265 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14993/Hydrogenase_a_bacterial_enzyme_activating_molecular_hydrogen.jpg e09705a350c0a8abb58da9d52aa8b5b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van Rensselaer, Miranda Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Hydrogenase: a bacterial enzyme activating molecular hydrogen Description An account of the resource This document is a copy of one of Marjory Stephenson's, along with her colleague L.H. Strickland, most important papers, the discovery of the hydrogenase enzyme. It is just one of her many research papers on enzymes that laid the foundation for detailed studies of metabolism, both in bacteria and higher-level organisms. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-05-2 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Miranda Van Rensselaer HON 399 Study Abroad in London Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/17/9461/Friday_September_28_2018_at_10_34_25_AM_default_122089af.mp4 df649eabe8313ace025f36733a17e556 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Oral History Collection Description An account of the resource The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Oral History Collection contains oral interviews with the men responsible for some of America's greatest achievements in outer space and the individuals who helped make UAH what it is now. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Friday__September_28__2018_at_10_34_25_AM_default_122089af MC_136_ Title A name given to the resource Oral History Interview With Charles Van Valkenburg Description An account of the resource Charles Van Valkenburg grew up in Huntsville, AL, and he went to Auburn University. There, he majored in Industrial Design and he had a part-time job as a draftsman at one of the civil engineering firms. After graduating college, he received a job at Essex in Huntsville. At this job, Charles would get in the water of the Neutral Buoyancy Tank and make sure that all the tools and everything was in place for an astronaut. Sometimes, he would even be the test subject. After all the testing from the day, they would all have a debriefing session at this company where the astronaut, human factors experts, and engineers would all make inputs. After the debriefing, they would take the ideas and get the machinists to make some modifications to the hardware. Charles would also work in pressure suits, and he explains how restricted the suit made him feel. He also mentions the foot restraints, and how difficult they were to work with. In his career, Charles was also able to help design the underwater version of the manned maneuvering unit. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Van Valkenburg, Charles Stokes, Jack Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018-09-28 Subject The topic of the resource Space simulators Astronautics--Human factors Space suits Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .MP4 Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Video Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Oral History Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections Language A language of the resource EN Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2010-2019 Oral History https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14825/oakshott-birthsite-brown.jpeg d3f2b60cfe3f8f62460abad507fb9720 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Home of Mary Wollstonecraft marked by brown plaque Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanderwaal, Sophia Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context oakshott-birthsite-brown Description An account of the resource Home of Mary Wollstonecraft marked by brown plaque in Oakshott Court. Plaque reads "In a house on this site lived Mary Wollstonecraft, author of "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman", 1759 - 1797. Camden London Borough Council." This is the location where Mary Shelley was born and Mary Wollstonecraft died. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-03-13 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sophia Vanderwaal, HON 399 Study Abroad in London, Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14827/mary-percy-blue.jpeg 27895c305335d8e4669397bbabc71df5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Home of Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley marked by blue plaque Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanderwaal, Sophia Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mary-percy-blue Description An account of the resource Home of Percy Shelley and Mary Shelley marked by a blue plaque in London, England. Plaque reads "Percy / Bysshe Shelley / 1792-1822 / Poet & Radical Thinker / & / Mary Shelley / 1797-1851 / Author of Frankenstein / lived in a house / on this site / 1815-1816." Photo taken by Sophia Vanderwaal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-03-12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sophia Vanderwaal HON 399 Study Abroad in London Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14828/mary-shelley-blue.jpeg 23b4d1de69dab61dd39d6c60aa9740ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Home of Mary Shelley marked by blue plaque Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanderwaal, Sophia Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mary-shelley-blue Description An account of the resource Home of Mary Shelley marked by blue plaque in London, England. Plaque reads "MARY SHELLEY 1797-1851 Author of Frankenstein lived here 1846-1851." Photo taken by Sophia Vanderwaal. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-03-12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sophia Vanderwaal HON 399 Study Abroad in London Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14835/mary-wollstonecraft-grave.jpeg 8279459b4a13214db47054720880e298 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14835/mary-jane-godwin-grave.jpeg da11957eb676607ea338df5b0abc7a64 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14835/william-godwin-grave.jpeg 3442de8eda840f234e6ae07cc8143d85 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tomb of Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, William Godwin, and Mary Jane Godwin Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanderwaal, Sophia Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context mary-wollstonecraft-grave Description An account of the resource Three sides of a grave stone for Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, William Godwin, and Mary Jane Godwin. The inscriptions are faded, the faces of the grave stone worn. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-03-12 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sophia Vanderwaal HON 399 Study Abroad in London Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14916/serpentine-photo.jpeg 29d5032b418f51983e1201b08c52e508 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Serpentine in Hyde Park, London, England Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vanderwaal, Sophia Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context serpentine-photo Description An account of the resource Photo of the Serpentine Lake in Hyde Park, London England. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2025-03-07 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Sophia Vanderwaal HON 399 Study Abroad in London Spring 2025 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1141/spc_stnv_000057.pdf dd110f801b9cebaa3dc3698b49514d40 PDF Text Text March 1, 1963 SATURN HISTORY DOCUMENT Uniues&cy of Alabama ~ w f ~ S e i w -& ALIGNMENT TOOL AIDS IN �Development of a two-piece mechanical alignment tool has solved a major problem for welding large, ukusual contoured skin sections. Massive mechanical, pneumatic, or hydraulically-operated devices are no longer required for - *- effecti~e-tankwall alignment. The tool, a manually attached device, can be positioned along the weld line at any interval dictated by the material thickness or rigidity of the parent metals. A one-inch wide (.005 inch thick) steel band connects the two aligning members of the tool. This steel band will serve as the medium by which the ' workpieces will be brought into alignment. The steel band is firmly secured to the clamp (with shearing mechanism), passed between the two workpieces at the weld line and attached to the takeup spool. This slotted spool attached o a takeup block, is used to remove the slack in the steel band. A shaft 1 - to which the take*:hlock is attached is used to apply sufficient force to -----. The steel band is__secwed to the clamp by threading --- align the workpieces. _ I it over and under two dowels in such a manner that when pressure from the spool is applied, the friction of the band itself will hold it fi&ly place on the dowels. in ' A single thickness af the band will withstand a pull of 850 pounds and a double thickness will withstand approximately 1500 pounds. In order to realize proper tension on the band, a torque wrench is used. A detachable �-adapter,which serves as the attaching point for the torque wrench, is mounted - -- on the clamping lever. -- . - - Attaching the alignment tool to the workpieces can be accomplished more ---------- - easily when two- operators are used. One operator threads the steel band onto the d o w e l s - b n ~ p - t e - s e c u r e it. He then positions the clamp while passing the band between the workpieces. The operator on the opposite side of the workpiece receives the band, feeds the band into the slotted takeup spool, and turns the takeup spool until the two clamping members are brought into contact with the workpiece surfaces. Necessary power to force the work- pieces into proper alignment is then applied through operating the clamping .lever. .. An arm member or handle, designed in the clamp, serves as an instru- ment of instant disengagement. When this a h is depressed, it will actuate a shearing mechanism within the clamp, thereby cutting the steel band and releasing the entire tool from the workpiece. During the welding operation it is essential that the alignment tool be disengaged just a h e a h e h e welder 1 . to eliminate interference with the seam tracking device. In fabricating the large diameter tanks for the Saturn V Booster, hori- - zontal, vertical, and circumferential welds must be performed on materials - - -o ? - ~ & ~ i nthicknesses ~ and contours. Since this tool applies its aligning force in a localized area and can be attached to the workpieces anywhere required, its application and use is not dictated by any size or contour. This tool is also used during welding of outlet fittings where large or bulky holddown devices would make it virtually inaccessible for the welder to perform. �This alignment tool was designed by Mr. W. J. Franklin, chief-of Structures Engineering Branch, and Mr. N. C. Martin, Chief of Tool Engineering I Section. These two organizations are part of the Manufacturing Engineering Division at NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, A1 abama. �IDEAS- MECHANICAL Clamping Tool Aligns Odd-Shaped Sections for Welding Margaret A. Maas, Southeastern Editor Alignment of large and unusually contoured sections for welding purposes can be achieved by a two-piece, manually operated tool. The tool is a clamping device connected by a 1-inch-wide (0.005-inch-thick) steel band. The steel band is threaded over and under two dowels in such a manner that when tension is applied to the band, the friction of the band itself holds it in place. The band is passed 'between the sections being clamped and fed into a slotted takeup spool, which is turned until the two clamping members contact the work- ing surfaces. A torque wrench used on a shaft mounted to the takeup spool block applies sufficient force to align the piece. A single band will withstand a pull of 850 lb and a double-thickness band, 1500 lb. Band is sheared just ahead of welder by depressing a shear arm designed into the clamp. The alignment tool was designed by W. J. Franklin and N. C. Martin of NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Ala. U DESIGN NEWS-SEPTEMBER 4, 1 9 6 3 CLAMPING TOOL aligns outlet fitting for weldii � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000057 Title A name given to the resource "Alignment Tool Aids in Large Tank Fabrication." Description An account of the resource Includes the clipping "Clamping Tool Aligns Odd-Shaped Sections for Welding" from <i>Design News</i>, September 4, 1963, written by Margaret A. Maas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vardaman, W. K. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-03 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Liquid propellant rockets--Fuel tanks Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 8, Folder 19 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000051_000074 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/7/48/loc_mshc_0000047_web.pdf fdc8fe1ef0607c8600063fe5f5473c7b PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/37">View the Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Jane Barr Monte Sano Historical Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_mshc_000047 Title A name given to the resource Topographical map of Monte Sano. Description An account of the resource This map was drawn by William W. Varnedoe, Jr. and published by the Monte Sano Civic Association. It shows Monte Sano's neighborhoods, the state park, and the mountain's natural features, including springs and caves. The map also notes changes in elevation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Varnedoe, William W., Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Huntsville (Ala.)--Maps Monte Sano State Park (Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Maps Topographic maps Still Image Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_mshc_2018 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Monte Sano Historical Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/123/8217/r04a04-22.pdf 183cc4c7bddf114c88c850e480ec5212 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04a04-22 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 4, Subseries A, Box 4, Folder 22 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Smith, Carlos Relation A related resource r04a-210924 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Varner, Sarah A. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951-12-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource History–Sources Smith, Cartlos Greene University of Alabama–History Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1147/spc_stnv_000063.pdf 4f6b05a7994bd629cc076c96c8443e3d PDF Text Text SATURY UlSTORY DOCUMENT University of Alabama Research Institute Histofy OF Science & Techrloloyy Group -- Date - - - - - . - - - - DOC NO. - - -"ANALYSIS AND PROJECTIONS O F S P A C E VEHICLE AUTOMATIC CHECKOUT ANC L 4UNCH" by C. R. Vedane T e c h n i c a l S y s t e m s Office G e o r g e C. M a r s h a l l Space Flight C e n t e r Huntsville. 41a b a m a -I b 1 INTRODUCTION At t h e t i m e t h e d e c i s i o n w a s m a d e t o apply a u t o m a t i c techniques t o t h e p r o c e s s of checking out and launching a S a t u r n v e h i c l e , t h e t o t a l o p e r a t i o n w a s u n d e r m a n u a l c o n t r o l . C o n s i d e r a b l e a d v a n c e s have been m a d e i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n f r o m m a n u a l t o c o m p u t e r c o n t r o l . The purpose of t h i s p a p e r i s t o p r e s e n t a projection of the i m p r o v e m e n t s t h a t m u s t be m a d e b e f o r e m a x i m u m benefits c a n be obtained f r o m t h e a u t o m a t i o n e f f o r t . A brief d e s c r i p t i o n i s given of t y p i c a l checkout o p e r a t i o n s and of t h e evolution of h a r d w a r e . With t h i s a s background, a n a n a l y s i s i s m a d e of t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n p r o b l e m s e x p e r i e n c e d in a u t o m a t i o n ; and f i n a l l y , f r o m t h i s a n a l y s i s p r o j e c t i o n s a r e d e r i v e d and s t a t e d . CHECKOUT OPER 4TIONS As s t a t e d above, t h i s s e c t i o n p r e s e n t s a brief d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n . No a t t e m p t i s m a d e t o d e s c r i b e a l l of the i n t r i c a c i e s of t h e t a s k s i n c e t h i s i s not t h e t h e m e of t h e p a p e r . The p u r p o s e i s t o e x p o s e t h e r e a d e r t o the p a r a m e t e r s which m u s t be c o n t r o l l e d and m o n i t o r e d , plus provide a g e n e r a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e n a t u r e of t h e o p e r a t i o n . T h i s i s n e c e s s a r y f o r the r e a d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e h a r d w a r e r e q u i r e m e n t s and s u b s e q u e n t a n a l y s i s s e c t i o n . F i g u r e 1 i s u s e d t o a i d t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of t h i s objective. It d o e s not r e p r e s e n t a n y s p e c i f i c t e s t p r o g r a m ( s u c h a s post-manufacturing c h e c k o u t , s t a t i c f i r i n g , e t c . ) but p r e s e n t s the g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e of a l l t e s t o p e r a t i o n s . P r e s e n t e d a r e t h e v a r i o u s s y s t e m s t e s t s which a r e gene r a l l y p e r f o r m e d c o n c u r r e n t l y , followed by t y p i c a l combined s y s t e m s tests. T h e following d i s c u s s i o n w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e t y p e s of s i g n a l s involved a n d g r o s s l y t h e i r a r r a n g e m e n t . �T h e n e t w o r k s a r e u s u a l l y defined a s t h e c i r c u i t r y w h i c h c o n t r o l s , m o n i t o r s , a n d s u p p l i e s power t o t h e v a r i o u s black boxes u s e d i n t h e vehicle. In performing control functions, this c i r c u i t r y usually applies o r r e m o v e s d . c . v o l t a g e t o o r f r o m t h o s e b l a c k boxes a c c o r d i n g t o p a r t i c u l a r s e q u e n c e a n d / o r s e t of l o g i c . In doing s o , i t a c c o m p l i s h e s s u c h o p e r a t i o n s a s ; s t a r t , cutoff a n d s a f i n g , m a l f u n c t i o n d e t e c t i o n , s e p a r a t i o n , d e s t r u c t , e t c . T h e m o n i t o r i n g f u n c t i o n c o n s i s t s of providing high r e s o l u t i o n , r e l i a b l e , r e a l - t i m e i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e g r o u n d s y s t e m s and personnel. This information, a s with the control functions, i s u s u a l l y i n t h e f o r m of 2 8 v o l t s i g n a l s w h i c h a r e n e i t h e r on o r off. E a c h of t h e c i r c u i t s m u s t be v e r i f i e d t o i n s u r e t h a t e a c h c o m p o n e n t w i l l p e r f o r m i t s intended function without interfering with other c i r c u i t s . D u r i n g t h e t e s t s of t h e o t h e r s y s t e m s , d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of s i g n a l s a r c e n c o u n t e r e d . T h e g u i d a n c e a n d c o n t r o l c h e c k s r e q u i r e being a b l e to apply simulated e r r o r signals to the stabilized nlatform, r a t e gyros, c o n t r o l a c c e l e r o m e t e r s a n d o t h e r e r r o r s e n s i n g d e v i c e s . The r e s p o n s e f r o m these devices m u s t b e m e a s u r e d simultaneously with the application of t h e s t i m u l i t o c h e c k t h e c a l i b r a t i o n . In m o s t c a s e s t h e s e s i g n a l s a r e a n a l o g , c o n s i s t i n g of v a r i o u s v o l t a g e s a n d f r e q u e n c i e s ; c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h t h e c o m p u t e r i s v i a a d i g i t a l l i n k , r e p r e s e n t i n g a n o t h e r t y p e of s i g n a l . In i t s v e r i f i c a t i o n v a r i o u s d i a g n o s t i c r o u t i n e s m u s t be p e r f o r m e d , plus v e r i f y i n g t h e i n t e r f a c i n g of t h i s e q u i p m e n t w i t h t h e o t h e r f u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t s of t h e g u i d a n c e a n d c o n t r o l s y s t e m s . T h i s r e q u i r e s the capability to handle, i n s o m e c a s e s , the s a m e analog p a r a m e t e r s a s previously mentioned and i n other c a s e s , d i s c r e t e signals which o p e r a t e v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s on t h e v e h i c l e v i a t h e s w i t c h s e l e c t o r . T e s t i n g of t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a n d R F ( r a d i o f r e q u e n c y ) s y s t e m s r e p r e s e n t s t i l l a n o t h e r t y p e of o p e r a t i o n . V e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e TM ( t e l e m e n t r y ) p a c k a g e s r e q u i r e s o s c i l l a t o r a d j u s t m e n t , p o w e r output c h e c k s , etc. ; and the R F packages requires frequency interrogation, 4GC checks plus VSWR on a l l a n t e n n a e . As f a r a s t h e p a r a m e t e r s a r e c o n c e r n e d on t h e input t o t h e T M p a c k a g e , t h e y a r e not a n y d i f f e r e n t (with t h e e x c e p t i o n of v i b r a t i o n m e a s u r e m e n t s ) i n t y p e t h a n e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e o t h e r s y s t e m s . The differences a r e in the acquisition and processing methods T h e p r i m a r y function of t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m i s t o m o n i t o r t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e o t h e r s y s t e m s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n m u s t be a c c o m p l i s h e d d u r i n g t h e t e s t i n g of t h e s e s y s t e m s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a highly i n t e g r a t e d a n d c o o r d i n a t e d o p e r a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y . �Testing the mechanical s y s t e m s requires the capability t o control D r e s s u r e t o the v a r i o u s pneumatic and propellant s y s t e m s , verify e n g i n e s , both m e c h a n i c a l l y a n d e l e c t r i c a l l y , e t c . The p a r a m e t e r s i n volved i n s u c h a n o p e r a t i o n r u n t h e g a m u t . An a d d i t i o n a l a t t r i b u t e of t h i s o p e r a t i o n i s s a f e t y , t h u s r e q u i r i n g continuous m o n i t o r i n g of c e r t a i n parameters. In t h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s t e s t s , t h e o p e r a t i o n c h a n g e s f r o m p a r a l l e l t o s e r i e s . With e x c e p t i o n of a c t u a l l y loading p r o p e l l a n t s , no new p a r a m e t e r s a r e i n v o l v e d ; h o w e v e r , t h e whole n a t u r e of t h e o p e r a t i o n c h a n g e s . The specific s y s t e m s t e s t s have the p r i m a r y objective t o verify the int e r n a l f u n c t i o n s of e a c h s y s t e m . The p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e of t h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s t e s t s i s t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e no i n t e r f a c i n g p r o b l e m s a m o n g t h e s y s t e m s . E a c h of t h e c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s t e s t s h a s d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t i v e s , but t h e c o m m o n a s p e c t i s t h a t a l l of t h e s y s t e m s a r e o p e r a t i n g i n a n itt egrated fashion. This requires that the total operational sequence be p r e - p l a n n e d a n d t h a t e a c h s y s t e m e n g i n e e r h a v e t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o know t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of h i s s y s t e m . MANUAL HARDW ARE REQUIRED T u r n i n g t o t h e GSE r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m t h e m a n u a l t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n , F i g u r e 2 r e p r e s e n t s a typical testing complex. The figure depicts the w a y i n w h i c h t h e G S E i s o r g a n i z e d , by s y s t e m s , a n d t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s of s i g n a l s d e s c r i b e d p r e v i o u s l y . I n g e n e r a l , t h e f i g u r e i s p r e t t y s e l f e x p l a n a t o r y . E a c h t e s t e n g i n e e r c o n t r o l s h i s s y s t e m v i a p a n e l s equipped with switches f o r s t i m u l i a n d m e t e r s and lights for r e s p o n s e monitoring. H o w e v e r , t h e o p e r a t i o n involving t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m m a y r e . q u i r e e l a b o r a t i o n . T o i n s u r e t h e c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s , i t i s f i r s t n e c e s s a r y t o c h e c k f r o m t h e t r a n s d u c e r t h r o u g h t h e s i g n a l conditioni n g , w h i c h i s a c c o m p l i s h e d by obtaining a h a r d w i r e r e c o r d i n g . T h e m e a s u r e m e n t i s then switched to the telemetry s y s t e m and a recording i s o b t a i n e d v i a R F link. T h e s e r e c o r d i n g s a r e t h e n c o m p a r e d t o i n s u r e a c c u r a c i e s of t h e T M s y s t e m . l T h e a n i m a t i o n p o r t i o n of t h e f i g u r e d e p i c t s how t h e t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n i s coordinated and conducted. E a c h s y s t e m engineer i s responsible for h i s s y s t e m s w i t h t h e t o t a l o p e r a t i o n being d i r e c t e d by a t e s t c o n d u c t o r . REASONS F O R AUTOMATION It m i g h t s e e m a p p r o p r i a t e a n d helpful a t t h i s point t o a s k t h e q u e s t i o n "If t h e h a r d w a r e n e c e s s a r y t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e job i s a v a i l a b l e , why �develop complex digital equipment t o automate the proces s t ' ? The basic r e a s o n s a r e found in the design concept and m i s s i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s of the S a t u r n v e h i c l e s . F r o m the d e s i g n viewpoint, the concept is a staging a p p r o a c h with e a c h s t a g e being developed a t a different location i n t h e United S t a t e s . F r o m a m i s s i o n viewpoint the s a m e basic vehicle m u s t be a b l e t o a c c o m p l i s h varying m i s s i o n s with v a r y i n g launch r a t e s . T o provide the capability t o i n t e g r a t e t h e s e s t a g e s into a launch vehicle a t t h e launch s i t e and provide the n e c e s s a r y m i s s i o n flexibility a n onboard c o m p u t e r s e e m e d t o be the a n s w e r . In addition, the data r e q u i r e m e n t s t o v e r i f y a s t a g e w e r e becoming quite voluminous. T h e r e a r e two c o n s i d e r a t i o n s to this point. F i r s t , i s t k d a t a n e c e s s a r y on a r e a l - t i m e b a s i s during the t e s t i n g operation. Second, i s the d a t a that needs t o be analyzed, but t h i s a n a l y s i s c a n be p e r f o r m e d a f t e r the t e s t i s completed. F i g u r e 2 shows the t e s t engineeF a s t h e m e a n s of accomplishing the data a n a l y s i s i n a r e a l - t i m e situation As t h e s y s t e m s become l a r g e r and m o r e complex, m o r e people a r e involved. This i n c r e a s e s the complexity of the coordination n e c e s s a r y t o a c c o m p l i s h the t e s t i n g operation. 4 c o m p u t e r has the capability to monitor a l l of t h e data points, c o m p a r e the a c c u r a c i e s , i s s u e subs e q u e n t c o m m a n d s , a n d c o o r d i n a t e t h e p e r f o r m a n c e of l a r g e t e s t s than the e n g i n e e r s involved. S i m i l a r l y , t h e magnitude of the off-line data a n a l y s i s t a s k i n c r e a s e d , which a c o m p u t e r c a n p e r f o r m much faster. In the data gathering and p r o c e s s i n g , t h e r e a r e s o m e r e a l advantag e s t o be gained f r o m automation concerning a c c u r a c y and repeatibility. If a t e s t p r o c e d u r e i s c o n v e r t e d t o a n a u t o m a t i c p r o g r a m , t h i s t e s t will be p e r f o r m e d i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r e a c h t i m e i t i s run. Consequently, the d a t a d e s c r i b i n g the p e r f o r m a n c e of the s y s t e m should be r e p e a t a b l e . 4 1 ~ 0 ,i t was planned that the s a m e t e s t p r o g r a m could be p e r f o r m e d a t d i f f e r e n t t e s t l o c a t i o n s , s u c h a s t h e f a c t o r y checkout and s t a t i c t e s t l o c a t i o n s . However, t h i s objective has not m a t e r i a l i z e d t o the d e g r e e initially planned. This l a r g e l y i s a r e s u l t of GSE and s t a g e configuration differences. Another advantage i s t h a t a higher d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y i s obtained through g r e a t e r s e n s i t i v i t y of the m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e s . This i s evidenced i n m e a s u r i n g analog p a r a m e t e r s and i n timing the bi-level s i g n a l s . 4nother advantage of significance i s the s h o r t t i m e r e q u i r e d to p e r f o r m a t e s t provided no a n o m a l i e s o c c u r r e d . This has p a r t i c u l a r payoffs by being a b l e t o p e r f o r m l a t e c h e c k s of a s y s t e m p r i o r t o s t a t i c f i r i n g o r a n a c t u a l launch. 4 �AUTOMATION HARDWARE CCPJCEPT T h e p o s t - m a n u f a c t u r i n g c h e c k o u t of a S a t u r n s t a g e p r o v i d e d t h e f i r s t a p p l i c a t i o n of a u t o m a t i c t e c h n i q u e s a n d a r e s t i l l i n u s e . I n h e r e n t in the application w e r e s o m e c o n s t r a i n t s which proved t o have f a r - r e a c h ing i m p a c t s . C o n s o l i d a t e d a n d r e d u c e d t o t h e b a s i c e l e m e n t s , t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s w e r e : ( 1 ) no s c h e d u l e i m p a c t t o t h e p r o g r a m , a n d ( 2 ) no l a r g e r e d e s i g n e f f o r t t o t h e s t a g e a n d GSE. T h e f i r s t c o n s t r a i n t m e a n t t h a t t h e a d a p t i o n of a u t o m a t i c e q u i p m e n t t o t h e m a n u a l e q u i p m e n t would b c a c c o m p l i s h e d on a n o - i n t e r f e r e n c e b a s i s . T h e s e c o n d c o n s t r a i n t m e a n t t h a t t h e a u t o m a t i c e q u i p m e n t a n d t e c h n i q u e s would be d e s i g n e d t o i n t e r f a c e w i t h t h e GSE a n d not w i t h t h e v e h i c l e s y s t e m s . F i g u r e 3 d e m o n s t r a t e s t h i s point a n d i s u s e d t o p o r t r a y t h e s y s t e m w h i c h h a s b e e n i m p l e m e n t e d . I t c o n s i s t s of a t h r e e g e n e r a l p u r p o s e c o m p u t e r complex with r e m o t e satellite t e s t stations. 4 p r i m a r y a s s e t of t h i s s y s t e m i s i t s f l e x i b i l i t y p r o v i d e d t h r o u g h t h e u s e of t h r e e individ u a l c o m p u t e r s . T h e c o n s t r a i n t s of no p r o g r a m i m p a c t m a g n i f i e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s f l e x i b i l i t y . It a l l o w e d one c o m p u t e r t o be v e r i f y i n g t h e i n t e r f a c e w i t h t h e p e r i p h e r y e q u i p m e n t a n d developing u t i l i t y p r o g r a m s w h i l e t h e o t h e r two c o m p u t e r s c o u l d be v e r i f y i n g t h e t e s t s t a t i o n i n t e r f a c e s and developing t e s t p r o g r a m s . A f t e r t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n of t h e a u t o m a t i o n s y s t e m a n d d u r i n g t h e s t a g e t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n s , a l l of t h e c o m p u t e r s w e r e u s e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y only d u r i n g t h e o v e r a l l s y s t e m s t e s t s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a t l e a s t one c o m p u t e r w a s a v a i l a b l e f o r debugging p r o g r a m s t o be u s e d i n f u t u r e t e s t s . E a c h t e s t s t a t i o n w a s g i v e n t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o a c c e p t a n d output d i s c r e t e a n d a n a l o g s i g n a l s . T h e d e g r e e of c a p a b i l i t y f o r e a c h type d e p e n d e d upon t h e s t a g e s y s t e m f o r w h i c h t h e s t a t i o n w a s d e s i g n e d . Man-machine interfacing with e a c h t e s t station w a s provided through a f l e x o - w r i t e r . T h i s a l l o w e d t h e t e s t e n g i n e e r t o o p e r a t e a l l of t h e i n p u t / o u t p u t c a p a b i l i t y of t h e t e s t s t a t i o n m a n u a l l y . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e x e c u t i v e p r o g r a m w a s d e s i g n e d t o allow h i m t o c a l l u p p r o g r a m s f r o m t h e c e n t r a l c o m p u t e r c o m p l e x . O n c e a p r o g r a m w a s o n - l i n e , i t could be s i n g l e s t e p p e d o r r u n c o m p l e t e l y a u t o m a t i c . C o m m u n i c a t i o n between the central computer complex and the t e s t stations was via a distribution m a t r i x which allowed any c o m p u t e r t o work with any t e s t station. �As r e f e r e n c e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e a m o u n t of d a t a w h i c h w a s n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o r d a n d a n a l y z e w a s g e t t i n g unwieldly. T o be a b l e t o handle t h e d i s c r e t e b i - l e v e l t y p e s i g n a l s , a CEE ( d i g i t a l e v e n t s e v a l u a t o r ) w a s developed. T h i s d e v i c e h a s t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o a c c e p t a c h a n g e of s t a g e , r e c o r d t h e t i m e a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d output a r e c o r d on t a p e o r p r i n t e r . C a p a b i l i t y i s p r o v i d e d by s o f t w a r e f o r r e a l - t i m e o r off-line e v a l u a t i o n . As c a n be o b s e r v e d by c o m p a r i n g F i g u r e s 2 a n d 3 , s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n s w e r e m a d e t o t h e GSE t o a l l o w c o n t r o l a n d m o n i t o r i n g of t h e s t a g e s y s t e m s . B e c a u s e of t h e c o n s t r a i n t of no l a r g e r e d e s i g n e f f o r t , t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s w e r e e n g i n e e r e d u s i n g t h e g u i d e l i n e s of providing a c c e s s t o the existing m a n u a l control and monitoring functions. In the e l e c t r i c a l a r e a s , this w a s relatively e a s y since the s t a g e s have a l w a y s b e e n c o n t r o l l e d a n d m o n i t o r e d by r e m o t e t e c h n i q u e s . T h e r e f o r e , i n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e , i t w a s a m a t t e r of " t e e i n g " t h e s e f u n c t i o n s i n a blockhouse d i s t r i b u t o r a n d c o n n e c t i n g t h e m t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t e s t station. A u t o m a t i o n of t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s y s t e m t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e d a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t a p p r o a c h . I n F i g u r e 3 , t h e p r o b l e m of gaining a c c e s s t o r e c o r d t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s b e t w e e n t h e s i g n a l conditioning and t h e T M p a c k a g e w a s a m a t t e r of "teeing" t h e m e a s u r e m e n t a n d c o n n e c t ing t o the r e c o r d e r and Instrumentation T e s t Station. However, t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e c o m p a r i n g of h a r d w i r e r e c o r d i n g w i t h t h e T M r e c o r d r e q u i r e d digitizing the information the T M ground station received. T h i s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d by d e s i g n i n g e q u i p m e n t t o a c c e p t t h e TM s i g n a l s a t t h e d i s c r i m e n a t o r s and d e c o m m u t a t o r s , digitize t h e s e m e a s u r e m e n t s and i n t e r f a c e t h e m with the Instrumentation T e s t Station. P r o g r a m s w e r e p r o v i d e d t o do t h e c o m p a r i s o n a n d p r i n t t h e r e s u l t s on t h e f l e x o writer. About t h i s t i m e , a n o t h e r m e t h o d of a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e s a m e t e c h n i q u e s u s i n g o n - b o a r d e q u i p m e n t w a s being d e v e l o p e d . T h i s m e t h o d h a s c o m e t o be known a s DDAS ( D i g i t a l Data A c q u i s i t i o n S y s t e m ) a n d h a s r e p l a c e d t h e e a r l i e r t e c h n i q u e i n m o s t c a s e s . T h e a d v a n t a g e s of converting the m e a s u r e m e n t s t o digital f o r m on the s t a g e i s the reducti o n of n o i s e p r o b l e m s a n d l e s s g r o u n d e q u i p m e n t i s r e q u i r e d . L e s s s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o n o i s e i s a c h i e v e d by having l e s s w i r e l e n g t h b e t w e e n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t a n d t h e A / D c o n v e r t e r (analog t o d i g i t a l ) . L e s s e q u i p m e n t i s a c h i e v e d by e l i m i n a t i n g a n d / o r r e d u c i n g t h e need f o r g r o u n d recorders. �F i g u r e 3 does not depict one piece of equipment used in the e a r l y phases of automating i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n checkout. This w a s a p r e s s u r e balance s y s t e m u s e d t o a p p l y a known p r e s s u r e s t i m u l i t o the p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r , thus providing a b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i n g t h e r e c o r d i n g taken a t t h e s i g n a l conditioner output. I n c r e a s e d quality and reliability of t h e t r a n s d u c e r and the implementation of t h e R 4CS (Remote Automatic C a l i b r a t i o n S y s t e m ) h a s deleted t h e n e c e s s i t y for t h i s technique. The RACS provide f o r a two-point c a l i b r a t i o n check of the a m p l i f i e r by being a b l e t o apply a known signal a t the high and low end of a n a m p l i f i e r r a n g e . The t r a n s d u c e r provides a t h i r d point by m e a s u r i n g the a m b i e n t conditions of t h e s y s t e m which i t i s monitoring. In t h e m e c h a n i c a l s y s t e m s , much m o r e modification w a s n e c e s s a r y t o obtain c o m p l e t e r e m o t e a u t o m a t i c control. As mentioned previously, the m e c h a n i c a l checkout o p e r a t i o n w a s neither r e m o t e l y o r automatically c o n t r o l l e d . G e n e r a l l y , p r e s s u r e s w e r e s e t up by using hand valves and hand l o a d e r s and w e r e m o n i t o r e d by a l o c a l gauge. To achieve r e m o t e c o n t r o l r e q u i r e d t h e addition of solenoid o r m o t o r d r i v e n l o a d e r s f o r venting loading p r e s s u r e s f o r shut-down, t r a n s d u c e r s t o provide r e a d i n g s a t r e m o t e locations and s o m e s e l f - d i a g n o s t i c capability i n c a s e of a b n o r m a l conditions. Space will not p e r m i t t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of the a u t o m a t i c s y s t e m s t h a t a r e now u s e d i n the S a t u r n I B and S a t u r n V P r o g r a m s . The s y s t e m s now u s e d , with one exception, employ a single c o m p u t e r r a t h e r t h a n a m u l t i - c o m p u t e r a s the c e n t r a l c o m p u t e r complex. In one p a r t i c u l a r application of t h e c e n t r a l c o m p u t e r complex s y s t e m a l l of t h e input/output capability i n c o r p o r a t e d i n the t e s t s t a t i o n h a s been integrated. IMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS So f a r , this paper has been devoted t o a d e s c r i p t i o n of the testing o p e r a t i o n , the h a r d w a r e and h a r d w a r e changes n e c e s s a r y t o convert t h i s o p e r a t i o n f r o m m a n u a l t o automatic. The next phase will p r e s e n t a n a n a l y s i s of t h e p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d during t h e implementation phase. T h e s e p r o b l e m s c a n be grouped into t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : (1) (2) (3) Hardware Software People �T h e r e a d e r w i l l note i m m e d i a t e l y t h a t t h e s e a r e v e r y g e n e r a l c a t e g o r i e s ; t h e r e f o r e , the s p e c i f i c s within m u s t be f r a m e d . Hardware In t h e h a r d w a r e c a t e g o r y , i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e m s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d within t h e a u t o m a t i o n e q u i p m e n t i t s e l f ; t h e r e w e r e i n c o m patibility p r o b l e m s e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h t h e s i g n a l functions which the e q u i p m e n t w a s d e s i g n e d t o handle. T h e r e w e r e o t h e r p r o b l e m s conc e r n i n g t h e c a p a b i l i t y of the e q u i p m e n t t o m a n a g e t h e o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . T h e s o l u t i o n t o t h e s e p r o b l e m s h a s brought a b o u t a c o n s i d e r a b l : a m o u n t of a d v a n c e s i n h a r d w a r e d e s i g n and t e c h n i q u e s . T h e r e i s a b a s i c s y s t e m p r o b l e m t h a t b e c o m e s evident a f t e r the automation equipment i s interfaced and i s performing a testing o p e r ation. This problem was alluded t o in the discussion concerning the c o n s t r a i n t s i m p o s e d i n t h e i n i t i a l a p p l i c a t i o n of a u t o m a t i c t e c h n i q u e s . It w a s pointed out t h a t t h e r e w a s t o be no m a j o r r e d e s i g n e f f o r t of the v e h i c l e . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n t h e a u t o m a t i o n e q u i p m e n t being i n t e r f a c e d w i t h t h e GSE r a t h e r t h a n t h e s t a g e s y s t e m s . H e r e i n l i e s t h e s y s t e m p r o b l e m . T h e e f f e c t being not a r e d u c t i o n of g r o u n d s u p p o r t equipm e n t ; but i n s t e a d a n a d d i t i o n of a u t o m a t i o n e q u i p m e n t t o p e r f o r m the c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d i n t e g r a t i o n t a s k t h a t the m a n w a s doing. With t h e c o n c e p t of i n t e r f a c i n g t h e 110 (input-output) of t h e c o m p u t e r t o t h e GSE, t h e GSE i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e d e c i s i o n making d e v i c e . T h e c o m p u t e r i s c o n s i d e r e d only a m e a n s of c o m m u n i c a t i n g the s t a t u s of t h e GSE a n d v e h i c l e t o t h e e n g i n e e r s . T h i s c o n c e p t f a i l s t o u s e one of t h e s t r o n g a s s e t s of t h e c o m p u t e r ; t h i s i s i t s c a p a b i l i t y t o g a t h e r d a t a a n d m a k e s u b s e q u e n t d e c i s i o n s . A continuance of t h i s philosophy w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e s i z e a n d c o m p l e x i t y of t h e h a r d w a r e and s o f t w a r e system. Another way of d e s c r i b i n g t h e s a m e p r o b l e m i s by taking a r a t h e r a n t h r o p o m o r p h i c view of t h e v e h i c l e a n d GSE. T h e method of c o m m u n i c a t i o n of a c o m p u t e r i s a d i g i t a l language. With the e x c e p t i o n of t h e o n - b o a r d c o m p u t e r s a n d t h e DDAS (which c o n c e r n s only r e s p o n s e s ) t h e v e h i c l e u n d e r s t a n d s only d i s c r e t e a n d a n a l o g language. T h e r e f o r e , t h e m a j o r p u r p o s e of t h e e l e c t r i c a l GSE i s t o be a n i n t e r p r e t e r between t h e c o m p u t e r a n d the v e h i c l e . I t b e c o m e s a p p a r e n t t h e n t h a t s t e p s need t o be t a k e n t o g e t t h e v e h i c l e t o c o m m u n i c a t e i n a language m o r e c l o s e l y a l i g n e d w i t h t h e c o m p u t e r language. T h e two e x c e p t i o n s r e f e r r e d t o �above r e p r e s e n t s t e p s i n this d i r e c t i o n s i n c e both communicate via digital links. By expanding t h e i r u s e provides the key f o r a c c o m p l i s h ing the additional s t e p s n e c e s s a r y . The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o make v e r y e x p l i c i t , a t t h i s point, that the above logic i s u s e d t o e s t a b l i s h a longr a n g e goal. T h e r e a r e many i n c r e m e n t a l s t e p s n e c e s s a r y before that goal c a n be r e a c h e d . Also, t h e r e a r e many t r a d e - o f f s concerning complexity which m u s t be m a d e between the vehicle and t h e ground equipment. T o r e a c h this goal, t h e following actions need t o be taken: (1) I n c r e a s e d r e l i a n c e on DDAS. r e l i a b i l i t y and handling techniques . This will r e q u i r e i m p r o v e d (2) R e a s s e s s t h e balance of complexity between the vehicle and GSE. In o r d e r t o achieve l a r g e reductions of e l e c t r i c a l GSE, i t would be profitable t o allow m o r e complexity on-board the vehicle. ( 3 ) E l i m i n a t e the need f o r t o t a l checkout capability a t the launch o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s c a n be achieved by delivering t o the launch o p e r a t i o n s totally configured and v e r i f i e d s t a g e s . (4) Review the interlocking r e q u i r e m e n t s , using t h e guiclel i n e of allowing t h e c o m p u t e r t o m a k e t h e decision. (5) Develop m e a n s of controlling vehicle s y s t e m s through the u s e of o n - b o a r d techniques a n d / o r expanded u s e of p r e s e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s . By being a b l e t o c o n t r o l t h e vehicles through u s e of on-board s y s t e m s , a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n t e r f a c e points between the vehicle and GSE i s gained. If the n u m b e r of the i n t e r f a c e points i s r e d u c e d , two i m p a c t s a r e a consequence. F i r s t , t h e r e i s a g e n e r a l reduction of GSE, s i m p l y bec a u s e t h e r e a r e l e s s functions t o be handled. Second, t h e r e i s l e s s possibility of a change i n the vehicle causing a subsequent change i n t h e GSE. An e x a m p l e of this i s i n the way the DDAS p e r f o r m s . S e v e r a l hundred m e a s u r e m e n t s m a y input t o the DDAS, but the output i s a single wave t r a i n . T h e r e f o r e , many m e a s u r e m e n t changes c a n be m a d e with the only e f f e c t t o t h e GSE being a change t o the m e a s u r e m e n t a d d r e s s in the CDAS wave t r a i n . This type of change c a n be accepted by a change in the s o f t w a r e . Software Providing a s o f t w a r e s y s t e m to i m p l e m e n t the automation of thc, checkout and launch o p e r a t i o n s h a s been and continues to be one of the m o s t challenging a s p e c t s of the automation endeavor. �T h e d i s c u s s i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e n a t u r e of t h e t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n pointed out t h e v a r i e t y of s i g n a l s involved a n d t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of t e s t s c o n d u c t e d . T o c r e a t e a s o f t w a r e s y s t e m t o m a n a g e t h i s t y p e of o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e s a t r e m e n d o u s a m o u n t of c a p a b i l i t y a n d f l e x i b i l i t y . I n doing a n a n a l y s i s of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d , e a c h s e e m e d t o be r o o t e d t o a v e r y b a s i c a n d f u n d a m e n t a l point; t h a t of being a b l e t o d e s c r i b e a l l of t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e job. Of c o u r s e , t h i s i s a n e s s e n t i a l i n g r e d i e n t i n a n y t a s k . But, i t r e a f f i r m s t h e point t h a t t h e b e s t s p e n t t i m e i n a n y new e n d e a v o r i s t h a t s p e n t i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e t a s k a n d planning i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n . T h e p r o b l e m s t h e t e s t e n g i n e e r e n c o u n t e r e d i n providing s y s t e m s t e s t r e q u i r e m e n t s t o t h e p r o g r a m m e r w e r e d i r e c t m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of t h e a b o v e point. P r i o r t o a u t o m a t i o n , t h e e n g i n e e r h a d n e v e r b e e n r e q u i r e d t o d e s c r i b e i n h i s t e s t p r o c e d u r e s a l l of t h e s t e p s , w i t h t h e e x p e c t e d r e s p o n s e s a n d l i m i t s , t o t h e d e t a i l r e q u i r e d by a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m . O t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a m o u n t of c a p a b i l i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y r e q u i r e d i n t h e e x e c u t i v e p r o g r a m . I n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p a n e x e c u t i v e p r o g r a m , d e c i s i o n s h a v e t o be m a d e c o n c e r n ing m a n - m a c h i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p s , o n - l i n e o r off-line c o m p i l a t i o n , m e m o r y c a p a b i l i t y a n d i n p u t / o u t p u t r e q u i r e m e n t s t o n a m e a few. T h e s e d e c i s i o n s m u s t be m a d e a s e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e s i n c e c h a n g e s t o t h e s e i t e m s w i l l cause m a j o r impact to the executive p r o g r a m development. The language the t e s t engineer should u s e i n writing the t e s t i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t c o m p l e x a n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e . P a r t of t h e d i f f e r e n c e of opinion i s a r e s u l t of t h e t y p e of s y s t e m being a u t o m a t e d . F o r example, to monitor the instrumentation s y s t e m m a y require a p r o g r a m t o c o n t i n u o u s l y s c a n a g r o u p of m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h i s r e q u i r e s a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t t y p e of p r o g r a m t h a n one t o c h e c k o u t t h e cutoff circuitry. The f o r m e r c a s e requires a p r o g r a m t o perform a monitoring function continuously with v e r y little man-machine interfacing. A machine language p r o g r a m i s probably best suited f o r t h e s e needs. T o p e r f o r m a c h e c k of t h e cutoff r e q u i r e s i s s u i n g h i - l e v e l s i g n a l s a n d m o n i t o r i n g f o r c o r r e c t r e s p o n s e s on a s t e p by s t e p b a s i s . T h e r e i s m o r e man-machine interfacing concerning display requirements, c a p a b i l i t y t o c h a n g e t h e c o u r s e of t h e t e s t and s a f e t y c o n d i t i o n s . A m a c h i n e l a n g u a g e p r o g r a m d o e s n ' t p r o v i d e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y , plus t h e t e s t e n g i n e e r l o s e s h i s knowledge of t h e p r o g r a m i n m a c h i n e l a n g u a g e d o c u mentation. 10 �It i s t h e w r i t e r s opinion t h a t t h e s e a r c h f o r a c o m m o n l a n g u a g e (defined a s one l a n g u a g e i n w h i c h a l l t e s t p r o g r a m s a r e w r i t t e n ) i s t h e w r o n g a p p r o a c h . T h e w r i t e r f e e l s t h a t t h e l a n g u a g e u s e d should be d e t e r m i n e d by s u c h c r i t e r i a a s : ( 1 ) t h e n u m b e r of d e c i s i o n s t h e e n g i n e e r s m a y h a v e t o m a k e d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n , (2) t h e r e p e t i v e n e s s of t h e o p e r a t i o n , ( 3 ) t h e s a f e t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , (4) t h e d i s p l a y r e q u i r e m e n t s , e t c . All of t h e a b o v e c r i t e r i a a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h d e t e r m i n ing t h e t y p e of o p e r a t i o n t h a t i s t o be p e r f o r m e d . T h i s i s r e a l l y t h e k e y in d e t e r m i n i n g the language best suited f o r the t e s t p r o g r a m . A language f o r p e r f o r m i n g c o m b i n e d s y s t e m s t e s t s c a n be d e v e l o p e d w h i c h XT i l l c o n t r o l t h e t o t a l o p e r a t i o n a n d a l s o allow t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s u b l a n g u a g e t o be u s e d . Of t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d t o d e v e l o p a s o f t w a r e l a n g u a g e , b e i n g c a p a b l e of a c c e p t i n g c h a n g e s i s c l o s e t o being t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t . The S a t u r n h a r d w a r e (vehicle and GSE) w e r e designed with m i s s i o n flexibility in mind. Mission flexibility o r a n y flexibility f o r that m a t t e r i s synonymous w i t h c h a n g e s . T h e r e f o r e , a s u s t a i n e d l e v e l of c h a n g e s c a n be e x p e c t e d f o r t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m . T h e c h a l l e n g e i s t o d e s i g n h a r d w a r e and s o f t w a r e s y s t e m s that will a c c e p t changes with m i n i m u m impact. I m p a c t i n t w o w a y s : (1) t u r n a r o u n d t i m e a n d ( 2 ) t o t a l c o s t ( d o c u m e n t ation, time, manpower). S o f t w a r e s y s t e m s m u s t be v e r i f i e d p r i o r t o t h e i r u s e i n t h e o n - l i n e hardware system. The techniques used for the verification activities m u s t be planned e a r l y . T h e r e a r e m a n y c o s t v s . d e g r e e of v e r i f i c a t i o n t r a d e - o f f s t h a t m u s t be m a d e . T h a t i s , f o r a g i v e n p r o g r a m t h e r e i s a r a n g e of v e r i f i c a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t h a t c a n be u s e d . T h e y r a n g e f r o m using another software p r o g r a m t o using duplicate h a r d w a r e . Running t h e p r o g r a m o n d u p l i c a t e h a r d w a r e w i l l p r o d u c e t h e m a x i m u m c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e g i v e n p r o g r a m i s v e r i f i e d . But, i n g e n e r a l , i t i s a l s o t h e m o s t e x p e n s i v e . F o r t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n of a t o t a l s o f t n a r e s y s t e m t h i s t e c h n i q u e i s n e c e s s a r y . F o r c o m p o n e n t s of t h e s y s t e m a l e s s e r d e g r e e of c o n f i d e n c e c a n p o s s i b l y be a c c e p t e d a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y a l e s s c o s t l y m e t h o d u s e d . What m e t h o d i s u s e d s h o u l d be planned c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n of t h e s y s t e m . T h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h i s i s q u i t e obvious b e c a u s e of t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o d e v e l o p t h e v e r i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m s a n d / o r h a r d w a r e . 4 1 ~ 0 ,a n y c h a n g e s i n plans f r o m a n o r i g i n a l v e r i f i cation concept will cause serious schedule impacts. P r o b a b l y t h e g r e a t e s t m i s c a l c u l a t i o n i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n of a s o f t w a r e s y s t e m w a s t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d . T h e difficulty e n c o u n t e r e d i n t h e �g e n e r a t i o n of the s y s t e m s r e q u i r e m e n t s w a s a contributor t o this t i m e . Independent of this i s the t i m e r e q u i r e d t o c r e a t e , document and v e r i f y a p r o g r a m . P r e v i o u s t o automation the t e s t p r o c e d u r e s w e r e g e n e r a t e d f r o m s y s t e m s r e q u i r e m e n t s , but they could be g e n e r a t e d s h o r t l y p r i o r to running the t e s t . With t h e advent of m o r e complex s y s t e m s and automation t h i s i s no l o n g e r possible. The optimum solution would be to develop a l l of t h e h a r d w a r e e a r l y enough t o allow adequate t i m e f o r s o f t w a r e development. T h i s optimum solution cannot be obtained i n a c o n c u r r e n t p r o g r a m s o techniques m u s t be developed to t r a n s f e r s y s t e m s r e q u i r e m e n t s t o s o f t w a r e p e r s o n n e l c o n c u r r e n t with h a r d w a r e development. E x p e r i e n c e t o date h a s brought the r e a l i z a t i o n that a t o t a l softw a r e s y s t e m h a s t o be developed i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s a h a r d w a r e s y s t e m . F i g u r e 4 depicts a software s y s t e m which i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of a type t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r the launch o p e r a t i o n s . The m a j o r decisions c o n c e r n i n g t h e components of t h i s s y s t e m have been d i s c u s s e d above. Once t h e s e d e c i s i o n s have been r e a c h e d and the r e l a t i o n s h i p among the components e s t a b l i s h e d , they should c o m e under a configuration management s c h e m e . T h i s will i n s u r e the c o n t r o l of any i n t e r f a c e impacting c h a n g e s . A s e r i o u s d e t e r e n t t o a n automation effort i s t h e lack of u n d e r standing of the c a p a b i l i t i e s and limitations of the s o f t w a r e s y s t e m s . Putting the s o f t w a r e s y s t e m u n d e r a configurationmanagement s c h e m e enhances i t s understanding, because it f o r c e s the s o f t w a r e t o be t r e a t e d a s a s y s t e m with a l l of t h e accompanying documentation. To f u r t h e r a c c e l e r a t e the understanding p r o c e s s t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s should be conducted explaining t h e design and o p e r a t i o n of the s y s t e m . People L a s t , but m o s t i m p o r t a n t i s t h e people problem. This c a t e g o r y i s probably t h e m o s t complex a s w e l l a s being the m o s t i m p o r t a n t . The w r i t e r i s not s u r e that t h e r e a r e any distinct c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t can be d e s c r i b e d i n a n explicit, independent fashion. However, t h e r e a r e a couple which s e e m t o be basic and c a n be d e s c r i b e d . F i r s t , t h e r e i s i n a n y new endeavor a knowledge-time p a r a m e t e r . That i s , a t t h e initiation of a n activity t h e r e i s a lack of knowledge of how that a c t i v i t y c a n be a c c o m p l i s h e d , but a s t i m e proceeds this knowledge b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e . The p r o b l e m i s t o develop the communication methods ( i n t e r m s of organization and information t r a n s f e r ) t o apply t h i s knowledge effectively t o a l l r e q u i r ing a c t i v i t i e s . In the c a s e of automating �S a t u r n I s t a g e t e s t i n g , t h e r e w a s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e c h e c k o u t o p e r a t i o n a s i t w a s being p e r f o r m e d m a n u a l l y . T h e r e w a s not a t h o r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g of e a c h h a r d w a r e , s o f t w a r e a n d o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t , n o r o r how t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s s h o u l d be fulfilled t o a c h i e v e t h e a u t o m a t i o n job. A s s t a t e d a b o v e , t h e r e i s nothing unique a b o u t t h i s s i t u a t i o n . I t a p p l i e s t o a n y new e f f o r t . T h e a s p e c t i n t h e S a t u r n p r o g r a m which m a k e s this m o r e impacting i s the time element. By e x a m i n i n g t h e k n o w l e d g e - t i m e r e l a t i o n s h i p d e s c r i b e d i n F i g u r e 5 i t c a n be s e e n t h a t t h e a u t o m a t i o n s y s t e m c o n c e p t , w h i c h w a s t o s e t t h e pace f o r the S a t u r n I B and V p r o g r a m s , w a s f o r m e d p r i m a r i l y f r o m t h e a c c u m u l a t e d e x p e r i e n c e of only one S a t u r n s t a g e . B e f o r e t h e f u l l c o m p l i m e n t of e q u i p m e n t w a s o p e r a t i o n a l a y e a r a n d a half w a s c o n s u m e d . A s o n e m i g h t e x p e c t , knowledge of how t o d o t h e job a c c u m u l a t e d d u r i n g t h a t t i m e c a u s i n g h a r d w a r e , s o f t w a r e and o r g a n izational changes. T o t a k e this relationship and expand i t over the total S a t u r n I B and V p r o g r a m s , t h e p r o b l e m i s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d . It c a n be s e e n f r o m F i g u r e 5 t h a t t h e i n i t i a l c o n c e p t s w e r e being d e v e l o p e d t o p e r f o r m factory checkout, static testing and launch operations - engrossing nine d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s , f i v e s t a g e c o n t r a c t o r s , a n d two NASA C e n t e r s . Very little actual experience, i n proportion to the total program, exi s t e d a t t h a t t i m e . I m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e s e c o n c e p t s r e q u i r e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e y e a r s . During t h e s e t h r e e y e a r s much experience w a s gained, thus considerably a l t e r i n g the concepts that w e r e f i r s t applied. The second characteristic concerns the attitude toward automating the testing operations. Unfavorable attitudes concerning automation h a v e g e n e r a l l y r e s u l t e d f r o m a l a c k of u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e long r a n g e n e e d s a n d b e n e f i t s . T h e s e a t t i t u d e s involved, of c o u r s e , v a r y w i t h i n t h e knowledge-tim:: r e l a t i o n s h i p . I n t h e S a t u r n - A p ~ l l op r o g r a v t h r e e o r four y e a r s a r e required for the launch site personnel t o acquire the s a m e a m o u n t of e x p e r i e n c e a s t h o s e involved i n t h e i n i t i a l d e s i g n and c h e c k o u t o p e r a t i o n s . F u r t h e r , t h i s t i m e i n v o l v e s t h o u s a n d s of people w i t h d i f f e r e n t d i s c i p l i n e s a n d b a c k g r o u n d s . T h e r e f o r e , if t h e l a s t o p e r a t i o n i s t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e of t h e e x p e r i e n c e a n d knowledge g a i n e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e p r o c e s s of a c c u m u l a t i n g a n d c o m m u n i c a t i n g t h i s e x p e r i e n c e m u s t be a c c e l e r a t e d . �PROJECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS B e f o r e t h e m a x i m u m benefits c a n be r e a p e d f r o m a u t o m a t i c t e c h niques s e v e r a l a d v a n c e s need t o be m a d e . The f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t a r e i n t h e people c a t e g o r y . F i r s t of a l l , g o a l s need t o be e s t a b l i s h e d and p r o c l a i m e d . T h e s e g o a l s m u s t be i n t e r m s of f u t u r e conditions f o r which a u t o m a t i c t e c h niques a r e t h e only a n s w e r . In t h e S a t u r n p r o g r a m , g r o u p s of people have r e s i s t e d a u t o m a t i o n on t h e b a s i s t h a t the i m m e d i a t e job, with w h i c h they w e r e c o n c e r n e d , could be done b e t t e r t h e old way. The l o n g e r r a n g e needs should be d e s c r i b e d and explained. A r e c e n t s u r v e y of t h e S a t u r n - A p o l l o P r o g r a m d i s c l o s e d that t h e only functions t h a t h a d n ' t been a u t o m a t e d , a t one location o r a n o t h e r , w e r e l e a k c h e c k s , a m p l i f i e r c a l i b r a t i o n and s o m e monitoring of c r i t i c a l functions. Of t h e s e , i t would be a w a s t e of money t o a u t o m a t e l e a k c h e c k s and s o f t w a r e techniques have been developed t o e l i m i n a t e t h e need f o r a m p l i f i e r c a l i b r a t i o n . S o t h e p r o b l e m i s not technology, but u n d e r standing a n d a t t i t u d e s . T r a i n i n g i s a n a c t i v i t y t h a t n e e d s t o be e x p l o r e d . It i s probably t h e only way i n which t h e l e a r n i n g c u r v e c a n be i m p r o v e d . As d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h i s i s a v e r y s e r i o u s a s p e c t i n the S a t u r n - A p o l l o p r o g r a m w i t h i t s t i m e s p a n between t h e beginning a n d the end of the t e s t i n g o p e r a t i o n . A l s o , t r a i n i n g c a n be u s e d t o e r a s e a t t i t u d e p r o b l e m s . In t h e h a r d w a r e a r e a s e v e r y s t e p which w i l l allow the vehicle t o be m o r e autonomous should be t a k e n . T h i s w i l l have the effects of r e d u c ing t h e GSE and r e l i e v i n g s o m e of the s o f t w a r e b u r d e n s . To i t e r a t e s o m e of t h e points d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , t h e review of interlocking r e q u i r e m e n t s , d e v e l o p m e n t of g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e on DDAS and developm e n t of o n - b o a r d s y s t e m s provide t h e g r e a t e s t potential. B e f o r e the l a t t e r c a n be i m p l e m e n t e d i n t h e m a i n s t r e a m , t e s t a r e a s need t o be provided t o d e v e l o p t h e c h a n g e s . T h i s would a l s o allow t h e p e r s o n n e l t o gain confidence u n d e r r e a l i s t i c conditions, thus aiding t h e i m p l e m e n t ation process. The m a j o r point t h a t n e e d s t o be m a d e i n the s o f t w a r e a r e a i s t h a t i t needs t o be t r e a t e d a s a s y s t e m . Also, i t should be t r e a t e d on an e q u a l b a s i s a s t h e h a r d w a r e . In t h e S a t u r n - A p o l l o P r o g r a m t h i s m e a n s �a t r i a n g u l a r s i t u a t i o n of v e h i c l e , G S E and s o f t w a r e . No change should bc m a d e t o one without c o n s i d e r i n g t h e effect of the other. T o i m p l e m e n t t h i s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e r e be c o n c u r r e n c y among a l l t h r e e f r o m t h e initial concept t h r o u g h the l a s t launching. Of c o u r s e , t h i s adds complexity t o t h e t o t a l p r o g r a m , but not n e a r a s much a s would be i f this w a s not recognized. - P r o j e c t i n g outside t h e t h e m e of t h i s p a p e r , t h e r e i s one l a s t point t h a t should be e x a m i n e d . T h a t i s t h a t t h e checkout and launch i s only one f a c e t of t h e Saturn-Apollo P r o g r a m . Since they a r e the l a s t a c t i v i t i e s a l l o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s s u p p o r t t h e m . T h e r e f o r e , if f a s t e r , m o r e effective techniques a r e applied t o t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s t h e s a m e techniques need t o be applied t o t h e supporting a c t i v i t i e s . An e x a m p l e of t h i s i s i n a t e s t p r o g r a m which s e n d s a s t i m u l i t o the vehicle t h e n i n t e r r o g a t e s a d a t a t a p e f o r the p r o p e r r e s p o n s e d a t a . The d a t a t a p e i s t o be supplied by e n g i n e e r i n g containing a l l of the p a r a m e t e r s and t h e i r l i m i t s . Howe v e r , if e n g i n e e r i n g i s n ' t g e a r e d t o s u p p o r t t h i s type of o p e r a t i o n , the d a t a t a p e w i l l n e v e r be a v a i l a b l e on s c h e d u l e nor w i l l change capability e x i s t . T h i s s o r t of supporting r e q u i r e m e n t s r e p r e s e n t s a whole field t h a t m u s t be e x p l o r e d and i n t e g r a t e d into t h e t o t a l job. �W I - = w = > C3 ��INSTRUMENTATION TEST STATION PERIPHERY EQUIP TEST STATION RELAY LOGIC ANALOG GEN FIGURE 3 AUTOMATED CHECttOUT OPERATI ON �MAN-MACH INE FIGURE 4 SOFTWARE SYSTEM IN PUT-OUT PUT �DEFINITION O F DEFINITION 0 FIGURE 5 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000063 Title A name given to the resource "Analysis and Projections of Space Vehicle Automatic Checkout and Launch." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vedane, C. R. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project (U.S.) Automatic test equipment Rockets (Aeronautics)--Launching Space vehicle checkout program Launching Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 19, Folder 17 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000051_000074 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10244/zerostage_082707085507.pdf 3798949d9a5d3372c1c7b9185e9fcaaf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context zerostage_082707085507.pdf spc_stnv_000942 Title A name given to the resource "A 'Zero Stage' for the Saturn IB Launch Vehicle." Description An account of the resource To meet the demands of increasing payload size and weight, and to fill the large payload gap between the Saturn IB and Saturn V, a number of methods of uprating the Saturn IB have been studied by NASA and Chrysler Corp. of providing increased payload capability is discussed in this paper. Four 120 in. United Technology Center UA-1205 solid propellant motors, originally developed for the Air Force Titan III program, are clustered around the S-IB first stage of the Saturn IB launch vehicle. These four solid propellant motors provide the total thrust for liftoff of the vehicle, with S-IB stage ignition occurring just prior to burn-out and separation of the solid propellant motors. The term "Zero Stage" is applied to this added stage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vehko, Vaino J. Ruhland, William E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/1/1966 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Saturn launch vehicles Solid propellant rockets Saturn 1B launch vehicles Spacecraft propulsion Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 16, Folder 23 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000925_000942 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17414 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10278/TheupratedSaturn_I_012208114543.pdf 13c9ad846f77d2a4f528ed751afda843 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context TheupratedSaturn I_012208114543.pdf spc_stnv_000907 Title A name given to the resource "The uprated Saturn I - its growth potential & future role in space." Description An account of the resource Remarks by Vaino J. Vehko, Director of Engineering, Chrysler Corporation Space Division at 30th Annual Meeting, Aviation/Space Writers Association, Las Vegas, Nevada Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vehko, Vaino J. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-05-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Apollo project Saturn launch vehicles--Design and construction Saturn 1 launch vehicles Apollo spacecraft Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Speeches Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 22, Folder 22 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000900_000924 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17682 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10916/Letttomrdavi_110110142006.pdf 270d110f0f73789147d08fbc2197e44d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Letttomrdavi_110110142006.pdf spc_stnv_000393 Title A name given to the resource "Letter to Mr. David Christensen." Description An account of the resource Letter to David L. Christensen from Ralph I. Villers responding to a request from Christiansen. Enclosed is the material requested. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Villers, Ralph I. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-07-30 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Apollo project Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Correspondence Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Saturn S-IV engines. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000375_000399 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/11138/LettDaveChris1969.pdf.pdf d0f65286bc735c52b0e34656bce8ae0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context LettDaveChris1969.pdf spc_stnv_000372 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Mr. David L. Christensen. Description An account of the resource Letter from C.A. Perkins to David L. Christensen regarding a request for information regarding cryogenic pump and motor development Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Villers, Ralph I. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08-08 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Letter Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Correspondences Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000350_000374 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/52/904/spc_lude_008_026.pdf b5a1927b10fd45b87eac5eaf4207547b PDF Text Text ������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hermann Ludewig Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Hermann Ludewig Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/18">View the Hermann Ludewig Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource Hermann Richard Rudolf Ludewig was born October 12, 1898 in Berlin, Germany. From December 1916 to January 1919, he served in the German Army in Flanders during World War I. After the war, he worked as a fireman on a locomotive and in 1921, he entered school at Beuth-Schule, Hoehere Technische Lehranstalt der Stadt Berlin, from which he graduated with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1924. From 1925 to 1937, he worked for Orenstein and Koppel, a major engineering company, in Berlin, Germany. During this time, he married Emma Berta Pauline Jaglitz on June 12, 1935. Likely through his friend Bernhard Tessmann, with whom he worked at Orenstein and Koppel, Ludewig began work with the rocket development project in Peenemünde, Germany, which was under the direction of Dr. Wernher von Braun, in May 1937. Ludewig’s first position was the Deputy of Design Chief under Walter Riedel, and in February 1942, he became the Chief of Acceptance and Inspection under Dr. von Braun. Ludewig’s daughter Christel was born on November 20, 1939 while he was stationed at Peenemünde. On the night of August 17/18, 1943, the British bombed the Peenemünde facility as part of Operation Hydra, destroying the Ludewig family’s home; however, Ludewig and his family survived the bombing. After the raid, Ludewig transferred from Peenemünde to assignments in Nordhausen and Berlin. After the end of the war, the Ludewig family moved to Trebbin, Germany to manage the farm of his father. At that time, Trebbin was inside East Germany, and in the Soviet sphere of influence. Ludewig worked to conceal the fact that he had worked with the rocket team at Peenemünde, fearing he would be forced to work on the Soviet rocket program. In 1953, he made an agreement to join many of his former colleagues in the United States and the family escaped to Berlin. The family arrived in New York on October 31, 1953 and by November were in Huntsville. Ludewig worked on the Redstone and Jupiter rocket program at Redstone Arsenal for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency until 1960, when he transferred to NASA at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. He worked in a variety of capacities there, including in the Systems Office as a Special Assistant under Konrad Dannenberg on the Saturn project. He retired from NASA in 1967. Hermann Ludewig passed away in Huntsville, Alabama on March 2, 1986. The family established a scholarship in the memory of Emmy and Hermann Ludewig at the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 2000. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_lude_008_026 Title A name given to the resource "Rocket City Astronomical Association." Description An account of the resource The pamphlet includes a reprint of an article from RCAA publication <i>Space Journal</i>, a history of the organization with photos, and membership information. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Vitra Engineering Company Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Astronomical observatories Astronomy--United States Rocket City Astronomical Association Scientists--United States Telescopes Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Pamphlets Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hermann Ludewig Collection Box 1, Folder 36 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This item was digitized for the Apollo 11 50th anniversary celebration. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource ap11_exhibit_2019_08 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/1/52/loc_hilt_0000006_0000042.pdf 94ebf56693fc08ca3fd96cd86d9fe518 PDF Text Text .-.. ~ . - ~- • Remarks by Dr. We rnher von Braun. Dir ec t or George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center National Ae r onautics and Space Administration Huntsville. Alabama A l abam a Legislature Montgomery, Alabarna J une 20, 19 61, 11:00 a.m. Your Excellency Gove rnor Patterson, Lieutenant Governor Boutwell, Speaker Ashwo rth and gentlemen of this joint session of the Legislature of Alabama: I want you to know that it is a very real honor for me, a citizen of A l abama . to add r es 5 you today in the Capit a l City of our Great State . 1 deeply appreciate your thoughtfulness in inviting me to be with you in this historic C a pitol Bu ilding . It is my privilege to know a number of you pe r sonally , and I wish I knew tTlore of you. I'm su r e that if the appropriations for the George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center carne directly from the Legi s i"at ure of Alabama ins te ad of the Congress I would know many more of you. I have been privileged for some time, of cou r se, to know Governor John Patterson. In fact, I enjoyed a ve ry pleasant luncheon and conve r sation in Washington wi t h the Gove rn or not so long ago. • �• <. 2 Also, I frequently see and talk with our own representatives from Madison County: Senator Dave Archer, Representative Roscoe Roberts and Representative Luke Reynolds. I should like to give a little public credit to Dave and Roscoe and Luke for the tremendous help they have been to the Marshall Space Flight Center and the U. S. Army at Huntsville. They have frequently helped pull us over the rough spots as the rocket and space exploration business in Alabama began to have more and more impact on the State and South. I am. glad to say, too, that you gentlemen of the Legislature have responded ITlore than once to our expanding needs. And thanks to the persuasiveness of our Madison County delegation -- and your own good judgement and conscience - - I as we wanted you to. ~m glad to add that you responded We are delighted, of course, that you did, and we are grateful. As you may recall, some of my former German colleagues and I carne to Alabama from Ft. Bliss, Texas , some ten or ~leven years ago, and six years ago this past spring we were awarded our Alnerican citizenship. I want to take advantage of this occasion to express my sincere appreciation to the many fine citizens of this State for the warm, truly Southern hospitality which they have extended to us. We like -- and we are proud of -- our Alabama friends and neighbors. • �-" 3 As you will remember, during the past few years all of us in Alabama have shared some exciting. history-making moments together. First there were the pioneering Redstone and Jupiter missile programs~ then our laounching of the Free World's first satellite around the earth, built right here in Alabama; then our launching of the Free World's first satellite around the sun, again built right here in Alabama; then only a few weeks ago came our launching of the Free World's first man into space. And, 1 hasten to add, with the Saturn deep space rocket and other programs now underway at the Marshall Center. we expect to ring up a few more firsts before too long. Even now a lot of people still ask me, "Why do you want to go to the moon? II I like to remind them about one of this country's most famous scientists. When wise old Ben Franklin sent up his kite that day in the thunderstorm, he got his knuckles singed by electricity. Franklin learn by this experiment? from the clouds would shock him. Not much. What did Only that electricity But because Ben was curious about the world around him, his simple research -- plus a few other experiments conducted elsewhere -- stirred up a lot of interest. A burst of attention was then focussed on electrical research, and as a result, old Ben Franklin's kite sparks flew around the world. Today, we can't drive a tractor, fly an airplane, light a house, or send a satellite into space without electricity. • �, 4 My point here is that as wise as Ben Franklin was, he didn't have the faintest idea of the great benefits that were in store for mankind as a result of the first faltering experiments that he and others about that time carried out. But Franklin did have scientific curiosity. It was curiosity that made him go fly a kite that day. not some mysterious. prophetic knowledge that he was about to help pave the way for va'st new benefits for all mankind. So when somebody tells you to go fly a kite, don't punch him in the nose. Who knows? You too might discover electricity. Incidentally, as you know, Benjamin Franklin was not only a s.c ientist and inventor, but he was also a great statesman and politician. In fact, he would be equally as much at home -- were he alive today -with the employees of the Marshall Space Flight Center as he would with the m.em.bers of our Legislature. And after reading som.ething of som.e of the rem.arkably skillful operations conducted around Goat Hill here lately. I wouldn't be surprised if we couldn't learn m.ore fro.m. Franklin about our business than you could learn from. hitn about yours. It is curiosity that sets m.an apart . • It is curiosity that m.akes hitn learn. This has been true throughout history .... first curiosity; then learning; then advancement. • �• 5 But the guy who is curious -- the restless searcher for new knowledge -- never knows where his curiosity will lead him. All he knows is that SQIne time, in Borne way. the knowledge he digs up will better the lot of his fellow man. For instance, the great bacteriologist, Sir Alexander Fleming. found one day that certain bacteria were killed by a mold. This "accidental discovery -- which happened because Fleming was curious about mold -gave us penicillin. He didn't have the faintest idea that what he saw under his microscope that day would end up by saving many, many thousands of h~an liv es. It's always that way. • We just never know what the next bit of information will bring f orth. That's why we want to -- and why we must -- explore space. !tIS our next frontier, our newest challenge. and the greatest unknown today. I am convinced that the exploration of outer space will produce undream e d of benefits for all of us. And the very fact that nobody knows for sure what all of these benefits will be opens new prospects and excites our imagination to further progress . It has been said (Henry Ward Beecher) that lithe soul without imagination is what an observatory would be without a telescope. II Now how are we going to space? �6 I'd like now to show you a few slides of actual space hardware and d i scuss with you some promising methods we plan t o US~ to get out there. The other day The President said we should go to the moon. Well, he's not alone. Let us just hope that somebody named Ivan Ivanovich or Yuri Gagarin doesn't get there first. How are we going to get there? And when? F i rst, l e t me say here and now that this country has nothing to be ashamed o f in c omparison with the Soviets in space exploration to date. This c omparison may have been valid three years ago, but today we have orbited many more scientific satellites than they; and from them we have gleaned a great deal more new flcientific information from. the universe than anyone else. The area where we are obviously behind is in the field of big boosters .... the big push. That is the bottleneck. That',s why I should like to talk with you today about our efforts in big space booster development. I shall discuss two in particular: The Saturn and Nova . But, before I go into that let me say that we're all highly gratified , of course, at Alan Shepard's successful and historic voyage aboard the Mercury-Redstone rocket. • �7 LIGHTS OFF SLIDE I But to achieve this we had to fall back on that old reliable Alabama-made Redstone rocket. The Redstone . taking off on the left , was first developed as a weapon . It has never yet been fired in anger . But when we got into trouble (and maybe angry) because the Russ.ians beat us up there with the Sputniks, we had to call on the Redstone to put the first American earth satellites into orbit. In the middle is the Jupiter C which lofted Explorer satellites I , III, and IV. Then after Yuri Gagarin 1 s orbit ... . in an effort to stay in the man-in-space race .. .. we again relied on that old reliable Redstone to boost our first American • into space. You see it on the right -with the space capsule on top. Following the Mercury-Redstone will be the Mercury-Atlas which will'J?lace an American in orbit later this year. Well, as to How and When . .. . to put it sinlply the United States now has a whole stable-full of other good rockets to do the job with; and from all indications we're going to accelerate our most vital space exploration programs and tinletables rapidly and forcefully. I should like now to talk with you about two big space exploration vehicles . SLIDE Z �8 First the Saturn . Thanks to a little clever fCfking .... and with the cooperation of the Governor's press secretary .... we see the Saturn deep space rocket right on the lawn of our Capitol building. This particular ve rs ion of Saturn stands about 18 stories. high . The Saturn rocket not only compares in size with the Capitol, but I suspe,ct a comparison in internal complexity and perhaps an ability to shift courses might be made, With the belp of private industry and universities around the country, the Saturn space carrier vehicle is under development here in Alabama for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Several versions of the Saturn are being considered. smallest -- 80 called Even the is the world's largest known rocket. SLIDE 3 Here is a cutaway of the Saturn booster showing· the fuel and oxygen tanks. There are eight tanks six feet in diameter surrounding one tank in the middle of the cluster that is nine feet in diameter. of the outer tanks -- and the middle t ank - - hold liquid oxygen . Four The remaining carry the kerosene. You can't see them all here. but the booster has eight keroseneoxygen engines. each of which can develop 188.000 pounds of thrust. By "thrust" we mean lifting force. • �., • 9 The Saturn represents a four-fold jwnp in thrust power .... from the 360. 000 pound thrust Atlas to the 1.5 million pound thrust Saturn. This is equal to the energy developed by almost all the 100, 000 or more automobiles in Montgomery, Alabama. This particular first stage will be used to boost the first two versions of the Saturn rocket now under consideration into space. For our purposes, we call the three versions of the Saturn the C-l, C-2. and C-3. SLIDE 4 Here is the second stage of the first -- or C-l -- version of Saturn. This stage will be powered by six hydrogen-oxygen engines, each developing 15, 000 pounds thrust. These new hydrogen engines represent the first step forward in advanc ed li quid propellants . Our earlier space vehicles generally used sorne type of kerosene as fuel. This stage is some 17 feet in diarneter and about 40 feet tall. SLIDE 5 A new developrnent in liquid rocket engines is underway to power this, t he number two stage. of the second -- or C-2 -- Saturn vehicle, Four new hydrogen engines. each developing 200,000 pounds thrust, will be combined to give this stage a total of 800,000 pounds thrust. This new engine will be a really big step in the development of hydrogen engines ... , frorn 15,000 pounds to 200, 000 pounds thrust. SLIDE 6 • �.. 10 Here at a glance you can get a good look at the three Saturns. The first version, . on the left, can put la, 000 pounds of payload into low earth orbit. earth. It is also designed· to put three men into orbit around the The £irst launching of the Saturn C - l . without a payload,. is schedul ed for the last quarter of this year. about 180 feet tal1 . With payload, it stands It weighs about 1, 000, 000 pounds at liftoff. The second Saturn, in the middle, will be about 210 feet high. It will have three stages and will be capable of orbiting manned or un- manned payloads of more than 44, 000 pounds around the earth, soft -lan d a 3,000 pound payload on the moon and back to earth, or put instruments • on Mars or Venus. The third Saturn shown here is a rather radical departure over the other versions in that the booster will be powered by two huge new kerosene engines, each of which develops 1. 5 million pounds of thrust. This Saturn booster, then, will be twice as powerful -- with three million pounds thrust - - as the earlier version. The second stage will have the same four 200,000 pound hydrogen engines, and the third will have six hydrogen engines with 15,000 pounds thrust each. • 1,6, OOtIt can put"*, 000, 000 pounds into earth orbit, or fly a multiple crew around the moon or send 24,000 pounds on a one-way trip to Mars. Ten launchings of research and development vehicles are scheduled in the current Saturn program. �:: . 11 We expect the Saturn deep space rocket to be the major rocket for U. S. space exploration for a number of years. It is the first large rocket to be developed in the U. S. for scientific peaceful research. SLIDE 7 When the Saturn puts men into space it will carry a spacecraft known as Apollo. Here you see the Saturn booster out in space separating from the remaining stage and the Apollo. The Apollo is not only an extension of the Mercury-man-in-space program, it has other capabilitie.8. For instance, men can use it to observe the surface and envirorunent of the moon before a manned landing takes place. The Apollo is also sufficiently flexible to serve as a manned orbiting laboratory .... a laboratory where man can perform useful space research in a low earth orbit. This orbiting laboratory is a necessary step leading toward a permanent {nanned space station. This will be the main application of the Saturn rocket ... . man into space. SLIDE 8 Here is a promising plan to recover Saturn boosters and thus save a lot on money. Rockets are usually considered expendable, but by using this unique Rogalla kite -- called a paraglider -- _we think we can return boosters and some upper stages to land and fly them again. • �• IZ The paraglider would actually be guided down from the ground -as you see here -- through a radio remote cont r ol system. Lines attaching the kite to the booster can be pulled in or let out to cont r ol the kite as it descends and finally approaches the landing strip. SLIDE 9 The special barge was built because it's about the only way -- at present, anyway -- that we can get the Saturn booster from the Marsha ll Center to Cape Canaveral. However, due to an accident at the Wheeler lock on the Tennessee River not long ago , it looks as if we're going to have to use two water - going vessels temporarily. name of this barge -- to get it to the lock. WeI ll use the Palaernon -- the ITlQve it by a whee led transporter around the lock. then re-load on a former Navy barge and proceed to the Cape. It 1 s a 2,200 mile trip by river. the intercoastal waterway that runs across the southern tip of Alabama. the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The skipper of this unusual craft describes the barge as a crOBB between a mine sweeper, a garbage scow and a blimp hanger. SLIDE 10 Moving the upper stages of Saturn by air is a possibility. A rather startling proposal by Douglas Aircraft has been made to carry the Saturn second stage on top of an aircraft in piggy-back fashion. seriously looking into this scheme. We 1 r e The idea is to save time and money. �13 When I first studied this proposal I couldn't help thinking about the caterpillar who, like too many of us, never can accept a new idea. Two caterpillars were strolling along in the dust one day when a butterfly went by overhead. One caterpillar said to the other: "They'll ne ve r get me up in that thing. " SLIDE 11 Here is Saturn with a nuclear upper stage. In this concept of a nuclear rocket, hydrogen is heated by passing it through a nuclear reactor and then exhausted through a nozzle yielding about twice the propellant economy you get with a hydrogen oxygen engine. With this rn.ore efficient engine, smaller quantities of propellants will be needed, thus ITlaking ou r payloads a lot bigger. • NASA and the Marshall Space Flight Center are making a number of studies in this area. Also, NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission jointly are pushing forward the pace of the Rover development, as the nuclear rocket reactor program is called. We should fly our first prototype nuclear rocket by 1966. This first nuclear rocket will be called RIFT .... for" Reactor In Flight Test tt • Itls easy to see that we call dream up weird alphabetical abbreviations with the best of them. The RIFT nuclear vehicle will be flight-tested as a second stage of the Saturn C-3. ) . �14 SLIDE 12 As we approach manned space travel involving several men . ... and women, eventually, of course .... we must put up much bigger payloads . Incidentally. Bob Gilruth, the man in charge of the U. S. Mercury program, was asked the other day if he plans to use women astronauts in the man-in-space program . With a straight face, Bob replied: "Well, we are reserving 110. pounds of payload for recreational equipment. T o put these bigger payloads up it takes thrust. II Here is a dramatic example. The smallliquid engine you see creates 188, 000 pounds thrust. Eight of these make up the Saturn first stage which produces, as you now know. ' 1. 5 million pounds. Then , at one stroke. comes a single engine that produces the same amount of thrust - - · 1. 5 million pounds - - that the whole Saturn engine~ cluster produces . Both are kerosene engines . To express myself in more familiar terms, this big rocket engine produces 33, 000 , 000 horsepower, compared with these two diesel locomotive units at the left which together produce only about 4, 000 horsepowe r . Now by clustering a batch of these big engines you can see that we can really • achieve power. SLIDE 13 And h ere is where we will need it. possible Nova space vehicle concepts. Saturn. This slide depicts one of the Nova is the next big step beyond • �15 By clustering the Saturn C-3 boosters -- those first stages with the two 1. 5 million pound single chamber engines -- on the left we come up with this clustered Nova vehicle in the center. For very high speed it would be advantageous to increase the propellant capacity of the top stage. Thus Nova would offer us an escape payload of up to 140, 000 pounds. By "escape" we mean escape from the earth's gravity . With Nova, we could land a locomotive on the moon if anyone wanted one there. What is more important, this Nova space rocket can put a spacecraft -- like the one on the right -- with three men on the moon and return them to earth, and at the same time leave 40, 000 pounds of supplies and equipment to support a manned lunar station . • With a nuclear third stage, it could go into orbit around Mars and return to earth later on. Nova vehicles of this class give us the most direct approach to manned lunar and planetary exploration. LIGHTS ON Before Nova, though, comes Saturn. I might mention here that the Saturn space rocket will be shown to the public for the first time on July 1. In fact you can see two fully assembled Saturn rockets which we will display at an open house we are having to celebrate the first anniversary of the Marshall Center. �16 We will also erect a Mercury~Redstone capsule like the one Al Shepard rode in. rocket, complete with a spa.ce We would be most happy to have any of you who can to visit us that day. We hope it will provide you and the public with a pretty good .- and rather interesting -- look at Alabama's major role in the national space program. We will conduct four live, that is hot, static tests of a Saturn engine for you. Also; for the first time each of the 10 space research laboratories of the Marshall Center will be opened to the general public. 8: 30 to 3: 30. Our open house will be from I'd like to remind you that Huntsville - - for the first time in several years -- is on Central Standard Tirne this swnmer . As a reward for our cooperation in staying on standard time, however, they give us the privilege of going to work at seven o'clock in the morning . July 1 is on Saturday, so I s,;!ggest you come up to Huntsville for a visit to the space center and leave your politics ba.ck here. Now .... what will it take for this country to regain lost prestige and once more asswne its place as the scientific and technological leader among nations? More particularly, what can the people of Alabama do? What can the people in this room do? These slides you have just seen show how much the national space program depends upon the work going on here in the State of Alabanla. Just as important for the country's well-being, of course, is the enormous national defense effort being carried out at Huntsville by the Army Ordnance Missile Command and the Army Ordnance Guided Missile School. • �• 17 The 25. 000 persons employed at Huntsville who carryon this work receive an annual payroll of about $200, ODD, DOD, The total money spent by these agencies each year is nearly Z. 2 billion dollars. and about 16 per cent of this (or 350 million dollars) is spent in Alabama with companies and educational institutions throughout the state. I haven't mentioned this to Dave Archer yet, but when the ~igure of 25, 000 arsenal and Marshall Center employees was ITlentioned in a ITleeting in Huntsville th e other day. somebody suggested: "With all these voters around here, why don't we elect a Senator frOrri Redstone Arsenal?" The Marshall Center is now in the process of hiring more than • 1600 new employees. engineers Most of the people we need and ~ scientists. 60 urgently are graduate In other words, highly skilled and e ducated men and women . Although a substantial nwnber of our present technical people are products of Alabama's educational system , most of ther;,., frankly. have come f rom e lsewhere ... . from all 50 states and several other countries, as a matter of fact. • �18 You've heard and seen something now about the kind of people we need and what we need them for. We need the best, and we need them for one of the most vital jobs in the history of free men. This. I submit, is substantial evidence to show that opportunity is indeed knocking on Alabama's door, and knocking hard, just as oppor tunity knocked on California's door a few decades ago when the aircraft industry was beginning to blossom. The question today is. II Will Alabama open the door?" As a proud citizen of this state and of this count ry I I feel a responsibility to raise this question with you and to discuss it openly and frankly. Shakespeare said. "There is a tide in the affairs of men, which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune". now -- but is passing fast. For Alabama. the tide is at flood My appeal to you is to recognize this and to take action today while the opportunity is still available. I am sure there are very few problems in Alabama which could not be solved with more money -- the proper capital investment at this time can produce that money for the State of Alabama. Now what investment am I s peaking of? I am speaking of an investment in people -- strong. capable, educated people! Opportunity goes where the best people go, and the best people go where good education goes. • �19 Unless we get -- and keep -- many more bright young men and women very soon to help us carry the present load, our programs -- and Alabama -- will suffer. , This danger was sensed last winter by a keen Washington official during his visit with us. We were asking for rn.ore funds for construction of facilities, and he raised the question as to whether it was really .smart for the Federal Government to continue to build up its facilities in a place which has much difficulty in obtaining the right kind of senior personnel to operate these facilities, like a business: You see, a goverrunent agency functions much Success is not guaranteed by past successes; no one in Washington is assuring our future; if we begin to falter -- as we most certainly will without the right kind of personnel -- serious consequences will surely r~esu1t. To lTlake Huntsville lTlore attractive to technical and scientific people across the country -- and to further develop the people we have now - - the acadelTlic and research environment of Huntsville and AlabatTla lTlust be Unproved and Unproved UnlTlediately. As lTlany of you know, the University of AlabalTla has a University Center in Huntsville, which is definitely a step in the right direction. In addition they have just opened a slTlall Research Institute closely affiliated with this Center. • �20 As this Institute grows. large corporations will be encouraged to establish research organizations nearby to form an industrial research park as a part of the University complex, which in turn will give birth to major new industries throughout the State. Unless, however, large swns of lTloney can be found immediately to improve and enlarge this University complex, its real value may come too late to help us attract and develop the kind of people we must have. The citizens of Alabama should recognize even more fully that the United States, as well as the other leading countries of the world, now lives in a technological age. The efforts along this line that have been taken in the past -- in developing our technological manpower and other industrial resources -- will not, I repeat , will not suffice to keep pace with the other states and nati ons today. It's the university climate that brings the business. What do you think attracted the aircraft industry to the Los Angeles area? The desert and smog? No, it was U. C. L. A. and Cal Tech and the Art Institute and St. Mary's and The University of Southern California. Was it beans that brought great electronic and other industri es to Boston? It was the Educational Triangle of Boston University, Harvard and M. 1. T. A friend of mine said last week that if M. 1. T. was as close to Huntsville as are the University of Alabama and Auburn University that M. 1. T . would own Redstone Arsenal. • �21 Let's be honest with ourselves about it: it's not water, or real estate. or labor. or power, or cheap taxes that brings industry to a state or city. It's brainpower. make it rich. Nowadays, brainpower dwnped in a desert will Right now you could run a profitable electronics firm on the moon, if the company liked the climate. Educational c1hnate, that is. Without question, such a climate is the most important resource in attracting new people and new ideas. process. si~gle It's a self-generating Once you get it started, it snowballs. The top people in industry and goverrunent today like to improve themselves. them. TheY llike flourishing research institutions. They thrive on 1£ they have a bachelor's degree, they want a master's. If they • have a master's, they want a Ph. D. to teach and do research. are not satisfied. And if they have a Ph. D. they want So our young engineers with bachelor's degrees If they could get advanced degrees and remain near an academic environment, they would stay with us. Lacking such opportunities they want to move on to California and Massachusetts. While we are trying to bootleg young engineers from other states ... because w e don't produce them here .... the same states are stealing our senior scientists, �22 The State of Alabama ... . in this case I you .... has a very real responsibility to promote the advancement of science and higher education. In short, itls up to you to create the right climate. In Huntsville we are trying to create a vigorous and varied educational and research clilnate. The seed is sown with the University Center and the infant Research Institute. But the seed is starving. It needs s o mething green .... Money. To be specific. the Research Institute needs .... at this very moment . . . . three million dollars for buildings and equipment. Following this first investment the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will enrich the State both financially and culturally. Let me remind you of something: the rocket and missile business at Huntsville pours 350 million dollars annually into the State of Alabama. That's more ~ than a hundred dollars a year per man, woman and child. The only reason that Alabarrta has this bonanza at all is because the Army had a big chunk of spare real estate that served the immediate purpose of providing a home. We've lived in that home for more than ten years now, and it's about time we got a schoolhouse. And everything that goes with it. For a three million dollar investment now, I promise you that you'll reap billions. Easily billions. is more than a third of a billion. 350 million dollars, don't forget, �23 The President has asked the Congress for from seven to nine billion dollars for space for the next five years alone. that dough will e nd up in Alabama . A big hunk of End up in Alabama, that is I if Alabama can attract the kind of people we have to have . provide them , with a decent educational. scientific and cultural climate . and make them want to stay. If Alabama does this. then the prosperity and culture of the entire state will g r ow and fl ou rish . If Alabama doesn't . ... Well, I'd hate to see those Saturn and Nova r ockets begin that long and lucrative trip to the moon from the State of California. • Now, it is not my place to tell you what to change or how to change it . but I tru s t you may take this warning seriously. I' m not a s king for something next year, or n ext month, or next week, or tomorrow . I'm asking that you -- each of you, individually and collectively -- do something now . On one hand , you have the greatest opportunity fo r wealth , prosperity and culture ever offered to this state and seldom to any other state . While on the other, you face the greatest of dangers . . . . n ot only the danger of a ggress ion and lo ss of prestige, but also the danger of economic competition from other cities • . states and nations all over the world . �Z4 When a prospective employee looks at us he does not try to decide whether to liv e in Huntsville or Montgomery , he is choosing between Alabama and Los Angeles. New York or Boston. It is your decision whether you want to make Alabama attractive enough to stay in this race. I do not believe you will back away from this competition . I believe I know the citizens of my state well enough to say with full confidence that they will accept this challenge with the gusto of Macbeth as he said: "Lay on, Macduff. and damn'd be hiIn that first cries. 'Hold, enough! II' • I �I • "'_-.. • . -- ~ ~- , , .~ ~ # ! 4 Q • • ��SATURN C-I FIRST STAGE C-2 FIRST STAGE �SATUR!'\ C-I SECOND STAGE • �'~------~--------- SATURN c- 2 SECOND STAGE • �Story Bldg -- • ��- MAT '- • -, ;T 0'- • ",~ " • ~ �• �• �• ��MODULAR NOVA CONCEPT . "'~ '=""lP � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Heinz Hilten Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/29" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Heinz Hilten Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Heinz Hilten Collection Description An account of the resource At the start of the Second World War, Heinz Hilten (1909 to 2013) was drafted into the German army, where he worked with von Braun’s V-2 rocket team at Peenemünde. In 1954, Hilten made his way to America, where he rejoined von Braun. Hilten helped plan the growth of Alabama’s Redstone Arsenal until 1960, when he began designing laboratories, control centers, test stands, and administrative buildings for the newly minted Marshall Space Flight Center; Hilten also helped design the Saturn rocket program. Hilten was also a founding member of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transcript of a speech given by Wernher von Braun to the Alabama Legislature. Subject The topic of the resource Aerospace industries Alabama. Legislature George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Saturn Project (U. S.) University of Alabama in Huntsville University of Alabama in Huntsville. Research Institute Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Description An account of the resource Von Braun, then the director of Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, delivered this speech to the legislature in 1961. In the speech, he emphasizes that Alabama must take advantage of its position in the aerospace industry and create a robust "academic and research environment" in Huntsville to attract businesses that "will give birth to major new industries throughout the state." He exhorts the legislature to fund the newly established University of Alabama Research Institute (now part of the University of Alabama in Huntsville), arguing that "the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will enrich the State both financially and culturally." The legislature later approved von Braun's request of $3 million for the Research Institute, enabling the purchase of 200 acres of land for the campus and the construction of the Institute in 1964. The speech includes copies of slides von Braun used during his presentation, including diagrams of Saturn and Nova rockets as well as a mockup of a Saturn rocket on the lawn of the state capitol in Montgomery. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Heinz Hilten Collection Box 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-06-21 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Speeches Transcripts Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_hilt_000006_000042 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/91/1981/spc_geis_000001_000041.pdf 826fc6a2ebb2501b2f32a7ec24ef0910 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Ernst Geissler Collection Title A name given to the resource Ernst Geissler Collection Description An account of the resource Ernst D. Geissler was born on August 4, 1915 in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany, where he attended grammar school and high school until 1934. From there, he left to attend a technical university in Dresden, Germany, where he graduated with a diploma in Technical Physics. After graduating, he went to work with the Von Braun missile team, where he eventually patented new steering methods for guided missiles and homing devices against aircraft. On November 16, 1945, Geissler and his wife, Gerda K. Stricker, immigrated to the United States. Geissler began to work with the U.S. Army in Fort Bliss, Texas as a group leader for flight mechanics and aerodynamics on the Hermes II missile. After five years, Geissler went on to work for Redstone Arsenal as the Director of the Aeroballistics Laboratory in charge of theoretical and experimental aerodynamics and flight mechanics. While there, Geissler helped develop the Explorer I satellite and the Pioneer V space probe, and the Redstone, Jupiter, and Pershing missiles. He also developed patents for an aerodynamically stabilized missile and an artificially stabilized missile. In 1960, Geissler left Redstone and joined the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center of NASA. He worked as the Director of the Aerodynamics and Astrodynamics Laboratory, working on the Saturn I - Saturn V family and space shuttle development. In 1973, Ernst Geissler retired from NASA and eventually passed away on June 3, 1989. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/87">View the Ernst Geissler Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_geis_000001_000041 Title A name given to the resource "Firing of Explorer I." Description An account of the resource This speech was given by Wernher von Braun, then the director of the Development Operations Division at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, at the 1958 ASME-ARS Aviation Conference in Dallas, Texas. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-03-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Type The nature or genre of the resource Speeches Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Ernst Geissler Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10846/Meetwithhuntcomm_073112203222.pdf 93ad7427812c0f94d10267f703b51eff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Meetwithhuntcomm_073112203222.pdf spc_stnv_000447 Title A name given to the resource "Meeting with Huntsville community leaders, Morris Auditorium." Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-11-29 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Apollo project Scientists Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Transcriptions Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000425_000449 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Description An account of the resource Transcription of a conversation with Wernher von Braun. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10876/Letttothevicepres52461_121008162821.pdf 0a7ec688d237345df716db79233b0273 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Letttothevicepres52461_121008162821.pdf spc_stnv_000402 Title A name given to the resource "Letter to the Vice President of the United States and White House." Description An account of the resource This is an attempt to answer some of the questions about our national space program raised by The President in his memorandum to you dated April 20, 1961. I should like to emphasize that the following comments are strictly my own and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in which I have the honor to serve. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-04-29 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Space race Aeronautics Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Correspondances Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Dr. von Braun / NASA HQ Correspondence July 1968. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000400_000424 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977