in the 1969 Directory, as he had retired. Hermann Ludewig and his family lived in Trebbin, East Germany after WWII until they escaped in May 1953 and came to the U.S.A. Bernhard Tessmann and Willi Schulze worked with him for Orenstein-Koppell, a company in Berlin that built elevated and subway train cars. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 105. 124 �Luehrsen, Hannes Gunther Mar. 13, 1907 Jan. 13, 1986 Bargteheide, Germany Krefeld, Germany (while traveling) UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Aachen Institute of Technology and University of BerlinCharlottenburg BS in architecture and Dipl. Ing. (architecture and planning). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Chief Architect and Planner. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement He drew the plans for the UAH Research Institute Building, including a lake on the site of a former swamp. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Special Assistant to the Chief of the Facilities and Design Office. He proposed a design for Memorial Drive in Huntsville. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 105. 125 �Lusser, Robert Apr. 19, 1899 Jan. 19, 1969 Ulm, Germany Munich, Germany Archives holding Robert Lusser Collection/.5 linear feet Education Stuttgart Technische Hochschule, 1920-1924, Dipl. Ing. In the literature he is referred to as Dr. Lusser. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, V-1 testing was done at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, 1953 to 1959 MSFC no UAH involvement Immigration Brought to USA in June 1948 under Operation Paperclip. Initially he was employed at the Point Mugu Navy Air Missile Test Center. Incidental remarks During WW-II Robert Lusser was a prominent German engineer, aircraft designer and aviator. In August 1941 he began employment with Fiesler Aircraft Company. He had a leading role in the development and production of the weapon that became known as the V-1. Germany put both the V-1 and V-2 into mass production in essentially a competitive mode. In the US, while at point Mugu, Lusser collaborated with Willy Fiedler, Hans Hollman and Herbert Wagner in the development of the Loon missile, which was a US version of the V-1. He joined the Army rocket team in Huntsville in 1953 and stayed six years. Subsequently, he returned to Germany in 1959, where he died ten years later. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 106. 126 �Mandel, Carl Heinz Nov. 22, 1908 June 30, 1974 Leipzig, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Schule, Berlin B.S. 1931 (electronic engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, While working for Kreiselgeräte Gyroscope Co. Fort Bliss yes Arrived July 2, 1946. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1973. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived July 2, 1946. Incidental remarks He worked on gyroscope technology from 1934 to 1945 while employed by Kreiselgeräte. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Inertial Sensors and Stabilization Division of the Astrodynamics Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 107. 127 �Manteuffel, Erich Wilhelm Dec. 16, 1905 Nov. 1974 Offenbach/Main, Germany Broome, New York UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, about 1936, Dr.Ing. (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, At least through 1953. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947. Incidental remarks Listed in 1951, 1952 and 1953 Huntsville directories as an electrical engineer employed at Redstone Arsenal. He is not found in later directories. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 107. 128 �Martineck, Hans Georg Oct. 8, 1910 Aug. 5-6, 1972 Lübbenau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Engineering School, Berlin, B.S. 1934 (electro-mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes Arrived 1957 MSFC yes Retired July 12, 1972. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Prototype Development Branch. Inventor of a patented printed cable connector. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 108. 129 �Maus, Hans Herman Sep. 6, 1905 Mar. 1, 1999 Worms, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Munich, BS Technical University at Darmstadt, MS 1929, (industrial engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From Dec. 1941 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Director of Fabrication Laboratory at ABMA. MSFC yes, Director of Fabrication and Assembly Engineering Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Executive Staff. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 109. 130 �Merk, Helmut Ernst Apr. 2, 1911 2005 Berlin, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute for Electrical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, 1931 (graduate) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. An unconfirmed report says he moved to Argentina. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 111. 131 �Michel, Josef Martin Oct. 19, 1896 June 29, 1997 Karlsruhe, Germany Offenburg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe, Dr.Ing., 1922. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1950 Redstone Arsenal Directory. Reported to have returned to Germany. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks From 1925 to 1945 he was a chemist for I. G. Farben. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 112. 132 �Milde, Hans July 3, 1909 Sep. 15, 1990 Bunslau, Germany Grant, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Breslau Institute of Technology, Dipl.Ing., (electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Inertial Sensors and Stabilizers Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 112. 133 �Millinger, Heinz A. May 7, 1920 Herzfelde, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Kyffhäuser-Technikum, Bad Frankenhausen, BS 1939 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1940 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived 1946. GMDD-ABMA Yes, Resigned in 1958 and returned to Germany. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 134 �Minning, May 8, 1914 Rudolf Friedrich Franz Sep. 11, 1998 Stettin, Germany Sequim, Washington UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education College HTL, Stettin, B.S. 1933 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory, but apparently left for private industry before 1960. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 113. 135 �Mrazek, Willi Oct. 20, 1911 Lukavac, Austria-Hungary Feb. 8, 1992 Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding William Mrazek Collection/2.25 linear feet Oral history Video interview with his daughter, Ms. Ursula (Mrazek) Vann Audio interviews (3 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Deutsche Technische Hochschule, Brünn, Germany, Dipl. Ing. 1935. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941 (after being wounded on Eastern Front) -1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Apr. 8. 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960 MSFC yes, 1960-retired 1973. Director of Structures and Mechanics Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Apr. 8, 1946. Incidental Remarks His Archive file has a year by year account of his work assignments. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director for Engineering for Industrial Operations. Chief Engineer for all Saturn development and fabrication work, reporting to the Saturn V Project Manager, 1965-1970. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 114. 136 �Muehlner, Joachim Wilhelm Jan. 10, 1913 Apr. 13, 2004 Dresden, Germany Webster, Texas UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1937, Dr. Ing. 1939, (electronics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1940 to 1942, research for German Army while at Technische Hochschule in Dresden. Came to Peenemünde in 1942. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In 1950 he joined the US Air Force Holloman Air Development Center. In 1952 he transferred to the Army White Sands Proving Ground, where he stayed until 1957. He then joined Lockheed Missile and Space Company where he stayed until his retirement in 1978. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 114. 137 �Mueller, Fritz K. E. Oct. 27, 1907 May 15, 2001 Schalkau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education Thüringische Technische Staatslehranstalt in Hildburghausen, Dipl. Ing. (electrical) 1930 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Working for Kreiselgeräte, he was assigned to support work at Kummersdorf starting in 1935. Peenemünde yes, While working for Kreiselgeräte in Berlin, he continued support of rocket development in Peenemünde. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer laboratories. MSFC no, But worked on Saturn vehicle as a contractor. UAH involvement Mrs. Ursula Mueller, his widow, donated two scholarships to UAH in memory of Dr. Fritz Mueller. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In 1960 he became employed by Astro Space Laboratories, a commercial contractor supporting MSFC. Retired from employment in 1977. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 115. 138 �Nein, Hans Joachim Feb. 15, 1931 Aschaffenburg, Germany 2014 address: 1095 Graystone Crossing, Alpharetta, GA, 30005 UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Division in MSFC 1963 Directory. Retired Jan. 1997. Immigration He is on a third Paperclip list. Incidental remarks From 1964 to 1970 he was assigned to the MSFC California Residence Office at North American Aviation & Douglas Aircraft. In the 1972 Marshall Directory he was in the Engineering Division of the Astronautics Laboratory. Manned Flight Awareness Honoree Oct. 1989. (photograph) Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 139 �Nein, Max Eugene Mar. 9, 1929 Aschaffenburg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection. Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education Humanistisches Gymnasium (Abitur), Aschaffenburg, Germany. Attended Technical University of Munich 1950-1956, graduating with a Master’s in Mechanical Engineering. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in Huntsville in October 1956. Assigned to the ABMA Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Structures and Mechanics Division. Worked primarily on heat transfer and fluid flow problems of the Redstone and Jupiter Missile's propulsion systems and the thermal protection of the re-entry bodies. MSFC yes, Worked on thermodynamic analyses of the propulsion systems, fluid tank pressurization and engines of all Apollo vehicles. After the Lunar Landing joined the newly formed Program Development Organization working on the Space Lab, Space Platform and other projects for the planned Space Shuttle Fleet. Worked on thermo-structural problems of the HEAO 1& 2 telescopes and concepts studies for the Large Space Telescope (LST), later the HUBBLE Space Telescope (HST). UAH involvement Worked for UAH Optics Department and assisted development of ideas for the James Webb Space Telescope. Immigration Recruited by USAF to travel to the US under Project Paperclip. Arrived in the United States at McGuire Air Force Base August 30, 1956. Incidental remarks Retired from NASA in 1998 and worked in US space industries until 2004. Received NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1993 for concept development of a Lunar-based Telescope. 140 �Neubert, Erich Walter Jan. 19, 1910 Feb. 27, 1990 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interview for Stages to Saturn Education Technical University, Darmstadt, BS 1934 Technical University, Darmstadt, MS 1936 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting Oct. 1939. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Associate Deputy Director, Research and Development, in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18. 1945. Incidental remarks He was at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD from Oct. 1945 to Jan. 1946, and at White Sands Proving Ground, NM from Jan. 1946 to Dec. 1946. However, he is in the Mar. 1946 Fort Bliss group photograph. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Center Associate Deputy Director Technical. He retired from MSFC June 29, 1973. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 118. 141 �Neuhoefer, Kurt Kunibert Nov. 12, 1903 Feb. 12, 1973 Eger, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Munich Institute of Technology, attended two years – no degree, About 1924 (general machine construction) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945, Assigned by Army, Rocket construction and propulsion. Fort Bliss yes GMDD-ABMA no, Not found in Redstone Arsenal Directories. Moved to private industry. MSFC no, Not found in directories. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At Fort Bliss he was assigned to work on a rocket design that was eventually named Loki. In about 1971, he moved back to Huntsville and is listed as retired in Huntsville directories until his death in 1973. He is not found in Huntsville or MSFC directories before 1971. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 119. 142 �Nowak, Max Ernst Sep. 27, 1909 July 7, 1998 Zeitz, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Technical Assistant to the Director of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 120. 143 �Oberth, Hermann Julius June 25, 1894 Dec. 28, 1989 Nagyszeben, Austria-Hungary Nuremberg, West Germany Archives holding Several of his books. File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection with various items. Education Attended universities in Munich and Göttingen. His proposed doctoral thesis on rocketry at the University of Heidelberg was rejected in 1922. He declined to apply elsewhere. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, 1955-1958 MSFC no Immigration He came to the USA for only a few years and retired in Germany. Incidental remarks He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and space travel. He was a mentor of Wernher von Braun. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 120. 144 �Osthoff, Leopold Franz Karl Oct. 13, 1909 1980 Berlin, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Munich, Dipl.Ing., 1933. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Jan. 1943-Apr. 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 8, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, At least 1950 through 1952. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947. Incidental remarks A history of St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church in Huntsville notes that “In the summer of 1950, the Reverend Dr. Charles E. Linn, President of the Georgia-Alabama Synod … was contacted by Mr. Leopold Osthoff concerning the organization of a Lutheran congregation for these space scientists.” A 1952 Huntsville telephone directory lists: Osthoff, Leopold, Sunrise Terr. He is not found in later directories. An unverified report says that he returned to Germany. An individual, Leopold Osthoff, filed for a German patent in 1956. This individual also obtained later German patents. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 121. 145 �Paetz, Aug. 13, 1909 Robert Heinrich Karl July 9, 1998 Hanover, Germany Grant, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Mittweida Polytechnic Institute, BS, 1932, (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942 – 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1970. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Saturn V Program Office, S1C Stage Project Office. His widow, Elfriede, married well known pianist Hans RichterHasser. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 122. 146 �Palaoro, Hans Rudolf Feb. 25, 1919 July 21, 1994 Schellstein, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, B.S., 1939 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939 – 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks Page 288 of The Rocket Team has an account of the rescue in Germany of Palaoro’s son by Luehrsen. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 122. 147 �Panzer, Walter Bernhard Dec. 27, 1900 Oct. 11, 1989 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Engineering School Hasse, Berlin 1922 – 1925 Gauss Engineering School, Berlin 1938 – 1939. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1935 to 1945 he was employed by Messrs Kreiselgeräte as a plant manager in Berlin. This company supported the gyroscope development for the V-2 rocket at Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1956. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1968. Incidental remarks To avoid being sent to Russia to reassemble a gyroscope plant disassembled in Germany he sought employment by the U.S. In the 1964 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Astrionics Lab. Inertial Sensors and Stabilizers Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 122. 148 �Patt, Kurt Mar. 18, 1913 Apr. 1, 1969 Berlin, Germany Palos Verdes Estates, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education College for Mechanical Engineering Berlin, BS 1936 (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, From 1936 to 1937. Peenemünde yes, 1937 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1950 to 1956 when he joined TRW in California. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks The biography in his Archives file contains a rather detailed account of work assignments in his sequence of positions. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 123. 149 �Paul, Hans Georg Apr. 15, 1909 May 6, 1980 Mainbernheim, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Munich Institute of Technology, B.S. 1930 (mechanical engineering). Hanover Institute of Technology, M.S. 1934 (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Apr. 18, 1942 through 1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. MSFC yes, July 1960 to December 22 1973. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement After retirement from MSFC, he worked with the UAH Johnson Center on solar energy collectors. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He worked on research, development and design in the areas of chemical propulsion, cryogenics, thermal engineering, thermodynamics, fluid dynamics for launch and space vehicles. While employed by the Army, he was instrumental in developing the first ablation cooled re-entry heat protection for the Jupiter IRBM. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Propulsion Division of the Propulsion and Engineering Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 124. 150 �Pauli, Fritz Karl Aug. 22, 1913 Apr. 26, 1969 Munich, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Fritz Pauli Collection/.25 linear feet Education Universities in Weimar and Munich, Ing. degree 1933 (mechanical and electrical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, arrived 1952. MSFC yes Immigration Came in 1952 Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory. The archives has a German original of the account: “Der Kleine Rutsch,” “The Little Trip” by Fritz Pauli of the relocation of his family from Europe to America. There is also an English translation by Monika Sieber Sayar of “The Little Trip.” From July 1946 to Apr. 1952, he worked in France for the Société d'Études pour la Propulsion par Réaction. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 124. 151 �Pfaff, Helmuth Gunther Aug. 5, 1906 Nov. 26, 1984 Ludwigsburg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama (home, Grant, AL) UAHuntsville Archives holding Helmuth Pfaff Collection/.25 linear feet Education Technische Hochschule, Dresden, 1925-1928 Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, 1935-1939, Dipl.Ing. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1954. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1971. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, ElectroMechanical Engineering Branch. He was employed at Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt from 1946 to 1947, and at Eucom Engineering School from 1947 to 1950. In Huntsville, he worked on early US satellites. Helmuth Pfaff was an original member of the Huntsville Civic Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 125. 152 �Polstorff, Walter K. May 20, 1912 Mar. 12, 2007 Europe Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Doctorate Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. MSFC yes, Thirty-year civil service award in 1988 (Marshall Star July 13, 1988. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab. He was the author of several patents reported in Marshall Star. He was the Plaintiff in a 1978 suit vs. James C. Fletcher. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 153 �Poppel, Theodor Anton May 23, 1918 Mar. 3, 1986 Epe, Germany Titusville, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technikum, Bad Frankenhausen, BS 1939 (engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes From Jan. 1940 to 1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950 – 1960. MSFC - KSC yes, From 1960. Transferred to KSC in 1965. He was Director of Launch Support at MSFC and subsequently at KSC. Retired in 1978 Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. Incidental remarks He developed the Crawler, which transported rockets to the launch pad and designed gantries for launch support. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 128. 154 �Prasthofer, Willibald Peter May 17, 1917 July 30, 1993 Marburg, Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education School of Engineering Graz-Gösting, Austria, BS (mechanical) 1937. University of Alabama in Huntsville, MS (Systems eng) 1965 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, ABMA employee in 1959 and 1960 Huntsville Directories. MSFC yes, 1960-1980. UAH involvement Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, 1980-1989. Senior staff engineer, School of Engineering and Research Institute 1989-1991. Immigration Came to USA in 1958. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div. 1946-1953, Worked at Laboratoire de recherches balistiques et aérodynamiques, in Vernon, France. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 155 �Raithel, Wilhelm May 20, 1913 Nov. 15, 2008 UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1936 Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dr.Ing. 1944 no Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf Höchst an der Nidder, Germany Chevy Chase, Maryland Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1947. GMDD-ABMA yes, Moved to General Electric company before 1960. MSFC no UAH involvement Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Raithel was a lecturer in Strength of Materials. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1947. Incidental remarks One of his contributions to space operations was the “ablation concept” for re-entry into the atmosphere. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 129. 156 �Rees, Eberhard F. M. Apr. 28, 1908 Apr. 2, 1998 Trossingen, Germany DeLand, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Audio interview for Stages to Saturn. Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technical University Stuttgart, B.S. (Mechanical Engineering) 1931. Technical University Dresden, M.S. (equivalent) (M.E.), 1934. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Plant Manager for rocket development. Fort Bliss yes, Assistant to Wernher von Braun. Arrived Oct. 16, 1945. In the late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes. Deputy to von Braun MSFC yes, Deputy Center Director, Research and Development, July 1, 1960-Jan. 27, 1970. Center Director, Mar. 1, 1970-Mar. 17, 1973 UAH involvement Honorary Doctorate from UAH. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Oct. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks Rees and von Braun were a very efficient top management team over a long period of time. The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville have document holdings for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 131. 157 �Reichert, Rudolf Guenther Aug. 18, 1929 Stuttgart, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, B.S. 1956 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as emp Redstone Arsenal. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and in directories through 1963, but not in 1964 Directory. Incidental remarks In the 1963 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Test Division. In Jan. 31 1962 he is cited in the Marshall Star as the operations officer in the Huntsville Soaring Club. He is missing from Huntsville City Directories from 1964 onward. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 132. 158 �Reilmann, Karl Heinrich Sep. 16, 1918 June 1, 1994 Lüchtringen, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Ingenieurschule, Bad Frankenhausen, B.S. 1939 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1943. Test engineer. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953. In 1955 Huntsville City Directory. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Systems Engineering Div. He was a member of the MSFC Test Laboratory in 1968 when he received a 15-year service award. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 132. 159 �Reisig, Gerhard Herbert Richard Mar. 3, 1910 Mar. 9, 2005 Leipzig, Germany Moorhead, Minnesota UAHuntsville Archives holding Gerhard Reisig Collection/48 linear feet Education Technical University of Dresden, BS in engineering physics. 1932 Technical University of Dresden, Diploma Engineer, 1934 Technical University of Braunschweig, Dr. of Engineering.1963. Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Video interview with his daughters, Godela Reisig Iverson and Gerlinda Reisig Talbot. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1937-1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes. 1950-1962 MSFC yes, 1962-1973. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Gerhard Reisig was a lecturer in aerodynamics. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab. Specialist in environmental effects on rockets. Post MSFC retirement, he held academic positions at University of Tennessee Space Institute and Concordia College MN. He played the viola and was a longtime officer of the Huntsville Chamber Music Guild. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 133. 160 �Rheinfurth, Mario Hans Sep. 29, 1929 Brauerschwend, Germany April 2014 address: 4019 Juniper Dr. NW, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, M.S. 1954 (physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1957. MSFC yes, From 1960 to retirement on May 3, 1994. UAH involvement He taught part-time at UAH from 1959 to 1994 in the Mechanical Engineering Dept. (Adjunct Associate Professor). Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab, Dynamics and flight Mechanics Div. When he retired, he was chief of Control Theory Branch in AeroAstrodynamics Laboratory At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 134. 161 �Riedel, Walther III Jan. 23, 1903 Nov. 16, 1974 Oschersleben, Germany Hamburg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Charlottenburg, Berlin, Dipl. Ing. 1929. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945 Fort Bliss yes, 1946-1947 GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Incidental remarks Left Ft. Bliss in 1947 for employment with North American Aviation. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 135. 162 �Rosinski, Werner Kurt Sep. 23, 1914 May 14, 2000 Baruth. Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education Golßen Technical (engineering) school, Baruth, (near Kummersdorf.) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, In1936-, electrical subforeman [NARA file] Peenemünde yes, Starting 1937 and through 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. MSFC yes, 1960 to 1970 retirement. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Electrical Systems Integration Div. Consulted with private industry after retirement from MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 138. 163 �Roth, Ludwig June 10, 1909 Nov. 10, 1967 Groß-Gerau, Germany Redondo Beach, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with his son, Axel Roth. Education Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. 1933 (engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945 Head of Future Projects Office. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left in 1956 for position in private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1846. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 138. 164 �Rothe, June 2, 1907 Heinrich Carl August Feb. 21, 1994 Weimar, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Höhere Technische Lehranstalt in Hildburghausen, 4 years training, (precision machinist). Evening school, Berlin, graduate (electrical engineer). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Presumably interacted with Peenemünde on gyroscope technology while working for Kreiselgeräte in Berlin. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1950 to 1958, Deputy Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer Branch. From 1958 to 1960, Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer Branch. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1946. Incidental remarks From 1934 to 1945 he worked at the Kreiselgeräte company in Berlin doing design, testing and development. A product of the company was gyroscopes. Technical Director at Astrospace Huntsville (company name) from 1960-1965. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 138. 165 �Rothe, Kurt Wilhelm July 4, 1902 July 17, 1994 Europe Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Starting in 1939 and continuing until the British bombing raid on Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, System Engineering Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 139. 166 �Rudolph, Arthur Louis Hugo Nov. 9, 1906 Jan. 1, 1996 Stepfershausen, Germany Hamburg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding Arthur Rudolph Collection/.5 linear feet Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Berlin Institute of Technology, BS 1930, (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, 1934-1937, Superintendent in charge of development and testing of early rockets. Peenemünde yes, 1937-1945, Manager in charge of testing and production. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. He was manager of the Saturn V Project Office up until his retirement in 1968. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks Arthur Rudolph, who had built a workable rocket engine for the German Army in 1931, was hired at Kummersdorf in 1933 [Rocket Team, p 19] He returned to Germany in 1984, where he lived until his death. The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville have document holdings for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 139 167 �Ruppe, Harry O. H. May 3, 1929 Leipzig, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Berlin, Ph.D. 1962. (Thesis outlined a manned expedition to Mars.) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1957. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In 1964, he was named deputy director of the Future Projects Office. He resigned from MSFC in 1966 to accept a professorship at the Technical University of Munich. Immigration In the U.S. from 1957 to 1966. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 140. 168 �Sassenfeld, Helmut M. July 4, 1920 Sep. 1, 2014 Emmerich, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Darmstadt, Doctorate in mathematics Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953 MSFC no UAH involvement Taught graduate mathematics courses for University of Alabama starting in the late 1950s. Incidental remarks In the mid-1950s he left civil service to head a group of computer specialists working for General Electric as a facilities management contractor for the Army Computation Lab, as explained by Charles Bradshaw in his book Rockets, Reactors and Computers Define the Twentieth Century. Obituary relates that sometime after leaving Huntsville, he was a civilian employee at White Sands Missile Range. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 169 �Schaefer, Herbert Nov. 2, 1911 May 13, 1999 Berlin, Germany San Diego, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Beuth Schule, Technical College of Berlin, Graduate Mechanical Engineer 1932. New York University, B.S. 1945, M.S. 1948 (aeronautical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, From Nov. 1, 1932 to Jan. 27,1934, Laboratory Engineer, Rocket Proving Ground, Berlin Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Joined Dec. 1, 1959. MSFC yes, Immigration Came to the United States in 1936. Citizenship 1945. Incidental remarks In the story of his life that he wrote and sent to Konrad Dannenberg, he relates that “My first employment was as Laboratory Engineer at the Raketenflugplatz in Berlin-Tempelhof, where I participated in the development of rocket motors and three launches.” In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Advanced Systems Office, Resources Management Office. Worked for Kollsman Instrument Corp. in New York state from 1937 to 1959. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 170 �Scharnowski, Heinz Ludwig June 3, 1910 Sep. 21, 1952 Elbing, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Heinz Scharnowski Collection (Digital) Education State Technical Academy, Nuremberg, B.S. 1934 (engineering). Berlin Institute of Technology, Dipl.Ing. 1940 (electro-techniques and machinery). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945, Specialized in measurement techniques. Fort Bliss yes GMDD-ABMA yes, Until he died on Sep. 21, 1952. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. \Incidental remarks. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 143. 171 �Scheufelen, Klaus Oct. 30, 1913 Oberlenningen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Konrad Dannenberg Education Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Doctorate 1937 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, Only one year. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Returned to Germany after about 4 years in the USA. Incidental remarks His family was in the paper manufacturing business, to which he returned. His company produced a flame-resistant paper used on later Apollo missions. The Archives has a copy of one of his documents about paper. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 144. 172 �Schilling, Martin Oct. 1, 1911 Apr. 30, 2000 Horde, Germany Burlington, Massachusetts UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Institute of Technology in Hanover, Ph.D. 1937 (applied physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left ABMA in 1958 to join the Raytheon Company in Lexington MA. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At Raytheon, Dr. Schilling became vice president for research and engineering. He retired in 1977. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 145. 173 �Schlidt, Rudolf Carl Hans July 15, 1914 Sep. 28, 2012 Goch, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection & Dorette Schlidt Collection/1 linear foot Education State Institute for Applied Technology, Köthen, B.S. 1939. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1944 Inspection engineer, strength of materials, and metallurgy. Worked in the material science laboratory under Dr. Wolfgand Steuer. 1944-1945 In charge of finishing jet rudders. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In Technical Feasibility Study Office. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory but not in 1969. In January 1963, Schlidt took a position with General Dynamics in Germany. The family moved back to Huntsville in 1979. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks Rudolf Schlidt married Dorothea Kersten, the secretary of Wernher von Braun in Peenemünde. The Marshall Star cites that Rudolf H. Schlidt received awards for patents in 1962 and 1966. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 145. 174 �Schlitt, Mar. 15, 1912 Helmuth Wilhelm Emil Aug. 1976 Darmstadt, Germany Woodland, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. 1937, Ph.D. 1944 (engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1944-1945 Development engineer for rocket controls and electronic measurement devices. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, but not in 1956. Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951. Moved to private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 146. 175 �Schmidt, Helmut Heinrich Sep. 12, 1914 Apr. 27, 1998 Dresden, Germany Spokane, Washington UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Dresden, Ph.D. 1941. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Mentioned in the Rocket Team account of the British bombing raid on Peenemünde. He was probably supporting work at Peenemünde under a contract with Technische Hochschule, Dresden. GMDD-ABMA no, Not in 1950 Redstone Arsenal Directory. MSFC no Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks There is a handwritten notation on the Department of the Army list: “Left for Germany to marry (9/4/49) ; to leave Germany (10/24/49).” The Rocket Team mentions that Helmut Schmidt was a former Olympic ski champion. He went to the Army Map Service after Fort Bliss. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 146. 176 �Schneider, Horst W. Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Aeronautical engineer. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no, Dannenberg lists him as a German immigrant, but having had no involvement with Peenemünde. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC yes Incidental remarks In the 1960 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Structures and Mechanics Lab. In 1961 and 1961 he is listed as a MSFC resident representative at General Dynamics-Astronautics in San Diego, California. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 177 �Schnelle, Heinz Otto Willi Oct. 30, 1921 June 28, 1991 Braunschweig, Germany Europe UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Städtliche Maschinenbauschule, Braunschweig, 1938 – 1941. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Mar. 1942-1945. Drawing control and checking. Later pressure valves. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1952. MSFC yes, In 1960 and 1961 MSFC Directories, but not in 1969. Incidental remarks In the 1961 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Structures and Mechanics Lab. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 148. 178 �Schuler, Albert Eugen May 6, 1915 July 9, 1998 Mosbach, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Darmstadt, M.S. 1936 (technical physics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1939 to 1945. Measurement procedures. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Disability retirement 1969. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Test Instrumentation and Control Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 151. 179 �Schulz-Arenstorff, Richard Franz Josef Nov. 7, 1929 Hamburg, Germany In 2013 he seems to have been living in Nashville, Tennessee. UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Ph.D. 1956 (mathematics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as mathematician Redstone Arsenal. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In 1969 MSFC Directory under Arenstorff. UAH involvement Taught graduate mathematics courses for the University of Alabama starting in the late 1950s. Incidental remarks Worked in the ABMA and MSFC Computation Laboratories. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 152. 180 �Schulze, Heinrich A. Aug. 29, 1914 Dec. 2, 1993 Hanover, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical College in Bremen, BS 1937 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was chief of the German Guided Missile Training School from 1942 to 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in February 1953. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970. Incidental remarks After WWII, he was employed in engineering activities in Hanover until he came to Huntsville in 1953. The Marshall Star carried a biographical article on Heinrich Schulze in its Mar. 29, 1961 issue. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Chief Technical in the Facilities and Design Office. While at MSFC, he was very active in the employee travel club and was for some time its president. The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville have document holdings for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 152. 181 �Schulze, Nov. 23, 1905 Wilhelm(Willi)August Nov. 4, 2001 Neulaubusch, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding William Schulze Collection/4.5 linear feet Education Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin. Ing degree 1935. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, A biography states “In February 1937 he joined Dr. Wernher von Braun in Kummersdorf and then later moved to the rocket development facility at Peenemünde.” Peenemünde yes, 1937-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, retired 1969. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div. Schulze’s home town, Neulaubusch, honored him with a memorial air mail envelope with his picture and with a special cancellation stamp having his name and his facial line image, 2002. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 152. 182 �Schwartz, Friedrich Wilhelm Feb. 8, 1909 Nov. 24, 1961 Fulda, Germany Phoenix, Arizona UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Technical Institute, Berlin, B.S. (communications engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes. 1941-1945. Measurement installations for test stands. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as an engineer at Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3,1946. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 154. 183 �Schwidetzki, Walter Hans Oct. 28, 1910 Dec. 17, 1996 Bromberg, Germany Lubbock, Texas UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin-Charlottenberg, Dr.Ing. 1939. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1942-1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, but not in 1956. Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951. Moved to private industry. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 155. 184 �Seiler, Ernst Edward Apr. 5, 1913 Sep. 8, 1997 Danzig Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Danzig (1034 – 1935). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Construction of propulsion parts and evaluation of test data. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Retiree. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5 1948. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance Lab. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 156. 185 �Sendler, Karl Aug. 19, 1914 2001 Vienna, Austria Cocoa Beach Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Vienna, MS (electronics engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC – KSC yes Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945 Incidental remarks At KSC, he was the Assistant Center Director for Instrumentation. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 156. 186 �Sieber, Werner Hans Mar. 27, 1912 Apr. 3, 1995 Jena, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Werner Sieber Collection/13 linear feet Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technical University, Hanover, Dr. Ing. 1939 (engineering physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes Fort Bliss yes, In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks His Archives collection has many documents of historical value. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Test Instrumentation and Control Division of the Test Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 157. 187 �Speer, Fritdjof A. (Fred) Aug. 23, 1923 Berlin, Germany April 2014 address: 2417 Rogue Valley Manor Dr., Medford, Oregon UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Berlin, PhD. 1953 (physics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In Signal Corps of German Army 1943-1945. Stationed at Peenemünde. Involved in flight tracking and evaluation of V-1. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Mar. 26, 1955. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC initial directory. Appointed Associate (Center) Director for Science in 1983. Retired in that position on Dec. 31, 1986. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Manager of the Missions Operations Office. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 160. 188 �Sperling, Hans J. May 26, 1930 May 19, 2012 Europe Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Doctorate Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. MSFC yes, Fifteen-year service award in 1974. UAH involvement Taught graduate courses at University of Alabama Huntsville extension in the early 1960s. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab. Archive file has a list of some of his theoretical mechanics papers in German journals. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 189 �Spohn, Eberhard Julius Jan. 23, 1906 2005 Blaubeuren, Germany Heidelberg, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dr.Ing. 1932. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss yes Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. GMDD-ABMA yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a chemist at Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks He worked for Portland cement companies from 1934 to 1945. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 160. 190 �Stein, Arnold Bernhard Sep. 4, 1905 Aug. 26, 1992 Lüttich, Belgium Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Ingenieurschule, Köthen, Ing. Degree, 1928 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Worked in Berlin and travelled back and forth to Peenemünde. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived June 11, 1948 GMDD-ABMA yes From 1950 to 1960. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1972. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived June 11, 1948. Incidental remarks In the 1970 MSFC Directory he is listed in Program Development, Advanced Program Support Office. His specialty was design of structural airframes and integral missile tanks. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 161. 191 �Steinhoff, Ernst A. Feb. 11, 1908 Dec. 2, 1987 Treysa, Germany Alamogordo, New Mexico UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Darmstadt Institute of Technology, B.S. 1931 (aeronautics) M.S. 1933 (meteorology) and Dr.Engineering 1940 (applied physics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From June 1939 to 1945. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. In 1949 he transferred to Holloman Air Force Base. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks He left federal service in 1956 to work in private industry, but in 1963 he returned to Holloman as Chief Scientist of the Air Force Missile Development Center. He retired there in 1972. He was inducted in 1979 in the International Space Hall of Fame at the New Mexico Museum of Space History. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 161. 192 �Steurer, Wolfgang Hermann May 11, 1913 Apr. 12, 1986 Freiburg, Germany La Canada, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, M.S. and Ph.D., 1942. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Oct. 1943 to 1945. Chief of material development and testing laboratory. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1950 to 1958 when he left to join private industry. While with the Army he was Chief of the Materials Laboratory. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks After leaving Huntsville he moved to California where he worked for Convair, General Dynamics and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 162 193 �Struck, Heinrich Georg Dec. 3, 1925 Thal - Bad Pyrmont, Germany April 2014 address: 10 Old Chimney Rd, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University of Brunswick, Diploma (MS) (aerodynamics and fluid dynamics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Oct. 1958. MSFC yes, From 1960 to retirement in May 1994. Worked in the Dynamics Division of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. UAH involvement Lectured in evening courses at UAH on a variety of subjects, mostly aerodynamics and flight dynamics, for about seven years in the 1960s. Incidental remarks During the Space Shuttle period at MSFC, he worked foremost on the Solid Booster parachute recovery and other main engine problems. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 194 �Stuhlinger, Ernst Dec. 19, 1913 May 25, 2008 Niederrimbach, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Ernst Stuhlinger Recognition Collection/ 2 linear feet Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Education Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf University of Tübingen, PhD, 1936 (cosmic ray physics) no Peenemünde yes, Transferred by German Army to Peenemünde in 1943 when he returned by foot from the Russian front. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950 to 1960. Director Research Projects Division, ABMA MSFC yes, Director Research Projects Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. MSFC Associate Director for Science, 1968-1976. Retired 1976. UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Stuhlinger was a lecturer in Physics Senior Research Scientist and Adjunct Professor from 1976. UAH hosted a one-day “Ernst Stuhlinger Recognition Symposium” on November 18, 2008. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks He co-authored with Frederick Ordway III: Wernher von Braun Crusader for Space, An Illustrated Memoir. He pioneered the development of electrical propulsion. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director Space Sciences Laboratory. The personal papers of Ernst Stuhlinger are in the Archives of the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to th United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 164. 195 �Tessmann, Bernhard Robert Aug. 15, 1912 Dec. 19, 1993 Zingst, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding Bernhard Tessman Collection/1 linear foot Education Gewerbesaal College, Berlin, BS 1935 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Starting in 1935. Peenemünde yes, 1936 to 1945 Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Retired 1972. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. UAH involvement The Ilse and Bernhard Tessmann Music and Foreign Language Scholarships are awarded at UAH. Volunteer help at the Johnson Environmental and Energy Center after retirement from MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In 1935, von Braun recruited Bernhard Tessmann, who was then employed by Orenstein and Koppel in Berlin, to join the Kummersdorf team [Rocket Team p 23] Tessmann and Dieter Huzel were instrumental in preserving the V-2 documents as the war in Europe ended. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of the Test Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 167. 196 �Teuber, Dieter Ludwig Heinrich Mar. 22, 1928 Jelsen, Germany April 2014 address: 1032 Toney Dr. SE, Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview by C. A. Lundquist. Education Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1951. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1953 MSFC yes, From 1960 to retirement in Jan. 1984. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab, Dynamics and Flight Mechanics Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 167. 197 �Thiel, Adolf K. Feb. 12, 1915 June 2, 2001 Vienna, Austria Palos Verdes Estates, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing and Dr, Ing. 1945, (aeronautical engineering and mathematics-physics) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Worked full time under contract to Peenemünde from 1941 to 1945 while at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived July 12, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Was director of Technical Feasibility Studies Office from 1952 to 1955. Resigned in 1955 to accept employment at TRW. MSFC no UAH involvement Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Thiel was a lecturer in Mathematics. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived July 12, 1946. Incidental remarks He was director of the Thor ballistic missile program. Retired from TRW on Dec. 31, 1980 as Senior Vice-President. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 167. 198 �Thomas, Horst F. Nov. 1, 1931 Berlin, Germany Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University in Stuttgart (master’s degree in mechanical engineering) 1956 Technical University in Berlin, PhD, 1969 Rakenteflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Came to Huntsville in 1958. MSFC yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. He got 10-year service award in May 1968. Incidental remarks He probably knew H. H. Koelle from their days at the University in Stuttgart. Koelle preceded him at ABMA. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as chief of the Advanced Studies Office in the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. In 1970 he was host for a HEAO meeting at MSFC. In 1978, he was Head of Aerospace Engineering at Aachen University in Germany. In the 1980s, as part of the Aachen University-University of Tennessee Space Institute cooperation program, occasionally he taught at UTSI. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 199 �Tiller, Werner Gerhard May 9, 1914 Mar. 15, 1974 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Preußische Bergakademie zu Clausthal, Zellerfeld, attended 1942. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Designer. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived June 24, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Director of Weapons Systems Office in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived June 24, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant to the Director of the Quality and Reliability Laboratory. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 168. 200 �Tschinkel, Johann Gustav Apr. 7, 1907 Sep. 21, 2004 Linz, Austria Tallahassee, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education German Charles University at Prague, Ph.D. 1931 (chemistry) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, When Germany occupied Czechoslovakia during WW II he was drafted into the German rocket development program. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Left in Sep. 1957 to join Pratt and Whitney Aircraft at Hartford, CT. MSFC no Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 171. 201 �Tuebbecke, July 15, 1907 Julius Karl Reinhold Oct. 23, 1959 Berlin, Germany Madison, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Gauss Schule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1931. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Electrical engineer in section for control instrumentation. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1951. MSFC no Incidental remarks At time of death he was an engineer in the System Analysis and Reliability Laboratory of ABMA. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 171. 202 �Urbanski, Arthur Jan. 24, 1900 Jan. 1977 Klausdorf, Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Machine Construction School, Berlin. (master mechanic) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, 1936-1937. Worked on driving mechanisms and valves for rocket testing [NARA file]. Peenemünde yes, 1937-1943. Master machinist and workshop foreman. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, Noted as retired on July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. He is listed as Chief of the Mechanical Systems Analysis Branch of the Quality Laboratory in the 1963 MSFC Directory, but not listed in the 1964 Directory. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 172. 203 �Vandersee, Fritz June 22, 1918 Mar. 1, 1975 Bobau, West Prussia Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Trade school, Berlin, 1940. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1943-1945. Assembly foreman, testing and assembly of rockets. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory. He was the subject of a “Star Salute” in the April 18, 1962 issue of the Marshall Star. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 172. 204 �von Braun, Magnus May 10, 1919 June 21, 2003 UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Universität München, M.S. (organic chemistry). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Arrived in July 1943. Fort Bliss yes. GMDD-ABMA yes, He left Army employment in 1955 to accept employment with the Chrysler missile division. MSFC no UAH involvement In the academic year 1951-1952, Magnus von Braun was a parttime instructor in German at the University of Alabama Huntsville Center. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. . Incidental remarks Greifswald, Germany Phoenix, Arizona After working for the missile division, he served in the UK as the Chrysler export director until 1975, when he returned to the US. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 020. 205 �von Braun, Wernher Mar. 23, 1912 June 16, 1977 Wirsitz, Germany Alexandria, Virginia Archives holding Wernher von Braun Collection/3.25 linear feet Video interview with Bob Ward, including a discussion of writing Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun. Remarks by Frederick I. Ordway III about writing The Rocket Team. Videos of several von Braun talks and presentations. Oral history Audio conversation with Willy Ley, particularly events before Peenemünde. Education Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg Berlin, Dipl. Ing., 1932 Friedrich Wilhelm University, Ph.D., 1934 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, A leader in the group of young rocket enthusiasts. Peenemünde yes, Technical director of rocket development. Fort Bliss yes, Nominal leader of the team. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, Technical director. MSFC yes. Center Director, July 1, 1960-Jan. 27, 1970. UAH involvement In a talk to the Alabama Legislature, he convinced them to authorize the University of Alabama Research Institute in Huntsville. Von Braun Research Hall at UAH was dedicated in his honor. He was a vocal proponent of the need for a research university in Huntsville. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. Incidental remarks The UAH commemoration of 100 years since his birth was video recorded, including a panel discussion and performance of his piano compositions. Personal papers of Wernher von Braun are in the Archives of the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville. His Paperclip U.S. employment file was not sent to the National Archives and Records Administration. 206 �von Pragenau, George Landwehr Jan. 5, 1927 July 11, 2013 Austria Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding George Landwehr von Pragenau Collection Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived 1958. MSFC yes, Retired April 1991. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Flight Dynamics Branch. George von Pragenau was 1985 NASA Inventor of the Year. He is cited many times in the Marshall Star for having been awarded patents. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 207 �von Puttkamer, Jesco Hans Max Sep. 22, 1933 Dec. 27, 2012 Leipzig, Germany Washington DC area UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technische Hochschule in Aachen, graduate Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA no MSFC yes, Joined MSFC in 1962. Moved to NASA Headquarters in 1974, where he worked until his death. Immigration Came to the USA in 1962. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab. Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958. 208 �von Saurma, Friedrich Graf Feb. 28, 1908 Dec. 12, 1961 Dahsau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with his wife, Ruth von Saurma, Jan. 2015. Education Technical University of Breslau, Dipl.Ing. 1940. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, In 1943 he became Technical Director of the rocket testing and training center at Zempin on the island of Usedom. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in January 1954. Became Chief of the Weapons Systems Information Office. MSFC yes, At the time of his death in 1961, he was a senior engineer in the Saturn Systems Office. Immigration Came to the United States in 1953 under Paperclip program. Incidental remarks For part of his time at ABMA, he was an assistant to Wernher von Braun and occasionally substituted for him at public occasions. Friedrich’s wife, Ruth von Saurma, was an employee of ABMA and MSFC, until her retirement. The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville have document holdings for him. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 142. 209 �von Saurma, Aug. 29, 1921 Ms. Ruth G. (Ramthun) Frankfurt am Main, Germany Resident of Huntsville, AL in 2014 Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview, Jan. 2015 Education College of Foreign Languages at Lette-Haus, Berlin Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, worked for Askania-Werke at Peenemünde, within sight of the rocket test flights. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Began employment as a translator and writer in the Development Operations Division at ABMA in 1958. MSFC yes, From July 1960 until retirement in July 1982. Ultimately was the International Public Relations Specialist. This involved helping international visitors during their time with MSFC Immigration She came to the United States with her husband, Friedrich von Saurma in 1953 under Paperclip program. Incidental remarks For several years she assisted Wernher von Braun with international correspondence. She translated incoming mail, composed draft replies and transcribed the reply in the language of the original sender. In the Nov. 8, 1961 Marshall Star, she is cited as the translator of a paper, “Flight Mechanics of Photon Rockets,” by Eugen Saenger, a prominent German space scientist. Ms. Von Saurma then worked in the Space Systems Information Branch of the Management Services Office that distributed the paper within MSFC. She also translated and authored other documents In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) she is listed in the Public Affairs Office. She became very active in cultural activities in Huntsville. 210 �von Tiesenhausen, Georg May 18, 1914 June 4, 2018 Riga, Latvia Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg Education Engineering Institute Hamburg, B.A. Mechanical Engineering 1943 Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1943 to 1945 Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1953 to 1960. MSFC yes, Retired 1986. Immigration Came to the United States in 1953. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Advanced Systems Office, Mission Engineering Office. After retirement he was a regular lecturer at the Space Camp and Space Academy in Huntsville At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 168. 211 �Voss, Werner Erwin Otto June 25, 1913 Aug. 14, 1993 Stettin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral History Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Maschinenbauschule, Stettin, 3 years (electrical and mechanical engineering) followed by 2 years of correspondence school in Berlin. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1939-1945. Test stand technician and experimental valve development. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived July 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived July 22, 1946. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 174 212 �Vowe, Theodor Karl Otto June 25, 1904 June 7, 1989 Berlin, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Polytechnic Institute of Lage, B.S. 1930-1933 (mechanical engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1945. Construction of test stand installation for V-2. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, MSFC-KSC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks Was in Launch Operations Directorate at MSFC. Theodor Vowe was an original member of the Huntsville Civic Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 174. 213 �Wagner, Carl Wilhelm May 25, 1901 Leipzig, Germany Göttingen, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education University of Leipzig, Ph.D. 1934 (physical chemist). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, He was a university professor who cooperated with Peenemünde via a contract. Fort Bliss yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Note that he moved to Cambridge, Mass. in 1949 GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks From 1940 to 1945 he was a Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Institute of Technology, Darmstadt. Reported to have returned to Germany before 1960. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 174. 214 �Wagner, Hermann Rudolf Aug. 3, 1910 Jan. 8, 1999 Pima, Germany Tucker, Georgia UAHuntsville Archives holding Hermann Wagner Collection/.5 linear feet Education Engineering School of City of Dresden, graduated 1939, (mechanical and structural engineering) Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1939 to 1945, as a design engineer for launching and handling equipment in the V-2 rocket program. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived Apr., 1953. MSFC yes, Retired in 1973 Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Materials Div. In Huntsville, at ABMA and MSFC, he worked on many scientific payloads, from Explorer 1 through the Apollo Telescope Mount carried on Skylab. He had patents on a collapsible loop antenna system for satellites and on Separation devices. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 175. 215 �Weber, Fritz Horst May 9, 1916 Aug. 4, 1996 Striegau, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection, including a major report by him: “Saturn 1B/V Archives holding Instrument Unit.” Education Berufsschule (Electrical) Schweidnitz, Schlesien, 1933-1936. Höhere Technische Lehranstalt Gauss, Berlin, Dipl. Ing. 1939 (engineering and mathematics). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Oct. 24, 1941 to Sep. 30, 1945. He was Section Chief for instrumentation and testing of steering controls in static tests of missiles. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948 GMDD-ABMA yes, 1950-1960. Pershing Guidance and Control Project Leader for G & C Lab. MSFC yes, 1964-1965, Chief Project Engineer for Saturn 1B/V Instrumentation Unit. 1972, Chief Engineer for Gravity Probe A Project. UAH involvement He worked on the electric car project with Ernst Stuhlinger in the mid-1970s. Immigration On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived in New York, Jan. 2, 1948. Incidental remarks He was a German soldier in Poland in 1939, in France in 1940 and in Russia in 1941. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Projects Office in the Astrodynamics Laboratory. Sherman Seltzer in quoted describing how Fritz Weber mentored him during his early years at ABMA and MSFC. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 170 216 �Weidner, Hermann Joachim Aug. 24, 1912 Frankfurt am Main, Germany UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interview for Stages to Saturn. Education Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. (engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1941-1945. Assembly and supervision of an A-4 rocket test stand. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired Dec. 1973. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks He was selected as the first MSFC Director of Science and Engineering by a vote of the laboratory directors, who would thereafter report to him. Later, von Braun would sometimes introduce him as his “pope.” In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Director of Research and Development Operations. He retired unexpectedly early due to ill health of his wife. Subsequently he returned to Germany and remarried. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 177. 217 �Wiesman, Walter Fritz Aug. 30, 1920 July 11, 2000 Dortmund, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Ludendorff Scientific High School, Dortmund, 6 years, graduate. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Drafted into the Luftwaffe in 1940 and arrived in Peenemünde in May 1943. He became the business assistant to the development manager and chief technical designer. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1970. UAH involvement Worked with UAH for more than a decade and was the 1990-92 Executive-in Residence at the College of Administrative Science. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as responsible for Internal Communications in the Manpower Utilization and Administration Office. He became an authority in organizational communication, and his work for the Army, NASA and after retirement involved many public speaking engagements. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 181. 218 �Wittman, Albin Nov. 17, 1907 Aug. 16 1988 Obrigheim, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Trade school, Mosbach, Baden, Germany, 1922-1925 (electrical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, Oct. 1941 to May 1945. (master electrician). Foreman and section chief for A-4 electrical wiring and ground installations. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance Lab. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 183. 219 �Woerdemann, Hugo H. Feb. 21, 1915 June 24, 1999 Hamburg, Germany Temecula, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Technical University Hanover, B.S. 1938 (engineering) Technical University Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1940 (engineering. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From 1940 to 1945, while at the Technical University in Dresden, he worked under contract to Peenemünde on electronic equipment for the A4 rocket. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. He left Fort Bliss in 1949 to work for North American Aviation. GMDD-ABMA no MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 183. 220 �Wuenscher, Hans Friedrich Jan. 29, 1915 Dec. 13, 1980 Stollberg, Germany Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn. Audio interview made during the initial information collection period for Stages to Saturn. Education Technische Hochschule, Berlin, 1939-1941. Technische Hochschule, Prague, 1941-1943. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1958. MSFC yes Immigration Came to the US in 1956 to work at Holloman Air Force Base. Incidental remarks Worked as an aeronautical engineer for the German Aircraft Development Center before coming to the United States. In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director for Advanced Projects of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. At MSFC, he was a pioneer in space manufacturing, with a particular interest in crystal growth under micro-gravity conditions. He was the subject of a “Star Salute” in the January 29, 1969 issue of the Marshall Star. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 184. 221 �Zeiler, Albert Franz Mar. 9, 1913 Oct. 16, 1975 Niklasdorf, Austria Merritt Island, Florida UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Bundeslehranstalt für Maschinenbau und Elektrotechnik, Klagenfurt, Austria, 1929-1934, BS degree (mechanical engineering). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, From Oct. 1939 to May 1945. He was a launch pad engineer. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes MSFC – KSC yes, From 1960. Transferred to KSC in 1963, and became Center Coordinator for Mechanics and Propulsion, Launch Operations. Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. Incidental remarks He was launch pad engineer for the first Redstone rocket launch on Oct. 20, 1953 at Cape Canaveral. He planned, designed and coordinated construction and operations of the special launch facilities in the Pacific for Operation Hardtack. He was involved in about 700 V-2 launches in Germany and 139 launches at KSC. Albert Zeiler was an original member of the Huntsville Civic Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 185. 222 �Zettler-Seidel, Philipp Wolfgang Aug. 1, 1914 Mar. 19, 2002 Leipzig, Germany Du Bois, PA UAHuntsville Archives holding Philipp Zettler-Seidel Collection Education University of Leipzig, 4 years, Ph.D. candidate, (physics, mathematics and philosophy). Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde yes, 1940-1944, Exterior ballistics and gyroscope technology. 1944-1946, Wind tunnel technology at Kochel. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA Moved to Huntsville in 1952 from Silver Springs, MD. Moved from Huntsville to Pennsylvania in 1959. MSFC no Immigration Navy list. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946 at Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Springs MD. Incidental remarks The UAH Archives has copies of several reports co-authored by him during his tenure at Peenemünde and Kochel, Germany. During the later years of his life he was an assistant professor of physics at the Du Bois campus of the Pennsylvania State University. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 185. 223 �Ziesmer, Erich W. Nov. 29, 1913 June 6, 1997 Europe Huntsville, Alabama UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Education Trade school. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf no Peenemünde no, But may have been involved in gyroscope development for Peenemünde while working as a draftsman for Kreiselgeräte Co. in Berlin from 1934 to 1945. Fort Bliss no GMDD-ABMA yes, Arrived in 1954. MSFC yes, Retired in 1974. Incidental remarks In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Inertial Sensors and Stabilizers Div. From 1946 to 1950 he worked for the British Government. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 186. 224 �Zoike, Helmut Max Apr. 12, 1915 Aug. 15, 2005 Danzig, Germany Santa Barbara, California UAHuntsville Archives holding File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection Oral history Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg. Education Attended Gauss Engineering School in Berlin for one year. In 1935 he joined Siemens, Apparate und Maschinen GMBH as a laboratory technician for automatic autopilot development. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf yes, Joined Raketenflugplatz activities in 1930, at age 15. Later, in 1938 he moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde, [Wernher von Braun, Crusader for Space p 27]. Peenemünde yes, Came to Peenemünde on Sep. 1, 1938. His biography notes that at Peenemünde he was in charge of the first 28 V-2 firings. Fort Bliss yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. GMDD-ABMA yes, From 1950 to 1955. MSFC no Immigration On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Incidental remarks In December 1955 he joined Servomechanisms Inc. in California. His biography relates that at Raketenflugplatz he met Wernher von Braun, Hans Hueter, Willy Ley and others. At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area 230, Row 86, Box 186. 225 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles A. Lundquist Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Charles A. Lundquist Collection Dataset Data encoded in a defined structure. Examples include lists, tables, and databases. A dataset may be useful for direct machine processing. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transplanted Rocket Pioneers. Subject The topic of the resource Engineers Fort Bliss (Tex.) German Americans George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Project Apollo (U.S.) Peenemünde (Germany) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Operation Paperclip (U.S.) Description An account of the resource The information in this dataset is reproduced from Charles Lundquist's 2014 monograph Transplanted Rocket Pioneers. The information includes biographical and professional information that he compiled to produce the book. Each individual represented in the dataset also has a vertical file in the Lundquist Collection at UAH. Transplanted Rocket Pioneers is a recognition of the early members of the von Braun rocket team, many of whom were key players in the successful moon landing. Many historians conclude that the lunar missions of the Apollo Program could not have been possible without the leadership and experience provided by a corps of engineers, scientists and managers transplanted from Europe to the Unites States after World War II. This fact motivated Dr. Lundquist to deposit this work in the Archives of the Library at the University of Alabama in Huntsville by assembling a file on each of the individuals who came from Europe to participate in the rocketry activities in Huntsville, or, in a few cases, individuals who had other ties to Huntsville. This dataset includes a standard one-page summary sheet for each subject. Although most sheets are relatively complete, some data are still missing. The first two lines on each page records fundamental identification information: Family name Date of birth Place of birth Given names Date of death Place of death The next standard entry is a statement of the extent of the Archives Holdings, either i) A primary collection of documents housed in one or more banker boxes, usually a separate individual collection ii) A secondary collection in a standard archive box, or iii) a file folder. Next, if there is an oral or video history for the individual, this fact is noted. A statement about the highest education levels of the individual follows. The next five entries, in chronological order, record whether the individual participated in activities at five sites: 1. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf: Individuals engaged in the activities at these sites of early rocket development experiments sponsored first by VfR and subsequently by the German Army. 2. Peenemünde: Included here are individuals who participated in Peenemünde programs under several auspices, including as Army civilian employees, as members of the German military, as contractor employees on site or visiting as needed, and as university employees collaborating as required. 3. Fort Bliss: Individuals who were brought to Fort Bliss from 1945 to 1950. 4. GMDD-ABMA: Individuals who came to Huntsville, Alabama to work for the US Army rocket programs in the decade 1950 to 1960. 5th MSFC: Individuals who were employed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in the 1960s. Some people had various relationships with UAH and that is so noted. Additionally, a statement of immigration details is noted if pertinent. Finally, a great variety of incidental information is included under Incidental Remarks. UAH Special Collections welcomes additions of biographical materials to the vertical file in the Charles Lundquist Collection. Please note that the work is that of Dr. Lundquist and may contain errors or omissions which are solely the product of his work on the project, as noted in the introduction of the work.: " Finally, it is pertinent to note that any document containing large files will surely have some mistakes or omission. Any errors are the responsibility of the author alone." As was the wish of Dr. Lundquist, we will strive to make factual corrections to the online copy when necessary. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lundquist, Charles A. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The University of Alabama in Huntsville Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/24/57/spc_chri_0000001.pdf 489e9b0dd94317a5cbaeaba2b29ae293 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David L. Christensen Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/42" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the David L. Christensen Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context David L. Christensen Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource David Christensen in his office. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2015-09 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_chri_000001 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Christensen, David L. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived David Christensen Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2010-2019 Subject The topic of the resource Christensen, David L. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/58/spc_lund_0000007.pdf 15fbddecffe0d865b5e1136d1f001238 PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles A. Lundquist Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Charles A. Lundquist Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles Lundquist at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Subject The topic of the resource University of Alabama in Huntsville. Research Institute Lundquist, Charles A. Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Description An account of the resource Charles A. Lundquist seated in Von Braun Research Hall, at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Charles A. Lundquist Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2014 circa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Still Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_lund_000007 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Alabama in Huntsville Language A language of the resource en Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2010-2019 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/60/spc_schl_007_058a.pdf 5fc365b722840fa417d4dd33bab2f6e5 PDF Text Text SPRING 19S8 50.¢' • FATHER OF ROCKETRY Rolph I . Je nnings • LIFE ON OTHER STARS Dr. Ernst 5tuhlinge r • THE REMARKABLE 'X' CRAFT fre d e ri(k I. Ordway III • ROCKET MAIL TO THE MOON Dr. Harold W . Ritchey �~ ENG..); Exp loring New Concepts Of Precision Design, .. /UUJMUHl.- EERING , IN C. Engin eering And Manufacture Of: AUTOMATION, SERVOS, MACHINES, SPECIAL GAGES, MACHINING MISSILE COMPONENTS, AND FABRICATING. 2300 CLIFTON ROAD NASHVILLE, TENNESS EE TEL. BR 7·0566 .. �r spa ce journal content s Vol. I, No.2 Spring 1958 de~i gn p ~ tented FRONT: L"yout and mooring by H ll rry Ltlnge. Sketch is space 5hip by Dr. Robert H. Godd,trd. Photo of Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger's ion space ships orbiting around Mars is from Walt Disney's "Mars and Beyond." BACK: Oil painting by Le e Moore illustrates die m a r~er dissipa _ tio n upon impact of first rocket to reach Moon. BOARD Of CONSULTANTS Df. W or nner "on B,~ un P r, Ern, t St uh lin ge r Prof. Her monn Ob. ,th HI ITOR_iN_CHIEF 4 SPACE JOURNAL ____ So Spencer Isbell I STRIDE INTO SPACE ________________ The New York Times 8. Sp enco r l , b. 1I EDITORIAL STAff ___ _____ ____ ____ R"'lph E. Je nn ings Rolph E. J onning ' MM~q . rg Editor James L. D~ n i . I •. Jr. A"oc i&t o Edi tor Milch. 1I R. Sh. rp e, Jr. A"oc;&te Eddor David L. Ch,i,t en' en A"i,loot Editor 21 __ ___ _ ___ __ Dr. Ernd St uhlin g er ______ Or. Ha ro ld W . Ritchey THE REM A RKAB LE 'X ' CRAFT ________ Fre deri ck I. Ordway III G RAPHICS STAff Lee R. Moore, Jr. ___ _____ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ sp",ce pre view ___ __ ___ _ _______________ space cadoons ___ __ __ _____ _ ___________ __ _ _____ reaction Dir.ctor H .re ld E. Price G r .p~·c, Loyou t Oi,,,olo, H."y H .-K. Lon go Ad Diredor E. . .. 1t H. Ro b. ,ho n Phot09r5phy DirecTor 35 BEYOND THIS STAR __ ____ _________ ___ J a mes l. Da niels, Jr. BUS INE SS STAFF Yew,,11 Lybrond Jomo. P. GMdMr Geor90 A Ferre ll GENERA L MAN AG ER R,<h.,d T. H•• ~y PUIIUSHER St., e y ~_ ~o , n. Jr , SPECIAL CRt DIT S Of. Photo~ .. p~, ono mot.".1 10' · ·F.t~ .. 01 Rook.h," COPY"9hted ono "ere I"n',o.d b. M". E"he. C. Godd •• d· mo'. r;.1 fo' "Mo" .,d ~y<>"d" .. e'. f"",,t-od by Con Podoroon: ··Oul·O,," Spoc. ·· <",'oon' ... ~r. c,U'ed by Con f~d . ""n 0.<1 O.;,V L.,go: . ,1100', 0';on fo' "$'r:de in'. S".~o· -, b, Gordon W; lI h:le "0 leo Moo,. : ."1""";0" '". "'Lde 0 ' 0''", St.,," .'. by Iho", o, ,pe,oO' o"d He;" 0 . ,de,ell. : -llu,". "'" 10' 'R<x~.' Moi' '0 ,~. 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Secre-.,,, M."" I $"",,,,.,, T, .. , _: L E. Nordho ld, hod W,i~M. D;,.<I"" . ED ITOR IAL I N fO RMAll,)!>! "" "'OOUIO'-P," ",",I b. IV,,'''':''o. 000 "bmitted ;0 d,o li<. te "ith t.'"to po,lo~o ;j tho •• ,e '0 b. '"'" '"eo , Soou,ity <I. or._,,;:e fo, . 11 Mo'o,i.1 "b""neo " tho ,.""", ib;IiIV 01 the ._,hot . S.,d . 11 ",o",e.,p," 10 Spooe Jo",'ol , P. O . Bo, 82. H",,,,, ill •. AI.bom • . "bsc,:ptio", '0 SPACE Jo",oo l, 1o, journa l K~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _space _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ �(OITORIAL g \'Iit~ spa ce j ournal By B. Spencer I sbell .ditor P UTNIKS a nd now our own Explorer ha\"e changed a 101 of things b)' opening the eyes of Ihe p ublic to t he bct lllal space tra ' <c] has become :1 re:llil)'. As ),ou might guess, the impact of 5.1tellite launching s upo n this fledgling publication has lx.'1!n ,·ery favorable. One ne ws comtllenn<lor SHItN. " It (SpUllI ik) has shot treme ndous Ihr ust inlO whal sla rlt.'"<l Oul as AmeriC:L·S fi rst, fa lteri ng space magazine called SPACE JOllrnal-dcdi. GIlt.'<:! to publicizing fa CHIal discussions of interphLnetary m l,·e]." S The St.'Cond edilion of SPA CE J Ollrn(l1 was prepared prior 10 thc birth of Explo re r; and , therefore, il was iml>ossibie 10 exploit Ihe \"aSI amount of new information for inclosure in this edi lion, Tht"!re is liule doubt that Explorer will h:l\e its effe.:;:t on expandi ng the horizon for SPAC I~ Jour n:.!. Volume I, No. I broughl many ··lellers to the C(litor·'; (I few arc published in {his ed ition's Re action Department. Amo ng other things. some tellers requcsted predictions of what thc future will bring in Ihe realm of space ltavel, explanations of rclativistic agi ng, a nd repon s on whal progress has been made toward de,·elopi ng an '"electro-Sta"itic" propulsion s),slem for space ships. Forthcoming issues will include articles which will atte m pt 10 satisfy these requests. The next issue will includc ~.n :lr(icJe on what we have al re"dy learned (rom Explo rer. \~ith due respect for our more imlgina ti,·e readers, we wero;: mo rc impresscd-and should add , quite concerned- by the volume of mail rcceiv(.""(1 from our younger (a ns. AI· mOSt illva ri ~. bly the)' wanted detailed information th:.t would help them to bu ild t heir ow n rockets ( usually proposed as :. basemem project ), These young people "pvc"r resourceful, if11 ngimLl ive, and capable of SOIlLC startli ng acco mplishments. Thc)' will be our neXI ge neration of scienlists and e ngi neers. \X'hile t heir quest for knowledge and experience is certainly laudable, the dangcr to life and p roperty in herent in amateur rocke t building and fi ring ohen creates a highly undesi.l:able situatio n. This d ~L ngcr is recognized by the professional engineer :ond scientist. as well as the org:l!l i ~:lt i ons actively c ng~l gl'"<l in rocket and missile work. Dr. E<!w:lrd H. Sey mo ur, Director of l{cse:.rch at It eaction " ·I otors, Inc., has prcpared a SF.eei a] !cner to young scient ists. \'\fe feel Ih:1I il may help an evcr- increas ing n umber of youngste rs who a rc interested in und ertaki ng o;:xperimems of th is type. 2 sp",ce iournal �r TO T H E AMATEUR ROCKET BUI LDER W e were happy to ' <.'eein' your recent [clter. a nd 10 Jearn of your plan' for a n cxpu imcmal rocket. T he rocket engine is an intriguing dC"icc, and working On ils develop m ent Can be an inle r~5'inS manufacturers. we arc encouraged 3I w3)" and ,,,.idying I'roje<:l. (0 As r ocket engine sec young people become c nl hus;as!;, about this area of ani"ily, for i, is you ng men like you who will be Ihe e ngineers a nd scientists of to m o r row and bdping .0 maiola in progress in this vital field . Alt hough the approach 10 a n experimental \",i1 such as yOIl oudi ned a p pea rs re aso nable, we have found .h a. it is n ol po.,ible for U5 10 determine t he fea sihility, Or c"en mOre importan t. the sa fet), of such ;' unit wi.hout more informa· lion. All cxpc;rimcnta l work must be reviewed carcfullr to determine how cal"h pic~e is to be built, and what trpc of operating procedure is to be u \.ed. use 'he Sa me approach in our work. \'ife Each new d c, isn is carcfulLr ch ecked , " nd teStS arc ru n with cucfully planned an d supervised procedures. Almost all rocket engine test ing, esp(>ciallr new designs, is done behind explosion_proof. a re s.~fely re inforced COnaete barricades, separatcd from the uoit undcr ,cst. training and c05tl)" ~q ui p m ent, this ro " wh~r~ a ll Ol",rating T o t he am a teur, w;thou, of rl:s~arch pl:rronnd ext~nsi"e is extremely hazardou s. For your own sa fl:!)" as wcll as till: safNy of ot hcrs. we Cannot emphasize tOO st ron);"ly the dangers inhcrcnt in this typc of work. Ox ),!;en and propane, for instance, contain more enNgy p<! r I>ound than dox'S TNT, J( it h appens to be rdcasc<l explosi"ely instead of in normal bu r ning, considerahle danlage and injury can OCCur. am so rry we Can nOt give yOu a mOre dire<:t answer to yonr qucs! ion, but experience h as shown u s that i. is noOt e"ery day, and th e importance of avoiding injury and damagl: is so );"rea t that we fecI . ha t this must be our p olicy. I would urge ,hat )'ou diseu" rour planned work w ith your high school se;ence t each~r, "nd inve~'i~ate .It~ possiltili.y of form ing an amateur r ocket cl ub. It is far beuer to .ha re wi.h o thers the joyS and h a rd ships, f~ilures, (and incidentallr, th e ~xpen",s) of work on such an th ~ Successes ,.nd <:xcitin~ l"oj"'t. Th e, e are a number o f such sroups throughout th e country, m any o f th em affiliated wi th th e Ame rican Astronautical Fed~ra .ion, a "ational organization dedica.ed 10 th e coll",. ion "nd di.,."minmion of inform'lti on and th e promotion of space flight, or with t he Ame r;can R oc k~t Soci~ty. W h~ther ro n form s nch a gro up or nOt, an)' fu.ure wo rk you d o shou ld be u n der the guidance of a rC'lponsibIe adult such as your s.:ience teach~r, Should you d <><:ide to follow . he i,,,crest you h a,'c already shown in this field, and we ce rlain l}' hope ro u d o, you will be coming into an ex~iting pro· fessio n at th e m OSt d"""a,ic ,iml:. T hroushout the co u rse of history. man h as always bc<: n intrigued b y exp loration of t his blan k e. of air that surrounds u s. lII"ny o f his attem p ts to pie rce it. including Some o f those c urrem lr in progress, h a "e '",en pla gued wi th failure. Nonetheless, he has p<!rsi;ud w ith a wi ll to SUC· ceed that has put wi thin our srasp the means to accomplish hi s m ost fascinating drea m-fl ight into outer space. Dr. Edward H . ~~'mour Director o f Research R eaction lII otors, Inc. 3 space journal -"--------------------------------------------------------- �S PACE PHILOSOPH Y stri de into space R ep ri n t ed F rom The New York T imes A J.R EADY NOW it is clear that O Ctober 4, 1957 will go dow n imperishably in the annals o f humanity as th e date o n which o ne of mail's fi llest a<:hievements was acco m pl ished, That which WOlS so recent ly a subject only for theoret ical speculatio n or sciellce fi ctioll h;ls now become re;IIi!},: a ma n ,made sp ace s.:ue!!it e now revoh'cs, for a time, around o u r globe. \x/ ilh t hat feat h um anit y has mke n a gi:m t stride toward space. The dream of the greatest minds amo ng mllny past generat io ns is now well on the way to ward becoming reality. The sphcre which now revolves in t he he avens ;.bo\,c us is t he guarlllllce that m an ca n soon brc:ok comple tely the fetlers of grav ity which have hitherto bound life to thi s tiny planet. The long road to the stars is now open . It was the Soviet scie nti sts lind lechnidans who bui lt :Lnd laun<:h(.-d this concrete sy m bol of mall's com ing lihcrlltion from th e forces which have hitherto bou nd him to earth . To them m ust go the congratula _ tions of all humanity. This is a feat of which lIll mankind Call be proud . The $oviet cit i..-;ens w ho accomplish(,-d it set the peak on a huge tower w hi ch h,Ld bee n raised by men of ma ny nlllions in t he decades and cenruries earlier. Newl'On and Ke p ler, Galileo and Cope rni cus. Tsiolkov_ sky, God dard and Obcrth, al! these and many others m;ode their contributio ns to buildillg the edifice of knowledge which made possible th is superlati ve Olchievelllent_ Every great ;ochievcment o f modern wehnology o pe ns up two rollds before humanity. One is the road of hope and pro m ise, a road made possible if m en of a ll n atiOIlS li nd all beliefs will work IOgether for the good of humanit}'. The o t he r is the rOlld of despair and di saster, the rOlld which is 4 space journal followed if t he great ach ie"ements of un ive rsa l scie nce arc used for the purposes of aggression , death and destruction, So it is w ith the space siltelli{e. The rocket m OlOrs wh ich se n t it inlO the upper atmosp here can be harnessed for a great cooperative h um an assault on the barriers of diswnce whic h still sepa ra te us from c,'en o ur nearest neighbors in space. Or they can be incorporatc<1 inw in tercontinental ballistic missiles deliveri ng hydrogen bombs upon defcnscles.s milliOIlS. It is fo r a ll ma nki nd ('0 <Iecide which of these tWO roads shall be mken. And the fantastically rapid lCmpo of modern scienti fiC a nd technical advance perm its no dawdli ng over reaching the dec ision. �.. DEDI CATI ON lathe r 01 rocketry B y R alph E. J enn i ngs (ED ITOR 'S "';OTE: Th., aUlhor i, indebted to Esther C. Goddard for making available 10 him p;clures and ;nforn,,,I;on " 'hieh han nen,. before been published. In a lener .0 Mr . Jenning'- Mrs. Goddard ,Ia.ed : ' 1 am delighled Ihal rou plo,,, 10 dediC'llle Ih", $oCCond i,we 10 m}' La.e hU5band and hi, work on rockets." SPACE Journa l lakes prioe in presenling ' 0 ;IS r",aucu ,om" hilherlo "np"blisheo on,,,er;.L concerning .he life ami work of a g,,,,at Am",ican sdenl;sl. ) he ao;:quired h is M.A. and Ph. l). Aher l WO years as a resea rch fellow at P rinceton Uni,·e rsit)'. he went 10 Clark Unh·crsi l)' where he was 5ucccssi"ely lin instructor. assista nt p rofessor. and professor of physics. While at Clark. Dr. Godd ard set down some recol1eo;:tions w hkh began: "Owing to t he widespread intcrest whic h is certain to a r ise ItHer regardi ng space navig:l{io n, o r T il E Fm ST t:LlG HT of :1 liqu id oxygen-gasoline rocket w~s obtai ned on Marc h 5, 1926, in Auburn , Mass., and was reponed 10 the Smi lhsonian Institution May 5. 1926... . The rocket lraveh.'<1 a distance of 184 fccr in 2.5 seconds, as timed by SlOp watc h, making the speed along the traje<:tor)' abouI 60 miles per hour." Thus wrote Robert Hutchings Goddard in his second Smithsonian repot!. " Liquid-Propellant Rocket De,·elopmenl." \X/ hat seemed 10 be an insignificant evenl aCtuall)' marked the binh of a new era. For when Robert Godda rd's rocket lra,eled 184 fec i. the distance was a step fo r ward in sc"en-Ieague boots b), Ma n in h is long str uggle up from darkness toward maSter), of his c n,·ironmenl. In t hc words of Har ry F. Guggenheim, presidellt of the Guggenheim Foundat ion, Dr. Godd:lrd "was iusI as surcl)' the fa ther of modern rocketS as the \V r ight Brothers were of t he airplane." H e was o;:erw in ly the greatest experime ntal pioneer in this subjecl- nOt (I mere d (lbbling inventor, but one w ho unde rstood t he pr inciples involved and was capilble also of developing the nec(.'Ssar), t heor ies, as was to be expco;:ted from a man with his suco;:essful academic career. Bo rn o n October 5, 1882, in \X' ora'ster, Mass., young Goddard attended school in Doston and then entered \\'I'o ro;:eSle r Polytechnic Institute, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1908. He was a ph)'sics instrunor at \'(lo rceSter until 1911, d uring which period COPY I!lGIIT IlY ),IRS. 1I01l ~:RT II. GOOOAltO Dr. Roherl H. Goddard lIlakillg adjustmellts at tbe upper elld oftbe rockel com· busrioll chulIlber. ArOll1lt1 tbe cbamber are slIIa/l coils oj copper tubillg for "aporizillg liqllid lIitrogell ill order to "rodllce pressure for the Juel tallits alliJ Jor opera/· illl{ cOlltro/s. PUIII/JS were used Jor Ille /iqllM Jlle/s. Pbolograpbel/ ill 1940. 5 space iournal �record of suggestions..•• T he suggestions wcre very dh'c rsified, and concerned the possibility of using the magnetic field of the eanh; sllCOting ' nllteria l to a 'spacc ship' by means of elcclric, and other , guns; an airplane opera ted lit high speed by lhe repu lsion of charged particles; :Irtificiall y stimu lated rodio-activil),; artificial atoms of g reat energy, consist ing of mov ing posili\'e nnd negative charges; p ropulsion in space by repu lsioll of charged panicles; reaction agai nst dis p lacement Currents in space; re· sltmds frame before tbe world's first flight 01 a liquitl-propclltlill rocket 011 i\larch 16, 1926. interpl nnemry studies, it seems wonhwhile to nOte t he developme nt of the writer's ideas a nd experiments upon the su bject . . Dr. Goddard neve r published these notes. \,(I h:1I he published principally we re his p:ltcnlS and twO repons to the Smit hsonian Institution, the product of yea rs of independent and methodical experimenta tion. ''<'hat he did not p ub lish were h is spec u lations on sp:lce flight-Ix.'Cuusc he thoug ht more of them, not less o f them. At o ne point, he fil ed these spt.'Cui;ltions a way in a fr iend'S S:lfe and ma rked (hem: "To be op'ened on l)' by an o p timise" They are now being opened, in the cou rse of prep:lring Dr, Goddard's biogr:l_ phy. Mrs. Godda rd is engaged in editi ng h is expcrimem:il nOtes for publication. Scie n tistS and laymen alike wi ll be interested in Dr. Goddar<i's resume of some of these speculations whic h he set down between 1904 ami 1908 wh ile he was an undergraduate nt 'X/orccstcr. " I bought a n umbe r of green-cown.-d notebooks," he w ro te, "and started to make a systemat ic 6 space journal thelter III Jhe If/tlrtt Farm, Aubllrll, i\ltlJS. PholoC",ph ttlRe,t 0 11 Jllly /7, 1929, pulsion o f high ly healed materi:d particles at the focus of parl~ bolic mirro rs; Ihe lise of solar energy, by light de\·iccs. on u 's pace sh ip;' th e idea of the mu hiple charge rocket ; the usc of liquid p rope llants; a nd several other plans." A su mmary of 26 methods was w r inen on December 28, 1909. Like other men of vision who have made " a lllable contributions to fund ame ntal and his im portant wo rk were lill ie known Juring his lifetime. In Ihe cou rse of h is pioneering im 'csligations, I)r. Goddard achieved m any "fi rSts" in rocket research, anyo ne of which would be sufficien t 10 assu re him a permane n t phlcc in the history of mo<lern science and eng i n(.~ ri ng. �7. He deveLo]X-J thc mathern,nica! theory of rocket propuLsion and flight . 8. H e fi rst proved. both mathemat icaLLy a nd by actual test, that a rocket will work in a vacuum. \'('hen the United St(ltes entercd the fi rst \'('orld \'('ar, Dr. Goddard volunteered his services and was given the task of exploring the military possibilities of roc kets. He succeeded in developing a trajectory rocket which (ued intermine[J{ly, tllc charges be· ing injected imo the comhUSl ion chamber by a method simi lar to tha t of tbe repeating r ifle. H e also devcJo]X-J sewral types of projectile rockets intended to be fired from a launching tube held in the hands ,IOU steadied by twO short legs--much like the bazooka of \'('orld \'\!ar U. Dr. Godd,ml ill bh laborato r), at Clark UlIiI·ersity witb tbe rocket tested 011 May 4, 1926. Tbis rocket h tbe second "//Iodel 0/ a iifJllid-propeU'1II1 rocket first f/OWII 011 Ma rc/) 16, 1926, Amo ng the principal oncs arc the following : 1. He developed the basic idea of the bazooka in 1918 during \'('orld \'('ar 1. The weapon was nor uscd until \,\'orld \'('ar H. 2. He developed a rocket motor using liquid fuels and uscd it in a liquid· fuel propelled rocket in L926. 3. H e was Ihc first to shoot a rocket faster tha n the speed of sound. 4.. H e developed a gyro5Copic steering apparatus for rockets ten years before it was developed in Europe. 5. He was thc first to use vanes in the blast of the rocke t motor for steering rockets. 6. H e patented the idea of "step-rockets." These weapons were demonstrated quite successfully at Aberdeen P ro,·ing Grounds 00 Novembe r 10, 1918, before represcnt~'· ti ves of the ~lrmed services. However, the armist ice on the foLLowing d:,y pllt an end to the war and also to immediate interest in these weapons . .i.\"lany a great man owes much of his success to the loyaLty, devotion, and eacourage· ment of a woman who is vitally interested in his career. These qua lities were brought into Dr. G oddard·s life by Esther Kisk whom he married in 1924. She took an acri,'e ioterl'st in his experiments and served as the official photographl'r of his tests. Dr. Goddard's resea rch and exper iments during (he oext twO decades were summa rized in twO papers, "A Metho<l of Reaching E"Heme Altitudes" and ·' Liquid-Propella n t Rocket Development." These tWO famous reports d id much to estabL ish on a world· A rocket tested 011 Jill)' 10, 1927. Note tbe similarit), of arrallgemel/l to Jbe V ol. 7 space journal . �w ide basis the sc:entific and engineering w lues in rocket nnd jet propulsion research. Dr. Goddard even made some tests to fi nd OUt how much powder would be required to make a Rash visible at a dista nce of 2!4 m iles, lind from this he c:.lcu lated thllt II rocke t weighing about 3 \4 Ions would be requ ired to carry sufficient Rash powde r to make a visible fl ash o n the moon. He went o n to make fhe further r.It he r vague state· ment (G odd ard's imlics): "Th is pla n of sendin g a Illass of flas h powder to the su r· f:"c o f the moon, althoug h a maner of ru m;\, gencnd interest, is not of o b vious sciemi fi c importance, There are, howeve r, tICI'eio/wHlm s 01 Jhe gelle l'nl lIIe/botl under t/i1cuSlioll, wbicb ;1I1'o h 'e n IIlIlIIber of im· portallt fealllres 1I0t herei.. mcntioned, whic h cou ld lead to results of m uch scien· t ific in teren. T hese developme nts invoh'e nlany experimenta l d ifficulties, to be S\Ire; b ut th e)' depend upo n noth ing tha t is really im l>ossible." It may be arri"ed at by con· jL'Cwre that the unspecified de"elopments might be tIl ken to include manned inter. p\ane("olr), It;H·C!. Dr. Goddl. rd 's precocious talents and prophetic w ri tings are analogous (0 those of Leonardo da Vinci whose original and dar· ing theories might we ll ha"e revolutio ni zed the thollght of h is day had they been ex· tracted earlier from his "oluminous manu· scripts, whic h remai ned unpublis hed until recent ti mes. Dr. Goddard 's proposal to explode :. load of flash J>owuer o n the moon set o ff a Roman Holiday nmong newspaper men. The idea of it blinding man·ma<\e flash on the Illoon c:'ptureu t he imagina t ion of the public, And (0 compou nd the excite· ment, Ih is was nOt tho! in5:Ule proposal of th e stCreotYI'L-d l':lflUloid scientist of comic strip lore who slirround<.-d hi mself in his slu m attic w it h bubbling caldrons of green mist. It was the ide:. of a d isciplined, p sp;:holog ically well.adjusted teache r of ph ysicS. It wns the p roposal of a man who rocket ;11 t be sbop a' R oswell, Neill ,\ lex;co, 011 f eb",ar) 6, 1940. i /lfscd ,"'!liPS jor fllels alld II'US approximalel)' 1Z feet IOllg, 8 space journal �r AmeriC"J. n magaz ines on an ar licle which presu med to suggesl Ihllt ato m ic energy would onc d ay propel II rocket into inlerplanetar), space. One edilor rep lied: " The speculation is imeresling, but the impossi. bility of e,'e r doing it is so cen a in th at it is nOI p rac tically useful. You have writlen well a nd clearl y, but nOI helpfu ll y to science as I SC(! il.. I relUrll the p aper wi th thanks:' Specul at ion on whether our ge ne rat ion will li"e to see the p redictions of Robert Hutchings Godd nrJ become real ized fans is not of pa ramount concern. Bllt whet her (here is 10 be li n llggressivc con tinu ation of fund amental research in n climate of tolera nce is the concern of eve r)' li"ing Ame rica n. It is imperative Ihnt such a climate incl ude aid, encouragement, and prop· er recog nilio n for men like Goddard who in spite of tC1:hnical d ifficullies, disbelief, and ri dicu le persist wi th dogged reso lu tion u nt il they rea lize the ir a ims. The true fu lfillmem of our hopes for a p<'IIceful a nd beuer world lies in the (ru it of the ir labors. Tbe begimling oJ a fligbt 011 March 17, /938. Th e IIi/mch;II!; lou'er shows a calapull arrill/gell/em, had eMlled his Ph.D. in his ow n flcld and who us a commissioned office r had improved sisnal rockclS for the Navy. 10 addition, Dr. Godd nr<I's work had the blessings of the Srnithso ni:w Institution. A few months :ther Dr. Goddard had been elecled 10 t he BOil Td of Directors of the Amc riClm Rocke l Society, he died on AugllSI 10, 1945. " The life·wo r k of Goddard," wrote th e di rcclOrs. "both as a scientist and a man, will always remain a brillian! inspira. t io n 10 those who are privileged to carry o n his e ndeavors, and 10 enr}' other bold explorer on the frontiers of science. In lime 10 come, h is name will be SC I among the foremos t of American Icchnical pioneers." Fifty )'clln ago, in Ja nuary, 1907, Goddard as II SlUde nt lit Worcester Tech received rejcclion lette rs from Ihree highl y esleemed 9 space journal . �SPAtf. AMALYSIS lif' on oth,r stars B y Ern s l Stuhlinger di,.ctor, , . ,u,ch projuh ollie. .,my b.lli,!;c, millil •• ~.ncy (Editor. ,.ot~: This is ,he firs. inn.llmenl of • Ihree·part arlide. The Olhe. ' ....0 parIS ....·ill follow in l ubsequenl iss ue, of 51'ACE Journal). N l:ORMER TIMES there was no q uestion about life on other stars. The com· mon belief followed a literal interpretation of the teachings of the Dible. Our earth was though I 10 be the center of the uni\'e rse, the only place inhabited by Ih'ing beings. At Ihe lime of creation all the plants and aninlaiJ had come into exislence as they arc now, acco rding to ODe well-conceivcd master plan. No change occurred-no development, I Figll'tJ 1. Relative sizes 0/ Ihe plalJeIl al letJlI 10 space journa l no expansion. The nalura l K iences, 100 much in their infancy, a nd 100 stricli)' limilcd to a selcclcd few, did nOl provide enough cogen! evidence to the conlrary to make a mooificadon of this com mon belief necessary. Some few hundred years ago, the h uman mind entered into a new phase of itS evolution. It developed an inquisiti\'e curiosity 10 know morc about the worid. Tooay our earth is no longer accepted as the perfect masterpiece of one six-day creation. It is recognized as a small planet among billions f,011l fbe e(.frtb. �PLUTO, . -1 • MOO N, . '0,27 • MERCURY I • r - 0.39 MAR S, . -0.52 • VE NUS, .. 0.97 • EARTH •• -!.O NEPTUNE •• >3.9 URANUS , r - 4,0 Pigure 2. Relati ve shes of the plal/ets. and bi ll ions of Stars in a boundless universe. E\"olution, not perfection, setS the grandiose stage on which we are the actors and the Spcct:ltots as well. We came to realize that the human mind has the capability of learning and, to a certain degree, of unde rsrand· ing how this world came into being, how it is built, and how it de\'elops. To Ihe \'isible world a rou nd us which was accessi ble to our forefathers, modern scientists h;n 'e pdded ncw wo rlds: the world of the tHoms, ;md the world of the stars. \Xle ha\e fOUlul tlmt there :Ire universal h.w5 of natu rc va lid equally in th ese three worlds which help us to unde rstand their interrelations and some of thei r mystcries. The natural sciences today offer uS the foundation for a concept of the world which is nor o n ly more correct, but also much grcater, a ~d far lIlore magnificent, th om any concept our forefathers could de\"elop in their tilnes. Life o n other stars ? It would have been a profanity in medieval times 10 believe that it might ha"e existed. Today this q uestion is one of the 11100t challenging problems of science. There is hardl y onc grea t scho lM who d ocs not g ive it his attention, and many of t hem arc rew;Lrdcd br brill iant new ideas. The remarkable fact is that e\'ery branch of natu ral science bears upon t his problemastro nomy. physic~, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, and all the others. Once we have the answer, its impact will be felt C\'en b r sciences as sublime as philosophy and theology. The questioo of whether life exisUi outside th e bounds of ollr earth cannOt be answered by a plain yes or 00 tod ay. If the answer should be positive, it may well be th at ""c will have it as soon as a manned sutellite around the earth offers a platfor m fo r observations. \'\' 1' certainly will know when our (ust imerplane wry space ship takes us to t.hrs; and this nmy pmsibl)' happen be· fore the cnd of our centurr. It is anot her thing if we ask what the prubability is that life ex ists on other celes· tial bodics. \Xle know the external cond itions lI nder w h ich life was ab le to de\"e lop and subsist on earth. Wc know much abou t th e environmental conditions which prel'ail on other planets in our solar sy5teOi. and cven on other fi xed stars. Comparing the necessary conditions lor life with the exist- II sp~ce journal �II ing conditio ns o n stars, we can conclude wit h a h igh degree of probability whe t he r lifc shoul<1 be cxpeclCd (here, a nd into what forms it may have dc,·eloped. This way of reasoning may seem rather bold. Howe,-cr , count less obscn~.l { i o n s o n t his ciln h have shown Ihm w henever the conditions for a certai n dc\C~ l opll1c[)[ a rc favo rable, natu re docs nOt hcs italc 10 sian this dc\·clopmcnt. Scientists arc confident that this Tille, so ohen confirmed on eaflh, may St ill be applied when the dC\'clopmclH is IIml of living organisms, a nd w hen t he place is nOt confined 10 this c:Lr\ h. Our original questio n about t he e xistence of life outside the ea r th, t he refore, reduces 10 the question of cnvironmcoml condi· tions on other Slars and of nlXessary condi . lions (or the development of life. These q uestions clI n be answered to a considerable degree uxl:.y, pa rt ially from d irect observa. tions :lIId experi ments, part ial ly fro m extra· pollH ions and log ica l de<;luc l ions. Althoug h we usually Ih ink of planets only when we discuss Ihe chances of finding life o n other celestial bodies, 1I't' sholdd II0t ol'ulook Iht' pOJSibility 0/ lift (Itf'tlQPillg Illso 011 Iht "("uk" COlI/fioU CIII of a dOl/ble jlllr, whe re lig ht and hea l wou ld be avail· able fro m Ihc "bri ght" com ponen t. In t he p rese m anicle we reSl r icl our considerations 10 p laner.like bodies whic h are much small· er than the central Slar t hat gives t hem light and hear, \X'e will div ide our sub ject fro m he re on into Th ree pans; T he as tro nomical as· FigJlre 4. T he Crab NebJlla, a Ieflof'er of " mPeNIQI'a e,.plQsiQIl i,1 /054 A.D . pc<:ts, t he physica l cond itio ns, and the biolog ical problem, The present article will dea l wit h the astronomical aspt.'(:15 o f life on othcr stars. \X' hen we Ihink of life o n orher celestial bod ies, we are incl ined 10 associate its I>ossible exislence wit h c nv i.ron melllal con· dilions as we havc t hem on o ur earth. T he average lemperattlfe should nOI be: al>o\'e 60 C to 80 C, and not m uch below the freezi ng point of water; the re should be a n atmosphe re wi l h at lcast somc oxygen or carbon d iox ide; Ihere shou ld be wate r; nnd Ihere should be occasional sunshine, or nn eq\livalellt smrsh ine. As we will sec hLter, these cond itions ilfe mandatory. T hat such an accumu latio n of condi lions lIlay well occur in planetnry s),StemS is proven by our own enrth. T he question is thclI: \X' hal is Ihe probability thai a pl:lnemr)' s),stcm like thc solar fam ily occurs among the fi xed Stars? De fore answe r ing th is q ues tion, we take a sho rt look at t he Structu re and the history of t he solar sys· tern, of our galaxy, and of th c stellar uni· "erse, Jiigure 3, Relati,'e tlis/at/eel o/Ibe platlets / rolll ,be Hili . �One of the mOSt impressive fe:lIures of t he solar syuem is the smallness of its componentS as compared to t heir distances. If we should build a model of the sun and ilS planets, a nd if we chose a sphere of three inches in diameter, for example. an orange for the su n , the planets would have the following diametcrs and distances: Mercury, 0.01 inches u 10 feet; Venus. 0.026 inches at 20 fcc t; earth, 0.027 inches at 27 fee t; !\lars, 0.015 inches at 40 feet; j upite r, 0.3 inches at 135 fcct; Saturn, 0.25 inches at 255 feet; Ura n us, 0.12 inches at 525 ft.'Ct; Neptune, 0.12 inc hes at 810 feet; Pl uto, wit h as )·et unknow n diameter, at 1,060 feet (Figs. I, 2 and 3.) In the same mode l, the nearest fixed star would h:1\'e a dista nce o f 1,000 m iles fro m the sun, and the e nd of our ga laxy would be 20 million miles away. Besides the nine planets, we find a belt of ma ny small astero ids berwecn the orbits of Mars and j upite r; about 1,500 of them ha\'c been ide ntified. The mass of the sun comprises about 99.8% of the tota l mass of the solar system; the planets only I:;gllrtl , . Th, big sp;rlll1leblllll ;" AmlroflleJIl. 0.2% . On the o ther hand, the combined angu lar momentum of the planelS is about 98%., and that o f t he su n 2%. of the total angular momentum of the system. The sun consists of o,'er 90% hydrogen; heavy clements arc rare. On the earth, heavy c lements arc much more abu nd ant. The composition of the planetS, disregarding thei r atmospheres, is "ery probably similar 10 that of the e;lrth. The la rge angular mOlllentum o f the p lanelS is a very strong p roof agains t the assumption that the planets were in former times a part of the su n, or e\'cn that the sun and Ihe planet5 werc formed in onc p rocess out of a big diffusc nebula. A more satisfactory expla natio n is possiblc only if anothe r star, in add ilion 10 the su n, is assumcd to havc participated in the plane. togcnic process. Theories by Chamberl in and Moulton, a nd in n very advanced and refined form by jeans, succeeded in describing many of thc detailed features of the solar syStems by assuming the closc approach of anOlher Stur. Gravitational �I forccs WQuld p rod uce huge tidal wa,"es a nd would c ,"en pull large amounts of mat· rer out of the $u n , in the form of II giga n tic " /illlnlcOI." This lila ment would finall y break up unde r ils own gravitation aod form a number of separate bodies wbich finally would mo'"c around the sun in plane. {'.try orbits. Their angu lar m oment um would ha\"e been provided by t he passing Slar. The s;\ffiC p la net-fo rming process would a lso accoun t for the moons of lhe pl:Lncls. One conspicuous faer remains 1I1lcxpinincd by this lhcory~thc fast rota· lio n of some of the pl:mcls. I n order to make this rot ation unde rsta ndable, J effreys supposes a "gm~ i ng collision " between a StH r and the sun, instead of n dose approach. Frictio nal forces, in addition to g ravita. tional forces, oou[(1 then accounr for the rotlu;omll motions o f Ihe planet. \'(' ilh t his assumplion, the obsen'ed rOtlllion and the total maS5 o f the planeu can be explained s.,t isfactor ily. Howe\'cr, the lurge :mgula r momelllum o f the planeu then remains a myStery. A new idea was introduced by R u~ 1I a nd de\'elop<.od further by Lynleton. They pointed out tlmt many of the Stars, almost one-half of them, a re twin nars, revolving arou nd each other at d istances w hich may count fro m aOOm a third of a light year down to less tha n the diameter of o ne of them. POI:lri S, ollr north sta r, is k nown to be II (I'lintupl et; CaSto r is e\'cn composed of six indi vidual Sta rs, all orbiting Mound ellc h other. R usse ll ass\lllled Ihat our sun hlLd a [win, 100, 0.1 about the dist;mce of the major planets. This twin was hi T and snmshc,d to pieces by anot her star. Some of the frag ments re mained in solar orbits; they a rc our planets now. This theory is able to explain Ihe rota· lio n. Ihe angula r momenrUlll, t he distances, a nd many o ther features of the planets. lis sho rtcoming is the eXlremeiy sm;11I prob. a bility for a direct hit between stau. To help th is situation, Hoyle made the sug· 14 space journal geslion that t he tw in Star may nOt hn\'e been h it by another sta r, but may ha\'e go ne through the naturJI cycle of its e\'olution, w hic h terminatc<l in a C:lIaclysmic explosion. The hea\')' pieces of this ex· plosion were hurled fa r Out inro sJY.Ice; a huge cloud o f gases a nd dust remained in the sola r gra\'itado na l fiel d , but with the angular Illo men tu m which was left over from the twin sta r. This gas and d ust cloud first spread OU I arou nd the sun in a riog. shaped disk, but later il contracted into discrcte blobs becausc of eddy currents and gravilllliona l inst1lbililies. Most of the mass contained in (he g(IS nnd dust cloud was finally concenlrnted in the ninc planets. This th,--'Ory of planetary origin is part of a comp rehensive "New Cosmology" by H oyle and L),ltletOn. Allhough it is by no means free of conlro\ersies, it offers very intriguing desc ri pl ions o f the life cycles of 5(,ITS, of their energy hal;lIIce, and of the ir compositio ns. T he explosion of the sun's twin sta r, in the light of this theor)", would be a "supernO\'a," the laSI phase of o ne specific grou p of SUles called supergiants. Three supernovae were observed within our ga laxy in historic t imes: the firs t was seen in 1054 by the Chinesc; rhe second in l 572 by T ycho Brahe; :I nd the third in 1604 by Keppler. The firSI 5u pe rnO'~1 left a gllscous mass, the well·k nown Crab Nebula ( Fig. 4), which has heen ex panding dur ing the paS t 9DO rears with a peri phcral velocity of abou t GOO miles per second. Supernova explosions arc kno wn from other galax ies. Their outburst of light is so treme ndous t hai they ca n be observed from the earth. Althou1,;h the final development sta1,;e of a supergi(lnt which leads to a supernova mo.)" weB extend o\"er millions of )Cars, the explosion itself I:1St5 only fo r a few da}s. T he frequency of supernova explosions, according to I),'ade a nd Zwicky, is about once in "DO or 500 rea rs per gal:lxy, a fi1,;\ue wh ic h agrees well with rhe three supern ovae ohscT\'ed wit hin OtiC ga laxy during the last 900 yea rs. �H oyle's theory is well Cllpablc of explain. ing many of the outstanding features of our planetary SYSlem. It e\'en explains why we find an abundance of heav)' e lemenu on tile planetS, but not on the sun; heavy nuclei a rc fo rmed in energy-consuming nuclear processes during the collapsing phase of a superg iant, shortly before its explosion. During this same phase it is likely t hat a supergiant emits electromagnetic waves which are obsen-cd by redia astron· omers on earth. The last phase of the entire process, the cont raction of the gas lind duST cloud into diSl; retC planets, has heen studied in great det:lil by von \'(feiz_ saecker. );xpanding Ihe law5 of fluid dyna mics to an aSlConomical scale, and Ill'plying them to the specia l case of II gas and dUSt cloud around the sun, he could derive many of the speci:11 properties which we observe in t he plane tary s)'stem. It cannot be said today whether this concept of planelogenesis comes close to the truth. H owever. it ~ms to lead to less controversies than older theories, and we may well IIdopt it unti l bener theodes are available. The probllbilities (or all the individual steps of {his planemry history can be est ima ted from observations and mathe· matical deduct ions; we finally can calculate how of len a planetary SYS{ClII may ha\'e ,Ie,-eloped within our galaxy since its beg in ning. Th is article is fa r tOO short to give an indiOltion of the demils of the various theories or of rhe methods of o bsen'ation and reasoning which a rc applie<1 by aStrOnomers to o bmin n u merical resultS. The rollow ing !l umbers a nd f'gure$ are there_ fore only transmitted as (acts without fu rther arguments. Pigllrtl 6. A Sla r 'cloud' ill SagilJarills. This is onl) II lIl;'llll e porlion of the slars ,.isible i'J Olle glllax)'. lVi/bill Ibe ellrtb's range of absen'lltioll Ibere lire abOli1 100 mil/;oll ga/a:des. Each glllllX)' ilia), colliain 100,000 se//- slI#tlillillg plal/ets. 15 space iournal �Our galaxy has an age of aboul " billion years. \Vi(h one SU I>c rnova explosion e"cry 400 years, about 10 million supern ovaI.' must have exploded (luring our gabxy's life span. Eve ry second o ne of (hem may havc hee n one component of a twin star, giving risc to a c irculllstell:ar gllS and dust doml, and subscquemly to a family of planets. E\'en if it may be tOO oplimislic to assume Ihal each of the resulting 5 million planetary syStemS COlllains at leasl one planet wilh condilions favorable fo r Ihe developmem of life, it is cen ainly not un realist ic to expect that onc planetary fumily out of 50 includes a mcmber o n whic h condi tions similar to those on our c,tnh prevailed at o ne time o r anOther. Tbis lIIeUIlS (bllt we sbollid eX/Jeff tbal Ii/' ill Jome form may bal'e det ·eloped. dllrillg tbe laJt 4 billiD" )earS, f)l1 ubolll 100,000 ,IiUert'''' pial/tis wilbitt Ollr gala:.:y. O ur own !;lllalCy show the structure of a spi ral nebula. Its size and shape resembles "ery closely one of its neMeSt neighbors in spnce. the benutiful spirn l ne b ula in Andronu.xI(1 ( Fig. 5). w h ich is "only" 1,500.000 light rears away. The diameter of our own galaxy is about 60,000 light years. It conmins belween 10 and 100 billion Slars. Comp;oring (his treme ndous number of stars within our galaxy with Ihe 100,000 planets which may possibly bear life, we must conclude that lifc is, on a n absolute scale, a fre<.luCIlI e"ent within Ihe galaxy. Re\;olively speaking. however. it is elC(reme- I'ig ure 7. A rllISler 0/ galaxies ill tbe CorOIl(l 110realh. A lllbtl il/distillct b/otciJes ill Ibis (Ibotogr(lpb, uboll~ '0, are galaxies app rox;. 11/lIlel)' Ibe size of Ollr OW". 16 space journal Iy rare. Only one in about a million stars is privileged (0 send its warm ing sunshine out to a satellite o n which livi ng organisms dc,·elop. Our most powerful telescope o n Mount Palorll(lT IS able to discern ynlaxies as far out as one bill ion light reMS. \Vithin rhis obscT\'ation range there are about 100 million yalaxies ( Fig. 6 and 7). I:ach of them may (;ontain lOO,<XlO life-sustllining planets, lI·hirh leads /IS /0 a to/al 0/ tell thousalld billioll plallets, witbi" totllly'J obJfrr.·"ble mlil'erse, ubicb IIllly be il/b(lbited b)' liI·il/g beillgs. The toml n umber of stars in Ihis vo lume is te n billion billions. It is well to remember that this yiga ntic n umber is numerically eq ual to (he n umber of mo lecules within one cubic centimeter of air. H ow long will life continue to prosper on our earth? The heal bala nce of the eMlh depe nlls almost em ire!y on the su n. Solar heat is cons(;lntly produced by the fusion of hy{lrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. This hcat production will go o n with :I slowly increasing rate for :lbom 50 billion yea rs. \X' hile the hydrogen supply is g radu_ ally consumed, the sLln will slowly heat up and, at the sa.me time, swell to a diameter about as brge as the orbit of ,\I:lrs. From then on the S\lIl will stan to sh ri nk. II w ill not expl<xle like :I supergi:mt, but ,"cry gradually cool off. At the end, (he sun will be a black dwurf. Lnng before t h:lI, life on any of t he sobr " hltlelS will Im"e become impossible Ix.-causc of Ihe he:ll increase during the hydrogen-helium con\'ersion. BUI (here is a good chance that life w ill persiSI on eart h for se"eral billions of rears-as far liS t he sun is concerned. In (he neX I edil ion of SPACE J ournul wc w ill (liKUSS the "ar),;ng p hysica l conditions whic h arc found on a pla nc.! in (he coursc of its life cycle, and we will sec: in pllTt icular w helher the earth is prepa red to su pport life for some more billions of years. �SPACE PROJECTION ro ck, t mail to the moon What should the stamp cost, based on current propulsion technology? B y Dr . H . W . Rit chey lech~ic81 dirodor Ihio~o l chemic81 corpO'8 l ion red, lona divi.io" M OST AS P ECfS of space travel oave been covered extensively in a great volume of literature that has appeared on t ois subject over the laSt few years. The problems of propulsion and control have received a treme ndous amount of attention. Other problems relating to the survival of the h um an being in space and his psychological and physical reactions to wide variations in g ravitational fields have also received considerable attention. Perhaps t he one greatest problem now impeding progress is that of the subconscious inhibitions buried in toe minds of those technologists now «'pable of effecti ng space travel. This problem may be solved for future gencwtioos by the publicity now being released in the semi-tech nical publications and on television. The yo unger generation, now in the for mative swge, h'n'e seen animated cartoons and other demonsn;.tions of the feasibility of space travel to the extent that they now look upo n it as an accomplished fact. On the other hand, our present generation of scientists, even those who arc able to prove logically by eng inee ring calculations t hat space travel can be accomplished, have been so subjectively inhibited by their early condi t ion ing that most of t hem still regatd it as impossible in some segment of their mind bur ied deeply in subconscious. Only wi t hin the last few years has it been respectable in sciemific circles to discuss seriously the feasibi li ty of space trave l. The actual fact exists that we arc now capable of sending an objcct outside the influence of the e~rth's gravitational field and, therefore, with an adeq\l~te system of guidance could send this objcct almost anywhere in {he solar system. The design chMacteristics of a rocket system capable of propelling an object outside the earth's gravitational field are so weB understood that it is possible to make reasonably accurate calculations of (he cOSt of such a propulsion system. Such a propu lsion system could carry rocket-mail letters to the moon or to a planet, ~nd we are then able to estimate to a fair degree of accuracy the cost of a rocket·mai! stamp needed to send a rocket·m~il !eHef to ourer space. The problems inherent in the necessary prop ulsio n sySl'em have already been solved by progress in the field of so!id-propellant rocketry. In the so!id-p ropellant rocker engine, the propeJlant is properly mixed and " injected" into the combustion cham- 17 space iournal �bet at the manufacturing plant. II A com- posi te type of sol.id p ropellant can be processed a5 a slurry in the m an ufacturing p lant lI od OUI directly in to the pressu re veuel. A typical engine of this type is shown abo.·c. The charge burns o n all the exposed inside su rface of a speciaUy·s haped propel.l ant cavi ty. Since bu rning occurs from the inside outward, the flame docs not contact the walls of the pressure vessel until near the c nd of t he b urning period. If a proper fue l bind er is used. the charge can be bonded 10 the walls of th e p ressure vessel lind pc nnilics i n we ig ht (I re pa id for support of the propellant. Although the performance characteristics of present rockets cannOl be disclosed, calculati ons urili:dng obvious assum p tions concerning propellant de nsit ies and de nsities of the high-stren g th st rucmrol matcria ls can be used to show that it should be rc lat ivcly easy to make a SOlid-propellant rocket engine in wh ich 86"AI of the gross weight would be propel1:1111. Si ncc both this ratio and Ihe propellam sp<.'Cific impu lse are related 10 combust ion c hamber pressure, it is assumed that this ratio can be at tained wit h a propellam u hibiting a 5ea-Ie\'el impulse wit h an optimum nozzle of 195 Ib-s«/Ib. H such u rocket is designed 10 operate somew here ncar opti m um in the ,'cry low-pressure co ndilions e)Cisting at h igh ald tude, this speci fic im pu lse figure will r ise to a "alue of about 230. M:Hl y muJciswge. solid·propellan t rocket ve h icles IHlve been fired and the ca pabi lities of staging and of high.altitude ignition lw,'c already been dcmo nstrated in such missiles as t he Loc k heed X 17 ;Hld the multismge, solid-propellant test vehicles fired by NACA. For the purpose of estimating thc f1lke·off weight ill an "escape "elocily" missile, the stage load rotio of 1:4 has been assu med; in other words, each rocket cnginc weighs four times all the load that it carrics. ThC5e performance valucs and design criteri a arc thc n used in the following equation for rocket mo' tion; 18 space journal , v ~ V ~ I •• ~ • - W, - W, ~ I." x g x 2. 303 log W, W, velocity. ft/sec propella nt specific impulse, Ib-sec/ lb g ra"italio nal accelcration, 32.2 It /sec? initia l we ig ht of syste m fi na l wc ig ht of system Thc calculated velocity, unco rrccted for drag and gravitational efT~t, is shown in T ab lc L This ve locity is the n COrtt'Cted for drag :tod gravitati omll effect b y su bfracting an o\'cr:tll gross " loss" figurc, convcned 10 equi valenl vclocity loss. It has becn assumcd that eac h rocket stage is a fa ithful linear scalc rcp roduction, in w h ich case t he fo llowing sclle re lat ions hips obtain: Burning lime of Rockel B = scale facto r times burning lime of Rocket A T hr u~ t of Rockct B _ :scalc raClor 5quared timcs thrust of Rocket A Gross wcighl of Rocket B = scale factor cubed times g ross wc ight of Rocket A Using thc5e rclationsh ips it is easy to esti mate the time of burning and obtain a corrcction for the so-C'J.llcd "8" losses of ,·e lacity. This corrt'C ti on is also shown in T able T. II is morc difficult to arriyc al :to accu ratc corr~ti on for at mosp he r ic d rag, eSf>Cci:llly sint"C dcs ign of the specific aero· dynam ic con figu rat io n is beyond th c scope of this article. Based on c)Cpcricncc, how· e\'cr, it wou ld seem reasonnble and adc(l\I(\CC to incorporate a corrC(;tion of 2,000 it/s« as the loss to be incurred by atmospheric drag for the smaller, "h igh_g" rockct, and 1,400 ft/sec for fhe larger rackct. T hus, as Table I illustrates, it is possible 10 attaiD escape vclocities wilh a one-pound payload using a missilc hlt\'ing II lotal take-off weight of less than 3.200 pounds. It is also beyond the scof>c of this article to estimate thc productio n cosu of such a m issilc ; however, expericnce w it h relatively small numbers of rockets made in research- �I TA BLE I M A il ROC KET TO TH E MOO N - SPECIFICATI ONS "oG' ...... " ~ ., .. ,.. '''''"f .... "lA., ~" " "0 . H',.,'" .... H . .. ' , ,,'" ,.,g.",, ' , . ......, ' • '0 ' 1 f ( . RETRO ~ ... nO"'D < IT 0 Wl1HO UT ... "", '0'"'' II ... ~OC ( H W ,TH 5 5 , 0 .85 230 8dOO 1 ~8dOO I 2.0 , 25 20 0 .85 230 8400 8400 ,.< , 125 100 0.85 230 8400 8400 59 2 '" SOO 0 .85 230 6400 8400 10.0 1 3125 2500 0.8 6 no 7200 8400 17.1 AVDW 15, 625 12,500 0.86 7200 29.2 195 195 40 , 80 0 40,800 lOSS 1,400 2,000 D' AG 1055 2,000 1,400 37,400 37 ,4 00 lOlA' •.. "" , --~ without " ,e t, o -,ode'"' aml-Jc>'clopmCnt qu a nti ti es wou1d indicate th at 20 such syStemS could be :.ssembled ill a total cost not exceeding 5 10.00 per pollnd of missile weight, amou nting (0 $}2,000 1:>cr vehide. Cer tain olher problems wOllld natllnrl]y exist if such a project were to be attempted. r or e xample, there is hardly m:ed to se nd a roc ket-m a il letter (0 the moon unless someone were there to receive it. This problem is norrllally not related to the COSt of t he smmp. l(Od, therefore , the cost of placing a recipient in Ihe rig ht location has nOI been included. T here is also the problem of either hil ting the mrgc. object with i' free-flight ballistic missile or providing some type of wilh ",e lro -rocke t" ' termi nal guidance. Since the moon subtends a "isual angle of aooU! [0 mils, it shollid not be tOO difficult a task to la unch a rocket in the right dircction and with sufficient velocity to hit the moon on a frecflight ballistic trajectory, T he recipient POSt office on the moon, of course, IllUSt bear the COSf of fmding the rocket at thc impact poinl a nd recover· ing it. Here we get into a nebulous area where it might ver y well be argued th a t the COSt of finding and recove ring a rocket wou1d far exceed the COSt of the vehicle itself. [n fact, the expe nse of remi ng one of the cOIH"cmional l;wnching sites for [aunching the >-e hicle might very well (all LnlO the sa me category. l.et·s assume, howeve r, 19 space journal �tlmt it rc(!uircs inve~trllem of two man-da ys time li nd $2,000 in amortization of C<juipment in order to Iliunch the rocket_ So far as recovery is concerned at the other end of the !Inc, ir hardly seems reasonable to per_ mit the rockel to impm;:t on the moon's surface with the incre mental "elocity C<ju ivalem to free-fa ll in the moon's g ra,-i. rnrional field p!U$ what ,'e!odty is left at the "tu rn -over" ]loOi m , In other words, in order to pte,'ent th e rocket from being completely dcsltop:d o n impaCl, it would be neccssary to ,:a nee! out about 8,500 ft/see accu lll ulau.'(1 vClodty shortly before impact. Th is would be done by \.sing the last stage as a " Tetro-rock et" and by adding on a new firsl stage weighing fOUT times the 3.125 poullth appe:. ring in T able I. This adds a n addil iona l 12.500 pounds to our rake-off weighl a nd :.ddilio na l $1 25,000 to thc COSI. The pay!o:ld will be a one-pound object consisting of a steel shell, a properly constirutcd dre marker. li nd the mail will be micro-filmc<1 on 16n1l11 film. Eac h Hamp will allow the scnder twO pages of correspondence which would be tr:Ltlslllitled in the form of twO micro·fillll frames, Since vo lnt ility of the dye Illarkcr would be a matter of eXlreme importance. the dye marker will consist of carbon black and a small e"plosi,-e chnrge, the tom l of which we ighs four ounces and which will be at· rlmged to explode on impHct SO that the impact point will be mnr kc<l by the black powder, The steel shell comaining t his load will weigh two ounces. The burned-out ' retrorocket" itself will act as a buffer agai nst impact damage, and it is e"pec(ed that the steel shell conraining ten ounces of 16mm micro-fi lmed corresponde nce would $uT\' ive a n illlpact at sc,'era] hu ndred feet per second . The COSI of recove ry and delivery at the receiving end will , in accortl:tnce wit h U. S. Postal policy, be subsidi zed by the U. S. Governme nt , and, Iherefore, these COSts (lfe not includc<1. T he len ounces of micro·film w ill contai n 12,800 16mm frames, and will r('(luire 6,400 l>O$tage stHmps 10 send 6,400 leuers. A summary tabulation of the COSt of mail service is as fo llows: $125,000.00 Addcd Siag e 32,000.00 Other roc kels 2,000.00 Amort iza tion launchi ng e(lu ipment 250.00 Two mun-days (consult· am rate) 159,250.00 -:- 6,400 525.00 pe r stamp Di vidi ng by Ihe number o f letters th nt m ay be mlllsmiued, this leaves U$ a COSt of 25.00 for rockel-mail stamps to the moon. the 20 space journal mOOll. �L SP.t,Cf. FLIGHT remarkable x-craft By Fr e d e ri ck I. O rdway, III "'n.p. e •• dent 9 ue •• 1 •• Ironeulic. co.poretion T H E UN ITED STATES h as seen R uss ia slowly dose the wide ak- power gap that once se parate(1 the twO nat ions. Mil itary experts 1I0W agree that in many areas lhe Soviets arc <Iuantinlti\"e l)' ahead of us, and as far as quality goes they a rc catching up rap idl y. To offset any c hattenge to our ae ri al supremacy, the Un ited StalCS has embarked 011 an ambitious experimental research air· eraft program th:lt, it is hoped, witt insu re the mailllena ncc of leadership in superior q ua lity a irpla nes and missiles in the years to come. i\hny of th e exotic spaceships of th e scie nce-fiction world we re prefixed by th e letter X; tod ay many of the astO n ishing rese:lrch missiles and pl:lnes being developed by American tcchnology have the same in· trod uctory Iclter. The X-series is our pre"iew of tomorrow's aeria l wcaponr)'. The idea for seui ng up a researc h series of :Ii rcraft bcgan d uring the course of \': 'orld \\7 ar It , bu t work was no t t)Cgun seriullsly until the end of hostilities in 19'15 . T he Air Force, Navy, and National Ad visory Conuninee for Aerona utics Bell X-I Bell X-III (NACA ) coocei"ed of, aod ha"e conti n ued development o n, an ad " anced series of re· seMch vehietes. t)(:t:lils, from few to rather complete, arc available on more t han a do~en X -craft. \X' e fi nd that thcre arc three t)'pes of veh i· clcs that ha\'e been gi"en the X.designation: (I) manned rocket ai rpl anes, (2) manned turbojel airplanes, and (3) unmllnned missiles. Ra ther than tfy to look at them in n ume r iC'.!.1 order (X- I, X ·2, X·3, X·4, etc.) it should be more in teresti ng to th ink of them by caICgory. Since the most exci tin g frontie rs of flight 'Ire usu:tll y :tssocialcu wi th man :LS well as speed a nd altitude, leI us look at what has been (lone with our pilOted rocket airplanes. The l.icll X·I was the first a irplanc in the world (Q reach supersonic speeds in Ic,-ei fl ighl, crossing whut W:lS known as Ihe "sound barrier" in October of 19-1"7. T his WIIS an c "c nt of tremendous il1lpor. ra nee to the aero nautical sciences, :md was accomplished by designi ng and fl)' ing :l rocket.prOI)C!led ;,i rplane th a t was ~ Imost lilenl ll)' a m:lnn(.-d m issile. The pl:Lne was lJeff X-Ib /jell X·2 21 space journal �driven by a powerful Reaction Motors GOOQ·pound t hrust rocker e ngine operating on liquid oxygen a nd alcohol. It p rov ided milir;u·y a nd induslrial aeronau tical reo searche rs with invaluable data about t be t hen.virtual1y.unknown reg ions o f high. speed flight, a nd d ata derh'ed from rhe program were fed into late r combat air· p lane des ign. A modification o f the early model was the X·IA. five feet longer thall its prede. cessor. After thorough teHing in 1952 and 1953, this I:.rget plane amazed t he wo r ld by tt;lve!! ing ,I( 2V2 t imes the speed of sound, or 1,650 miles per hour, in Dc· cemlJcr of 1953. In another flight it reacht.'d :1 record altinuJe of 90,000 feet, whic h liter:,lIy brought ma n to the fron· tiers of sl).lce. \'I:' hile the X·I cou ld only sUSI:dn PQwered flight for 2V2 minutes, the X·tA could e n joy four minutes of full power since it ca rried considerab ly more fue l. An X·1 11 was bui lt and speciall y instru' mented for resc<Ltch on high speed frictio n he:lling. As the myMeries of the sound harrier were dispelled, thosc of the " thermal barrier" wNe explored. All of thesc X·I ai rp lanes were nornlally air·l,. unched from specially adapted bomber.t)·pc four.engine airpln nes. Th is ('nil bled the X.plant'li to util i:,.e their precio us fuel on ly for the re· scarch purposes (or which they were de· signl.'d. without wa~ting ill. )' for take·off and cli mb to Hlti t ude. The planes can and Imve. howc,'er, wkcn off from the g round under Iheir own powcr. It is imercsting to know that the X·IA :md D plu nes weigh about 16,000 pounds and arc crammed with 1,000 pounds of in. strulllentation to record the variety of tests that the pian(.'s \U1dergo at the outer reaches of the tLlmosphere and at extreme ,·elocities. NOt al[ ai rplanes of the X·I series were successful. X·I Numbe r 3 was destroyed during a fuel opcralion, a modified X·IA exploded in 1955, and a model D of the series also WaJ destroyed. It is "'1.'11 know n that air in motion possesses kinetic energy. Now if we de· 22 space iournal cide to b ri ng to a halt rapidly.movi ng air, the e ne rgy contained in it 1I1L1St be con· ye rted soUlehow, a nd we find that we end up with heat and pressure energy. A simple equation tel ls aeronautical.design engineers and ilerodynamidsts what the tCIllpt:'taturc rise will bc of :m object encountering a rllpidly.mov ing air Slfealll. As ai rplanes and missiles roar t hrough the utmosphcre at e\·er.;nc re:,sing speeds mo re and mo re ,"elocity energy is convc rted in to hcat. \'\Ihlle some o f this heat is cond ucted through wh:1! is called t he boundary layer and w h ile, especially at extreme altitude, some is radiated out the air frame , much has to be absorbed . Specially prepared timniu m, stainless steels. ilnd ceramics are used to prOlOCt the aircraft from th is heut. Moreover, each craf! hilS a cerrain heat capaCit )'; bur " ircraft designers kn ew that sooner o r lau~ r re· frigeration syStems would ha,·c to be in. corporated if man anJ materiHls were to sut\·i,·e the "thermal barrier." It is ohvio us th:1! the denscr the atmos. phere the more acme the heat p roblem beCOUles. To study the thermal phenomenon propedy, greal speeds a nd high.altitude mpability arc necessary. If we were to fly tOO low a t tOO high a velocit)" we would burn up like a meteor. Man ht.s found trmt if he w,mts to go substantiall y funer than he d oes today he mUSt gCt be)'ond the thick anllos pheric blnnket ilnd into the rnrefled upper le,·cls. Till.' X·2, :mOfher Hell- Air PorceNAC.t\ rocket rescMc h nirplane, w:.~ spe· c ifica ll y designed to explore this thermal barrier. In J ul), of lasl yea r il had reached a top speed of thrcc limes the speed of sound or ahout 2,200 miles pcr hour. To get th is eX1C1I periormllilce a Curliss-\\ltight liquid.propellilnl rock"t engine. de"eloping 15,000 pounds of thrust, w .•s u!ICd. Perhaps e,"e n more astounding than the 5p'-'Cd produced was the record altitude flight of 126,000 fCCt , o r nearl)' 21 miles straight up. The powerful rocket engine a llowed d am 10 be gained of airplane l)('rformance at hig h angles of :Llmck. When spee<ls �I of .Mach 2 to 3 are reached, the temperature of the skin may r ise from 250 0 P to 650 ' F at high alt itudes. Designers have therefore fitted the X-2 with t'emperature· resistant glass and a heat-insubted cabin to provide protection for the pilot. Furthermore, special alto),s were used in critical parts of the plane. In else of airpbme malfunction, the elbin could be ejected and parachute· lowered to an ah itude where the pilot could separate and complete the (lcscent with his own parach \lte. One of the X -2's exploded a nd was intcmionall), jettisoned fro m its mothe r launching aircraft in May 1953. The last X -2 crashed because of stability prohlems, killing the pilot, Capt. M. Apt. So the X·2 progr;lm is officiall)' over. T o carr)' on the work st:Lrted b)' the X- I and X-2 ;lirplanes (as well :.s the rocketpowl.'red Nav)' D-5S8-2. not a part of the X.program), one o th er manned rocke t craft is being developed, dle X·lS. The Bel! X _I E witt be used for .Mach 2 research until these new pl;lnes are ready. Its (ust flight occurred in June of this )'ear. Details are shaping up about the North American X-IS , which is sponsored by the Air Force, N avy and NACA. it will in\·estigate the unknow n velocity regions at five, six, or more times the velocity of sound, and il" will p robe 100 miles above the su r f;,ce of our planet. IFe ellll almost COI/.shier the X-15 as II IIMlmed stUlcesbi/J, alUl it will t1rob"bly be Ibis progressioll Olltwards illl)eiocit}, Iwd "di:Jt"'lce Irolll tbe eartb" that will bring /IS to lull·fledged IIUII/lled spflCe fligbt . \'(Ie S'IW that the old X-I planes produced 6,000 pou nds of thrust, white the X-2 built up 2 V2 times that; as much power as put Out by a typical Navy cruiser. T he X-IS's rocket engine, to be built by Reaction Motors of New Jersey, will release 60,000 pounds of thrust, :lnd will fire from 1 to 3 minutes. Despite this enormous amount of power, despite the fact that the a irplane is designed to explore areas where no man has yet been, and despite the fact that frictio n heat generated may rise 10 ISOO Df to 2500° F, the plane is considered quite safe. Depe ndi ng on the c ircumsta nces, the p ilot, in case of a mishap, will have a 90 to 100 per cent survival chanl·e. The airph10e has been carefu!!y designed from th e human enginee r ing poi nt of vicw, with :,erome<!ical scientists of the Air Force ;1Od Navy cooperating closely w ith the manufacturer. It will be heavil)' inst r umented to record conditions of ree n try from sp.Ke into (he earth's aUllos, p here, heating, st;lbility ,It high speeds and a1cimJes, and comro!' The X_IS wi!! be the first, {fUe hypersonic boosted glider. The initial flight test is expected in 1958. Although less spectacular, high I)' import'lm work is bei ng, ;'nd has been , accomplished by rurboiet-powered research a irc raft such as the X-3, x·4, X-S, X-l3, X-1 4 and X-lS. A!! manned , these planes have probed a v<Lriety of aero nautical unknowns, :md results are rapidly :lnd effi· ciently being "ploughed back" into industry. DOllglas X-J �The X-3 h as often b<.-en referred to as the " Flying Pencil" ix'Causc of its long (nearly 67 feet), thin shape. Powered by tWO ' Xlestinghousc jets. it produces 14,000 pounds of th r ust and land s at a brisk 215 miles per hour. The wing loading (a term dcnoti ng thc gross we ight of the airpla ne divided by thc a rea prcsented by its wings) is somc 200 pounds for cach square foot, a "ery unusua l figure. This m i(l·w ing airplane carries 1,200 pounds of research instru mcntation a nd a rcf r igen ltion system for cool ing the cockpit and instrumen ts. An imcresting fact is th:or it uses somc of its fuel to circulate in the nose arca fo r cooling. The a irpla ne was desi gned to tCSt out slIStll;lIed, \'ery high speed flight. and was a joint A ir Force, N:lvy and NACA projecl. Much of the craft was madc of lilanilllll. Meanwhile, the X- 5 is :! plane featuring a var iable sweep wing; that is, t he backward 51(.nl of the w ings can be :tdjustcd durillg flight . W h ilc landing and taki ng· off the sweep is about 20 degrl'e5, and in fli g ht it can be positioned b:lck to ~ degrees. The w ing·sctting mechanism is coupled 10 an a pparatus th aI immediately compensates for the shift in the center of g ravity of the IO,OOO-I'ouod ai rpl ane as the wi ngs arc changed. T he usc of sweptback wings bOlh delays and red uces transonic elTects, but the exact degree of swccp is often a problem. AsSO(:;ated widl 5W(,'CP, howe"er, is a number of <Iiffie"!ti,, such as t he thickening of Ihe so·callcd hound:lry In)'c r ncar the tips. flow \'clocitics along t he wing, necessity of large anglcs of aWlCk at high lift. and d ynamic stabi lit y. Thc X·5 was designed to im·cstigare the aerod)·namic cfTecu of swccpback and change of sweepback . Two airplanes ha"e crashed in thc leu program. 'Xle now turn ((I anot hc r type of turbojetpowered research airpl:.ne known :IS the V'\'OL {meaning Verlica l T (l kc'off (' n<l Landing ) , represented by the X·I3, X .1 4, and X·lS. All t hree planes ha"e come into Norlbrop X-4 T he Northrop X -4 :H1J Bell X-5 rep resent a d ilTe re nt sort of airp lanc in that they arc not prim:! rily designed for speed and altitudc testing. Thc x -4 is charactcrized by a tailless configuration wilh swept wings, being pattcrned after thc well-known "fly_ ing wing" design. Ele\'ons on the Iraili ng edge of the wing act us uilerons and ele,'ators. It is u SllIa ll plane, weighing only 7,000 pounds (11\d measuri ng less th:1II 27 fccI long. Much valuable in formation has been gained on sUl b il ity ,md {light charucteristics from th is a irplane in rhe subsonic speed region. Bell X-5 24 space jou rnal , ; �the news vcry recently, and all three ofTer different approaches 10 the same end. The X- 13 is pop u lar ly knowo as the Verl i jcf, and its a pproach 10 vertica l takeoff is very d i rcc~: SCI the plane in a l u il- downward, nose-upward positio n, a nd lake otT. It is launched from a trailer bed which is hydraulically r:l ised infO the ven iCli position . • The plane hangs from a hook on a stretched albIc, and when ready 10 fly build s up power from its Ro lls.Royce A von e ngine ulltil thc thr ust (,,,",eros Ihe weight of t hc :lirplanc. In Apr il the first " mulSit ion" flight was made when t he plane ,·cTli(.-ally look nIT, "conve n ed" 10 the horizontal position. flew at a rcspccra bl)' high speed, agai n con vened and nmd c a ve rt ical la n<l ing. A jet reactio n CIl,l[Tot system is A SUI'(,rson ic VTOL lighter has reporl(,'(!' Iy been des igncd based on the X · 13 which, it is claimed, could climb to 15,000 ft'Ct d ur o ing the ti me II cOIH'cmional fighter is be· coming airborn e. Th is and o ther VTO l.s w ill probably re\'0Iutioni7.c the concept of aerial warfare in tha t no ebborate (a nd vu lnerable) land ing fields and carriers will be necessary. Gi.·e the VTOI. a littlc sp;\ce in the b;\ck )';\rd lind thllt is all it :lsks. The sh rouds of mili!;,ry sccreg' have o nly been lifted from the Uell X·14 which might be call(,'([ a hori 7.0ntal VT OL. lis two Armstrong·Siddeley ASV. S Vipcr jet engines produce hot disch:lrge gases wh ich are di.·erred downward du r ing take-off 10 p ush the a irpiline upw:trds. The total JUSt e mployed during periods of rising, lower. ing o r JUSt ho."ering; the pi lot del1ectS the jet exhaust by thrOllle control. Onl y 24 fect long. the plane has Jirecti onall)·-controlled bleed jets on the wingrips, and exceltern performance character istics (good climb. m"neu\'Cr"bility, etc.). The Air I;o r«:, Na\·y. and N ACA have "II su p ported th e program at one stage or anmher, al· though Ihe Ai r Force supports the as such. x·n IJell X·14 thruSI is 3.500 pou nds. As the plane rises, the exhauu gases arc di rected by special vanes more and more rearward and hor i· zonml fl ig ht can commence. Three com· p ressed ai r jets arc used to comrol a!litude when the plane hovers. The pl:'ne has a lready completed preliminary f1 ig hl lests both co n\'emionall y and unde r VTO I. con· ditions. RY"'I Verlijet X·13 T he fina l X·VTO t plane lIbout wh ich we know sollll'lh ing i5 H iller Helicopters' lilt· wing X . IS, which feature s four turboprop engines, with twO COunter-rotating propel. lers. This approach [0 Ihe VTO t a.rt relies o n tilti ng Ihe w ings fro m the hori· zo nlal 10 t he vert ica.l posi tio n and allow ing 25 space journal �the ClIrboprops to literally screw the plane up into (he air. Small turbojets in {he tail provide comrol dur ing hovering operatio ns. This p lane will pro b;tbly be used to nans- I. port troopS anJ supplies to and from arcas through thc atmosphere into sp:lce (a pproximately 200 miles) then tilt and , with m otors still fi r ing, emcr the earth's atmosphere at fiftccn times the spccJ of sou nd. All this is done to test re ·entT), proble m s where no airfields arc av:,iJablc. J{ eportS arc tim! it (:UIl rno \'c along rather rapidly. H iller X-J8 Wre now come TO the third a nd hml\ category in our su r vey of the X-sedcs, Uflm a nn('d missiles, the X-7, X - tO "oJ X-17. Lock/)«etl X-7 [Oleh is powered by " different type of engine; each has ils own specific rC5Cilfc h purpose. Lockheed has twO, the X-7 al1<1 X·17, and North Arncriclo one, the X -IO. A 11 :ITe c"lled {cst veh ides. The X-7 is powe red by two ramjet cogines, being what is called a (CSt bed for the type of powe r pl;ont that propels the Boman: intercepter missile. The missile has heen under development a nd test fOT approximatel y ten ),ears and will continue at leaS[ one more. It is usu:lll)' air-launched and boosted by :l rocket e ngine to accelerate the missile to the point where (he ramjets, whic h need ra m :lir 10 sustain their opemlion, C:ln take over. Unlike most missiles, X·7 is not expendable, and Gm be parachute. recovered for continued use and evaluation. It ohen lands nose fu st on a nose spike. Dat;L arc tra nsmitted to the surfacc by a radio telcmc u y system. The X-17 is a more a m bitious rocket, being a three-st"ge affair, 40 feet long. Normally, the roc ket will take off and fly 26 space iOlKnal and the vit;d nose-cone aspect of the forthcoming intercontinental ilnd intermediaterange b .. llistic missi les. On one flight, whcn the tilt ing mechanism did not function, the missile flcw to an altitude of more t han 600 miles a nd a r,mge of more than 700 m iles. During flights in April and July speeds of 9,000 miles per hour were reported and later confirmed. .i\fore than 20 of thc G·wn . solid.propelled rockets havc been fired from the Air Force M issile Test Center, most with good results. \Vhi le the findings TO d ate have bccn i,pplieJ by thc Air Forl'e to its Atlas, T itan and Thor b"I!istic missile projects, the Navy may coorinue to fly the X - 17 as a test vchicle for its submari ne-based Polaris l R.BM . \Vhere"s the X·7 and X-17 use ramjc[s and rockets resp<.-ct i\'ely, the X·lO is provided with twO wrbojet engines. It is a test vehicle fo r the rt.-cent!y-cancelled Navaho XS M-64A imercontine ntal-range cruise �l..ockheed X·1 7 Nortb AlIIericlIIl Nambo X-IO \ m issile, nnd it is e mployed 10 check out nerodynnmic problems, electronic co mpo nents, :md gu idance features. Flight testing of the X·tO has been successfully CO Ill pleted according 10 the A ir !'orce. It has a lnnding gear nnd ca n be reco vered after fli ght fo r re-use, offering a great savin g in money. Na"aho, the end product, was to ha\'c bee n I>owc roo b)' Tam jets and boostoo by three 120.000'pound li(IU id rockeu. ila"ing brieR)' lookoo at t hese spectllcular X-crnh , we mn)' ask : "" 'l?hat next? 'Vhat w ill happe n 10 to 15 yea rs hence?" Th e Air Force has IIlreally predicted lIIt1l11lt!d rocket tI;rcrlljt flJillg tit um times t he speeli oj SQI/lld u'i/hill tI~is lime perimi. If the X ·15 re~c hcs 100 milcs, a laler X·plane, which may then be calletl a spaceship, may re:tc h 500 m iles, 1.000 miles, or more. T he I>op u iur dist inc t ion bctwo:."en airplanes and missiles 1Il1ly fude as the y blend imo tomor· row' s space "chides. !I1ilitary pial/lien lire alread), Ihillkiug oj Ih e possibility 01 II'ars jOl/ghl ill the s/,(f(e slI rro mulilig tbe e"rlb 11111/ ils Jlilllospberic bl'lIIkel. ,\ t th e $,'I me t ime our cruis<', interceptor, :lIld ball isti c mi ssi le prog r~ ms w il! become highly sophisticated. 'Ind again, if peace conti nues, techniques c\'oh'oo could lead to rockct nnd ramjet·propelled commercial air liners ('d rr)' ing passengers at thou s.'I nds of miles per hou r at the Olller fr inges of the uimosphe re fi nd, of course, spaceships. Tbere seems lillie doubt Ibtlt b~llisli~ mis· siles <llId rOcitel ~irpllllles u ·HI be lII~ted IlIIII del'eloped ;1110 lIIalllled r ebides IbaJ will 0118 lilly re'lch t be 1110011. 27 space journal �SPACE P RE V I E W " mar s and beyond " N DECEMBER 4th of last year, view· ers of ABC·T V's " Disneyland" hour watched the third of \\1all Disney's T omor. row/and space ser ies unfold, MarI and Be)mJd, in the 48'millllte documentary "so:;:iencc·factual" fo rmal, sur passes its tWO O excellent predecessors, ,\ 11111 ill Space and Ala" (lOul tbe M oo'i. Now being re leased in T cchnicolor for IhClllrical dist r ibu ti on, Ma rJ a"d Beyond rcprescnu the culmi natio n of IWO rears' research, w riting and artistic en<lcavor br D r. ErllSI StuhlillKer, a /ea(ling scielltist ill t be rocket IIlId !SliMed lIIissile fieM (/e fl ,) ami D r. "" ember /10 11 /Jral/II, rQcket ellgillee r (right), cOllfer Q II a sCIl/e mode/ of Ih e IIt omic· electric splice sbi/! Ihal wOII/(1 make 1,01$ib/e Ib e I OllK trip 10 MarI ill tbis scelle frolll IVlIlJ D ist/ey's j\I / IRS IIml BEYO N D. 28 space journal ----------------------------------------~i �I a dO;j;cn Disne y specialists, under the n'r· s:u ile direction of W ard K imb.111. The film aS$Li15 the enormous subject of life o n other worlds, firST by a ca n oo n sequence tr.lcing ma n's cosmic specu lalio lls througho ut his· lory, then by a sober ,·iew of comcmporary scientific hypothesis and conjcnutc. E"olution of the solar system and life, the conditions of m an a nd hi s environment, and t he condi ti ons he may expect on other ,,1:1110::1$ IIfC conside rations wh ich form the I11I1;n th read leadin g us to the rC(1 planet liS the only other habitable sphere with in Ollr solar f:ullily. After a dramat ic pc r usal of (aCI5 lind spccu i:ltiol1 on Mats a nd its m ys· ecries, co nducted by towcll Obscrval'O ry 's Dr. Earl C. Sliphcr, II Its {/escelll slowed by a (Irag rhllte, a Martiml Imutillg rmlt Ilears tbe m r/l1ce of Mtlrs, method of space !light new 10 t he gcneral public is p re. sc n{c<I: the io n propubion system devised b)' Or. Er nS( S t u hling~r . In a simulated trip to the fo urth planet. the atomic-e lcctric spaceshi p and irs orbit are broug ht om in a nimated ill ustra tion which captu rcs the imagination. The ac· curate presenrution. carcfu l allcm ion to de· rail, and concise narratio n cstablish Dr. Stuhli nge r's ha rd ware as a revolutionary but .sound means of ext raterrest ri,,1 navigation. In tclcscoping the }'ear·and ·a·half "oyagc into :1 few minutcs on the screen, lll ar$ alld lJe)oml achic ,'cs th e dream li ke re:llity of a Chcslcy Bo nc5tcl1 pa iming brought to lifc. Crew members 0/ a M art;a" ship obsert'e a lefet'hiOIl srree'l the progress 0/ Ihe lille 0/ the other ships hi tbe fir$l exped;. tio" 10 the plauel ,\Iurs, 0/1 Thc olllswnding virtue of this motion picw re is pe rh aps its success in prese ming a difficu lt s\,bjccl to $0 w ide an audience. "I";me, in a rev iew of u n usual praise. points oul , "The)' d id not confuse thc popu lar wit h Ihe vu lgar, avoided th e error of talk · ing down to t he viewer." SPACE J ou rn al recommends ,ll4rs alld He)o/Ill to all aStrona\us who want to in· troduce th eir ne ighbou to the age of space. I;or those who saw it on television, you will be surprised ar the added dimension afford ed by a l:lege scree n and the superb colo r for which it was designed. Crew memhers ;11 bottle suits mOI'e Ihe rorkel fa"di"K rrafl aU'a), from Ibe Martiall ship a"d il/lo positiol/ prior 10 attemptillg Ihe hazardous 600 mile drop 10 the M artiall SIIr/aCtl. 29 space journal �SPACE CARTOON S out-our space "Good heaIJem, tlfe Ibe 1110011.''' }'Qtl CQillC to build it to "Uh_ob •••" J.I-l£ ~Dv£nTU1~:£\ 30 space iournal �RIE O\ CTlOI VO X pDpuli (EDITOR'S NOTS: The ~m edition of SPACE Jnurnal broughc che following reactions from r..,.ders. ) "" , , , You may not remember . hi5 little SlOry. Professor Obcr.h, because it is so typical of you that it might ha\'e happened many times, hut it is as fresh in my memory as if it had occurred yesterday, It was early in 19·'13 at PeenemeunJe, the Ge rman rocket developme nt center on the banks of the Baltic Sea. \'(Ie test·f.red one of the first V2 rockets, and bec'.IIlSC the art of rocketry wns still in its infancy in those J t,ys. there was no "pad safety" to hold us hack from the launch ing site, When a missi le was fired, we stood under some pine trees not more than 300 feet away from ,he firing plalio r m. and we were happy to feel the dust and ,s,"l nd. and e\'en the fringe of • the hot biaSI, right in Oll r faces. T he V2 missile wen! off fine dun Jay, anJ our eyes followed it until it had d isappeared in the deep· b lue Baltic sky. When I turne(1 my eyes earthward agai n, saw your filce close 10 me. I h:.J never seen you before, but immediately recognized you from pholOgraphs. YOII gazed at a disrnnt point somewhere in the sky, but not at all in t he direct ion in whic h the hig rockel had jusl disappeared, I felt very happ y to stand so close to such an extraordi. nary man and perhaps 10 listen 10 what he miglll say, n ut you did not care to ta lk. After a long silence, I finally said, " It must I .--.-,.~=---= .. _-_.------._--.- - . --- 31 space journal �certai nl y be a most gratifying experience for you, Professor Oberth, to see how beautifull y you r ea rly dreams and concepts of large rockets hll,"e now come to life." But }'ou ne ither answered nor changed your ex pression. I was convinced tbat I had said so me thing "ery stupid, if not offensive. Afte r a long ti me, you slowly turned you r head , and you ke pt turning unt il you looked fa r ouc in the opposite dircction . After anothe r long pause, you talked, selecti ng rour words as carefully :Lnd slowly as only a dee p .probing thinker does: " 1 have the greatest ad miration fo r the engineers und Il'chnicians who buil t this rocket. But be· yond th at, it does nm lILean IILILch. \'\Ie havc known before that a rocket w ill work within and beyo nd che atmosphere. This rocket is only the first litt le step toward a much grea ter project: the exploration of ou ter space. Out th ere, there arc still so lIl uny thi ngs whic h we do not know and which a re perhaps far beyond our im"ginat ion . The re exploration is w hat really counts. \'{Ie must not fo rget this goal in the en th usiasm cha t a mere technical success may g ive U5." After th is. you contin ued to look sile ndy into the depth of space which was far away from your eres but so ve ry close to you r heart. H urll$vi lle, Al a. Ernst Stuhl inger Dear Editor, Vol. I, N o .1 , was handed to me fo r comment. . . . . I have just fi nisll(xl read ing it from co,'cr to cove r, somet hing I very rarely fllld time to do with any journ a l. P lease enter my su bscription, effective with the fir S! issue if possi ble. I fear you have (!Stab· lished slU;: h a hi g h level o f :lChievemcnr with t his first issue tha t yo u will not be ab le to sustai n ie, but the I>cst of I,,(:k 10 ),OLL in t his ende:l,·o r. In(:id ent aUy, regarding Dr. von Braun's contribution ( React ion, p. 39) in which he all r ib\L te5 rhe " Becau$C it is t here" remar k to Sir Edmund H illary; I ha,"e not checked any refe rences on t his but wasn't th is rc- 32 space iournal mark actually mad e by eiche r Ma llory or In·inc quite a few yea rs befo rc !-lillary's t imc? Yours sincere ly. Capt. Edwi n R . Arc hi b."lld USAF Holloma n AF8, N ew Mexico Dear Edito r, I hne JUSt read )'ou r magalci ne SPACE Journ al, and I like it very muc h. Howe,'c r , I wish to !,oint OUi an error in the React io n Depa rtment. In his first paragraph, Dr. VOIl 8raun refers 10 th e answe r " l3ecLuse it is there" to the questi on o f wh y anyone shou ld want 10 climb Mt. Eve rest. I-Iowe"er, this a nswer was not give n by Sir Edm und l'l illar)', but by George leigh-Mallory, who dis."lppeared on Mr. E"erest in 1924. On this, his third attempt 10 co nquer Mt. J~ ,"eres[, he and h is companion, Andrew Irvine, were hLst see n by N . E. Odell, hig h up the mountain. I'm sure that Sir Edm und was moti. vated by the d r ive to which Dr. vo n I3ra un refe rs, but hc d id not make the remark :lllrib uted 10 him. Yours truly. Euge ne Edelstein New York, N . Y. R ~gd~rI A rfbibnld ami f!.d~ls/~ill <Ire correel ill snj'itlg Ib,,1 Ibe sl<lletllellt I/'ns firs l lII<1de by George Leigh-Alallar,. Dr. 11011 Brallli is <llso corren ;1/ <lUribll/;llg tbe reo 1II<1t1t to Sir Edmlmd. Itl tb t! fi/111 fiocllllle"t· ;lIg tb e eXf!Cllit;o" , Sir EdllI/lml /lJed tbe pbrnse, g;Ii;lIg Le;gb-Mallory crefiil, alld said tbat be /lias 1IIolil'''/{u/ b)' tbe sallie reaso ll. Elli/or. Dear Edi tor, I w ant a one·year su bscription to SPACE Jo urna l. Start me wit h the winter issue .. Eadl iss ue of SPA CE J our nal COSIS SO cents :LIld it is published quarte rl y. \Xlhy docs it COSt $2. 2S for a one-yea r su bscri ptio n ? \Xl hy the ext ra 25 cents? Yo urs trlLl y. Leo Bigos III Ibe rllSb /0 gel Ihe first issue 0111, a good mall)' 1!J;'lgs bettll/lt! eOllfusednmOllg tbem tbt! priet! on tbe fO~'t!r of tbe �I scrolld prillll"g oJ the first ediliOIl. 'rhe (OrTecl price per co/') is 50 cellI!; )early Jlfbscriptioll prire;s 2.00. GrQwj,lg paillJ of " Jledglillg publirlllioll were also tbe callst! 0/ tbis de/a)e,1 steo"d cJilioll. The ubeJule ;s /l OIlJ Slabiliud. &iitor. Dcar I:ditor, I :un enrolled in a Icacher training pro· '. • gram at the local un;.crs ity and study ing the dcvc lopnU'nI of a ~Lm UlI;t now in the upper clemen wr y leve l. W'ilh the cmpl13sis placed on man and science in the world IOday, we ha,·c choSl' n the Study 01 Ainu as the theme of our initial unit dcvcJo p' mCIH; its relation to his en vironment; its effects [II difTerem altitud es ;",<1 depths; and the co m pcnsnlio ns Ihal a rc n«C55:.r)' to enable him 10 :';0 beyond the stratosphere (:111<1 into space. if (:n:r). Do you hl"'C any pamphlets or in form:uion tlml we could have in relation to our IOpic? A bibliography and a lin of sources of inform:uion would also help grcatly. Ewa, Oahu. l!:awaii i\laSo"lko K iyabu A Iisl is 0'1 Ibe ",ay. &iilor. Dcar Editor, You·,·(' starled a publ ication which is mosl welcome. an([ J ca n'l co ncei"e of " beller group 10 hand le it. The SPACE Jou r. nal ce nainl y n~doo 10 coulHcract some of Ihe poo rl y wcineo "space a rticles" now appea ring in al m OSI e"ery newspaper and m ag:11,ine o n Ihe newssta nds. BUI my first reaction, when [ saw your firSI issue al Ihe local m agazine shop, was disgust. II's nOt bad enough that we're behind the Russiuns on Ihis thing. I thought - now here's another sensa tio n-ha ppy p ub. lisher It yillg to ma ke a fasl buck on it. .. , So I bo t hered to pick up your fust issue ami g lance down the list of contributo rs on Ihe co,'er. \V'ell, il looked rat her good -50 then. finally. I searchoo ins ide for the small print telling who did publish this magazine. /\nd I bought it. Consequently, my first suggestion would be thai )'ou incorporate 50me of that small print somewhe re on Ihe front co\'er, giving due cred it 10 the Rocket Cit y Astronomical Association of H untsv ille. Alabama, Secondly, I wou ld suggest thnt you ski p Ihe pocU)' . • • . But th e mOSt serious re'1ueSt I ha,'c 10 m ake is th at ),ou omit any science fiction. at least until the magazine reaches a sufficient size to spare a few pages on a sho rt slOry, InStead. I would much rather ha\'~ some good biographical studies of such men as Newton. Copernicus, and I:ermi, as well as GOOd:lrd and lowell---Qr eyen H. G, \'(' e lls or Daedalus, . , . Chic:'so, ll1 inois Joe Gibson Tballks for tbe ideas, Joe. A"d (IS a slart. ree tbe currem issl/e for a., <I,lide 011 Prof. Go(l(ltml. Editor, OeM Ed ilor, I htuc read 5C\'cral arlicles in you r first issue of SPACE Jou rn:ll, aod find myself particularly intrigued widl D r, Yon Braun's "Where Arc We Going?" nnd Mr. W hi p_ p l ~'s " \'(/ hy Conquer Space." I find that the inspiration expressed by these could use some backing in S P ACE Journal in OIher forms than Icehoi",11 articles. . . . . I call 10 mind particularly Ihe appeal 10 youth, And I can So"ly from my own ex. perience that m)' present interest in astron_ omy has its founda tion s not o nl y in the popular books 50 readily a\'a ilable on thc subject , but 11 150 in li n aCli\'c participation in some astro nomical experiment, I am sure Ihat lmd I nOI observed an eclipse of the moon in 19.f3 o r 1944, or lookl..x) at the sky w ilh bi nocu lars lind 1:lIcr II telescope (ho m em:,deJ. I would not have show n much ell1husiasm fo r Ihe HatS, For m~ny peo p le Ihe reading of books a nd art icles is ad· c(pHl!e. bllt I fecI Ihol expericnci ng t he fecI of looking through a Iclescope on a cold night o r developing t he f,cst negrll i\'e of an attempted moo n pholOgmph odds an essentia l ingredient 10 th e flourishi ng of an interest, Somehow. I fee l t hat suc h an ingredient should be pllt into SPACE Journal. As an eX:lfllple YOll migl\l sup pl y information on the frl..'quencies and noture o f the signals 10 be used by the \,:l riO U5 satellites' lransmitters 50 Ih:1I amaleurs with Iimiled equipmelll can cnjo), so me of this "acti ve p."lrtic ipation," That the R ussian Sputni k had o ne signa l 50 com'enientl)' 10000led in the 33 space journal �spectrum as to be available to inexpensive short w,lve receivers was well suited {O this. The satellite (.·ould be easily heard and, for example, its pulse rate established (counti ng pulses) and its signal strength could be graphed. And thnugh no useful d ata may be recorded in sllch a fashion, what is there lost, if this helps boost someone's interest in the conquest of space? I do not particu larly have in mind that another Moonwatch be established. J USt something that can put the amateu r in direct connlct w ith the activities, nOt through reading alone, but by "accive partic ipation .. · ' ,>,hat would be lost? Ikrkeley, Calif. ',>,ill iam E. K unkel Absolutely 'lotbing would be (mt, alld it is O/le of tbc aims of tbe SPACE jOf/rnal to stimulatc ;11$1 S/lcb illtercst amollg <I//latcurs. Ir1e pla'i to do i/lSt that ill fortbcomitlg isSllCI. Editor. Dear Editor, It is with considera b le enthusiasm that I discovcr<.>d )'our journal, not in the sedate and musty atmosphere of the public Jibr:try of Los Angeles, but deep in the skidrow section of Main Street. There in a bookstall famous for its girl)' magazines, foreign car publications, art smdies, and pin-ups, my ere fe11 on your exciting effort to interpret SP,KC [(....·hnology for the world. Particul"rl), of interest arc the philosophical remarks or intellectual justification for your acrivity. This I believe is importa n t for Americ;l11s, as we do not often u ndersmnd anything w h kh is devoid of economic motive. Thus far there has been no mcntion of oil wells, uranium deposits, or d iamond mines on Mars.. Just the pure possibility of discovery. I approve of this. The technical side of th is is of i[]{erest to me as I h,l\'c a sm;111 part in the technics of space travel: 1 work for a company Ih,1.[ manufaClllres vihrorrons, the vibral"ing wire type of tra nsducer wh ich me:tsures pressures with t;reat ,1(CUr;lCy ... t et me compliment yOllr staff on its rarc huma n appro;,ch to one of the greatest teChnological efforts of all time. Dr. von 34 space journal Braun, for a European, has considerable insight into the th inkint; of Texas. Ev ident_ ly they, roo, have been co ndiIione<l by "space" limitations, Y ours sincerely, V. E. Jenkins Tusti n, Calif. Los Allge/es, it appears, possesJeI OIIC of tbc more (/iscrimifltllillg skidrows ill 'he Call/Itry. SPACE 10m·//al, it also "PPCIITI, elljoj's evel1 a widcr audie/lcc tball we bad at first supposcd. Il7bilc tbc fint issllc contained 110 "mel/tiOll of oil wells, "'·allium tICIJ05il$, or ditmlO"d mines on ,\I"rs," succeedi"g issues will illclude <lrticles 011 all pbases of tbe 1I1IlII)' facel$ of sl,ace e.v/JloratiOIl. . illellitl· ing thc col/Jmerci,,1 possibilities of estabJisbiug illtlllstr)' 011 Mars, if such be feasible. SPACE 10url/al is collcef/zed with alll'rob_ lems alit! I,o ssibilities illvoll'cd ill space travel, alltl i" tbe futurc it willlJrillt (1Tlieles accordillgly. Editor. TH E ROC K ET CIT Y AS· TRONOi\I ICA L ASSOCIATION re-elected four officers and three board mcmbers to their posts for 1958. Re·elected were: Dr. ' ,>,eruher von Braun, who on January 29 received the Space Flight Plaque of the American As tronomica l Society, presiden t ; Mr. Conrad Swanson, vice president; Mr. Geort;c Farrell, secretary; all,ilhelm Angele, M r. B. Spencer Isbell, and i\l r. Gerhard H eller. Assoc iate board members elected wete i\I iss Susanne H iltc n and " I f. H artmut Schillint; to fill the positions vacaled by M.r. Gerd Schilling and M.r, Gerald SwanSOil. �I SP ACE FIC T IO H beyond th is star B y James l . Daniels, J r. B RAO PIU;SSED T HE BurrON be- side the buoyant cushion on whic h he lay. The seamless fabric CO"cr ing slid down from h is body and J isappcan.'<1 into t he footboa r<1. He stretched to loosen h is dormam muscles. So rhis was t he laska of the attempt. I..aska, day; he was eyen \Ising their wonls now. So flu, !iO far-from th:ll blue-green Earth wi th ils you ng gree n hills and azure sky. wilh irs sun_warm days and rhi nestone ni ghts. More than six months now, earth time, he had been here 0 11 this dead moon so far from Earth. Now, if the csc-.. pe ancmpt worked, he must go back with the disappointing an· s .....ers-the few that he had. The only reward for the whole long· heralded expedition was the p roof of (he Animate P rogression theory the Palomar Group had championed so long. The regimcntation, the 5lagn:1n1 Sffile of humanitr herc, the whole cr:unpot.-d and smffy, tomb-like existence of a dead·soule<1 pcople in these Domes on Ihis :jirless ic), world-C"en with its ever· lasting nuwmation , it was nil so dead, like these undecorated metal walls around him. • Bnld rolle<! up w sit on the side of the bed. T hc warnlth of h is feet wuehing the cool floor ~ICltlarl.."{1 the silent weathertron somewhcre in the cemer of the building. Th!! elose air sti rr!!d and freshened in th e room. Across the narrow room the blank door in the wall b)' the View-scree n broke silen tl r open. The liquid blonde girl who entered came toward hi m, smiling-flowed as if wil hout feet under her g listening Jegelinging skin. K ay-ba r! She alone could make him think of the folly of the a llempt. H e held out his (lrms for her. She g lided into them. "You sleep so long, was warm (l Ito. Ill)' One." Her voice "Am I suc h (I fool to go?" Urad held her out from h im. I ler face s,'"ldde ned. " Is the lime so soon, Urad?" T he answe r hurt within h im. " I suppose knew th:1I you would know, Ka y.bar, b ut couldn't (ell yo,,:' 1·le stood lip, Sl id ing her hnnds from his nrms, and turned away. The skylight had folded back, nnd the perpetual sodiulll light caSt pale re llow on the "~dlls of the room. Up beyo nd the mile-high cry stal dome the awful sputtering g iant, J upiter. W(lS almost direnl)' over· head. " 1 gue5S no 10"er in rour cons of history, 1I0r in the shorr t ime of man on earth, e ,'er faced a part ing an)' differently. How does a m:1II tell his woma n, ' I am going- amI wi t hout )'ou.' l:wfI when he is going to leln'c her. not jllSt hundreds of mi les or thollsu nds, bm millions, behi nd him." " I, like your I::. rth·poe u ' love rs, would sa)', 'T ake me with )'ou.''' She touched his should.:;r gent ly, Her breath was warm ugl. inst his back. I-Ie clasped the 11(lIIds she folded around h is waist. "But I will not so (lsk. I know thllt YOLl ha\'e ro, da rling; that it is not for you r p«Jplc or m ine; not for rour world or millc, bUI e"e n for all our kind, that you go. Goodbye, Brad, and may you Ih'e 10 see your green hills of Earth agai n." Urad's brCflth ached in his throat as she sli PIl,ed away and Out of the room. 35 space journal �" \'(filh how sleps w<.' lea\'<.' the dream couch, w which I wandered afur," I-Ie finished the line wilh his words, fo r truly his cOIning h:I<J been afar. lm'efrom own from A long dme afterward. in the San i-closet, with the cleansing son ic W:I\"<.'$ dngling his skin like a neC(lie shower, he closed his eyes to dream of Earth. He had been tingling with neeJI('s of excitement when he had first climbed [hosc long Slone stairs up to the oak.panel door of the Observatory. I I was t('n r('ars lal('r before he was ready. bcforc [h('y e,"en loid him that hc would be one of the three Ollt of Ihe thirty in the organization. the P:.tomar Group, who would take that long jump beyond (he pale bl ue Earth into dark space-to find those ancient answers. Since the mid-century war the basic ques· lion had been simple: "Can man endure in the face of contimlL'<I fratricide, with weapons in hand tnat can oblileratc life?" 36 space journal , Hut the sim plicity of the question had be· lied the complexity of the answer. Neilher Science nor Philosophy had been able to begin to answer. The ]>ondering of the q \lcsdo n had been bel:ned , pessimistic, and negative. In desperalion. Drs. Wherry, Carl, and others of Ihe first Palomar Group in the sixties had IllrnC(1 (0 the discarded theory of Animate Progression. which was simply Ihat solar syStem life had begun in eo ns past on the outermost planet when proper condi ti ons had e"olved; then as that planet wilh ils own cooling. the diminishing he:1I of the sun, and its own outward drihing from the sun, had lost its atmosphere a nd d ied, the life of the plnnet had moved on. or hud been mo\',,'!! by unknown coslllic forces, to the next planet nearer the Sun. The process had repeated irself u ntil our own Earrh had e\'olved life a nd l)Op ulated itself. Most scienti fic and research groups, infl ue nced by such limited theorics as \Xlildl's atmospheric cornposirion theor)"which would preclude ex istence of earth· �, lorm life on the other planers-had dis· claimed the An imate t heory and scoffed at the Pa lomar Group. But the grou p con· ti nued it.s astronom iC'll 1 resea rch. \'Vh ile the wodd sciences de\'oted research toward greater weapo ns and man rushed madly toward annihilation, the Pa lomar G roup de\'oted itself to t he Animate P rogression research, turning its spectroscopic swdles 10 each pi:lnet in rurn, constructing a n ac· curate sp:lce AIi:lS, and preparing men for space travel. Confident t hat t he guided missile and man ned rocke t programs wou ld inevitably overcomc ti,e tec hnological harriers to space trave l, the G rou p directed research tow;lnl sclecling the beSt possibility among the solar system planets lo r surv iving life. They reasoned that if [he Animate theory were correct t here would be a strong possibility that life had surv ived o n at least one of the o lder 1,IaneIS in the progression, and if such life had survived then the inhabitants by "irtue of the very cons of thei r existence shou ld be far wiser than earth's man. T he proper presentation of the question of man'S surviva l wou ld be to such "O ld Ones," if the)' uistcd. " b nned satell ites in the late sixties had helped (0 make possible t.he technological b reakthrough. The Moon Obsen'awry had been completed in 1971 and the Palomar Group, now redllime.:1 by science and the governmen t, 1110v&l. in the re in ri me for unobscured observations of Mars during its dose llpproach in August of Ihat year. Mtlrs prove<1 to be a ruSty d ri e.:l.up p lanet, but, d uring the nex t yetlr, electro·spectroscopic studies, without 1:1lrth's vapor Hnes to inter· ferc, revealed tim! Ve n u~ aClUally did have WlHcr vapo r in ils atmosphere. f urthermore. tI,a! atmosp he re wns actually evolving into a com l)Osit ion thar would support li fe for ms such as found on Eurth. Heartened by their Jisco\'eries, t he Grou p searched w ith re· newed lcal for some sign of sur vivi ng life on the outer planets. h was only w hen they began t.he ir study of the satellites that a real posSibility was fo\,nJ, Europa, the thi rd moon o f J upiter. Only sligh tly sma llc r than and tw ice as far from its parent as I:arth's 1I100n, it fasci. nuted t hc Group because o f its h ig h re fl ec· ti"if)', so high that fro m t he Moo n itS albedo pro"ed to be twe n ty times that of Earth. There SCi!med no way to explain it other than t har ir muS! be due to something a rt ificial. A nd art ifice in the Un;"crse could only mcan life. No t long aftt( the cad)' chemical space (Irives had taken man fO t he I\100n, Dr. Reinhold, wo rking with Neulfon ics Elec· tric, hnd dC\'cloped his G·Null Converter. R einhold had simply coupled Stuhlinger's Ion drivc experime n ts w it h the f orce·field Trtlnsmiue r developed in 1970 by H och· berger at M .1.T. and had comc up with a device for tra nsmitting a positive force ficld to a p rescribed area ahead of t he shi p and simultaneousl), pola ri zing t he entire sh ip to negnti\,e. It wou ld sim pl)' draw the shi p forward b)' lIU(nction, with its speed regulated by the strengt h of the field. By reversing the direction of the field from front to rea r and adjusting the strength, thc ship could be eased downward against a gra\,ir.n ional pull nt a controlled speed, thus simplifying landings on an)' planetary body. The legendary Paragraviry Device was a fact. • • • • i-iencc, the destination was determ ined, the course c harred, :md a feasib le sh ip un· de r construction when Brad Hudson. Myron Drake nnd Sieve Arnhearst were Sl'lecte<1 fO form t he crew of the SfA RI'fRE. T he Sf / JRPIRI? had bunched from t he moon in the spring of n inety. three. Fo r the ent ire nine months there had no r been a single major malfunction-just the vast da rkness and the mo notonous h"m of the G·Null Converter in the compart· ment next to h is bun k. At times it had not been easy to hold back the shrill \'o ice in· side t hat kept trying to sh riek out agai nst the h um and the weightlessness that "'en t he mag net ic sole5 had not been sufficiem to overcomc. The), st iU left o ne wi th the feel ing o f hanging from the ceiliDg by the shoes. Another n inety hours would bri llg tbe sh ip in to the J up iter gravitational field. 37 sp.!lce journal �38 space journal ------------------------~ �T hen wou ld come (he real test of Reinhold's Com "cncr. If it could build up sufficien t braki ng power 10 ho ld aga inst t he J upi te r fie ld, at least un ti l they cou ld get into a n orbit arou nd t he tin y Europa! Re inhold had been confidcm , but th en he was the (:lI her o f the thi ng and was (J ot the o ne hav ing 10 leu i l . Brad was som ewhat 11 (>prehensh -e. H is r ig id stomach m uscles assu red h im of t hllt. • • • Forwa rd, in the bu lbous nose of the ship, t he shore squa t A m hearst am id dial s and panels h unched suddenl y forward w ith his eyes g lued to t he ele<:troocope, sca n n ing the now baskct ball·s iwd J upiter and the rapid e ll ip ti c swing o f Euro pa aro und it. " Beue r gC I up here, you t WO," A m hcarst's hoa rse "oice b las ted sudden ly loud over t he he lmet inte rco m . Brad Soar u p as the lank y D rake brushed paS! h im with his robot-like wadd le_ Afte r twO yea rs of (raining and ni ne months out, Dra ke st ill had n't lea rned to coordi nate h i5 moveme ntS wi th t he alternate left- right, on-off, automatic switc h ing of the magnetic soles for walking. Brad followed the long man 10 the from. Beyond the forward port, J upitcr was ballooning at a terr ific rate. " \Vhat ?" Drake's calm rationa li ty came t hrough, C"en in his voice. The cool· headed bean pole had been the smbilizing factor th roughout the long ,·oyage. Amhearst, in :lnswer , mot ioned IOward the forwa rd port. " Europ:I'S Ihe lillie mile 10 t he right now. Y Oll {;:Ln see it with t he naked eye."' And Ihere it was, a tiny brighl light, sliding across Ihe red Aurry of J upiter'S south tropi. cal disturbance. "Now l:heck the electro· scope!" Am hea rSI slid b.1Ck from the face picce. Urad p ressed his own helmet to the scope. T he enla rged scope image broug ht the little moon a Ihousand ti mes closer. It was ice wh ite wit h crystal-like specks dotting the face of it. "T here's lifc--or was!" Brad forced himself to re lax against his childis h desire to jump up and down. H e enriched his oxygen supply and breathed deliberately slow and long. \Vithin ten hours Ihe crystal spotS had resoh'ed in to dea r dome like Stnl{;t uces on the ice,co" ered moon, spaced geometrically m'c r t he su r face. T h us, the high albedo was accounted for. In a nother live hours city· likc arrays o f Structu res could be seen in each of t he g ian t Domes. Dur ing h is third ten· hou r w atch since t hc ol»cr vatio ns had begu n Brad could make o ut cylind r ical a nd hemis pherical bu ild ings, g lint ing b r igh tl y me ta l.lic in t he art ificial ye llow glow inside the Domes. By now Ihe appre hoosion had again rep laced the exci teme nr: W ou ld the li fe th at had crea ted th is hu man· like arc hi tecture still exist inside t hose bu bbles t hat had no do ub t enab led t he m to survive afte r the death of their wo rl d? T he apprehension doub led into cold sweat when Brad called th e ot hers to statio ns for the fie ld reversa l. 110r now wou ld be the teSt- hu rtl ing in. wa rd toward J upi te r Ilt one hu ndred thous... nd m iles pe r hou r. Dmke and Amhearst sl rappcJ in and checked. Brad glanced o,'er the panels and d ials. "Nowl" he 5o.. id. He locked the la nding Con tro l in lO the orbit of Europa. H e sucked in his breath and he ld it, Aashed the red panel ale rt, and {;ut t he Con,'ener to Zero. He pressed the Field Re,'ersa l leve r to Automatic. The Field· D ial needle snllppt.oJ across the face of the dial and locked on Re\·crsc. Now, wou ld it hold? Brad breathed again. lea ned back and adjusted his body straps. The slow ing bodylUgging tlcceler~lI ion began. Fi ve hours of this and t he n lan<ling. Quite suddenly Ihe b lackness came, and he knew no more. \Vhen Ihe inwa rd Aow of returni ng con · sciousness ehbed, Urad was aware of an ac hi ng while lig h t. It S<.-etned 10 ha ve no sou rce. H e was not on the ship! H e mUSt have rni.scalcll l ~lIed the decell'ra t io n rate. So the AulQmat i{; had landed them. He lay on a dllis of some k ind in the center of a rather bare and cold hemisp heriC-oil roo m. On one side of the room were te n whitecloaked figures scared behind a panel of desks. After a momenl Brad reali~ed that he was the object of their attention. He bl inke.:l again, (o r the len were idemicalstmiglu coal·black ha ir, pale skinned and heavy browed. As Urad studied the cold 39 sp ace journal �impassive faces, the one in the cemer spoke. "You, Space Comer, are in the presence of Primesters. I am Ko-Pa ll, the J udge Superior of th is world. \Xfe b(we ascertained that you are the Prime One of the comers." If/bill of tbe olber$.' Urad cou ld not spea k. " To know you nnd your race we have kept )'OU unconscious as we found you, for ou r psyc ho.physio exam inations. Now, we must exam ine )'ou in a conscious state. You w ill tOuch t he protr usion unde r rour right hand, please." T he b:ISS ,·oice /l owed Out with a hrp nolic resonance. The ma n's f(lce rem;, ined expressionless, but there was a sinister hardness a round the da rk glinting eres. Brnd fingered the knob under his palnl and pressed. T he dais resolved itself imo a n eas)' cha ir shape, leaving him in a comfortable up right position. So smooth was the tr1H1sfoTm;,tion tha t Drad's reltex tensing had not time to brace his bod)' agai nst it. Now the tenseness weLU au I . The r;Ul{ness in his head !Old him that his hod{s relaxed condition was Slill part of the elTC(:t of whatever narcoleptic inducing agent they had used on hint. " YOII have of course hccn thoroughly exam ine<1 by our l'srcllO- Physiological 1X."Ople and aLIT Dio·7...QO logiC;11 staffs while you were narcothi7.ed. as h""e the o t hers of your people." D rake. AIII!ullr$t_ tl·bere are the) ? Urad stra ined to speak. " In a moment," Ko-Pall s.1id, "YOII w ill be able 10 speak. As for your friends, if that is rou r concern , they life safe. They, tOO, ;. re being studied. \X' e will not harm )'ou. I aSSure )'OU tha t Ollr interest is pu re ly scientific and ratio nal. Idlc curiosity has no place in our world. You w ill, of cour§('. obscn'e that we corwer§(' in rour langwlge. This we know will not surprise )'01L. as rOil people had on your "chide p r imit i"e electron ic tnLnslators ' ;,"d deciphering devices; hence, rOLL Me ;Iware of the sim pl!! process of defining and reproducing ;1 language. You k now t hat the neX t ste p is a de"ice for imposing the mechanics On the brain of Ihe lea rne r. All extension of m ncmonics docs il." Of course, Urad t hought. So /I'e Bartb· 40 space journal 1/1611 hll!!e gOlle $0 far with 16(bnology tbat we f orgot Ibe simple lillIe hUlllal1 elemBllls. -rbirty dll)'s bath September-. " If you arc wondering about the Prime· SIers you see here, we arc thc go,·e rn mc tH. The Primesters' specia l illlerest in ),011 is political not clinical or scientific. Our Science a nd T ech·Councils have th ose areas. Our exam ination need not be feared . Now, you arc advanced as a life form , otherwise you would 110( !la,'C ,'cntured through space. You are ad"anced as a race, otherwise you could not. Natu rally we must dete r mine whether you ;rre a t hreat to OlLr world. Our Tech-Councils, tlfter their eXIlIlIi· nation of you r ship and other equ ipment, hn"e all assured us that you can be such a threat. Now, we must ;Iscermi n your politi . cal intentions and I:>otemiai for we know that it is pol itical and commercial Ilmbition, not scientific potent ial, that initiates cooAict." Ko· Pall clasped whi te bony hands before him on rhe black metallic desk top . "W'e ;Ire. of course, a m a~cd that your life form, e"en though more primiti,'e in its e.-olu· tio nary nate, is similar to ours, fo r our reSClrrch has prove n com patibilit y of man y ;md radically different life for ms wi th the uni"c rse. \'(Ie ha"e dc term in('d that you arc of Planet Th r~ of Our Solar S)'Sfem?" The cold man paused as if wa iting for an answer. Brad's '"oice (:ame now, but hoarsely. "Yes. we are from I~arth." " \Xle had detected life there but thoug h t it more primiti"e." Ko· Pa ll's face d ispla)'c<1 some slight signs of inte rest now. "\Vhy did you come here?" Brad's '·oice came easier. He explained the Animate theory. the question of man's sor"i"lll. a nd the nal\1r111 curiosity of 1:lL rthlings. \Vhen he had fioishe<l, the Primeste r Council filed solemnly out, like a panel of robed English judges. The)' let him slc.:.-el' e ight hours in a cubicle off the central room-then back for quenion5. Question eight, sleep eightmethodically (he)" continu(.-d fhe e:o;aOl ina· lion. co"ering cver)' face l of ea rl h life. Sociel), and gm'ern ment, they prolx.-d unt il �(here was nothing in his mi nd in those areas t hey d id nor know. The food COli · «'n mues Ihcy b rought him w(' rc tasteless. He grew weary. Ko- Pall grew morc persistent, a] mOS I sadistic, un til th e cold ha n] face and mClhods fused inw a brinle si n ister • personal ity. And B rad knew fhe man was d:l!Igc rous. He beaullc so cTuc ll y h uman -the racket boss, the d ict'dlor. In his nea r ly n umbed 5 1111(', Brad s:nv the possibility of answer to Eanhrn an's dilemma fade and die in Ihc face of this self·centered man. So here, nfle r cons of ('xistcnc(', was man. Surviv ing, yes, bUI s[;l1 thc sa me selfis h, powe rmad Cf(~alurc that was dlc younger 1::lrth kind. T hen, abruptly, Ihe cxamin:uions ceased w illi Ko- Pall's p ronOllnce mc n l tha t t he Ear t hmen were teu l), a ducal to Europa. B rad k new that here would be Ko-Pall's • , stepping stone fa mo re powe r, the eli m ioa· t ion of the t hreat. T hey had sem him to ~ hl-bar the n" I u- bnr the D ireclOr of Bio-Sciem:es for Euro pa. It "':1$ to this w i;,;ened little /11:10 with cri nkl)' cornered eyes and gemle mouth, :ond 10 his daughte r Kay.ba r, thnt Brad owed h is survival these six mon ths since the Primester's inquisitio n. Ko- Pa ll had conceded 10 Mu·b:lrs· demand and hud grallted a six· mont h observat ion pe r iod. Under this guise " III-bar had taken 13md into his own apartment. There. w it h Kay_ bar's <ln ily com pany, Brad hild learned the comforts of this hermetic world- t he sonic shower, where now he su)()(1 tingling; the d cct ronic app lian ccs wit h no wires; th e tcle" ision and tclepat hic SClnners. projccIOrs. il!ld monitors, c,'en to control sleep and rest: the diseaselcss cities; the illg:!e nnd plnn k ton food production ; Ihe ar ti ficinl su n light and I>ower harnessed to Jupite r's ceaseless hyd roge n eruptive acti"ity, tha i was thc great n ed Spot. And with Ka)'- ba r he leMnc<;! the 10"e he had nO! had time fo r in his I;art h ),ears of ime nse st udy and mlin· illg. \X' ith M u·b.1r Brad lea rn ed t he ho rrorsregimentation a nd hollow commu nal liv. ing, controlled genes thul rep rOl.h,,:ed euc h human type necdc<;! for specifIC blots in t he economy, w h ich expluined the similarity of the P r irneSlers. He learned of t he incessan t nnd aocient m ig rnt ion of the race. He leurned how ,\Iu-bar, in revolt against the order. had ahe red the state prescri bed genetic st r uct ure for h is own da ughter Ml that she Imd been born a throwb:lck, an individulil . unordered, unpatterned, q uile h uma n-nnd \'err fe male. Now in his da rk cubicle shower, Bead tried \0 bring it ;'uo focu$--the cold "i ndic· th'e Ko- Pall, the rfll iona l but dy ing world, his ow n lo nely years of fierce objectivity, his own self·sufficient Earthkind. Eres closed, he leaned aga inst the close meta ll ic shower w ;.]1. [r)·iog to reclaim Mlrtle di rt>ction from (he swirling weariness, w hile the whole unive rse coalesced, and all the outward flow o f sense And life from t he center o f h is being re"e rscd a nd w horled inward to compress within dIe boundar ies of consciousness. And he was awa re of the buf_ fe li ng flow-Ihe baffl ing reco il And wi ldly r ichocheting out flowing force of self. For ooe bright 1110melll, poised on the p recipice of "ast incomprehensible k nowing, he knew the basic fl nw of the man :lII il11al: that ration al ou t.flow ing. t hat cente ring ;n self of all that is k nowledge, a ll t hat is bei ng in time and space, all that is li fe-the misconception rhat humanity is in itself comp lete, the cen ter of the cosmos, und that mn ll is in cont rol. T hen in a moment it was gone and Br:ld was there again in t he sho wer, JUSt a setlred lillie man in an a lien land five hund red millio n miles from ho rne. -To btl cOlltbllled ill thtl 1It1.\·t isslltl of SI'ACIJ }(JllmalIT IS OF GR EAT IMPOR_ TA NCE that rhe gene ral public be give n an o pportunity to ex· periellcc--conseiousIy und illle]· ligeflll)"-the efforts and resu its of scientific resea rch. It is not sufficient t il tH each result be rake n "p, elaborated, and applied br a few specialists in t he field . Rest r ict ing the body of k nowl· edge to a small g roup deadens the ph ilosophical spi rit of a 1)(.'0pIc alld lead s to spiri t ual povert)'. - AJ be rt Einstein. 41 space journal �F[Co Win d M, ,,,o,y Co",p~I., _ on old .,h •• 1I0"'[I<>liollol .y.I .... op.'· 01. wilh Doppl... No miuile syttemt can be illustrated because of Ihe level of classificalion. fiCo is doing extensive work in ABMA's Redstone and Jupi· ler programt, in Iho Navy', Torlar and Terrier programs, and in other projects. 42 space journal FICo Vi '''''~nd • • Computillg Tim.r - <onl.ol. up 10 RYe .... iol <0 ....0. •'",,,lton...,,.ly. Highly 'O .. pod. ±S' ....",o.y. 6" long _ 2" d io ... FIC.. Mogn.ti< Vo ri .. ,lon C.. mpu'" - p,.et"d...... IOf ...,n"ol ' i on in ...... lIo'<igaIiOt'!. fiCo ASN·6 P.... nt ~o .itloll Com_ p~ t . . Sr.t .... - [ndl ... t ...... nd 'On· '.01 a re .hown. d '0"'" Ii., f lC .. Te. t s.t _ fa. night ,h,ck a ,,, of lIavigaiionol .y.,.... S.II· <ontain.d and po,'abl • . FICo hh ..".1 T."'p . .... u•• [nd iu,_ t ... _ .ang. 200' C 10 lOOO' C wilh fiCo Anolog·to·Dlgl, .. 1 Conyo,te. _ for oi.bo... ... dng .y.t... I.. , h .. l'Fi< <..nhol. �I Ford Instrument provides the systems • Navigational Systems and Compulers Exhaust Temperature Indicators Cru ise Controls Sensing Systems fo r Traffic Control • Guidance Systems Drone Controls MinHe Launching ond Control Compulers Computing Timers for Aerial Phologrophy Computer and Control Components Plouin9 Equipme nt FORD INSTRUMENT CO. DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION 31·'0 Thomson Av enue, Long It la nd Cily 1, New York Beverly Hills, Colif. Daylon, Ohio f., i"'-,mat'" ... fI C. ', aero one! .Issile " ",,,5 I11III (ClpClbililies, write to fiCo', AIRBORNf EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT. 43 space iournal �44 space journal �I snow nor or gloom of night • , "We ;.... now capable o( • .,ndmg" an object ouuide the "arlh'. gnvltational held. Such a propulaion .yatem could carry rook'" rn"'II"lIero loth" moon, and we nre able t o cUunal" 'he COlt of a ro ck~ 1 m"il ltamp needed . The probluTIS i nh~r"nl in the oyl t ern have a.l ready been lolved by progre •• in .olid propellan t rocketry." 0,. . H. W. Ritchey Projecu .ueh ", "Rocku Mad to the Moon" m .. y be nec,,"ury looner , han we think. S1<,illed, te~h nlcal1y t ... IMd ,nd.v.du",h are needed byThiokollO "nabl .. '"ell t,,\u,e projecU . Adda .. "''1U1rie'' \0: DIVI!oIO .... . HUNTSVi llE. ALAtAM" : : = • 45 space journal �guidi ng ha nd f or tomo rrow's power Skilled hands coupled with keen minds made tOOay's rocket powcrplants a reality. Minds that formulate new theories in powcrplant design ... and hands that prove these theories by careful experiment, tcst and application. Guided by such hands and minds, RMI has led the way fo r over fi fteen years - designing and producing record-break ing powcrplants for such supersonic vehicles as the X-lA , Skyrocket and the Viking missile. Today and in the future, RMI engineers and scientists will continue to blaze the trail toward advanced propulsion systems for" manned and guided flight. Engineers, Scientists-Perhaps yo u, too, can work wilh America'sft,sr rocket family. You'll find the problems challenging, the rewards great. P r og r es s D . NVILL _. 40 space iournal i �PUR1F1ER CHAMseR WHERE RELIABILITY SPELLS SUCCESS • . • • • Custom designed, precision built. Robbins Aviation products have been instrumental in the successful attempts of man to penetrate outer space. Progressive research and development in our laboratories will help to assure the success of future space exploration efforts, .. MANUAL • LEAKPROOF .. EASILY SERVICED • 1 • AUTOMATIC '* FOR DETAI LED INFORMATION WRITE CUSTOMIZED DEHYDRATION SYSTEMS " Wh r i~ Ih~,~ Mt'n I;m~ ~""",:" 10 do ;/ righl Iml ol"''''r_ lim~ ~"(),,gh to do ,', Ol'U.'H DO IT l iGHT THE fiRST 'I"'~! USE lOllll<l5 VALYUI 17]5 W. FL O RENCE AV E. l OS ANGEL ES 4 7, CA LIF. 47 space journal �IS YOUR FUTURE SECURE? Be sure you get your future copies of SPACE Journal by subscribing today one year only $2. DETACH HERE ANO MAIL SPACE Journal P. 0. Box 94 Nashville. Tennessee Name _________________________________ Address ________________________________ Occupation ____________-----;_______________ 48 space iournal �, On the lefl. aoon'. i~ the huS" cylinder of sirtl a nd aluminum ~no..-n U Rt:DSToSt: (built by Chry~tcr Corporation) the larg<'81 balli.,ic ",i•• ile in full indll~trial produc. tion. I'crftx: led ill Illl all.iltlpo rlnll ' projec t at I I 1Inl~\'ilk, Ala!>ltrna, by th e Army, Red,lOne i~ more Ih~n Il ...·CII(IOn. It ,3 a mile"IOne of irnmru:;e proporuolU. On the right-and goin!; inlO 11'OO:]IIcl;on unde r anI'''' Arl11 y ~onlraC I "jIlt Chry~lcr Corpora lion - is Jt'Pl'TE R - the first off· Kpring of R{'II,lone. DODGE a n inlcrmooiale ra"g<'l mi~ile clIpable of tranoling 1.'ioOO mil.:-•. \\ illlOut Red< lol)l', Ju pi ter would uever have come jll \O heing with the 1l!lonishing '''I,;<li'y tha i hn markco:i iu STO",t h from e~ perinM'nla l iM.. 10 produc_ tion ~talll~. Milly of t he f'rinciplc! u!<!(] in J upiICr- Vf()pllt~ion. suida uc<: alld oou· Irol, mcasuring &ys t em~ ani l fligh t con trob THE FORUI'ARD LOOK PLYMOUTH It ·~ - hale be e n pro l<e d in &ucce n fu l li ed-tone firino~< Ch rysler Corporalion i5 proud of il8 role in helpi"~ to create two ~ neTlition~ or Iluided n\l S!i lc~< Along wilh the men who have made the Arm y Hllllisti c Mi,.ile A,,'ellcy the mo.t succe5I!ful rn i~iJe head· quarters in Arneri~, we are no,,· continu_ ing Ihi5 prOorarn of progreu . This, /00, is CHRYSLER CORPORATION DE SOTO • CHRYSLER IMPERIAL �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space Journal, vol 1, no.2, Spring 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1958_spring Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Life on other planets Rocketry Cold War Goddard, Robert Hutchings, 1882-1945 Propulsion systems Space flight Space race--United States--History--20th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/61/spc_hinr_001_060a.pdf 402ddd125572cc78daee34acd8bed5bc PDF Text Text �' o,d In ~ tn.m ."t Co. ," ", in •• , ,·hc,;l_ Hir,""aring g) ro (.)r nng"lar drif1 On equ;.torial test stand. T",t can .hQ,," up drift rate~ as Iowa. on" rC'Qliuiou in 40 year •. Test) !i~e thi, .. helped Army put "Explorer" into orbit Some 01 Ford Ins trument's current or recent programs include : oystcms •.. A••h lon •• ~d J~pi' •• Mlso,le laYnchi~8 .~d conl"'1 o,de. compule •• Nev, •• Uon.1 .~d mission co~"ol In . t1lall~>da"". incl~d'nl Analoe: .~d d'I".1 compu'e, oy"eml fu .. nl .•• mln, .~d oth •• wOft>e.d cO~I'ol equipment PI"tti"1 equipment Nucl. . , .y.,.m•• nd control. A special guidance system for the Jupiter C. de' eloped b) lhe Arm)" lJalltstic ~lIss;le Agency. \Ioas used 10 launch the first U. S. artificial satellite inlO spa,,~. Many componeills of this S) , tern "ere provided by Ford Instrument Co.. prime contractor for bolh the ··standard·· U. S. Arnl) Ikdstone and Jupiler guidance systems. The fabulously-etjuipped. fantast;call)-clean g)W lab (abol'e) is only a sma ll part of the adv;mced research lind dcvelopment {acilities a\·ailable al Ford Inslrumenl Co. They're us.cU to create ami produce the incredibly accurate control 5)Slems called for by modern tech. nology in bot h government and industry. And l ord Instrument·, large-scale precision manufae1uring facilities can turn evcn the most cri li cal 5JStcm requir('mcnl5 into "orting ··hardl'oarc·· o n a quantit)-production basis. Our Liaison Engineers arc at your )erviec to discuss "e your sys tem requirements. Gun'". conl...,l. 0."". conl,ol. FORD INSTRUMENT CO. DIVISION OF ,sPERRY RAND CORPORATION 31-10 Ttoom son Avenue, Long I S I"nd Clly I. New York fi. ld h i•• Of h e.. , B.v.'I~ H il l •• Ce lif., Ooyton. Oh io �JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO·SCIENCES CONTENTS Vol. I. No.3 Summer 1958 CO VE RS 10ARD Of CONSUUANf$ Df. W .,~hOf __ 'f "~~ FRONT : Layout and design by Ha rry Lange. Ske tch is Elplorer I (See page IS for story) BACK: Oil painting by H!lrry Lange was inspired by John Hulley's "The Purpose of Man In The Uni_ vene" {see page 3) 0 , ~ '~' f Sfok!I.<iOf ',of . H.,,,, ... Ob.,fh lDUOR_IN _C Hl lF , ~p .. c., IIb.11 EOI TORIIl M AN AG ING (DUOR 2 PROJECTING WITH SPACE JOURNAL Ja mel l. Da niels, Jr. ASSOC IAH ID IT OR ASSO CIAH I.W <h.11 ~ HITURES 3 THE PURPOSE OF MAN IN THE UNIVERSE John Hulley B LAUNCHING THE EXPLORER SATELLITES James L Stamy IS SPATIAL ORI ENTATION OF EXPLORER SATELLITES Dr. Charles Lundquist 21 LIFE ON O THER STARS-Part II Dr. Ernst Sluhlinger 31 THE ACID TEST Dr. Wernher von Bra un ~DIfOR ~h., .... J,. ASSIST ANT (DUOII ~AYOUT DIRlCTOR Ho,old E. ',k. AliT DIRECTOR Hon, H .· ~ GIIA~HICS ~ •• ~ OEPRRTMENTS L... ~. 37 SPACE BOOKS 43 OUT_OU R_S PACE 44 VOX POPULI DIRfCTOR 1<400". Jf. FI CTION SPRCE IUSINUS MANA GllI II lch.,d T. H •• ~, 47 CON '."UT OIIS f . H .. ,old Eo.o •. 0 01 " bo ' , .,. 1<40 11 , D•• IIb.ll. " I~ space review lipace C/lrtoonl Tuction BEYOND THI S STAR_Final Chapter James l. Daniels. Jr. L•• q •• ~o,o '-4 . '-4 0"0'. Vi' 9 1.,. ~ho, .... 1<4 0', J o•• Do • • W."o. T. 1<4 "'1 ' 0". "''1""' Hoch. SUIM ISSIO N 0' MAHII I A~ l ito ,. b", '"lo. of "'0,.,1.1 to ,h ', Jou, ••1 I, 01 .. . , . . . .Ic"",.; .,11" .. of !iOO ' 0 JfIDG .. o,d • S•• d III. 0,19' ... 1 0. " hit. bo.d p .... ,. I, ... ",;"... do.bl. ",.cod, pl •• 1",o .. ,bo ••. L.. , • • 1 ' ....1 • ""o·'.ch "'f910 "" oil .Ido ••• d ~ OI .11 111.,...110" " II ~ .h. 1..1. ,,,,,.Id b. , • 10 i.,h., .", '11 0'" I1., k. Th ••• d litl • • hG.ld b. on ,,, . " 0.'''' ;1'1. ... pic " " 01 Ih ••• '" ., u d • , h.,1 b loq,. "h ',ol .01• • ,. ,.q. I,.d 1o. " ublico lio •. Soc.,it, c l.. , •• <o fo, .11 "' 0. ..101 lUbfll l.. od I, Ih. ,.,,,o.,l bm,. 01 Ih. 0.' ''.'. PI .. ,. , •• d mo,.';.1 10 H ... CE Jou ,.ol , 0. '"". 12. H •• II.ill •• Alol>o.", •. All ", ol.d. 1 o"o"lod 10' ",bli.. . bocoro., '" . o. cl •• l •• 01 $PACE Jour • • 1. ""'tt .o,. ,,,.f.,,0<1 !+I.,., ••"'••• '"0'0'1'' ''''' ,o. SUISCIIIPT'ONS U.itO<l 510'" .. 0<1 C ...d. ' I.~O JOU, •• I. , . 0. h . '14. NOIh.II1 •• ,,0< ,.. , (f ..., ,.",•• 1. "to"o'" For.19. U .OO "Of Y,. f. fl •• , •••• d .11 .ubw' ''I1o •• 10 S'ACE 1 0~0 ..... ADV!UISING Ad •• ,t".I.~ , . ..... ill b. I", ;,h. d O. "quo, 1 10 S" ... En ,. ,pf"". , . 0. 10 ' OM , N. ,h. ill •• I • • n...... N. " Yo< • • nd ~~;'~'." 'L;; ~:~:I.~·:::DO~.%·:T"~c:;..:.4J 11t'·~·~I:l t. , .r. .L~~·:c!·~o ~.is ~:;k.!oS: .: C~~b;~-:lln~:.:!~'. ~~,~:. \! So...I•• W ...... 'ortl •• d . 0, •.• 0 •••• ,. Colo .• H ou'I .... T••.• Tul ... Okl •• puni SHIN G S","CE Jo .... l i. Ih. 1'111... 1 orq •• 01 .h. ~od., Ci •• "'.' ,onom;,.1 .....ocl." .... t"~. . . .~· p, or. •• • 0.·poI: ,:"I . • • d .due.. i"" . 1 o, ~ •• ,.. ' lo. I. H.n! .. ill • . AI.b . mo . Th. Jp .. . ol ;, p .bll .... d q.",.,I, br Sp .... h •• , ,,, :,. ,, "' " . ,ill •• To, n." ... APpli cotio. 10' .. cp.d·,I .. , " ,W' q P.,mit p.. dlnq . 1 N•• h,ill., hn n..... . () br S.. oco Inc. IfSI. SP ' " ~ ••• ,p'I,.. , 1.<.; G.o,~. J . M,,,id , " . , .. F .. d W, ;q",. y." • •. ~i<h .'d H"n. y. " ..: Tho.,. , G ..... I CO.'IOI. J. 1<4 5."'''' ••• 1 ...... E. No,d .olt. DI,oe ' o •. ° KI .. ,:foc I., .• i. Jour • • I. Sch . lto<. space journal �fDITDRIAL Proj ect ing With Space Journal B y J a m es L. D a n i el s, Jr. ...OC;U. editor Recently I had lunch wi th a Sunday supplement maga zine editor who is interelted in our magazi ne ven ture in the ~poce foeld. This editor, a veteron of neo rly three de<;o des in the publishing bUliness, asked a ques tion which has come to us in various forms from reoden, advertisers, and publishe.. , "What has SPACE Journal to ofter thot any other magazine h\l$n 't?" Then, 01 course, he osked the logical ,ubsequen t queltions about diredion ond ob· jectives. The onlWer to the basic question is .imple: SPACE Journal ofters the layman the belt Ihinking 0 1 Ihe leoding o uthori lies in the os l/a-lciences and in Space Age philosophy in lan_ guage that he, the laymon, can understand. The layman cannot get such authentic and informolive material else where for two rea~on$: one, these outhors do no t normolly appear in ather populor mogozin e s; two, when their work is p ublished it is usually in technical and sc ie ntific publica tions and in complex technical language which the laym a n conna l understand. From this an.wer the logical extension of the first question ori'e., "Why?" The ans wer to this one falls in the cotegary 01 objectives and direction. The "why" we wish to afte r the layman space informotian becomes the "whot" 01 our o b jective and the " where" and "which" 01 our di redion. Our objective is the motivation of man to survive. We believe that the human race can conti n ue 10 develop o nd to survive on ly through mo vi ng ou t into the Yo st rea ch es 01 this e verexpanding unive"e. We want no ordered, stognant, communal exis tence and slow intellec tual deoth under government-regulated birth. life, and deoth, no Brove New World-restriclions which necen ar il y wi ll be imposed if man remai ns roo ted 10 terra firmo. As Mal thu. knew, the Earth has ih limit. in numbers 0 1 animol, it can support. Already scien tists are predicting that within a lew year. the elimination of most animal Iile other than human will be a necenity. Even wi th scie ntific and tech nologica l e ftkiency that may surpass all known bounds, mo n, if he reo mains on Earth, will ultim ately hove to curb his indisc riminate spawning and cramp himself into lor less spoce per person thon he now hos, even in his postage stomp urban lots and tenement hovels. He will be lorced to sac rifice hi. individuol existence to the 5upreme organism, the Ito te, so thai, once achieved, Ih e me tabolic b a lonce of the whol e con b e moin lo ined. Finally, if man does achieve Ihis precarious bolance lor physical survival on Earth, he must eventually perish with his OWn sola, system when ils life givin g sun 01 lasl goes oul. Th e re fore, we mu,t gel ou!. O ur earth bound frontiers o re gone; we must e xplore the new ones; we musl open the universe lor man's incenont migration so Ihot he may con tinue to grow, to e~pand hi, power to comprehend, and to progren up Ihe infinite ladder of lime. Hol d ing the se view I, SPAC E Jou.no l has no difficul ty in choosi ng its direc tion. The rou te through space ;s via the mind of the layman. for it i. the laym a n who will "foot" the bill for space e ~ plorotion . II is th e layman who.e world Or worlds will be left to his progeny. Thus he i$ most vi tally a ffected by every step towo rd spoce explorotian, and we believe he recogni zes this. And nOw tha t the science fiction venture1 o f a lew years ago have completed the cycle from vague po .. ibility to certainty, in the ligh t of technological advonces in the missile ona solei. lite fields, the loyman hungers to knaw-Ia know what he is going to pay for, to know whot he ;s leaving to his children. We of SPACE Journal wanl him 10 know. We wan l him 10 pay for and pau on to his progeny Ihe opportuni ty and the challenge 10 survive--Io insure the perpe tuity of human kind ;n thi, grond cosmos. And we b elieve th o l th e more he knows the mare he will be motiva ted to do just that-the mare he will be willing to assume his obligation to his own species. • 2 space journal �$ P " C E PH I LO SOPHY I t h' purp ose 01 rna n in t h, un i verse By Io ~ n H ~II.y ".' ,,",. I. ".,'<10 . nd .d , · '.' •• I. '-'." and ,,.. U. " ... 5'.' ... . ' ad.· "'; •• ., •••• 'v," I•• ~. " , . ,.,••• f W.,ld w., Ito'" II. " . ,. i n 19 .. II. ,.. 11<0, " .... . f., ,,.. 0".,•• 1 $"., .. " ~,.I'., ., • k.".,'.' a n. "'" ... II,. h' ...... _.. i.n.1 SId , ~ ;., Wa,k; ••,•• _,a,'''' .1 ,,.. M.,,"" i; , ,.. " ••. '" ",., •• , he "'., In W .'~;"'.' . D. C, ... ",... ,.. I. 1 , .. _,h ;nt. _ , . <10'" .... '••• p."......... I,... to. .,.,... ,01 0_00". In h is series of SSC lolks, published os The Nolvre of the Un iverse (Slockwell, 1950), ostronomer fred Hoyle conc1 vded with a queslion and a surmise. " What is mon ' s place?" he asked. Arc we " ingenioul mochine,," hoving no signi fi cant conne ction wilh the cosmos? Or is the Sible righl in plocing man at the cenler of the un'verse, the primary abiec t of a persanol Gad's solicitude? Diuotisfied with available canclusianl. he offered an opinion both humble and hopeful , When by pa lie nl inquiry we learn the answer 10 any problem we always find, balh as a whole and in detoil, that the answer thus revealed is finer in concep t and design Ihan anything we could ever have arrived at by a random guess. (p. 118( Withi n their fie ld. ecologists would p roba b ly concur. Eoch nalural species-animal or plon t-seems so perfeclly mode for its specifIC 10lk Illot one is led to expect to find a similar perfection in tile lIuman organism. Ecology studies Ihe way tile various species inleroct in tile noturol scheme. One of tile most fam iliar examples of Illis interaction is Ille bee wllich, in its qvest for nectar. transfers fertilizing pollen from flower to flower. A sim ilar coordination of work appears among all til e species. Plan t seeds pan in!ad Ihroug ll a nimal digestive systems, tllus achieving wi de dissemination and good opportunity for growth. Tile effect of tile worm', dige.tive J0hn H II ( ( ey aelivily is 10 ferlilize the soi l; Ihe diges tive habit s of one species of woodpecker serves to preserve cerlain trees from deslruelion by e xcessive beelle populations, and so on. Und e r close scru tiny, nature's interaction oppea" 01 cooperative as it is compe titive. Individuals 01 each speciel, seeking tlleir own fulfillment, actually playa creative porI in a much larger pattern, Pllotosyntlletically, plants convert solar ro y. into food wh icll the insects, reptiles, and animals of ocean, forest , and plain gradually pyramid into wllat ecologists call the " clima~ culture ." A growing respee! for na ture derives from !lIis 60-year old science. For ins!once. the natural balance of species in any locality appears to be a richer and more eff'oeient utili zer of solar energy than man brings about artifi_ cially , Tllis discovery lias led to Ille development of so·colled " orgonic " forming , tile compost lIeop, ond many ather changes in conservation, fishing and ogr icultural pro· grams, All Illese conclusions apply, tllen, to tile otller species. 8u! tile lIuman role is not so clear, Til e e co log y 01 man has yet to be explained. Wit hin tile natural balance on Eartll, he seems not to fi l at all: Nat ural communities are clloracleriled by a posi tive or favorab le energy budget, Many, perhops most, areas controlled b y man are exploited, resulling in a negative energy budget, !lIe final mark of wllich is unp roductiveneu and abandonmen t. (Encyclopedia Bri. tonnica, 1954; " fOla nt Ecology') The fire. clearing, drainage, agricullure, cily_building, smoke, etc. of lIuman o clivily in terrestrial hillory seems to work counler to all 3 spa ce journal �-the delicate en ergy ·e~chan ge of nalure. Man h(1$ POW!)fI which permit him to overwhelm, ex terminate , or exploit all other species, Organic farming and conservation programs barely mitigate hi. tendencies to crush all before him. Throughou t his history on Earlh, man hos appeared anomalous. For overbalancing Ihe other species on the plonet, hi. role hos seemed more deslruclive Ihon anything else. Calling upon Ihe sian ond the heovens for salva tion , he ho. wor~ed , fough t, suffered and died-oflen carrying to hi. grove the deepest doubts about the purpose and value of his ClO. i stence. Wherea s all o ther elements of the nolural order seem to fond their places and to fuifilliheir roles in colm acceptance, human beings e .... ibi, confusion. Why Ihi, (In,,iely, this slorm ond stress? Wh(ll is m(ln's ploce in the universe (lnywoy? An(llYling his oe!ivity wilhin the fr(lme of n(lture on E(lrlh h(lS 5(1 f(lr yielded no sotidoctory ecologicol e"pl(lno· ti(ln. Recent events h(lve (lpened up the ide(l of on entirely new an swer to the ancient riddle. As ou ter spoce becomes (I felt reolity , (IS in ter_ planetary exp loration becomes a ,cien tific possibility, a new hypothesis about man presents itself. Nature surely exlends for beyond anyone planet. forth spins wi thin (I univene, whose my riad stars almost certoinly hove evolved countless planetary systems teeming with life. Man's p lace in the nolural scheme, ,hen, may be one which extends beyond Ihe limils of (I single planel. Since Golilea, the ideo of a living, popu la ted universe has been fomilior . Thot;s the outlook of leading (lslronomers lodoy-e.g ., Jones and Hoyle of Greol Britain, Shapley and Struve of Ihe Uniled Slates. At least Iwo of these men furlher believe thot biochemical lows favor 0 simil(lr evolution on other pl(lneh. No one specifies Ihe color o r site, bul the sta ted probabil ity is thot-if we keep going 4 space iournal oul inlo space-thi', or a later, general ion will encounter beings resem bling us. If hum(ln beings o.e indeed (I normol planetary developmen t Ihroughout the universe, 0 theory of man should extend beyond Ihe con fines of ony one pl(lnel (lnd become broadly applicable. While (lur scientific observations ore mostly limiled to this si ng le world, neve r· Iheless our theorelical framework should (lPprooch m(ln (IS a commonplace orgonism fre_ quently occurring (lnd ac ti ve in Ihe larger natural «heme. Within the acknowledged limilation of our experience, a philosophical (lppraach 10 the problem C(ln ye t be made from avail(lble scien tific sources. The allied disciplines of evolution(lry biology (lnd of ecology offer Ihe basis. Cerlain characte.istics distinguish man from other species, but they do nat nece narily set him (lparl from nature itself. As a mammal, man co nverts specifIC forms of energy into a ther forms. Within his own body he inge.ts ond processes ce rlajn frui ls, nuts, leaves, rools , flesh and banes inlo sound, Ileal and action. His defeC(llion and finally his dead body nourish plants. Thus he forms on integral link in Ihe nolural energy chain. His differences may simply fit lIim for (In inle'pl(lnetary .ole wililin the cosmic natural pa ll e rn. Tile same four limbs which in otller mammals are designed eilher for quodrupedol walking or tree·clim bing, seem particularly designed on human being s for anolher pur· pose: erect posture frees the h(lnds for tile manipulolion of lools, wlle ther rudimentary or ultromodern. Eree! poslure also raises Ille vision and makes it easie r 10 focus upward and outward. An inslinctive inlerest seems 10 lead man to a close scrutiny of Ihe heovens. For him (ls lronamy is the "queen of sciences" ond, for millennia, tile only one. In Ihe early periods of lIis progress he builds mylils or religions aboul tile celesliol bodies, worsllipping Ihe �I'r------------------------------------~~~--~=-=-~~ Sun and Moon, Jupiter, Venl,ls and Mars, or Queholcoatl, or Odin. He iocoles his future salvation in on vnearlnl), or o ther-worldly life in Heave" . He ';Ilks hi s military adven tures wilh celestial port en ts and his omO'O\l' desires to the Moon or 10 Star·du sl. In all limes and pll;lces, his hislory reveals (I troubled conscious· ness of the great un;"cue oround him. Th i, c e le.t ial focul di ffe rentia tes him a nd narrOw, hi, rang e of re ceptivity. If othe r onim a l. o re 1'101 for •• igh ted enough to .ee the ,10". and olmo. t c cr ta inly ign ore them , they ",ake up fa. it by perceiving th in g. wh ic h mo n fo il. 10 nOl e . A do g heo" .ound. whi c h Ihe human eOr miHcl . The o wl ,,, ike' 01 it. m i c <J ~t prey Vlhen h..,rnon be in g. Ore 10.1 in the dar k. Ne ady all anImal. fallow t ellial ~ scents too refined lor human perception . Bah and fi.h re.pond to vibra tions which me'" cannot feel ; and '0 on. HumCln perception of Ihe cele.tiClI e nvirClnment Clnd relCltiYe inJensiliyity to eClrlhly .ounds, smell,. a nd yibratiClns ClppClrently con stitute an innate opeciCllil Cltion withi", th e nClturClI ,cherne. f rom Ihe inyention o f Ihe leYer and Ihe whe e l down to the launching of ar tificia l e mlh sCltellites. man hCl' reveClled CI dilli ntlive ability to corry oul in creasing ly complex operations . This ability depend. upon hi. elaborate communicat ion ,y.tem . Many .pecie. (e.g. bi rdsl u. e .ystems of , ignol. sounds, move' mento. vibrat io n.-Io coordinole group activiti e s. The human Iystem of .ym b ols is much mare elaborate . One of the malt a rticulate of Our speciel on Earth, Shake.pe are. i, colcula led to have u.ed over 25,000 diffe rent word.; and. of cour.e, on individu a l under · stand. more word s than he ule, . Through ward •. man communicate, a partial reproduction of certain procellel, both natural and artific ial. If he is ju.t one of the nolurClI specie. having a parliculor ecologic al func · tion, limi tCllions on hi. foculti'H are to be e ... pec led . For inslonce, he can d e scribe the growlh and decline of the . Ion and galaxies of OUr universe, but he (.onnot tell why Ihe univers e e ... isll. His reproduction of these prOCCHe. i. descriplive. com parative, analogi. cal. He knows how 10 make an atom e ... plode, b ut he does nol know why an atom or On uplosion is. Eve n wi thin the descriptive realm hi. capacity to re produce re ality in word. rea ches limils beyond whi ch he cannot go. How big or how old i. the universe? Such a question lead. beyond man' s needs for pracIi cCl I activily. Here hi. symbol. foil. On the one hand, he canno t conceive Iho l lhe un iverse slops in a certain place, because lomething wo uld have 10 b e b e yond ; an the olher hand , he uses Ihe word infinily, b ut cann o l reCllly imagine iI, He ha s equal diftkulty in cancei ying either thaI the universe had a beginning or that it did not. Man i, no l omn'<eie nt. nor capable o f being omniscient. Hi. men ta l equ ipm e nt is not d e · signed to enoble him 10 comp,e"end all the mysteriel and ull imClte mea ni ngs, Ho wever , it io well des igned 10 e nabie him to op e rale 01 a certa in level wi lhin Ihe uni yer.e. He co n learn the molian s o f the ,Ita n a nd planels, the gr avilic , electromagnetic and othe r field. of au ler spoce, th e pri n cipl.s Clnd mechanici of flighl. for Ihi••or t of purpose, indnd, his equipmen l see ms pe rfe ct. Instinctively, oe nlienl "umon being s haye long been drCl wn 10 Ihe id e Cl of flighl, For cen luriel men have o Clually dr~om e d of flyi n g . lindberg" 's (falling of the ~lla nlic Ocean drew forlh CI grea ter popula r re sponse Ihan the viclories of military heroes. From boy· hood on, men find .peciol Ihrills in 'peed, in operaling complu machinery, in lilt ing b. hind Ihe controlboard of fa st·mo ving vehicles, in eAplor;ng Ihe unknown. Wi thin the limi lCl lion l of Earthly life, men pul " roc ket" eng;n=; in the ir cars, mount hig" sla bi/i u r fi n. on Ihe rear fenders, and .eek rides which will toke I"em " out of this world. " They read lIuck Rogers and other 'pace or ,cience fi ction . Such dreaming, reading , Clnd ploy-ac ting seem wholly nalurol if the make·believ. of tod ClY prepares for Ihe realily of tomorrow . Eco logic al anoly.i. luggelts Ihot each species, pursuing ils own ends, not only pro mote. its own lurv; Yal but actually piaYI a useful role in Ihe buitd·up of a rich, na tural paltern of energy-e ... change. Why space flight is importon' 10 human ends will be dilcuned in a IClter CI ,lieie. T"e ecological 5 space journal �~I quellion here under discussion is: How does Ihol octivi ty contribute 10 Ihe nalural bolonce? To this question, onalogy suggests thaI fertilizotion may be Ihe answer. Within Ihe limi ts 01 a single plonet, birds, bees and many olher animals disseminate Ihe seeds and pollen of Ihe plants. In Ihe e~ploralion of planets, many of them either comple tely rocky and dusty or else supporting only rudimentary forms of life, men would naturally seek Illasc planets which could support odvonced life -forms. To these he would bring plon ts ond animals to suppor t human cultures. Prcsumobly he woul d bri ng some back, too. He would Ihus ac tually enrich natural oclivity in Ihe area of his explorations. like on interplanetary bird or bee, his disseminating agency would contribute to the profusion of life on tfle plane ts he reaches. He may do more. l ong·period comets and polar shifts may become subjecl to his forecasting. Ultimately he may seek to exert his influence to prepare for, mitigate, or per· hops even oRset any major impacl. Such activities are familiar to him in his Earthly his lory of developing new lands and conli. nenls. An ances tral foreshadowing of the 6 space journal ac livi ly is contained in two of the mos l memorable biblical accounls: Ihe variant stories of the crealion and ferlilizotion of the Earth (Genesis 1 and 21; and the slory of the preservation of species in Noah 's ark (Genesis 7). His future aClivities in the uni· verse may resemble those ancient tales. The hypothesis developed in Ihe preceding sections would also explain the strug gle s and strains of history. The main problems of suc' ceHive generations would be to develop the required ability, based on the amassing of observations and formulation of words / ideas. The flexing of scientific muscles in wa r, the groping for purpose and meaning ful rel o . tianship to the cosmos-th rough religion, philosophy and poetry-would all contribute to the growth of the species toward its ma ture role in the universe. Such on incubation period may seem slow 10 a human individual. But the nalural uni· verse allows for long time·s pons. The ages of stars and planets are numbered in billions of years. The grawth of a rich natural balance in a swamp may require millions of genera· tions of insecls. Ecologic p ragreuion may depend upon thousands of generations of one type of anthropoid displacing thousands of generations of another. It tokes a caterpillar only a few weeks to develop into a butterfly. But the activities of the butterfly are relatively simple. II seems well within the time· spons of Ihe natural "heme if humans require a few hundred genera tiOns to evolve within thei r colleclive cocoon o r ineuba lion·planet, before ochiev· ing the elaborate operation of interplanetary flight. II these comparisons are valid, then the present historical moment is a vital stage of social troOlition from a quasi ·larval condition to that of full flight. Successful accomplishment of the transition will parlly depend on our true unders tanding of iu characler and purpose. To that end, this article has been devoted to on interpretation of the function of human interplanetary flight from the point of nature as a whole. A loler article will review the usefulness of space flight directly 10 humans, evaluating its importance for Our growth and ultimate SUfv;vOI. ��SP A C E SA TE L LITES I launch ing the explorer sat e llit es B y J ames J .. ",. . l. $".."y _, be,," ;" C.d., I.o;d •• I. w• • on .. ... " I l . 1911 . . . . ." ." ..... w .... "i.... M.d C'"......"".1, .1.. ["'U ... eo• •1><.'......" •. 5 ••, _ , . . 1>-0.. '0_ !>lat. do_"'_>C,. " " _ ,. . .. .. ... ..... """ _ , ••• ,. ' ho foo, d . f ....... , , _, _ ' _' " . , . 19.0 . . .100 ..... , M'",10 ..... o. "_,_ ... _,. "'''''''e On November 8, 1957, the Secretary of Delense announced that the U.S. Army was to participate in the scientifIC p rogram of the International Geophysical Yeor. II is now 0 matter 01 history Ihol 83 days later 01 4.8 seconds after 10:55 P.M. [EST) on Jonuo ry 31, 1958 , bplorer I wos placed in orbit, and in 114.8 minutes it had completed its first journey oraund Earth. Many readers, both students and prac ticing engi neers, are fomilior wi th Ihe length 01 time Ihot e lapses between Ihe initio lion of a design ond Ihe .ealization 01 the operating hardwore. It is ob"ious thai 0 task of the magnilude required for Ihe launching of on Earth .atellite cannol be carr ied out within on 83-doy pe· riod wi thout utili zing a grea t deal of e}listing hardware, and this hos been true in the E..plorer program . f or a number of ye ars the Army Ballistic Missile Agency has been developing Ihe Red· stone, a medium range, surlace 10 surface, ballistic missile. When the intermediate range bollistic miuile, Jupiter, WO I ossigned 10 the Agency, it was recognized th a t the de"elopmenl program could be compressed if certain c rit icol compo nents ond subsystems could be flight. lested during the time Iho l design and production of the basic Jupiter missile were be- Th •• ,.1, . , ',uelur. <on'"in inll .h. L. ing accamplished. The eKisting Redstone mis' ,ile proved to be a valuable te.1 ve hicle for this purpo.e, and a cerloin number of the le miuile. were modified and renamed Jupiter-A. This pro"ed to be (l satisfac tory solution to many of the design and d e "elopment problem. for Jupiter components; however, there was one outs tanding problem which required od"anced teding techniques, and thi s was the famous re-entry problem. The major task, in this case, was the protection 01 the Jupiter warhead Irom the terrific heat generated by fric lion as it re -ente", ot hypersonic velocities, the atmosphere from essen ti ally outer space conditions. In o rder 10 obtain "ilal test data under oclual conditions with e}listing hardware, it was necenory 10 " soup up" the ba'ic Redslone design. This called lor the use o f a higher energy fue l tho" normally is required. This fuel, unsymme lrical dime lhylhydrazine, afforded Ihe necessory inc rease i" the thrust level for Ihe engine. I" odditio", th e burning time of this b ooic Redslo"e thrust unit forming the fin l stage of this composite missile was i"<reased by lengthening Ihe propella"l ta"ks. This could be done since the weight 01 the uppe r stages was less tno" Ihol 01 Ihe Redstone top uni t which it replaced. Even the.e measures were insufficie,,' to give the a"erall performa"ce required, and so additional propuls'on stages were needed. These were designed, developed, and tested by the Jet Propulsion Loboratory of the Coliforn'a Institute 01 Technolog y. At this time they were working an 0 "oriely of solid ·propellont missiles for the Army Ordnance Corps and were confident that. w,th some modifications, they hod rockel mOlars suitable lor Ihe task and thai Ihey J"pH.,. C ",iu il. ... iI n_"", ,",in9 a' Cope Con".. ,,,I, '10. SK onD' hf",,_ .he mi .. ;!. i, r.,. d ond 0".' "II 'e'" "nd f"./ing "r. ,om pl.'.' th o .".. <t .. , . i. t oll. d 0"0, f'om .h. mi"it.. I Siamy ..... 8 J.______-=~'p__. _c_e__io__"_'n_._I________________•___ o;____________________. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , i ��Cu'a"'", .1..... 0/ f. plo,. " , ud m . 'a.h ." '. II"~' "'. ".u,. <o.""c 'ad;,,'lo~ ;ft.ld. "ftd ou,,/d • •h .",.11;,• . The low power tr ammi trer ape rate d on a frequency o f 108 megac ycles, and the high pawer transmitter aperated on a frequency of 108.03 meg a cycles. The low powe r Iron,. miller was elt pected ta transmi t data for Iwo ta Ihree month , before ih batteries d ischarged; Ihe high power transmitter, on the arher hand, wa s e~pecred to lost only two weeks. These e~pectatians have been ful. filled. The onoly ticol prablem of determining ho w the outer surfoce of the sotettite should be prepared in orde r 10 obtain prope r tempera- 'Mu.;'" .1.. ,1" 0/ "'. '.or;'. ","" ,ei... "ftd '. "'p.,a'u,•• rure con lrol of Ih e interior is a very diAkuh one . The veh icle is eltposed to Ih e lutt rodio. rion of the Sun; a nd, in turn, il becomes 0 rad iating body os il pones inro Eorlh's shodow. The tempera ture ollumed by th e inrerior mechanisms depends on this rodiotion bolance and the heot conduction parh be. twee n Ihe electronic compone nts and the e xte rior envi ronment. In view of this, it is desirable to measure the temperolure at severa l points inside and outside the soleJtite, and this info rmat ion is 01 vital imporlance for the proper design of future soleliites. " space iournal �Erosion by cosmic debris is also on impor· tont foclor, The meosuremenl of it is mode in two ways: firsl, by means of on ,mpacl microphone mounted on Ihe ederior surface of Ihe so leliile which regislers collisions occur· ring anywhere on the outside of the satelli te, The microphone e~periment indicotes the fre· quency of impoci by particles with more Ihan a cerlain minimum momenlum, Second, 0 syslem of grids composed of very ,moll wires wound on a care waS i",lolled neor Ihe oft end of th e so teliile 10 measure impocts by me teorite particles greoter Ihan 0 certoin minimum man. The meteori!e e~perimen! was designed by M, Dubin of the Air Force Combridge Reseorch Cenler. A geiger counter and on a ssocia ted scoling circui l were 0110 included in Ihe Explorer I for th e purpose of mea.uring cosmic ,odiatian and transmitting its in tensi ty back to Earth. The measuremenh were all made continuously ond transmi tt ed simulioneously, and no type of information storage device was used. Dat a gathered by the ,olellite was picked up by ground stations du ring the 10lellile's postage over head, This cosmic roy experimen t was designed by Dr. James A. Von Allen of the State University of Iowa. In addition to information received directly from th e satellite through its instruments, il also provides basic scientific informotion simply by being in orbit. Ground observo· tions of the so tellile p rovide da ta obout the ionosphere, Ear lh'l mognelic field, and olmos· ph eric density Ihot, un til now, hos been based on indirecl evidence ond theoreticol ossump_ tions. Accurate optical and rodio observation of changes in the .oieliile's orbit also provide basic informa tion as to grovilolionol onomalies in the Eort h's fie ld. The exact amoun t 10 which Eorth', shope deviotes from on idea l sphere can thus be dete rmined from such observations. '-inol ou*mhl, 01 .h hplor., I .....11,.. On. .0•• Ifi,*', ' ... 0 ,,,dig "on. ",iff." i• • i.ihl. in Ih ... ' ion of th '0".' �9 Explorer III which wos subsequen tly lounched is 01'0 in orbit ot this lime. Thi. vehicle is gath e ring and Iransmitting the same type of information 01 Explorer I. There arl! enen lially no differences between the carrier vehicle or Ihe loun ching methods of Ihe la lel liles. The'l! ore, however, levero' .ignificanl chonge. in the instrumentation of Explorer III. A maior chonge in Ihe sa tellile is the oddilion of a miniature lope recorder, d e veloped by Ihe Stole University of lowo. This device ;s collecling ond recording on tope Ihe dolo an ca.m;c rodiat ian encountered during Ihe 10101 orbit. This informa tion ;s played back upon a .ignal given from a ground slalion. The lope is then automatically erased and rese l. Scientists consider information gained from Ihi s memory sys lem a marked improvem e nl over Ihal of Explore r I. The first sOlellite dispolched dala conlinUQusly; bul it wa s recei ved only in areas under the orbilal bond Ihol hod ' h g./g ... <Dun,,", ~,.eI ,~ ,< bo.h loplor." lor .. e",.,e "eM 01 <0, .. 'or in .....i.r· I~" e " ,em.l, .",,,/1 .ope 'K",eI..., in hpj",., m, 'Korel. elo'" .... ,~ . pr ....... of co • ..,ic fOY. eI",I., 'h ,,,'el/;,.·, ,,,101 orbi,. On " . Igna! I,,,,,, r"rth, ,e<MeI., f.potl • •h. ;nl .............. II ~o, ,,,,h.,.J eI",in, 'be orbi" ou'o· "'''',colf, ........ ".d ...... if.ell_11 In " I... ,.<ond. .b. ,h. Il sp~ce iourn~l �- -,.' 0' w 0' w W 0 ' W .... ,. 'NON AU'" "'. . ~ 'I?- ~" .. .. w ~. (j)~....... • w ':~ ,.' ~ .. , .. -",~ . u"",, " .. -' . . W .. - -~--~ '" The prela rlc hing pro cdu.e for o th b · plorers waS uch like th standard 0 erotion fo r o<!y lorg , liq uid-pro elled mis8l2.3A~ 1 of the function of checkou , propulsio ,syst e m tes ting, fueli g, ozimuth ing chedou e tc. we re rh. "'It l o u' ", bjl$ 01 r.pl",. , III o_e, .h fguh. Th. .h. ",.d ", Jupjte r.C. . . M<1t I"yn<he c/ .,,'ollilo, w,u " 35 dell'" i nc/; no" " " to .h. Equo'O<. Th. , .... lliI. ;, otbj,ing On on ."......,.-;,,1 bond be ....... ,h. 35th I",j· ",do. ""flit ond .oulit. the 10ll... r $1(1 es of Ihe as enl, 1'15{B.~ power planl pend e d. I r<Jf;"4, nd fell bad to Earll. The upp ... stages s'fi'o r y afte r.... ard re(lch the ape~ f Ihe arc. J 51 prior Ihe tim... hen the vehi Ie attained s m(l~i 10 mum height, he second ground slo l;ons. Mony blanks thus occurred ;n Explorer 1', record, partitulorly when Ihe so/cUi le wos over large bodies o f water. El(plo.e r III, however, is sending out cosmic ro diolion information representotive of rhe 10101 orbit. Thus, there being conducted, for the ignmenl!, I emeler· orried oul. During 5 ge was fir The firs t ta ge of th ... missi le ca r ied Ihe payload to ilf perigee distance m the Earth. Other doges of t e missile reased the sa tellite speed 10 rha t ne<;es ory for orbi ting, a r hour. nimum 01 1 000 miles The upper st ges were spi 1-stabilized, in mu ch the monner a riAe bull This woo one by electric mot'}"c"m,o~"""",d"i\ ilh in Ihe n se sec· lion of Ihe ai n 5t 9 .... sto 5 w pr pell(lnl .5 first lime, (I compre hensive survey of 10101 cosmic "'Y intensity above Earth with respect 10 both time and po.ition. 14 space journal e SOlei· lite 'pro " ima re rbiting th of ap- YlCJOl!!!~""IlJLIlJ","ds. �SPAC E SATELLITES I spatial orie nt ati on 01 the exp lo, e, sateft ites By Cha.I•• A. l~n~.u; " So"'~ ()a •• ' •• "0' "",n ;n W,b· "*., .. I. ,"lln_',gH• • 0<,; .0<1 f, ... $0,'), D.".'. 5.... Co"," I. ,u9 ond ),,, 01,,,,,,, ... $I .. , hr. P~" ;" bo' . . ' .... f<Q .. ,100 Un"'''''' .f K.o>o •. II, .... a. a .. I,'onl ",.f... ", .f ••• ,n.. ,'n ••..-,,), •• ~. ,.,,' •• n'o Un;T"'''' S,.,. 010';'0 ,100 Aft. . . .,,,;n. ,100 .,.. , .. I ... " . . . . . . . . . ' Ito .. l~J ~ _'.d".li19SJ ......_ ~'.. ..-0. ,. 19J1i. U....... oil .. "", .............. ' .. 01., 1,... / ),;, ",..." ... ,1';. . . . . Ic), " C•• .t'. ~~yw;" ... d ....... . k'.;" 5oc'Io., 1..-,)' "01.". 0lIl<0 i. ,~. "-,,.y . . III.". """'" , ....... OIM.", . ... <Y_ 110 h ",.,,;0<1 ..nd ... The launchings of the forst United States salellites hove recei"ed widespread notic ... But less w .. n known is the analysis required os Ih e bodies continue to orbi t. The cam pl.. te reduction of scientific information from the satellites is a lang and laborious p rocess, and final canc h/sians can be reached only many months alter launching. One o f the ma ny interesting questions to be considered is the sa tell ite orienta tion or a lT itude in sp a ce. This consideration has many implica tions. Changes in the time for a re volu ti on about the Eo rth-Ihe period, Ihe str ength of radio signals received from the satelli te, the br igh lness of the body compa red to the stars, and the temperot ur es in Ihe satellite are all affecled b y Ihe salellite's orientation in space. When a buller leaves the muzzle of a rifle , it is spinning .apidly. In ils flight to the target, this spi n keeps the nose of th e bullet pointing forward_ Th e original orientation with which the spinning bullet began its fligh t is maintained by the gy.oscopic p rinciple. Thus, tile bullet's altitude or position relat;ve to the Earth, is fixed in space by rh e orie nla· tion of its axis a nd tile spi nning mo tion im - Cil arle5 Lu ndqu 5 t parted to it. The same p ri nciple is used in launc hing the hplorer sa telli tes. The last three . Iog es of the Jupiter·C ond the in, tru· menta ti a " packages are spinn ing from Ihe time the rocke t leaves tile g round. For this re a son the satellites enter th ei r orbi ls under much the same conditions as a bullet begin"ing its flight. If Ille. e satenites we re perFectly rigid bodies and if rhey were not acted upon by e xterna l forces, the tows of mechanic. demand tllar the o.ien totian of tile axi s of spin of the satellite remain Fore ver fixed in spoce_ (See fig. I.) By rllese same lows, the pol ar a~is of tile Ea rth is requi.ed to alway. point to the Narlh Star as Ihe Eartll revolve s in itt orbit, Til e Explorer bodies ar e, howeve. , aeled upon by external Farces. Furtller, E~p lorer I is no t a rigid body becau.e tile four antennas for one of its radio transmi tters are made of fle xib le coble. (See fig. 2.) Thus, the a tt itude of these sa tellites wi ll not be fixed in space . Fo r tllis re a son Ihe situa tion i1 .omewhat more complica ted and interes ling. Even at the normal height of pre.ent sa te 1liles, enaugll atm os p here remain. to re tard their motion, Tlli. re sis lon ce is proportional to rhe amount of sa telli te surface area pro· jected in the direction of ils flight. Tllus, tile Explorers in te rce pt 16 limes mare of tllese pa.lide. if rile y move broadside Ilion if they move end an. (See fig. 3.1 The corresponding atmospheric drag on the sa te ll ite body affech the shape of it. orbit and tll ese orbital changes may be observed. Then, iF tile arien· ta tion of Ille satellite, it. shope, velocity, and position are known, tile otmalpheric density may be deduced From observed orbital cllanges. '5 space journal ��ri ~u' • •. ""/Iud• .. hich und., idoo' cond,'ion. , h"lo'.' r .. ould ha •• " .. u",.d Another imporll:'"t fac tor in terrelated with orientation is the satellite's relative brigh tness as viewed from ' he Earth. This apporen' bright. nen, as compored to backgro~nd stars, primarily depends upon how the body is aligned with respect to the Sun and Ihe observer. Thus during dawn and dusk abservo· tion conditionl the salellite's alignmenl in space will de termine the reflecting surface visi b le to observers. Of course, the reflectivi ty of the satellite also e!tech its apparen t b rightnen. Studies have been conducted to judge the e!tecl of vorioUI solellite positions ond olignmenls on the el\posed reflecling surface ond the subsequent solellile brigh lnen at various attitude s, The assumed orien tation ond spinning mo tion could be verified by accurate m,... ~i<h II~u'. , . Tho £.t>I",o, , ,,, .. ift""'m.ftfO~Oft ""chg. ".,UI rho <on';'" 01 lourlh flogo, rh �obseryations wnich note changes in apparent brightneu. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Obseryotory is analysing such data. finally, orientation again is important because torques are exerted on these satellites since they act as canducton, spinning in the magnetic field of the Earth. These forces depend upon the direction and magnitude of the Earth's magne tic r,eld relatiye to the sotel· lite. The resi stance encountered, temperatures, apparent bright ness, radio signal strength, and electromagnetic torques for (I spinning ~oteflite haye been seen to depend upon its alignmenl in space. If the satellite is a sph ere, the r,rst three are not primarily affected by orientalion. Hence, all fiye factors are mos t interesting in the case of the Explore ... Changing Ih e point of yiew, each of these effect. may be used to help determine Ihe altitude of the satellite in space. Analysis of data from Explorer I supports the tenta tiv e conclusion that tile satellite went to (I small Iroction 01 tile original rate. As Illi. lIappened, a transition 10 th e final flat spin look place. Thi. transition from on axial 10 a flat spin may lIave been aggravated by flexing of Ille antennas wllicll would allow tile diuipotion of energy wilh very little change Icanse.votionJ of tile angular momentum due to tile spin transition. Tllu. the final angular momentum approximately equalled the initial angular momentum. At burnout tile final rocket stage of Explorer 1 hod a spin rate of approxima tely 750 .evolutians per minute about ils longitudinal axis. Th e respective momenh of inertia about Ihe longitudinal axis and Ihe fla t spin axis have a .atio of aboul 100 to 1. Tllis is due 10 the distribution of sateltite moss about END ON ATTITUDE inio a flat spin soon after it was launclled. (See fig. 4.1 The fint evidence of tllis was found by tile Californio Institute of Tecllnology, Jet Propulsion labora tory, from measurements of til e radio signols from Ihe satellite. During Ihe rorst few orbits about tile Ear lh, tile records point to a reduction of tile bulle t-l ike spin about tile long axis of the body 18 space journal BROADSIDE ATTITUDE f!g~, . J. O'"g ./I' . ..s "n Ih. f~pJo,., I .",.11"0 c/~. I" 'ho o, .. '~do 01 I" moss Th. <r<... ·h",.hoc/ ,,'o.. s Inc/i · ,,,,. 'ho .ol~",. ,w.", Io, ,he ."1.//,,. in ol'h., " po,,,lIo' C' po'puc/lout", ,,1II1uc/. 10 j" OIloil,,' polh . �predominonl feoture 01 lotcr records has been variation of radio sign a l ot.engt" having a period of app roxima te ly 8 seconds. A sample of such a re cord is shown in fig. 5. Tkis observolion is consis tent with a fla t sp in ond ind icates Ihol this is the ocluol condition. Due to the oblate for m of the eorth, the plane ond mojor oxis of the orbit both rotat e. As the bplorer I, in its flat spin, passes Ihrough the orbitol pe rig e e (closest po in t to th e Ea rth ] and is oeled upon by appreciable drag to rques, the orien tat ion of its rotational oxis wi!! be c hon ged . Forces of el ec tra- (I 'ig~'. ~. Th Wot ,pin 01 h pj",." r~. ,pin o , i, 10 no long., pO,,,U.1 .<> .~. rongitudi",,1 0 ' ;' r"di«>IIOM ", • •~o' ,~. ,o ,.rl". ~". " p.,io<! 01 oppro,;,.,., .." 8 .. <.,,,d •. I j the different oxes, If conservo lion of angu lor mom entum as mentioned b efore is assumed, th e n a flat spin role of 7.5 revolutions per minu te will result du e to th e 100 to I ratio. This rote of 7.5 revoll,llions per minute o r . 125 revolution per secorld corresponds to a Fill~" 5. A r, pico! m.a,y , .monl ,,/ ,111"'" ",ength I,,,", f.p l",., I . Noli<. thot th. "'''io, po., k (actu.,1 .I"nor ,,,,;,,,,,,,,) .,«~" .,pp,o.;m.,r.l, .. 8 "COn d., I"dk.,'i"" ., no, 'pi" ,,,,, I", ,he ,.".Ilire 01 rh ,., ... ,.Iol i •• lim •. ,.,.i •• d or, flat spin period of 8 seconds. {See fig. 4.) A 19 space journal �magnetic origin p robably «IU"~ .imilar devi a - tiom. Tempera ture doto re<:eived from the sol elli le yiel d. ,orn e insi g ht into rhis solutio n. Ex p ected various tem pe ratures o .. umptions of calcula te d sOl elli te under orienta tion ho ve be e n compared wi'h temp eratu re me a. UH!ments made On board the solelli te a nd leleme lered 10 the Ea d h. The o verage in_ te rio. te mperatu re, calculate d on the assump ti o n of 0 flat . pin and an axial spin about 'h. long ~ ,~ ,~ m 0 ll<> &00 0 T (. I() - :Jl9i ,,0 0 o DOt? 0 0 00 (J 0 0 ,~ '" " 0 0° 0 0 >0 0 ......T 5"'" .~ ,~ ....... 30 ~ 10 "'"' ..... 01<11<0 -lO ~ '" 0 fig",. 6 . G,ap~ ,.I"';(I~,h;p d e p,<I, 'he h'w.en me", " u,. d "no:! .. peele d 'emp.'''_ , ty, .. t'''Mm,lIed b, f . plo,., 20 space journal ~ ~ ~ '0 ~ '0 T I·F I Oll;S, ore shown in on illustralion. [See fig. 6.) The cirded points are temperatures measured on the satellite. Note that the observational do to doe s not agree with temperatures to be ellp e cled if Ihe bullel-like sp in remained unchanged; Ihal is, if the Iran silion ta a flat spin did not take place. Ho wever, d uring Ihe first twenty days, the p red icted temperatures for the case of a flat sp in wh a se alli s is fi xed in spa ce do not agree we ll e ith e r. If, as p reviously suggested , the orienlation of the axis about which the flat spin i. e xecuted, changes due to exlernal forces, the expected lemperatllre would have values fl uc tuating in Ih e neighborhood of JO O" K. This is in a gree ment with th e abser · vationol doto . The Smi th so n ian Astroph ysical Observatory has re porte d variolion in the rate of change of t he orbital period . This might also be relaled to the satellite attitude through prope r onol ysi s. The flexible ontennos, whi ch probobJy cause d th e flat spin conditions on Ellplorer I, we re omitt e d on Explorer Ill. Pre liminary t!vi denc e indicote s that the tran sition to a flot sp in is muc h le H ropid fo r this satellite. Thus. im p rovement in the sotellite configuration was accomp lished by analysis of ovoilable information from Explorer I records. As this is written, the satellites in question are still orbiting and transmitting data. The analysis of the above phenomena is continuing. The final result of these studies wiU be a n under standing of what tho orientation of the satellit e s has been d uring their lives. Thil picture must be Cortsis!enl wilh the obse rv atianal data on the varieties discussed. Onc e Ihi. co nsistent pic t ure is ab tairted. it can in turn be used with confidence in the onolysis ortd del Nmirta l iort of the mor+y queslior+s o b o ut space a nd spoc e ve hid e s. �S , , c: ( '11AllSIS , Ii f e Dn I 'ft" S' " h lln,. r, D', .,'., . f .. ,_, ~ . ,., . 0'" Offl, • . "' .. . l olt '''', ,.i"ll• • • • n" . ~. , bo," In NI.d."I .. "."k. c;., ... n•• O... ", bo •• 19 13 . .... . ".n"-<l ,,~ •• I .1 ' ," ~I • • ", . nd .. . !I,. c. I•• " ~I. d. "...,. In p~",I" .' Vni ..... " .f , .. bl ..." I. 1936 . .... " ",to... ,.",1, .. ," 0. . H• •• 001 •• ,. 0."'0.., of t ho c;. 1... _t... ,_. . 'Ow"". !.. ...... .,,0. . 0.. $t .. .. .... , ...1. . . . . . . . _,~ ;0 c..... t ~ ,,;t' , ho 0. ..... _ , t .... t .. , ... V· , O.ld'" .1 ..1... 110 ........1_ ' ..... TlI . . to' I .... ;t.;. I, ItOd 0.,1 • • d.d; . . .' . ' ..", .. , ....... ,,; .. ,,,,. ..... .., .1 •• ,_," ........"".1 .". _.. .. t. ' ......, __ ~; .t, , Part II All the countlen observations of celestial bodi es, many of them with the mast ingenio"s methods known to modern science. have not yet given us a definite proof of the exidence of life in places outside 01 Ollr own Earth . The only direct indication of the possibility 01 living motler existing on another star is the observation of green patches on the surface 01 Marl. These polches e~pond during the Morlian Iprino and Slimmer and recede again during fall and winter. They are commonly interpreted as being cOIl,ed by green plants, probably nO I 100 different from our mOHes and Ikhens. Olher than this one ob· servation. no trace 01 life has ever been observed in the universe . And yet, scientists state with a high degree of certainty Ihal life must be expec'ed to exist on other slars. They bOle .his stalemen' on a simple rule which, for a long time , has served as a most powerful and a mos' succeuful guide to the biologist. II simply stole, that when the nece.· sory conditions for a certain developmenl are fu lfilled , nature initiole s this development very readily. Applying thil rul e . we mus t ex· pect that life hO I developed on many other celestial bodiei on which the necessary con - ···lif. Oft Ern s I B, oth., Sto .. :· PD" 1958 . p . 10. I , S' ,,"CE JOU'" DI, .p,ing , Dt~er star s Stu h I n 9 e r dition, lor its development were met at one time or another. A. we onumed in the first par t 01 thi. article,' Ihere ore obout 100,000 planets withi n our galo~y whi ch very probably are iimllor to Eor!h. Thot pori of our universe which can be observed with todoy's means (ontoins. in oli likelihood, no less than len thousand billion planets on which , at some time, condi lions were lauorable for Ihe developmen' 01 life . What, then, are these conditioni? Fin', there mu~1 be a soufce to supply energy in on adequate lorm to the living organ;sm~. Second, there mud be a source 01 "building material " to provi de Ihe proper row ma teri al lor their growth. Third, there must be water. Fourth, the te mperature variations must be within reo.onoble limih, about - 20 C 1_4 FJ to 80 C (176 FJ. Fifth, there must not b e an excessive amount 01 poisons or ot her agents detrimental to living mailer. Once life has developed on a planet, it may well adopt itself to leu stringe nt conditions. Many o rganism~ on Earth li ve and even thrive in regions where the temp e ra ture regularly drops lor below zero or where there i5 no waler or air. However, it is not probable Iho' living organisms could grow th rough Ihe very early phases 01 their ontogene tic development if the temperolure dropped (ons iderobly below zero lor longer periods or if there were no wa'er and air. + Yet Ihese requirements are nol enough. II we fill carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , o,d water in a tes t tube. irradiate it with sun ligh., provide a convenien t temperature and keep poisonous material oul, th e re will still be no development of life. A living cell, e ven the mosl primi.ive, contains protein. The bOlic elemen" making up protein molecule, ore 21 space iournal �corban, hydro gen, oxygen, and nilrogen; but each protein molecule has a ve ry !o rg e num · ber of atoms. These otams are ononged in e dremely comp!ico ted but very ord e ,'y pot· te rns. Even though many diReren t pa tt erns of atoms moy be farmed ius t by random events in 0 mixture of those atoms in the course of time, it is improbable that the for· motion of 0 highly complex pralein molecule, ius l os a rando m even t, is completely negligi. ble, even ove r a time spon of million. of ye ars. A very special force il necessary to p ut the atoms in the righ t order, to arrange them in such a way that a pralein molecule resulls. Even so, would this complicated pro. tein molecule, immed iat ely a fter its formO lion be aliv e' Wo uld il show the charoderis tic fealu re. of life, Ihe metobo lism, the regula. lory proceues, the growth, the tendency 10 procreate, Ihe developm ent of protedive meOlures ond, mosl importanl of all an in· heren l Irend for evolution? These fealures which make live matter so charac leristicolly diR e rent from dead ma lt er, can they be unders tood at all on Ihe basis of th e lows of no lure as we know them from loday's physics and chemistry? Or do we have to assume a crea tive ad from for outside Ihe boundaries of our natural sciences? There is, I b elieve, only one answer which we Can give in han· e sty: we do not know. But this very question hal been with mankind as long as there hOI been scientific Iho ugh l. It will certa inly re· main not only the most intriguing question of all science, but also one of the mos t pro· found questions which can be asked by man. The physical sdences have given us 0 marvelous picture of the inorgan ic world, ex· tending out 10 the re mote galaxies of th e universe ond down into the su b microstruc· tures of the atomic nuclei. We understand the laws Ihat make Ihe sian move; we can design complicated machines which utilile the forces and interaclions of eledric phe· nomena; we have learned to move through the air, and beyond ii, with unbelievable speeds; ond we draw almosl limi ll eu power f rom the interior of Ih e a tom. Biology has been no leu successfu t in revealing the low, that underlie the world of animals and plants. 22 space journal The lows of physics and chem istry , correclly applied, ore valid also in the realm of o rg anic matter. And ye l the fundamental questiol1 which fa ces Ihe natural scientist is still unanswered: are the laws of physics and chem. istry, includi ng Ihou: still unknown, suffident to exp lain Ihe formation of living matter? All we can do is to continue our researches in to the mysteries of nature, even if this question should remain unanswered for a very long time. Scientists, indeed all of us, would be reluctan t 10 assume that our little plone l Earth is the on ly ploce in the vast universe on which li fe has developed. Allhough we do not know wha l causes a pro tein molecule to develop oul of its basic ingredienh and what makes it behove like a live protein molecule, we are confide!,1 Ihot noture iniliotes Ihis development whenever. and wherever, the conditions are right. This reasoning implies that lif..--even on Earlh-may have started in more thon one place, and more often than once. In fact, it is conceivoble thol molecules whic h poness th e charaderistic fea tures of life developed mony limes on Earth, and continue to develop today. It should be assumed, though, thot Ihe first phases of Ihis development, taking place in a single live protein molecule, may well toke millions and millions of yeors and thot such a molecule e;o:hibits Ihe feotures of life in such on inconlPicuous monner thot we may nol b ecome owore of ils exislence, even if we had il in our test tube. Earth owes its life-fovQring condi tions to ils atmosphere, its stare of water, and its proxim ity to Ih e Sun. The elements found on Eorth are the same os Ihose found on olher celestial bodies. This can be verified by on analysis of the light which reaches Earl h from other slars. The chemical compounds, however, ore quite different on slars and plone". While Ihe allIer regionl of Ihe Sun consis t mainly of hydrogen ond helium ond only Iroces of particularly hardy componen ts like cyonoge n, silicon fluoride, and tilonium dioxide, the crusl of Eor!h, and that of the plonels, is made up of a greot variety of chemical compounds. The relolive obundonce �of these compounds is very probably the some on the solar planets and in all likelihood, also on the planets of other $lars. This, however, is only true for the solid pori of the planets. Their atmospheres and their water conten t differ very widely. It is this difference and th eir distances from the heat· providing central star which mgkes some planets suilgb!e for life gnd e><cludes others very defin itely. The atmosphere o f Egrlh fulf,lI s g number of functions which are essential for the sup· port of life. It provides 0><Ygen for the gni· mgls and cgrbon dioxide for the plants. It emries rain to the remote st ploee~. It moderates the impact 01 the solar rays during the daytime, and it keeps Ihe surface of Egrlh '.om losing it. heat too quickly during the nighl. It shields the living being s Irom ul! rg violet and cosmic radiation , and it prolects Ihem ggainst Ihe countless meteorites which conslontly shower Egrlh . The animal organism, being constgnlly a t work in one way or gnother, need s a conlinuous supply of energy. 0><Ygen, with it. great gffinity to e><athermic reactions with many olher elements, is on ideal source of energy. Nature chose the slow combus tion of o xygen with other elements as the principal supply of energy for the bodies of animgl.. The luel which is burned with the oxygen of the a tmosphe re is normally some form of plant or gnimol life. It is well known that Ihe body of on animal could not subsist on the com· bUltion of soot or crude oil, allhough the amoun t of heat energy per gram 01 those fuels is much higher than Ihat of a gram 0 1 spinach. This fact indicates very clearly thol Ihe onimgl body does not only require calories for its subsistence, bu t also g specific kind of "molecular orderliness." This peculiar feature of onimgl organisms will be discussed some more in 0 fu lure article. The g tmgsphere gf Earth hgs not always been the sa me th roughout the several billion years of its exislence. In the beginning, Ihere was a great abundance of lighl goses, par· ticularly hydrogen, helium, methane, gmmonig, wat er vopor, an d neon. Ho wever, Ear th could no l retai n these gases while il was still very ho t. They gradua ll y drifted ou t into space, and we must onume that for some pe riod during its development Earth was wi thout on oppreciabJe atmosphere. To understand the reason why a planet cgn lose its atmosphere, we musl toke 0 loo k 01 the structure of our atmos p here in g e neral. 23 space journal �The molecule . 0 1 0 gos 0'., in con.lont mo tion) the ir ~e locities and di ll,<;: lions 0 ' " dis- They wer e ,.,Ieo.ed from Ihe crust o. it .Iowly solid,f, e d. Bul Ih., •., woo . Iill no o . ygen in Ihe I.i buled 01 'a"dom Und e r (a"di tio " , o f "0 •• mal le mpe.olure ond olmo.ph.,ric pr e ssure. oi., o"d if Ih."., ho d been, ,I would ho~" b.,e n co ns um e d ago; " in Ih ., o . ido tion p,oc.,,,e l one cubi c inc h of oi. co ntains about a hund red bill ion bi lli o " mo le cu le •. Eoch of Ihem collid e . wit h onol her on e a fte r 0 po lh of nOI mOre !ho" a hundre d Ihou.ondlh of on inch, ther e by changin g its ~ e l oc i ty and ils direction. The o ~e rog., ~eJociti e. of the mol., cules in (> gas dep e nd on Ihe temperolUfe: Th., holler th e go •. th e higher the o~eroge ve loci ty o f i" mo le cul e •. The meon molecul a r velocities of ~OI;oU' gose. ore listed in loble 1 for Iwo dIff er en T !emperolure •. Some o f the molecules will o lwoys be fo ster thor'! Ihe ove ro ge, olher. will b e Ilo wer. Th e distribU lion of Ih ei r ve. loc itie. follow. a so·co!led Mox wellion distri. bullon cu r~e . 0 1 Ihe ,ad . a nd mine. o ls. Ther e wa s . ome melhane and omm o nio, and Ihis o lmo.t chOOI,c The hei gh I of Ihe atmosphere .. not welt d"fined . It. d en.ity decreases can!;nuau.ly on Ihe way up, but even alan alti _ Iud., of 100 mil es we find .till almo st a billion mol e cule. in .,och cubic inch . Th e po th I.,ngth b.,lw.,., n two colli. ions. howe ~er , ha s increased 10 many thousand miles . If a t o n olli tude of a f.,w hun d.ed miles 0 molecu le happens 10 acqui re a po.licularly high ~elocily in a few lava.oble collisions, and if ils direction i. ,odiolly oulwo.d from Earth, it moy w.,11 o ve rcom e the grovity pull of Eorth ', field and e.cope into Ou ter .poce . The velocity needed fa. Ihi. e.cope i, independe"" of the mall o f Ihe mole<;:ule, bu t dep e nds on Ih., mOil ond Ih., diameler of the plonel. Some , horoc te.htic c Hape veloc ilie. are Ii.t ed in lob le II. Althou gh the av e.oge velaci tie. 01 go.es, .,ve n at highe r le mpero tures, are generally lowe' Iha" Ih e eHape velociti.,. of Eo .th a nd ol h er plo"els, there will always be moJ e cut.,. wha. e velocities, at one lime or onolher, a. e w fficiently high to mo ~e them escape from Ih ei. mother p lonel. In the COune of milli o n. of yeo .. , Ihi. g.oduol escape may w., 11 I.,od 10 a conside.oble rOr.,ficolion , an d eve n a lotol lon, o f a planetary olmo.phere. t" Ih., c o s., of Eorth, it did. II was only much lot e ., o fter fo. lh hod coo led dow", thaI a " ew otm05phe re developed . Corban dio xide, " 'trogen, and water vapor w.,re probobly Ih., main con. liIU.,,,,, of thi. n., w otmo. ph ere. 24 space journa l seH,ng woo probably Ihe backdrop On which Ihe fi.s ! live p lo t., in molecul e. we re fOlm.,d. How Ih is pouibly may have happened , or 01 least what we can co njeclur e today, will be describ e d in more d.,toil in Ihe ne d issue of SPACE Jou rna l. It may suffice hele to nOI., thot the f"st living organism . were probably 5mOU coogulolian. 0 1 proloplosma·like molte., copablill of .plitti ng carbon d ioxid e with the aid of sunligh1. Th e corban and a numb e r of chemical compounds incorporat ing corban wele retained in the orgon;.m, a nd thlll 0.Ygen wo. re leased. We. must assume Ihot Ihe 10101 amouni of oxygen found in ou r o!mosp hele today was produced by plonl o rgani sm • . Th,,'e would b., e v.,,, mOle o.ygen in the oi, today If the pia"", ofter Ihe i. d eolh and du.ing their decay. hod no l us e d up so much of it in a slo w o.idation p.Ocell which fin a lly r... uiled ago'n in corban dioxide. How.,ve •. Ihroughoul Ihe ag e s, muc h of Ihe organic moll". wa s buried deep in Ih e ground whe'e it was nOI "xpo~l!d to Ih., oxygen of thll! a t_ mo sp here. A consid.,rob le omouni of oxygen was Ihe.efo.e I.,ft j" Ihe at mosphe'II!, and huge re~e.voirl of cool ond oi l wer" bu ill up simulloneously in Ihe d.,eper layers 01 Eo.,h ·s crusi. It is very intere lting 10 nole that the total OmOu,,' of o xygen in the atmosphere would jusl about be suffi cie,,' 10 o xi dize the 1010i amount of cool and oil .till bu.ied under th e surface . A"imol life was able 10 d " "elop on eorln os .oon as Ihe oxygen supply wo. sufficienl for its support. The a nimal o.gon i. m depe nd, 10. its food .,nli'l!ly~e ilhe r d i.ectly Or ,,,di.eclly--on Ihe e.i.lenee of p lo"l lif., . But. Ihe production o f corban d io.ide by the a"i. moh is .uch a smoll contribUlion to Ihe lo.ge scale production by oxida tion of dead plonl o rga nisms tha t onimols could no l be conlid _ ered ellentiol lor Ihe e.islence of pia", Iile. II i. conc.,ivoble, the r.,fo.e . Iho l a plOn.,1 ��conloins vegetatio n and no animo!.; b ut it i~ not to be expected that there are pla nets populated by anim a ls and bore of any plontlike organis ms_ It is by no means certain, of course, wh ether life will always develop into a plant branch and on animal branch. Th ere are numerous spec ies of living organisms even on Ear lh which canno t be counted under one of the.e branches. Virus es, bacteria, and even some of th e protozoa, do not clearly belong to the plants or the animals . Some highly specialized paras ites wh ich live in the in lestines of other animals requ ire neit her oxygen nor corban dio xide nor light for their su bsistence; they liv e on sugar o r sto rch which they toke from th ei r immediate vicinity, and they produce energy not Irom ox idation, but from a process of fe rm en ta tion which is controlled by specia l enzymes. These parasites, of cou rse, depend on a live hall. It may be a ssumed with a high degree of certainty that if life develops at all, it will at first be in the lorm of plontlike organisms which consume corban dioxide and release oxygen, with the help 01 sunlight. Corban dioxide and sunlight afe th erefore mandatory for the development of life. Water, 100, is obsolu le ty essen lial, not only o. a source of hydrogen, b ul also as a solvenl, and a s a basis for the colloids whi ch form the bulk of the struc tural materials of plant cells. Mo st o f th e tramportotion of mate rials imid e a living organism, plan t or animal, is done by di ffusion or by osmotic processes; Ihis would be un thinkable without water. With its large specific heat, wate r is on ideal ther mostat which helps to equalize the te mpera ture wi lh_ in one organism and which protects the organism aga inst rapid changes in te mp eratu re. Jt i. true that life can exist for long periods of tim e without wat e r, as in dry spores or seed.. Howeve r, Ih is is a latent kind of life on ly, and no t the active development of living organisms. There are even mammals, like the little desert mouse, which never drink wate r dur ing their whole life; they syn lhesize it oul of carbohyd rates and oxygen. Even though they can live without taking water, Ihey procure it in on indirecl way, for Ihe 26 space journal seeds and o ther food which they eat could never develop without on adequate supply of water. Life c an on ly d e velop, and su bsist, when the ambien t lemperolure is favorable . The lower limi t of the temperature range suitable for life is nol only det ermined by the freezing of the liquids within the organism, bul also by Ihe rates of chemical and physio logical reoc lions which, as a rule, d e pend very sensilivel y on the temperalure. It is true that a living body can dev elop and mainloin a temperature cons iderably higher Ihon that o f the surroun dings, but th e temperatu re gradien ts within the oute r layers ollhe body ca n not be too grea t. Fur ther more, octive tem perature control i. a rerlflemen l tha i is och ieved by on organism on ly 0 long time after it has de veloped the basic feotures of life. We ma y safely assume, therefore , tha t life deve lops only in regions where the temperature does nOI d,op below Ihe freezing poin t of waler solu tions. The high -tempero lure limit is set by the stabili ty of large orgonic molecules. Any molecule can be broken up if the temperotufe i, roised high enough . The large molecules wh ich are found in living moiler decompose fairly easily, mony of Ihem even below Ihe boiling point of water. Most live o r. gonisms can be killed by boiling them in woter. Some algae are known to live, and even thrive, in hot springs, but Ih ese orgonisms are highly specioliled and cerloinly dona l rep re sent on Ori9i<101 developmen t. " should be assumed that on environment which allows temperatu res belo w obout- 20 C 1_ 4 F) and above 80 C 1176 F) is not suited for the development 0 1 life. + Wilh these restrict ing conditions in mind, we wiIJ now proceed 10 look 01 the solor planets o s (I Iyp ko l planetary system, and we wiJl (ls k wh kh of them migh t be co pable of bearing life. �• TABLE 1 TABLE II MEAN THERMAL VElOCITIES Of ATOMS AND MOLECULES ESCAPE VELOCITIES AT SURFACES OF PLANETS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES Milse.: o 2400 C Q Moo, Mercury Venus ,.. 3.4 m; lee Hydrogen 1.15 mi, lte Helium 0.82 Water Vapor 0.38 1.1 Nittagen 0 .31 0 .• Oxygen 0 .29 0 .86 Corbon Dioxide 0.25 0.74 1.5 ' .6 6.4 7 .0 3.1 37.0 Ear th Mars Jupit er 22 .0 13.0 Saturn Uranus 14 .0 6.5 N eptune Pluto TABLE III CHARACTERISTIC DATA OF PLANETS H ' JlU l .loo O. ~ 7.100 0 .9 10 .. 000 ......, 0 .74 ~ . U ",M, 1 CI " "T I U 'M, 1 .....\." " . ,. O. , . . ,, " u .". Of UT IMllIlI I IIIIU U ' .... I V. . . ." . 0 ' UU 1,,· . .U1UTI) O.J I ,~ . l,rOS .1S 17.96 35 .9 It.1 0.117 0.1' 110' 71' .23 n~ . 70 61.1 21.1 140 ' '3.94 365.15 92.9 '1.5 13.0 ' .000 ..., . ,1 15 0.15\ 0.101 .n 24.61 686.91 14 l.S 1.312.000 O.H )1..,50 2.64 . ]00' 9.11 4,33 2.60 ~ .U SATURN 73,100 763.000 O. ll 93 .210 1.1 7 .140' 10.03 10)'39.53 816.2 U~NUS 31.000 59 .000 1.03 . 270' 10.75 30.616.'- 1,71l.' U3 ·330' 15.10 60.1 .... 2 2.793 ,5 . 370 ' 155.61 90. 471.33 3.676.0 6S4.D-I 27.32 0 .7 1 ~ . )] 14.510 17 ,)60 .... 0.700 '''''''' 72.000 '.m .. 0.29 ~ 0.96 2.160 0.010 0.011 ..'" 0.16·0.20 . 240 ' "DISTANCE flOM fAITH. ~ "-~ 0",'''\ 'llOCln 1· llll/ lI Q 0,054 11.640 NOON < (MIIU . " 'I JUPITfi PLUTO o ," l .nT 010111. lOU." ",. NfPT UN( £ VOIU.,' ""H,, VENUS ~" -g (. l lIl) Mucu n EArTH • II . .. " . . . 24 " ••• ••• .., ,. ,.. 0.6' �oboul 400 ~ C (750 oFI. Th e " night" sid e, which i, permonenlly in the shado w, is (!l( . tremely col d . There is a v ery brood twilight lone between the hot Clnd the cold region~ becouse of ongulor oscillolionl of .he plonet; in Ihi, l one, the lem pe ra lure VOriel widely up ond down du ,i ng the Me rcuri o n yeCir. If Ih ere is any olmol ph ere On Mercu ry- and the re are op tical o b lervotions which imply Ihol the re is some_its press ure is not grea ter Ihon obo u. I 800 of thai On Eo.th. Mercury is simply '00 small, and 100 halon its sunny side, to reloin On appreciable omount of go~ as On atmosphere. II;s probably mountain. OUS, b ul travellers 10 Mercury will find no th ing e xce pt "0 lifelen, desolole world , with a sur. fa ce parched and crocked" (Polrick Moore). The ClmClun! Clf sClICI, ene'gy ..... hich is reo ce;ved by a given ClreCi i. inversely prClpCl" tiCinCl! tCi the squClre Clf th e distance belween this oreo and the Sun. Mercury, for example, WhOle meCin distance from the Sun is only about one·third that of Earth, receive~ almost nine lime1 01 much ,olor energy per unit area 01 Earth. Solurn receives almOSI a hundred limel less. There is only a limiled region around th e Sun, and around eCich fjlted I:ar, within wh ich a planet receiVel Ihe righl omounl of sol(lr radialion to mah life possible. If a planet wilhin Ihis region has aboul the right magnitude, il could have developed an 01. mOlphere which conloin1 at leoll waler vapo r and some olher gosel like nilrogen and car b on dioltide. Thi, almosphere in turn would equalize Ihe temperature sufficiently so that On environment favorable for Ihe de . velopmelll o f life would result. H. Strughold ho s named this fovorable region around a fol(ed Itor Ihe "ecosphere." Our Earth happells to be righl in th e middle of the SllIl 'S eco. sphere. Venus i, at il. inner, Mars Cit ih outer margin. Mercury, our .mallesl plonet, hee table IIIl is unluitoble for life. It hOI the peculior feolure of alwoys lurning the some face la'Nord Ihe $1.11'1, very much like the Ma:lll olway, look. towo rd Eorlh with the some .ide. The bright ,ide of Mercu ry , hClvillg elernal doy, is heal ed up to a surface temperalure of Venus, one of .he mo.1 beautiful sigh ls in the evening or morning .ky, ho~ been veiled in my.lery as long 01 Oslronomers have lurned Iheir telescopes lo word it. A dense Olmos. phere, opaque 10 o p tical observation, covers the enlire planet. It is not knowll whol this opaque gas layer comi. 11 of, bu. it il prob. oble Iho l it con tai ns corba n dioxide, and pos. si b ly large cloud. of du.t. Bul what does i. hide? Since no water "Clpor Can be detected in Ihe ouler toyers of the olmo.phere of Ven",s, il W05 onumed in ' he po,t that Venus is on entir ely dry and deserl . ti~e plon el, wh ipp ed by terrir,c storms ond shrouded b y a per. mon en t layer of dUll clouds. W hipple and Me nze l recen tly sugges led tho l Ihe en tire sur. face of Vf!nUS may be one lorge ocean of wOler. In Ihis COle, it is not impossible Ihot Ihere i, some kind of aquati c life on Venul. Th e temperolure of the wa te r would be high, bul il would be below the boiling poinl. There is only little hope Ihol we will learn much more oboul Ihe surface o f Venus un til Our first inlerplonetory spaceshi p circles th e plonel and ~ends lounding rockels through ils 01. mosphe ric blonkel. �I The Moon is on entirely inhospitable ploce . Although it receives the some solar energy per uni t time ond area as Earth, there i. cer. toinly no life on th e luna r surface. The lemp e rature on the sunlil side goes up 10 about 120 C (250 ° F), " ] n Ihe shado w, it drop. quidly down to - 150 C ! - 2 4 0 ° F). There is no a tmosphere which could equali ze these large tempera""e diffe rences. Even il Ihere hod been some go.es d uring its early development phases, the Moon would have lost them very rapidly because 01 ils smoll size . There might be minute troce~ o f very heavy go.es like krypton or l( e rrOn, but their existence would be insignificant for the develop_ ment of life. Mars is always named first when life on other planets is discussed. Its surface ca n· d itions are more like terrestrial con ditions than thc.e of any other known planet. Speculations about the forms of Martian li fe have been numerous and fontc.tic, and Ihere is almost no limi t to the weirdness of Ihe Martian monsters which have been conjectured by in_ ventive minds . Aslrobio logis ts are now more coutious_ They do not el(pect more than some modest, bu t very resistant forms of p lant life, such as we find on Earth in the dry and rocky areas of the for north. The green po lches which can be seen on Ihe Ma rti an 'urfoce, togelhe r with the rela tively low tem peratures 20 C 68 f) during the day, but orlly - 70 C !- 94 F) during the nigh t according to G, de Vaueouleurs and G. P. Kuiper) imply a possible "egetotian simila r to mosses or lichens. The a tmospheric densi ty on Mars is only one-Ienth o f that on Earth, It conlains ni tragen and carbon dioxide, but + !+ olmost no oxygen. The waler content of Ihe Martian atmosphe re is only 0 few percent of Ihe mois ture in the atmosphe re a bove terrestrial deserts. Animol life similar to that on Eorlh would no l be poss ible. A very interesl_ ing suggeslion hos been mode by H. SI.ughold: it is possib le thaI planh on Mars store the oxygen resulting from their metabo lism within Iheir tissues. thereby build ing up a ki nd of "i nternal otmosphere. " Plant types dif ferenl from ours co uld Ihus deve lop, and e"en specioli~ed forms o f animal life, drawing oxygen direclly from the plant., would not be u!lerly impossible. However, condilions for life are not overwhelming on Mars. As H_ SIrughold put iI, Mars hos a lways been, and will alwoys be, on "underdeveloped p lane t," os for as life is concerned. It is iust a lilt le too fo r owoy fiom the Sun. The greolest di, tonce from the Sun is even much more significant lor the rest of the plonets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Nep tune are large enough to reloin even the lightest gos, hydrogen, in their atmosphere., However, their surface tempera ture, are so extremely low hee lable Ill) thaI none of Ihe proo".ses whi ch are essentia l lor the development of life could possibly toke pla ce. The mean densi ti e s of these lour large planet. are surprisingly low; the logical explanation is tha I cons iderable portions of their observed sizes are made up by otmowheres of great depth. The wa ter, which exists unquestionably in grea t quanti ties on theoe plonets, must be frOlen. In fact, it is assumed today that each of Ihe four 2. space journal �on one o f Ih e fo ur ma jor plonels. The le mperotures are for too low; Iher e is no gaseous o~ygen or carbon diox ide; Ihere i, no liquid wo le r; Ihe re is o n abundo nce o f the poisonous goses ammonio o nd me thone. Their surfaces ore deserls of frO l e n goses, hos tile 10 any p ossible form of li fe . It is liard 10 imogine how fulur e space Irove lers could ever sel fool on one of Ihele plonets. They will only orbil oround Ihem ot respec toble dis tonces, sending the ir unmon ne d sou nding p robes do wn inlO these oceons of hydrogen, helillm, me thone, and ommonio. The rocky co.e of these plonets will p rob ob ly never b e oc cessible to mono mojor plonels hos a rocky core which is covered by a la yer of ice severol thousond miles thick; Iheir otmospheres above Ihe ke cooling olso hove depths of several thou sand miles. These figures ore implied by Ihe low den.ities, Ihe observed diomelers, ond the very pronounced i10tten ing of Ihe plonels. The o lmospherk pre llure ot Ihe .urfoce of Jupiler is oboul 0 million limes greoter Ilion Ille o lmospherk p rellure ot Ihe surfoce of Eorth . Even 01 much lower prellures, all gases are liqllid or solid, or ot least 1I0ve densilies equol 10 their densilies in Ihe liquid or solid slote. Tile term '·o lmospllere" is therefore misleading; only Ihe Olliermosl few hundred miles of Ihe '· otmosphere" of Ihese ploner. can be e~pec l ed to be goseOUI . Again judging from Ihe observed densities. il mUll be ollumed thaI Ihese ou ler loyers conlisl of hydrogen or helium. Jllpi ter ond Sotum con . loin, in oddition, foidy lorge quontities of goseous om mania. All fOllr planels ore rkh in galeolll methane. Most of Ihe ommonia, however, is frolen; Ihe some is true for corbon dio ~ ide , which should nol be e~peCled in gaseous form. No ga'eous nitrogen or o~ygen shollid be e~pected ei ther. We need no l hope 10 find ony Iroces 01 life Utile is known about Ihe losl and remotest plonet, Pluto. II i. too for ow o y for meoning. ful, direct obSe rvo lions. But even wilhout knowing too much obout ils surfoce conditions, the possibility of life con be excluded becouse of the edremely low surfoce tempera. lure •. Among the nin e planets of the Sun, there are Ihree whose orbits are within the eco sphere; but o ... ly anI! 01 Ihl!m, Ea rth, e xhibi ls such a lovoroble combinotion of properties Ihol life could deve lop on 0 grond scole. Venus may bear some aquo tic IOfe; Mars very probobly corries low forms of vegetation. How long will Eorlh continue to oRer these fovorable co ... ditions? Wilhin the ned billion. of yeors, Ihe Sun will heat up ond expand and eventually will exle ... d its white hoi 01· mosphere beyond the planetary orbit of Earlh . Bul long before Ihot time, Eorth will hove lost mOre and more of its atmosphere. Within the next several million yeors, the atmosphere will groduatiy dri ft owoy in lO outer spoce. W hen Ihe gaseous oxyge ... and corban dio~ide are significontly rorefie d, animol and plont life in its prese nt form will no lo nger b e ponible . Will life by then have developed into form s which con subsist under Ihe cha ... ged conditions? Will rna ... have found o lher ways to prevenl the gradual decli ne of fovoroble living conditions? Will he change his Earth, long be fore noture does, in to 0 ploce whicll is no longer a ... inviting obode fo r life? Alrer 011, the history of homo :lop;ens covers only some Ie ... thousand years, ond homo sapiens lechnic,",s has been a t work lor only 0 lew hllndred years. 30 space journal - . �I S P AtE CHALLE N GE I Ihe ac i d lesl By W e rnher von Br alln I W e .fth • • ¥ .. ~ I ... ,, ~ .. ~I bo," "" "'.,,~ 21, 1912, ;. W;,,'l<. G.< .. o.y. H• • , •• "'" hll . ! tho i. I9J~ I, , .... "..1 •• • , ]1)0 he ioi .... " . - U."."", 01 '","" ""'''''.'_ ,. a.ni" ' ''_ ... ".,,"" Obo". _ ."'''''' hi .. I• •_ ........ ,. r' .......... 0 . ... ', _" • • _1· ,I.. old ,_, _ ......... ..... ","",.1 _to ..... 0 1' ..... .t tho '''.;d f ... ' '''' ' ' _d c. • . Mi".", c;.. ... at , _. . . . . . . h ... 1937 ••• ,' 'ho ... d W",'d w",,, '100 V.l was 010 •• 10..-1 •• ' _ ' ' ' _. . . .d ,h. ~,,' ,." .... 1.1 V., .... ,• •• <'-1 i. 1Ul. 0.. ",. 1< ••• tho ." "U.......... 1956. H. I......"od and o' ,0<." ..... _ • •• ' .....,".1 01,_<,., .' i.,. A..., ......,,', II,.. ,w. ""........ II;, ".bll,.,,"., '.,'.d. T" _ ... . ""''''. A".u ,1M f."I S-. ''''''''''. C_ .." c! ~_ ••• d Tho ......... '" _._ 1 The add le$t of men and notions ;$ Ihe measure of their cou roge and resovn:;efulness in rhe face of adver sity and peril. Th o se whic h have survived crises have ellerted Ihe masl pro foun d influences upon mankind's destiny. Those which fo iled did so because Ih ey could no l manage abundan ce and pow e r, Ou r count.y ha l faced agonizing tests more than once during ils relatively short history, It emerged each time from the crucible nol wi lhou t scars but with greater confIdence and riche r maturity. America survived crises be· co use il knew what must be done and did it wilhout regard 10 consequenc es, wilh faith in its own judgment and in the resources which hod to be marshalled for the common good. Eve n now we are ellper ienci ng another test. Hi storians may record it a s one of the mo st fateful in te rval s of Ihe twentieth c entury which hgs certainly hod more than its sho re of his toric events, The early days of October 1957 mgrked g turning point in our desliny and that of o ther notions , large and small, An unp recedented te chnological achievemen t suddenly Irons form ed a troubled bu l familiar world into one of strange and foreboding aspect. As it has, since Ih e down of the In_ dust rial Revo lution, scie nce had influenced his lory, and directly shaped the lives of men, The reaction 10 these events ha s been pro· fo und. They tr iggered a perio d of se lf· ap · pr g isal rarely equalled in modern times. Ove rnig hl it became popular to question Ihe b ul wark s of our society: our public e du cat ional sys tem , our induslrial slrength, int ernationa l policy, defense "rotegy and fo rces, Ihe ca po · bililies of ou r sden<;e gnd technology. Even the moral fiber o f Our people came under seo. ching ellom inal ion. Since Ihe evident Ihregl was to our securi ty, the inilia l preoccupal ion concerned modern wegpons systems and means of defending a gg insl them, The Domaclegn swo rd menacing fre e pegple can· sis ted of a mOn! lrous destru ctive force inherent in gutomgtic delivery systems, cgpable of tmnsporling therma· nuclea r wgrhead s over thousands of miles, in gny weather, acrOSS a ll geographic and political barrie", gl velociti e s of such magni lude as to imply lo tgl deslruction wilhaul advan ce warning. The logical process of evglualing our position has been underway ever since: first, to determine if we possessed the se weapons, and whol mean! of defense could be erected . Aclions have b ee n taken by Ihe Defense De· portmenl, lully supported by the Congreu, aimed 01 achieving operational copabilities with Ihe intermediate and intercontinental bgl. listie mi.,iles 01 the egrliesl practicable da te. Perhaps it is time now, wilhoul mudd yi ng the waters further , to determine whether we have correctly a ssessed the lotol threat represented by a totalitar ian reg ime, whose e nd objecti ve is world dgmination. The Sgviet challenge is by no means reo silicted Ig mili tary technology. It goes for beyond the realms of pglitics and armies. No longer i. Ihe task of coping with the Red menace th e eulusive responsibility of generals 31 space iournal �and statesmen. The acid te:;t mvalves every facet of au. civilization. every part 01 au' society: religion, economics, politics, science, technology, industry and educa tion. Free men everywhere have been cought up in this g.im compe tition. We who eniay au. home., drive the family co •• 5pend mo.e tim e in leisure and less in wo.k, and pay less attention to notionol affairs than to television shows. are faced with a decision-will we do whatever i. necessary to win this struggle. or will we continue in Our (omlortoble illusion and thus court the risk 01 a defeot which would forever e limina te freedom, and pla(e Our chil d ren a"d their chi ldren under the (antral of on all-powerful sto te? What we are about to discover is whether a notion, which has rated its home 'un sluggers and its fullbacks above its scientists ond philosophers. can meet the totol competition 01 aggressive communism, ond still preserve ill way of li fe . It will not be enough to perlect weopon s sys tems which hove a t least equal capability with tho.e of a potentiol aggressor. USA The SO.i.I·Union cOn· ",burer opp'O"mol_ Iy .0% of it, 10101 p.odu~ 'i o" 10 Indi.id· _n", uol ,."ui'e.. in compo,i.on 10 77% cOtliribut'" in Ihe United Stat ••. USSR '0' "A.l ...... O ....... U 32 space journal Others have pointed out thaI :he deterrent effect of these machines of war may cancel the possibility of total conflict. It has been orgued thot this will turn aggression into onother direc ti on: that is, to the perimeter or brush·type wor, in which the huge radets 01 grea t range ond man dest ruc tiv e capability would nat be employed. Agoinst this estimate, the Army has reshaped ih striking forces ond equipped them with battlefield rockets and guided missiles. Th e urgent need of an odequote defense posture capable of deol ing wi th any type emergency has met a rare degree o f unanimity here and abroad. In ,harp contrast, however, wide di sagree. ment hal developed over the real significance of the best-publicized exploit of Communist engineering-the Earth circling Hltelli tes whose monotonous signal. were intentionally audible to lil teners everywhere on Eorth. Skeptic s, who reluse to occep l the possible un til it hOI been demon stra ted, have clouded the issue. This il a dangerOUI slole 01 mind in a day when breokthroughl occur so rapidly thaI obsolescence of (ample .. weapons systems has became a p.imory concern. �STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS , Perhaps the launching of Ihe Explorers helped to redeem our promises, hul no omounl of explanation or justifIcation can show why we did not do il ahead of Ihe Soviets-and no amount of mutual backslapping tllat we succeeded with Explorer on the first try can hide the fact that we lIave lost a round. We cannot afford to lose much mare. It was a grave error in judgment to foil to recognize the tremendous psychological impact of on omnipresent, artifidal moon visible to anyone with a goad pair of eyes and audible 10 anyone witll a simple radio receiver. Anotller grove error was the failure to evaluale realistically the research, development, engineering and production capabilities of a total it arian state. Th is lulled us into <;om· plo<;ency and led 10 on underestimate of our adversary-risky husinen in any competition. Since I hod the dubious privilege of living and working under a totalitarian government for many years, I sllould be able 10 discuss this lapic with same degree of compelence. Anyone who says that sdence and technology cannot flourilh in a police Itate dael himlelf and his coun try a great dinervice. It is generally recognized, of course, thai personal freedom of movemenl and thought, and a free exchange of ideas, are essential to scientifIC advance. From this, however, many erroneoully conclude thai genuine scientific work is impossi ble in the climate of dic tatorship. l et me clea r up this nation once and for all, in the interest of arriving at on hon est appraisal of our situation, by ciling my personal ellperience at the Peenemuende Rocket Center in Hiller's Germany. Neither I nor any of my associates were ever required 10 submit a travel itinerary in advance, whether for a short business trip or a va<;atian lalting several week, . Throughout the war we hod intimate, continuous contact with 36 universi ties and technical institu tions. They performed research in support of our missile programs under contracts so broadly worded that they permitted the institutions on e_tremely wide latitude in implementation. Discussions and symposia, quile similar to those conducted in this country, were held IrequenUy. Many idem were generated in this truly liberal academic environment. True, these ideas related uclusively to our technical concerns and not 10 politiu, but they are succen· fully applied even today in roc:ket and minile activities. As for as personal freedom of movemenl is concerned, as well as free e_· change of ideas in the strictly scientific and technological sphere, it would thus simply be misleading to assume that things were much different Ihan in a free country. The heavy hand of dic tatorship is rather felt in another area. In Peenemuende, the securi ty police kept dossiers on all of us, lisling all the things we might have said about fhe regime or individuals of the upper hie r- 3l space journal �archy. Personal vices and weaknesses were catalogued in Ihe ir nre s. Bu t th ey left us a lone as la ng as our useful ne n, in their opinion, was greate r Ihan our debil occa'IIII. Once th ey fell they could do wit houl you and you were in their way, they·d call for the douier and destroy you. It was Ih at simple. I realize that this sounds quite awful to men who hav e never experienced it. But the sober fact is th a t peop le, whether scienti sts or candlemakers, learn to live with such a situa lion. We dan', deny ourselves week· end auto trips in spile of the National Salety Caun· c il's warnings ab ou t multiple deaths. Jusl so th e man living unde r dict atorship adj" sls himself to business·as-usual, whether he likes it or not, because he mus l in order 10 survive. Something like seven hund red million people are living to day under Communist rule and, in all probability, they have learned to live in the face of such ponible " road accidents : Consequently, we sh o uld disabuse oUrlelves of Ihe dangerous myth that the impo tent Ru s· sian scienti st bends aver his slide rule with a gun pointed 01 his he ad _ It appears tha t he enjoys at le a st as much reward as Ihe Ame rican scienlist and that, until quite recenlly, he had even greater lotit"d e in hi s selection o f ' eso"rces and assistance. W e m"st consider, in th is measure of the forc es arrayed aga inst us, the overall postwar era in s"ch areas as a tomic and thermo· nuclear bombs, n ucle ar power plants, jet air· craft, g"ided antiaircraft missiles and long. range rock ets. W he n we cons ider their low general technologi cal slat",. 0 1 evid e nced d"ring the lost war, pl"s Ihe Iremenda"s physical damage inflicted "pan the Soviet ind"stry by the war itself, it becomes frightening ly clear that their rate 01 progreu grea tly exceeds 0,,($. Th e reaL periL lies in the eno rmo us momentum they have b"ilt up, which ce rt a inly will yield other dramatic by-prod"cts along the way _ They hove long .ince emb arked "pan a dynamic program 10 a c hi e ve supre macy in science and technology. Their state-controlled educalianal system is turn ing 01,11 competent engineers and scienti", in greater numbers than ours. It is upo n thil broad founda tio n thai the Russian is waging his eRort and no t l 14 space jou rnal upo n the gleanings of Ihe brain-picking 01 lome ca ptive, for ei gn scientists a s many people in this country sti ll see m to believe. Clearly we must accelerale our eRort at a rate c al culoted to overtake and surpass Ihe Ru uian advantage. And this ca lls for a sacrillce 01 an unpreceden ted scale. It must be understood also that th e Soviets have grasped the significance of man ', imminent conquest 01 space a nd have proceeded well along the road in tha t d irect ion. A cu rrent estimate 01 the situation would include thele possibilities. First to launch their satellites, the RUliions probably used a multi -stage rodet whi c h was originany designed 10 carry a thermonuclear warhead over intercon tinental range_ Second, the same racket conf,gura ti cn, wilh minor modif'ca tions, can place a payload of be tw ee n 50 and 100 pounds on the mo on. Third , Ihe rocket can a lso p ut up a ,atellite capable of military reconnaissance, equipped wi th (I television playback fea lure. A few su ch orbi Tal devi ces can keep trac k o f the progress of all surface co nstruction projects, ship movem ents, and air bale operations anywh ere in the world. O nce th ey a chieve this , and I am convi nced tha t it is only very few years oR, "open s. ie.·· i".pection for purposes of disarmament becomes academic_ Fourth, the Runia". have a sound program desi gned to solve the question of safe return from orbital flight and rela ted space medical problems, wit h Ihe purpo.e of preparing lor manned space travel. I would recomm end thai we brace ourselves for o ther Soviet ··forsts" in the new field 0 1 astronautics. We are behind and we canno t catch up in a day or two, since major technological projects necessarily involve lead time. I! will require several years o f conce ntra ted ef. fo rt for us to come abreast, and even longe r to pu ll ahead . We c a n waste no lime commiserating over the sorry lot of the Russian worker or peasant, compori ng hi, lac ~ of freedom and creature comforts with ou r prosperity. We should also "shuck oR " another illusion, that the Runio" people wi ll ri se "p to overlh row Ihe Kremli n and thus re li e ve ul of a ll our worries. Perha ps a dream 01 freedom ex ists in Ihe Soviel Union. �Pe.hops, by e~pOling mo.e young people 10 scientific t.oining , a seo.c h for trulh will be generoted .... hich will eventually rea ch against the dic tatorsh ip. But .... e ca nnot stand oround, hands in pockeh, waiting for othen 10 do whol can only be o ccompli.hed by us. I am co nvin ced Iho t i' i. ma n ', des tiny to enter space and tha t he .... ho con trols Ihe open ' pace around us is in 0 position to control the Earth . The only choice le ft U' i, 10 oc- Our educa ti ona l o Rering s mus t come und " r sc.u tin y since i, is tomorrow·, generation .... hieh .... ill ha ve to cope with the p rob le ms develop· ing today . If their pHlpmotion is to be compg lib le with the kind o f world they will inhobil, Our young people mus t be taught bo.ie a nd """nligl knowle dg e 01 the earliest practicable gge_ in the e lementary schools. We have teoehen we need, who con provid e Ihe in_ got to disabuse ours elves of Ihe ideo tha t cep! the Sov ie t challenge Or ·· poy Ihe piper: · "hool i. a pla ce sol e ly to teach boy s and g itis I certainly do no l suggest Ihol we move in to 'pace with any belligerent inlenlions. It how to live togelher. Th ey must underlNlnd mothemotics a nd the physical sciences, whieh would only be cOMillenl .... ith the fundamentals for whidl the United Sta tes stand, if we wo uld means more and beller te ochen and e x- propose to the Un ite d Notions the universal p and ed oRerings both in scope and num be r. BeHer ,olories, improved profenionol status, acceptance of Ihe pr in ciple of the freedom of outer spa ce- in analogy with the p rinciple and more adequate cfouroom and laboratory fa cil it ies are eueoliol 10 obtain the kind of of the freedom of the seas. spirotionol leaders hip to interell you ng minds in facts . But any such doc trine would be void and meoningless if we connol bock it up wi lh a position of relo live strength . tt hos been soid that with the Sputnik Khruschev ond Compony launched thei r eve ntual downfall becouse this country reacted by firing up its missle and space programs. And indeed, in more than one aspect thi s may be our losl chon ce . In th e first World War, as well as after Peart Harbor, the United States hod time to marshal her resources. Even in Korea and now, ofler Sputnik, we hod tim e 10 in itiote the nocessory coun teract ion. Nul time, in this world of long · rongo bollidic missi ' e. gnd thermonuclegr wgrhegd, Wl' mgy not have time. Ei the r we ""ill b e ready ot 0 moment·s notice, Of h"to ri gm moy conclude oyer Ihe ruins of au. cilies that we were '·weig hed and found wonling: · I hope that we will not conclude thgl money a lone .... ill turn 011 the tricks-there are oth"r foctors involved whieh cannot be .ellied so eosify. It would b e presumpluous for me 10 oRer "school solutions," Or even to tisl all Ihe Ihings which must be considered. But th"re a re some minimum requi rements which can be identified and whieh demand prompt oelion. do not believe Ihe Federal government wiU or should ollempl to dictate ,uch 0 program, but it should establish g e: nerolfy recogni zed educational standard, and it should ouis l in a pump·priming role in the pu b lic .schools and in -our col!ege, and universi ti es. Educa ljon in 0 democracy is Ihe concern of every ci lizen . The p eople must insis l upon a redirection o f emphasis and wi ll ingly o cce pt their jut! meaSure o f responsibility for e~ecu tion of our educationat prog rams. To aU who ask, " W hat can I do 10 help?"·, my an sw er is to loke a ctive inleres t in whot is being tough l, how it is being taugh t, and by w/'om. There hal been unn ecessary concern aboul possib le Federal in terfe.ence in local schools The Federal government as well o. Ihe I tole. have be"n .uppo.ting public education in grea te . Or lesser degree for years-all we are talking oboul is funneling 'uppor l into more productIve chon nels . If Ihe Fede .gl governm"nl can 'upport high".ay proiect., why not schools? Finolly, we must generate the wjff 10 supremacy. Because Ihis is intangible-because il mu.t come from the hearts and mind, of our people, it canno t be legislated, budgeted or evoked by decree. We wont no Federal 35 spa ce journal �and hone st report ing , the hallmark of Ameri_ can journalism, which is sometimes lost sight of by a smo ll segment of the press bound to corry ou t propagonda attacks Or soles Com· paig n s by self-se rving interes ts. If we can inspire a notiona l determina tion to achieve the ultimate victory, all other foe· to" will foil into thei r proper peflpective and places. We will then move forward, a united people, in to on age in which the fo r reaches of the universe will b ecome as familiar as the ne xt town. propogondo mochine exercising dominion over the free pre n. We wont no d icto tor telling us what ' 0 believe ond who. '0 do. But we must set about learning the foch and , when we have ynde"'ood them , buckle down to the chollenging tosks whith conlront us. We should stop telling the world what we are ogoinst. We should tell the world whot we Ore lor. We must not fight the communist ideology wit h negative stotements, but with the lofty ideals of the founders of this greot republic. The ontidote to communism is not onticomm unism, but the be lief in God and the dignity of the individual. let us not deceive ourselves; the communist ideology hos powerful appeal to th e hove· nots. the uninformed , ond the desperote. Bu t ideos are fought no t with ma teri al means, but with superio r ideal. And where should these ideas be lound in this world todoy, if they cannot be found in this g lorious land of the free~ The flog of leoderhip of the free wo rld hos been thrust in to .he honds of Americans. Let us live up to the historical challenge. ° We must think in te rms of long· range objectives, not on the tim e scole of ned year 's automobile models, We must put our trust in men au igned to corry out these program ., and not in terrupt or divert them by frequent reexomination s Or demands for justificotions. We must supp ly them with the resources they require, hold them responsible lor resulh, and leove them alone to corry out their missions. We my!t look for, and demond , comp e tent 36 space jou rnal II is disquie ting to be asked "Bu t what will a ll this prof,t us?" Such ques tions be tra y a lock of conf,dence and, even mor e .erious, the kind o f unenlightened opp roach wh ich has hamstrung our progress in the past. No man can soy wilh onuron ce, what benefits will occrue from our discoveries. With Ex· plorer I, we mode 0 modes t beginning. WI!!. have stepped inlo a new, high rood from which there can bl!!. no turning bock. As wI!!. probe farther into Ihe area beyond our le,,,i· ble atmosphe re, man will learn more about his environment; hI!!. will understand beller the order and beauty of creotion. He may then come to realize thot war , as we know it, will avail him nothing byt colostrophe. He may grosp the truth that there is something much bigger thon his one lillie world . Before the majedy of what he will find out there, he must stand in reverential owe. This, then, is the acid test as man moves in to the unknown. �I S PACE PREVIEW books recent and f ort hcoming R e view e d By R a l ph E. J enn H o ffm a n M. Ho fl ... ~n . ' . ney, G . h"od"p",G. by h,.'h, ..... boo' ... <><;.,. d w'", " 0 ,.'dod ~;,,;;. " ., 'G" " . ", l hl ..... . ... hGntl .. .. d , . >.', t H" G, ,« h"m' ,..j;'.' I., ,... o.d. """, •• - ••' .... " . Q.d Do,.'.p ~ ~, h 0'"<0 h, •• I. H. " • ".lI. , Gf " 'do . ..,odo. ", Q.d •• of ..... 2 ~ "",,"<--fi.,;o., b' ••• ap", " . " ', 0 • • o' ' .. of ' ... Now y .. l T;,.., 'ool h " o " fo , ' ' ' ' ' ' ,ho. "".".G' ••".... H..... ..... ".ft '"0' '' ,0'''' •• d ,••d,." • " ••,." •• ",.. " hi,• ... 'o w, ""oo! ........ """ ~ ,. Exploring the Oistonl Siors. By Clyde B. Clmon. 384 page.. New York: G. P. Putnam 's Som. $ 5. The Nexl Fifty Billion Years. An Astronomer 's Glimp.e into Ihe Fu tu(e. By Kenneth Heuer. 144 pogeo. Illu strated by Chesley Boneslell. New York: Viking Press. $3. It is a we kame coin cidence that the'e two \lolumes ,hould rea ch the re\liewer'. des k o n the some day. Mr. Clo.on's popularized treoli5e on oslronomy covers Ihol sc ience from Ari stotle and Hipparchus 10 Fred Hoyle o nd \loults Ihe heavens ond the cosmo!i-the lerrible emptiness 0/ spo ce, in Clason 's op t phrase -from our neighbor Luna , leu than a quarte r- million miles away to dim galaxies thaI are me(ely dreamed of as exi.ling beyond Ihe 200-billion light·yeo( range 01 Ihe Polamo( two_hund(ed · in ch telescope or the even longer range of Ihe radio in,truments which e~plore "the \lision of the world and all the wonder that would be." Mr. Heue ( limits his disc ussion to our own insignificant little globe and the possibleno l Ihe probable!-circumslances under which it might end it5 currently four.billion year old e~istence. Mr. Clason 's book-if the opinion of a ve ry nonprofessional ast ronomer is accep table I1 9S Bi r ney Raym o nd - tokes in too much territory. The chapters on the constellations and on the stO(S, galactic and e~trago 'o ctic, from our own Sun 10 for, for, faraway S-Doradu. (it's one mill ion lime$ as bright a s our Sun) in the large Mogel lon ic Cloud - those chop te .. are so co ndensed thot the reader finds himself flounderi ng in 0 maze of while dworh , red giant" and Cep hied variables . This reviewe r wo ul d be forst to ad mit t hat thi s cr" icism is unfair and is the product of hi s own ignorance. At the some time, it must be ad mitted thot " E~p l o ri ng the Distonl Stars " toke s in iust oboul all th e ter ritory, universal , galacti c, and cos mic, t hot the re is. Kenneth He uer, F.R.A .S., has delivered mor e than a thousand lect ures a t the Hoyden Planetarium, New York . His book di scusses the variou s fotes whi c h hove bee n advan ced os Ihe po .. ible end of the world. The Moon mighl opp.ooch so closely tha t !idol waves will ove rwhelm the con ti nent. , or in even cl oser approach our .otell"e might shatter in to a million or two fragments which would destroy the world in a shower of supershrop· nel. We might perish in a co ll ision with on erran t as teroid, with the glowing h ead of a cornel, or even in a heod ·on co ll ision with another star of a magnitude as great as the Sun. It's possible t ho ! the e nd mighl come when the Sun's fi.e dies and mankind voni.he s beneath the mantle of another Ice Age 0.Ihe opposi te e~treme-when the Sun blows up os a novo or e\len a supernova. All of these are natural phenomena. All ore remotely possible bu t very for from probable ond so for in the future that no one need worry unless he e~pects to be around this po rticulor 'phe(e forty or fifty million or billion yeors from nOw. 37 space jo url1al �··H ••• rh. di..,,!rou, .lred o~ ;ull On. d ,,-CMcaga, lIIiO>Oi.-.1 rb. Sun'. uplodlng I. .ba .. n. ".d ,h. Lah Michlg". Chicago ~I ••, ha •• a,..,dy baU.d a,,"a,:' ICh,I., l an.".11 Wu. r,,,fian 1,0'" THf NEXT $0 II WON n .... SJ '·n. f",th I. ,!ruck b, " ,_" co",.' .. ho•• head i. ahoul 10,000 ""I •• In dio",.'.,:' ICh.I., lon, .".11 lIIull,,,fion 1'0'" fH! NUT $0 IllIION HA,~SJ �I �d;,.""". ··r~. MOOft ,"0, h d''''''ft IH>ck to .~. E",.~ ;ft .~. ,."'" •• f ...., •. At " "I 20,000 ,.;f•• , ;, will h ,;n to " •• ok "P. ,,,1ft,", ~",. "'....... <HI .~ . . . . . ,,~ :. {C~."., '" ..... n ill" ..,,,,;,,,, I,,,", THf NUT 50 If WON YEAU .• �I However-ond her .. is where you a nd I ond the Australian aborigines (Ire d er.nilely co"cerned - M•. He uer gives us to th ink ove r th e possibility Ihot rna'" himself might Ihe .uicidol trigger! If mon p .. "ists- -as ... ems 10 be pers isting-in e ~ perimenli n9 hyd rogen atoms, wiln (,nion ond fu,ion. pull mOn with with cobol t co sing' ond world w ide fallou t , then you CO" w rit e your own ticke t ogoi nsl the doy when some junior-9rode Raspu!;n dores the fre .. w orld to p l oy hi. o w n brOrld of Ih.n- ,ion roulelte . It is som el iling to thin . about, bvi in the mean time, he'" ote Iwo books wllid. belong in Ihe librory of every astronomer, profes" sionol or omol .. "" _HoRmon Birney Se,ence ond Human Volues By J. Sro nowski. 94 pages, N ew Yor . Julian Me .. ner. S3. II is quite f,tting tha t thi, volume is i!lu,· trated wi th wmks cr ..ated in the m" laphysical ima gi"atian of William Blake. " Poetry," writes Mr. B,anaw , ~i, "does no t mOVe us to be jusl 0, unjust, in it.elf. It moves uS to tho ughts in whose light iustice and inj u,tic e O'e ,een in feodul ,hmpne,s o f ou lline.'· Tole rance among sci .. nli,ts connol be based on indifl,,'encc; it mu,t be bo,,;-d on ,especl, Mr Branow,l, i says. Resp .. ct as a persona! value im plies, in any society. th e public odnowl .. dgments of ius tice and of due honoL These me values whith to the laym an seem mos t r.. mote from any abslract stud y. What , Ihe layman may ask. hov .. human vo lu .. s such 0< justic.. , honor, and Ih .. ,esped o f man for man 10 do with science? "The que,tio","' re plie' Mr . Bronow.ki, ··i. a fooli.h su rvi vor of tho.e "inete.. nth·cen tu,y quo"" i. which 01. way. came bad to equate ethics wi th the BOOK of Genesis." He mys that science confronts the work of o ne mon with Ihol of an other and groll. ea(h on each; and it (annat survi ve withoul jusliee and honor and respect belween man and man. Only by th e.e meons can science pursu e ih stlladlost objed, to e~plQfIl trulh. If these volue. did not e)( ist, Mr. Bronowl~i be lie ve s, then the society of scie ntists would hove to invent them to mo ke the practice o f "ollnce pO Hi blll . In societ ies whefe these value s did not e~ist, scien(e has hod to create them. What power hold. the compony 01 scholon togethe r? In onswe' to his ,hetQficol que' tion, Mr. Bronowski re plies that , in an obviav, �serne, theirs i. the power o f virtue. All .<holors in their wo.k o.e of course oddl y virtuous by the world ly standard. of pu b lic li le . They do nOT ma~e wild claim.; they do nO I chea t; they do nol try to perluode at a ny co.l; Ihey appeal neither to preiudice no. to autharily; they o.e often frank abaul their ign o , a nce; their d ispules are faidy decorous; Ihey do nal co nfu. e what i. be ing o.gued with race , po lit ico, s.. ~ Or age; they listen potiently to the young and to the old who bo th know eye.ything Con cerning this, Mr. Sronow.ki writ"., " Th",,, Ore the gene.o l yidue! of scholarship, ond they are pecu liarly the virtues of science. Individually, scientist, no doubt hoye human weokneue. . Several of th em may have mi.treue. or reod Karl Marx; same of them may even be homose~lIols and read Plato. Bllt in 0 world in which slote and dogma seem olways ei the r to Ihreaten or to coiole, the body of scienti.t. is ,roined to ovoid, and organi zed 10 resist, every form o f persuasion b ut Ihe foci. A scientist who breob this rule, os Lysenko has done, is ignored . A scientist who flnds that th e rule has bee n broken in his loborolory, os I<om· merer found, kills himself." Much of Mr. Bronowski ' . thin kin g can be said to follow I(o n"s cotegoticol imperotive. It i. quite oppore nt that he conliders man , with his Irog ic dignity, to be on important little creature in the ' cheme of things. Re · gordle .. of where mon is destined to go, th is reviewe r is re minded by Mr. Bronowski's book of Ih e line by the poet Rilke who, after seeing Picosso 's pa int ing, " The Sal rim · bonquel.·· wrote : " But ,ell me, who ore Ihey, thes .. O(fObOI S, even more fl ee ling Ihon we o urselve .. .'" In o n oge of cyn ic ism, M•. Bronowski·. book is ,efre. hing . Thi•• eviewer recommends il. _Ralph E. Jennings The Space Child', Mother Goose. By Frederick W insor. IIl usl ra ted by Ma rian Parry. New York, Simon and Schuster. S3.50. The outhar o f Ihis ' pace child's hydroponic garden of verse, apologizes, in his dedication , .. .. if if. vieulI ieu and il leaves you co ld . Forgive us, dorling$, We're Awfully Old." , 42 space iournal These poems ore not reolly y;eull ;eu, but in 011 probability they will leave the dorling. cold becou.e Ihey ore written for .poce porenh---and e"'remely inlellecluol spoce parent. 01 Ihot. Even so, ma ny of the · poems have 0 whimsi cal twist Ihal is provocative and delightful; lor ellomple, a poem illuslroring th e hypersonic genesis of loday's Everymon , Solomon Grundy Wolked on Monday Rode on Tuesday Motored Wed nesday Planed on Thursdoy Rodeled Frida y Spoce.hip Sal urdoy Time Machine Sunday Where is the end for Solomon Grundy? -M . Roymond �I I , Yep-New York sho ;s 0 nice ploce, bul I wou/dn ', wonl 10 live thor. +lDVfJ1TUR£S Or- ' L~SKfl' S; ") :{J~ ..... . \ ., �IIlACTt O Il I '01 populi I ~ .... d", '0 P'''u, d.loy •. 011 ,.oclion .. oil ond ","n~ • • «iph .~b ... i""d '0 SPACE lo~'nol .",,' be odd,.... d ' 0 SPACE Jo~'n",. P,O. ao. 12. H ~n".ill • . Alobo .. o. 5;""0,11 all .... b.«.p'.on. or i"'I~i.i •• <oo<",.ing .... b • • «iplion. m~" b. odd ..... d ,,, SPACE lou,no!. P.O. Bo . 9 4. No.h.ille, hnn. Dea r Edit o r, Dea r Edito r, Than k you very muc h fo r the copy of the spring e di tion o f SPACE Jo urnal, wh ich is ded ica ted to my la te husband. You have e very right to be p roud o f your publication, and 10 be pa rticularly proud of the article a bou t my husband. It i. on" of the ve ry best that will be in the boo k I keep for p ublished stories abou t him. Wit h congra tula ti o ns on thi. fine .tory, a nd apprec ia tio n of your courtes y, since rely W orce.ter, Mass. Mrs. Esthe r C. Go d d ard Your Vol. 1, No. 2. o f SPACE Jou rnal has just fallen into my ha nd s. As I am a science teacher in the l ake Geneva High School. I was very in ' eres red 10 see what you had to offer. ... I was shocked howeve r to find that 'he photograph on pa g e 12, fi gure fou r, was cop· tioned Ihe Cra b Nebul a . This must be o n erro r. It loo ks more li ke M51, th e W hi rl poo l Ne b ul a in Cane. Ve no tici . . I am a lso the sponso r of the lo~e Gene va science club. My clu b members have as ke d Dea r Edi tor. I ha ve read your first issue of SPAC E Journ a l very completely and from my observa· tion I would like to IIote that of a ll such p ublicol ians on the marke l, you" i. b y for the mOll .uperior. I offer my cong ratula tio ns for a terr ific job . .•• W . A. Shuping Direc tor o f O pera tions abou t "ar'ing a roc ket division in the clu b . Now I am well a ware of Ihe dangers tha t lie in such on ope ra tion, and I do not wont anyone to get hurt. I have raid my people that I do not wan t them to build a "y overnight ra(ke t and rho t the re is li lli e ' a be g a ined from jus. throwing some thing toge ther and . hooti ng it off. I wo nt Mi ssile. Rocket a nd Space Division Vitro Corpora tion of Americ a Martinsb urg, W. Va. a lo t o f study to go into such a th i"g be fore Dear Editor, tion and operation of .uch a club. I know I enjoyed your spring issue very much, bu t r wou ld like 10 ca ll your a tt ention to figu re 4 , p a ge 12. I am sure that you will fin d ' ho t i' is no t the Cra b Nebula bu t tho ' it is ' he Wh irl_ pool ga lo )(y ho me times c a ll ed W hirlpool Nebu la!. M51. as "ded in Charles Messier's list. Frank H. Reev es Nashville, Tenn. no thing about rocke' fuel. euepr Ihot rhey are very touchy and d a ngerous to handle. Ii there some kind of p rog ram thai we (a n undertake tha t would in teres t the clu b members and sti ll be safe and construe' ;ve? Photo Se rvi ce Depo rtment Donald W . Ca rte r Yerke' Observatory 44 space journal it is done, if ever. Frankly I would like .ome good sound a d vice on how to p roceed with the organiza_ Williams Boy, Wi s(. �Readers Reevef and Corter, and a hasl of others, are correct in identifying the illus/ro tion on page 12 as the Whirlpool Nebula, or M51, in Cones Venaticj, The mi;<·up occurred when the stoff wa$ ollempting to rush the second inue through the printerJ alter cele· broting the successful orbiting of bplorer I. While this is certainly no ~alid eJlCUlie, we leel that the circumstonceu were at leoft mitigating A. for reader Carter's science dub and ils activities in rocketry, I urg e you not to at· iempt to build rockets prope!led by any form of e;<plosi~e, such os block powder, home· mode mixtures based on powdered metals, compreued gaues, etc. You should begin by tludying the basic physicol principles which underlie rocketry . It may not sound inviting or exciting to begin a project in rocketry by reading physics. However, you will find that your project will lake on new depths 0/ mean· ing and possibilities os you delve inlo Ihese basic principles Only alter you ha~e mos· tered Ihe fun:;lame ntals and have become completely familiar with the deadly power of even Ihe moll simple e .. plosive will you be ready 10 allempt the construction 0 / rockets . Editor . Dear Editor, Our group ha, recently become very ,nleresled in the properties 01 space. We found some questions lor which answelS we,e un obtainable. Since we have heard of your mago l 'ne, we wondered whether you courd be of oHistonce to us. Would it be po"ible for man to adopt himself to the moon in a great number (perhaps millions) of years? We would oppreciole any aid which you could supply on Ihi. subiecr. Ridley College Joe f. Low Ontario, Canada In answer 10 your question "Would it be pas· SIble for meJn to adopt himself to Ihe moon in a great number (perhaps milliond 0/ years?", I must give you both a yel and a no, qualifying each according to my interpretation of your question. The onswer is no if you are thinking ahout a daptation by way of what we call evolution since all lorms of life, as we know it, require 1/ you mean by adaptation man' s abIlity to crea te artIficial environmental conditions on the moon which will "venluolly permit estob · lilhmen t of e~pe"mentol scientific 'obo,olories, mining, foclorie5, and even cities, th e answer i. a very positive yes. Editor . Dear Editor, Since the first issue 01 SPACE Journal was dedicated 10 Prof. Hermon Oberlh, " Father of Aslronouti"." and Ihe second to Dr. Robert H. Goodord, "Father of Rocketry, '" it is fitting to note that the careerS of the.e two great scientists crossed briefly in 1921. On learning of Dr. Goddord's report "'A Method of Reaching El(treme Altitudes," Prof. Oberlh, then a .tudent of mothemoli" 01 Heidelberg, wrole 10 Dr. Goddard , in his limited English, as follows: "Deor Sir: Already many yean t wor~ 01 the prob. lem to pou over Ihe atmosphe,e of our eorlh by meon. of a rocket. When I was now publishing the result of my examinations and cokulotion., I learned by the newspaper that I am nol alone in my in· quiries and that you, deaf Sir, have alreody done much important Walk. 01 this sphere. In spite of my efforts, I did not succeed in gelling your books oboul this obiecl. Therefore, I beg you, dear Sir, 10 let them have me. At once afte r coming out of my work I will be honored to send it to you, for I think tha t only by common work of Ihe scholars of all notions can be solved this grea t problem. Yours very truly, Hermonn Oberth Student Math. He idelb eHg'" Hunt sville, Ala. George A. Ferrell Thonb to reader Ferrell fa, bringing Ihil in _ teresting le/ler to the attention of OIJr other readers . In Moy or June of 1922, Dr. God· dord sent 0 copy of his work 10 Prof. Oberlh . 8y Ihe I,me thaI Prof. Ober/h's own work Waf publilhCld in Germany in 1923, Dr. Goddard had carried hi. experiment5 in liquid.fue/ed rockets to the point of actuoltestfiring. Edilor . 0~Ygen. 45 space journal �Dear Editor, I read your copy of SPACE Journal while making fudge. Although 'he fudge wain', any good, I thoroughly enjoyed your magazin e. Articles I especially liked w~re Dr, ...on Bro un's "Where Are We Going?", " Father of Rocketry," "Rocket Moil," and " Reaction ." SPACE Journal has everything in it tho' I ha ... e always wished for but never found until now . Please con'inue the good work , but pleose don 't discontinue the poetry o r spoce fiction . S!. Louis. Mo . Donna Lucido Dear Editor, I hoye just finished reading Vol. I, No. 2. of SPACE Journ o l. I especially enjoyed the article "Mars and Beyond." A number of other boys here 01 school are interes ted in space travel. We have all found your publication helpful in the classroom . I've read a number of magalines concern ing space travel, b ut I rond yours the mo,t factual. I like the way it giyes a brood view of the topic you are discussing. t beg to differ with Joe Gib10n ' '' Reaction,'' Vol. 1, No. 21. I th in k tha t the short Itory gives a bit 01 variety to the magazi ne and that you should continue jt. St. John 's Military Academy Barry Hackner Dela fi eld, W i1 . Dear Editor You would do your magazine and it. read· ers a se rvi ce if yOU dropped the space fiction. W illiam E. Dennen Associate Editor Children's Booh Lillie, Brown a nd Co. Boston, Man . Readers luc ido, Dennen, and Hodner lauch upon a paint which hos hod the sloff in graye doubts , the desirability of conlinuing space fkl io" and poelry in SPACE Journal. So for opinion has been eyenly di~ided among the editors, b ut the fi"al decision will ho~e 10 come from Ihe readers. For Ihis reason, we are mosl anxious 10 have the reoc l;on to space fiction and poetry from as many readers 01 possible. We also suggest, porenlheticoJly, 46 space journal • Ihal reader lutido read her SPACE Journal either before Or olte r-nol while-making her ne xt balch of fudge . Editor. Dear Edi tor. My copy of SPACE Journal, Vol. " No.1, second printing , h01 for its caver a reproduc· tion of Chesley 80neslell 's poin'ing depicting 'he se poro lion of the firs' stage of a four· stage spaceship. Yet th e caption on the can· tents page reveed, that a portroi' of Prof. Oberth should have graced the cover. This is borne out by the pho to on page J 1 of issue No.2, showing such a cover. The cover change, I assume , was due to Ihe need for a second printing. but why didn ', you change the caption? Then too, different (overs for the some issue may con fu se things a bit for readers who wish to collect and bind SPACE Journal. An unimportont moller, but I thought that it should be brought to your ollenllon. I too sho red Mr . Gibson·, feelings (reaction, spring issuel when I first sow you r maga zine on the newsstand. And I too become 0 (on· vert after glancing through it. excellent publication. Chicago, III. Yours is on Ken Soblik The reprinting of the first issue was done in a hasty manner. Th e change in co~er was dane no t wilh guile but with Ihe advice of a large news di$lribUlor. Th e discrepancy which reader Sob/ik nales on the conten ls page was a b/und"'r which resuhed from the hosle in gell;ng Ihe second printing ou t. Incidenlolly, Ihe cover on Ihe second printing o f the firs l inue il a product of SPACE Journal's art sloff -which is inexpressibly proud of having ;ts efforts mistaken fa. Ihol quality which space enthusiasts have tome 10 identify as the Boneslell touch. Edil or. �FI CTi OH I beyond th is st ar J a m es D aniels, l . J r. Synopsis of Pre<:e ding Installment The Palomar Grovp, a s(;ientific organization dedicated to the survival of mankind in the universe in 1971 hod succeeded in estab · lishing on Observatory on the Moon . The Group sou ght th en some . vidence of life elsewhere in the solar system, in the hope of find ing answers to th e d ilemma of man 's eternal conflict on Earth . The high albedo of Europa the third moon of Jupiter see med artificial, and artifice indi _ cates intelligent life . Brad Hudson of the Palomar Group with a two ·man crew, Steve Amhearsl and Myron Drake, in a magnetic drive space craft, arrived an Europa, where they found great cities svrv;ving under gigantic glasdike domes . Th e human inhabitants of this hermetic world had survived a dying planet, bul, in doing so, had submitt",d to on abso/vte communal go vernme nt under a ce ntra/ body calle d th e Primesters. The Earthme n were held for observation by the variovs Socia ·, Bio·, and Psycho-Physio logical Councils . In Ko ·Pall, the ruthless Judge Superior of the Primesters, Brad lov"d Ihe ;ncarnatian of Eorth's own pow",r·driven latolitaria" political leaders. Ko·Pall declared the Earthmen a threal 10 Europa and ordered thei, destruction. In Mu -Bor the ge"tle Director of Bio-Science s, Brad fovnd a surviving champion of reason and hope for hvmankind. And in Kay ·Bar, Mu-Bor's beautiful blonde dought",r, Brad found the love Ihat he hod never had time for on Earth. Mu·Bar, on pre/elll of scientific stvdy, hod secvred permission 10 move Brad temporarily into his own apartment. Now a plan of escape and relurn to Earth for the Earthmen hod been arranged by Mu·Bor. J.",., . ," , g l . D• • I. I, J • ., 0" '- •• bll,.I1 .. , "11'1,,, I, , ,,. c.,,,., OfII,•• ""., "'".tr, 01". " " ' ' ' ' 0'0 ..... 1",•••IiI.. o. ;"' 5'''CE 10., .. ,. ..., bot. ,. .. un, I~ [ ....'"". Aloloo ... , "f ... __ I. . . . . '." ....... ",. , 0 ,ho A I. , .. ....... 26, d., ... _ IJ,_ <. II, ho . , _ , ... 1,1.1_.;,. '" .. I.bo_ ....... ho ,"';.001 . . ... """ .... I~ l .g';.O. Ke 100. lO. .h, [.,I;'~ '" high .. _ , _d 1~ . ho 1/001 .... ;.., '" Hi.... hli,hod _ l "",I.... ,,-, " .. ;. . . . 4 ..",,., ;0 hid> _'''' . _ • __ 'eI;. . . . . . ;, ty ... _ ~ 0 . . . . . .1 Ioooed .., 50,' ..... ..,1;.1«. 110 '_ .""001 .od ............ , -0 ..... I~ •• '. "'obo_ .......,......."'•. <."... Part II Brad had come from the Ihawe r and stood looking through the skylight a t the never c easing eruptions on the face of Jupiter. AI _ ma lt like a sun in itself; for this moon , Europa, Jupiter was Ihe sun. Europa 's whote power system was harnessed 10 Jupiter's miraculou s high pressure hydrogen activity. So many Jtronge reactions unknown on earth were posJible under those tremendoul pressu res . Someday maybe on expedition could be landed th e re. Maybe Ko- Pall was righl; perhaps Eorth _ men were a tltreot 10 his world. They would al l think tlte ,arne way about e.o;peditions 10 th is world. They would crawl here like mogga ll, over and in and around Ihese domes. The sharp whine 01 the door bUller announced a vi,itor standing in range of Ihe sconner. Brad faced the door ond in a firm voice addreued the mike pickup above it, " Open ." The door slid bock silently, revealing Ihe wizened f'gure 01 Mu-Bar. Mu -Bor entered quickly and (rossed the room to stond by the now neotly covered bed, wt>iet> se rve d during waking nour. as 0 divon. "I hod almost fo rgo lle" Ihot today was the day, " Brad ,aid. " I have arranged for you r friend s 10 be 41 space journal �broughl 10 my laboralory in Ihe Scien·Dome. The ship is Ihere ond ready. Now 10 Ihe event. The car awails in Ihe por I, You musl go directly to Ih e Primesler Chombe .. , Remember thol only wilh Ko-Poll as hostage can you expect 10 hove ony guarantee of safely until we con get you into space, Once out, Ihere i. of course nothing to stop you. ore no ships to pUfJue you." There Brad had stood focing the smoll man while he talked. ' 'I've wondered about that, Mu- Bar. It's one queslion we hoven' l discuued, Why no space croft?" "You recalt thot I told you of how, in Ihe ancient time s, our people crossing space stopped on Ihe moons, ond how the inhabitonh of each of the moons in turn died, until only Europa was lefl. Here, in trying to !urvive, we sacrificed many things. The .ecrel of space trave l wos one of the le. " Sin n the building of the Dome, we have hod neither the indinotion nor the desire to trovel Ihrough space, " Mu·lio r told him. " We hove Our world recreated and livable. We Brad, if you volue any thing I can lell you, thgt if I had th e right to give 0 dying wo rd, Iho l word is 'doub t'-forever plant doubt in men', minds. If once they foil to doubt, Ihey ore dead-for curiosity, the ferlile ultimate that will let mon survive, is born only of doubt. Only through doubt can we ovoid onchoroge to hindsight. Doubl and you can sh ed old doctrines--open the mind to new, to change, 10 foresight. When mOn hos all the answers he ne eds, when he accepts a stalemate bal. once-o compromise of self for exis te nce of Ihe social whale-then it is 011 over. Brad, your answer. lie no t in dead wor lds and old people, but in the young ones and ne w world s, It 's up to eoch new generolion to adopt, and to leorn, ond to progress-Io fond in Ihe universe the expan.ion of the glory of creolio n. Eo ch generolian musl expand its ability 10 comprehend, must go beyond the limited horizons of Ihe generotion before. If Ihere are answers to your que$tions, Ihey lie for beyond Ihis star you call Ihe sun and ils nine insignjficonl worlds. Some of the onswe .. lie in the foc! thaI there is a beyond, o fron ti er yet to be explored by the young surviv e . W e need no t go further. Pe rhaps, .ince su rviving a dying planet and osten sibly esta blishin g Ihe perpetui' y 01 our race, we hgve become complacent in a sort of rgcial secu rity . We hove occomplished the ultimate; hence, our race kultur becgme one of s,ggno · t ion~not g dyna mic thin g. You see we tru ly did grow old 01 (I race . Preservation of the race enloiled the com plete and uH e r 'u b mis. sian of the port 10 the who le, so thai th e in_ div idual, as you hove leen here, is nothing. The socie ty is the organism, The entire econ · omy, la w. , technology, everything, is geafed to this, 10 the perpe tuation 01 the perfect bol · once this organism has attained, Ihe bolonce thol olone ossures its continued e xis tence," Mu· Bor brake off abruptly and then added " ~but we hove lolked of th is so mony times , you have cited the communal half of your Own world and tne slow submission of your entir e Ear th p e ople to its spell. And so you must get boc k- for the sa ke o f the human kind you muSI get bock gnd tell them _s how them Ihgt tngt way can only b e the end. Remember , 48 space jour na l • i ��and curious. Yes, Brad, go bock to Eorlh and lead man ou l inlo Ihe grand cosmos. "Bul enough, Ihe lime is near. Off wilh you. We musl have Ko·Poll in hand . You will b arely hove lime to gel him 01 his firs t session resl." Mu· Bo r was propelling him with gentle pressure loward the door. ,· t will have my dough Ier allhe Scien·Oame to see you awoy, " Mu· Bor said, and foin lly smiled os Brad looked bo ck 01 him in surprise. " t know how you feel abaul her." They were ou l in Ihe aparlment corridor now near Ihe Transi·por l. Mu·Bar lurned and hurried away befo re Brad could reply. Left a lone, Brad was conscious of the foci Ihol he hod no weapon. He remem b ered how· ever, quickly, thai weapons were none xis tenl here, for physical threots on Europo were nolh· ing. Sacrifice o f a Iile was only a .nolch on Ihe hond 01 the social entity. A few moments loler in Ihe T,ons'l Tube he sped lo word the lerminol unde r Ihe Primeslel Dome aboa rd Mu·Bor 's leor·drop Tron" ·cor on 0 fr ic tio nless cushion of oi •. There were only len cors in the huge ter· min ol when he orrived, which meon l only a Primester Session-no crowd 01 pe titioners to comp licole the situalion. He le fl the cor b e .ide Ihe one with Ko·Poll 's block non insignia on il. Upstair< in Ihe circulor corridor Brad found Ko · Poll's cubicle. He slipped inside the dark room ond wailed. His b rea th rasped hal in h is lungs. Oh, for 0 breolh of reol air. He could nol remember, now, even Ihe smells of real a ir, a fler monlhs of brea thing Ihis sta le co "ned stufl'. He hod almost reloKed whe" the door suddenly swung open. A figure shadowed the , Iii o f li g ht ocrou the floor. Brad tensed ogoinst Ihe wall. The door stid shut. There wos iust one woy--o primitive flyi"g tackle. He crou<hed 10 spring ot Ihe skodow. " Brad, " the whisper was Kay·Bar's. " Here, " ke moved to touch ker . " Quick, we kove not much time. You mus l g o. Ko · Poll know. of your plan. He has mon itored your movements. He will try 10 stop you here. My !other soys to forge t Ko· Poll ond come directly to the Scien·Dome; ke will have YOLlr frien d s tkere." "If Ko · Poll knows, he will kove them guarded." " Only from you. He will not hi"de. my fatker . Now let's kLlrry." Brad slipped i"to Ihe empty corridor ond storied toward the ter minal e leva tor. " No. Brad," Koy·Bo r tugged hi. arm and pulled him p ost Ihe el e va lor door. "They'll b e guarding the terminal." They raced on o.ound Ihe corridor to a smaller and unoblrusive door. II opened inlo a <hu te, slon l'ng dow"ward. "Come," Koy·Bor pulled him in . A sled type tran spor ter stood "ear Ihe door, " Ge t 0"," Koy-Bo, stepped onlo the sled, " This sluice my lother has kept in repair. Only he knows of il. Jj was used by the A"cie,," eons ago, It i. primitive bu t my father hos kep i it in repair since he discovered it. He hod hi. Scien ·Oome buitt a t the other end o f it afte r Ko · Poli become JLldge Superior. And thi. tunnel is shielded. The ScaMen can', follow us." He sat down on the sled o"d gripped the hondroil •. Kay-Bar .ent it hLlrlling olo"g the tun"el. At tke Scien·Dome Mu-Bor hurried Ihem from the doset where they . Iopped. " The others ore here," he soid. "I hod to "oreothize them, bullhey'U recove r." He ope"ed a fina l door to le t them in to a $<intiIlOling room of plastic ond met a llic fixtures. ��Beside a long table in Ihe cen ter of the lob were Amhe a rd and Droke, sitting ered and slift in an ob",;ous, hypnotic Iiole. "They'll respond 10 any commorld, Brad. You'll be oble 10 operate the ship all right, even wi th them in Ihis ,tole. Just give them detailed instruction. (lnd they ",Hi handle their regular duties efficienctfy." Mu-Bar turned 10 Ihe men. "You will rise ond board the ship and toke your u5u<.:11 stations. The ,hip i. diret'; lly across the ramp beyond rhat door:' Mu -Ber pointed to Ihe door ooou Ihe' room. The Iwo men rose and Ihumed zombie-like across the room and through Ihe door which Kay-Bar opened for them Mu-Bo. turned to Brod with brows koit. His shoulders slumped lower. He looked from Brad to Koy -Bar. "Yov must lake her with you;' he ~oid, "We are dying, Your world i ~ young yel. We ore long post our gro"e, a society in ils senescence. We may drift on a few more of you r centuries; bul it musl end, for we w'th all our scien>::e, all our eOlls of efforl, ho"e not found the Iloble answers which you come seeking. Perhaps we ne"er started to look for them, Neither our technology nor our sociology could so"e us forever. The communal society, as you have seen, is not the answer for human kind; for wch a soc'ety .tifles Ihe '''nole curiosity of the 'ndiv'dual. We killed .t here and storied to I 52 space journal I die intellectually e"e n as we learned to sur"i"e physically." Mu-Bor moved to the door and looked after Ihe two men who hod gone out. '" am sorry tha t you must return 10 your young world with. ou t answers; yet, perhaps before you are answers better Ihan any thai you or I or anyone could formulate: one is that each world must sal"e it ~ awn dilemma, not borrow from others; another i. thai if life can exisl simultaneously on the same form as ours in two place ' in our own syslem, the n there must be millions of other worlds where life e~ists in this eternal uni"e rs e. A never ending frontier! Conflict itself perhaps cannot be e liminated, but the energies whi ch would be exerted in struggle can be channe led into cur io us sni/f,ng about, a . long a. Ihere is a franl ier to sniff in. Find ways 10 probe ii, Eorlhmon , and your Eorth kind will li"e. Do not build up walls around you and Iry to outli"e your own worl d. Fi nd new ones. Since you ho"e slorted as young as your world is and have mode such progres<, there is no reason why you cannot contin ue 10 reach out and out inlo this infinite universe." " And you, Mu-Bor, you will come with us, too, " Brad urg e d. " No, I must stay. It is too lole for us_ for me. 10m of thi, wor ld. My daugh ter is young enough not to have absorbed this world's cu llure. As I have told you since her concep· tion, I ho"e guarded her from it. She is, as you have said, like an Eorthwomon. Be,ides, I shalt die hoppy, knowing that this world sur"i"e, in yours-that the old is port of the new, that your maling represents the sur"i"al of our world ofler all , ,ince truly your progeny wi ll be .Om of thi, world, too. Now it is time to go." Mu -Bor rushed them toward the door. From Ihe starboard port Brad, with Kay· Bar . quiet lears hur ting a. his own and with his orms around her, watched Ihe tiny f,gure of Mu -Bar standing inside the Dome while Ihe port able launch romp Mu-Bor hod co,,,' ruc'ed wheeled Iheir ,hip into position oUllide. The ship silen lly spiroled up. The crushing occelerotion began. Brad turned with KoyBar to the forward pori and looked lo ng across the darkne .. at the tiny point of pole blue IIghl_Earth. I �Frankly Speaking ..• We Takc The Down-To-Earth Approach Not many of us among the m any thousands of Reynolds people an' lining l'P for a ticket on the first mAnned rocket to the moon, We don't doubt the trip will be m(lde, Recent progress in space tra\el de\elopmems has been tOO over .... helming to leave much room for doubt. .\Ialr.:ing the balli~!ic shells for missiles and rockets definitely is our line and no one .... ilI be prouder than we if that moon rocket is " Reynolds-wr:opped," We've had t. g;oocl bit of experience along the rocket and mi~sile line. Our Shemeld, Alabama, plant h:ls manufactured a number of high precision aluminum ballistic shells [or Reynold s Metals Companv the highly succc,sful Redstone missile and its dramatic first cousin. the satellite-launChing Jup itcr-C rocket. ReYllolds Met als Compun) is the nalion's second largest producer of aluminum lind our modern fab ricating plants are manned by (!'COple "ilh highly practical down-to-earth meta1 fabricating I.no" -how, We're proud of the fact that this specialized experience and I.no" ledge has helped us to work "",ith Army and Chr)'sler technical people in giling Ihe United States more and beller missiles and rocl.elS for the money, We pledge our~elves to continue mecting "out-of-I hisworld" needs with a "down-to-earth" :Ippro:.ch to missile and rocket makin g. Richlllond 13, Vil',rin ia " The handbook for tomorrow "N ot until this book has there boon one important reference book wh ich hu been able lQ explain all phase! of the new uge--the space age, Anyone selectiug this book cannot I)O$sibly put it down feelin):' thnt it has b<len anything othel' than" fa scinutin):, experienCI:'."_.l/illo" lJ, II /C llpcr, Vit>'o CO")), of A ",~ ...'ca , Lllvi$hly illustrated with over 300 l,hotOJlrllph~ maps and diagrams. $ 6 .95 , Post pa id with ~h e(k or money orde r from DUTTON N ew Y•• k 10, N , Y. 53 space journal �. dA? ~~ ENG..!; Exploring New Concepts Manufacture Of: Of EERING, Precision Design, Engineering And SPECIAL MACHINES, AUTOMATION, SERVOS, MISSILE COMPONENTS, GAGES, MACHINING AND FABRICATING, 2300 CLIFTON ROAD 54 sp~ce journal NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE INC. �I For your future convenience-but in the meantime use our Huntsville facilities HOLIDAY INN HOTEL Blast Off with SPACE Journall The world's fastest growing space magazine. Don't depend on the limited number sold at newsstands, insure your fu ture copies by becoming a subscriber. Fill out the post-paid card now. 55 space journo!ll �• Neither snow nor rain or or gloom of night ••• " We arc nov.' capable o f lending an object outside t he carlh'. gravlullo"al ii~ld . Such a prepuhio" .yuem could carry ro~k~ 1 m"illclter. loth" moon, and ,"'c are ;r.hle \0 ".timate the ~o.t of a rocket mail Itam? nc~d"d. The prol>lunl inhe.",,! In the or ..em h .. ve ;olre"dy been .ol,,~d by prosr" .. In aohd propellant rocketry." Dr . ll. W. IU t chey P rojeclI ouch ". "Rocket Mail 10 the Moon" may be nc"" . . ary .oone. than we t hink . Skilled. '"oll · nically t."\ned ind"'Ld".l. are """ded byThiokol to enable .uch future proj_cu. Addu •• ,nqw.,e. to: DIVISION· HUHTSVlllf. ALAI_ A ~ �I BROWN ENGINEERING HUNTSVILLE . CO .• ALABAMA INC . �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, Summer 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1958_summer Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Cold War Explorer satellites Jupiter missile Life on other planets Space race--United States--History--20th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/16/62/Q162B6T4_001_063a.pdf 9500e1c9bb78e498261d6dcd5d8a458f PDF Text Text ��7lzeodor &ichardt. gross/e Oel.llscne -.. lla!.ao -Pabrik H<J1mbuC9 -W4nd.sbek Blatt No. 22 (links der Plesioeaurus, rechts der Ichthyosaurus communis). Eine zweite Anpassung der Reptilien an das Leben im Wasser iet das Geschlecht der Plesiosaurier. Diese langhalsigen Meereseidechsen der Jura-Zeit belebten zusammen mit den Ichthyosaurlern die Meere der Trias und des Jura. Mit den Ichthyosauriern hatten sie die Atmung durch Lungen gemsln, auch tabten sie wie ihre Verwandten von kleinen Seetiersn, Fischen, TintenUschsn, Krebsarten u. S. w., jedoch waren sie Dieht BO gewandte Schwimmer wie die F"lschsaurier. Ihre Extremitii.ten waren ebenthlls zu FlosseD umgebildet, abet hinger als die der Ichthyosaurier und mshr ahnlich den Flossen der MeerschildkrBten. welchs eino dritte Anpassung der Reptilian zum dauernden Leben im Wasser hilden. Die Ilussere Erscheinung ist aine sonderbare, an dan Schwan erinnernde, walche dieser Tieraft au,ch die Bezeichnung Schwanenachaen elngetragen hat. An einen walzenrunden, kurzen, dicken' Rumpf; dem vier Flossen angehenet waren, schloss slch ein langer dUnner Hals an, der in einen ziemlich kleinen Kopf Uberginll. Der Hals wurde von 28 bis 40 Wirbeln gebildet. Die bekanntesten Fundorta von Pleslosaurus·Skeletten geh6ren den Lias Englancls und Deutschlands an, es kommen fUr sie dieselben Fundorte wie fUr die Ichthyos8urilsreste in Betracht. Die Ll:i.nge solcher Plesiotaurusreste jst zuweilen seh r gr<:>ss, bis 15 m (nnch RIchard Owen). �l-LESIOSAURUS UND ICHTRYOSAnRUS COHMUNIS CO:NYB. ' f? • ~. /,J _ _ _ "-:-- • ......., • �Blatt No. i stellt mit del' indischen Waran-Eldeehse, Hydrosaurus Salvator, elnen Vertreter del' noeh haute in den Tropen welt verbreiteten Eidecbsengattung del' Warane dar. Die Hauptmerkmale diesel' Gattung bestehen in del' ibr eigentilmHcben Haut.! bekleiduna, welcbe auf dem R,i1eken von klein&n runde~, naeh oben gewOlbten Schildern, am Bauche dait'1l6n von grossen, in Querreihen geordneten Platten gebildet wird, in einem ianggestreckten Kopfe und in elner Zunge, welche. tthnlich den Schlangenzungen lang und vorne aaspalten, in elne Sebeide zuMlckziehbar 1st. Auch besitzen sie e\1} Zwerchfell, was Sonst bel keiner Eidechsenart _ abgesehen von deJjenigen del' Krokodile - del' Fall 1st. Die Familie del' Waran-Eidechsen gahOn zu den altesten bekannten Eidechsengruppen und existiert heute nOeh in Exemplaren ble zu 2 Meter Uinge. 110 ......1'.' R.th: ZI".I. Po!i1on!<>locle; W. BIII •• ho, Eft""lokelun&"Ios<hl<b,. d.rNlIu,; OT. Heck, D.. TlorTelob; Brehmo n ..l.b.. ; PH.bol Ltlppold. N.. ~, .. r...... <bof'tll.b. Wochtn.ohtl": plir...o, 0 •. And.te, Tit,.., de. Vo ..... 1t Y. o. ID. • �DIE INDISCHE WARAN~EIDECHSE iVAR,\NUS ODER HYOROSAURUS SALVATOR.) �I.) Compsognathus ein Zwergsaurier der Jurazeit. u nter den reichen Schlitzen des Museums fur ausgestorbene Tiere Zll Munchen befindet sich eine Steinpiatte aus dem soge- nannlen lithographischen Schiefer von Kehlheim in Bayem, die aut kleinem Raum das Oerippe eines seltsamen Geschop£chens zeigt. Jener Schiefer isl in Wahrheit der Zll Stein gewordene Kalkschlamm einer seichten Uferbueh! des Jura-Meeres, das damals bis hierher blaule, und irgendein Zufall hat diesen kleinen Springer noeh in der Jurazeil seiber miteingesargt in diesen Schlamm. Ueber den fenehlen Sand an der Wassergrenze dahingehiipft isl er offen bar Zll seinen Lebzeiten , def zierliche Otselle, in den Or6Benverhiiltnissen einer unserer stirkeren Springmiiuse von heute, etwa dem afrika~ nisehen Spring hasen, ahnelnd. Aber das lustige Volklein der wirklichen Springmause, wenn es heute gleieh langbeinigen Sehatten uber seinen Wiistensand huseht, gehort zu den eehlen Mauseverwandten, also den Nagetieren unter den Siugetieren. Salehe Springer gab es damals noeh niche Es war die Epoehe noeh der ungeheuren Entfaltung der Saurier in Land und Meer. Aus dem· selben Holze, das riesenhafte Draehen von WalfjsehmaBen gab, haUe die weehselnde Naturzliehtunghieraueh einmal einen Ulipuler gesehnitzt Aueh unler den Riesen glanzten damals toIle Springer, die nur die Hinter~ beine zur Bewegung gebrauchten, so der sehreekliche Rauber MegaJosaurus, der in dieser Weise die wahren Korperdimensionen eines Elefanten dahinbeforderte. Ein fleiseh· fressender Raubsaurier wie jener (mit ihm dem Gesehlechl der Dinosaurier im Ganzen angehorig) ist aueh unser Zwerg gewesen, obwohl er natlirlieh niehl viel mehr raubern konnte. als ein Kalzchen, wo der andere sich an walfischgroBe pflanzenfressende landdrachen wagle. Compsognathus, zu deulsch den "Zierschnabel", hat man ihn benann!. 1m Schadel muB entschieden etwas vogeliihnliches gelegen haben; die Vorderbeine waren kaum halb so lang als die Hlipfbeine. Obwohl der Kopf nkht gerade klein war gegen den Korper, miBt er in dem erhaltenen Exemplar doch nur 75 mm. Gleichwohl glauben sich Ullsere fachkenner • aber ihrer Sache gewifi, daB dieses Exemplar ein vollkommen ausgewaehsenes Tier war. Noch erkennt man an der Stelle seinet LeibeshOhle 1m Stein die eingelagerten Reste eines noch viel, viel kleineren Wesens mit Saurierzligen, in dem die eineo Forscher eine einst frisch verschlungene und im Schlamm mitbegrabene Beute erblieken wollen, die andern dagegel1 ein noch unge· borenes Junges sehen, das mit der Mutter sterben muBle. lange wollie sich zu dem einen interessanlt:n Funde kein zweitt:r in der Nahe gesellen; es sehien der ofier wiederkehrende Fall vorzuliegen, daB ein ganzes liberaus merkwlirdiges Tiergeschlecht der Vorwelt uns nur noch durch ein einziges Individuum Kunde von seiner (sicherlich langen und vielbewegten) Existenz gab. Erst seit kurzem sind dann verwandte Reste, die aber einer noch alteren Zeit entslammen, ins Sluttgarter Museum gekommen, wo man jelzt dabei ist, diese Miniatursaurier noch besser, als fruher moglich war, wieder zusammenzuselzen. W. BBlsche �, •• . &1'<' du 'UI'U-el.l • 07?eIU>Iw/Nlkl/o-ne-1I 'T/um'lJ6J'..khieduuni '/JI~nJChajlIidu;n ertdult'J'mler<i'kxt INn »'i·'hdm~e. Q/'1....'t ' lf~ Q/Wl 7~rla~, .ffhN'(/I'I'clt('{dmrdl /J ,'#ftIll6f11'(f !II b. JC �2.) Zeuglodon eme Urform des Walfischs. U m die Mitte des vorigen Jahrhunderts seute das Oerippe eines "Meerwunders" die Welt in Staunen, das 114 fuB maB und bald fUr den biblischen Leviathan, bald fur die beruhmte Seeschlange gehalten wurde. fur das Berliner Museu m erworben, verfiel das Riilselwesen endlich der sachkundigen Kritik des graBen Physiologen Johannes Muller, der nachwies, daB es sich u rn mehrere kunstlich aneinandergeselzie Skelette eines urweltlichen Walfischs, des sogenannten Zeug lodon . handelte. Der Ruhm des gefiilschten Riesen war damit in der Oeffentlichkeit dah in. fur den engeren Kreis der Fachforscher aber ist dafUr die Talsache immer sicherer geworden, daB dieser Urwal Zeuglodon, der bereits in der entlegenen Eozan-Zeit (ersles Drillel der Tertiiir-Zeit) leble und dessen Resle aus Nordamerika und Europa, neuerdings besonders auch aus Aegypten bekannt geworden sind, zoologisch eines der merkwun.ligsten und lehrreich sten Geschapfe der Vorwelt darsleili. Durch ihn fi1Jt namlich eln gewisst:s Licht auf die Entstehung einer so iiberaus eigenartigen Tiergruppe, wie sie die heutigen Walfische uns vor Augen fUhren. Diese Walfische sind bekan ntlich keine Fische, sondern echte 5augetiere. Als solche haben sie sich jedoch im Gefolge einer gliinzenden, aber hachst einseitigen Rtickanpassung an das Wasser so sehr wieder vom Knochenbau und der auBercn Leibesform aller ubrigen Siiugeticre entfern l, daB immer noch die kiihnsten Hypothesen maglich blieben, z. B. daB sic uoch eine Art Uebergangsgruppe von den allen wasserbewohnenden Sauriern ZlI den Saugetieren verkarpern kallillen. Die Skelellreste von Zeuglodon erweisen nun, daB auch die Walfische in ihrerSlammesgeschichte wirklich bereils von schon landbewohnenden, keineswegs mehr allerniedrigslen 5augetieren ausgegangen sein mussell. Wihrend gerade der bekannteste Riesenwa lfisch der Gegenwart, der ungeheure Granlandwal, iiberhaupl keine Z3.hne mehr besitzl, die bezalinten lebenden \Vale, zu denen der eben falls vie1fii.1tig beruhmle gewahnliche Delphin gehart, dagegen meisl cine grosse Zahl einwurzeliger und vollig gleichartiger (a[so nich l in Backenzahne, Eckziih ne, Schneidezahne gesonderter) Zahne flihren, zeigen diest: Urwale noch ein viet mehr den halleren Landsiiugern entsprechendes OebiB, in dem sich deutlich verschiedene Zahnformen und bel den Backzahnen mehrere Wurzeln erken llen lassen. Aller Vermutung nach, fur die besonders die neuestcn agyplischen Fu nd e sprechen, si nd die unmiltelbaren Voriahren der Zeugl odon~Wa le fleisc hfrcssende Vierfu51er aus der Verwandlschafl der allesten Raubtiere (Creodonten) gewesen. Die Abzweigung ins Wasser muB aber schon sehr fruh eriotgt sein, und schon gleich damals mussen sich auch seilr groBe Formen ausgebildet haben, denn Zeuglodon kam, wenn es auch nicht eben jene angeblicilen 114 FuB erreichl hat, ill der graBten Art unst:ren Riesenwalfischen von heute bereils recht nahe. Mil unseren Seehunden , die aus einem ganz anderen Z'.I:feige landbewohnender Rauhliere hervorgegangen sind, halte es dabei so wenig zu lun, wie diese lebenden Walt:. W . Boische. �_ ~1't! <fer lftro.df ~ oJ'?ehC'I'MII'l.dUionen. ?wc/t, 'IH>~"Ml/ '1/Jidden.xhajllUf,e II 1lb rla'J<ffl'. M'lt:Udemd_~xt /Jon n?iikhn!fJo£qd,e--. ~I'fe, Ilqo/W 2. �1;;,' 2.) Riesenfaultier durch die nachtliche Buschsteppe des diluvialen Siidamerika schweifend. E in Zweig jener merkwGrdigen amerikanischen Tiergruppe, zu der auch die lebenden Gutieltiere gehoren, hat sieh heute hoch hinauf ins dichteste grune BJiitierdickicht def slidamerikanischen Urwaldbaume wruckgezogen. Mit schwach bezahntem Mu nde weiden seine Vetireter dort die Blatter ab, dUTch Hakenkral1en trag an die niihrenden Zweige geklammerl, so sehr Laubtier der Biiume geworden, daB sie mit Hilfe einer parasitisch ihrgrobes Haar durchspinnenden Alge sogar d ie grune fa rbe ihres Blaltverstecks angenommen haben, und ill ihrem UeberfluB so sehr an gemachlichste Bewegung auf ihfer (etten Weide gew6hnt, daB def Volkswilz sie als "fauitiere" bezeichnen konnte. Oegeniiber der voltig unscheinbaren Nalur dieser Baumfaulliere, die hochslens AniaB zu einigen harmlosen Fabeln (wie Uebertreibung der angeblichen Fau lheil) geben konnten, muBte es als eine der groBten Ueberraschungen der nelleren Tierkunde ge1ten, als ungeheure Knochen, im Lehm der Pampassleppen von Siida merika zuiallig gefunden, plolzlich Ku nde von geradezu miirchenhaft riesigen urwelllichen Fau!tieren gaben, die zu ihrer Zeit sicherlich die auffalligsten Charaklerliere ihres Landes gewesen sind. Mindestens bis in d ie gar Ilicht so sehr weit zuriickliegende Diluvialzeit hinein miissen diese Kolosse noch fortgeieht haben, und zwar lebten auch sie gleich den heutigen Baumfaultieren ausschJieBlich in Amerika. Ihr mafkalltester und gr6Bler Verlreter wurde von den Zoologen als das J\legatherium (das Wort miiBte eigenllich korrekt Megalotheriulll lauten) bezeichnel. Dieses "Riesenfaultier" im eigentlichslen Sin ne iiberlraf in der Oesamtlange uqg der Massigkeit einzelner Knochen noch den groHten Elefanten von heuie. Bei sei ner Schwere konnte es zweifellos keine Baurne rnehr erklellern, sondern leble als "Erdfaultier" auf dem flachen Boden. Wenn ein so1ches Oe· schopf auf niichtlicher Streiferei dort 1m Mondschein daher geslap£t kam, tiber lind tiber in seinen wirren Faullierpelz gehiillt, die Fiisse schief, mit der Seite, anstatl mi t der Sohle aufgesetzl und d ie miichligen Kral1en so dUTCh Einschlagen schollend, mit verhaltnis maBig kleinem blOden Kopf, aber schier endlosem Leibe auf Tragern von unerhorter Massigkeit, so muB es wohl das sonderbarsle und zugleich scheuBlichsle Saugetier gewesen sein, das die Erde je ge!ragen hal. Seine Tatzenschlage miissen furchlbar ge\'(lesen sein, wiihrend sein GebiB, wesenllich nur aus Backenzahnen bestehend, bloB auf harmlose Pflanzenkost eingerichtet war. Bei einigen eng verwandten, ochsen- und nashorngrofien Arlen saB unter dem Pelz. in der Haut noch ein besonderer Schutzranzer aus kleinen bohnen groBen KnOche\chen. Die Haul eines solchen Tieres war fur Pfeil · sehiisse wahl undurchdringlich. Sellsamer Weise besteht nun heule noch bei den lndianern jener sudamerikanischen Pampas eine Sage von einem gewalt igen Oeschopf, das zu iilrer Vater Tagen gelebl habe und mit keinem Pfeil erlegt werden konnte. Da man in neuester Zeit in einer Hohle in Patagonien noeh merkwurdig frisc he. mit gelbrotem Haar bedeckle Fellslucke eines sol chen Panzerfaultiers aufgefunden hat. gewann ti ne Weile die Vermutung auch bei vielen fachge!ehrten Raum, es konnten einzelne Nachziigler dieser Riesen da un!en im unbekannleren palagonischen Gebie! heute noch lebend exislieren. Doch hat sich dafiir bisher keine weitere Bestatigung gefunden. Oagegen ist gewiB, daB auch d as Megalh erium gleich dem Riesengiirteltier mindestens noch ill diluvialen Tagen von vorgeschichllichen Menschen gejagt worden ist. W. Bi:ilsche. ��3.) Mesonyx ein Ur-Raubtier. Die altesten Sallgeiiere, Zeitgenossen noch der drachenhaften Riesensaurier der Sekundarzeit. gehorten der Verwandtsehaft unserer lebenden niedrig stehenden SehnabelHere und Beuteltiere an. Erst mit der Wende zur Tertiarzeit begann dann die Entwickelung auch der h6heren 5augergruppen. Aus sehr ahnlich en Anfangen heraus sonderten sieh vor aHem die drei graBen Ordnungen der Huftiere, der Affen und der Raubtiere. So schwer es auch heute vor den extrem verschiedenartigen Endformen zu glauben ist: in jenen fernen Tagen glichen die Ahnen der spileren Lowen und Baren und die Voriahren elwa des Pferdes einander zllnachst noch so sehr, daB es dem Forscher oft schwer wird, sie streng syslematisch in den erhaltenen Knochenresten zu unterscheiden. Und allch als die Typen sich schon deutlich getren nt hatten, durchlief jeder fUr sieh doch noch maneherlei Vorformen, die uns heule, wenn sic noell leblen, gar merkbar yom gelaufigen Bilde abweichen mUBlen. So gingen die Raubtiere durch eine so1che Ur- und Zwisehenstufe, die innerhalb der ersien Halfte der Tertiarzeit sich langsam erst in die echlen Raubtiere, wie wir sic heule kennen, verwandelt hal. Wir wissen von ihr nur noch durcll versteinerte Skelette aus jener Zeit, die sich in Europa, Amerika und Nordafrika erhalten haben . Man hat sie di~ Creodonten oder Creodontier (Creodonta oder Creodontia) genann!. Obwohl sie seIber !loch keine echlen Hunde, Baren, Kleinbiiren, Marder, Zibelhkalzen, Hyinen oder Katzen sind, laBt sieh doeh nachweisen, daB aile diese spateren eehlen Raublierfamilien aus Ihnen als der gemeinsamen Stammgruppe ihren Ausgang genom men haben. fast allen Creodonlen fehlten noeh die charakleristischen ReiBzahne der Raubtiere, ihre Kopfe waren durchweg unproportioniert graB im Verhaltnis zum Leibe, an dem meist kurze, plumpe OliedmaBen saBen, das Oehirn war klein und mit schwachen Windungen versehen. Oleichwohl betatiglen sie skh offen bar durchaus schon in Raubiierweise und ersetzten ihre echteren Enkel einstweilen im Oesamtbilde des Tierlebens von damals. Das Bild zeigt einen Vertreter der Familie der Mesonychiden, die in der alteren Eoziinleit in Nordameri ka, frankreich und Belgien leble. Der dargestellte J\1esonyx seIber ist in Norda merika ausgegraben und von den ausgezekhneten Oelehrlen des New Yorker Museums (Osborn und Knight) zuersl muslergultig wiederhergestellt •worden. [n der GrOBe glich er einem kleineren Biiren, doch hatten seine FuBe schon vieles vom Hunde. Sein Oehirn war uber a11e Begriffe winzig, aber das war damals bei den meislen 5augetieren so, bei den Riiubern, wie bei ihrem Wilde. Unser abgebildeter kreodontischer Mesonyx scheint eines der zeitgen6ssischen nashornhaften Titanotherien bezwungen zu haben, dessen l1alb abgenagter Schadel vor il1m liegt; aueh in so1chem Tiianotherienkopf saB noeh ein wahrhaft jammerlich klei nes Him trotz der GroBe des Gesamtlieres, sodaB aueh ein wenig schlauer Angreifer seiner wohl einmal Herr werden konnte. w. BOlsche. �.~,... du ":fIt""'!'li ~ OJ?ehon.HI'/, kl,mw!"11('C/' 1!f'Nch.~d('lInl WfJOeuJ</u:f/limeli N·rla~. erldlitoliderJ'Ji:r1 VOII rtilAd".!IJ6lsc/,I1r. ~,.,(' 1l'!,,;;;w..J ~e(>(I(),.oJlt>U/lClrdl.9 Xa I/IOIl "9 IIth. J£: �4.) Raubsaurier F ressen und Gefressenwerden: das ist das uralle Grundgesetz tierischen Lebens. Oas Tier war von Anfang an nur erhaltungsfahig, indem es sich von der Pflanze nahrte, die ihrerscits allein die Gabe haite, anarganische Stoffe unmiltelbar in Lebenssubslanz umzusetzell. Wiederum unter den Tieren selbst tat sic:h dann eine Partei auf, die gleichsam in abgekurztem Verfahren gleich solche von Pflanzen erniihrten Tiere fraB. Immer, auch bis in die elltiegensten Urweltslage hinein, bewahren sich diese einfachen Gegensatze. Die Antilope, das scheue Jagerwild, friBt Gras; der Leopard, der blutdiirstige Jager, erlegt die Anlilope; so ist es heule. In der femen Kreidezeit, Millionen von Jahren vor uns, stand an Sielle von Antilope und Leopard das vielgestaltige Volk der Saurier; auch dart aber gall das gleiehe Wechselverhiiltnis. Ochsengro13e, elefanlengrofle, ja walfischgroBe Saurier erselzlen auf unserer Erde die pflanzenfressenden Huftiere (vergl. z. B. Blatt 13 dieser Serie), Ihnen nach aber stellten wehrhafte Raubsaurier. Wir haben auf Blatt 1 dieser Serie einen Zwerg, ein kleines Kiilzchen gleic:hsam aus dieser lelzteren Partei, kennen geletnl. Oer Tritt eines Brontosaurus hiitie es zermalmt, wie unser Fufl ein winziges Kiiferchen zerlrilt. Aber neben den Liliputer steHle sich auch auf dieser Seite der "Lowe" vom Saurierstamm, und vaT ihm muB selbst dem Brontosaurus ein Schreck dUTCh seill winziges Gehif1l gefahren sein. SchOll die umfangreiche Verpa.nzerung einzelnet jener groBen pflanzenfressenden Saurier (vergl. Blatt 13) oder die Ausgestallung. der Schwanzspitze zu einem furchtbaren, peitschenartigen Schlag. instrument bei anderen (vergl. Blatt 11 unserer Serie I) spricht fur emsthafte zeilgenossische Angreifer, fUr "Fresser", denen auch !lach diesen wandelnden fleisehbergen gelustete und die es wirklich wagen durflen, mit offenem Visier sich an sie heran zu machen. Die ilberreichen Knochenschalze jener Zeit hahen uns dann auch ihr Bild noch wohl erkennhar bewahrt. Allerorten wimme1te es damals offen bar auch von ihnen, man finde! ihre Reste in Europa, wie in Nord- und Siidamerika, in Indien, in Australien, in Madagaskar. Zum Stamm der Dinosaurier, der Schreckenssaurier, zahlen auch sie, die Angreifer gleich ihrem Wilde, diesmal waren sie aber wirklich mit ihrem furchlharen GebiB der Schrecken ihrer Zeit. Dabei madden auch sie den Zug dieser Zeit mit, der eine Masse Vertreter ihres Stammes kiinguruhhafl auf den weil verliinger!en und verstiirkten Hinterbeinen traben lief!. Walschelten die fetlen Iguanodonten (vergl. BlaH 6 in Serie I) gleich wandelnden Hiiusern so zur Weidt-, so folgten Ihnen in Gestalt raublustiger Riescnkiinguruhs die Feinde aus der eigenen Sippe eben falls hochbeinig hUpfend nacho Unser Bild faBI ein sich balgendes Parchen solcher Raubsaurier vom Geschlechte Laelaps, der engeren Art nach ist es der Laelaps aquilunguis aus der nordamerikanischen oberen Kreide. Man siehl die Ziihne drauen, von denen jeder wie eine feine Sage an den Randern eingekerbt war, gewahrt die unheimlichen Krallenklauen, sowie das eigenartige MiBverhaltnis in der Lange der Vorder- lind HintergliedmaBen, wie es dem gewohnheitsmiiBigen ]-f iipfer zukam. Die GroBe des erwachsenen Tieres mag viereinhalb Meter erreicht, ja ubertroffen haben, was im mer noch uber das stiirkste lebende Nashorn geht und rund das doppelte eines Tigers gibt. Wenig in ihren Tagen mag diesen Sautiertigern widerstanden haben. Nur die Zeit hat sie zulelzt doch hingerafft i mit ihrem riesenhaften Wilde sind auch sie ausgestorben. w. Bolsche. �.~I'( ria "I'-m-cl.t " II(U/' '1'CI'JCIIl~dellen /NJVe1lJlltajllidiell Pc'rl(t~. erldlltel'-lldel'J'/ixt VC'l rr,lIIe1", ~e. a/al'ie 11'1 u 'li' /1. 07?e/lCmHI'(lNlunt(HI �• 6.) Mastodonsaurus ein Frosch-Saurier A n eine bedeutungsvol le Stelle des tierischen Stammbaumes fiihrt uns dieses Bild: dorthin namlich, wa sich drei groBe Haupt· klassen def Wirbeltiere enlwickeJungsge· schi chtlich erst voneinander sonderten: die Amphihien (a\so die Klasse, zu def heute Frosch und Molch gehoren), die Rep· Wien (unsere Eidechsen, Krokodile usw.) und die saugetiere. Noell heute leben die Jungen def Amphibien als fischhafte Kaul. quappen im Wasser, und so sind die ganzen Amphibien zweifellos in sehr alten Tagen, (auf der Orenz~ lur Stei nkohlenzeit) einmal aus wirklichen Fischen hervorgegangen. 1m Zuge eines gewalligen Bildungszwanges hatten sie es aber schon in fruher Urweltszeit seiber Zli saurierhaften Riesenformen gebracht, gegen die unsere heutigen Frosche Da und Mo1che klaglich zurucktrelen. walschelte in der Triaszeit in Wurttemberg der sogenannle I\\astodonsaurus als VerIreter dieser Oruppe daher, ein Ungetum, desse:n Schadel allein ein Meter ma.B. In (rechts) und Pareiasaurus und ein Saugetier-Saurier (links) gewissem Sinne waren auch diese Mastodonsaurier und Oenossen auBerlich eine Art Oemisch von einem kolossalen Frosch und kolossalen Molch, bald mehr dem einen, bald mehr dem andern im Kopfumri B ahnlich. Mit furchtbarem krokodilhaftem OebiB bewehrt, llatlen sie im Skelellbau indessen auch schon bemerkenswerte Aehnlichkeiten mit den reptil ischen Sauriern, und aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach ist irgendwo aus den Wurzeln ihres Siammes geradezu auch diese echle Reptilklasse hervorgegangen, die dann auch in ih rcn Jungen die letztcn fischhalten Zuge endgultig verlor. Besonders deutlich auf diesen allen Ausgangspunkt wies nun noch in der gleichen Zeit eine Replilordnung wruck, die man als die der Th erolllorphen bezeichnet hat und zu der enger wieder die sogenannten Cotylosaurier geh6rten. Einen so1chen Cotylosaurier auRersl altertiimlichen Oeprages fiihrt die zweite Figur unseres Bildes in dem Pareiasaurus vor, der nach vollstandig erha ltenen SkeleUen erganzl werden konnte. Pareiasaurier leblen in der Perm- und Triaszeit altweltlich vom Kapland bis in die Oegend von Basel und mogen den froschsau riern dort 110ch ofter begegnet sein. Die dargeslellte Form wurde 3 m lang und war ein ungemein schwerfiillig gebautes, leckelhaft kuribeiniges Oesch6pf, das vielleicht eine maulwurfsartig grabende Lebensweise gefuhrt hat. Hochst merkwurdigerweise erinnern aber nun gerade an diesen Colylosauriern wie dell Theromorphen uberhaupt gewisse Korpermerkmale auch berelts an die (nochmals urn eine Stufe die ganzen Sauder uberragende) Klasse der Siiugetiere, und viele Forscher sind def festen Ansicht, daB bereits hier die geschichtliche Abzweigung auch dieser wichtigsten und h6chslen aller Tiergruppen staUgefunden habe. Die neueren funde scheinen das mehr und mehr zu beslatigen. w. Boische. �_.l;~1't: £In :Y(,.wdt ~ ,.J?eli(~nJ"'flltti(>lIell' ?well 1}e,'UIIIl>d~lIe" l/·tJ;kllJeh«jllicne /I erUillte-,.nderJJixt lion l(;:the/m !Bo/vI,e" o.I'J,.,"e IF! a.-1i"'6 N, rl((~. �7.) Dimetrodon ein amerikanischer Siiugetier -Saurier. cnes merkwurdige Yolk sehr altertGmlicher Saurier, das man Theromorphen (odeT Theromoren) nennt und von dem in dem Text zu Blatt 6 erziihlt is!, daB es gewisse J bedeutsame Beziehungen zu den SlugetieTen aufweise, hat in den obersten Sleinkohlen~, Perm- und Triasschichten, wie sie unsere Geologen an Techt alter Stelle der Oesteinsablagerungen der Erdgeschichle unlerscheiden, cine Menge von Knochen hinlerlassen, die auf cine ganz ungew6hnliche Gestalten/GIle schlie Ben lassen. Wunderliche Oesellcn sind dabei. Auf jenem Blatt 6 is! der kUTzbeinige, uberaus derbe und pJumpe Pareiasaufus dargestellt. Daneben abeT gab es aus jenem Gesamtvolk VerIreter, die gleich kleinen FluBpferden am und im Wasser leblen und denen aus ubrigens schildkralenhaften liornschnabeln bloB zwei kolossale Eckhauer ragten, ulld dann wieder andere, die bereits ein wahrhaft saugetierhaftes, in Schneide., Eck- und Back:clhne ges.onderles RaubliergebiB (bei TigergraBe in den starksten form en) besa6en. Die sch6nste Fundslalte dieser zum Tei! frappan! an Siiugeliere gemahnenden Formen ist das afrikanische Kapland. Aber auch Nordamerika beherbergte damals solche SiiugetierSaurier, und zwar speziell auch Verwandte der Cotylosaurier, wie sie jener Pareiasaurus vetiritt. Dort nun ist die auffiilligste Gattung das Tier Dimetrodon gewesen, das ebenfalls bis 3 m Lange erreichte und in den Perm-Gesteinen von Texas und Neu-Mexico wieder aufgefunden worden ist. Oer ausgezeichnete amerikanische Zeichner Knight hat seinen muimafilichen K6rperumriB zuers! wieder hergestellt, der allerdings an grotesker Ungestalt bis zur Komik nichts zu wunschen ubrig lieB. 1m Maul des nicht ganz halbmeterlangen Kopfs saBen unheimliche Fangziihne, die auf einen bissigen Riiuber schlie Sen lassen. Gleichzeitig aber waren die Riickenwirbel durch ganz ungeheure Dornfortsiitze zu einer Art Stachelkamm entwickelt, dessen einzelne knacherne Sparren nach Allsicht der amerikanischen Gelehrten wie die Stangen eines Regenschirmes in einem groBen kammhaften Hautsegel gesessen haben, wahrend unser deutscher Palaonlolog Jaekel sie fur eine frei vorragende Stachelkrone halt. Was dieses extrem groBe OebiJde fur einen Wlmittelbaren Zweck gehabt haben soil, ist schwer zu sagen, jedenfaUs bot es aber ein schwerfiilliges Schmuckoder Schreckgebilde von allerverwegenstem Anblick dar. W. Boische. �· JJ:o'C do' "'I(IVi~tt " .Ji!e1{(.·n,;{l't,ldl(nlcn nac!. 'Ver-JC,Aud~J/(!,1I ./IJfJ:JellJe!.ajflidum n'rf<'!I~' ertd.,d(,l'!u/u$;xf wn 1t't/he/m ~h<!. aAl'f·... ll~ O:Jf ? .ffluw/l'I~olleU'j/(U'dt $. m.o. J£ _____ .J("u fII~'~"."'. Y �. 8.) Das Titanotherium eine vollig ausgestorbene riesige Nebenform zu Tapir und Nashorn T apir und Nashorn, so weiB man heute, sind keine "Dickhii.uter'1 aus der Verwandtschaft der Schweine tlnd Nilpferde oder gar der Elefanten, sondern sie gehoren als alte Vor-formen sehr eng zum Stammbaum unseres pferdes. Man war sich in Forscherkreisen abel' kaum Gber diese hoehwichtige Tatsaehe klar geworden, als man auf Grund von Knoehenfunden sich atlch schon daran gew6hnen mufite, daB zu diesem Tapir und Nashorn in Vorweltslagen aueh noeh mancherlei heute vollig wieder ausgemerzte Nebenformen existiert hatten, die ihr gesehichlliches Bild weit reicher machen. Hierher geh6ren nun ganz besonders die UIIgeschlaehten T itanot herien, wie sie unser Bild mit AnschluB an eine der sachkundigen Wiederherstellungen des treffliehen PaJaontologen Osborn in New-York in einem typischen Vertreter vorfGhrt. Sie lebten in der ersten HaUte der Teniarzeit besonders zahlreich in Nordamcrika, starben aber noeh vor Mitte des Tertiiir radikal iiberall wieder aus, nachdem sie es bis zur vollen GroBe von Elefanten gebracht hatten. Ihre Zehenzahl enlsprach nieht dem lebenden Nashorn sondern Ul1serm Tapir. Dagegen trugen sie meist an der Orel1ze der Stirn~ und Nasenbeine ein Paar - stumpfe Knochenzapfen, die nebeneinander wurzelten und bei den spateren Arten immer grolesker auswuchsen, dergestalt, daB man sich in den exlremsten fallen fast nicht mehr den ken kann, wie die besonders bevorzugten allen Bullen so!che BGrde und Hemmung zuletzt Gberhaupt noch transportieren konnten. In der Tat ist das ganze Oeschlecht jenseits dieses Oipfels alsbald von der Etde verschwunden, und man darf wahl vermuten, daB die einseitige tlnd unpraktische Wucherung des Organs seIber seinen Untergang besehletlnigt hat. Von den H6rf!ern unseres heutigen Nashorns unterschieden sich die Gesichtszapfen der Titanotherien Gbrigens insofern sehr stark, als unser Rhinozeros in seinem Horn (das eine reine Hautverhornung nach Art einer riesigen Schwiele darstellt) keinerlei Knoehenkern fGh rt; dort mischte sich dagegen eher etwas ein, das an unsere Ochsen erinnerte. Immer wieder erscheint die Vorwelt mit il1ren zahllosen Experimenkn eben als der Schau platz der seltsamslen Vereinigungen heute weit getrennter Merkmale in der Tierwelt. W. BOIsche �clJ'Ztamot/U!-1iu )) l" • rlJ(" I'f' da "'W..well ~ .;!U/wnJ{f'(IN.bMH'1t '1/1u/' 1'(!I\JC/'ledeu(!l( Il'IJtJellJehajllidi(!/I H,,.I(t~, u·ldlllf!1'}/d,r$;y! veil lldhdm !JJOlJd,e. ~"ie HI! ~ lp' J. �• 9.) Der Sabeltiger Machairodus in Siidamerika. S iidamerika hatle 5ich wahrend eines groBen Zeitraumes der neueren Erdgeschichte eine fast ebenso abgeschlossene Sonderart bewahrt, wie in allerdings nach ausgesprochenerem MaBe Australien beschieden gewesen ist. Die Entwickeiullg seiner Saugetiere hatte infolge dessen lange Zeit hindurch ebenfalls sonderbare Bahnen ganz fUr sich eingeschlagen, deren Ergebnis uns 1.. B. in den Riesenfaultieren und Riesengiirteltieren (vergl. unsere Serie I), sowie mehreren ganz aparten Huftiergruppen geschichtlich vor Augen stehl. Erst gegen das Ende def Terliiirzeit offnete sich dann def verschlossent: Erdteil wieder, und jetzt wanderten von Nordamerika eine ganze Menge def dort inzwischen erzielten Entwickelungsprodukte ein: Elefanlen, Tapire, Pferde, Kamele, Hirsche u. a. Dabei aber kamen auch groBe wilde Raubliere Yom Kalzengeschlecht mit, deren Knochenreste schon friih ganz besonders die Aufmerksamkeil der Forscher gefessell haben. Man stand bei Ihnen namlich vor der unheimlichsten AusbiJdung des Raubtiergebisses, die je vorher oder nachher irgendwo auf unserm Planeten beobachlet worden ist. Der "Sa bel~ tiger" in seiner hochsten Polenz isl auf jener Wende zum Eroberer Siidamerikas geworden, allerdings nur zu einelll voriibergehenden; denn wie es heute keinen siidamerikanischen Elefanten mehr gibt, so gib! es jelz! keinen Sabeltiger lIlehr dart, ja es gib! Sabeltiger iiberhaupl nicht mehr auf der Erde. l\'1achairodus neogaeus, wie der genauere Name grade dieses Siidamerikaners laule!, gehorte zu einem Oeschlecht mitlelgroBer und gauz groller Kalzen, das bereHs sei! der alteren Tertiarzeit weilverbreitel in der aUen Welt wie dem Norden der neuen exisliert und schon frii h dorl eine ganz extravagante Neigung zu kolossalen oberen Eckziihnen bewahrl hatte, die endlich zur Bi ldung wahrer Messer oder sabel an dieser Stelle fiihrte. Wie diese Sabelziihne praktisch benulzt wurden, dariiber streiten sich die forscher, seil man die Tiere aus wohlerhaltenen Reslen kennt. Nach den einen schlugen sie sich als entsetzliche Do1che in das Opfer des Raubers ein, wahrend gleichzeitig der Unlerkiefer beim StoB fast senkrecht herabgebogen werden konnle. Oanz besonders sollen sie in Siidamerika in dieser Weise gedient haben, urn die harten Panzer der zeilgenossischen Riesengiirteltiere aufzuspalten. Nach anderer Ansicht ware es dagegen zuletzl gar nicht mehr moglich gewesen den Mund so aufzureiBen, daB die Sabel wirklich noch zum Angriff verwertet werden konnten. Die Tiere sollen reine Aasfresser gewesen sein, die nur verwesende, erweichte Massen zerleglen und hinunterschlangen. Das ist vorers! nichl klar zu losen, wie so manche andere "Oebrauchsfrage" def Urwell; aber es bleibt der wahrhaft damonische auBere Anblick dieses Oebisses als einer der verwegensten Sch6pfungen vorweltlicher Oestallungskraft. W. BOische. �.Q~N' d"r "'/I""vU ~ .J?ekIlMf'(tlt/{Onell 71aC;' 't·el'Jchiedenen 1/·{.tiellJ<iu!lllldU:1I J"{·r{a~. e rUiutermle,...$:d "'NI Itrlhelm!iJtiI.JcIIl!. uAl'te Dc> tV)';- 9. 1'1.',('9 dcr,,)((t/w(' {9'HlJ)((flllll! fflieNIl·/'cYtl!l<:/uLrdt '11'(/ w{.;hk X<llll/)((I'Y ,tJ In h JC. �• I / 10.) Das Dinotheriurn ein urweltlicher Elefant mit abwiirts gebogenen Stossziihnen. D ie StoRzahne unseres Elefanten, die das unsch1i.tzbare Elfenbein Hefem, sind seil Alters ein Streitobjekt der Oelehrten. Sie sitzen bekanntlich im Oberkider und biegen wachsend in stolzer Kriimmung nach aben. frilher hielt man sie fur die abnorm vergroBerten und aus dem Maul hervorwachsenden oberen Eckzahne, bis man erkannte, daB es sich urn riesige Schneidezahne handelte. Das groBte Erstaunen aber muBle erregen, als im Jahre 1835 Zll Eppelsheim bei Darmstadt der ii~r ein Meter lange Schadel eines urweltlichen Elefanten ausgegraben wurde, bei dem die StoBzihne gerade umgekehrt aus dem Unterkiefer wuchsen und sich von da auch enl- sprechend nach unlen einkrummten. Da die ubrigen Skelettknoehen sich zunaehst nicht hinzu finden wolilen, konnle man sich anfangs nieh! entsehliefien, in dem ratselhaflen Oeschopf wirklich einen echten Elefanten anzuerkennen, sondern riet auf eine Seekuh, also ein flossentragcndes Seesaugelier. Ersl nach langen Jahren wurde das Oesamlskelett an anderen fund slellen enldeckl, naehdem jener ersle Schadel auf dem Transport nach England verunglUekl war, und nun slellte das Oanze sich doeh als eine sehr gt'oBe Elefanlengattung heraus. Man nannie sie das "Schreekenstier" oder Dinotherium. Der Riese haUe in der mittleren Tertiarzeit in Europa wie in Ostindien gelebl. Seine eigentumlichen StoBzahne mag er in ahnlicher Weise zurn Astebrecnen im Urwald verwertet haben, wie unser lebender Elefant, obwohl ihre Lage zum Russel dafur nkht ganz so gunslig war. Wenn er 3uch keine Seekuh \lIar, so wird er doch gem ein Bad genom men haben. Neueste forschung hat ubrigens dargetan, daB die wirklichen Seekuhe auch nich!s anderes sind, als vollkommen dem Wasserleben angepaBte Urelefanlen. W. BiSl~ch e . ��11.) Der Tylosaurus eine "Seeschlange" des nordamerikanischen Kreide-Meeres. aefter ist vermlltet worden! es konnle in den trotz allen SpoUes hart, niickig immer wieder allftauchenden Berichten von der groBen "See· schlange" insofern ein K6rnlein Wahrheit stecken, als vielleicht in den unerforschlen Wei ten und Tiefen des Ozeans noch heule einer jener Riesensaurier fortlebte, die vor Zeiten so zahl reich das Meer unsicher gemacht haben. Wie es sich nun damit verhalte: soviel ist gewiB, daB kein Oeschlecht sotcher Urweltssaurier jemals besser zu dem legendaren Bilde soJcher Seeschlange gepaBt haben wiirde, als das der sogenal1nten Mosasaurier (MaasSauTier). Es fuhr! seinen Namen nach einem ersien Schiidelfunde, der schon 1780 in der obersten Kreide des Petersberges bei Maestrichl im Maas-Gebiel gllickte uud die Aulmerksamkeil der forscher auf diese eigenartigen Gesch6pfe hinleukte. Viel spater sollie man dann aus weit vol1slandigeren tlnd reicheren Reslen lernen, daB die Hauptheimat dieser MaasSaurier eigel1tlich das Kreide-Meer illl Gebiet der heutigen Felsengebirge Nordalllerikas gewesen sei, das zu gewisser Zeit geradezu von Ihnen gewimmelt haben muB. 1m Gegensatz zu den meisten andern Sauriern der Zeit geh6rten sie schon im engeren Sinne zu den heutigen Eidechsen (Lacertilia). Beschuppl wie diese und mit vier kleinen Schwimmpaddeln versehen, reckten sie als freie Hochseeschwimmer zugleich ihre Leiber aber auch in h6chst iihnlicher Weise wie unsere heutigen Sch langen aus, und im Wasser, das sie wohl kaum je mehr verliefien, miissen sie kolossalen Schlangen am meislen geglichen haben. Oer abgebildete Tylosaurus aus Nordamerika wurde gegen 9 m lang, wovon iiber ein Meier auf den spilzen, mil furchtbarem GebiB bewehrten, schlangeniihnlichen Kopf kam. Oer echtt, von der Maas bis nach Neusee land verbreitete Mosasaurus mafi gar 12 m und mehr. Gleich unsern Oelphinen miissen diese "Seeschlangen" von damals bose Rauber gewesen sein, und so laB! auch unser Bild gerade einen kleineren Saurier, der zur Gruppe der Champsosaurier gehoren mag, dem GroBen zum Opfer fallen. W. Boische. �.(..~i"( CRcli('n~t"'IlttHmell lI'Ieli tin '1(IVl'tlt " 1'c'oJr;lI{~d~/I~/I llJtJJetlxhajElidu'/I n.·rI«~. uUilltel'1ldu'@;rt/lMI 'jl'ithdm!lMl«he. GA ...e U9Q/}F If 1fT~k·1'r.J · t('l charrlt .)(fIIltOIlI'fj iJ. 1116 ...it: �12.) Waran-Eidechse ein lebender Nachziigler urweltlicher Riesenreptile. In den heillen Landern Afrikas, Asiens und Australiens lebt heute ooch cine kleine Anzahl stattlicher, ein bis zwei Meter ianger Eidechsen, die durch ihrt Beziehungen zur Vorwelt besan- ders interessant sind. "Waran" nennt sic d er Araber, was einfach Eidechse heiR!, wahrend erst ~in "\ir~vcrstandnis daraus den haufig gebrauchtcn Namen "Warneidechse" (sic sollten die Kroko· dill" bei nahcnder Gefahr warnell) ge· mach! hat. Sellr auflalliger Weise findet 5ich in allen Ocbietcn, die von solchen Waranen bC\l'lohnt \1:'crden, jedesma\ unter Ihnen cine ausgesprocilen w3sserliebcnde Sorte neben ('iller andern, die geradc umgckehrl den heifiesten, Irockensten Wilstenbaden bevorzugt. Unser Bild zeigt einen solchen \ Vasse rwa ra n (Varanus salvator) in der bekann!esten ind isehen ArL In dieser heule noeh streng durehgefuhrten Doppelrol1e schein! sich nun ein StUck Oeschichle des Warangeschlechles zu spiegeln. Noeh in der Tertiiirzeit gehorten zu diesen Waranen riesenhafte Oesellen, deren Reste sieh insbesondere in gam: jungen Sehiehten von Queensland in Australien erhalten haben, wo man auf eill UngeWm von 10 m Lange sehlieRt; vielleichl gehen die australischen Sagen von einer entsetzliehen schwarzen Eidechse, die Mensehen gefressen habe, Iloch darauf zuruck. Noch eine Erdepoche weiler riiekwih1s, in der Kreidezeit, lebten im Ouan jene Mosasaurier, von <lenen Blatt 11 dicscr Serie eillen Vcr!reler vorliihrt. Aueh VOII ihnen aber is! sicher, daB sie sehr enge Beziehungen zu den Waraneidechsell hatten, und zu Ihnen wieder Hndet sich eine heu!e eben falls ausgestorbene Parallel- oder Slammgruppe in den sogenannlen Aigialosauriern, die, bei nur echler \'(farangroBe von heule, eine direkte Zw ischenstellung zwischen Waranen und MOs.1sauriern einnahmen, dabei aber noeh Bewohller d es Sirand es waren Ilnd zweifellos fU r sich auf eehlc alte Landeidechsen zuruckgingen. Oer Wechscl von Wasser und Land war also schon eine uralte Oepflogenheit des ganzen zugehorigen Siammes, der UIIS im iibrigen deshalb so wichtig isl, weil er uns staU von rein ausgestorbenen Saurierreplilen etwas von der En!wiekelung: der heule weiterbliihenden Ordn ung der "Schuppensaurier" fib erhaupt, zu dencn aile ullsere Eidechsen und Schlangen z.ihlcll, verdiL W . Bolsche. �•• • ",JJ;e/'e- de ... ''It,.vdi- ~ ~wll'f.l.ltti~ ?ltu:A ve~M1Mv ~rldutfmtd~l'"~ 1.'(>>>" 1vi44emkitajl/idiell, Pcr{(I~, ,,8. W.ilhdm, ~e-. ~M ll'loll§ �, I I 13.) I Der Nashornsaurier Triceratops. N achdem die grotesken Gestalten der Urweltssau rier Ich thyosaurus, Plesiosaurus und Pterodaklylus allgemein bekann l, ja als typische Vertretcr def "Wunder der Vorwell" geradezu bei uns popular geworden waren, schien def Reichlum der Archive der ErdgeschichlC einigermaBen erschopft. Auch in wissenschaftlichen Kreisen erwartete man nichts allzu besollderes mehr. Oa aber kam neue tlnd Gberraschende Kunde aus Nordarnerika. Die Oeleh rten dart, allen voran O. Marsh von New t-I aven, halten mit der Ausbeutung so gro3artiger Fundstiitten urweltlicher Tiere begonnen, wie sic in den beschei deneren europiiischen Verhiiltnissen hisher gau2 undenkbar gewesen waren. Und dabei Iraten Tlu n Schlag au f Schlag auch neue, beispiellos sellsame formen an's Lichl, darunter auch Saurier von nie geahnter GroBe wie Ungesla lt. Schlugen den Orofienrekord die seither saitsam berlihmt gewordenen BronlOSaurier (vergl. Blatt 17 unserer Serie I), so muSte d ie Krone der wildesten MifHorm in diesem neuen Zuwachs dem Nashornsaurier Tri ce ratops zweifellos zuerkannl werden. Gleich den Bront05.1Uriern waren auch diese Nashorner unler den Sauriern Zugehorige der Ordnung der Di nosaurier oder Schreekenssaurier. Sic leblen in d~r spateren Kreidezeit im Gebiet der Vereinigten Slaaten tlnd Kanadas in zah lreichen Art~n ganz nach Art unserer wirklichen, Ztl den 5augelieren zihlenden Rinocerosse, trabten schwerfall ig auf behuften fuBe n durch den Plan und nahrten sich von reiner PfJanzellkost. Dabei wahrten Leib und Schwanz aber den krokodilhafl en Zug des hii6liehen, teilweise verpanzerten Riesenreptils, wahrend der selbst zu diesem Leibe IInformlich groBe Ko pf sich zu Bildungen erhob, die kein Ti ~r weder yorher 110eh nach~er ah nlich besessen hat. Vorne lief er in einen zahn losen Schnabel aus, der an den fahelhaften Greif erinnerte und wohl eineo wirksa1l1 en Rupfappa rat in der Weise, wie ihn unsere gra.senden Kuhe Yerwerten, abgab. Eeh le Ziil1l1e saf3en erst im tieferen Orunde der Kiefern. Au f der Nase und iiber den Augen ragten gewa tlige Horner, die (bei den versch iedenen An en ·ungleieh und von den Fo rsehern auch verschiedenarlig wiederhergestellt) auf jeden Fall den Charakter echter Ochsenhorner mil knochernen Zapfen und allfsitzend ~ n Ho rnscheiden besaBen. In ganz ei nzigartiger Weise aber waren die hinteren Schadelknochell zu t iner Art kllochernen Schirms oder Schutzdachs erweilert, an dem abermals knocherne Zapfen einen miichtigen Randkamm bilden halfen. Zweifellos slellte dieser bestachelte solide Knochcnkragen ein~n starken Schulzsch ild fflr den darunter verborgenen Hals dar, gieichzeiiig muB er aber dem nur mit winzigem Oehirn arbeitenden Riesen auch eine hochgradige Schwerfiltigkei l gegeben haben. Die g roBten diescr Nashornsaurier erreichten 8 m Lange, woYon 2 m allein au f den Schirmkopf ka men, wurden also rund d oppell so groB wie das starksle echte Nashorn. W . BOlsche . • �•.J:lk.v:: du ZfJirwdt " .:Ji!e/unMfI'l.I,/tuune,n- 7u:u:h " HNuch(~cklll}}1/ /l/Ndeux/wjllidU'II ]Jurlwllm,/. ertdutemckr-$ixt v(>n 7(Uk/lft3i.Jcl.sdu¥. o/'I!,,"i~ 1ft! oIW.1,J. �14.) Elginia und Hyperodapedon ein Siiugetier·Saurier (links) und ein Sclinabelkopf·Saurier aus der Triaszeit. 1mromantischen Lande der Erzahlunge" Walter Scotts, in Schottland, leblen var vielen Millionen von Jahren zwei haBliche Saurier mit besonders unfOnnlichen Kopfen, die zwei verschieschiedene, aber beide durchaus noeh urtumticbe Typen def saurierhaften Reptile gut darsteJlten. Oer cine, das Tier Eiginia (Elgin ia mirabilis), gthorte jener merkwurdigen Ordnung def Theromorphen oder SaugetierSauTier an, von def bereits auf Blatt 6 und 7 dieser Serle Vertreter abgebildet sind und die sich dadurch aUSleichnete, daB sic einerseits das Reptil noch eng verknupft zeigte mit gewissen gepanzerten Amphibien def Zeit, andererseits von diesem Reptil aus schon in die hohere Oruppe def Siiugetiere hiniiberdeutele. Elginia, ein verhaltnismaB ig kleiner, noch nicht meterlanger Saurier, war aufs nachste verwandl mit dem auf Blatt 6 dargestelilen Pareiasaurus, unterschied sich von ihm aber durch den dreieckigen Schadel, an dem sich au8er alJgemeiner rauher Oberfl achenskulptur noch eine ganze Anzahl hOrnerartiger Knoehenspilzen befanden. Umgekehrt das Hyperodapedon (Hyperodapedon Gordoni), das auBer in Schoilland auch in Indien gefunden worden ist und noch ein SHick gr6Ber werden konnle, seh lieBt sieh im Knoehenbau naher an den einzigen echlen UrweltsSaurier an, den wir heute noeh lebend auf der Erde besilzen, narnlieh die neuseelandisehe Bruekelleidechse oder Halteria (vergl. Blatt 18 in Serie I), und biJdete mil ihr und ihren ubrigen Ver- wandlen die allertiimliche replilische Ordnung der Sehnabelk6pfe oder Rhynchoeephalen. Oer ebenfalls stark dreieckige Schadel war in diesem Faile hinlen unfOrmlich auseinandergezogen, wahrend die Augen sehr klein waren. Die Spitzschnauze zog sich oben in kru mmem H akenseh nabel a bwarts, weiter hinten aber bol ein ganzes Pflaster kleiner Kiefer- und Gaumenzahne einen krUtigen Quetsehapparat, der wohl das Zertriimmem harter Muschelschalen besorgt hat. Inleressant isl bei vielen dieser aUen Saurier noch die Exislenz cines starken Scheitelloehs oben in der Sehlideldecke, in dem ein wahrhafliges "drittes Auge", ein drittes Sehorgan neben den anderen, fUr den Blick senkreeht naeh oben geeignet, gesessen zu haben schein!. W. Boische. �· Q'!I~",. tin if(,.a-ell ."..7Jelu;ntxl'/lkli&fwfI '1UtCk 1.'CNch,~dell~1I lNJJeIlJellajllidu:II H'rl((!lIY/"V. el'ld."teNl(le,.lj~:rt !Jon itilhdm !JJ<ilJ<:iI<!-. ~,.,e If'! ,...1F 14. q �~nd Sclerosaurus zwei europaische Saugetiersaurier. 15.} Geikia L ange Zeit schien es, als wolle der groBe und sonstan Ueberraschungen so reiche Erdtci1 Afrika zu unserer Kenntnis ausgestorbener Tiere: so gut wie gar nichts beisleuern. Die ersle bedeutsame Wende: hier bezeichnele dann die Arbeit englischer forscher, die nach Fu nden in den sogenannten Karoo-Schichten des Kaplandes jenes Oeschlecht h6chst eigenartiger alter Saurier beschrieben, das in ein igen Vertretern schon auf dell Slattern 6, 7 und 14 dieser Serie vorgefUhrt und dort als das der S3.ugetier-Saurier (Theromorphen) bezeich ne:! ist Die Vermutung, daB di e Saugetiere in ihren urtlim lichsten Formen, an die unsere lebenden Schnabelticre noch erinnern, voreinst ei nmal aus echlen Sauriern, also Reptilien, hervorgegangen scin mOchlen , ist schon eine fruhe, die der Allmeister stam mcsgesch ichtlicher forsch ung, Haeckel, luers! energisch verfochlen hat lange aber wol1te sich keinc Spur eines vorwelt_ lichen Sauriers linden, der uns von dieser wichligen Entwickelungswende noch direkt etwas verralen hatie. Erst diese: merkwurdigen Oeschopfe: vom Kapland, die man allmah1ich rech! genau kennen lernle:, fUhrten dann wirkliche Saurier vor Augen, die bereits saugelierhafte ahne, einen Uebergang zu der Form der Oelenkkopfe des Schadeis, wie sie bei den saugem eigenlUm1ich isl, einen Zug zu ahnlicher Verknupful'Jg des Unterkiefers mit dem Schadel, wie sie bei den 5augetieren besleht, und andere verwandIe Merkmale bei sonst doch noch vorherrschender Saurier- g~stalt zeigten. Die erdgeschichtliche Epoche, in der diese Tiere: geJebt hatten, reichle von def Steinkohlenzdt bis in die Triasperiode. Da die iiltesten eehlcn saugetierreste erst aus dieser Triasperiode stammen, worde auch die Zeit also sehr gut zu der Vermutung stimmen, daB wir dart noch die richtige Uebergangsfo rm, wie sie die Theorie fordert, endeckt habetl. Oelegentlich hat sich in def gleichen fu ndslelle am Kap sagar ei n ei nzelner Schadel gerunden, Gber dessen Zugehorigkeit 7.U dell Sauriern ode r den S5ugetieren sich noch heule d ie Oelehrten slreHen, sicherlich. auch ein bedeulungsvoller Fi ngerzeig, daB man hier iTgendwie dem graBen Entwicklungsgeheimnis nahe ist. Inzwischen hal man Resle dieser "Siugetier-Saurier" aber auch bei uns zu Lande ausgegraben, und zwei soleher europaischen formen vereinigl unser Bild. Die Geikia (l inks) leble zu ihrer Zeit im heutigen Schoiliand und war gewissen Kap-Saurier verwand~ die schildkr6tenhaftc Schnabel mit riesigen t-Iauern fuhrten (Anomodon ten), sic selbst aber entbehrte dieser Hauer. Der Scle rosaurus (rechts) hat sich in deutlichen Resten dagegen im Triasgestein der Umgegend von Basel erhaiten, er war dem auf Blatt 6 dargesle1llen Pareiasaurus verwandt und trug Kopfdornen ahnlich der auf Blatt 14 wiederhergestel1ten Elginia, sowie sechs R.eihen Panze:rplatten auf dem Rucken. w. BOl!Jch e. �• .-.:;;;."" drr J/(I'rl«(t · coRclU>IIJlrflNt,O/lell n(lr/, t'eIOSc/'lt'dt!IIt!J/ 1/'{(;JellJelwjllid!t!/I Fo/,,{a9W1l/, t!I'{d,dnJ/der$;x{ VOII l{dlldm!JJi!&dte. Q)"drt'e llq,... 1ii IJ ffh"('(/('r cJt eu/llu(/( .5!. m.b.JC ,ifrrlllblfl'fl �16.) wahrend der Eiszeit und unmittelbar nach ihr waren in Europa weit noch verbreitet gigantische Hirsche, deren Oeweih im sta.rksten Faile uber 3 m klafterle. Mit Reeht bezeiehnel man die in mehrere Arlen zerspaltenen Vertreter dieses heute vollkommen ausgestorbenen Oeschlechts als Riesenh irsche (mit dem Oattungsnamen Megaceros). Oanz besonders zah lreich mussen sie das damalige Irland belebt haben, wo ihre Skeletle sich in ungewehnlich guler Erhaltung vieifaltig noeh in den heuligen Torfmooren linden. Aile groBen Museen haben • Der Riesenhirsch. sich aus dieser glanzenden Fundslatte versorgen kennen. Kein Zweifel besteht, daB dieses prachtvolle Jagdwild zu seiner Zeit ooch von vorgesehichtl ichen Menschen der Sleinzeit gejagt worden ist. Das ungeheure Oeweih mull fUr diese allen Hirsche ein wahrer Ballasl gewesen sein, der sie in der Oefahr niehl eben ferderte, so daB man sich wahl denken kann , es habe noch der Mensch seIber die letzten uberlebenden Riesen ausgerotlet. Un",'ahrscheinlich ist dagegen neuerlich die lange verbreitele Annahme ge,,'orden, daB solche Hirsche unler der Sezeichnung "grimmer Schelch" noch als lebend im Nibelungenliede aufgefiihrt wurden; der "Schelch" dorl durfte ein Wildhengst gewesen sein. 1m System der liirsche wird der Riesenhirsch am nachslen zu unserm Damhirsch gestellt, der zu seinen Tagen ebenfalls noch wild bei uns bis nach Nordeuropa hinauf leble. Unser Sild stellt ein Parchen der majestatischen Tiere nach einer Rekonstruktion von O. Keller im Roemer - Museum zu Hildesheim dar. W . Boisch e. �• ~1'C du 'lIt1'fIUi • ,;}U/unwt,.., k.uo-l'/.e;,1" 7t<lc/~ ve"scAledello/f JVl<AA?n4clu;!1l.lUW1t H:'l'lawm/, 6JUUdl'NldllrJJ;xt VI»"! lltllr.dm!1!c&.:IIC.-. ~1't'e UQ a71fi 16. ''PeXa9da.;J(ahac tbmp((9,ut ,PkN/C'I'Jleic/'ft rdf cJr(tlld.ohA ,;til III/w "(j ~ If/o. X �\ 17.) Das Mammut der Pelz - Elefant der Eiszeit. N achst dem Ichthyosaurus des Uedes ist kein Tier der Vorwelt so allgemein bekannt, ja populiir wie das Mamm ut. Elefantenihnliche Geschapfe haben unsere deulsche Heimat wiihrend langer Epochen der Urzeit zahlreich bewohnl. Keines davon ist aber so zah selbst dem hartesien Klima gegeniiber gewesen, hat so lange noch in Menschentage hinein fortgelebt, hat uns sein Bild so anschaulich hinterlassen wie das Mammut. Ein echter Elefani, an Gralle die Ipbenden Arlen wohl kaum iibertreffend, hatte cs sich doch den unwirtlichen Vcrhii!tnissen der Moossteppe (Tundra) am fuB der Eiszeitgletscher in EuroN gliicklich angepaBl, wobei ein dichter rotbrauner Pelz besonderen Kalteschutz gewahrte. Vom Walde und ihrer Rolle als Holl.brecher dort entwohn!, hatlen seine StoBzahne d.. bei eine unprakhsch riesenhaUe und nach au Ben verkriimmte form angenommen, die zwar sein Bild besonders. schreckhaft machi, aber zu seinen Lebzeiten ihm eher ein zwecktoser Ballast gewesen sein dCtrften. In dieser charakteristischell Gestalt des "EiszeitElefanten" haben uns kunstfertige Hinde vorgescllichtlicher Sieinzeit - Menschen im Ausgang der Diluvialzeil sein Portrait noch nach eigener Lebensanschauung bcwalu1: auf Elfenbein von seinen eigenen StoBz.'ihnen sehen wir seinen Umrifi noch wahl erkennbar eillgraviert , und in dunkler li6hle des Ve::ere-Tals in Frankreich erscheinl sein Konterfei ais gespenstisches Wandgemiilde neben Bison und Wildpferd. In historischer Zeit allerdings isi ihm als lebendem Wesen kein Mensch mehr begegnet Was aber keinem Ichthyosaurus oder sonsl einem Urweltsmonstrum je widerfahren sollie, das ist mit ihm auch dann noch geschehen: im hellen U=hle d~s 19. Jahrhunderls sind noch b[uti~ frische Kadaver von ihm, eingehiIHt nor:h in dell zottigen Pelz, aus dem sibirischen t:isboden herausgetaut, in dem die Riesen einst durch Siurz in .;:ine Gletscherspaite ihr Grab gefunden hatten. So konnte dieser UrweltJe, ganz ausnahmsweise noch einmal wirk1ich leibhaftig, in Fleisch und Bein, mit Haut und Haaren, in unsern Mu· seen auferstehell, und die Rekonstruktion in unserm Bilde bedarf kallm eines nachhelfenden Zuges zu voller Wirk1ichkeil. E lephas p rimigenius, der urgeborene Elefant, lautet der wissenschaftliche Name des Mammut, was aber nicht so aufgefa(H werden darf, als sei es der wirklich ersie des ganzen Elefantengeschlec11ts auf Erden gewesen. Bei lIns in Europa war es von seinesgleichen umgekehrl der letzte Nachziigler, mit dem die aile Elelanten-[nvasion in diesem Erdtei1 schloft Die wahrhaft erstgeborenen Elefanten aber haUen schon lange vor seiner Zeit in Afrika gelebl. Oer Name "Mammut" bedeulet so viel wie das maulwurfsartig in der Erde hausende Tier: so nannten es niim1ich die tung1!sischen Jager in Sibiri en, als sie jene ullversehrten Kadaver aus dem gefrorenen Boden heraustauen sahen. W . Bolsche �' ---- f ------------------------~----------------------------------~ "~e'1'f' d...,. 71JU.wdt N ~_ k~i<m(!JI1_ ?1<U:k 1)M\k:l~U/1t llJt*>e7lJ</utjl/imen )YQrla~ erldui(mul~xt vt»t. 'ffilhdm,!JJc&d,e-. ~1'ie INQ:IY?17 �18.) Aus vorgeschichtlichen Tagen horen wir vom Hohlenmenschen. Mensehen, die 110ch keine Metallbenutzung kannlen und deren Walfe wesentlich der roh bearbeitele Feuerstein war, suchlen sieh die Hohlen zurn Asyl, die von dem abslrornenden Wasser der wechselnden Eisperioden vieifaltig im KalkfeJs Millel- und Sildeuropas ausgewaschen worden waren. Urn den Besilz di escr Hohlen mufite aber zuniichst geslrillen werden, denn sie hatten schon vorher Bewohner gefullden in furchtbaren Raubtieren dieser enllegenen Zeit. In solehen Hohlen hausten damals gelegentlich blutdilrstige Lowen und Panther, deren Knochen sich noch heute am Fleck linden . Ocr standige Gast aller Kalk. steinhohlen war damals aber der riesige Bar I den unsere nachgeborene For- Dei H6hlenbar. schung geradezu als den Hoh lenba r (Ursus spelaeus) bezeiehncn mu Ble. In einzelnen groBen dil ~lvialen Hohlen riihlen seine im Lehmboden eingesargten Skelelle nach lausenden. Sein Schadel ilbertraf den unseres europaischen braun en Baren mindestens urn ein dritlel, der Knochenbau im ganzen war plumper und im Oesicht die Stirn in sleilerem Winkel gegen die Schnauzenpartie abgesetzt. Ge:gen die GroBe kamen selbs! Eisb5.r und Grizzlyb5.r von heute nieh! auf, von denen der letztere damals ebellfalls bei uns im Lande leble. In der berilhmten Hohle von Altamira in Spanien kann man aus Knochen und Kratzspuren noch genau nachweisen , da B der Hohlenbiir der erste, dem Menschen lange voraufgehende Insasse gewesen iSI ; erst spater fanden sich jene Be- wohner ein, die in wunderbarer Kunst die Decke der Eingangshal1e dieser Hohle mit zahlreichen Tierbildern bemalt haben. rlochst auHallig isl das Aussterben gerade dieses miichtigsten europaisehen Barell mit dem Ende der Diluvialzeit. Schon in der Epoche der Pfahlbauten hatle er voJlstandig dem naeh lebenden Braunbaren Platz gemacht. DaB der Mensch gerade ihn ais die starkere Art damals schon ausgerotlet haben so1lte, wiihrcnd die schwachere Form fortlebte, erschcint unwahrscheinlich. Mit dem Hohlen· lowen, dem Hohlenpanther, der Hohlenhyane, deren Zeilgenosse er bei uns war, mu B irgend ein besonderes Sehicksal ihn zu seiner Stunde vorn Erdboden fortgefegt haben, - was es war, wissen wir aber nicllt. W. BOlsc:he. �• �19.) Das Borkentier ein yom Menschen vernichtetes Siiugetier. 1mJahre 174 1 sahen sich die Mil- glieder ciner russischen forschungsfahrt in das Gebie!, wo Nordamerika und Asicn sich auf Sichtweite einander nahem, infolge cines Schiffbruchs genotigt, auf def Beringsinsel (benalillt nach dem dotl verstorbenen Leiter der Expedition) langeren Aufenlhalt zu nehmen. Dabei fanden sic zu ihrem Stauncn das Meeresufer dieser ostsibirischen Insel von graBen Herden cines ungeschlachten Seesiiugetiers belcbl, dessen sliirksle Bullen tiber 8 m I.::.ng und 80 Zentner schwer wurden. Ocr kennlnisreiche und ausgezeichnet beobachlcndc Arzt der Oesellschaft, du Deutsche Georg Wilhelm Stelter, nahm einen seht genauen Berieh! tiber das geheimn isvolle, der Wissenschaft hisher vollkommen unbekannte Riesen· tier auf. Es handelte sich urn eine sogenannle Seekuh, also ein im iiuBeren • UmriB teils an Robben, teils an Wale erinnerndes 5atlgetier, das aber , wie wir heute wisscn, Ztl einer sehr allen Grtlppe dem Wasser!eben ruck warts wieder angepaBler elefanteniihnlicher Geschopfe ziihlte. Wegen der cigentumlich runzelig·rissigen Haul wtlrde das Tier spiiler das Stellersche Borken ~ tier (Rhytina Stelleri) benannt. lhrer Lebensweise nach weidelen die schwer· fiilligen Gesellen gleich Kuhherden die Wiesen von weichen Seepfl anzen am Klippcnufer ab, cine Erniihrungsarl, die in ih ren Kiefern zu vol1igem Schwund der Ziihne und Ersalz durch eine Arl verhornter Reibeplallen geHihrt hatle. Gleich d ie ersten unfreiwilli?,en Enldecker sahen sich genoligt , das ungemein feUe und wenig wehrhafte Meerwild fUr ihre Verproviantierungs· lwecke aU$Zunutzen. Ais sich aber nach Heimkehr der D.berlebenden Teil· nehmcr allgemein die Kunde von diesen lebendigen "FleischI6pfen" . fern im unwirtHchen Beringsmeer bei Kaml· schalka verbrcitcte , leglen sich die Mallllschaften aller Schiffe, die in den niichslen Jahren die Gegend besuchten, mit Eifer auf die Borkenlier·SchHich· terei. Die leidigc Folge war, daB die Herden rapid abnahmen , bis schon im Jahre 1768 kein Exemplar mehr am allen Fleck aufzutreiben war. Seither hal auch die emsigsle wissenschaftliche Nachlrage iiberhaupt kein neues Stuck Jebend mehr auffinden k6 nnen. Unsere Kenntnis bleibl also auf Ste!lers (allerdings vorzuglichen) Berich!, eine Anzahl Ske1et\e und einige von Steller kOllservierte Museums· priipara!e forlan besch riinkt. Das Borkentier is! zu den "fossilen Tieren" ubergegangen, vernichtet durch Men· schenhand. W . Bolsche. �, rJiteU&Wclte C§ eeluv/'. j{j,r-1'~/l t(pr o!l~~ d u "lu.wdt ~(rlI$l'ttltl'O'1l0U lllUI, ~'OI'ddU~(U11~.n m(;~.xIu1l1(d!~1l J~('r{a~. l!rfduin·nd(!,.$ixt VCIt 'If'dklm!J!Jot.x:j,(!,,. ~.-.:e J/<J~/9 N �20.) Der Protorosaurus ein urweltlicher Verwandter der lebenden Briickeneidechse. Z u Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts wuBte man noch wenig von einer urweltlichen Tierwell Vereinzelle Spuren wurden meisl als Opfer der Sintflut gedeulet. Von der Rei~lenfolge geologischer Perioden und ih rer wechselnden, sieh [angsam weiter entwickelnden fauna und flora hatte man keine Ahnung. Urn diese Zeil fand sich im Kupferschiefer von Suhl in Thiiringen, also wie wir heule sagen wiirden, in Gesteinsablagerungen der sogenannten Perm-Periode, die geschichtlich der Steinkohlenzeil folgle, das Skelett eines reptilienhaften, langgeschwanzten Gesch6pis von ungefiihr Jl/! m Unge. Eine ersie, 1710 von Chr. M. Spener verfaBte Beschreibung deulete es als ein Krokoliil, wiihrend andere mehr cine Eidechse und der bekannle Geislerseher Sweden borg gar eine "Meerkatze" (felis marina) darin erblicken .wollten. Ueber 100 Jah re spater ging der groBe 8egriinder al1er Vorwesenkunde, Georg Cuvier, mit den Mitteln feinerer analomischer Kritik auf das frag liche Wesen, von dem sich seither am gleichen Orte noch weilere Gerippe gezeigt hatten, zuriick und erklarte es fUr einen urweltlichen Vertreler der heule noch fortlebenden Waran-Eidechsen (vergl. Blatt 2 dieser Serie). Auch dabei sollte es aber noch nieht bleiben. Den folgencien forschern wurde klar, daB der Knochenbau im Einzelnen weder auf ein Krokodil, noch auf cine echte Eidechse passen wollle. Als Prot or osaurus wurde das wunderbare Reptil also von ihnen zum einzigen Vertreter einer gaoz besonderen O rdnung der Replil ienklasse erhoben. lnzwischen war man aber unter den ooch lebenden Kriechtieren von eidechsenahnlichem auBerem Habitus auf jenes h6chst eigenartige Wesen geralen, das gegenwii.rtig noeh auf einigen Felsklippen von Neu-Seeland fortlebl unct von dem jelz! feslsteht, daB es Zll keiner der jetzt cxistierenden hergebrachten Reptilienordnungen geh6rt, also weder Schlange noeh Eidechse nDeh Krokodil odeT Schildkr6te isl, sondern einen urgrauen Vertreler einer der alleriiltesten Sauriergruppen der Vorzt~it uns noch jelzt YOI Augen ste1lt. Dieses neuseeliindische Tier heifit die STuckeneidechse odeT Hatteria. In unserer Serie I isl sie auf Blatt 28 dargestelll Die Oruppe aber, def sic zur BliHezeil ihres Oeschlechts in Urweltstagen eigentlich allgehorte, !lennen WiT jetzt die Ordnung der Rhynchocephalen oder Schnabelk6pfe. Und nun, iiberrasche'td genug: in d:eser Ordnung sollie endlich auch der. Protorosaurus endgiiltig AnschluP. ,md Ruhe finden. Auch er entpuppte sich ZlI allerleut als ein groBer Schnabe1kopf seiner Zeit, der im System seinen Platz unmittelbar neben einer AltHaUeria erhiel!, deren Reste im Perm-Gestcin von NiederhaBlich bei Dresden ans Licht traten. Unser Bild zeigt den langhalsigen Oesellen, wie er als stram mer Rauber sieh eben einen sogenannten Slachelhai (Menaspis armata), dessen Reste sich ebenfalls im Kupferschiefer finden, aus der Flul geholt hal So mag er damals in Thiiringen und England (wo seine Knochen ebenfal1s nachgewiesen wurden) auf den Uferklippen vielfaltig sein Wesen getrieben haben. W . BOlsch e. �.. cff1o!o-l.oJaUltd . . &'f<t' tin "ltm¥tt · 07?eh.:nwll'ltitlunW1I na~;' 1J<el'Jch(",@II~1I "'i6J.enJdUlJltich~1I Tt'rf(l.~. i!.rldutund~,.JJi:l't IX>II Tftlndm~e. ~"," .. l1a,;;w 2(': �Tr l q , Der Phytosaurus (Belodon) ein dem Krokodil ahnlicher Saurier der Urwelt. 21.) In der sogenannten Trias - Periode (also noch vor der Jura- und Kreidezeit) lebten in WGrttemberg wie in Nordamerika slattliche Saurier, deren Schadel allein 1 m an IJinge maB und deren auBeres Bild mit der langen, stark bewehrten Schnauze und dem soliden Platten panzer am meisten an unsere Krokodile von heu!e eritlllert haben muB. Man wurde auf diese Tiere zuers! aufmerksam durch einen Fund im Jahre 1836, der indessen anfangs nicht auf ein krokodilhaft f1eischfressendes, sondern ein vegelarisch lebendes Geschapf gedeu!et wurde, das entsprechend danach der P h yto~ saurus (Krautsaurier) benann! wurde. - Spater hal man den Namen durch "Belodo n" ersetzl, in der neuesten Nomenklalur is! das ursprilngliehe Wort aber wieder hergeslellt worden. Oem trefflichen Kriegsrat Kapff in Schwaben gelang es, in eifriger Miihe allmahlich aile wichtigeren SkeleUeile, besonders prachtvolle Schadel, aus dem Stubensandslein des Nesenbaehtales bei Stuttgart zusammen zu brillgen, dureh die man den Krokodilsaurier zulelzl besser kennen lernle, als irgend einen andern seiner Zeit. Oabei aber merkle man nun auch, daB von einem eehlen Krokodil doeh keine Rede sein kanne. Man muBle fUr den Phylosaurus und einige verwandte formen eine besondere Ordnung der Reptilien schaff en, die wissensehaftlich als die der Parasuchia bezeichnel wird. Ihre Vertreter slehen zwar durch Panzer und Zahnbau den Krokodilen naher als die Gbrigen allen Saurier, verbinden damil aber ebenso unverkennbare korperEche Merkmale, die bei dem auf Blatt 20 dal'gesleliten Protorosaurus, bei dem Ichthyosaurus und vor alJem bei den Dinosauriern (vgl. z. B. Blatt 13) vorkommen. Unser Bild zeigt einen so1chen Phytosaurus, wie er grade einen der damals schon haufigen Mo1chfische (Ceratodus, vgl. Blatt 27 unserer Serie I) erwischt hat. W. Boisch e. �... • dJ!1'1i'~ Y3~/"d(l n . _~ f¥ d .." "i1I('f'(I~/t ' .;J?,e/WnMI'fI/.tt,ml«Mb?U«:f, veNCllt~dl'II<!1I 1/'/JJellxhajlliml'1I Jf(!rl(!~. ttrU1flkmder$;xf V{>1! 'Jtilhdm!lJ.>l6d,e. ~/£e II~ O-)f PI. Phe(>(/{.'I'Jletchurdt /J m.b./( ,j(ambltl'lj �22.) . Oer Aetosaurus em schwiibischer Miniatursaurier der Triaszeit. D ie Saurier von ehemals waren (wie schon im Text zu Blat! 1 dieser Serie erwiihnt is!) keineswegs aile Riesen. V iele erreichlen !loch !lieh! die GroBe unserer statllichsten Eidechsen von heute. Das hubschcste Exempel solcher Miniatursaurier bietet eineSand· steinplatte von HeBlach bei Stuttgart, die irn schon en Stuttgarter Museum aufbewahrt wird. Diese Pl aUe is! !loch !lieh! ganz lwei Quadratmeter groll, zcig! abet die wohlerhaltenen Karper von niell! weniger als 24 lndividuen cines Sauriers der Triaszeit, von denen die sHirkslcn, offenbar ausgewachscnen nur 86 em lang sind. Jedes der ziet- • lichen Gesch6pfchen is! vom Sc:heitel bis zur Schwanzspilze in cine Rustling aus knochernen Platten gehiil1t, von denen jede einzelne die anmutigste Verzicru ng in Gestalt einer feinen Rosette oder kleinen Strahlensonne zeigt. Die Reptilienordnung, zu der dieser Aetosaurus, wie man die merkwiirdige Tierform genannt hat, geh6rt, ist die gleiche, zu der aueh der auf Blatt 21 dargesteHte Phytosaurus zahlt, niimlieh die eer krokodiliihnlichen Saurier, die man als "Parasuehia" bezeichnet, die aber nieh! mit der der eehten Krokodile verweehselt werden darf. Oer Stubens;l.ndstei n, aus dem der schwiibisehe fund stammt, ist eine Hinterlassensehaft der sogenannten Triaszeil, und zwar nimmt man an, daB er niehl wie die meisten alten Sehichtablagerung en einem verhiirleten Meer- odeT Suf3wassersehlamm seinen UT$prung verdankt, sondern aus fest verbackenen Massen vom Winde zusammengewehten Iroekenen Sandes besteht. [n ei nem solchen Sandsturm uralt versehol1ener Tage muBte also aueh ullsere kleine Sauriergruppe zu ihrer Zeit versehiiUet worden seill, und def Zeichner des Bildes hat dem Reehnung getragen. W . BOische. �· J)~,... du ~{1'U"/!li • ()7?~/u>nJll'Ultl,,:men- nach "eNcluwll~1I lI!(jJ.ellJ<h<!fllim~" H:·rl(l~. t!-rld"t~mder&xt UV1! 'f(dhdm !'J!Joi«;'c. o.Ill"H· lla o.l l'"P2. ~/('rcJl(!ld,(udt ,Xall/Ott/VI ,9. In 6. ..k �Der Teleosaurus . em Meerkrokodil der Jurazeit. 23.) D ie echlen Krokodile, zu denen heule noeh die groOten und gefahrlichslen R.aubreptile des Wassers gehoren, beginnen geschichl1ich bereils im Bliilezeilaller der lchlhyosaurier, in der Jurazeit, nachdem fruher schon ein Oeschlecht immerh in krokodillihnticher Saurier (vgL Blatt 21 u. 22) existiert halte. Wa:hrend gegenwartig unsere Krokodile nur in selteneren Ausnahmeliillen aus den FluBmundungen sich ins Meer hinauswagen, mussen jene Jura-Krokodile gewohnheilsmaBig eifrig raubernd in den Ozean hinausgesehwommen seill . Ihre wohlerhallenen SkeleUe linden sich deshalb vielfa ch direkt zusammen mit denen jener • rein meerbewohnenden Ichlhyosaurier selbst. Dabei waren sie indessen zumeis! doeh niehl so vollkommen und einseitig fur den ozeanisehen Aufenthalt angepal1t wie diese eehlen Fisehsaurier, sondern kOllnlen, wenn es notig war, aueh sehwerfaliig am Seh lammufer dahinwatscheln. Einen sotcher. Moment wahlt unser Bild, das den Teleosaurus, einen besonders aus fra nkreieh und England bekannt gewordenen Vertreter dieser Meerkrokodile vorfuhrt. In Erscheinu ng und G rOBe gliehen diese Meerkrokodile am meislen den heute lebenden sudasiatischen Gavial- Krokodilen, doeh waren der Kopl kleiner, die Vorder- lliBe feiner, der Bauch stark verpanzert und aueh sonsl noeh manehe Einzelheit andersartig. Eine dem Teleosaurus nah verwandte, bis 5 m lange Gattung, der sogenannle Myslriosaurus, wird ofter in den beruhmten Ich thyosaurusFundstalten Wurltembergs gelunden, wo er als koslbarere Beute mit besonderem Respekt begrLiBt zu werden pflegt, leider aber meist durch den Druck des auflas!enden Oesteins arg zerquetscht ist. Direkle Nachkommen unter den heule lebenden Krokodilsorten haben auch diese Saurierkrokodile von den Ufem des europaischen Jurameeres nieht hinlerlassen. W . Boische. �Der 'Oeosaurus . em Hochseekrokodil der Jurazeit. 24.) W enn schon der auf unserm Blatt 23 dargestellte Teleosaurus der Juraperiode ein echles urwellliches Krokodil ails der Ichthyosaurus-Zeit war, das nUT am und im MeeT lebte, so haben neuesle forschungsergebnisse tins auch mit einer kleinen inleressanten Krokodilgruppe jener fernen Tage bekannt gemacht, die wirkJich in die Oefolgschaft des Ichthyosaurus ganz eingeIreten war und Jediglich im freien Ozean fern von jedem Lande ihre dauernde Heimat fand. Diese ,.J-1ochseekrokodi le" (Thalattosuchia odeT Metriorhynchidae in der wissenschafllichen Systemalik genannt) waren im Oegensatz Zli allen anderen Krokodilen nack!e, unverpanzerte Oeschopfe gleich dem Ichthyosaurus selbst, dercn Vorderbein und VorderfllB aus dem KrieehfuB der Krokodile sich bereils zur brauehbarsten Sehwimmpaddel umgewandelt hatte, wahrend der HinterfuB wenigstens auf dem Wege war, das gleiche zu tun. Oenau aueh wie bei den lehthyosauriern begann die Haut noeh auBerdem besondere Sehwimmflossen ZlI entwiekeln, von denen eine groBe senkreehte, naeh Ichthyosaurusart gebaute Sehwallzflosse am deullichsten ist. Oas Stullgarler Museum bewahrt seht wohl erhaltene Reste dieser eigenartigslen Krokodile, die je gelebt haben. Oas Skelett eines Vertreters, den .. man Daeosaurus genannl hat, miBt dort volle 6 m. Oer auf unserm Blatt dargeslellte, zugehorige Geosaurus (die Art ist Oeosaurus suevicus) war in ersten Spurcn von dem Freunde Ooelhes, dem Na!lIrforscher S6mmerillg, 1816 als Rieseneideehse beschrieben worden. Anfangs wo11te man ihn zu den auf Blatt 11 in einem Beispiel dargesteillen seesehlangenhaften Mosasauriern stellen, spiiter aber blieb fiber die Krokodilnatur keill Zweifel. Doeh kOllnte mall sieh aueh dann noeh lange kein Bild Yom eigentlichen liabilus und der Lebensart dieser extremslen Meerkrokodile machen, bis endlieh der hoehverdiente Stuttgarter Vorweltsforseher E. Fraas die Saehlage vollig klarie. Oeosaurus wird im oberen Jura vall Franken und Schwaben auf der ehemaligen SUitie seiner Wirksamkeit jl1\ allen sflddeutsehen Jurameer gefunden, wiihrend die weilverbreiteten Rcste verwandter Gattungen von England und Nordfrankreieh bis nach Patagonien in Siidamerika gehen. Gleich dem Ichthyosaurus werden diese flatten Hoehseebiirger wahl zu ihrer Zeit die game Erde umschwommen haben. Oer krokodilische Panzer war dabei nur Ball ast und wurde also abgeschaffl w. Biilsche• �geo.:,cu,}u,>. • (l;;c~ </('r '1/,.((.(/1 ~ .;??e/wnsl,.uhlu>II('/I Iwe;' '1'u<Jdue<ienen INJJenJe!uyllidJell J~('rl((9cm,. t!,.(d.fltnlld~rJ;;:Yt ~II -,tdilUm/1J,;&dw.- . ~1'f" U<!.:'ho'24: ~ft,!'oJl('t(h«nl( ,<J lI/.h. .J( ')(llliliully) �\ 25.) Dinichthys ein Riesenfisch der Devonzeii. D ie Devonzeit, benannt' nach einer ge· wissen Oegend Englands, wo Oesteinsschichten, die aus ihr stammen, vorkommen, is! ein sehr alter Absch nilt der Erdgeschichte, der zwar schon durch eine auBerst rege Entfallung des Tierlehens in! Meer ausgezeichnet war, in dcm aber die Eroberung des Fesllandes durc11 die Tier und Pflanzenwelt erst eben begotlncn hatte. Die Epoche der groBarligen Farrnwiilder, denell wir unsere Steinkohlcn verdanken, falgt erst auf die devonische Epoche in der Reihenfolge geologischer Zeilalter. In den curopaischen lind nordamerikanischen Meeren dieser weit collegenell Tage hauslen nun ungeheure Fische, die in ihren gr6!3ten Arten fiber meterlange lind fast meterbreite Dickk6pfe hatten. Der dargestellte Dinich~ • thys (Schreckensfisch) und der Titan ichthys sind ihre bekanntesten amerikanischen Ver· Ireter; Spuren von Dinichthys sind auch in derEifel gefunden worden. Seide geh6rten eng zu dem kleineren Fisch Coccosteus, der aus vielen Fundslellen Europas gut bekannt geworden is!. Mit ihm bilden sie in unserer Systematik die Unlerklasse der Arthrodircn, die sich imm erhin am nachsten wohl noch an die merkwiirdigen noch lebenden Mo1ch· fische (Dipnoi), die eine Uebergangsgruppe vom Fisch zum Amphibium darstellen (vgl. Blatt 27 unserer Serie ij, anschlieBen. Oenau kann bei dieser wie bei einigen anderen Fischformen jener Urzeit die Verwandt· schaftsbeziehung zu den iibrigen Fi3(hen aber gar ni cht mehr beslim mt werden, da es sich urn ganz absonderliche Oesellen handelt, bei denen die VergJeichsm6glichkeil der einzelnen Skelettknochen vielfaltig unsicher zu werden beginnt. Kopf und Rumpf dicser devonischen Ungetiime waren mit symmetrischen Panzerplatten bedeckt. Die starken Zahne bildelen eigentlich bloB sage· zah nartige Zacken der knochernen Unlerlagen. Wahrend echte Brustflossen ganz fehlten, funklionierten an deren Stelle im Bau schwer verstandliche Ruderorgane aus besonderen Hautknochen. Einzelne Forscher wollen in dem Oesamthabitus Anklange an unsern Sior erblicken, aber auch das bleibt problematisch. Man stehl offen bar vor einer rechlen Ausgeburt vorweltlichen Formen· dranges, die mit unserer Oegenwart und allem was in ihr lebend erhalten ist, nichts mehr gemein haben will. W . Boische. �, I "~~ UfOI' J?{IYI~{/ ~ .;!le/«n,$I'aN(WJLen ?wcl/ 'l"eJoJdlfe4~1If!1I lI,l.YJCnJ</uif/lldu:1I l~('r/(a)8n'. e"/dltl(,Nldu$;xt VO'n Jf'tlhdm!JJct6t:/w a/1l'/e gu o-'W.ei ffluw/tOl'dteic/I(Lrdt .~ 11/ eXQm6r,,"l_ b-.k;" ' �26.) Epigaulus ein gehorntes Nagetier der Vorwelt. M ehr als t in Otitlel der gegenwarfig die Erde bewohnenden Saugelierarten gehOrt Zll den Nagetieren. Systematisch eine uheraus scharf geschlosscnc Oruppe, bilden diese Nagetiere doch eine FuJle einzelner Anpassungsformen. Sic klettern, springen, graben, leben auf dem Lande, 1m Wasser, im Tropenland, im vereislen Hochgebirge, ja sic fliegen auf breit gespannten Hautfalten durch die Lufl. Dahei sind sic Kosmopoliten, denen kein Gebiet unseres P[aneten fremd isl. Durchweg tretell sic in Scharen auf, kleine, oft winzige, selten h6chstens mittelgroBe Oeschopfe. dercn typischer Ver- trettr die ebenso verbreilele und iaslige, wie urn ihrer Kleinheit willen sprichwortliehe Maus ist. Solehe Nagetiere hat es nun auch in Urweltstagen schon seit dem ersten Drittel der Tertiarzeit zahlreich gegeben, und eine Menge Knochen- . Teste iibennitleln uns noch Kenntnis daVOll. Die Riesen des Geschlechts lebten bereils in dieser Tertiarzeit und starben kurz nach ihrem Elide schon wieder aus: so in Nordamcrika ein Biber von der vollen GroBe cines Baren und in Slidamerika gar eine Wollmaus, die Chinchilla-Gattung Megamys, die es im Urnfang mit dem Nilpferd aufnehrnen konnle. Kein Wunder, wenn wir unler diesen vorweillichen Nagern auch in der :luSeren Gestalt noch einiges mehr finden, als selbst diese vielgewandte Saugetierordnung heute vor Augen Zll stellen vermag. Hierzu war nun neuerdings die wohl iiberraschendsle Enldeckung der Fund einiger Nagetiere aus der zweilen Halfte der Teriiarzeit, die rcgelreehte Horner wie kleine Rhinozerosse auf der Nase getragen haben. Unser Bild stell! einen Vertreter der so gehornten Oattung Epigaulus dar. Einziger Fundort dieser "Nashornmause" (systematisch scheinen sie zwischen den Bibern und den Taschenratten gestanden zu haben) isl bisher Nordamerika. Das doppelte Nasenhorn bildele nich! cine einfache Hautschwiele wie bei unseren wirklichen Rhinozerossen, sondem es lag ihm ein Paar verwachsener g roSer Knochenzapfen der Nasenbeine zu Grunde. Was das sonst offenba r harmlose kleine Oeschopf mil diesem Schreckzeichen mach Ie, isl schwer zu sagen. Vielleicht war das Ho rn nur ein ornamental wirkendes Oeschlechlsabzeichen, wahrscheinlicher abet diente es mit seinem soliden Bau irgend einem Wiihlzweck, der mil der wohl hauptsachlich unterirdisch grabenden Lebensweise zusarnmenhing. W. 8 olsche. �. dik~ (Il'/' ~&.uodt " .J?eHcmJlI'/I!ttionN/ ?WC;' veNr:hietUllMI lI~llXIU1U!fflt:/l P<>}'I"~, r:rlautl'Null'rJJixt ('on Ifdhdm!1Jotxlu1--. ~l't~ U<Jo7ri'?(l fflie«ICI'a/II!Ic/I(t1'dt /J .xu 111011''9 IN. b. X �27.) Riesenschildkroten des Landes, - ein aussterbendes Oeschlecht. E ine der merkwurdigsten, geschichtlich bereils urallen Ausj;!cstaltungen des Reptilientypus ist die Schildkrote. Sic stellt den Versuch dar, durch die seHsamsten Verbreilerungell der Dornforlsiitz:e am Rllckgrat und der Rippen in Verbindung mit Hachen Hautknochen den Karper in cine Art Kapsel cinzuschlie~ell, die zwar ein gewaltiges, schier u1lZerst6rbares Oehiiuse hi ldel, aber zugJeich doch dem Inhaher etwas eigentlimlich Erstarncs, Versteinertes giht. das gegen die SOliS! so 1ebhafte Beweglichkeit der meisten I~eptilien grell abstichl. ltllll1erhin 11mB sieh dieser K.1psclbau bei den im Wasser lebendcn Verlretern .lIs sohdes Ruderscllifl gut bcwahrl haben, denn das Geschlecht dieser Schildkralen bHih! dort VOIl der entiegcnen Triasperiode all bis heute fast ohne jede weitere Umwalldlull~ vielkapfig fort. Wesentlich be· d~nklich~r dagegen lI1uf1t~ das Experiment verlaufen, mit solcher "Kistenverpackung" sich dem Daseinskampfe aui delll iesten Lande aU5zulieferTI, zulllal wenn sich def lug hinein mischtc, der bei so vielen besonders der vorweltlichen Reptilien hervor· tritt: niimlich kolossale OraRe zu entwickeln. 1m l~tzteren FaUe enlstandcn hi~r Oeschopie von grotesker Unbehiilflich· keit, die Irotz ihres Panzcrs schwerlich <lui die Dauer den Bedingungen lebhafteren Konkurrenzkampfes gentigen konn!en. So waren, als die hahere menschliche Kullur sich auf der Erde zu verbreiten begann, die meislen riesigcn Landschildkraten, die in den letzlen Epochen der Erdgeschichte auf den groBen fest· landern gelebt hatlen, bereils wieder versch,,'unden, und nur auf einigen einsamen Inselgruppen des Ozeans sollie der Kultur· mensch noch ein paar robinson haft isolieTten Nachziiglern be· • gegnen. "Riesensehildkraten" des Landes fanden sich noeh auf den Oa lapagosinselll wesllieh von der Kiiste Siidamerikas, sowie weil davon eo!fernt auf versehiedenen Inseln des illdisehen Ozeans astlich von der afrikanischen Kiiste. Auch dort sollie es alsba ld abeT dicscT einwandcrnde Mensch selbst scin, dem die wehrloscn Ungetiime 3uch in ihren letzten Asylen ZU Ill Opfer fielen. Noch erregen einzelne Exelllplare, lebend in unsere Zoologischen OaTtell gebrachl unu dort durch ihre erslaunliche Lebellsdauer berlihmt, unser Stalin en. Unsere ElIkel werden kaum 1I0ch Oe· legenheil habcn, anderswo als im Museum VOT verlrockneten Schalel1 und Balgen den Anblick ciner solchen Riesenlandschildkrale zu g-cllieBen. Speziell zu def hier vorgefilh rten Art, der Voesmaer'schen Riesenschildkri:ite· (Testudo Voesmaeri) be· richlel def Wiederhersteller unseres Sildes, daB sie in ihrer einzigen !"Ieimat, der Maskareneninsel RodriR"uez, bereils seit Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts endgflltig vom Schicksal solcher Ausroltung ereilt worden sei. Oem Si lde liegt eine Skizze des einzigen Exemplars dieser Art zu Orunde. das 1761 yom Abbe Pingre von der Expedition zur Beobachtung des Venusdurchgangs auf icner Insel nach Paris milgebracht wurde. Der Reisende f ranz Leguat erzahlt, dan diese Riesenschildkrale und zwei verwandte Arten in Trupps von 2 - 3000 Stuck einhergezogcn seicn, und zwar so, daR ein Wanderer wohl 300 Schritt weit tiber die Scha le n der dieh! gcdriingten lierde gehen konnte, ohne den Boden zu beruhren. Das Fleisch bi ldele den Abenteurcrn ein willkom mf"nes Essen, besonders galt die Leber als Drlikalesse. W. Bi:ilschc �"(:>~I'(' ria -'/11'tI~tI· n<tch l'er.killed('IIUI lI,uJellxltajllt'mt!!I P,..r/<UJ<:In' t!rUi"tnm/t!r$'xl !'(>1! 7f'dhij",:IJ<i/M,e ~,..e Ila~ 'n>'2J.' ",)?",,/u'nJtI'UH.la>'lwll ffheodcrJieidtl(Ydt!J m.h. .;t: ,;r;rlllluu'f) �• d:hu'<' dl'J'" 1//"(I'~tt ~ JiJeN(.}/.)tl'l' Irt,(>-Il'';;-?Well <'(';.J('lll<"d~ n~" !/,f~JellJcll(ifl/~dtel' N',.{((961z". e I'ldut('mcl~N.i/ol t'(>11 Y, til/dill /lJi'&::Iie. a..rel'le l1a..,.k 1!<i. -- l' �• J �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Books and Monographs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Books and Monographs Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tiere der Urwelt: in 30 Kunstblättern nach wissenschaftliche Material bearbeitet. Subject The topic of the resource Animals, Fossil Dinosaurs Prehistoric animals Description An account of the resource This set of illustrated cards includes thirty color prints of various animals of the prehistoric world. The Theodor Reichardt Cocoa Company produced five different series of these cards in the early twentieth century. While the cover indicates that this volume contains cards from series 1a, it also includes cards from series 1 and series 2a. Many of the pages show notes made in ink by science writer Willy Ley, the book's original owner. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bölsche, Wilhelm, 1861-1939 Harder, Heinrich Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Rare Books and Monographs Q162 .B6 T4 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource de Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Q162B6T4_001_063 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1900-1909 1910-1919 Type The nature or genre of the resource Collecting cards Still Image Text Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Kakao-Compagnie Theodor Reichardt, GmbH Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. From the collection of Willy Ley https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/26/64/spc_leyw_001_004.pdf d919705a3a7c88bb6de331ba4d257e17 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Willy Ley Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Willy Ley Collection Description An account of the resource On October 2, 1906, Willy Otto Oskar Ley was born to Julius Otto Ley and Frida May. Even in his youth, Ley loved exploration and discovery, and Ley eventually became infatuated with rockets and space travel. In 1927, Ley helped found the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Society for Space Travel), an amateur rocket association. In the meantime, Ley wrote prolifically about rockets for both foreign and German newspapers, acquiring a reputation as an international scientist. Ley helped contribute to the popularity of rocketry in Germany, eventually working as a technical consultant for Fritz Lang’s "Die Frau im Mond" ("Woman in the Moon"). However, thanks in no small part to the Great Depression, the rocketry fad in Germany died down, and the Nazis rose to power. Horrified by the tenets of National Socialism and the Nazis who embraced them, Ley fled his home in Germany in 1936, first settling in Great Britain before permanently moving to the United States, becoming an American citizen in 1944. During his time in the United States, Ley continued to pursue his love of rockets and science fiction, supervising two rocket mail operations in Greenwood Lake, New York in 1936, publishing scientific articles in science fiction magazines, and writing both science fiction and nonfictional books on rockets and engineering, many containing surprisingly accurate predictions about future technology. In 1940, Ley joined the newspaper "PM," where he met his future wife, whom he married in 1941. In 1944, Ley published "Rockets: the Future of Travel Beyond the Stratosphere," a text in which he expressed his belief that rockets would someday make the fantasy of space travel a reality. In 1949, he published "The Conquest of Space," a speculative science book. Ley continued to write and participate in both science and science fiction projects for the rest of his life, never losing his passion for science. Ley passed away at age 62 on June 24, 1969, less than a month before Apollo 11 landed on the moon. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/102">View the Willy Ley Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Program from the dedication and opening of the Willy Ley Memorial Collection at the UAH Library. Subject The topic of the resource Ley, Willy, 1906-1969 Libraries--Special collections Science writers University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Description An account of the resource The program includes a diagram of the arrangement of the collection, a brief biographical sketch of Ley, and a program for the "Ley Memorial Symposium on Science and Technology in the 1970's." Willy Ley died in 1969. The UAH Library purchased his book collection from his widow, Olga Ley, in 1970. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Alabama in Huntsville Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Willy Ley Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971-04-16 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Programs Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_leyw_000001_000004 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/5/65/loc_robf_131_154_webA.pdf 7b70376ddac0bb4f0eda454363492641 PDF Text Text OFFICIAL PROGRAM , MONTE STATE SANO PARK CELEBRATION HUNTSVILLE~ALABAMA L r August 25~ 1938 �j On beha lf of the Madi · County Board of BOWLING GREEN - COl1lplimellts of You desert'e the besl! D rive Studebaker before you buy Huntsv ill e Ice Cream & Creamery Co. Monte Say-Mo Ice Cream I • any automobile. MERCER MOTOR CO. Your Srudebaker Dealer �~'~(==~J£(==~JEF==~J~F==~)"===)~(==~)E'F=~)'(===)'F'==~JEF=~)('===)~'==~JE'F=~)L'==~)~]~ 1I. _; \ ~~ I ~: ~ .'_-:,-.~w . -7:~ I . ~~' " -J, .~t\". -.] - J " .. ] '. - ] ] (J I ] WE ARE REA DY wi th A GREA T SH O WIN G o f NEW FAL L FA SHION S fo r MEN _ . . WO MEN __ _ for YOU NG C OLLEGE STUDEN T S ___ fo r CHI L D RENI I ] ] I] Make O ur Store Your Headquarters \Xf hcn Tn t he C ity ! " The Huntsv ille H ome ] ] . of Nat ionall y Kn ow n and u N N A V A N T' "For Nearly A Quarter Century - - - s ~(~~,.~==~),c,==~)~,~N=am.,.~=F=o~r,,~~=ua=lit=:,r~-=-=-.)~.==Re~~,~cta=t=io~n..,~Fo=r=S.:.=Vi=ce~")'~~;'==~)i'==~"~ • �F' [ w. )E )C 3E :E )E )C OJ' L. HALSEY GROCERY COMPANY 'l Wholesale Grocers Reliable Merchandise Since 1879 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 1amous FAMOUS BI G SPR ING- H ISTOR ICA L MARKER -East Holmes and Lincol n Sts., show ing site of A ndrew Ja ckson's Camp. Discovered by John Hunt :lnd Bca ll in 1805. 24.000.~ 000 ga llons daily output. EPI SCOPAL C HUR CH OF THE NAT IVTT¥- STONE MAR K E RG;l.[CS and Franklin Sts. Built prior to the War Bet ween the States. One of the fin est eX:l. mpl es of GO t h i c :l.rchitecturc 111 America. Site where Alabama b<came a state in 18 19. FIRST NATIONAL BA N K BUILDI NG- POPE'S HILL (Spragins Homc)-Builr by LeRoy Pope, founder of Huntsville. Built in 1835. Famous in early financial history of Ala bama. MASON IC TEMPLE - LeROY POPE WALKER Lincol n and Wi ll iams Sts. Oldest Lodge in Alabama. Andrew Jackson often attended meetings here. HOME-McC lung St. Le- LE VERT PLACE-5 17 Roy Pope Walker as first $ccre tar y of War for the Confede ra cy gave the order to fire on Fort Sumter. (Chase Adams Avenue. Buil t in 1825. H ome) . BIR THl'LACE OF JOHN HUNT MORGAN, " the Used as Fede ral Arm y headquarters during the \'(far Between the States by General O. M. Mitchell. [ [ MOORE PLACE - 421 A d a III s Ave. (G rayson H ome). Built about 1840. Used :l.S Federal Army H eadquarters during the War Between the States by General John A. Logan. THOMA • CARLOS G. SMITH SCHOOL - 706 Adams A vc. Famous school op- Gates St. J t was here that BEIRNE PLACE - cr:1tcd during Reconstruction Da ys by Dr. Smith, wID bter became the six th president of the University of Alabama in 1874. Miss Howard Wee den composed her poems and painted her Southern pictures that have become so well loved and universally Williams St. (Newman Home ) . Buil t in 1835 by Governor William Bibb, fir st Governor of Alabama. WEEDEN HOME - l" 20 )0) ] ] ] ] ] ] C. & D. Weld ing & Machine Works DARK, Druggist Electric Onyx.Acetylene Porub!~ and Stationary WELDING Ge nera! Phone a Specialty 301 ] famou s. Corner Gallatin & Holmes Sts. Prescriptions Rebel Raider", who was :l most outstanding Confederate Caval ry leader. (Neal Home, 558 Franklin St.) ] Machine Work Doctors' and Hospital Supplies ,- )(' A!I Kinds of Machinery W'eldcd. " )E 'E---==¥ O" ~ rhaulcd. 'E Rc -lIuih or Made Nc"" ?" 'c - ------"J �JC The "Your Home Grocer" - - The Cheapest \Vay Up Monte Sana - FORD V-8-"60" Plain and Fancy Groceries The Safest \Vay Anywhere-"FORD V-8" Ferndcll Line Exclusively PADGETT MOTOR COMPANY 103 Meridian St. Constructed f l'om native sandstone, quar r ied on 'M onte Sano, 11 cabins have been completed for use by tou r ists, week-end visitors, 01' l'esidents of nearby cities. Modernly equ ipped, the cabins w ill be completely fu t'nished when finally opened fOl' rent. At the present time, they have r unning water, electric lines, a bathroom, kitche n and living mom. Many o f. the cabins have been const ructed with screen porches for open-ail' sleeping quarters, or for views of the mountain scene r y that surrounds them. Another cabin w ill be constructed, incl'easing to 12 the number of modern mountain homes that will be available before another summer season. Private roads, with graveled s urfaces, have been built within a few feet of each house, The roads were made with dead ends by park authorities, so that vacationists may enjoy complete quiet from traffic in the park al'ca. TY P ICAL CABIN a short distance of the lodge, The public lodge, which is for use by park visitors and inhabitants of the cabins, is cenll'ally located with respect to location of the houses. SEIBERLING TIRES Guaran teed V ulcani zing Battery and Road Scrv i-:e GAS - OIL publiC While a few flowers may be seen near the houses now, the plan for shrubbery and beautifying is by no means complete. Thc Monte Sano CCC camp is daily employing its boys in the work of building aUl'active facilities for placement in the cabins from time to time, HOTEL YARBROUGH MODERN .. Fire Proof .. .... - �I~"'~~~)~~~~=»"C=~~»''-===~~~)~'~~=>a"F=~~""E~~~»'(~~~'~'~~=[)')'~F=S=O==t='::) "~~~»"=p=l=y=rn =e~~'=U=t=h~')"F=~==>.'~] FO WLER'~epartme1lt Store .. most genel'ally known is that of a romance between an Indian maid, named Monte, and a white mnn. t.hls but she l'efused his offcr. She Iwew others of his race would come, ready to change the land in which she had lived her carefree life. Axes and fallen trees! Pal~face huts and smoking chimneys! Cleared fields and beaten paths! These plctUl'CS flashed through htlr mind en ,e ] :lIrs ] RA Y AUTO CO . 106 Mer id ian St. Hun[svillc, Alabama Several beautiful legends have been buill around the lovely and romantic Monte Sano. The onc de eSa l e,.,U We lBuy :lIl1ld Holmes 'nd W"h;ngcon Smeu The wh ite man wooed daughter of an I ndian chief, 'D "Hill and valley, g len and w!ldwood, I n a panoramic view; 'Vavlng tree tops, blooming flowers, Tiny s t I' earn lets tr-ickllng through," The Indian maid and her paleface lovel' sat In silence b roken only by the man's pleading words. But they were not a lone. Concealed in the rocks behind them lay a young brave, deeply torn with grief, for he, too, loved the chieftian 's daughter. Stealthily, he had followed them each foot of the way. 8S his words fell impassably upon her ears. She was stolid with an Inh~:,ent fil'mness, Not ljle Slightest stir f ro m e\"~n a fulling leaf was noticcable upon Monte Sano to disturb the:n as they talked, seated upon a ledge ave! looking a heavily wooded \'alley, which had seen only a few of the covered wagons in which the white man had come, He sat wllh his arm around her, his mouth pl'essed against her ebony ha;r so s m oothly held by thc ribbon h e hed given her, As if In deep thought, she leaned slightly forwlll'.:I, tcr hea d bowed, her hands folth-] in her lap, The wa lTlol" was battling with a love which had followed him si nce he f irst had roamed the forests with this dark-eyed girl. H er memory had led him into more than one battle, or had encouraged him during his jousts wi t h other young bucks of h is tribe. Now this paleface had come between them. "When the air was sweet nnd balmy, Softly blown by Southern bHleze, Indian maid and paleface lever Loitered 'neath the forast tre-es, "He hears the white man , 'Darling Monte, T ell me I m ay ever stay With you in this land of beauty; D o not darling, tell me n ay!'" "Now they climb the rllgged mountain, Gain at last its lofty height, Sitting by a gian t bouldel', Gaze upon a wond rous s ight, These wOI'ds bl"Ought an uncontrollable s hudder from the young brave: "Must he lose his childhood's idol, Will the white man w i n heart? Leave him crushed, his fond hopes blasted, Living from h is kind apart?" "But s he answered not, for near her, ] T elep hone 890 In her own tongue whispered low, Pleads her Indian lover softly, 'Monte, say no! Monte, say no!' "Then she turned to the white man Bade h i m to hi s f r iends ce· t urn, Should she wed him, ever after For her own her heart would yearn. "She would wed her Indian lover, They wou ld I'oam the forest wild; Not for her the white man's dwelling, She was ever natlll'e's child." Th us ended that romantic scene upon the mou n tain many, many years ago. A white settler 's love refused by an I ndian gil'l, to keep unspoiled her beloved fOI'cstS! "Years have passed, and man and maiden Each a lowly g l'ave has found; But their spirits ever wander Through their happy hunting ground. "Bu t to us they've left the mountain, Glorious in the sunset's glow, As when christened by the warriOI', 'Monte, say no! Monte, say no!'" In this way Monte Sana got its name, according to the legend of an unknown author. From the depths of a warrior's torn h ea l"t behind the rocks that day came a combinatiOn of syllables which was to be carried in time to many distant corners. 1 Huntsvi lle 's Big Family Shoe Store IMPLEMENT co. 1 13 ' XI as hin gton St reet �4C )C )( and INSU RAN CE Sillg It or Whist le I t [ [ [ 'r n g r u m '. 11:00 A.M. - Parade 12:30 P. M. 2:00 P. M. 2:30 P. M. - 5:30 P. M. - Barbecue (Public Lodge ) ] ] ] 7:00 P. M. - Pageant (Public Lodge ) ] R. K. Bell, Master of Ceremonies. 3:15 P. M. - Address by Han. W. B. Bankhead. 4:00 P. M. - Tour of Park Area. ! [ 9:00 P. M. QueeEn's BaHll. - 'R ussel rskine C otel - Mu sic by Francis raig. ] ] ] ] Compliments of B iz n ess E q uiptn ent Co. N oo i i n H ardwar e & Supply Co . Phones 427 - 42 8 PORTABLE TYPEWRITERS '"A C OII Vl' lIic' II/ Place /0 Tr(f{if" - ] ~,~,==~,~c-===?~,,==~);,==~'~r===',~;==~,'~'==~)c~'==~"C==~'.c==~)C~===,,~;==~'r~==~',·==~'r] �IC':-;=='=-~-~,--" [ . Drink tn Bottles Sc Hul'ttsoille Born in 1804 beside a crystalclear spring, Cl'adled between majestic m ountains, Huntsville recei ved her name from John Hunt , one of the eady settlers. In addition to the beautiful scenery, the fertility of the so il quickly attracted many colonists . ~. Within a pel"iod of four yeal's, Madison County, with Huntsville as county seat, was created by t h e governor of Mississip pi Tenitory. The population had reached 5,000. So great was Gen. Andrew Jackson's belief in the futUl'e o f thi s city ,that he bought large tracts G l'een of land, and freqUented BoUom Inn , famous racing centel', w here no\\: stands the A & M Ins titute at ·Normal. The next ten years saw the ap- Pearancc in Huntsville of Ala- barna's first bank, first newspaper and first cotto n gin . The important ('ole which Hunt's City was to play in the his tory o f Alabama was forecast , whe n it was c hose n as a meeting place for the Tcnltorial Constitutional Consuch vention. To v is it a city of importance , came President Monroe, who was feted in tl'ue South- ern styie. Here Alabama cnlCl'cd the Union in 18 19. H e r e her firs t gove rnor was inaugurated. this city came Alabama 's From fil'5t congl'cssman, William Kelley. G. R. M A JP L E DUring the years which followed, commcl'cial development added to Hu ntsville 's agricultural pI'osperity. The most famous indust!'ial cnlc t' pri se was the " Bell Factory," located on Flint river. Thi s mill , which manufactured cotton c lo th . marked a new el'a for the South. In additio n to the textile industry, there were a flour mill, "boot and manufactol'y," "hat shoe manufactol'y," "watch and cloclt making." and the manufacture of COppfH' stills and pumps. T ra ns portation kept pace with manufacturing. Th e Flint and P a int R ock I'ivel's were alive with § River transportation was s u pplemented by rail l'oad facilities, when the Huntsville & Memphi s division of the Memphis & Chnrleston Railway was constructed in 1851. R eligious and educa.tional advantages were not lacking in Huntsville. By 1835, Presbyterian. Method ist, Cumberlan d Presbyte rian and Episcopalian chUrches had been e l'ected. Reading, w dling and arithmetic were taught by the Green Ac ademy , Huntsville 1I,Hlitary, Scientific and Class ical School, Female Boardi ng School , Huntsville Fe- She e t Meta l Wo rlls Jobbillg Promptl), Allrlldnl to • cotton-loaded barges en "oute to New Orleans by way o f the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. �• r' JE OlE Je OlE Ole Ole Ole JC OlE '1 OlC [ ] [ [-------11 [ BRIEF H I S TORY OF H UN TS V IL LE- CONT INUED male A c nd c my a nd the Huntsvill e Semina l'Y. A public libra l'Y had been maintained since 1820. [ Thl'CC weekly ncwspapc l's added to Huntsville's Pl'cstigc as a lite ,'- Rl'y center. Secession , Civil WIll' and RecOIl strt;ction brought unt.old suffering and hal'dship to Huntsvi lle. The Bell Ba.~tc l ·Y, so-named because the chul'ches had their bells smelt- ed and cast into ca nnon for its usc, served the Confederate cause . Great destr'uction and loss of pl'opel'ly attended the capture of Huntsville by the Federals in 1862. Even hal'del" to beRI' wcre the all'ocitles of Recons t ruction, which the Ku \ Klux Klan helped to solve. \VIUl the passage of years al'ose a new Huntsv ille, typical of the New South. RetUl'ning prosperi ty :-'I'Ollg h~ greate r industrialization . ~tcady CI'jwth , in~ ClT u !l te d only by the WOl'ld War, to w hich Huntsville eont rib" ted generously in both men and money, bl'ought this city i nto the present e ra, T od ay, Hun ~sville is fulfilling the d.'eams of g l'eatness whic h her early patriots had With a firm r eliance on Hunt's Big Spl'ing, Yl h ich furnishes 2 :',000,0:)0 gallons daily, Huntsville - clean, paved, \':e:l IIghted- :s pleased w ith he r nchievements. With a population of more tha l~ 12 ,000 within her corporate limits of one square mile, Hunts vil! t' ill s Cl'ving mOl'e than t wice that num bel' of people , Added to these comme r'cial advantages arc churchcs, splendid schools, excellent hote ls, a we ll equipped hospital, and civic orga nizations which al'e working for the good of Huntsvill e, He l' l'etail business is in e x ceS3 o f $9,000,000 annua lly . Bank deposi ts a l'e apPl'ox imateIy $5,000,000. T he annual value of her manufactm'ed pl'od ucts is placed at $21 ,000,000, H cr industrial payl'Oll averages mOl'e than S3,000,000 per year. Th e largest cotton wareho use fac ilitics in Alaba ma are locatea in Huntsvillc, w hose county is the largest cotton-raising county in th e state. The lal'gest !lhipments of nu1'9e r y stock in the state arc made from Huntsvi lle, - The la test project in w hich Huntsv ill e is taking p t'ide is the Monte Sano State Park , w hi ch is 2,000 fee t above sea leve l. The pa l'k, covel'ing 2,000 aC l'es of mountain table land , has picnic areas, mineral s prings, cabins mountain s tone , rec l'eati on of build- ing and sta bl es. Th e l'cc l'eational facilities of this beautiful are to be enjoyed by Huntsville, a nd shar ed w ith hel' neighbors. [---------,-----\'(Ie B uy 1',)Ui1l'Y I)Cg_ Tallo w Wild J{OOI ~ ~ral) Ir(ln L. Mill er, Prop. :\lo>Ial ~ Ilau~ries G<~~t I~ad;awr~ anti Skins L:'"' c<>":: II' Hcc~wax " .. . The Farmers Market 52 W' eeks Rags 403 N . W:l shingron SL Sacks )" :\Iilk FauC(I Tennessee Poultry & Hide Co. .\,,10 Sh~<'p \'lie Sel l FIIII-O -Pel) Fccds )C ')c ,r 111 t he Year Huntsv ille, Abb:ln1:1 ,c )E X .-\nglco Po ultry Il.'ams- Candle,1 I':gg, t'~, d I'itle-~ Ami Fiuing~ I ,cad Hahbiu I.on Bars Channel )C I' bt~~ Sack~ fur .\11 Farm I' \lrl""~~ ?C ] ,~ �[* * * F""===>J~"==,",J'CO===;"''''===>''''===>;''<===")£0===''''===>'''===>:''0===,''';===.''(===>"Ii'===·~·'~"O===>J'Fiii PROFESSIONAL I * DIRECTO R Y CHAS . E. SHAVER THOS. W . LAYNE A T TORNEY ATTORNEY T ENNESSEE VALLEY BANK B L.DG . WASHINGTON ST. W . S . MIMS . DENTI ST J . O . BAlTES . DENTIST CARE Y WALKER . M . D . T IMES BUILDING TENNESSEE VALLEY BANK BLDG . WASHINGTON ST. R . K . BELL. ATT O RNE Y TENNESSEE VALLEY B ANK BLDG. ] GRIFFIN & FORD . M . R. MOORMAN. M .D . J . E. WALK E R . M. D. ATTORNEYS WASH I NGTON ST. T IMES B UILD ING W . SIDE SQUARE JAS . E . WHITAKER. M.D . W I LLIAM E. DAVIS H. J . COONS . DENTI ST ATTOR NE Y TI MES B UILDING [ TIMES TENNESSEE VALLEY BANK BLDG . M . D . ANDERSON . DENTIST M . H . LANIER & M. H. LANIER . JR . BUILD I NG W . B . ALLEN ] CHI R OP R ACTO R A TTORN E YS TIMES B UI L DING T II,lES B U ILDING TENNESSEE VALLEY BANK B LDG. I. B . WYATT. DENTIST PAUL MEREDITH SPEAKE WALTER J. PRICE A R C HI TECT ATTORN E Y H UMP H REY [ BUILD ING T I MES T ENNESSEE VALLEY BANK BLDG. D R S . CALDWELL & M c KISSACK COMPLIMENTS O F B UILDI NG CHAS.H . HATCHETT. M GR. 1 BROWN -S E R VICE FUNE R A L CO . PH YS I C I ANS AND SU R GEONS A FRIEND T ENNESSEE VALLEY BANK B LDG. TIMES BUILDING . THOS . W. JONES JAS . B . LAUGHLIN . M .D . COMPLIMENTS OF REG I ST E R I N C H ANCERY T ENNESSEE VALLEY BANK B LDG. DEWITT DILLA RD M AD I SON COUNTY JEFF D . SMITH . ATT O RNEY FRANK JORDAN . M .D . W . G . M CCOWN . M . D . TENNESSEE VALLEY B ANK B LDG . GREEN ST. T IMES B UILDI N G M RS . MARGARET M . MARSH ELBERT PARSONS W. B . ENGLAND. DENTIST L ATTORNEY T ENNESSEE VALLEY BANK B LDG. , MOBILE. ALA. )( )C )( w. '¢ )( 'C M R . AND SIDE SQ UA RE ')( MRS . MAR TI N HUNTS V ILLE. ,: lC )C '¢ '" N. MARSH ALA. ,. ,. �, 3C )E )( THREE . )t ), )( FAMOUS . J( " FIRSTS " MADISON COUNTY '1 ] ] IS THE "NUMBER ONE" COTTON COUNTY OF ALABAMA HUNTS V IlLlLE IS THE "NUMBER ONE" CITY OF NORTH ALABAMA MONTE SANO IS THE "NUMBER ONE" SHOW PLACE OF NORTH ALABAMA ] ] ] ] ] WELCOME " Robinsons Bonded Warehouse Farnaers Warehouse Conapany Jones-Baugh Cotton Conapany A"nold-Laxson Warehouse Planters W'house&Storage Co. Huntsville Warehouse Dixie Warehouse & Storage Co. ] l,~==~,~,===*"====~,,,==~),~,==~,,~,==~~t~==~,e~==~"(====.)E'==~"~'==~"~'==~)('~==~)(,~==-j �, ,( l£ )( JE i. (i (i * * * Cast of Characters A llen E. Swe n son Narrator .PROLOGUE E PISODE TV Gene ral Andrew Jack son W"i t~ ht - Paul Speake " Mo n te'e I nd ian L ove C a ll"-- Legend ot Estelle Cicero Auctlonee l', Po pe and Clay (Same as in Episode 3 ) I ndia n Squaws Crowds of Settlers and Land Owners Essli n ~er . . . .. Nell Soloist I nd ian C h iefs (Members of Acme Club) EPISODE I - Women a n d Children Lewi s M yatt Soloist 18 05 Arrival of H un t llnd Be:m at Big Spring Negro Choir Dancers ...... .. ". l ndian Brave;g O rumm c " .. Hilding H olmberg, Jr. Lead er .... .... .... ... Billy H ighlig hts of H untsville's H isrory Mr. Patton .. .. ...... Frank Crim I n d ian Brave .... .... A. L. Smith White Man ... .... .. Cecil Pr !() MONTE SANO "I4ntsviU e, A lal)a m ~',1 Mr. Stevens .... Jesse P attc l'.!':on Mon te ......... Nancy H u mphrey of The Pa ra de EPISODE II - EPlSO I) I<~ " SIO:\ll 1807 Ad ve n t of Settlers to Big S p "i n g Innkc<, per ...... .... Shelb y TayloJ PART I- ];:PIS O DE I John H un t Be:: n Captain Tobey Jon es . .. H enry H. Chase . .. Thomas Taylo" EPiSO D E III - - Dr. Will i a m S u nil .. First L and Sales Preside n t J ames Mon roe - West o n B.'ltl Fi n:t Man . .. Canada Broy:es :\f l'. W a lke.' ,. Chas. Rhodenhauser Mrs. W al k er Marj orie Canterberry J ohn Hunt a n d G roup of S ettlers The Virgin ia ReelL C'a d ers, MI" and MI'5. Lew:s MY.ltt (Same as in P recedi ng E pisodes) Distinguished GUl'sts at Clemen t Ci3y , .. C. L , Watts, Jr, Harriett Bell Ki n~~r Settlers, Men and Women GOOD U. GULF S. ( Note: All tak i ng Westina ho:Jse Electrical Appliances ZENITH RADIOS Kenneth Thomas families 2~T he D in n er (July) 18 19 SCENE 1- Terratorlal Conve n tion H eld at SCENE 2- (D e ce m ber) . 18t!): Ina ug Ul'atio n o f Gove n lQ ,' W il1ia':l Bib b pn r l in th:" dCS f·Clld ~:)t.9 Hving in a "ound H untsville in 1819). TIRES ( June) 1(319 H untsville EpibOdc aI"(' the direct GASOLINE ROYAL EPISO DE VI - Sara Pride of those EPISODE V - SCE NE I - The I n n ; SCENE Frances Taylel' W i n~ton Thomas B ibb " .... ,' A, L . Smith Buddy Great Land Salcs of 1318, and Visit of G,mer a l l'_nd:ew Jack son V isit of P res ide n t M UIll'oe to Huntsviile Leroy P ope .. H arry Loal'ing-Cla"k Mat he w Weaver " Din n~l' MI NUET: i\uctio"eer .... ,. H e:'bel t J ohnson James Roper ,.,.,' Robert Jones 1818 Gl'OU p of C itl zen s - e PIS O DE III Gabriel Meol'e, ehas. Loarln g-Clark EPiSODE IV - C lement Clay and Leroy POile M rs. Robert Bell Mrs. Cha r les Eh3vcr M r s. B en Lee Bibb Peggy P o w ell Margaret Brodie H a ll W I:l1am Winston . W a lter 18 0 ) ~ll l i ..;JI1jss Nallcy Pi erce, Director �A Pag eant iion of .he Opening of * * * of Chm'ac/ers STATE PARK August 25th, 193 EPI SO O ....: v [ }<:;PI SODE IX irs Begin oing in 1805 .. ,to 1938 SCENE 1 (This Episode is s pon sored by the m em bers of t he Kiwani s Club) CflS/ President of the Convention Cha!'les Shaver Cle !'ks of Convention: Sano EPISODI'-~ X Thomas Layne, T . L. Townes, William Davis, J . M. T aylor, Thoa, Taylor Gabriel Moore and Clement Clay (Same as Preceding Episodes) Delegates to the Convention: M r. Baxter . H ilding Hol m berg, Jr. Guest ............. Buford Gatlin Lal'ge Number of Guests at H otel (Note: T h is part of the Episode is spo nsored by the Business a nd Professional Women's Club an d the Clvlt an Club). End of Civil W a l' at Hun tsvi lle SCENE 2 .EP I.sODE X (con t'd) End of Part 1 Fin.l Governor of Alabama, Willia m Bibb ...... J eff O. Smith L,\lge groups of M en, Women and Children prese nt a t I na ug u ration Ceremonies. Ch ildren of the Guests Dancel's and Sin gers Episcopal Boys' Choir Betty J o Neeley, K atherine M(1uldlin, Wilma. Dean Walker, Anna Ruth \Vhi te, Caroline Ga r th , Su(> Chase Coons, P eggy Adams, B etty Hutchens, Doris Savas, Ma l !on Cole, Mal'ion Schild. Leatrice TUIllminello, Paul Mc Natt. F loradora Girl s: Soloist ,.,. Mrs. J essie W. J ohn~,m E t h e l H a nlson , KathieI' ll W ilson, M I·s. Cha rles R hod enhauscl", B,·;)\.,.Hie Holmberg, Molly Giles, Bc ~ty McCaleb, Emily B urgess, Virginia White, Martha Crum, Mild red Holder, Marguerite Hac k er, Alice M aI'ie Crunk, Alice Manning, Mal" g UC/'ite Tumminello, (Not e: Dance Accompa nist f::II' the Pageant- Georgette Grnham) EPISODE VII - 1865 PART 2 EPISODE VIII 1870 Operation of Coal Mines o n Monte Sana EPISODE IX - 1875 Ma<! ison County Fai r EPISODE X - 1894 Grand Ball nt Mo nte Sano H otel EPISODE XI Inaug uration of eee 1935 Car.lp a n d National Park Serv ice on Monle Sano Development of P ark . . . EPISODE XII - 1038 E PI SO DE VI [ Mrs. ViI'gl nis Clay - MI·s. J . B. Clopton M rs. Weeden .. Mrs. Ben L. Bibb M rs. Chad dick - Mrs. Charles Whitten Retuming Sold ien-l Soloist ....... .. Pri nce Weiler Civil War Ladies and Childre-n Soloist .......... Frances Rober~s (Note: This Episode is s ponsored by the Un.ited Daughters of thc Confederucy, assisted by So ns of the Confederate Vet(>rans and m~m bers cf the Rotary C lub, and i::; ~i I'ccted by Mrs. Joe Cooper). }<~ P lSOOE EJ»JSOOF.; v ln FINALE- J onathan Broad .. Dudley Po ...... ell 1st Ma n Richard Schiffman 2nd Man .. " ......... J oe Spin~lli (Note: This Epl rode is sponSOI">'d by the Li ons Club). AI r. JlVes/o,z Britt, .A.u/hor -- XI (This Episode is sponsored by thc Monte Sano CCC Camp and the National Park Serv ice). "':; I~ I S ODJ<:; XII F I NALE- T H o M A § TJ[R ' E CO. OPEN ALL NIGHT Phone 11 0 Carl Thomas -- - --_._---_.----:;:-- �IF ' [ [ [ ," ~E .". .., . lC .IE lE "JE lE ....... , , ............ , FIRST NATIONAL BANK ; •• " .... ' ~' ~E ..... . . . . . '.... . . . ).~ HENDERSON NATIONAL BANK ... ............ ................. .1, , , , " , " ., ",......... ] ] ] ] ] COME TO HUNT§VILLE AND MONTE §ANO A§ OFTEN A§ YOU CAN YOU ARE ALWAYS WELCOME ] ] [ [ . . .. .. . . . ............... . RISON BANKING COMPANY . ...................... . ] TENNESSEE VALLEY BANK ... ..... .................. ] . .. L. .: . . :,. . .:.. . :. . "'-. ) ;" 'E 'If H ,~ 'E Ji- ,~ �A. L. HIP P J eweler a nd Optometrist Gifts That Last The Largest Gift Shop in North Alabama 102 W ashing ton St. T el c pho n e N o . 10 24 I l Hu ts"e ll F ew cities can boast of more inter esting ch ul'ch history than Hu nt sville. 1 I "The Early HistOl)' of Huntsville' Is a chnrming book written by Edwar d Chambers B ett s, F rom this boo k came many o f th e impor tan t bc~s o f th i s articl e. Hun tsville has a l ways been in ter- e The pl'csenl attl'ac tive c h u rch was bu ilt in 1845, Dr, J. W, Cald w ell has ably served this church fo r nearly 40 y ea r s of its s plendid h istory, H e r e tired last year but conti n u es to li ve in this city a s one of " u r m ost honored and be loved citizen03. A fe w m o n t hs a g o, thc R ev. Fly nn G· Humphl'eys acce pt- ested in those uplifting influences whlch make (or richncEa of life in a community. Some o f t he f il'st (hUlChes ;n A labaam WCI'C organ:~cd iJ: Hunt!;villc. Those in the comm u n i on of the P I'esbyt er i an faith met and orga nized i n 1818, and on D e lo be l' 13, 1822. co m memnced t h e erection of t h e fir s t chu rch of t ha t d e nomin a-· ti on in t he State . T he p resent lovely structure. ai t unted at t h e ine l'- I I I s ed on of L incoln and G ates sh'eeL3, wa s built in 185!), ~nd is b eing s erved b Y' Re v. Neill G . S t even s. The Misslona l'Y Baptists w e r e a m o n g the flrst to organize a nd build a ch u rc ir: t h e coun ty. " Enon" \-;SS the fi l'L'lt chUl'ch estab l:Ghed i n the S tate by the Missionary B aptists. T hi s ch u rch was organized in 1808, and was o u t in the neighbo l'h ood of Briar FOI'k of Flin t. E n on w as officia lly movcd from the count r y to t own, The present First Baptist ch u rch is t h e outgrowth of old "El:on", pnd i8 being ably se l'ved by D I', John J. Milford. T h e E I):l3copalia ns began th eir \vor k ~ n H untsville in 1830. T hl' presen t beau tiful chu r ch, s o p\easIr. g t o th e eye in its archite ctural b ea uty, was erected in 1858. Dr. Car ey G a m bl e for mo r e th an 30 ye:lrs served this church a s rectol , ou t rece n tly I'eti red, h a vi n g reached th e a ge limi t, and w ill be s u cceed ed by th e Re v . R a n dolph R. Cia i bome . Th e C um berland P resby t e ria n c hU rc h w as organized under the leadcrship of Rev. Robert Donnell. ed a call to th is c hurc h , and ha3 beg un a l)a storate which p l'omises to b e o ne of great u sefu lness. D r, Ans on W est , in h is ill u minatin g h is t ory of Alabama Meth odis m , s a ys : " Methodis m was presen t a s the dawn i ng of things in M adison County , T he very fil'st w hite persons who to u c hed the soil emb raced in Madison County w ere Me thodist s . Be forc a n y courts weI e CDtablis h ed in the cou n t y, Methodi s t societies w e l'e org anized ," The Hu nts ville l"' il'st M e thod ist church was mad q a s tation in 1821, a n d has continued s o across t hese 117 years. The fi l'st M e thodist Co nfere n ce e ver he ld in Alabama waG held in H untsville i n 1823, I n addition to the Fi rat Ch u rch, t he Methodis ts have five other churc hes h e re, a ll s plend id ly manned. H olmes St.'eel ChUl'ch is manned by T. J , Ch i t w ood , pasto l'. At F irst Chu rch, Rev. B. B. G la sgow is the p astOI'. R ev. I, F . Hawki ns is the capable pres id i ng e lder, T he Catholic Church of the Vis it a tion was begun b efore the Civ il Wa r. The fo und atio n h ad been la id and th e cornersto n e set befo re F ather Jerem iah FI'ed erich Tl'acy le ft t o serve as c h a pl a in in the a rmy , Arte l' the w al', th e b uild ing , w hich is m a d e o f s t o n e f!'Om Monte Sana, was co mple t ed. The a lt a r is or Ita lia n m a r ble, a nd w a s give n by M iss Jl.l o Jlie McGhee in memO l'y of h e l' fat he r . The p resent pl'iest is the Rev, F at h el' H ourican . I n 1887, t h e buildi ng wh ich h ouses the R andolph Stl'eet Ch urch o f Christ was built. The Centra l Church o f C h l'ist complete d its bu ildi ng of na t ive sandstone last s u mme l'. H ome r P . Ree ves is the minister. R egular sel'vices of t h e Fi rs t Chul'ch of Christ , SC ien ti s t , h ave been held sin Ce 1914 , This eh m'ch was c h ar te red as a b r anch o f t he Mother Church in Boston in 1933. OlT!ce l's con s ist of first reade l', s econd reader, SUnday sc hool sup erint e n dent, lib l'arian and a gov erning boa l'd of fi ve m embers. Th is chUl'ch maintains a fl 'ee r eading m o m in Th e T im es b uil d ing. H unts ville, born in 18OB ! I n t h is g ood year 1938. w e, the Ch u rc he s of H unts ville, sal u te! W e are here to serve . �)( )( )t - F E T R )t J[ lE L J[ z E )( R Joh n S, Ca in , Sales Represelltative '1 ] Madison, Alabama [ [ ] [ [ ] ] ] ] Mad i,on County, Alaban", I, located in the northel'n par t of the s laLe, lying betwct'll t he Tennessee dyer and the State of Tennessee . It h as an a l"ea 0 f 811 squal'c miles. The population, according to the 1930 censu s, was 64.623, w ith a I'Ut"a] farm I,opulation of 36,243. DC thi" 1>OIlUiation, 22,658 w " rl' . , . . . white, and 13, ~83 colored. There are 7,178 fa rms In the cou nty. 1,951 are owners oC their fal'ms- l ,5 11 white, and 440 colol'cd, There are 3,10·1 white renters, a nd 1,954 colored l'cntcI·S. Madison County is the largest cotton-producing county in the state. In 1937 on 94.000 acres in cotton, it produced 65.000 bales. The 1937 p(>nerit payment a nd the subsidy that will be paid on the 1937 crop will amount to 8ppI'0:<1mately $750000 Tho "dncipal ,,'op, .,own in Madi son County al'e colton. corn, tobacco, wheat, oats, alfalfa, hogs, cn ttle, s heep, mules and horses. Our interest in permanent pa stures has 1 increased vCl'y rapid ~ in the last t wo or t h I'CC years. e have over 200 pasture demonstrations of Crom one acre to 40 aCl'es each. The Lily Flagg one-variety community h as changed Mad:son Coun ty f l'cm a shol·t s taple cotton to a better sta ple cotton. In this county, 90 to 95 PCI' cent of the cotton grown is 15-16 inch s t aple and better. Much of thc sta ple is ove l' cnc Inch, The majOf'ity of the cotton grown in this county 10 years ago was le35 than 7-8 ineh staple. Madi son County is adapted to dairy in g and other ]iv(' stock fa:-ming ope l'ations. '.Ve hope that in the ne8l' future our county will be ono of the pdocipal liv"tock IU'Oclueing counties in the s tate. ] ] The county has 108.1 miles of paved roads. and 1266.8 milt:'g of . g l'svel l'cads. These roads are so connected that n ca.l'1y every (UI'fficr" ] in the county is close enough to a good load to put him in C33Y reach of a market for his products, The tobacco produced in this co unty is oC the white burley tY l)", and has brought the highest. price on the F aye tteville market of any tobacco sold there, Madison County is also well supplied with an abundance of sprinr,s that afford good fishing, ,and a numb('r of these springs al'e uocd {Of' the production of water ere"s, whieh is shipped all ovel' lhe country, and has become famous fOI' its f i ne quality. ] . ] -------------'---'----------------------------------------------------------------------------, L~,~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~.~] , - �[' [ 3( 3( 3C 3( )£ 3( )C 3( . )C lLEWTER HARDWARE CO. Complimellts of S . H. KRESS & co. 5-10-25 Cent Store j. M. Lewter '1 ] Paints, Oils, Glass, Roo/illg, \\'fire ft!l1cillg Huntsville, A labama Was hin gton ar Merid ian [ [ Huntsville is the largest textile center in Alabama. [ [ cotton It has three very large plants - the Lincoln, the Merrimack and the Dallas- and a smaller onethe Erwin Manufacturing Co. I n full operation, these four concerns employ more than 4,000 pcr- sons. Location Huntsville , of these plants in i n the heal't of the largest colton-growing section of the State, provides a I'cady marke t for the staple grown by farmers, at a premium of $1 to $2,50 a bale above what they would be a ble to get for t h eir crop, if these mills were not located in Huntsville, These foul' mills consumed, in the 12 months ending Sept. 30, 1937, 75,881 bales of cotton that cost them almost $5,000,000, They paid in wages to their employes more than $3,000,000, They contributed in taxes- federal, state, c ity and county-approximately $140,000, For supp lies, and l or electl'ic power, they spent more than $950,000. The total gross expenditul'es of the fOUl' mills in Huntsville , during a year's steady operations , are approximately $10,000,000, PERFECT TRUCK §ER VICE 1 The value of the manufactUi'ed products from these mills is more than $20,000,000, Huntsville nlso is a very large cotton warehousing centel', MOl'e than a half dozen bonded concerns have space for warehousing between 75,000 and 100,000 bales of cotton, There several smaller manufacturing companies in and al'ound Huntsv ille , Chief are the Huntsville Fiber and Ve nee I' Worl<s, Dixie Bl'oom and Mnttl'ess Co" the Alabama Cotton Oil Mill and the H untsv ille Foundl'y Works, This Program is a Product Monroe Printing Co. [ 0/ the Quality we are equipped to do, lt is represelllati1Je of Sill/pUllillg all T raffic I'rob/C'lII s 0/ the ~.J)ork NorthAlob .....'. Leading P,intfUI Since 1911 D. C. Mom"(Nl R. S. ] MO'ITQe ,c>,.,.:.:.:=",c<=.:.:=",c<=.:.:==·","=.:.:=",,"=.:.:~"".:.:.:""'.:.:.:~"E<=.:~~'<=.:.:==',=.:.:==",,=~.:.:;e",.:.:.:.,.,.:.:.:=",,"=.:.:=,J) �[ [ [ )E )( )C JC JE JE lC JE lC )t JE )E )C Boosters of North Alabama RAGLAND BROTHERS "1 CO. Huntsv il le , Al abama INSPIRATION POINT [ Welcome to HuntsviU1e H][LL GROCERY CO. for Qual ity Me rchandise at a Savings [ It Is A Fact That You A ltoays Try Do Better At HILL'S ][nc. lr '" )r )C " ,c-==,d �r .n JC JE )C JE lE JE • )( )C A Great Drink McLellan Stores Co. ,....",.. ~ Sc to $1. 00 Stores !it" ] DDUBLE CDLA Randolph Screet and Court H ouse Sq, '- Huntsville, Ala. Better Values Always ... / A Mighty Flavor -------'------] ] Monte Sana state park \'las first conceived through and inspiration of county eee and the i s initiative National Park Service, began pre· a gl'Oup of pal'ation of plans for a long range in the process of being agent; J . 0. development o f the park. dis- A ctua l construction began eec two and Robert Schiffman, deceased. onto the companies site on were w hen movcd August 5, 1935, and work has progressed steadily With the cooperation of Sam F. plaonel' ever since. of complc~cd, With the w i thdrawal of thc TVA John J . trict's r epresentative in Congress; J'cglona l complete sewag e syst em the Sparkman, now the Eighth Brewster, A installed, and the water system in Huntsville citizens, led by Mitchell, instrumentality of the from actual pal'ticipation in park, the through the State of the Alabama , FOl'estt'y Commission and Col. Page S, Gunl,er, tool, up t he work of the Pal'l;: Au t hority, parks a nd recreation for the TVA, deve l opments i nclm:e such proposals as an administl'(!,· and Col. Page S. Bunker, of tion building; a swim min;; Alabama F orestry Co mmission, the a move was l a u nched to have Madi- son county buy approximately 2,- poo l and its n ecessary pal'king bath house and beach; camps, trailel' camps, a at'eas; g r 0 u p possible 000 acres of timber lands on top golf course and extension of and on the s lopes of Monte Sano, cabin layouts, th e and deed the pl'Operty to the State o f Alabama for park purposes. All the se are included in long tange program, and Com plimelJts of F. W. Woolwonth CO. the depend COlll pli111ents of MONTGOMERY WARD The Store For A ll The Family ] ] ] ] ] �~ [ [ )( " THE it 3E MOVIES ARE JC 3C YOUR )C . )C 3C JC , 3C ENTERTAINMENT " BEST '1 VISIT * * HUNTSVILLE THEATRES ] ] The question of a place to hunt and fish has become one of our g r eat problems, and that p rob lem is be ing solved nowhere in North America as it is in the Tennessee Valley area, The TVA has impounded water:; f!'Om five huge dams, With sevet'al smaller ones, augmented by our numerous rivers and small streams, these waters become a perfect habitat for every spec ies of fresh water fish, CO UNTR Y C L U B already returned to fOl'cst in Madison county. To assu t'e that these waters will abound in suc.h species as they arc capable of suppo t'Ung, the TVA is now building on E lk rivet·, in L imestone county, one of the largest fish hatcheries in the world. Fish from this hatcher y will be used to keep the w a ters back of the TVA dams permanent. ly stocked w ith a n abundant sup· ply of fish. The program fOl' the whole valley is in equal pI'oportion to \V,h at It is in Madison county. Thus we see the hunting possibilities of this vast area. The U. S. govel'llment has tablished a game reservation ?1organ, Limestone , and Madison counties , e xtending 18 miles above the highway cl'ossing of the rive l' at D ecatur, that w ill assure an The conservation councils of every county in this area a t'e now building, or planning to build, hatcheries to keep cold water rivers and s treams stocked, to as· s u re a constant supply of such game fish as they s u pport. T hus, the T ennessee Valley is destined to become a fisherman's pal'adise in the vet'y near futUre. The hunting possibilities of the T ennessee Valley are as great as the fishing possibilit ies. Sixty·four pe l' cent of the land of this area now owns 17,285 acres county. Since 1935, 7,- abundance of all kinds of game, and serve to attl'act migratory water fowl to the valley area in such proportion that there will be a supply with the opening of every season, ] T.he State Departme nt of Game Conservation is rapidly maki ng plans to do its part in restocking game birds and animals for this vast land a r ea. COlll plilllellts of Becker's Dept. Store ! 04-1 06 Jefferson esi n Sc. Comp li ments of w. T. GRANT Know n for Quality Mdse. K nown for Va lues co. ] ] [;=;.,~~~.,~~~~",,~I;~U~,~t~S,:,;I~le~'~J\~I:":;'~n~'~'~~""~~~",,,,~~~",,,;~~~~~C9",~~~"",~~~====>~-",~t~(~) ~",.~~~~""~~~-'~~()~~ • �r'<='E=A""""=L="~A~~'=A"'''·=M' ·'' ' =A=<""= .><=E=.<=,==""':="""",=~'=~""" =,,,'"=""e=.===.e==~ WHO LE§ALE G RO CE R § GROCE RY COMPA NY - [ The Exe c utive Committee of the Monte Sa no St a te Pa rk Celebra tion desires to sinc erely express its a ppre c i a tion to the hundreds who have so generously given their time a nd effort to ma ke this occ a sion possible , a nd especi a lly to those p a rti c ipa ting in the Pa gea nt . [ Residents of b oth c ity a nd county h a ve c oopera ted in t h is l a r g e und e rt ak ing a nd, despite numerou s ca lls, they h a ve l oy a lly l a bored to ma ke this a n outst a nding a nd mem or a ble event in this community . Espe c i a lly do we desire to express our a ppre c i a tion to the numerous clubs a nd organiza tions, The Tennessee Va lley Aut h ority, Th e Na ti on a l Pa rk Service, Th e Civilian Conserva tion Corps, The St a te Commissj on of Forestry, The Huntsville Tim e s, The B ' h a m News, The Al a ba ma Power Co . , The Na tiona l Gua rd a nd a ll individua ls t a king part in the celebra tion. ] ] We wish it were possible to tha nk by n a me, a nd per sona lly, e ach a nd everyone who h a s contributed to its su cc ess. This , h owever, is impossible. But we do t a ke this me t h od of e xpre s sing our a ppreci a t i on a nd gra titude for the i r unstinted s upport a nd coopera tion. Theirs will be t h e joy a n d s a tisfa ction of having helped to do a f i n e j ob , a nd of having c oopera ted magnifi c ently on a gre a t civi c project . I~ To our d is ting ui shed guests and visitors, we hope you have enj oy e d y our visit. We a re proud of Monte Sa no - -it is y our Pa rk-- a nd we hope you will visit it often a n d tell y our frien d s of its cha rm and be a u t y. --------------------------~-------------------------- Dry Goods TR U£- T AG PAIN T- Looks Better Longer Clothing Shoes Ladies Rcady-to- \"'ear Groceries A. M. Booth T.T. TERRY ;( 'E ,c )r 'E and Builder Dea ler in Bui lders ' Suppl ies of Every Kind "Grral Is t he Power of Cn/J" E Contractors H untsvi lle, A !:t. Meridian Street " )C ,r n ~r ~~ 'E ~E ~ �)C )E be )E )E JE for T wenty·five Years Selling ..,d Servicing Celeb'tatiolt Committees '1 Phone 15 28 ] •• GOOD WILL TOURS \\if . L. HI/ltltr, Cbairlllllll J. O. /-f('IJ kel John Lee Robimun Gayle Geron 1.l'It-is Myatt, Cbairman. Ji 111111;1' /-/rIU/rrson W. B. \'(/bilfielt! Karl \'(/ollersdor/ E. H. Parsons PROGRAM AND SPEAKERS COMMlTTEE Kennelb Thomas, Cbairman J. B. Vall ValReub/lrg Judge S. H. Richardson Mayo r A. \\'1. McAlhsler \V. E. J>olJejoy WELCOME COMM ITTEE A. L. HiPP, Cbairman BII/ord Gallill Miss J('sse lIoLJpcr M. C. Cox ROBERT K. BELL DANCE COMMITTEE Gel/eral Cbairmall GroSSl"f, Cbairllll/ll I\I('x Mitchell Pd(' tallier i\,JI/ (' Clllb EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OSCIlf ChairmtJn \'(/. H . Pollard Gaston Pirkle RII)'lII om/ Atol/roe R. L O'Neill f!JarlU'S1 \\i' bile For Good Eats \Vhitesburg Drive MUSIC PAR.ADE COMMITTEE Ja d~ Lall,~borll(" lBROADW A 11" Good Gulf Gas and Oils I. Schiffman & Company, Inc. Phone 381 . 81 PUBLICITY CO MM ITTEE JC Dl I GROOM Dodge Motor Cars and Trucks , Je ne Sure and Stop at Dependability .. be George Mflbolley 1- B. Mil chell Kelll/eib Tbolllas Jack. LaJlgboYJIl' 1- E. Quillll Geo. NrWlllflJI Robillsoll, Jr. BARIlECUE COMMITTEE J. E. QllilHI, CbairmtJlI Bell G;/es Louis TII",mj,zel/o D emlis Caiat/ws I ke f);tfitm/ Ilcrber f Farisb PAGEANT COMMITTEE Miss Nancy Pierer, Chllirllllill Robert K. Be/l \VeslOIl Britt Judge Tbos. JOIII'S Miss Nell Esslinger Miss "Mildred Ca/dI/l('11 !Hr. e:J Mrs. A. E. SIIJillWII !\Irs. J-/lIrry Loarillg-Clark J. P. Moore Miss Elizabrth SlIIilb Mallricl' DUllcan FIN /~NCE COMM ITTEE G('o. N . Robimoll, Jr. Cbm. Jeff SlIIilb J. T. \'(1 alker It. L. Smith Gayle F. Geroll C. S. BoS/vl'lI Mr s. E. V. CaM wl'll M. U. Griffi" Jack Chambers Leo Schiff 111(111 COlli plilllellis of COlllplilllents of A & P Food S tor e s Hill Chevrolet Co, �~=' " " " " " [WELCOME [ " " TO M0 N T E " " " " "1 " HUNTSVILLE, SAN 0 an d ] ] ] [ 1888 50th Anniversa ry [ 1938 Year [ [ [ STERCHI'S North Alabama's Largest Furniture Store [ - - - - - - - - [ [ NORTH ALABAMA'S 1iJ'lest Hotel L. " " " Russel ''== )( " " Erskine " " " " ''== ,~ �The Trend of THE TIMES is UPWARD ~ ~ ~ •• THE ~ OF I YOUR P NEWSPAPER HOME ". You are always welcome in Huntsville --- We hope you have enjoyed your visit to Monte Sano and trust that you will come back to see us often North Alabama's Leading Newspaper .. aton-roze·marK � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection (Rescans) Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection (Rescans) Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/121">View the Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection finding aid on ArchiveSpace</a> Description An account of the resource Dr. Frances Cabaniss Roberts was born December 19, 1916 in Gainesville, Alabama, a daughter of Richard H. and Mary (Watson) Roberts. She graduated from Livingston State College, earning her B.S. in 1937, and then the University of Alabama, earning her M.A. in 1940, then her PhD in 1956. Her 1940 M.A thesis was "An Experiment in Emancipation of Slaves by an Alabama Planter;" her 1956 PhD dissertation was "Background and Formative Period in the Great Bend and Madison County," 1956. She began her professional career as a public school teacher first in Sumter County, Alabama and then in Huntsville, Alabama, 1937-1952. In Huntsville, Roberts taught history at Huntsville High School and then at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), where she was a vigorous participant in the formation of that University. (The Extension Center, then at West Huntsville High School, opened in January 1950.) From 1955 to 1956, she was the only full-time faculty member. Dr. Roberts served in many roles at UAH: instructor 1953-1956; assistant professor, 1956-1959; associate professor, 1959-1961; professor of history beginning in 1961 until her retirement on August 31st, 1980. In 1988, Dr. Roberts was honored with the dedication of Roberts Recital Hall. The University System Trustees issued this statement concerning the special day: "Dr. Roberts was one of the founding faculty of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, established the University History Department, and was its first full-time history professor. She devoted 18 years to the public schools and 29 years of dedicated service to UAH and accepting only the highest scholarly standards and inspiring generations of students to expand their academic horizons." The collection of Dr. Roberts’ papers reflects her total immersion in the education, social, religious, musical, and literary life of the community as she led by doing. Frances Cabaniss Roberts died November 5, 2000 at the age of 83, leaving a legacy of leadership and dedication to the community. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Official program of the Monte Sano State Park Celebration. Subject The topic of the resource Pageants State parks & reserves Monte Sano State Park (Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Description An account of the resource This celebration was held on the park's opening day. Events included a parade, an address given by Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives William B. Bankhead, a history pageant, and a "Queen's Ball" that evening at the Russel Erskine Hotel. The program includes a description of the cabins, the "Legend of Monte Sano," a history of Huntsville, and a program for the history pageant, titled "The Parade of Progress." Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Roberts Collection Series 4, Subseries A, Box 13, Folder 32 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1938-08-25 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Keepsakes Programs Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_robf_000131_000154 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1930-1939 Relation A related resource loc_robf_2018 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/66/spc_lund_0000001_0000006.pdf de63c742b09cc4626a59746ea9a3cc50 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles A. Lundquist Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Charles A. Lundquist Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Program from the first biannual Dr. Wernher von Braun Exploration Forum. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource University of Alabama in Huntsville Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Charles A. Lundquist Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1988-10-19 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Programs Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_lund_000001_000006 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1989 Subject The topic of the resource Denver, John Schmitt, Harrison H. Stuhlinger, Ernst, 1913-2008 Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 National Space Club Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Description An account of the resource The forum included a scholarship presentation and awards dinner given by the National Space Club. Special guests were musician John Denver, Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt, and engineer Ernst Stuhlinger. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/29/119/default.jpg 1e8b4629d6ae9d1144a36614197d1985 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space History Interviews Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space History Interviews Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Player Device to play media <iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/xpA6ak4cmIw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe> Imported Thumbnail If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xpA6ak4cmIw/default.jpg Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <a href="http://youtu.be/xpA6ak4cmIw">Anthony Young (Space History Interviews)</a> Description An account of the resource Interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist on April 10, 2007 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-04-10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource <a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a> Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UAHSalmonLibrary published via YouTube.com License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a> Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2015-05-15T15:13:00.000Z Oral History