213
20
8242
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https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10915/Letttodrwern31464_120908091357.pdf
b1e719a1fcf7c94ca6de00fd43d56365
Dublin Core
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Saturn V Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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Letttodrwern31464_120908091357.pdf
spc_stnv_000392
Title
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"Letter to Dr. Wernher von Braun."
Description
An account of the resource
Archive copy is a poor photocopy. Unable to read.
Creator
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Sohier, Walter D.
Date
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1964-03-04
Temporal Coverage
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1960-1969
Subject
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Saturn project
Apollo project
History
Type
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Text
Correspondence
Source
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Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Is Part Of
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Is part of: Dr. von Braun / NASA HQ Correspondence July 1968.
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en
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spc_stnv_000375_000399
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10967/Intewithdrwerh52564_121008163244.pdf
23fe726d1f785839947cc2ba7db3ad8d
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
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<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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Intewithdrwerh52564.pdf
spc_stnv_000346
Title
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"Interview with Dr. Wernher von Braun."
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Sohier, Walter D.
Date
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1964-05-25
Temporal Coverage
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1960-1969
Subject
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Saturn project
Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977
Apollo project
History
Type
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Text
Interviews
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Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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Is part of: Dr. von Braun / NASA HQ Correspondence July 1968.
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en
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spc_stnv_000325_000349
Description
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Transcription of an interview with Wernher von Braun and Mr. Sohier.
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10809/memoinditomsfccircandmsfcadmireguandprocchiemanaservoffims-ch_112607141847.pdf
2e1da2eb8781e71c6f7fcdc7438c0ba0
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Saturn V Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
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<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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memoinditomsfccircandmsfcadmireguandprocchiemanaservoffims.pdf
spc_stnv_000460
Title
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"Memorandum: Indices to MSFC circulars and MSFC Administration regulations and procedures from Chief Management Services Office."
Description
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Memorandum regarding indices ready for reference and filing.
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Sorensen, V. C.
Date
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1966-09-27
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1960-1969
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Saturn project
Indexes
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Text
Memorandums
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Saturn V Collection
Box 19, Folder 11
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
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spc_stnv_000450_000474
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http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17532
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/46/14395/sdsp_skyl_000060_001.pdf
11825ce2945e9c0a8ab900531c9504cc
PDF Text
Text
L I V I N G
NASA
PROJECTS
APOLLO
SATURN
SKYLAB
SHUTTLE
I N
S P
�The documentary archive described in this catalogue
will be sold as a single lot by auction at Sotheby's
in their Large Galleries 34/35 New Bond Street, W1A 2AA
[Telephone 01-493 8080 Telex: London 24454 SPBLONG)
at approximately 8 p.m. on Monday 20th July 1981
All enquiries about this sale should be made to the Manuscript
Department
Sold subject to conditions printed in the main catalogue
In sending commissions this catalogue may be referred to
as "Shuttle"
Front cover designed by Raymond Loewy
�S • T H E B Y ' S
��Raymond Loewy and Living in Space
Significance of Space Exploration and of its History
With the successful mission of the first re-useable Space Shuttle, code-named Columbia, from
12 to 14 April 1981, man's vision of living in space was given practical reality and assured of a future. The
Shuttle marks a new era in space exploration and in the history of mankind.
The potential benefits arising from this momentous event are virtually limitless, but already it is
envisaged Cand the first 60 flights are already committed] that payloads of regular Shuttles will establish:
• journeys into orbit as routine as commercial airline flights with Shuttles operating under their own
power without the necessity of lift-off boosters
• military communications, navigation, weather and surveillance satellites ["the nation that controls
space will control the world"]
• the construction of a giant 96-inch telescope operating high above the distorting effects of the
atmosphere enabling astronomers for the first time to see any planets around nearby stars, to
observe objects 100 times dimmer than those that can be seen through ground-based telescopes
and perhaps also to detect light emanating from the very edge of the visible universe, which will
contribute to our understanding of evolution and the origin of life
• the construction of space platforms and even of space colonies with space nations under their own
governments, flags and laws
• the construction of the European spacelab
• a network of permanently located satellites able to destroy enemy atomic missies
• the return of raw materials from space and the extraction of unlimited energy from the Sun
• the solar polar mission
• a new industrial revolution: the development of virtual vacuum-free technosphere manufacturing
plants free of gravity, thus making possible, for instance, the production of an estimated 400 alloys
from metals that do not successfully mix under the pull of Earth's gravity which tends to separate
the lighter metals from the heavier ones; the manufacture of perfect ball-bearings: stable foams;
crystals of new semi-conductor materials: and super-pure vaccines and drugs produced in totally
antiseptic conditions.
f U
success of the Columbia Shuttle will also refocus attention on all aspects of the development
of the Shuttle and its forerunners as subjects for academic investigation and exhibition in museums and
industrial centres.
��The Raymond Loewy Files
The present collection - from the files of Raymond Lcewy, NASA's official Habitability Consultant
from 1967 to 1973 - is a unique and fundamental record relating to the first steps in manned utilization of
space and the birth of space exploration. It contains material that NASA itself does not have, such as the
original drawings and sketches and the abandoned and experimental designs, or which, as a government
agency, it is not at liberty to release. However, under American Government regulations all drawings,
documents, blue-prints, statistical data, sketches and scale models remain the personal property of the
consultant.
The importance of the collection and of Loewy's contribution are reflected in the success of Skylab
and the Space Shuttle, for both of which Raymond Loewy was retained as Habitability Consultant. His
designs will form the basis for all American manned spacecraft: "Manned space stations of the future will
require few design changes for man to work comfortably in Zero-G operations, based on the 171-day
occupancy of the Skylab workshop by nine astronauts" Aviation Week & Space Technology, 8 April 1974.
This documentary archive comprises some 3,500 items and includes:
• original conceptual drawings, designs, sketches and detailed sections together with finished
art-work executed with airbrush or body-colour, on card, paper or tracing paper Cc. 520] some
initialled or signed by Loewy and a few consisting of reproductions reworked by hand; mechanical
drafts; blue-prints; reflex negatives Ca number on large sheets]; coloured and black and white
photographs Cused by modern designers particularly in relation to mockups]; negatives; VU-graphic
overlapping transparencies; plates; plans; emblems; textual matter; reports; notes; photocopies;
lithographs; press-type samples and data format cards contained in large folders.
• two space work-overalls and one jacket
• four scale models:
•• Apollo-Saturn V
•• crew's quarters ejected from the Shuttle Orbiter
•• a future space base
•• Skylab
�Habitability Reports prepared for NASA
�• the official reports of the habitability consultant, in 47 illustrated volumes, mostly with spiral
bindings, containing some 4,800 pages, sent by the Loewy team to NASA and consisting of
13 Final and Contract Summary reports C7 or them in two volumes], relating to Earth Orbital
Space Stations (Skylab], the Shuttle, a Modular Space Station and a Wardroom Gallery Module
together with general habitability studies covering all areas of human survival in space-sleeping,
nourishment, hygiene, waste-management, the collection of samples, their dehydration,
identification, dating and freezing for chemical analysis upon return to Earth after 90 or more
days in orbit (27 being duplicates and a small number in photocopy]
• NASA's Habitability Design Support Technical Summary Statement for the design of the Shuttle
dated 1972 as sent to Loewy by NASA's Deputy Chief of Manned Spacecraft Design
• commemorative photographs and letters signed by NASA officials and astronauts including
Frank Borman, Buzz Aldrin and John Stafford.
• Raymond Loewy's own compilation consisting of originals and copies, relating to his part in the
NASA Programmes, including magazine reports
• a space collage by Raymond Loewy, signed and dated
• index volume of NASA's terms and definitions
Skylab and the need for a Habitability Consultant
George Rodney, Director of Martin Marietta Aerospace and NASA's Contractor, explained the need
for a Habitability Consultant in a letter to Raymond Loewy dated 12 February 1975: "Our space programs Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Skylab - have been the exclusive preserve of the scientist, the engineer and the
medical doctor It was only with Skylab that we first recognised that, if man were to survive for extended
times in space, perhaps we engineers needed some added help." As it stood, all characteristics of existing
space vehicles [primarily Saturn IVB] had been determined entirely by their function as a fuel cell and were
heavily mission-orientated. Grids and internal structural members had been designed for the container's
rigidity and suitability to cryogene liquid hydrogen fuel flowing through it. This produced a hostile metallic
environment with distracting reflective light sources coming from the aluminium foil dome lining and filtered
through the multi-layered grid flooring. To heighten the visual confusion and sense of a mechanical not a
human environment, colour had been used to emphasise the different structural elements rather than
acting as an organising medium.
�CONTRACT SUMMARY REPORT
A1 - MSC Shuttle Orbiter Crew Compartment/X-Axis Docking
HABITABILITY STUDY
SHUTTLE ORBITER
JANUARY 1972/DECEMBER 1372
PREPARED FOR NASA BY
RAYMOND LOEWY/WILLIAM SNAITH, INC.
1 1• EAST 5 3 STREET. NEW YORK. N.Y. 10022
�Skylab, the first manned space station, in fact supported three separate crews for 171 days in
space between 15 May 1973 and 8 February 1974. Clearly, as much attention had to. be paid to "the
physiological safety and comfort of the astronauts" as had been paid to getting them into space. In the pithy
dictum of Dr. George Mueller, NASA's Deputy Administrator for Manned Space-Flights: "what comes out of
the sliding rule is not necessarily compatible with human life."
Raymond Loewy: reasons selected as Habitability Consultant
Following an investigation of various organisations, Dr. J. L. McLaughlin, Chief of NASA's Division of
Space Medicine, recommended Raymond Loewy and his team and confirmation of the appointment was
made on 15 November 1967
Loewy was a pioneer in industrial design and had had a distinguished career in both commercial
and public projects (see curriculum vitae at the end of the catalogue].
In 1962 he had designed the exterior markings and interior appointments of the U.S. Presidential
Air Force One and, "on the floor of the Oval Office", had explored with President Kennedy the idea of
"re-designing America". Kennedy had arranged a meeting between Raymond Loewy and Jim Webb, then
Administrator of NASA.
In the 1950s and 1960s Loewy had established the habitability standards of the U.S. Navy, Coast
Guard and Department of Commerce Maritime Administration. He had also worked on the experimental
submarine Tektite, emergency flying hospitals, helicopter ambulances and the interiors of the White House
helicopters. He had also had comprehensive experience in solving human problems in such projects as the
design of trains, passenger ships, aeroplanes, automobiles, buses, hotels, houses, hospitals, hydrofoils,
interior components for the Inter-Allied Command Headquarters in Washington during the Second World
War and even a prison.
��The Skylab Assignment
Raymond Loewy's task in 1967 was outlined by George Rodney, the Project Director of Martin
Marietta Aerospace:
• "Consultant is to conceive and develop means to insure the psycho-physiological comfort and
safety of the crew operating for prolonged periods in exotic conditions of Zero Gravity [Zero G],
while exposed to micrometeorites and other risks inherent to frequent EVA's [Extra Vehicular
Activities] in deep space"
• "Consultant to suggest ways and means to organise the interior of the workshop to allow the crew
to operate efficiently in a confined semi-dark space, while exposed to claustrophobia and little-known
forms of space sickness"
• "Desirability for the designer to keep in mind possibilities of psychic disturbances, even among men
of outstanding physical and intellectual excellence, triggered by isolation and impossibility of rescue
in case of serious operational failure and/or acute sickness"
• Establish a system to evaluate the fitness of individuals to become astronauts.
Special Problems and Unknown Factors
In 1967 the U.S. had little experience of manned space-flight and none of extended missions.
There were four constants for the designer, each with unknown consequences for human physical and
pyschological endurance:
• Zero Gravity, producing weightlessness
• Missions of long duration
• A surrounding hostile environment [including micrometeorites]
• A totally closed system with no visual access to Earth
Owing to the unique limitations of space, weight and materials, almost everything displayed or
discussed was outside the range of accepted habitability standards and practices. For instance, in 1967,
no one was certain how the crew would move about the station and the Apollo project was too undeveloped
to provide data on how to translate from point to point in a Zero Gravity environment.
Ignorance of the potential problems resulted in the proliferation of development designs, many of
them, such as for protective helmets, sleeping devices and exercising and guide rails, ultimately proving to
be unnecessary. Such unused designs greatly add to the historical value of the collection.
�HiCwLAa A<Tiy»Tf
SATURN FIVE SPACE STATION
HABITA6ILITY STUDY
RAYMOND IOEWY|WILLIAM S:.'
NASA
Extra-vehicular activity (EVA]
HQ
�Lack of knowledge also demanded some bizarre experiments, such as the following described
by Loewy:
"Because of the impossibility of reproducing weightlessness on Earth nobody knew whether or not
the device we had designed to collect fecal matter [for eventual analysis on re-entry] would create
sufficient suction to be effective. An engineer from the team with which we collaborated had an
idea in order to obtain visual confirmation of correct vacuum suction. View-ports were provided at
strategic locations in the fecal collectors installed in a fast aircraft. Volunteers were paid $50 to be
fed pure prune juice and after a pre-established time interval the aircraft took off at a steep climb.
At a given signal, it went into an outside loop creating for a few seconds a Zero Gravity condition of
weightlessness. Any volunteer that produced the necessary bowel movement was given an extra
$50 bonus payment for its contribution to the project's development."
Raymond Loewy^s General Recommendations for Skylab
After an initial briefing and indoctrination in Zero-Gravity living Raymond Loewy realised that the life
of the crewmen "would take place while subjected to many unfamiliar, often forbidding influences and
stresses, both physical and psychological. Besides discomfort, there might occur strange expressions of
space-sickness compounded with EVA risk and, perhaps, deep emotional distress. However, I felt that even
men of transcendental courage, and physical fitness, thoroughly trained through simulation devices and
prepared for all sorts of contingencies, would react in predictable ways in regard to atavistic personal and
social needs. Successful behaviour in prolonged 0-G and in close proximity to other men in cramped
quarters deserved subtle understanding and plenty of down-to-earth feelings on our part.
In addition, I felt that there was a value in surrounding them with a semblance of life-on-Earth
familiarity at least in social areas. To induce relaxation and relieve strain were, I thought, necessary
requirements.
I did not pretend, I freely admitted, that my opinions were necessarily based upon scientific
premise; they were simply a case of what we called 'educated intuition', the result of decades of field
experience."
�£TA-r//J - - •fiAS-r-
PRELIMINARY
Jh 1 197)
J?zn-£.r/ v •
Conceptual design for Food Management in the Shuttle
•'
�A plenary session was held at NASA's Headquarters in Washington under the chairmanship of
Dr. George Mueller attended by scientists, psychologists, space medical doctors, engineers and astronauts.
Loewy was invited to express his views. He made the following general recommendations, which have
influenced all later concepts:
• A port-hole to maintain visual contact with Earth [debriefing remarks by crewmen as reported by
NASA after Skylab's first mission included the statement that the most important off-duty activity
was the window, and they wished they had more and larger windows)
• The need for sleeping areas giving total privacy for each crewman with the possibility of reading
and listening to recorded music ["primary recreational activity during 70.5 million miles of manned
space flight was listening to taped music..." recorded on wire to avoid fire risk. Aviation Week and
Space Technology, 8 April 1974)
• The necessity of a wardroom providing some measure of communal living at meal times and during
leisure periods
• The importance of adopting a vertical up-and-down monodirectional [Zero G) mode of living or
stance [foot restraints were particularly important in achieving this)
• The development of systems to prevent the ascendency of one crew member over his fellows
[the triangular eating surface was one outcome of this)
Practical Solutions by Raymond Loewy, primarily for Skylab
Raymond Loewy began his work under the enormous limitations imposed by the concept of a "wet"
launch [based on the crewmen's moving all internal equipment from the Multiple Docking Adaptor to the
Earth Orbital Space Station after the evacuation of residual fuel — Skylab was at first to be in a used fuel
tank). With the change to a "dry" launch [whereby the laboratory would be fitted out before launch) the
designer came into his own: among the many practical solutions produced by Loewy's team [working in
conjunction with the technical consultants) were:
��• WASTE MANAGEMENT — details of positioning, privacy and configuration taking into consideration
the impossibility of using toilet paper because the fibres floating in Zero Gravity could cause
pneumonia. The waste management system was one of the most significant technical and
habitability advancements of Skylab over earlier missions. The system was highly sophisticated and
enabled measured samples of urine and fecal matter to be retained in a freeze-dried state for
analysis on return to Earth to detect possible chemical changes in body due to Zero Gravity.
• FGOD MANAGEMENT — including designs for food preparation and utensils, with packaging Csome
collapsible) for convenience, attractiveness and control of errant food debris and surfaces that were
flush and easy to clean to prevent the accumulation of matter ejected through space sickness.
• HEADGEAR—the design of helmets to prevent injury through collision in Zero G [ultimately proved
to be unnecessary).
• CREW QUARTERS — the initial suggestion was that the living deck be divided into areas for exercise
and experiment, dining, waste management, sleep and storage: Loewy provided designs for privacy
and group relationships in three areas with toilets separate from basins.
• COLOUR SELECTION — with emphasis on a congenial, warm spectrum.
• PERSONAL HYGIENE — remembering that showers do not work in space.
• SLEEP STATIONS OR AREAS —the first layout made this a communal space with bunks and
storage pouches arranged in conventional bunkrooms. This took account only of the comatose
state of sleeping; but sleeping also involves undressing, a period of reflection, awakening, rousing
and dressing. Loewy insisted on privacy. The summary report stated: "Joe reads in his sleep
compartment at night. At night Pete uses the headset so no one else has to listen to the music."
• RESTRAINTS — so that while sitting and moving the crewmen could stabilize themselves by making
toe-holds with the toe-cleats in their sandals into the honeycomb floors or ceilings.
• RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES — Robert L. Bond, Principal Investigator for Skylab Crew Activities
and Maintenance Studies reported:
�<
7(?l£RQ/v) f
LoS-^V
yo*«. c.^»B«I1ToJ3 'foT^r U.S. Sp«cr
on Tke ^?pd '/o X /
A foot on the moon
�.. they all say the most important item is the window - and they wish they had more of them and
bigger ones. They didn't start reading until the spacecraft altitude became such that they couldn't
track the ground out CofD the wardroom window, or when the major daylight ground track took them
primarily over water — they have used the balls a few times mainly out of curiosity. Paul is the
champ holding two records - C1) a toss from the MDA that bounced off the lid of the Trash A/L and
went into the CM without touching a thing (2) a toss around the same path the run around the
lockers that continued to strike the lockers in sequence 111 times before running out of gas and
going off line. No one has used any of the exercise gear. They prefer to ride the bike or lope around
the lockers. They all use the binoculars to look at the ground Cevery day). They all enjoy the tapes
and use the recorders in the wardroom, at the ATM, and in the bedrooms... they all feel that the
unique effects of Zero-G are just about enough to fill their off-duty time with interesting things to
do. They also feel that Earth bound interests stay with them in orbit and whatever a guy's hobby
or fun things to do on the ground might be is also what he would enjoy having for relaxation in flight within design reason. Oh yeah - and the darts don't work!"
Assessment of Raymond Loewy^s Achievement
Loewy's contribution has been the subject of laudatory articles in numerous magazines and
reports, but perhaps most telling are the assessments in letters from members of the NASA team.
Dr. George Mueller, Deputy Administrator of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Division wrote to Loewy
on 29 July 1974:
Dear Raymond:
Two significant events in the last decade will, I believe, shape the future course of human history.
The first was landing on the Moon with its demonstration that humanity was no longer bound to the
Earth. The second was the manned orbiting space station with its demonstration that man could
live for indefinite periods of time in a weightless environment and that he could perform useful,
yes, unique work in that environment.
Raymond, in my opinion, you and your organization played a crucial role in the latest of these
momentous steps that man is taking to the stars. I do not believe that it would have been possible
for the Skylab crews to have lived in relative comfort, excellent spirits, and outstanding efficiency
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�had it not been for your creative design, based on deep understanding of human needs, of the
interior environment of Skylab and the human engineering of the equipment and furnishings which
the astronauts used. That design and engineering applied, in turn, to our follow-on space stations
has provided the foundation for man's next great step - an expedition to the planets.
You should be proud, as all of us who know of your contribution are proud, of the key role you have
played in laying the foundation for man to live in space.
My most sincere congratulations for your work on the Skylab Program and my best wishes for
your continued contributions to man's role in space.
Sincerely,
George Mueller,
Chairman and President.
William Schneider, Director of the Skylab Programme, wrote to Caldwell Johnson, Principal
Investigator at the Johnson Space Centre, about his and Loewy's work:
".. .Your contributions both to the basic concept for the workshop living provisions and to many
of the detailed features that made it work well, were clearly instrumental in making Skylab the good
place for living and working that the crews found it to be. And the systematic collection and
organization of data from the missions will surely be of inestimable value in the design of the
Shuttle, the Spacelab, and the experiment hardware they will carry into orbit..."
��George Rodney, NASA's Contractor and Chief of Martin Marietta Aerospace, wrote to Raymond
Loewy on 12 February 1975:
Dear Raymond:
It was a pleasure to hear that the works of Raymond Loewy are going to be displayed at the
Smithsonian Institute. That thought has caused me to reflect on the unique place you have had
in our infant space program.
Our space programs - Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and Skylab - have been the exclusive preserve
of the scientist, the engineer and the medical doctor. It was only in Skylab that we first recognised
that, if man were to survive for extended times in space, perhaps we engineers needed some
added help. We enlisted the aid of Loewy Snaith Inc.; and it was your influence, Raymond, that
caused us to soften the lines, provide better crew accommodations, and consider the colors and
light and the many other factors that helped make life reasonable for the astronauts. You, in short,
among your many other firsts were the first to introduce the fine arts into space. Your imagination
and personal enthusiasm left an imprint on both the hardware and all of us who had the good
fortune to be associated with you.
Skylab has convincingly proved that we can live and work for indefinite periods in space and,
therefore, manned space travel to other areas of the universe is practical. I for one am convinced
that our civilization, if it continues to advance at all, will be setting forth on other planets within the
next fifty years. So I say to you my dear friend that, as you reflect on the many achievements
in your fabulous career, you can take special pride in your contribution to this next major step in
man's evolution.
My best personal regards.
Sincerely yours,
George A. Rodney
In 1973 Raymond Loewy was invited to become Habitability Consultant for The Space Programme of
the USSR. He declined.
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Conceptual design for the Shuttle ["Earth Orbiter Shuttle/Recuperable/Early studies"]
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Conceptual design for advanced Shuttle liftoff
�Raymond Loewy
Raymond Loewy is generally recognised as one of the founders of the profession known as
industrial design.
Under the headline "A brilliant designer streamlined the shape of things by joining form to function
in bold new looks", he was hailed [in company with Edison, Bell, Ford and the Wright brothers] as one of the
major influences on the American way of life in a special report in Life magazine [bicentennial issue, 19753
entitled "The 100 events that shaped America". He was also listed as "One of the Thousand Makers of the
Twentieth Century" in the London Sunday Times [colour magazine], 1969.
Loewy's career was summarised thus in Life magazine: "Operating on the principles that 'form
must follow function' and that 'weight is the enemy', Loewy, in 1929, began by remodelling an ugly
duplicating machine into a handsome piece of office equipment. Subsequently Loewy's streamlined and
elegantly simple designs shaped thousands of products - from locomotives, tractors and refrigerators to...
vacuum cleaners. He created the revolutionary 'lean and hungry' postwar Studebaker. Later he designed
the interior of the Skylab and the emblem of the U.S. Postal Service. His innovations in packaging, like the
white wartime packet he created for the formerly green-packeted Lucky Strikes, started the trend toward
clean designs in which bold letters seemed to jump out at customers' eyes. Through the influence of Loewy
and his contemporaries, manufacturers now spend millions to make their products and the packages they
come in physically attractive, and in testing to determine which designs the public likes best."
When creating him a Grand Officer of the Legion d'Honneur President Giscard d'Estaing wrote
to Loewy:
"Vous n'avez cesse d'associer le nom de la France aux brillants succes qui font de vous I'une
des personnalites les plus marquantes de notre temps et de servir la cause de I'amitie entre la France
et I'Amerique."
��Among the many products and designs with which Raymond Loewy was involved may
be mentioned:
• Coca Cola bottle and can
• U.S. Postal Service emblem
• Lucky Strike packet
• Greyhound buses 1945-1950
• Studebakercars
• Presidential aircraft Air Force One
• Coldspot refrigerator
• Gestetner duplicating machine
• Kennedy memorial stamp
• Concorde interior and cutlery
• Shell and BP emblems, service stations and packages
• Heinz soup packaging
• Four Square Tobacco package
• Avanti cars
• Wrigley's chewing gum package
• Pennsylvania Railroads, locomotives and passenger cars CGG1;
K4S; S1;T1)
• Schick razors
• Total - service stations
• Hupmobile cars
• Lever Brothers packaging
• USSR - design of a large range of mass-manufactured
products
• Rosenthal crockery
• Sucaryl bottle
• De Dietrich - kitchen products
• Canada Dry soda bottle
• Black Label beer can
• Bird's coffee package
• Vosene medicated shampoo
• U.S. Navy nuclear destroyer 1938
• Exxon - Standard Oil of New Jersey's new trade mark
• Roots Brothers' Cars
• Hilton Hotels
• Austin 1948 model
• Fridgedair products
• Elna sewing machines
• Howard Hughes private aircraft 1951
• International Harvester trademark and tractors
• Aerodynamic ailerons
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Conceptual design for donning a space suit for extra-vehicular activity (EVA]
�Raymond Loewy was born in Paris in 1893. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1937 and
married Viola Erickson in 1948.
His honours and positions include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Grand Officer of the Ldgion d'Honneur, 1980
Croix de Guerre, 1914-1918, four citations
Inter-Allied medal
Liaison Officer with American Expeditionary Force 1914-1918
Founder; Fellow and former President of the American Society of Industrial Design
Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, London
Member of the American Academy of Achievement, Hall of Fame, Boston
Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts at the University of Cincinnati, Arts Center College, Los Angeles and the University of Linz, Austria
Award of Honor, California Design Institute, Los Angeles, 1979
Member of the Board of Education, New York City
Citizen of Honour of France, New York City, Chicago and Palm Springs
Member of the Psycho-Physiological Institute, Washington
Honorary life member of the American Railroad Association, Washington
Counsel to the American Society for the study of human factors in aviation
Lecturer at MIT, Harvard, UCLA, University of Paris and of Leningrad, USSR State Committee for Science and Technology, the
All-Union Institute of Industrial Research, Moscow, and U.S. Academy of Engineering, Washington
• Habitability Consultant to NASA's Saturn-Apollo Applications Programme, Skylab and Shuttle Orbiter projects
• Member of the U.S. Space Medicine Association
Exhibitions of his designs have been held at the Smithsonian Institute, Washington DC "The Designs
of Raymond Loewy" in 1975; and at Centre Beaubourg, Paris, 1975.
Articles about him have appeared in Time [cover 1949); Los Angeles Times ("Loewy puts his
stamp on the 20th century"); Life magazine "The Great Packager" (1949), as quoted above or in the main
body of the catalogue and elsewhere.
He is author of The Locomotive, its aesthetics; Never Leave Well Alone (his autobiography);
Raymond Loewy: Industrial Design and "Second-Best is not Enough" Reader's Digest 1963.
Last year the U.S. Foundation for the Arts made a television documentary about Loewy entitled
"Looking Back to the Future".
�NASA HQ MT69-4807
3-17-69
Conceptual design for a crewman's quarters
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Illustration on back cover:
The Earth from Skylab
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Catalogue Price £4.00
Illustrations on pages 1, 2. 4, 25 and on the back cover by courtesy of NASA.
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Mackays of Chatham Ltd.
��
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Human Factors Engineering Collection
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Human Factors Engineering Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/12">View the Human Factors Engineering Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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sdsp_skyl_000060
Title
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"Raymond Loewy Living in Space."
Description
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This biographical portfolio booklet describes the role that industrial designer Raymond Loewy's designs played in the Skylab program.
Creator
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Sotheby's
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
Subject
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Skylab Program
Space habitats
Human factors in engineering design
Extravehicular mobility units
Spent Stage Workshop
Provisioning
Type
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Portfolios (Groups of Works)
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Still Image
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Human Factors Engineering Collection
Box 2, Folder 3
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/127/8722/r05a01-09.pdf
ec7be951b48f515e85c8211bc750e560
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Series 05, Subseries A: Roberts Correspondence
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Series 05, Subseries A: Roberts Correspondence
Still Image
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r05a01-09
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Series 5, Subseries A, Box 1, Folder 9
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Miscellaneous Pictures (6), undated
Description
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Not yet scanned.
This folder contains correspondence between numerous individuals, get-well cards, photographs, and newspaper articles.
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r05a-211007
Language
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en
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Southerland, R. H.
Calloway, R. B.
Emma
Bomar, Paul V.
Palmer, T. W.
Johnson, Charles C.
Boles, W. J.
Jones, Bob
Russell, Bessie
Roberts, Frances C.
Watson, Ernest
Jessie
Little, Bert
Little, Bill
Jordan, Beth
Roberts, Edna
Hale
Roberts, Mary Watson
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1940-03-29
1946
1947-11
1950
1952
1954
1955-03-22
1956-05
1956-06-13
1957-01-08
1960-03
1970-12-02
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1940-1949
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Madison County Maps
Get-well cards
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Correspondence
Register
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News Article
Photographs
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Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection
-
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RCEU Faith Based AIDS Responses in 1980s and 1990s Alabama
Creator
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Morgon Newquist
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Youtube video to illustrate the perspective of southern churches regarding people living with AIDS
Title
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Faith Video: Southern AIDS Living Quilt
Description
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A video of various ministers and congregation members of Southern churches speaking about the church's responsibility to people with AIDS.
Creator
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Southern AIDS Living Quilt Project
Publisher
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Youtube
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AIDS (Disease)
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University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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2/16/2009
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https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/186/14142/Blueprint_for_Space_Merged_compressed.pdf
728cdb3a4b6cd6b84de4f4db0d88709d
PDF Text
Text
�
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Government Documents Posters
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Government Documents Posters
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Blueprint_for_Space
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Blueprint for Space Science Fiction to Science Fact U.S. Space and Rocket Center June 27 through December 1, 1991
Description
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Photo of rocket taking off under illustration of the solar system with the Sun with a face in the center.
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Space and Rocket Center (Huntsville, Ala.)
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1991
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1990-1999
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Space and Rocket Center (Huntsville, Ala.)
Aeronautics
Solar system
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Posters
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The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library
Government Documents Posters
Case 1, Drawer 1
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en
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U.S. Code) which governs the
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Huntsville Archives and Special
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some cases we may not own the
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https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/75/1543/spc_spac_000252_000256.pdf
f84cbead86fc62f644e8a7cce645707d
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Space City Collection
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Space City Collection
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Space City was to be an outer space theme park fantasy based in Huntsville; it was to capitalize on space's growing popularity as putting man on the moon became closer and closer to reality. The park's construction began in January 1964.
Though a popular idea with the residents, the park ran into various difficulties and was never opened to the public or even fully completed. Construction was abandoned, and the land was put up for auction on October 17, 1967.
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spc_spac_000252_000256
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"Fact Sheet" for "Space City USA Theme Park."
Description
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This document provides facts of the Space City USA Theme Park "Project," "Purpose," "History & Organization," "Financing," "Design & Construction," "Features," "Rides and Attractions," "Attendance Factors," and "Projections."
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Space City USA, Inc.
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1965-02
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1960-1969
Subject
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Amusement parks--Planning
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
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Documents
Text
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Space City Collection
Box 3
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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spc_spac_2020_02
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This collection was generously loaned for digitization by Dustin Shannon. The collection is digital only.
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427bc10b4c2597894b5c361248b31056
PDF Text
Text
H
JOLIR
SEPTEMBER
D E D IC A T E D
T 0
T H E
AL
50 CENTS
ASTRO - SCIENCES
INTERSTEllAR SPACESHIPS FOR EARTHMAN'S EXPLORATION Of 'HE UNIVERSE
SPACE EXPLORATION AND THE VALUES OF MAN! - Page 9
AMATEUR ROCKETRY -GA TEWAY TO TOMORROW! - Page I 6
STRANGE RUSSIAN THEORIES ABOUT MARS!
- Page 26
IS THE "NEUTRINO" MAKING A JOKE OF SClrnCE? -Page 31
�MISSILE KITS
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System reproduced in precision detail from OFFICIAL U.S.
ARMY PRINTS! Order yours now!
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M 12-Dart and Little John-$2.30
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SPECIAL-All seven for
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Order From
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NO C.O.D.'S PLEASE
�SEPTEMBER 1959
VOL. 2 NO. l
In keeping with SPACE Journal's Iheme of projecting into the future,
Horry Longe hos creeled on imaginative represen tation of on Outer
Space scene envisioned by Hoeppner and Isbell in the second port
of their article Project Star' to oppeor in o forthcoming edition. The
landing vehicle# shown in the foreground, is being separated from the
photon (light) thrust unit ond prepored for re-entry into the Eorlh"s
atmosphere. In the background, another inter1tell0r Space ship can
be seen leaving our Solar Sydem al near light speed. Acluolly, the
photon ray would be invisible, since its wove length would be in the
X-ray and gammo•ray region, bul for illustralive purposes the light
ray is shown with the roinbow effect of the en tire light spectra.
IOARD OF CONSULTANTS
P,ofenor Hermann Ob■rth
Dr. Herbertu, Strughold
Or. Eugen S•en9■r
Helmut Hoeppner
Dr. Joh•nnH Gi1vtr1
Ron•ld C. W•ktford
Dr. Ku1I Hujer
Frederid: I. Ordw•y, 111
EDITOR
9. Spencer hbell
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
EDITORIAL
PROJECT ABLE AND BAKER . .. .. . ..... . . . . .. . • . . .. 2
R•lph E. Jenning,
J•mu l. D•nieh, Jr.
Mitchell R. Sh•rpe, Jr.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
D•"id l. Chridensen
TIME FOR A CHANGE . ....... . . . . ...... . ....... 2
ARTICLES
LAYOUT DIRECTOR
H•rold E. Price
DOES THE MOON POSSESS A MAGNETIC FIELD?
Dr. Zdenek Kopel . ..... .. . . . ... . ..
3
Dr. Donald N. Michael . . . . . . . . .....
9
SPACE EXPLORATION AND THE VALUE OF MAN
GREEN MOUNTAIN PROVING GROUND: GATF>NAY TO
TOMORROW
GRAPHICS DIRECTOR
lee R. Moore, Jr.
G. Harry Stine . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .
.16
Helmut Hoeppner and B. Spencer Isbell
.31
IS TIME THE MISSING LINK?
ART DIRECTOR
THRUST CONTROL OF SOLID PROPELLANT MOTORS
H,ury H.·K. lo1nge
Dr. Harold W. Ritchey .................. 43
BUSINESS MANAGER
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PRODUCTION MANAGER
FEATURES
DEPARTMENTS
PUBLISHER
.22
.26
MEN OF SCIENCE .....
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FUTUREMAN
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�TIME FOR A CHANGE!!
Beginning in Fronce, the metric system hos spread throughout the world displacing the local
measurement system in notion ofter notion. The question of should America ond England follow
suit hos been popping up ever so often for the lost hundred years.
There hos been considerable discussion, ond some of the proponents of the British system of
measure point out thot Chinese shopkeepers still use on ancient system of measure ond thot
Spanish units ore not uncommon in South America.
Although it is true thot some trodes still
cling to the old woys, the overall trend is for the prevailing system of units to give woy to the
metric system.
If the world is ever to hove o single system of measure, it must be the metric.
Seven coun
tries, including Chino, Russia, ond Jopon, hove o dopted the metric system since 1920; ond the
metric system has invaded both Britain ond America.
Much of our scientific research is conducted
in metric units, the electrical ond chemical industries using the some units throughout the world.
This process is continuing os some groups, sometimes entire industries, switch over to o decimal
system.
So it really boils down to o question of how long before America should adopt the metric
system per se.
The cost of conversion for some industries would be considerable; ond some
of these industries hove influential Congressional
lobbies.
Another difficulty experienced in
trying to adopt the metric system occurs in getting o majority of the people to favor something
new ond different. Teaching the metric system
in Grommor School ond High School would
olleviote this ond moke the transition less painful.
The odvontoges of the metric system are:
1. It is simple.
2. It is o decimal system.
3. It is international in chorocter
By Douglass B. Spears, Jr.
PROJECT ABLE AND BAKER
Two American-born female monkeys, Able ond Boker, os the world
now knows them, were launched in the Army's reliable Jupiter from Cope
Conoverol on Moy 28, thus becoming the first primates to survive o trip
through Space. They were recovered, along with other biological experi
ments flown by the Army, 92 minutes ofter liftoff from the Cope.
The Jupiter carried Able ond Boker over o trajectory of some 1,965
Space miles with o maximum altitude of over 300 miles. They re-entered the atmosphere at a ve
locity of l 0,000 miles on hour, experiencing 38 times the normal pull of gravity plus o weightless
period of some nine minutes.
Able later died while undergoing on operation for removal of on electrode. The cause of
death wos o rapid ond convulsive movement of the heart, following the odministrotion of o light
surgical anoesthesio, and was unrelated to the recent flight which the seven-pound Rhesus ex
perienced.
The experiments, sponsored by the Notional Aeronautics and Space Administration, were
carried out by the Surgeon General of the Army, the Novy ond the Army Ord nonce Missile Com
mand.
The Army Ballistic Missile Agency developed ond launched the Jupiter missile ond pro
vided most of the special hordwore for the experiments.
An interesting sidelight to Operation Mon key were the howls of indignation from the various
humane societies.
The onimols were recovered in perfect condition, ond scientists coll the ex
periment o major step toward manned rocket flight.
The participating services ond agencies
ore clearly to be congrotuloted.
Not unworthily did they carry on in the
And the monkeys?
tradition of the onimols used in the Montgolfier balloon flights in 18th Century Fronce!
Monkey Baker's feelings in the matter, she couldn't core less.
2
space journal
As for
�ZDENEK KOPAL was born in lifomysl,
CieduloYokio, in 19U, ond was educated ot
Charles Unive,sity, PrQgue; Cambridge Unh1enity,
En;lond; and Harvard University. After finishing
his work ol Harvard University in 1940, he was o
research onociote ond lecturer at lhot college. In
1942 he became o reoseorch associate in applied
mathematics ot the Mouochusetts Institute of
Technology. During World War 11 he worked for
the United Stoles Novy on o •�dol project. Since
the war he hos served os o consultant to the
United States in various capacities, including
membership on the Notional Advisory Council for
Aeronautics, A member of the Astronomical So
ciety, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, o
fellow of the Royal Astronomi(ol Soc.iefy, and the
lnternotlonol Astronomical Union, he hos bee"
-since 1951 professor and head of the deportment
of astronomy at the Univenity of Manchester. He
is the author of An lntrodvction to tfte Study of
Ecli,>tin9 Variables, Tfte Compvtolion of Elements
ol Eclipsing Binary S ystems, Tables of Svpersonic
flow of Air Arovnd Cones, and more than 140
technical papers in profenionol journals.
The recent Lunar probe firings by both this
country ond the USSR represent important
steps in man's gradual penetration of inter
planetary Space. Included in the instrumenta
dies
the •n
possess
a mag11tic
field?
By Zdeaek lopal
tion package of the Pioneer I probe and re
portedly in the Russian Mechta planetoid were
magnetometers which were intended to detect
and measure the Lunar magnetic field (if any).
These instruments were designed to telemeter
back to Earth information of basic importance
for rocket novagation in the immediate neigh
borhood of its satellite, as well as for orienta
tion on its surface when the first intrepid
travelers step out one day from their Space
ship.
As the October 11, 19 58 Pioneer probe
(with the magnetometer) only went one-third
of the distance (cislunar distance) separating
us from the Moon and since the Russian Mechta
telemetered results hove not been reported,
we are still lacking direct information on lunar
magnetism.
However,
several recent astro
nomical investigations carried out in terrestrial
observatories have thrown considerable light
on the question of a possible Lunar magnetic
field, and, in fact, may have gone a long
way towards answering it in the negative. The
method employed to do so is based on studies
of Lunar luminescence, and appears to be of
sufficient interest to warrant explanation for
the general reader.
3
space journal
�In order to do so, let us pause briefly lo
answer the following question: what does the
light of the Moon really consist of? As every
school child knows, most of that which is visi
ble to the eye is nothing but reflected sunlight,
scattered by the rough Lunar surface in the
direction of the Earth. As the scattering of
light on rocks or dust particles does not affect
its color, the spectral distribution of light so
reflected should remain essentially identical
with that of ordinary sunlight (though its
coherence properties-such as polarization
may be altered somewhat.) Most (in fact, over
90 percent) of the incident Solar energy will
be absorbed by the Moon to maintain its
surface at o temperature which, of lunar
noon, may exceed 100 percent at the subsolar
point. As o body thus hot, the Moon is bound
to emit radiation of its own, but almost all
of it is emitted too for in the infra-red to be
visible to the naked eye. Most of the real
"moonlight" is, therefore, lost to the human
eye. It can, neverthless, be measured quite
accurately by its thermoelectric effect; such
measurements utilized for ascertaining the in
stantaneous temperatures prevailing on any
particular port of the Lunar landscape are
accurate to within a few degrees.
There exists, furthermore, another way by
which the Lunar surface con, under certain
conditions, emit light of its own; and that is
by a process commonly coiled luminescence.
As is well known, luminescence is the ability
of certain substances to absorb light of rela
tively high frequency and re-emit it in install
ments of separate lower frequencies. In order
to describe this mechanism in more specific
terms, suppose that the atoms of a
suitable substance ore exposed to radiation
(wove or corpuscular) capable of ejecting
electrons from their normal positions. Such o
damage to atomic structure is usually quickly
repaired by each individual atom's capture of
another free electron from the neighborhood.
Such an electron may occupy the "hole" left
by the ejected electron in one jump-in
which case radiation of the some frequency
as that which caused the initial damage
should be emitted-but it may also (under
certain conditions) accomplish its movement
in steps. In this case, each time it drops o
step, it loses that amount of energy, emitting
4
space journal
discrete quanta at each transition (the sum
of whose energies should add up to that of
the original disturbance}. The light emitted by
such o cascade process is called the lumines
cent radiation, and should be familiar enough
to the reader. The beautiful color display of
certain minerals (such as uranium salts} under
illumination by the "block light" of on ultravio
let lamp is an example of this process in ac
tion. To the engineer, luminescence offers on
important tool for modern lighting techniques;
and most gaseous nebulae photographed by
astronomers in the sky owe their luminosity to
this process (under illumination by neighbor
ing hot stars}.
Does any part of the Lunar surface exhibit
similar luminescence? This question, which
for a long time hung in suspense, appears to
hove been answered in the affirmative by re
cent spectroscopic work by N. A. Kozyrev of
the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in the
USSR and by J. Dubois of Bordeaux, Fronce.
Their work, carried out independently and
reported lost year, seems to leave but little
room for doubt that some ports of the lunar
surface, notably the system of rays spreading
out around the crater Aristorchos, indeed
exhibit luminescent emission in certain discrete
bands.
The method by which such results were ob
tained is indeed simple. We mentioned already
that, in the absence of any luminescence the
visible spectrum of moonlight should be
essentially a true replica of that of the Sun,
with all its absorption lines faithfully re
produced in the some intensity. A super
position of Lunar luminescence would render
the solar absorption lines as seen in the
spectrum of the Moon shallower at the respec
tive wove lengths, and this is what Kozyrev
as well as Dubois claim to hove found and
measured. The total energy emitted by the
lunar luminescence bonds is, according to
Kozyrev, of the order of 10 5 ergs per cen
timeter second amounting to about 1 percent
of the entire incident Solar energy.
NASA-U.
S.
Army JUNO 11 vehicle and gantry crono
stand poi.sed on launch pod ot Cope Conoverol, Florido.
This vehicle sent o 13.4 lb. probe into orbit around th�
Sun. (Photo courtesy
of
U. S. Army)
��while the light of the Sun (apart from 0ccasion
al short-lived flares) is known to be remarkably
constant. This all shows conclusively that the
actual source exciting Lunar luminescence can
not be sunlight itself, but rather solar cor
puscular
radiation-most
likely
protons
which are known to be ejected spasmodically
in bursts from disturbed regions of the soler
surface,
and whose impact
on the
upper
atmosphere of Earth hos long been known
to give rise to the familiar phenomena of
polar aurorae.
The Moon does not possess any atmosphere
to speak of, and the streams of solar cor
puscles impinge directly on its surface. "Lunar
Sketch of Russian
lunar probe, MfCHTA, resting on
handling dolly. Note mognetomefer instoUed at end
of
probe.
If this emission were stimulated by absorp
tion of sunlight, it would be necessary to as
sume
that
all
its ultraviolet
component
is
absorbed by the respective lunar substance in
order to account for the intensity of observed
luminescence; and this is most unlikely on
physical grounds. Besides, even more reveal
ingly, the intensity of Lunar emission bonds
appears to exhibit Auctuatians from month
to month by as much as a factor four (Koiyrev),
The aerodynamic shroud, shown here, cover.s the probe
and vpper stages of the JUNO II ..,ehid e . tPhoto courtesy
of U S. ArmyJ
6
space journal
�Artist's conception of probe-mounted proton preceuion
while in
orbit around the Moon.
magnetometer measuring the magnetic field
ourorae"-for this is what the phenomena
reported recently by Kozyrev and Dubois ac
tually ore-originate, therefore, right on the
ground, rather than (as on Earth) high above
it. Observations indicate, however, also an
other difference between terrestrial and lunar
aurorae which is of fundamental importance
for the study of the hypothetical magnetic
field of the Moon: namely, whereas on Earth
aurorae occur also at night (because incident
solar protons can be deflected by Earth's
magnetic field), lunar luminescence seems al
ways to cease as soon as the Sun has set be
low, the horizon. This would indicate that near
the surface of the Moon charged particles
move in essentially rectilinear trajectories,
which would not be true if any appreciable
magnetic field were present. The lack of
evidence of bendinq indicates that the in
tensity of any magnetic field around the
Moon cannot exceed but a small fraction of
the intensity of the corresponding field of
Earth.
A second independent argument leading to
the same general conclusion can be drawn
from Kozyrev's recent work. As is well known
from the observed time-lag between the cor
responding Solar and terrestrial phenomena,
the bursts of Solar protons travel through
Space at an average speed of about 1 500
kilometers per second, and Kosyrev has shown
that the stoppage of such a flux by the lunar
surfoce is indeed adequate to account for the
intensity of the lunar luminescence as ob
served by him. However in the vicinity of
Earth, the local terrestrial magnetic field is
known to accelerate Solar protons by a factor
of two to three. A similar acceleration at the
Moon should, however, render the lunar
luminescence to be four to nine times brighter
than is observed. The actual intensity of lunar
luminescence leads again to the conclusion
that if (as is highly probable) the Solar pro
tons arrive at Earth and the Moon in approxi
mately the same numbers, their acceleration
in the region of the Moon must be small, or
nonexistent, indicating again that the hypo
thetical Lunar magnetic field is not great.
If the arguments of the foregoing para
graphs are still somewhat tentative, it is mainly
because the survey for luminescence of the
visible lunar face is still far from being com
plete. Not all of the Moon's surface, to be sure,
can be expected to show luminescense for it is
mainly the properly of substances containing
atoms of heavy elements and these ore likely
to be as rare on the Moon as they are on
Earth. Needless to say, the observed charac
teristics of the luminescent spectra should
often be sufficient to identify the element, or
even its compound, giving rise to these spectra.
Thus Kozyrev claims to have identified the two
7
space journal
�would certainly find a major strike across the
intervening gap of Space. But, again, much
work remains yet to be done before any such
identification can be considered as really
established.
A distinct central peolc i.r visible in this photo of the
Moon crater Tycho which is 54 miles aero.rs and hos
17,000 loot walls. /Photo courtesy of
Armand Spitz)
bright bonds observed by him al 3900"A and
4300 A in the light reflected by the rays
around the crater Aristorchos with ordinary
quartz-on identification which is, however,
still highly tentative ond perhaps disputable on
cosmochemical grounds. The same is true of
Dubois's identification of his observational
results with the luminescence spectrum of the
mineral known as Willemite. The Willemites are
well known and rich ores of zinc; and if such
were available on the surface of the Moon in
large quantities, the prospectors of the future
This nearly lull Moon view shows Tycho as the center of
a vast "system" of bright "rays" reoching oul in all di•
rec-tiont, Note that the rays do not begin directly at the
crater, but at a number of miles out from the rim. The
true nafure of the "rays", sometimes coiled "canals", is
dill a mystery. {Photo courtesy ol Armond Spitz)
8
space journal
In conclusion, one additional consideration
must be pointed out which may come to be of
great importance for the absolute dating of
events giving rise lo many distinct features of
lunar surface throughout its long astronomical
post. If, as Kozyrev conjectures, the material
around Aristarchos is really quartz, it is well
known from laboratory experiments that its
luninescence could be effectively quenched by
smoll admixture of iron deposited on its sur
face. Now, like Earth, the Moon is continuously
sweeping up, on its journey through inter
planetary Space, a certain amount of dust
containing a definite metallic content. In this
way approximately 1 O-Ll grams of iron should
thus be deposited on each square centimeter
of lunar surface each day. At this rote of de
posit, luninescence of quartz in a vacuum
should be effectively quenched in some 50
million years. Kozyrev suggests that the crater
Aristarchos and the system of bright roys
diverging from it cannot be much older than
50 million years, possibly less; and the reason
why similar systems of rays around other
craters (like Copernicus, or Tycho, for in
stance) appear to show no detectable lumines
cence at present may be due to their greater
age (a view supported also by their lower
reflectivity lo ordinary sunlight).
The results summarized in the preceding
paragraphs may help to compensate the read
er for some knowledge denied us by a fail
ure of October's lunar probe to approach the
Moon as closely as it was hoped. It may also
demonstrate that, notwithstanding occasional
failures, our knowledge of the fundamental
physical properties of the Moon and of its
surface continues to accumulate by diverse
methods; and that, in particular, a great deal
con yet be learned from astronomical ob
servations which can be conducted from the
surface of Earth (and, incidentally, at a
trifling fraction of the expense entailed by
the current lunar probe experiments). How
ever, we do not hesitate to hope for greater
success by future probes.
�and the values of man
D na �d N, Michael was born in Chicago,
. �
Hlmo1s, 1n 1923. He received his Bochelor of
Science degree, in physics, from Harvard Uni
versity; his Mauer of Arts degree from the
Unil1 ersity of Chicago, in sociology; and hh
doctorate from Ho,,..a,d University, in 1ociol
psychology. From 19.C4 to 19.C6 he was on elec
lroniu engineer with the U. S. Army Signal
Corps and worked on rodor and signal communi
<.otio1,s de.,.elopments. He hos been on advisor
lo the Joint Chiefs of Stoff of the Deportment
of Defeme and lo the Notional Science Founda
tion. He is presently o senior reieorch ouociote
tor Dunlap ond Auociotes, conducting man-ma
chine systems analysis studies for lotge weapons
sysJems. A member of the Federation of American
Scienlish, he is oho on active n11�mber of the
Sigmo XI honorary society, th• American Psycho.
logic.al A.uociotion, and The Amedcon Associ
ation for Public Opinion Reseorch.
creature when it comes to changing his person
al world view is a common experience verified
by many laboratory studies. Moreover, most
people attend carefully only to experiences
which ore immediately significant in terms of
their everyday life. People react to new ex
periences in terms of their learned and tested
mode of responding to the world. They per
ceive in terms of their pre-existing values and
beliefs. They try to mold new experiences into
old contexts. If they do not fit that standard
context, they are likely to ignore them alto
gether. Or, if they can somehow alter these
new experiences to fit their standard view
point, the new experience may very well lose
its unique implications and power. This does
not mean that man does not change his values
in the face of new experience nor that he
cannot be taught to change them at a rate and
in a direction more likely lo benefit him. But
it does mean that the conservative and
selective processes as such will persist. There
9
space journal
�is every reason lo believe that man will look
at the new horizon of Space through aid eyes
-when he is not storing al some totally differ
ent horizon altogether.
With these important human tendencies in
mind, let us look first at the period from now
until the time when man has the technological
capacity lo colonize Space on a large scale.
What can we say about the impact of Space
on man's horizons-his values and aspirations,
his way of life during this precolonizalion
capability period? In general, we must not
expect much basic change fast in most places
-simply because the unique and significant
aspects of Space exploration are not close
enough in conceptual content or practical side
to that which is important to everyday living
for most people. This might sound like an
astonishing, not lo say ridiculous, statement
in view of the amount of attention the satellites
and the whole future of Space have received
in the press, radio, and television. But the
10
space journal
fact of the matter is that for most people the
majority of news al best is simply news. It
is novel; it is timeAlling; it moy be exciting,
mysterious, threatening-but it seldom goes
much deeper than that. At least it seldom goes
deeper than a vague incorporation into some
value system, unchecked for completeness,
logical consistency or application to other
problems. That is, when there is any response
at all-and by no means is there always a
response-one finds that the concepts are
limited as follows: the Russian satellite is
bigger; one goes to the Moon by rocket; Space
weapons would be bad; we have got to beat
the Russians into Space, etc. On the other
hand, reality demands: what has size really to
do with a satellite, or why take a rocket to
get lo the Moon, or what would a Space
weapon do that an Earth weapon would not,
and so on. Usually from the public one gets no
answer to these; or the answer is in terms
which would apply equally well to a bigger
�Russian milk wagon, or a bigger explosion
anywhere.
There is a deeper difficulty here than simply
this ignorance and disinterest. To appeal to
people and get their support, it must be done
in terms which are meaningful and important
to them. Hence, man-in-Space must be placed
in terms of today's important perspective and
values. And, this situation is further confused
by the conflicting interests of various groups
that find the opportunities for realizing their
own interests increased by the leverage pro
vided by threat-based and hope-based ap
peals in terms of man-in-Space. Thus, in a
very real sense, the present views of man-in
Space are serving in some areas to reinforce
rather than to change pre-existing values;
e.g., a popular view of international relations
as being no more important than a football
score, a simple extension of warfare into a
new geographic area, an admirable extension
of technological knowhow (with the "how," as
usual, unknown and uninteresting to the ad
mirer), an appreciation of science as a good
investment for a future material payoff (with
science being a novel kind of stock market.)
The eventual contributions of man-in-Space
in changing the values and attitudes of society
In
this
medieval
conception
of
Space
travel, the voyager has reached the vault
of the firmament and is investigating the
mechanics ol the heavens beyond.
�This very otd pointing, together
with the others shown here, were
done by the French astronomer,
Lucien Roudoux, for on article on
the tidal theory of the end of the
world. Here the Moon is seen com•
ing closer to the Earth and gaining
o larger ongulor diameter. (Photo
courtesy of Armond SpitzJ
As the Moon opprooches even closer
it raises tides so high that virtually
everything in the civilized wotld is
engutfed e�cept a few lor inland
cities. This would mean the destruc•
tion of o vast amount of properly
and pouibly lives, if Earthman
could not temporarily move to on•
other planet. (Photo courtesy of
Armond Spitzl
will occur through processes not unlike those
which are leading to a growing popular under
standing of psychiatry and the new physics.
That is, the impact will be selective both in
terms of the specific information introduced
and retained by particular groups and in
terms of the particular distortions and folklore
which develop in others. And this will come
about chiefly as a result of face-to-face con
tacts and the resulting by-products of such
contacts.
The scientist associated with Space pro
jects, being rare and being representative of
new ideas per se, will be in demand socially
in avant garde intellectual groups and for
adult education lectures. Thereby the more
p_hilosophicol-ond less precise-aspects of
astronomy, Space technology and Space medi
cine will become the new speculation, portly
replacing, portly merging with the traditional
subjects of terrestrial politics, psychoanalysis,
and the prevailing philosophies. Here, the
greatest impact will be from the gradual ab
sorption of the ideas of the new cosmologies.
And much in the manner that Freudian ideas
filtered and ore filtering from these groups to
12
space journal
When the Moon comes within
Roche's limit it will begin to break
up os shown hettt. (Photo courtesy
of Armond Spitz)
After the Moon hos broken up, the
Eorth would hove acquired o ring
probably very much like that of
Saturn. (Photo courtesy of Armond
Spitz!
the rest of the population through schools,
magazines, service agencies, etc., we con
expect, over a period of time, that certain
ideas and values about man-in-Space will
become crude and popular commonplaces
al some levels and subtle stimulants at other
levels. Only gradually can there come to be
new understanding and thereby new behavior
and attitudes-much as the popular belief
that psychoanalysis and sex are practically
synonomous is giving way to on awareness in
some quarters of the facts of nonsexual char
acter neurosis and thereby to changes in
values about child raising, mental health, etc.
Certainly, we cannot expect a sudden and
complete enlightenment in all sectors of our
society and societies around the rest of the
world. It hos never happened with any im
portant ideas.
However, there is a special group which
may ploy a useful role in spreading the new
values growing from the exploration of Space,
and this is the children who play at Space
man today. Whether or not they toke this
interest with them beyond childhood remains
to be seen. However, the unique fact in the
�I-'• esent situation is that never before have
children rehearsed a role that really will not
exist until they ore adults. To be sure all of
them will not fulfill this childhood role, but the
foci that the reality lies ahead rather than in
the past (as with cowboys and Indians) may
stimulate them to retain a sensitivity for the
various meanings man-in-Space can have for
our future. Also, children have become one of
the most convenient authoritative sources for
parents and teachers on Sputnik ond reloted
matters these last months. The serious adult
attention they have received may be heady
stuff-sufficiently rewarding to generate a
lasting motivation among some to remain
among the informed over the years to come.
When, however, we come to the era of
interplanetary colonization, the situation will
have a very reol potential for dramatic change
simply because then the opportunity to partici
pate directly in the experiences of Space
travel, or of leost by second-hand experience
through the words and actions of persons who
do, will make Space a significant part of
everyday life. Hence, it must have its impacts
on the attitudes and values that grow out of
and channel everyday perceptions. But, even
here, if we examine this circumstance more
closely, it appears that the context in which
Space colonization may fake place will prob
ably itself determine the values men hold
toward Space much more than Space will
determine the values they hold toward life
on Earth. Let us look at some factors contrib
uting to this context.
In the first place, the colonization of Space
on the scale we ore implying requires a mode
of Earth-to-Space propulsion which does not
now exist. That is, it must be cheap enough
to make it worthwhile tronshipping thousands
of people and the necessities for the existence.
Perhaps thermonuclear power, perhaps anti
gravity will do, but certainly not the present
chemical propellants. The point is that such
packaged power has tremendous political and
social implications for utilization on Earth, too.
Such a powerful fuel might well make this
planet a Heaven on Earth as for as power
requirements for such a circumstance go. If
so, why submit lo the dangerous and risky life
of extraterrestrial pioneering? What are the re
wards? Consider the picture of pioneers we
usually depend upon to support our predic
tions about future pioneers: they were fleeing
poverty, injustice, or ways of life they disliked
or were willing to take large risks. But can we
imagine that a colony on the Moon will be
set up by similar types of refugees, given the
overall costs, the technology, and the sophis
tication of present and future governments
obout the motives of those they govern?
With cheap power and automatized pro
duction, we can wonder whether in fact there
will be any destitute people left who at the
some lime would moke good colonists. Further
more, if the trend to prefer security to quick
gain continues-and there is little reason to
believe it will not-we may hove trouble re
cruiting many colonists on the basis of that
incentive, too. And, with the ever-growing
population, fitted into on ever-growing urban
environment and subjected to the homogeniz
ing tendencies of industrial civilization, we may
very well end up with a society which psycho
logically and culturally prefers the close proxi
mity of neighbors and the comforting surround
ings of elaborate society to the relative isola
tion and insecurity of colonial life for from
#he "green hills of Earth." One can clearly
detect this tendency in the frequent query,
"Who would want to go to the Moon any
how?" To be sure, there will be persons, even
in such a society, eager to expand into new
Space just because there are new horizons.
But there may not be enough of them to re
peat the historical image we all carry of the
European pioneers to the New World. The
Norsemen ofter all did not expand substan
tially into North America when they had the
chance. There are many societies not imbued
with the culture value of mobility we hove
13
space journal
�traditionally stressed here. And everybody
who can go sightseeing does not-unless it
becomes the socially desirable thing to do.
Moreover, barring some unexpected break
through, such cheap Space ship power is many
years off. But in that time we can expect to
see vast developments in other areas besides
Space research: in medicine, physics, chem
istry, geriatrics, genetics, psychology, with
profound consequences for international poli
tics, leisure, work, war and peace, and the
values that invest these human commonplaces.
It seems sure that the creation of artificial life
in the laboratory will shake more men's world
views than will the discovery of plant life
on Mars. The accommodations of nations or
supranations to the impact of population
growth-which 1 00 years from now may
reach eight billion-to the impact of extensive
automation, to ever expanding urbanization,
will vastly and deeply affect the outlook and
conduct of mankind. Thus to talk of the impact
of the colonization of Space as if it were to
be the singular new or profound experience
of man is a most unfortunate and naive as
sumption.
We can ask then, why would large scale
colonization be undertaken? For political
agrandisement or military security? If the
power sources necessary for such colonization
exist then certainly the impact of this power
source on earthly matters will be so great that
politics, nationalism, and military activity in
the name of national policy will be so radically
changed that we can't use our present depic
tion of them as an adequate basis for pre
dicting the forces behind the colonization of
Space. To replace our waning natural re
sources? Perhaps, but will raw materials be
worth mining and growing on alien soil if we
have the power to efficiently and profitably
mine the seo and if we have a chemical tech
nology rather than a metallurgical one?
Overpopulation? This seems to be the most
likely possibility-if there is no adequate
switch to voluntary population limitation (and
this seems highly improbable) and if people
in large numbers prefer the rigors of coloni
zation to the attraction of massive urbaniza
tion.
Our enthusiasms and high hopes for Space
derive from our particular satisfactions with
14
space journal
our way of life. These are not necessarily the
satisfactions of our neighbor in this society
or the others comprising our world today-nor
will they necessarily become so far more than
a relative handful of mankind. And we need
to recognize this now lest we go racing off
sinking a disproportionate amount of our
human and material resources into Space de
velopment on the justification that it holds the
primary key to man's future. The primary key
may very well lie in some small genetics lab
oratory where one man on a $500 foundation
grant is discovering how to control mutations.
Or the key may lie in an electrode imbedded
in a brain, stimulating decades-old memories
with photographic sharpness. It leads one to
wonder whether so many of our leaders would
be convinced that the key to our future lies
in Space if the Russians had come up with a
variety of wheat that reached maturity in two
weeks or a euphoria gas. And, therefore, one
can wonder how long leadership will continue
to see Space exploration as the place to put
so much of our psychic and material energies.
We have attended to some of the social
and psychological factors which we can expect
to affect the interaction between man-in-Space
and society. Let us turn now to the question:
Just what is it about the exploration of Space
per se which is supposed to enlighten man,
deepen his wisdom of himself, broaden his
appreciation and thereby make him more fully
aware of his potentialities? The immensity of
Space? The view of Earth as a tiny sphere, one
world, and a small one at that? New wonders?
New scientific and aesthetic discoveries? Elim
ination of earthly difficulties by their trans
formation into the challenge of creating new
worlds and fighting new environments? All of
them, of course. But none of these is truly a
unique consequence of the exploration of
Space. All are equally possible and equally
as evident right here on Earth, if we but look,
and listen, and imagine. The immensity of the
Universe is just as apparent in the atomic
nucleus or a honey bee. Our one world has
been obvious to thinking men for some years
now. The bell tolled well before Sputnik and
Explorer. Our precarious foothold in the cos
mos is written in the rocks, in famines, in the
depredations of the million-year-old cock
roach.
�It seems that what we really do when we
look to Space as the new frontier and the
AT LAST -The
purifier of men's visions-what we really do is
International Story of
indulge in the primitive fantasy wishes of chil
dren that somewhere there is a good fairy who
will make everything right.
And this time the
good fairy wears a Space suit.
It is too easy
for man to confuse a rational desire to escape
from Earth with an irrational belief that there·
by he will also escape Earth's present and
continuing problems, his conflicts of interest,
his bottle within himself.
ROCKETRY
AND SPACE
EXPLORATION
By Andrew
Certainly man's Space adventure can help
but only if his adventures on Earth can do so
psychologist is that we must somehow raise
our level of education to the point where most
men most of the time con appreciate and
actively absorb the implications of knowledge
and developments in a// areas sufficiently to
let them enrich their personal philosophies.
How Rockets Work
And obviously this kind of education is only
Those experiences
ore
earlier
which
supposed
This huge book (almost a foot
high!) tells you the complete history
of rocketry-its origin. the "back
yard" rocketcers of the 30's-the
German V-2, and World War H's
contribution. With 170 d.-amatic il
lustrations and authoritative text, it
explain,; in simple, nontechnical
terms exactly how ,·ockets operate.
Describes the Atlas. Titan. Thor,
Nike, X-15, rocket airplane of the
future, the Sputnik, the Vanguard,
and the Explorers.
to
broaden and deepen men can be sensed by
the poet, historian, and philosopher with very
little traditional scientific knowledge per se.
But they do require knowledge and apprecia
tion of self, of the nature of man and of his
creative quests as a creative quest rather
A Glimpse of the Future
This uo•lo-the-minute book looks a.head
to rocket:; 1n·opelled b)' ions, nuclear
energ)', und e,en light it.seU: to manned
sfl.tellites and space er-aft: flnd t<.t the in•
cr·edible e.,plortttioni:; of the univen;e that
now appear within reach.
than as simply preludes to materialistic pay
offs.
To build a society of enlightened citizens is
a far more monumental task than building a
colony on Mars. To build such a society re•
quires on understanding of the behavior of
men and an application of that understanding
to the improvement of society. For those who
want most intensely for man ta explore Space,
the consequences of that exploration and the
directions that exploration is permitted to toke
depend ultimately on how soon and how well
we explore man. The inward frontiers are as
challenging, as dangerous, as rewarding, and
as fraught with social significance as any of
those beyond Earth. The future of the explora
tion of man does not depend essentially on
the exploration of Space but our future be
yond Earth's atmosphere is most profoundly
tied to what we learn about that expanding
universe coiled man.
Haley
HERE IS the whole exciting story of
modern rocketry from its earliest
beginnings through World War II,
right up to today's launchings of
missiles and satellites. Here are the
famous men and milestones in the
development of rocketry . . . facts
on rocket production in the U. S.
and abroad, and a glimpse of the
fantastic futuTe of Man's conquest
of space.
as well. Essentially what this means to a social
mentioned
G.
President, lnternotionol
Astronautical federotion
profoundly to make o finer creature of him,
in part a scientific one.
Complete
Examine it Free for 10 Days
Simply mail coupon to examine book
J<'REE. If not delighted with
the book, return it; owe nothing. Other
wise, send only $6.75 101· ea.6y installments, it you
wish). D. Van ,Vo8trand Co .. Dept. 401, 120 Alex
ander St., Princeton, N. J. ( Est. 18.48).
tor 10 day�
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120 Ale1C:artder Street1 Prirtceton 1 New Jersey
Send me-for 10 days' FREE examination
llocketrJI A·nd Space F,,;1,loration. If not cle
liifhted, I wiU return book; owe nothing. Other
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In. Can.ado: Address 0. Von Nostrand Company Ltd,
25 Hollinger Road, Toronto 16, Canada (Price slightly
higher)
15
space journal
�gateway to tomorrow
by G.
G. Horry Stine is lhe punident of the
Notional Auociotion of Rocketry. After recelv
n51 his devre. in physics from Colorado College
in 1952, he spent o..,., five years ot White
Sands Minile Range, whet• he worked in votl•
ous phases of rocketry. Loter he was employed
by the Mo,tin Compony ot Denver as o design
engineer.
He was one of the first rocket
enthusiasts in the notion to voice alarm al
the fOcket potential revealed by the Soviet
ortiflciol solellite; os o result, this action caused
him to lose his position with Mortin.
Since
thot time. he hos devoted his energies lo the
field of model rocketry. He h pruident and
ch ef engineer of Model Missiles, Inc., In
Denver, Colorado.
Stine Is a member of the
American Rocket Society, a fellow of the
British lnlerplonetory Society, o member of the
Am.ericon .Anociotion for the Advonc•ment of
Science, the .Authors' Guild, and the .Auociolion
of Lunar and Plon•lory Observer,.
.As o
"porl�time" wriler, Stine hos p1,1bllshod books,
factual articles, on.d h1,1"dreds of science-fiction
stories.
"Recovery Crew, stand by! Pad number
one ready to launch!" The public address
system announces the thirty-first test of the
doy. There is a flurry of activity in range
control and tracking stations. The fire control
officer inserts his key. There is a momentary
hush. Then, on its tail of smoke and flame,
the mighty rocket leaps skyward-all the
gleaming white "14 inches" of it.
Most Americans are now familiar with the
well-publicized U. S. missile and rocket test
areas, the Atlantic Missile Range, the Pacific
Missile Range, and the White Sands Missile
Range. Rockets, missiles, Space and satellite
lb
space journal
H a r ry S t i n e
vehicles launched from these places are prob
ing Space and extending mankind's frontiers
beyond the atmosphere. But too few people
have heard of Green Mountain Proving
Ground, which is just as much a gateway to
tomorrow as those "hallowed" spats listed
above.
Green Mountain isn't big-only 560 acres
-and, in contrast to the three major missile
test centers, it is located within ten miles of
a major city, Denver, Colorado. It has launch
ing pads, flight safety, optical instrumentation,
communication nets, and all the other essen
tials of a rocket testing area. Other missile
testing centers often close down over week
ends, but that is the time Green Mountain gets
into gear.
This diminutive rocket proving ground is
used to test diminutive missiles. The largest
vehicle launched there to date was 36 inches
long and weighed 1 pound. The average
missile fired there weighs less than 2 ounces,
is about l 2 inches long, and reaches an alti
tude of 500 to l 000 feet.
Since its founding in November 1957, over
10,000 model rockets have been flown there.
And the safety record is perfect! There has
not been a single accident.
This amazing safety record stands in stark
contrast to the increasing number of rocket
�accidents reported among amateur rocketeers
over the nation. The record is even more
amazing in view of the fact that Green
Mountain Proving Ground is operated by teen
agers. There is adult supervision, of course,
but that isn't the whole reason for the excel
lent safety record.
Green Mountain Proving Ground is oper
ated under the auspices of the Mile-High
Section of the National Association of Rocket
ry, a nonprofit organization backed by such
well-known rocket experts as Willy Ley, Col.
Charles M. Parkin, and Erik Bergaust. At the
time of the founding of the NAR, it was
realized that two things were needed among
teen-age rocketeers. Safe, tested compo
nents, and a means of reaching teen-agers to
disseminate information. The emergence of
model rocket components in the form of small,
high-thrust rocket engines and model rocket
kits satisfied the first requirement. The NAR
was organized to satisfy the second one.
The founders of the NAR in turn recognized
the need for two elements in the informational
area of the problem, two items which were
totally locking in most other amateur rocket
organizations. The first of these was a set of
standards or rules for the teen-age rocketeer
The missile preparation area ol Green Mountain Proving
Ground is always o scene of great activity o.s members
of tho Mile-High Section of NAR prepare their models
for flight test. (Photo by KatzolJ
In November 1958, Green Mountain hod its first onni•
versory# complete with coke showing a model rocket
diving
into
the
sagebrush
(in
reality,
there
hove
been no accidents in over J 0,000 model lounchingsJ.
Left to right, Tho author, Art Ballah, Grant Gray, Chuck
Olson, Norm Mains, and Bob Bruce. (Photo by KatzelJ
to follow in making and launching his rockets.
In essence, these standards would set limits
within which the youthful designers could
work. The second item was a safety code of
tested rules, adopted in port from "big mis
sile" work; this safety code would guide
teen-agers within the limits of the launching
and handling standards.
The safety code come first because of
the need for getting this information into the
hands of youngsters to stem the tide of rocket
accidents.
A comprehensive set of standards was
adopted later.
Since model rocket com
ponents were now commercially available,
these standards also included competition
rules which allowed youngsters to measure
their own progress and achievement against
those of others within a standardized frame•
work.
These things were not original concepts.
They were borrowed outright from model air
plane enthusiasts, who under the safety rules
and competition regulations of the Academy
of Model Aeronautics, have progressed at an
amazing rate with a reputable safety record
of their own.
The reasons for the safety record of Green
Mountain Proving Ground lie in the Safety
Code and the standards of the NAR. Green
Mountain hos worked from the beginning
even before the rules were written, because
the rules were tested there.
17
space journal
�Although the NAR is o young organization,
there is so much to tell about it that a whole
magazine could be devoted to it. In fact,
NAR publishes its own monthly newsletter The
Model Rockefeer, which is sent to all members
ond contains news items, contest announce
ments, a question-and-answer section, and
other items of interest. NAR also publishes
"NAR Technical Reports"; examples of the
contents ore illustrated by some of the titles
of the NAR Tech Reports: "Basic Rocket Tra
jectory Calculations," "Building o Range Fir
ing Panel and Communications System," ond
'"Project Eyeball, An Optical Tracking Sys
tem."
NAR has also established model rocket
Aighl operations areas at locations other than
Green Mountain. Peak City Proving Ground
in Colorado Springs, for example, was set
up by NAR members on land donated by the
John Wong, Jr., of Denver, Co,orodo prepares o model
for Righi at Green Mountain Proving Ground. Note th•
voriou,
conflgurolions, including ,cote model, of th•
• big one,•. (Photo by Ka/zo()
parks deportment of that city as a result of
a city ordinance sponsored by NAR. Peak
City operates along the same lines as Green
Mountain, and boasts a perfect safety record,
too.
In the educational field, NAR has helped
schools set up rocketry divisions for their
science clubs. In Littleton, Colorado, where
such a program is in operation, two NAR
members this year won top honors for their
work in developing a micro-miniaturized
rocket telemetry system (FM-AM, 8 channels,
1 ½ inches in diameter, 4 ounces, 1 2 inches
long, 100 mw output on 27.25 me.) complete
with ground equipment.
This spring, NAR started its first contest
season, to culminate in the NARAM-1 (NAR
Annual Meet # 1) ol Green Mountain Proving
Ground in July.
All this storied ot Green Mountain Proving
Ground, and Green Mountain is still the top
range in the NAR. But what hos it done
besides proving that model rocketry under
NAR sanction con be safe? An answer to
this question may be found in the young men
who built Green Mountain.
Several of them will be starting college in
the fall of 1959; they know and understand
rocketry now, and they plan to moke oslro
noulics their career. Others ore still o long
woy from college, but they understand re
search ond development; they con sit down
ond pion a Aight test program, for example,
and carry ii through. They hove learned
optics, melerology, aerodynamics, electronics,
thermodynamics, ond basic scientific disci
plines-not from books, but from octuol ex
perience.
They hove supplemented their
mathematics by putting it lo practical use.
There is no doubt that ultimately the
careers of young men are strongly influenced
by experiences during their formative years.
Green Mountain Proving Ground hos given its
porliciponts experience in the field of rock
etry. It is quite likely that they will eventu
ally stand high in their chosen profession;
ofter oil, they hove o head start.
Lefs toke o look ot o typical doy ot Green
Mountain. All the range equipment is porta
ble ond is stored in Denver during the week.
A half-mile of communication coble wos once
stolen from Green Mountain, so range par-
�They stand about 4 feet above the ground
and hove stairways at either end.
house
is
needed;
during
No bleck
hazardous
tests,
everyone stands behind a foundation. Noth
ing is ever fired which would require overhead
protection.
Since all NAR rockets require
a system which destroys the aerodynamic sta
bility before they come down and since all
models flown ore extremely light, it's better to
be out in the open where you con just step to
one side if one comes down your way.
Eight launchers ore usually set up on the
main pod.
If there are more rockets to be
flown during the day than con be launched
from a single eight-launcher pod, a second
pod is set up on another foundation. But,
since it is possible to fly and track
50
models
per hour at Green Mountain, two pods are
Scole model work of Green Mountain Proving Ground
under NAR ruleJ produced thi.s Ryoble miniature replica
of the Germon V-2. (Photo by Kotzo/1
rarely needed.
All firing is done by remote electrical con
trol.
All firing panels hove safety circuits
which include keys, guarded switches, firing
lines shorted until the switch is thrown, and
ticiponts don't toke chances any more. Rack
eteers meet at a rendezvous point in Denver
at 9:00 A.M. on Saturday morning.
other interlocks.
Each model ready to be launched is placed
There
on the ready pod atop a flight-test data sheet.
ore usually two, and sometimes three, station
This sheet lists the designer of the model,
wagons loaded with gear.
Then the caravan
type of engine it hos, and other technical
tokes off for Green Mountain, easily accessi
details.
ble by four-lane highway and paved roods,
model and its sheet, places the model on a
but still a good way out.
launcher, and notes the launcher number on
Upon arrival at the range, the communica
tions crew starts stringing out the communica
tions
wire
from
a
The launching officer picks up the
bock-pack
cable
the sheet.
This keeps the fire control officer
from getting confused later on.
reel,
Once all launchers are loaded, the coll
The instru
goes out over the PA system, "Trackers, man
mentotion crew sets up, levels out, and "ze
your stations! Recovery crew, stand by! Pad
ros in" the tracking telescopes. The launcher
Number One ready to launch!"
donated by on oil survey firm.
crew sets up launchers, plugs in the firing
panel, and checks out the public address
system.
The boys manning the telescopic tracking
stations report in by telephone.
"Tracking One manned!"
Everyone then starts preparing his models.
If a model utilizes a rocket engine other than
"Tracking Two manned!"
The range control point is usually next to
a tested commercial type, it is removed to the
the firing panel at Pad # 1.
isolated Hazardous Test Pad, 100 yards from
and control officer, on adult, takes his sta
other operations and equipment.
It will be
launched at some time during the day by a
The range safety
tion and removes the firing panel key from his
pocket.
"Trockers ready?"
trained crew under adult supervision and by
"Tracking One ready!"
remote electrical control.
"Tracking Two ready!"
The launching pads at Green Mountain ore
"Trackers ready!" reports the fire control
unused, concrete foundations of ammunition
officer. First missile is from launcher One,
magazines,
25
feet wide and
45
feet long.
a gleaming white model of the Jupiter IRBM.
10
space iournal
�20
Nole the range Rog on the right and th•
A scolo·modol of tho US Novy ASP rocket 1wishos aloft
conlrol.
from Pod
of Groen Mountain Proving Ground. All
launching is done on a countdown by remote electricol
onomomotor tower on tho felt. (Photo by KatzolJ
The safety officer scans the area. No one
is in a place where he could be injured. No
cars ore coming up the access rood. There
ore no aircraft in the vicinity. Everything is
ready, and everyone is waiting. The safety
officer inserts his key into the arming panel
and turns it. "Range is clear! Panel is armed!"
All conversation over the communications
net is heard in the launching area over the
PA system. The fire control officer throws
the launcher selector switch. The countdown
begins.
At zero-time, the little model leaps off the
launcher and rockets skyward. All eyes follow
it. Trackers swing their instruments lo stay
on ii-a difficult job with the 14-inch model
boosting al 8 G's. At peak altitude, the re
covery system activates, and trackers lock
their scopes. The missile drops lo Earth.
The recovery crew goes into action, chasing
down the model to bring ii in lo be prepared
for another flight; under NAR rules, all models
must be capable of more than a single flight.
The tracking stations report in, colling off
the azimuth and elevation of the model at
peak altitude as seen from their stations. Two
stations ore always used, with more as backup
if required. They ore on carefully measured
baselines, surveyed by the boys. The angular
information is recorded on the flight data
sheet, along with weather data, such as wind
direction, wind velocity, cloud coverage, tem
perature, humidity, and barometric pressure.
The sheet is then passed lo the data reduction
crew who stand by with slide rules, trigono
metric tables, and other calculators, ready lo
reduce the tracking data to altitude informa
tion.
Meanwhile, other models soar up into the
sky. Staged models ore flown, as well os
models with clustered, solid propellant motors.
Many experimental flights ore carefully docu
mented with motion picture cameras; the film
is later scrutinized frame-by-frame lo examine
performance.
Although the boys hove gotten their staged
models up well over a mile, such an altitude is
an unusual one in spite of the generally high
reliability of the models.
Since the safety
criteria developed for Green Mountain places
space journal
#I
�on altitude limit of 6000 feet on models
launched there, the NAR members have em
phasized achievements other than altitude.
One of the most interesting activities is a
payload competition. The NAR has developed
a standard payload, consisting of a cylinder
of lead ¾" in diameter and about J/8"
long, weighing one ounce. The object of the
competitive effort is to carry this payload to
as high an altitude as possible with an engine
of a given thrust and duration. The payload
must be totally contained in the model, must
be removable from the model, and must not
separate from the model in flight. Careful
design pays off in this event, which very
closely duplicates the requirements of real
rocketry.
By limiting maximum altitudes through mo
tor limitations, a great deal of interest is
generated in scale model work. Where else
could one find the following missiles being
launched from the some pod on the same
day: V-2, Little John, Jupiter, Jupiter-C, Thor
Able, Asp, Pogo-Hi, Areas, Redstone, Ser
geant, and Sidewinder? Careful research goes
into these scale models, some of which have
each rivet and weld line of the real thing.
Many original designs show up each Satur
day, too. Before allowing models of un
proved design to be fired, the safety officer
must be convinced by design data that they
Eyes on the .skies, the author tle ffJ ond Norman Ma ins
of Denver lrigh/J follow the Right of the rocket soaring
up•ronge ot Green Mountain. (Photo by Kotze/J
Tracking Crew locked onl One mon relays the count
while the
other tracks the rocket in Right with on
8-power surplus elbow telescope, mounted on a used
theodolite base and tripod
at Tracking
Station
#2,
Green Mountain Proving Ground. The youthful engineers
hove learned to paint their models for maximum visi•
bility; to apply roll patterns so that motion picture films
may yield maximum data. (Photo by Kotzel!
are safe and stable in flight. Some strange
birds have appeared at Green Mountain.
Give a boy any hobby-type rocket engine that
works, plus some basic design information,
and he'll have no end of designs. However,
he soons learns which ones work-and, more
importantly, at Green Mountain he learns why.
Green Mountain Proving Ground is prob
ably as important to the nation as the "big
missile" ranges. The same holds true of
Peak City Proving Ground and the other NAR
flight ranges. Today's missiles are being
tested by today's engineers at Canaveral,
Vandenberg, and White Sands. But at Green
Mountain, tomorrow's missiles and Space ve
hicles are being born in the minds of tomor
row's Spacemen. It's being done in a manner
which brings to life the NAR motto: "Safety,
Knowledge, Enjoyment."
The first man to walk on Mars is possibly
flying his model rocket on some NAR proving
ground today. Green Mountain was the first.
It is truly a gateway to tomorrow.
Editor's Note: Many readers will want te start
their own rocket clubs. If you are interested in
further information on this subiect, tbe National
Association of Rocketry is waiting to help. The
NAR is also ready and willing to assist science
teachers who are eager to incorporate rocketry
into their curricula. If you want to communicate
with the NAR, Write to Rocket Club, P. O. Box 94,
Nashville, Tennessee. We will forward your com
munication to NAR.
21
space journal
�itfiVP. �/vJ-iiv
AN AMUSING STORY•
ABOUT THE ACTIVITIES
OF A TYPICAL FAMILY•
LIVING IN THE AHAZING
WORLD OF THE TUTUP.E
\£,
HE FUTURE IS A WIDE OPEN FIELD IN
WHICH ANY IDEA WITHIN THE REALM OF PRES
ENT DAY IMAGINATION CAN BECOME REALITY.
WHAT TODAY IS ASTOUNDING, WILL TOMOR
ROW BE COMMONPLACE.
r;JJ
OWEVER, FREDDY FUTUREMAN IS NOT THE HANDSOME,
RUGGED FEARLESS HERO TYPICAL OF TODAY'S SCIENCE-FICTION
STRIPS, BENT ON DISCOVERING AND EXPLORING NEW WORLDS.
HE IS SIMPLY "MR. AVERAGE GUY", LIVING IN THE AMAZING,
BEWILDERING WORLD OF TOMORROW. HIS IS THE FAMILY
OF THE FUTURE, AND THE STRIP PRIMARILY IS CONCERNED WITH
THE DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES OF SUCH A FAMILY.
� ASICALLY, THIS IS A "FAMILY" STRIP, SET
AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THINGS TO
COME .......
22
space journal
��
\' �
IJ I
�reoction
-----�
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to SPACE Journol, P.O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alobomo.
Similarly oll subscriptions or inquiries concerning sub•
scriptions must be addressed to SPACE Journal, P.O.Box
94, Nashville, Tenn.
Dear Editor,
I read your spring issue of SPACE Journal and was
very pleased with it. I thought it hod to be good
because it was written by such outstanding authors
and scientists.
Of special interest to me is the article
"Life on Other Stars." I read it thoroughly, not under•
standing half of it; but some of it mode sense. I
hove read other books on this project, but I'm still not
convinced about it either way. According to this article
there is some form of life on about 100,000 different
planets. As a boy of 14 I hove read o lot of books on
this subject, but J still am confused. I hope you can help
me. J con not see why there could not be life on Venus
or Mon. No one hos discussed these problems. In the
coso of Venus, it is too close lo the Sun lo support life.
While in the cose of Mors, ir is too far away from the
Sun to support life, ••• Whol do you think about the
ftying saucer conspiracy?
John Palermo
Syracuse, N. Y.
Sooner or later all deeply Involved and com
plex Mientiflc lnve•tlgations Into cosmography
turn to philosophy for answers. For example, what
do you mean when you say "life?" Are you think•
ing of life in anthropoid terms or in bio-chemical
terms? AJ you know, scientists now are somewhat
puzzled by the behavior of certain large molecules
-they appear to be living. So the an,wer to your
first question hinges on what you mean by life, To
the •cientht the amoeba, the lowest and most
primitive form of moss, and man are all alive.
All evidence points toward the fact that certain
low types of vegetation exist on Mars. Therefore,
life on Man I• probable-if you accept the scien
tific view of life. The theologian would probably
Insist that life, within a more parochial senae,
consl•h of three kinds: vegetable, animal, and
man, the dlttinguishing factor between animal and
man being the soul, Even so, he would recognize
vegetation as a form of life. So from either view,
life on other planets seems probable. As for the
ft·ying saucer conspiracy, it sounds romantic and
exotic, but there is no reason to assume that they
either exist or that they are from Outer Space.
Editor.
Dear Editor,
I would like to express my appreciation for the many
flne articles which hove appeared in your magazine.
The vision, and farsightedness of your many contributors
is mosl refreshing and sets an example for other
mogoz:ines to follow.
24
space journal
The ortidc in your lost issue on relativity, while it is
well wrillen and accurote, hos produced a reaction in
this reader which is slightly less fovoroble. This is only
because I am one of those unfortunate individuals who
do not shol'e Prof. Einstein's views on relativity. I have
hod my own theory of relotivity since 1953; ond, not•
withstanding, I betieve that my differences may be
expressed.
Thomas Optical and
Engineering Co.
Doytono Beoch, Flo.
Williom T, Thomas, Jr.
Director, Physicol Research
In brief, Mr. Thomas believes in a corpuscular
theory of light and feels that the velocity of light
is not constant for oll observers,
Rather, he
thinks, the obsarved velocity would depend on
the relative velocity between the light source ond
the observer, Editor,
Dear Editol',
I believe it would add lo your usefulness and in•
crease your circulation if you added an "original" sec
tion for independent thinkers on scientific subjects
(laymen preferred.)
Many subscribers, like myself, hove original thoughts
which if published might be amusing in the main, but
a smoll percentage might be diamonds in the rough
for the over-wrought men in whose charge lies the
responsibility for the progress of the United States in
Space ..•.
Somerset, Mass.
Jomes A. Daniels
Without deprecating the validity of Mr. Dan•
iels' suggestion, SPACE Journal must defer.
We recognize that the ,harp-rowelled imagina
tions of lay writers in all ages have spurred the
mount of science into new and unexplored fields,
and, perhaps, have often predestined scien
tific advances by foretelling them, However, i n
today's complex, specialized world o f science even
the scientists themselves have difficulty in com
municating with one another when they are in
different flelds, Therefore, we feel that there is o
need for the scientists in vorious fields, especially
those related to Space travel, to tell each other
and the layman what is and what is going to be
this a, opposed to the layman telllng the sclen•
tists.Perhaps the Space-roving scientist has over-
I
I
�taken and passed the laymon with his Space-rov
ing imagination. At any rate SPACE Journal's ob
lective is to inform the loyman through presenting
in the layman's languoge tho scientists' ideas on
Spoce. Associate Editor.
As a writer
I'
£
3" ASTRONOMICAL REFLECTING TELESCOPE
60 to 160 Power-Famous Mt. Palomar Type! An Unusual Buy!
Dear Editor,
Space and
See the Stars, Moon, Planets Close Upl
lhe
caught up in o consuming intere5t in
fantastic
ramifications of our
rapidly
expanding knowledge of our Universe, I would like to
join the discussion regarding the inclusion of science
'I.
/7
7 orA�. Saturn.
em bled
fiction and poetry in SPACE Journal. •.•
The historical function of the artist, and thol includes
the writer, hos been to interpret and present the Uni�
verse in such terms as to enhance the understanding and
enjoyment of the reader or beholder.
At a time when
the layman is disturbed by the presentation to him of
o Universe of such scope and siz.e that it staggers his
comprehension, lhe role of the writer/artid hos ochieved
on importance unequalled in history.
SPACE Journal should not lose sight of its objectives
by devoting its pages solely lo scientific analysis.
Dollas, Texas
Barbara Guild
A famous scientist (name sent free upon r·equest)
once remarked: "The difference between a scien
tist ond an engineer is that a scientist reads poe
try." This statement was not mode lightly; and,
at least as far as most domestic engineers are
concerned, it seems true.
That truth is revealed
as much in fiction ond poetry as in the logorithmic
J
A
Ready to use! You'll see the Rings
the fa-.cinating plsnet Murt11. huJle
era.tors on the Moon. Star Cluisl�rs. Moons of
Jupiter in detail. Gnlaxie-s I Bquatorial mount
will lock on both oxes. Aluminized and over
conted 3'' diameter hi,"'h-:speed C 10 mirror.
Telescope com" equim>ed with a COX eyeoiece and a mounted Barlow Lens, K"iving )'OU
60 to 160 power. An Optical 1-'inder Tel�scope,
e.h
..•ays ao es�ential, is ahto included. Sturdy,
hsrdwood, wrtable tripod. Valuable STAR.
CHA RT and 272-pag<" ..Handbook or Heaven�."
Stock No. 85.050�118. 5%9.95 Postpaid.
'91 , .. Re0ectina: Te?estope-up to 270 Power
Stock Xo. 85.006-HB
$74.G0 F.O.B. Barrinirton. N. J.
TWO-STAGE ROCKET TOYSimple, safe-<lemonstrates principles of jct rockets.
Uses water and air as fuel. First stage soars up 200
to 300 ft.-then 2nd stage is automatically released,
going still higher. A 2nd stage satellite is also in
cluded and may be substituted. Made of Butyrate
plastic. Set includes fuel supply tank and air injection
pump.
Stock No. 70,157-HB
$2.98 postpaid
We manufacture tht Salellh• hleS<opH uttd at Moonwof<h Stations 1h,augho1,1t Ameri,a.
Order hy Sto,k Ho.-Stnd Chttk a, M.0.-Sotisfaction or monty bocld
WRITE FOR FREE GIANT CATAL06-HB
Over 1000 Optical Bargains
truth?" Well, the truth is that our readers, by and
,ve are Astronomical Telescope headquarters! 96 page cata
lui,r showR huge selection of Microscopes, lJ1110.:u1u,�.
Sntellit.e Seo�. Solar Furnaces, Infrared Sniptrt;t"'OPC'.J,
Telescope Camerll-8, Camera Holder •ttachme,nts. Ma�n1flers, Lenset, Pris.ma., etc., optical parts and accessories.
large, do not want fiction in the magazine. The
EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO.,
tables and learned journals is not denied. But the
cynicol may point out that Pilate osked, "What is
BARRINGTON, NEW JERSEY
majority of them say that when they want to rood
space Action they will buy a book by Roy Brad
bury or Arthur Clarke. However, we have been
sneaking in a little poetry on the off chance that
some engineer might read it and remark: "Say,
you know that makes sense, even though it does
rhyme." Associate Editor.
Start with the next issue
1
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SPACE Journal. Become a regular subscriber.
Read the only magazine that covers the field
of space completely. Written in language
underslood by the layman as well as the
scientist and engineer.
Fill out the enclosed card and send it in today.
GIVE ME A PIN, THEY'LL WANT PROOF!
25
space journal
�meteorites
*
United States
The International Astronautical Federation has set up a committee to define air and
Space jurisdiction and to formulate rules on such jurisdictions. The committee is headed by Professor
John Cobb Cooper, on internationally known lawyer, and is composed of members from all notions
in the federation. It will submit its findings and recommendations to the Secretory General of the
United Notions.
*
Recent observations mode with the Mt. Palomar 200-inch telescope indicate that the rote
of expansion of the Universe may be decreasing ot the outer extremities of Space. Spectral
studies indicate that the farthest observable galaxies are speeding outward at about 1 / 5 the
speed of light. If the Universe were exi,anding uniformly, the roles of recession of these systems
would be greater.
*
The Notional Association of Rocketry plans to hold its first annual meeting in Denver, Colo
rado. The four-day event will begin on 16 July and will utilize the facilities of the association's 560acre Green Mountain Proving Ground, a fully instrumented range for use of the association's mem
bers. Approximately 20 different model rocket competitions are scheduled.
*
United States
Mrs. Robert H. Goddard (right) cuts the
ribbon at the formal dedication of the God
dard Wing of the Roswell Museum during
ceremonies ot Roswell, New Mexico on April
25. Mrs. Goddard is the widow of the late Dr.
Goddard lo whom the Wing is dedicated.
Robert Goddard ( 1 882-1945), Massachusetts
born physicist, successfully conducted some of
He
his early experiments near Roswell.
achieved many "firsts" in rocket research, any
one of which would assure him of the title
"Father of Modern Rocketry." Looking on are
Dr. Wernher von Braun (left) and Army Under
Secretary Hugh Milton. (John Foster, Roswell
Doily Record)
26
space journal
�*
The General Electric Campany recently
completed a mock-up of a Space capsule
which could carry a man into outer Space. It is
presumed that the capsules could be used
with existing guided missiles. The interior of
one design has been fitted lo the contours of
the pilot himself. In the view shown below, the
pilot's seat and instrument panel are illus
trated. The aft end cover of the capsule has
been removed to show details.
Professor Hermann Oberth, the "Father
of German Rocketry," recently arrived in
Germany after four years of service with the
Army Ballistic Missile Agency in the United
States. He has been awarded a pension by
the German government. Upon his arrival in
Nurnberg, he was greeted by members of the
German Rocket Society. In press interviews he
stated that he plans to continue his theoretical
studies in Space travel and to complete a book
on the philosophical aspects of life. He olso
commented favorably on SPACE Journal and
cited it as an excellent magazine dealing with
the Age of Space.
*
*
France
The Association for the Advancement of Aeronautical Research (a French organization) will
hold its second international congress on rockets and intercontinental connections in Paris during
June. Papers on hy1Derballistic techniques in aerophysical research, design of manual control sys
tems for Space vehicles, turbulent re-entry heal rote predictions, and other subjects will be
presented.
*
A plan to observe Venus from o position 82,000 feet above Earth's surface hos been
formulated by Audouin Dollfus, o young French scholar and authority on Mars. His ingenious observ
atory consists of a magnesium and aluminum capsule, equipped with a telescope, a spectroscope,
and other instruments, attached to a group of 96 balloons, of the type used in meteorological
investigations. His first attempt in Moy was o partial success.
*
Poland
*
Russia
The Polish Astronautical Society reported o rising membership and o growing interest in as
tronautics al its annual conference last May in Warsaw. Papers were presented on rocket propulsion
and fuels, oeroballislics, guidance and automation, methodic research planning, Space travel, and
Space biology and medicine.
Professor V. S. Gostev, of the Academy of Medical Sciences, stoles that the Soviet Union has
produced and is testing a number of drugs for human beings travelling in Space. He told the news
paper Medico/ Worker that Space travellers probably will need sedatives, drugs lo stimulate
circulation, and preparations affecting lung and skin respiration.
*
A recent Russian report that a volcanic eruption hod occurred in the Alphonsus Crater of the
Moon brought mixed reactions from leading astronomers. Most scientists hove long believed that
the Moan's craters were mode by the impact of meteors. However, Dr. Dismore Alter, former direc
tor of the Griffith Observatory, has made an observation that lends to confirm the Russian finding.
Dr. Alter reports the presence of "seeping gases" and an obscuration an the western side of the 70mile-wide floor of the Alphonsus Crater.
27
space journal
�-*
9
.
.
Russia
On May 1, 1959, the London Times published the following Reuter News dispatch:
"Moscow, May 1.-Dr. I. Shklovsky, a Soviet scientist, said in an article in Komsomolskaya
Pravda quoted by the Tass agency today that no methods found in nature could explain either the
origin of the two moons of Mars, Phobos and Demios, or the strange movement of Phobos. He
suggested that they might be artificial satellites put into orbit by intelligent beings who might hove
inhabited Mars 2,000 or 3,000 million years ago.
Dr. Shklovsky said that Phobos and Demios differed from the satellites of other planets by
their insignificant size and their extreme closeness to their planet. Phobos, moreover, showed an
other striking dissimilarity from all other satellites in the Solar System in that it hod deviated in
the post few decodes from its calculated orbit by two and a half degrees, and its movement had
accelerated. This meant it had gone closer to the surface of Mars.
"The some thing happens to satellites launched from the Earth; they ore slowed down by the
resistance of the Earth's atmosphere and consequently come down and in doing so accelerate,"
Dr. Shklovsky said. He had concluded that Phobos was hollow, and that as no natural body con
be hollow, it must be on artificial satellite of Mars. He suggested that Demios might hove had
a similar origin.
Though they might weigh 100 million tons or more, their construction would present no insolu
ble engineering problems for beings endowed with intelligence. At present the atmosphere of
Mars contains almost no oxygen and consequently there might no longer be any highly developed
life on Mars. But apparently 2,000 or 3,000 million years ago the situation was different. Many
astronomers consider that there was then oxygen in the atmosphere surrounding Mars. Probably
in that period there were on Mars beings endowe:l with intelligence which attained a high degree
of culture.
Another Soviet scientist, Prof. Aleksander Kazancew, believes there is mounting evidence that
there is today intelligent life on Mars. He theorizes that the tremendous explosion in Siberia 50
years ago which destroyed several square miles of timber was caused by the crash of a nuclear
powered Spaceship.
*
*
For the Russian man in the street, there is a new means of getting rid of "that five o'clock
shodow"-provided he hos the rubles-the latest thing in electric shavers: a model named Sputnik.
A one-stage rocket, reported to have been launched in August 1958, carried two well
trained dogs to an altitude of 450 kilometers. The total payload is supposed to hove been 1 ½
tons. According to the Russian news sources both dogs were recovered and apparently suffered
no ill effects from their journey into Space.
*
*
It is reported that the Russians now hove on the drawing boards plans for a Space vehicle
with a velocity of 17 kilometers per second. It is a two-stage rocket said to be able to reach Mars in
only three months.
East Germany
The East Germon magazine Wissen und Leben (Knowledge and Life) states that during 1957
the Russians sent 1 2 dogs into the atmosphere in rockets which went up to 1 20 miles. These tests
mode it possible to send Loiko up more than 1000 miles in Sputnik II.
*
Reports indicate that the Soviet Union has more than 66 tracking stations within her own
territory for gathering data on the Sputniks. These stations ore primarily at universities and techni
cal schools, and are manned on a volunteer basis.
28
space journal
�Reviewed by
Ra I p h E. J en ni n gs
C u rt i s E. Ra me y
M. Raymond
Survey of Space Low. Stoff Report of the
Select Committee on Astronautics and Space
Exploration. 60 pages. Washington: U.S. Gov
ernment Printing Office.
The Select Committee on Astronautics and
Space Exploration of the House of Repre
sentatives has devoted considerable effort to
publication of a "Survey of Space Law." The
clarity of discussion is commendable in view
of the complexity of the subject. This survey
presents a strong argument to the pragmatists
who toke the position that promulgation of
a Space code should foMow the actual oc
currence of de facto regulatory problems.
Unless we reverse the traditional concepts of
low evolving with life and dealing with prob
lems after they have arisen, it is quite likely
that we shall be faced with "the giddy cycle
of low chasing power and never quite catch
ing up," a possibly fatal position to occupy
in Outer Space. It seems to this reviewer that
necessity dictates our having a considerable
body of Space law thinking available at the
time power to regulate and enforce becomes
a reality. The Darwinian concepts of "struggle
for existence" and "survival of the fittest" are
not wholly inapposite here. The survey treats
both ancient and relatively new legal doctrines
which might possibly have some utility in guid
ing present-day thinking on Space law, i.e.
"cuius est solum, eius est usque ad coelum"
(he who owns the land owns it up to the
sky), Mare Liberum (Law of the Sea), Res Ipso
Loquitur (The thing speaks for itself), etc. The
survey also discusses the doctrine of "sov
ereignty" with its many ramifications. The
concepts are admittedly "groping posts" for
books
some framework of reference and may have
little or no place in effective Space law codes
but must be presently resorted to because
of our limited knowledge of conditions to be
encountered in Outer Space.
It is refreshing and somewhat comforting
to see that we and our Congress somehow
appreciate the magnitude of the problems
we shall eventually face in Outer Space and
ore devoting intensive thought to onticipoting
ond compromising the expected problems.
It seems terribly important thot we do so.
For if we merely project present internotionol
conflicts upon the larger screen of the cosmos,
the human family will undoubtedly face its
gravest danger since the down of creation.
This reviewer heortily recommends the serious
reading of this survey by all people but
especially by scientists, lowyers and states
men.
-Curtis E. Ramey
There Is Life On Mars. The Earl Nelson. 151
pages. Illustrated. New York: The Citadel
Press. $3.00.
Certainly one of the most attractive fea
tures of this book is its price. In this age of
high publishing costs, it is rare indeed to find
a worthwhile book for $3.00. And it is even
more rare when the book is as worthwhile as
this one.
Price notwithstanding, the best feature of
the book is the evident sincerity and objec
tivity with which the outhor wrote it. He
believes-most convincingly-that life does
exist on Mars. And it is hard to refute him,
for he defines life in the most exacting and
scientific terms. Life, for the author, is rather
a deterministic bio-chemicol complex. If the
reader is willing to accept this view, then the
rest of the book follows a neat and logical
29
space journal
�Heres a lull scientific report
order. In other words, the difference between
man, moss, and microbe is quantitative rather
than qualitative. Thus the lowest lichen cling•
ing to a rock is os alive as the man who
crushes it under foot as he walks. So, too,
the microscopic germ that in the end fells
man.
Much of this informative book is given
over to the ecological aspects of life on Mars.
For this reason the first four chapters will be
especially interesting to those readers of
SPACE Journal who were stimulated by John
\iulley's widely acclaimed article "The Pur
pose of Mon in the Universe" (Summer, 1958).
Particularly noteworthy in this respect is the
chapter titled "What Is Life?"
But the real value of this book lies in the
fact that it sums up what is known about Mars
in a language which the average or general
reader can understand. Recondite <Dealing
on space flight-its past,
present .
SPACE
FLICHT
Satellites, Spaceships, Space Stations and
Space Travel
with what is abstruse; characterized by pro
found scholarship.! words and terms are al
ways defined for the nontechnical and nonprofessional reader.
-M. Raymond
Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia. Third
Edition. 1,839 pages. Princeton: D. Van Nos
trand Company, Inc. $29.75.
The third edition of Van Nostrands Scientific
Encyclopedio is a superb reference book.
Covering everything from aeronautics and
astronomy to statistics and zoology, this hand
some one volume edition contains over
2,00,000 words, I 00,000 definitions, 14,000
separate articles, and 1400 illustrations.
Twelve pages are in full color. Never was it
more important to have available for finger
tip use a single volume that offers a re
liable, understandable guide to science in
the Space Age. This new edition, bringing
together between one set of covers the
equivalent of a multi-volume science library, is
a book to be kept on the shelf with the few
basic volumes that ore used everywhere for
essential day-to-day reference. The world of
modern science has in the past decode pro
gressed swiftly across hitherto impassable
barriers. It has penetrated every phase of life.
It is impossible for the layman (or scientist,
for that matter) to keep abreast of develop
ments in all fields. This encyclopedia would
be on exceptionally valuable addition to anyone's library.
-Rolph E. Jennings
30
sp ace journal
. . and future!
Bv CARSBIE C. ADAMS
President, National Re search and Development
Corporation, Atlanta , Georgia
NOW-the exciting and factual account
of what is involved in space flight
-and how our scientists and
engineers ore bringing us into
this new era-is given by ex
perts.
From man's earl lest skyward thoug hts to today's ACTUAL plans
for flight in apace .•. the men, discove ries, and technolo�cal
��: �e;_ es responsible are now brought be!ore you In a strl Ing
1
The tr eatm ent Is soundly technical, fully annotated, and !asc l t
rt/�!f:1 � li!fi���chlng conc epts and the growth
re l
fgf �e��� �
Her e Is an lntPgrated picture or the ways In which t he mam•
nelds that l end their knowledge to astronautics are workin g
togeth e r to make space !light a reality, You learn about th e
contributions made by:
---ffl.ate,ials
--cistro physlo
-spou meclidne
�ommunlcati..u
-ttitph ysiu
-<.hemistry
-,sycholoty
-ond oth,r fi1l1h
Dr. Wernher vo n Braun says
1
hl
re
g!r}�fn �g�t �t !1ft ;i;�• �it!�
th e stature or one or the rew
gr eat classics on this rasclnattn;.
�,·ee
and many-faceted sub ject." H
thorough \y covers th e t h eori es,
met hods, equipment., and pivotal
:Je11-cfa'J
scl enttnc and human !actors
!or everyone with either a !unc
tlonal or gene ral Interest In any
Gxa111i11ctlio11
as pect or t he development or
prac tical space flight.
gf
�-----------------·
I McGraw-HUI Book Co.,
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327 W. 41st St., N.Y.C., Dept, SJ-59-2
Send me Ada.ma· SPACE PJ.tGHT
ror 10 dan· e:nm
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L---------------------------!
�is time
the
•
•
m1ss1ng
Ii n k?
PART
Helmut Hoeppner (left) wot. born in
UcH ...uab, Turkey, 1n 1911 ond attended lhe
fechnicol Academy, Chemnitz, Germany, ond the
Technical Unn•ersity, Dresden. After groduotion,
he wo1ked for the Klemm Airctoft Company in
Stuttgart, Germany,
He served o short tour in
tho Germon Luftwaffe and then become on
onociote of Or. Wernher van Broun ot Pe-ene
munde, where he wo,ked on the development
of lhe V-2 ond other rockets. He become on
engineer for the Messerschmitt Aircraft Company,
Augsburg, and hel� to develop the ME-163 and
ME-262 jet airc.roft. From 1951 to 1954, h♦ was
employed by the International Business Machine
Corporation In Stuttgart. In 195,, at the 1ug
fil•shon of Dr. Wolfer Oornt>.rger, he come to
America as on ooronouticol engineer for th• Sell
Aircraft Corporotion, 8uffalo, New York, In l 9!j6,
h• joln•d his former co-work•n ot Peenemunde
ot fled.do n e Ars.nol in Hunuville, Alabama. He
is pr•sentlv o Senior Scientid for Adronoutics
with the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, Michi
gan. A m•mber of th• G•rmon Rocket Society,
the British Interplanetary Societv, ond the Ameri
con Rocket Society, he hos published many
articles ond reports in the Aeld of astronautics.
I. Spencer Isbell (right} is o native of Bir•
mingham, Alobomo, and oltended the University
of Alobomo, where he majored in both mechani•
cal and aeronautical engineering, Since 1951
he hos been employ•d en on Aero n outicol En;i
n:er ot litedstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama.
He presently serves on the technic.ol sto"
Office of Director. D•v•lopm•nt Op•rotions Di•
vision, Army flollistic Minile Agency, He is a
member of the American Rocket Society, the
British lnterplon•tory Society, the American As•
io
:�: 1::,:;�,,
th
o
:51��::��;0� ;�c7!ty� � 9ce ,is :�
e
ci n
the editorial staff of Alfronoutico/ Sciences
lhview and is editor of SPACE Journal.
Why shouldn't we admit it? Whenever we
attempt to unify ou r present knowledge in the
Natural Sciences to provide an acceptable
overall picture (Unified Field Theory), we face
a great dilemma. Why? Is it because there
are still unknown qualitative phenomena or
natural laws to be discovered before the miss
ing link can be formulated? Must we conduct
more quantitative research, compile more sta
tistics, and look for more nuclear particles?
Or should we re-examine the adequacy of our
scientific methods and tools?
1-0ISPLACEMENT ENERGY
by Helmut Hoeppner and
B.
Spencer Isbell
The answer, which is neither new nor ob
viously indicative of any new way to go,
was given by Albert Einstein when he soid:
"The answers to most, if not to all, of the
unknowns in science can be found by the
formulation and derivation of the
knowns into their correct relationships."
This sounds rather disappointing instead of
encouraging, when we consider our intense,
e:ithusiastic, and persistent efforts in research;
our studies, developments, and technical
achievements.
"I studied Philosphy and Low and Medi
cine, too, and also Theology, but
here I am standing now, a poor fool,
not wiser than before."
-Faust (Goethe)
We are turning out more and more and
bigger and bigger progress reports, articles,
b:,oks, and more speeches at more meetings,
conferences, symposiums, etc. And the results
of our "progress"? Nothing fundamentally
new, just more quantity, more paper to file,
more words. Quantity is already replacing
quality in science, in philosophy, in society,
ond even in our way of life.
What is wrong? Is Einstein's statement,
about deriving the unknowns from the knowns,
wrong?
Should we look for more new
phenomena? If new postulates and laws could
31
space journal
��1
b.
f
I)
l
2
B�-W--.3
f
t
IJ
f
LJ l
)II
INTO fNVllltONMINT
Of AN INFINIH
Rf.CllVING CAPACITY
F r::' P.E I
DEMONSTRATION OF ENTROPY ("AVAILABILITY" OF ENERGY)
not be derived from the known ones, we
would have ta wait until by accident we could
stumble upon a new discovery-just by con
tinuing or increasing our statistical efforts.
Then we really would be caught in a dilemma.
The probability that our already intense ef
forts in quantitative research will accidental
ly discover a new phenomenon which will
provide the missing link in our over-all
physics picture is far from encouraging. For
example, we already have quite a number (32)
of elementary nuclear particles which show,
or do not show, individual charocleristics; but
which, nevertheless, cannot be combined into
one acceptable picture. The discovery of ad
ditional new particles would only complicate
and add to the present stale of confusion in
nuclear physics.
Very often, in scientific research, the quanti
ty and even quality of a missing link can be
logically predetermined. This has been at
tempted in nuclear physics. When the old Law
of Conservation of Energy is applied, a "par
ticle" which has a variable quantity of energy
and no mass or charge is required to satisfy
the lack of energy balance (impulse input
and output) in nuclear physics. This "parti
cle" is sometimes called "neutrino". Other
scientists call it a "ghost particle" because it
does not really "exist", but "it shows its
existence twice; namely, when it appears and
when it disappears" according to a recent
remark by Professor J. Robert Oppenheimer.
This almost desperate search for a "ghost
particle neutrino" is about to create a new
type of philosophy, where anything (which in
physics seems to be unexplainable) is possible
and can be "explained".
Currently the newest arm of the Metaphys
ical Octopus is the so-called "Time Dilatation"
Theory. This "fountain of youth" ideology
advertises round trip Space tickets: Put $1 .00
in your savings account, take off, enjoy your
trip around Mars, Venus, or Centauri, and
return after a year or so to Huntsville, Ala
bama, or any other place on Earth and you
will own the whole globe. Just go fast enough
and your own individual time, compared
with the time on Earth, runs a hundred-or
a thousand-or a million times slower. And
you won't even notice this because every
occurrence around you and !,raveling with you
(including your watch), slows down in the
same scale. Upon return from your "one
year" in Space the accumulated interest on
your $1.00 bank investment will have con
sumed all the money on Earth. Just go fast
enough!
But before you contact your travel agent
about a "Round Trip Space Ticket", let us
analyze the third question al the beginning
of this article; namely: "Should we re-examine
the adequacy of our scientific methods and
tools?" With all due respect to mathematics
and to the great mathematicians whom we
sincerely admire, we must place mathematics
in a secondary position to pure logic as a
necessary tool or method for "deriving and
33
space journal
�formulating of the knowns into their correct
Mathematics must be logical, but it is not in
to learn that there are no cook books, no
itself "The logic" and it cannot replace "The
fixed methods, and no rigid lows and tools
logic". We can
which guarantee scientific progress.
only use mathematics as
to formulate
The majority considers science to be a
logical realtionships within the limits dictated
dogmatic combination of the whole knowl
stenographers use
shorthand,
and
edge and scientists as persons who know very
mathematically
much (sometimes everything!). For the minority,
derived results is relative to the value of the
science, according to Socrates, is the total
input. The limitations of mathematics were
of what we do not know. All the scientific
by
the
reason.
initial
The
input
of
validity
assumptions
of
once clearly illustrated to the authors by one
equipment the minority has from its schools
of
of higher education, is its awakened and
the
pioneers
of
astronautics,
Professor
Hermann Oberth, when he remarked: "Mathe
educated intelligence,
matics also proves that when three persons ore
siasm. However, in spite of, or perhaps be
in one room and four persons leave
cause of,
that
and scientific enthu
its expulsion from the majority,
room, then a negative (or minus one) person
the scientific discipline of a few honest non
is still in the room".
conformists who apply reason and logic be
Sir Arthur Eddington indicated the need to
re-evaluate our scientific methods in his "The
fore
mathematics has always
"moved the
Earth."
Philosophy of Physical Science" ( 1939) with
In order to demonstrate the value of taking
the following remarks: "If sometime someone
an open-minded "second look" at our rigid
would claim that he produces neutrinos,
I
scientific laws,
methods and tools,
and to
just would have to accept this. But I always
illustrate why it is not necessary that science
would doubt that he ploys a fair game. He
must resort to abstract philosophy for the
would not be punished for producing neu
answers; let us momentarily go back
trinos, namely: For having violated the fun
years to one of the greatest discoveries in
damental rules. He simply invented a new
100
the history of science. At that time Helmholtz
game by changing the rules, which, when ac
formulated the law of Conservation of En
cepted, helped to overcome a dilemma".
ergy, which, as any "law" in physics, is an
The answer to the question about the ade
empirical law. Only a little later, Clausius in
quacy of our scientific methods and tools is:
troduced the concept of "Entropy" and Max
No, they are not adequate! We must re
well formulated "Displacement Current" as
evaluate our fundamental assumptions.
two kinds of restrictions to the energy law.
The scientific dilemma is further complicated
The law of Conservation of Energy says,
by on unhealthy condition which is entirely
simply, that energy cannot be created or de
unscientific, even anti-scientific, and therefore,
stroyed. In other words, the sum total of energy
difficult to solve. This condition stems from a
in
division of the scientists of today into at
constant.
any
transformation
or
transfer
remains
You can throw a boll and give it
least two categories according to the methods
kinetic energy, but you do not create the
and
to use for solving
energy. All you do is transfer it from your
scientific problems.
body to the ball. This law is based upon a
The majority
of scientists (and not only
constant energy and a state of equilibrium
tools
they prefer
scientists) paid their tuition for what they
34
forgot most of the "pure" knowledge they
learned in school, and who paid their tuition
relationships".
or balance.
carried home from their schools in "block on
Entropy is the scientific term for the "avail
white". They bought all their scientific equip
ability of engergy." The relation of entropy to
ment, all their methods and tools from their
conservation of energy extends all the way
universities. And since they spent money for
to the basic scientific question of whether the
it, they keep it neat and clean and dog
Universe is an infinite environment which al
matically protect it against change.
lows us to use up our total initial energy or
In the other category, and unfortunately it
only port of it, according to a final dynamic
seems to be a small minority, are those who
or even static equilibrium, which would be the
space journal
�final stole of o finite Universe. In any case,
finite or infinite Universe, or finite Universe
with another finite or infinite environment
(transcendence), we ore continuously consum
ing our "potential". And entropy, the availa
bility of energy, determines the time for the
universal occurrence. Actually, entropy con be
defined as the consumption of time, or "time",
itself.•
In a closed system such as a finite Universe
with an internal and initial "potential" and a
finite environment or the theoretical model
of a system shown in Figure 1-A losses
its internal potential while the system is
delivering work (energy), because of the
non-reciprocal process of mixing or leveling.
The loss of internal potential or "available"
energy in a closed system is due to the time
or period the system allows for the mixing
or leveling to occur. In other words, the uni
versal tendency of matter or energy lo mix
or level is limited by the time it tokes in a
closed system. When the balance in both the
"transmitter" and the "receiver" sides of a
closed system is reached, the delivery of
work stops and a stole of equilibrium exists.
Since all practical systems ore closed sys
tems and since all closed systems lose their
•Part II of this orticfe, oppeoring in lhe next issue
of SPACE Journal, discuues "time" os the fundamental
parameter in phy1ics and e.-ploins how it hos been
incorrectly applied in the current scienfiflc debate over
the .. Time Dilatation Theory".
potentials and available energy in accord
ance with the consumption of time or entropy,
then the delivery of work eventually stops
and a state of balance or equilibrium exists.
This is the reason why it is impossible for man
to create a perpetual motion machine.
This shows that a closed system fundamen
tally cannot actually deliver the total initial
energy capacity. The amount of work a sys
tem con deliver, or the amount of energy that
is "available" from a system, depends on the
receiving capacity of the receiver port of the
system. It is evident that only by opening our
system to on environment of infinite receiving
copocity or, in other words, by providing
on exchange between a specific system and
an on infiinite environment (Figure 1-B) the
total initial energy capacity is also the actual
"available" energy.
The second classical restriction of the low
of Conservation of Energy, was discovered by
Maxwell in the field of Electrodynamics. He
found that the conventional equations which
equilibrium did actually prove that there con
were based on constant energy and a state of
be no electric current. Yet, Maxwell knew
that electric currents do exists, so he added
a fundamental parameter• to the Conserva
tion of Energy Low ond called it "Displace
ment Current" in Electrodynamics.
•Maxwell wrole the electric current balance as fo1lows1
H=1r (equilibrium)
1 (displacement current)
+i.
$1 LTANEOUS
(CONTINUOUS THRUST/
PROCEDURE
!nPARATED
(TWO SHOT/ PROCEDURE
�£
E
IE="OCCURRENCE"
fll°�RE 2
DEMONSTRATION OF DISPLACEMENT ENERGY (\E) IN ASTRODYNAMICS
35
space journal
�teria, or even the definition of occur
rence is "Change" or "Redistribution"
or "Displacement" or "Time".
In addition to the two classical restrictions
to the Energy Law, the authors recently in
troduced an analogy to "Displacement Cur
rent" into the field of Astrodynamics. The
new parameter, coiled "Displacement Ener
gy", is also a "time" parameter since it
is the energy required to move, redistribute, or
displace pure energy during an occurrence
(state of non-equilibrium).
The formulation of displacement energy in
Astrodynamics "brought home" to the authors
the importance of the primary position that
"The Logic" behind mathematics holds.
The following considerations summarize the
reasoning necessary before a mathematical
derivation could lead to the confirmation of
Displacement Energy in Astronautics. And, as
we will discuss further on in this article, these
initial thoughts may lead to a confirmation
of our belief that "time" is the missing link
to a Unified Field Theory.
1. "Displacing" is an occurrence for which
"Time" cannot become zero The cri
ro UCAPl
2. In order to establish an orbit al an al
titude around the Earth there are only
two possibilities. Either two instanta
neous "shots" are required; namely, one
shot at the Earth's surface and the
second shot at orbital altitude. Or, one
continuously powered ascent with atti
tude control to the orbital altitude. This
is simply because any unpowered mo
tion in the gravitational field is a "free
fall", which-when below escape velo
city-falls back through the point of
the last power cut-off.
3. It is self-explanatory that the (above)
required two shots cannot, for the same
mission, be combined into one shot,
because shot No. 1 and shot No. 2 must
be separated by a time element, which
must be greater than zero.
4. Any approaches to an infinite Specific
Impulse and a Mass Ratio of ONE are
not applicable in any determination of
a performance, simply because this
would mean the undeterminable ap
proach of zero times infinity, which is a
"point" where no law or any law is ap
plicable.
l
100.q,
5. "Energy" which is required for a spe
cific operation, must be, or must be
made available, not only at the time
but also at the "location" of the
planned operation.
o /OR,
..
u
6. "Energy" in general mechanics is con
nected with mass; and also in relativis
tics, Energy has the property of mass,
namely: Inertia.
u
z
If?.
POTINTIAL (NUGY (f.-)
KINETIC INUGY (I,}
DISPLAC(MINT ENUGY ( \[)
PO.SSIIU FIELD CONTRIIUTIOH TO ,\(
().IR,
0
2
VHOCITY SOUARED
ENERGY PROPORTIONS (
CENTERMASS COEFFICIE NT )
FIGIJ,[ l
UNIVERSAL ENERGY PARAMETERS
36
space journal
5
�7. For placing a unit mass (m) into orbit
around the earth at an altitude (h), the
following energies ore required (as
shown in Figure No. 2).
a. "Potential Energy" (E,,) for placing
or lifting the mass into altitude (h).
This Ep is required at the Earth's
surface.
b. "Kinetic Energy" (Ed for accelerat
ing the mass into orbital velocity
(V k l- This E k is required at orbital
altitude.
c. "Displacement Energy" (ti.El for
transporting, lifting or "displacing"
of the Kinetic Energy (Ed from the
Earth's surface to orbital altitude.
d. The sum (�) of the total Energy re
quirement for placing a unit mass
into orbit is therefore:
}:E= E1,+Ek +,\E
With the above considerations and assump
tions, it is possible to enter mathematical
derivations• which, in a routine procedure,
give the quality and quantity of the three
required Energy terms.
The mathematical
equations and the Astronautical characteristics
(see Figure No. 3) show the remarkable
fact that displacement energy is a pure
function of the gravity field because the
equations contain only distance relationships
( +)
and two constant factors, the radius
(R) and the gravity acceleration on a body's
surface (g,.). The equations are universally
valid for any celestial body and for any
center mass with a distance-square field dis
tribution. (See Figure 4.)
We learned in school the old law of Con
servation of Energy, which says that within
a closed system, with no exchange with the
environment, the total Energy content remains
constant, no matter what occurs within the
system. Occurrences within a closed system are
Energy Transformations, e.g. potential into
kinetic energy, or in reversed procedures, etc.
No Energy can be produced or consumed
(cancelled); Energy can only be transformed.
The Law of Conservation of Energy is, be
cause of its simplicity, very convenient and
easy to understand and it also simplifies the
• Should the reader be inlerested in o mothemoticol
derivation, he can request it through SPACE Journal.
mathematical derivations in all fields of phys
ics. Since it also leads, in most practical
cases, to satisfying results, no one has ever
desired a change as long as the results were
acceptable. However, three changes, or at
least restrictions, have alreody been intro
duced, but they were not defined os changes
of the energy law. They are conveniently
handled separately from the energy law and
they are considered to be additional param
eters, which are required only in those specific
fields and in specific cases.
Figure No. 1 shows the delivery of work (or
energy}. It is evident that, for establishing or
maintaining a dynamic equilibrium within a
1 00 % efficient system exactly, the delivered
energy must be put in again. This provides
a continuous maintenance of the existing po
tential which keeps the "availability" of En
ergy or Entropy constant. This system does not
deliver or consume energy in an exchange
with environment, it just maintains its own
equilibrium. If it has strictly no exchange
with any environment whatsoever, which is
the definition of a perfect dynamic equilibri
um, then it strictly cannot even be noticed
from the environment. This means that for a
perfect equilibrium it does not make any
difference whether it exists ("occurs") or not.
It does not represent an "occurrence", which
requires a changing entropy, which is con
sumption of time.
This discussion indicates that Energy and
Entropy cannot be separated from each other
and that the old Law of Conservation of
Energy is correct only for a state of perfect
equilibrium (perpetual motion). And since, os
discussed obove, there are fundamentally no
equilibrii, the Displacement of Energy term
(.\El, which represents the compensation for
the change of Entropy of any non-equilibrium,
must be included in ony Energy Law as an
inseparable part of it. We, therefore, sug
gest the following change of the old Law of
Conservation of Energy:
�E=E (equilibrium) + t!.E (redistribution}
=E,,+Ek+ \E
The new Law of Conservation of Energy as
given above is volid for any "occurence"
and any system. The old low (�=Ep+E k)
does not represent a true physical "occur
rence".
37
space journal
�Here
stances
obtain
Energy
are some of the favorable circum
which seem to justify our efforts to
universal acceptance of the new
law:
(a) Since we human beings constitutional
ly belong to the macrocosmos, it is
simpler for us lo see or to find macro
cosmical relationships, without eventual
ly losing the possibility of "logical"
control within complex pure mathemat
ical procedures.
(bl We are just taking off into the "Space
Age," where the mocrocosmos is being
investigated with the combined efforts
of almost all fields of physical science,
including the microcosmical fields.
(cl For this first time in the history of
science, the various fields of natural
sciences, which still are pretty strange
to each other, seriously attempt to
cooperate in the exploration of space.
Actually, not the various fields of
science, but rather the scientist, of
different fields with different termi
nologies have worked and lived, un
intentionally, toward a separating
specialization.
(d) Since the models in atom and nuclear
physics are mainly a simulation or copy
of astradynamical systems, using the
same field distribution, the same energy
and impulse definitions and the same
units of mass in orbits, etc., it seems to
be the most logical thought to derive
microcosmical relationships as far as it
is sensible, first within our own world
(the macroscosmos). Today we are able
to create functional macrocosmical
atom models by establishing artificial
satellites and by accelerating these
satellites up to escape velocities and
beyond. This enables us to derive and
to measure all the involved param
eters, relationships and results during
the simulation of a procedure reproduc
ing universal occurences.
In today's physics any Energy or Impulse
term, if applied to the motion or redistribution
of mass, (for example):
y2
Ep=mgh or Eu=m-
2
or even Einstein's Energy-Mass equivalent,
E=mc2, and now Displacement Energy, L'i.E,
is the energy for moving, redistributing or
displacing pure Energy. In fact, any auto-
motive vehicle is using part of its energy lo
transport and redistribute its own internal
energy (fuel, etc.) along its travel path. The
most typical vehicle for this is the "rocket,"
which is continuously accelerating and dis
placing its remaining internal propellant
energy to higher altitude (potential energy) or
to higher velocity (kinetic energy), thus adding
every impulse to the already reached velocity,
or kinetic energy level. And the Basic Rocket
Equation• is the fundamental and natural
relationship for any automotive (self-pro
pelled) transfer of mass into Impulse or
Kinetic Energy. Since any occurrence in the
macrocosmos, as well as in the microcosmos,
is a continuous redistribution of mass and
energy, mainly of energy, the procedure (see
figure 2) of placing a unit mass into orbit
by means of a rocket becomes the funda
mental model and simulation of the universal
occurence.
There are, however, no pure rockets in
nature, but by employing the rocket principle
for the simulation, the various energy param
eters involved can be separated and de
termined very clearly. Since the gravity field
and the field within the atom are assumed to
have the same square-distance distribution,
the energy contributions from the particle
propulsion (or from hits or interactions by
other particles) and the energy contribution
from the field can be clearly separated. What
actually makes this macrocosmical model so
convenient for simulating and clarifying the
occurrences is that here all energies or im
pulses are given in terms of mass (propellants)
with their accurately determined "inertia."
This "Inertia of Energy," as mentioned above,
could not be demonstrated and was therefore
not considered in any nuclear Energy and
Impulse Balance before. Since this, however,
is absolutely necessary for a perfect balance,
and since in fact the Displacement Energy, by
considering this, leads to a perfect Energy
and Impulse balance, Displacement Energy
(L'i.E) the logical term in the law of Conser
vation of Energy which unifies the marco and
the microcosmical occurrences.
Thinking this over, ii becomes clear why the
*The Basic Rocket Equalion is written os M
the
vehicle's
Moss
Ration
(M)
is
the
V
= eC where
ratio
of
the
takeoff moss m0 and the burnout moss m1; c is the
exhaust velocity of the vehicle; V is the vehicle velocity
relative to the takeoff point; and e is o natural growlh
number having o vafue of 2.718.
�research in Nuclear Physics cannot find any
satisfying Energy and Impulse balance just
by looking for more nuclear particles, hoping
that one particle will be discovered which will
exactly balance the energy input and out
put. The experimental and analytical research,
however, led already to an accurate defini
tion of this "missiong particle". Physics here
left the ground of realism in turning from
rational intelligence into a meta-physical be
lief in a "ghost particle, neutrino" with the
following properties:
Particle Mass Charge Energy Lifetime
to unify the physical sciences. Now it setms
that we cannot go much further in our loyal
attempts to satisfy the old energy law without
leaving what, up to date, is called "physics".
Instead, we should try to reasonably change
or modify the old regulations, at least in
accordance with other regulations, which hove
already been established. Here again, we
should recall that these other regulations,
which already exist, ore "Entropy" and Max
well's "Displacement Current" and now "Dis
placement Energy".
Furthermore,
the
new
"Displacement
Energy" derived in Astrodynamics presents, in
Netutrino --0
0
�le Stable
Anti-neutrino O
O
Variable Stable
Remarkable is this hope, namely that experiments might find a "particle!", which
does not exist, but which indicates its "'exist
ence" twice, namely when it appears and
when it disappears, which has no mass and no
charge, but which has "energy" and a stable
lifetime.
Seriously, should we continue to carry on
research in this direction? The whole physics
of today, including this metaphysical dilemma,
is based on the old version of the Law of
Conservation of Energy, which led to satisfy
ing results only until Nuclear Physics attempted
fact, all the qualities described above for the
required neutrino-including the metaphysical
ones! The only difference is that the "Dis
placement Energy" (�El cannot be found as a
"particle" of the atom, and being an irreversi
ble consumption, it cannot be produced either,
in accordance with Eddington. Instead, how
ever, it provides a perfect energy and impulse
balance, when incorporated as a new term in
the old Law of Conservation of Energy, which,
in accordance with Einstein, would be the link
to answer the unknowns by formulating the
knowns into their correct relationships.
�V'/g,R�------------g,R------------+
10.000R --�--.......,.---r---,----.-- ---,,.,----,=---.:=--.--,:::;;,.---w
�C
11>
0
"u
�
2.,
"'
"'
�C
tu
IOORf----!----5-!fh::-ll-
�
IORl---1--...J-+j�4-+--lo.t-----H...J-.1--:
--P":.1---I
J)
1/lr.-R-,B-u+,-o ,.,,-1----+Or MO NS
�
11>
u
E
0
"'
11>
0
C
2
:5
10-//f.
I
FIGURE 4
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION Of OUR SOlAR SYSTEM
39
space journal
�information
free
THE HISTORY OF TIME, Thi, in
formative booklet written by Dr.
Lloyd Motz, Professor of Physics and
Astronomy at Columbia University
wos inspired by Girord Perrigovx's
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that includes many interesting facts
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The following souces of free and inexpensive materials ore mode avoil
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Each company or institution represented in the column reserves lhe right to
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Jeon R. Graef, Inc., Dept IF, 610
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40
space journal
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The INSIDE Story of Cape
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��
�-
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space journal
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space journal
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�thrust
control
of solid
propellant
motors
Horold W. Ritchey received his Bachelor of
Science degree in chemical engineering from
Purdue University in 193,4. In 19J6 he received
his Moster of Science degrH in physical chemis•
try. He oho holds o Doctor of Philosophy de•
gree in physical chemistry, from Purdue Uni•
vanity, and o Mosler of Science degree in
chemical engineetlng from Cornell University.
A former petroleum chemist with the Union Oil
CoMpony of Colifornio, he served flve years in
the U. S. Novy during World Wor II. During his
naval service, he was officer-in-charge of the
Harbor Defense School ot Son Pedro, Colifornio,
ond wos on instructor ot the U. S. Novo I Post
groduote School, where he taught, among other
subjects, the mechanics and thermodynamics of
jet propulsion. from 19'8 until 1949 he was
on olomic reoctor engineer with the Cenerol
Electric Co,nJ)Ony, In 19-'9 he jofned the Thiokol
Chemical Corporation. He it now vice president
of the company and lives in Huntsville, Alabomo.
A member of Phi lambda Upsllon honorary
society, Sigmo Xi honorory society, and the
American Rocket Society, he received the C. N.
Hickmon award in 1954 for austanding contribu4
tions to the field of solid propellant chemisJry.
Dr. Ritchey is th• author of many technical
papers and the popular orticle 1 "Rocket Moil to
the Moon," which appeared in the spring 1958
Issue of SPACE Jou,nol.
3. Thrust modulation, which involves ad
justing the amount of thrust at the com
mand of some operational control.
The basic principles underlying the attain
ment of these three different types of thrust
control hove, in the past, given engineers
much trouble in the design of practical solid
propellant motors.
However, due to the re
strictions of security, it will not be possible to
give detailed accounts of how solutions to
these problems were approached or to de
scribe actual devices that may now be in use.
First let us look at the problem of thrust
vector
control.
It
is
needed
primarily
to
maintain general direction and flight attitude
(position of the vehicle
with
reference to
Earth's surface). Moderate control may also
be needed to correct for mechonicol mis
alignment of the motor with the vehicle or for
uneven thrust during the
launching
phase
when the vehicle does not hove enough veloc
Thrust control of any type of liquid or solid
ity to permit aerodynamic control surfaces to
propellant motor falls into one or more of the
function properly. Thrust vector control may
following categories which may be broadly
also be needed at very high altitudes where
defined as:
1. Thrust vector control or control of the
the density of the atmosphere is not great
enough to produce the required forces.
In
direction of the vehicle, a process which
general, these applications do not demand
involves generating a change in direc
very large changes in direction.
tion (pitch and yow) olong either of
Thrust vector control moy also be needed
two oxes perpendicular to the main line
when the vehicle meets unstable aerodynamic
of thrust;
2. Thrust termination, which means simply
shutting off the thrust;
conditions during flight. When these situations
occur or when very high or varying wind di
rection and velocities are encountered, then
43
space journal
�thrust vector control may require relatively
large side (yaw) or up-and-down (pitch) de
flections and very rapid means of effecting
them.
(
'
-
FIGURE NO.
require vanes mode of materials to withstand
high temperature and stresses.
The problem of Anding materials which will
stand up under high temperature and stress
is partially solved by the use of the jetovotor
as a means of thrust vector control. This de
vice, figure 2, is the central zone of a sphere,
mounted on gimbals, which dips into the
exhaust jet in the direction desired, thus
producing the necessary change in direction.
Unlike the jet vane, the jetavotor is immersed
only a short time in the exhaust jet. It does,
on the other hand, have a relatively high drag
loss during the time that it is used. Also, it is
Mechanically octuofed jet vanes of the solid propellant
motor provido thrust vedor control and roll control of
the vehicle by operating within the e.w.housf. Such vanes,
coupled
with aerodynamic surfaces,
provided
similar
controls for the Germon V-2 guided missile.
One of the oldest methods of obtaining
thrust vector control is by the use of jet vanes,
a method used on the German V-2 and by sev
eral contemporary guided missiles. The most
common application of this method has four
vanes positioned within the jet exhaust stream
of the motor, as shown in figure 1. Often these
jet vanes are mechanically linked to aero
dynamic surfaces called ailerons or elevons.
They have the advantage of providing roll
control (prevention of the vehicle from rotating
about its long axis) as well as providing for
side movements when they are applied to a
single nozzle. There are, however, two disad
vantages to the jet vane: ( 1) large side move
ments require proportionately large vanes and
cross sections, both of which cause a drag
loss in the jet stream; (2) the high velocity
and high temperature of the exhaust gases
FIGURE NO. 3
The fle,cible nozzle re pre sents o new and more sophisli
coted form of thrust vector control i11 .solid propellant
motors. Like the ;etavotor, it con not esloblish roll control
in single motors.
PLENU._1
CHAMBER
FIGURE NO
4
Reversal nozzles, mounted around the main nozzle, offer
o means of positiv@ @nd of thrust for the solid propellant
motor. However, they require the addition of o plenum
chamber lo the total weight of o solid propellant motor.
FIGURE NO. 2
The jetovotor mork.r on improvement in the development
of thrust vector control of solid propellant motor,. While
it does not provide roll control for single-motored ve
hicles, it does simplify the problems of thrust
control.
44
space journal
Yee-tor
not capable of providing roll control unless
the motor is fitted with multiple nozzles.
A third device for attaining thrust vector
control is the flexible nozzle shown in figure
3. It is adopted from a control common to
liquid propellant engines where the combus
tion chamber is mounted on gimbals. For the
solid propellant motor use, the nozzle is at
tached lo the combustion chamber by a flexi
ble coupling and mounted on gimbals. It is
�easy to see that this arrangement con produce
changes in direction by moving the position
of the nozzle. From a standpoint of drag
loss the flexible nozzle is more efficient than
the two methods described above. But it does
raise mechanical problems by requiring seals
against the escape of hot, high pressure
gases. And, like the jetavotor, roll control
con be obtained only from a motor with
multiple nozzles.
(I 1 •1 , • I 'I ,, I
-J
'"1
=:;�,
1 l
f'U..L FLAME TCW
F\JEL·R101ltHE
OX'1GCN·fl04Ztf.t.
FLCL
0>1.1D1UR
FIGURE NO. 7
Schematic
view
of
the
burning
process of a solid propellant groin
within o rocket molor. The lac� of
the propellant groin actually con�
toins o "loom" zone, consisting ol
liquened propellont ingredients and
some evolved gos, Zone A is known
a.s the dork zone which contains
a "fizz" zone and a Rome reaction
zone.
Zone 8
is
the flame zone
which ;s luminous.
FIGURE NO. 5
Reversal nozzles con also be mounfed on
the
forward
or head
end
of the s.olid
propellant rocket motor, but they mu.st be
mounted ot on angle to ovoid damage to
the vehicle by the hot exhaust goses.
FIGURE NO. 6
A
hypothetical
arrangement
for
varying the ratio of the burning
surfoce of a solid propeltont groin
10 the nozzle area as o means of
obtaining thri.ut modulation. Such
o device is one means of control
ling the range of o solid propelled
rocJc-et.
In addition to thrust vector control, many
vehicles require the positive end of thrust
once they hove reached a certain velocity.
This is ncessory to control their range. One
method of achieving thrust termination is the
generation of on exhaust jet in a direction
opposite to the main propulsion stream. In
this way, a reverse thrust is obtained that is
equal to or slightly greater than the forward
thrust. Such a reverse jet may be accom
plished by reversal ducts connecting into a
plenum chamber at the oft end of the motor,
as shown in figure 4. Reverse ducts or jets
con also be used at the forward end of the
motor, but in most coses they must be mounted
at on angle so that the heat and shock of
their exhausts do not damage the vehicle or
its payload. This method is shown in figure 5.
In either case the ducts must be opened
rapidly and at exactly the some time. Failure
of all ducts to open together could easily
cause unbalanced side forces which could re
sult in the vehicle's tumbling or yawing. One
possible disadvantage of this method of thrust
termination is that the plenum chamber neces
sary to feed the ducts would mean on increase
in the weight of the motor.
Another method of terminating thrust is the
quenching of the burning propellant groin.
This can be done quite easily by setting up
a shock expansion wove inside the combus
tion chamber of the motor as shown in figure
6. In this method a new nozzle throat area,
A2, opens when the old nozzle is blown from
the combustion chamber. The new nozzle
FIGURE NO. 8
Graph .showing the duration of thrust tronsients which
might be induced os o re.suit ol thrv.st termination in a
solid propellant rocket motor.
45
space journal
�throat area has an area larger than the old
the burning, at combustion chamber tempera
one, A1 • This sudden increase in throat area
ture, occupy region B. Between region B and
sets up a shock wave inside the combustion
the surface of the propellant grain, there is
chamber and puts out the burning propellant
region A
groin.
fuel-rich gases formed by the burning propel
A simplified and schematic view of
where
the
oxygen-rich
and the
how this is done is shown in figure 7, which
lant grain mix and react. During normal com
represents a burning propellant grain consist
bustion, heat is transferred from region B to
ing of an oxidizer and a fuel. The products of
Graph illustrating the
chamber
pressure-to-Kn.
relationship. It demon•
strates that as the curve
small
grows
stee per,
changes in the value of
Kq. con effect large
changes in P. Under cer
tain
conditions,
this
proves that auxiliary noz
zles around a central
nozzle can bring about
thrust modulation in a
solid propellant motor.
..
1----.---
---;"'•,"'.n
the surface of the propellant grain, through
region A, at exactly the right rate to support
the burning process as the surface of the
grain is used up and recedes.
When the
nozzle, shown in figure 6, blows off, an ex
pansion wove travels through the combustion
chamber.
........ a..�:1
��·a-,."''"'"'
FIGURE NO. 9
The reacting gases in region A
expand and cool the surface of the propellant
grain to a point below combustion tempera
ture.
Naturally the grain ceases to burn.
Under atmospheric conditions it is normal for
the grain to reignite after several seconds.
But at high altitudes, region A is so diffuse and
the reaction is so slow that combustion energy
is not generated close enough to the surface
of the propellant grain to reignite it.
There are two important advantages to
thrust termination: the weight of the motor
need not be increased, and the possibility
---------;,_;
of tumbling is minimized because of the ex
haust flow of the gases is still along the main
thrust axis of the vehicle.
However, there is
one disadvantage to this method: it introduces
FIGURE NO. 10
The blow-off nozzle actually quenches the
lire within the combustion chamber of the
solid prope'1ont rocket motor, thus pro
viding a positive mean.s of thrutt termina
tion.
Preparations ore mode for costing
a solid propellant motor in Thiokol
Chemical Corporation's Huntsville,
Alabama plant.
46
space journal
a thrust transient, or momentary instability,
that could be troublesome for a payload in
the vehicle.
Suppose, as shown in figure 8,
that the motor has an initial thrust of F 1 and
that the time interval T 1 is necessary for the
mechanical system to blow off the nozzle. At
�of thrust or-in other words-to obtain thrust
Since chamber pressure is af
fected by the ratio of the burning surface of
the propellant grain to the nozzle throat area,
any such method must be based upon varying
the ratio between the burning surfoce of the
propellant grain and the nozzle throat area.
This relationship is shown graphically in
figure 9.
Perhaps a little painless mathematics will
help clarify the meaning of this graph. ft is
obvious that as the curve grows steeper the
changes in P (pressure) become proportion
ately larger as the changes in K n become
smaller. K 0 represents the ratio of the area of
the burning propellant surface to the area of
the nozzle throat. The exponential n here is
modulation.
The U. S.
Army's
Nike
Hercules
ontioircrofl guided
missile hos a solid propellant su.stoiner motor and o
,olid
propellant
booster motor.
IU. S. Army
f
The U. S. Air Force's Thor Able vehicle is a three-,loge
mi ss ile used for Nose Con e te sts and Spoc e
e xp e riments.
The mi ssile's third .stage hos o .solid propellant rocket
motor while the first and second doges ore liquid
propelled. IU S. AIR FORCE Photo)
the end of T 1 the thrust climbs rapidly to the
volue F2• Since the expansion wave travels
at the speed of sound (approximately 3000
feet per second) through the combustion
chamber, the duration of the transient T2 can
be estimated by dividing the length of the
motor by 3000 feet per second. The pressure
on the head of the motor causes a mare or
less level peak in thrust for this period. After
this, the thrust decays rapidly to zero during
the interval T3 • In connection with this transient
force, it is also possible that other transient
forces could be caused by the rela,.;ation of
tensile stresses in the combustion chamber.
Since thrust is approximately proportional
to the operating pressure of the motor, a
method for varying this pressure appears to
be the best approach to controlling the amount
...
Photo)
�equation
In conclusion, it should be obvious that it is
(r=a1,P"), which states that the burning rate
possible to combine two or more of these
derived
from
the
burning
rate
for a specific solid propellant is a function of
thrust control devices in order to provide all
the chamber pressure. In reality, the values of
three types of control on a single rocket motor.
n range between 0.2 and 0.85. Thus it can
be seen that if n has a value of 0.8, then the
exponent of K0 in our first equation becomes
5.
It then follows that even a small change
in throat area (or K0) will produce substantial
changes in pressure and the amount of hot
gas produced. All of this indicates that thrust
All are relatively simple mechanical compo
nents. And their simplicity increases their re
liability. They demonstrate that the solid pro
pellant motor has at last proven its worth
in a field once dominated by the liquid propel
lant motor. In short, the solid propellant motor
has outgrown the names joto and booster.
modulation by means of auxiliary jet nozzles,
as shown in figure 10, becomes easier when
the value of n in the burning rate equation is
high and, therefore, when the exponent of Kn
is high, resulting in a very steep curve for the
K,.-pressure relationship. Naturally, it is to our
advantage that we have a large number of
solid propellants with a wide range of burning
rate exponents.
Mathematics and graphs aside, it is very
impractical to vary the propellant burning
surface.
So, then,
the nozzle throat area
Basic principles and techniques af the
missile engineering
must be varied. But this does not mean that
one nozzle with
answer.
a variable
throat is
the
sciences
Indeed, this arrangement would in
volve many difficult mechanical and design
surveyed, explained, and illustrated
problems. The nozzle throat area can, how
in this one convenient volume
ever, consist of the sum of the areas of several
GUIDED MISSILE
ENGINEERING
nozzle throats, the total of which can be
varied. By using solid propellants having high
pressure exponents, it is possible to get a
wide range of control with very small varia
tions in the total nozzle throat area. And, too,
such an
arrangement makes for a simple
Edited by
and
mechanical device. The scheme shown in fig
ure 10 illustrates one possibility.
Four auxil
iary nozzles are arranged around a central
nozzle.
Each auxiliary nozzle has a conical
insert which can be moved in and out of its
throat by an actuator device. It is easy to see
how the total nozzle throat area of the motor
is thus varied.
With a propellant having a
high value for the exponent of Kn , the size of
the auxiliary nozzle throat areas needed de
creases in relation to the area of the central
or main nozzle. Thus penalties for drag or
other inefficiencies of the expansion of ex
haust gas in the auxiliary nozzles would have
a very small overall effect on the efficiency of
the vehicle.
48
sp ace journal
ALLEN E. PUCKETT
Auodate Director, :iy�lt•ms /J('1;t•lopmerit /.ol,orMorie1, Hu,hu Air�r<r/t Comporr.y
SIMON RA!UO
Presldtrrt, Space Ttv-lrnolo�y L,1bor�u,rit!$, A Dfrisi.on of
th� Rt1mo•Wr,ol(lrfrl�,-. Corporatfon
512 pages, 6 x 9, 213 illustrations, $10.00
1>uLer systems, and other related
ln this authoritative book e11.ch
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This broacl treutmcnt includes in
dh idual Co\ erage of electronics,
Q:uidnnce and navil:lativn, st.ability
nnd control. Herodynnmics. airframe
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aubjecv,.
Each section is written by :rn
eminently qualified expert ... each
brings you jui,t the I.trktlical. :-;pe
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�The need to know-
\,Vithin a short time, our missiles and satellites
programs involved hundreds of thousands of
people-ranging from Senate Finance Committee
members to the girls who type invoices for
materiel suppliers. Sputnik I brought an interested
and enthusiastic public.
Some textbooks were available for the engineers.
There was almost no literature for the la) man,
other than science fiction.
Out of this need to know came SPACE Journal,
conceived by the Red5tone Arsenal scientists who
launched the Explorer satellites.
SPACE Journal is a progress report of a new,
furiously expanding field. It interprets for the
layman the theories and philosophy of space,
interplanetary flight, astrophysics, and the actual
accomplishments. Begun as an amateur effort,
SPACE .Journal's first issue was 5,000 copies. An
additional 15,000 copies were printed to satisfy the
demand, and sold at the newsstands of twelve
cities. A company was formed to continue its
publication as a quarterly.
The print order on the second edition was
100,000. There was an instant <lemantl for copies
from government agencies, the armed forces, the
press, educators and industry. TI> fill an order for
Stars & Stripes in Europe, 2,500 copies bad to be
taken off the newsstands.
The print order of the third issue was 120,000.
SPACE Journal is distributed nationally by the
Independent News Company.
The importance of space flight is emphasized by
the current appropriations of $510 millions for
space flight research. SPACE Journal is read by
the people who sign the orders; the designers,
engineers, manufacturers; the technicians and
serviccrs who operate them, and a large portion o[
the educational world. l t offers a tremendous
new and unduplicated potential for your
adYertising effort.
,\nd SPACE Journal's general readers arc an
enormous plus value, an audience appreciatiYe of
your efforts, a potent nucleus of informed
opinion; and include the young people who will
be responsible for the future of space flight.
SP.\CE Journal advertisers include:
'Brown Engineering Company, Inc.. . . Chrysler
Corporatio11 ... General Astronautics Corporation
. . . Glen L.Martin Company ...North American
A11iation, Inc., Rocketdyne Division ...Precisio11
Engineering, Inc. . . . Reaction Motors, Inc . . . .
Reynolds M.etals Company ... Robbins Aviation
. . . Sperry Rand Corporation, Ford Instrument
Company Division . . . Thiokol Chemical
Corporation, Redstone Division.
SPACE-Journal
published by Space Enterprises, Inc., 316 Howerton, Nashville, Tenn.
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATl\'ES:
Ren Averill Company, 232 North Lake Ave.,
Pasadena 1, Calif. Telephone l\lUrray 1-9291
Mw-ray Bernhard Associates, 118 E. 40th St.,
New York 16, �ew York. Telephone OXford 7-5420
�serving industry and
the national defense
In modern plants strategically
situated throughout the coun
try, Thiokol is making many
significant contributions to the
art and science of rocketry.
By developing new and better
propellants (both solid and liq
uid)-by designing and build
ing improved power plants to
utilize these fuels -by furnish
ing essential support equipment
... Thiokol helps to strengthen
the nation's defenses, helps
push back our spatial frontiers.
Engineers, Scientists: perhaps there's
a place for you in Thiokol's expand
ing organization. Our new projects
present challenging problems and
a chance for greater responsibility.
�oe
® CHEMICAL .,CORPORATION
·.
TRENTON, .Iii. ,•. • ElKTON, ·Mo. -�.HU
• AV..
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Moss fotNT, Miss.; 111GH� c1TY, UTAH • DENV:UU. "- J.. •
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Serials Collection
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Serials Collection
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Title
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<i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 2, no. 1, September 1959.
Subject
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Cold War
Guided missiles--Testing
Moon--Exploration
Moon--Magnetic properties
Solid propellant rockets
Space sciences
Space race--United States--History--20th century
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Space Enterprises, Inc.
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Von Braun Astronomical Society, Huntsville, Alabama
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1959-09
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en
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Periodicals
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vbas_space_journal_001_054
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1950-1959
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PDF Text
Text
H
DECEMBER
D E D I C A T E D
"JOLIRNAL
T 0
T HE
ASTRO - SCIENCES
ALGAE AND LICHENS AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF ION POW��ED SPACE VEHICLES
ROY MARQUARDT-RAMJET MAN
•
A SEARCH FOR THE SPACE MAN'S FOOD
PRIMITIVE FEAR-A FIRST APPROACH TO THE UNIVERSE
SPACE AND THE LAW
THE WEIGHTLESS MAN
SO CENTS
�SPACE AGE EDUCATION
for exciting, highly paid careers
· in the space age • •
e-\
Complete AERONAUTICAL and ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Technology Courses
in two years; ...BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE in one additional year.
.
�� .-
._---
, . .,.
Nor#hrop
lns#i#u#e
_, rec:hn-logy
,NORTHROP AERONAUTICAL INSTITUTE)
1117 West Arbor Vitae Street
Inglewood I, California
1, Callfor,ua
Pl•••• send me 1mmed1ately the Northrop Catalog, employment data,
and schedule of class start1n1 dates. I am interested ,n:
:J Aeronautocal Eng,neering Technology
O Electronic Eng1neerin1 Technology
O Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Technology
D Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic:
O Jet Eng,ne Overhaul and Maintenance
Name ........ .
Age,.,
Address . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. Zone ... State .......,
City... • .
Veterans, Check here O for Spec,al Veteran Training Information.
�DECEMBER 1959
VOL. 2 NO. 2
BOARD OF CONSUlTANTS
Profusor Herm•nn Obuth
Dr. Herbertus Strughold
Dr. Eu9en Saenger
Helmut Hoeppner
Dr. Joh•nnas Gi■v■n
Ronald C. Wdhford
Dr. Karel Hujer
Frederick I. Ordway, 111
EDITOR
ARTICLES
B. Spencer hbell
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
R•lph E. Jennings
James L. 0dnieh, Jr.
Mitchell R. Sharpe, Jr.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
David l. Christensen
LAYOUT DIRECTOR
ROY MARQUARDT-RAMJET MAN
. 8
A SEARCH FOR THE SPACE MAN'S FOOD
.10
THE WEIGHTLESS MAN
.13
PRIMITIVE FEAR
.16
SPACE AND THE LAW .
.19
ATLAS MISSILE ...........•...
.21
GRAPHICS DIRECTOR
Lt■ R. Moor■, Jr.
DEPARTMENTS
ART DIRECTOR
H,ury H.•K. Lang■
BUSINESS MANAGER
llticht1rd T. Hugy
PRODUCTION MANAGER
ADVERTISING DIRECTOR
EDITORIAL ...
3
NASA NEWS
4
WASHINGTON REPORT
......... 7
NEW PRODUCTS
......... 29
METEORITES
32
REACTION-LETTERS
.34
FREE INFORMATION
PUBLISHER
Fred D. Wriqhr
.... . 35
BOOKS
.36
SPACE FOCUS
.38
double ,paced; plus: two c.rbons. Ke.y ell
Short articles of SOO to 3000 words are preferred, Send t�e orig1nal oft white bond paper,oftypewritten,
the autho� and a short b1ogrephieal note .,r.o required for
illudrations wiih 11,e teid. Pho109rdphs should be 8 x 10 inc.hu on gto_uy _stoc\. A picture Send
matenol to SPACE Journlll, P. 0. Sox 82, Hvnhville,
publication. Security clearance for all materi_al ,ubmitred is the res_pons1b1ltty of the outhor.
Alabame. All material accepted for publication becomes the e)lclus1ve property of SPACE Journol.
SUBMISSION Of MATERIAL
PUBLISHING
SPACE Journal Is pubLs►ed Quarterly by SPACE Enterprises, Inc. ·n N&1hvil le, Tenne.ssee.
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Advertising Rates will be fur"ished on request to SPACE Journal, Nashville, T enneuee. We,tem states: Ren Averill Company, 232 North Loi:e Ave., P,ua•
dona, California, Telephone RYt1n 1.9291, Eastern st•tes: Murray Bernl-iard, 10 E. ◄◄fh St., Now York City, Telephone OXford 7-S-420.
ADVERTISING
�Solid Fuels are simple-
.•
�but!
Whether the rocket power be for
the Army's Sergeant, the Air
Force's )1inuteman or tomorrow's
50,000,000 lb. thrust motor it be
gins with globs and strands of
fuel held in the asbestos-gloved
hands of the research chemists.
For more than ten years the
research scientists in THIOKOL's
Rocket and Chemical Divisions
have been continuously engaged
in rapidly expanding programs
of propellant development.
In these endeavors one fact is
common: new propellants are cast
into rocket motors only after
many thousands of hours have
gone into research and testing.
For every successful propellant
formula there are many, many
frustrating failures. This is the
way of ,·esearch. Success, even
though it comes slowly, is the
reward.
Fortunately, success has come
to TmoKOL research scientists
in abundance and with regularity.
The variety of career oppor
tunities at THIOKOL is large and
expanding, including:
Propellant analysis and formula
tion • Polymer research • Fluo
rine and metal hydrides synthesis
• Shock wave phenomena • Com
bustion processes • High vacuum
techniques • Fast reaction kinet
ics • Sen•o system and electro
mechanical design • Instrumen
tation • Ion and plasma propu 1Magnetohydrodynamics
sion
• Thermodynamics • Solid slate
physics.
There may be a place for you
on the team, working on TmOKOL
- develop ed-and-built rocket
powerplants used in the Falcon,
Sergeant, Matador, Nike Her
cules, Lacrosse, X-17, Minute
man, Pershing, Nike Zeus,
Sparrow ITI, X-15, Bomarc, Lit
tle Joe, and Bullpup.
For further information con
tact Personnel Director of any
of these plants: Huntsville, Ala.;
Elkton, Md.; )loss Point, )[iss.;
Brigham City, Utah; Trenton,
N. J.; Bristol, Pa.; Denville,
N. J.; Marshall, Texas.
ALWAYS A BRIDESMAID?
The question that we should be putting to ourselves these days
is the implication of the latest Soviet success in the rocket field
(in which they excell so well). If we learned nothing else from
Lunik I, II and Ill, we have learned that the Washington govern
ment has not been exactly truthful with its pronouncements of
"closing the missile gap". Many will now insist that they suspected
that we were further behind than was officially admitted, but
all of us were taken in to some extent. We shouldn't cry aver
spilt milk but if we can't learn from the school of hard knocks
that the Luniks' have taken us through, then we hod better
get out of the business.
Lack of a centralized Authority with a planned, sensible
program is our problem. The lost football team that tried
what the Washington government is trying in the Space race
didn't fore any better than our space effort. The University of
Miami (Flo.) tried to divide authority lost season, different coaches
were responsible for offense, defense, kicking, poss defense,
etc.
The result was that a team picked by many to go to the
Orange Bowl on New Years day had one of their worst seasons
on record. But, ofter all football is only a game and should be
played as such, you can build character whether you win games
or not. And, if winning games is important, you con always look
to next year. But in the deadly serious business of ICBMs' with
nuclear capabilities, the philosophy that you con run the score
board clock back and start again "all even" is a mistake that
we cannot afford to make. In the nuclear game I doubt if our
adversary will ploy according ta our set of rules, even if he says
he might.
We must consolidate our efforts and not hove our potential
divided between the NASA, ARPA, Air Force, Army, Navy and
the Marines. We need a single agency with power of decision
over all space activities. What would be wrong with giving NASA
the teeth it needs and getting the show on the rood. If we lose
is Research to the Core
this game, we lose more than a New years bowl invitation.
THIOKOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION
Bristol, Pennsylvania
CIRegistered trademark for the Throkol Chemical Corp, for
Us rocket propellanls, liquid pol�men, plasllc1zers and
other chemical products.
3
space journal
�NASA Report
A bri�f history-the NASA began operations
on Oct. l, 1958. It absorbed the personnel
and facilities of the Notional Advisory Com
mittee for Aeronautics, consisting of the nearly
8,000 scientists, engineers and technical and
administrative personnel in the Washington
headquarters and five field laboratories. The
field installations are: ( 1I High Speed Flight
Station, Edwards, California; (21 Langley Re
search Center, Langley Field, Virginia; 131
Pilotless Aircraft Research Station, Wallops
Island, Virginia; 141 Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, California; (51 and the Lewis
Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio.
The NASA also has a new space projects
center under construction at Beltsville, Mary
land, near Washington, D.C. It is scheduled
to go into operation in early 1960.
In addition to the program that the NASA
was to implement after completion of its
initial organization, the NASA took over di
rection of five projects that were already
under way. These were:
(1I A number of Advanced Research Proj
ects Administration and Air Force engine
development research programs, including
their work on nuclear and fluorine rocket
engines and study and development of the
1 .5 million-pound thrust single chamber rocket
engine.
(21 Five space probes which were under
direction of ARPA.
(31 Project Vanguard, including the 160
scientists of the Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, D.C.
(41 Three satellite projects: 12 foot ond
100 foot diameter inflatable spheres and
cosmic ray experiment.
(51 Certain other projects under construc
tion by ABMA.
In the week of Oct. 20th, 1959, the NASA
obtained the transfer of the Army Ballistic
Missile Agency to the NASA. This takes the
Army out of the space field and gives the
4
space journal
NASA the most famous research team in the
free world. This added facility should give
the NASA the finest research teams in the
world.
Objectives of NASA-the three most ambi
tious projects that the NASA is now undertak
ing are:
1.5 million pound thrust booster. The en
gine is a booster rocket of l million pounds
of nominal thrust, capable of being developed
to a l .5 million-pounds-thrust. It will use liquid
oxygen and hydrocarbon propellents but
could be adapted for other fuels. Special
attention will be placed on methods of simpli
fying directional thrust-control and of pressur
izing propellant tanks.
The program will provide a booster of great
size for payloads and experiments weighing
several tons. The booster will eventually be
used to propel manned satellites and space
craft. It will also be clustered to provide
large payloads.
Manned Satellites-Project Mercury. Proj
ect Mercury hos a three-fold objective:
(11 to study man's capabilities for space
flight, (21 to place a manned satellite in orbit
around the earth, and (3) to recover the man
safely.
The capsule will be conical, about seven
feet in diameter at the base and ten feet
high. The pilot will lie in a couch-like frame,
his back supported against the intense gravity
stresses of take-off and re-entry. The base of
the capsule will be mounted on on Atlas
rocket. A suitable shield will protect him from
the high friction-induced heat of atmospheric
re-entry.
The satellite capsule will be launched into o
circular orbit 100 to 150 miles above the
surface of the Earth at a speed of l 8,000
miles per hour. During the landing or re
covery phase, retro-rockets attached to the
capsule will fire, slowing the capsule enough
�to drop it out of orbit. The Earth's atmos
pheric blanket will broke the capsule even
more. The last phase will take place when
parachutes lower it to a landing. Escape
mechanisms will be provided for emergency
landings.
Careful selection and screening hos reduced
to seven the number of candidates for the
capsule ride. Preliminary tests hove revealed
that the capsule into orbit and bock will be
a relatively safe journey.
Nuclear Energy Applications. The Atomic
Energy Commission hos longrange programs
for developing nuclear reactors for application
in spacecraft. The AEC also hos under de
velopment small, light-weight nuclear power
plants to provide electricity over long periods
for satellite instrumentation and other space
application-project SNAP (Systems for Nu
clear Auxiliary Power). In addition to power
from reactors, conversion of nuclear energy
into electricity is being sought. The recently
demonstrated SNAP Ill device which produces
electricity by means of solid-slate converters
from the energy released by the radioactive
decoy of polonium or other radioisotopes.
SNAP Ill hos no moving ports, is very small
and light, and hos a long use-life.
The X-15 flight into space. The latest in a
series of advanced research vehicles for
high-speed, high-altitude experiments is the
X-15 Rocket-Powered Research Aircraft. A
joint undertaking of the Air Force, Navy, and
NASA, the X-15 is expected lo fly at speeds in
excess of 3,600 miles per hour and to reach
altitudes of l 00 miles. It will be dropped
from a B-52 bomber. The drop-launch will
enable it to make a steep power climb toward
the fringes of space, after which it will toke
a long glide bock to earth.
Through the flights of the X-15 the NASA
will gather information about: (1) pilot reac
tion to flight during short periods of weight-
lessness; (2) severe aerodynamic heating
caused by air friction at hypersonic speeds;
(3) airplane stability and new types of aero
dynamic control surfaces to keep the airplane
flying on course at these great speeds; (41
rocket reaction control systems when the air
plane is too high for aerodynamic forces to
be sufficient; and (5) many of the exit, re-en
try, and lo11ding problems that spacecraft will
encounter. Results of flights by the X-15 will
have an important bearing on the manned
space vehicle projects.
Space Sphere. At 5:45 p.m. EST, a 100 foot
sphere was launched from the Wallops Island
facility of the Notional Aeronautical and
Space Administration. The launching, which
took place on October 28, 1959 was to, in
port, test the spheroid's ability to reflect the
rays of the sun as it set.
As the ballon descended from clear skies
into the Atlantic Ocean, it was reported from
Moine to South Carolina. It was visible for
about ten minutes before it was lost behind
the horizon and fell about 500 miles due east
of Wallops Island.
The launching was a test of the inflatable
satellites which ore to be used in communi
cations experiments, as reflectors of radio
and radar beams in space.
Professor Robert Brown, director of the
New Hoven, Conn., moon-watch station, fol
lowed the sphere and, before he learned
what it was, said "it was the craziest thing
in the world."
5
space journal
�The sphere was launched by a two-stage
racket that was 32 ½ feet high and weighed
5 ½ tons al take-off.
With an initial thrust
of 130,000 pounds, this was the largest ve
Standing as high as a ten story building
when inflated, the ballon was packed into a
The sphere
was made of a mylar plastic coated with
aluminum half of one thousandth of an inch
thick.
Inflation was completed by the re
lease of four pounds of water that was in
plastic bags.
The water vaporized inside the
sphere and inflated it to 523,598 cubic feet.
It reached a peak altitude of 253 statue
hicle yet fired at Wallops Island.
26 ½ sphere for its ride aloft.
inside it.
miles, and was tracked for ten minutes by
radar at several stations.
It was tracked
optically by the Lindon laboratory station
near Boston.
A telemetry radio transmitter was inside
Upon ejection from its container, the
the sphere to record its performance, but the
sphere started inflating from the residual air
information it broadcast is not yet available.
6
space journal
�Washington Report
STEEL STRIKE
Opinion on the hill is that the union stand has gone too far in regards to the current hike.
Many representatives are concerned with rising un-employment because of lack of steel. Even
pro-union members cannot defend strike in face of economy slow-down. Even more heat has
been put on unions with statements by Glennon, NASA head, that missile production has been
hurt by the strike and that work on the Vega missile has been delayed as much as three months.
No action will take place in congress in the next session because of the election year, but look
for a move to get under way in 61.
DEFENSE CUT-BACKS
Economy is the order of the day among all the servcies, with even the Air Force feeling the
pinch. All will cut some manpower for next year and the Air Force will probably reduce the
number of fighter squadrons it has active. There is speculation around Washington that all of
the Air Force reduction in spending is not caused by lack of funds, but by a lop flight decision
to "leap-frog" into a more advanced type of missile. This would be comparable to the Russian
move to missiles rather than try and develop a long range bomber. This decision gave them
much of their head start in the missile race.
MISSILES
Minuteman and Atlas will probably get full go-ahead. Titan will probably be cut back. Most
Titan will get is a small number of squadrons and some use in space probes and experiments.
Air-launched ballistic missile is still very much in "air" and no firm decision has been made.
This project will probably be shelved in favor of a longer range ramjet model.
Long range bombers are almost out.
Missiles to get the axe in the next twelve months are; Nike-Zeus, Bomarc, Titan, Nike-Hercules,
Falcon, Mace, and the air-launched GAM-87A.
NUCLEAR PROPULSION PROGRAM
This project will be continued with General Electric and Marquardt donig most of the work.
MOVE OF ASMA TO NASA
This came as no shock to most on capital hill. Should have been done lost October. Still not
enough authority for NASA. Must have more and broader powers if the ever increasing gap
between US and USSR is to be closed. Out look for next year. Gap will not close instead ii
will widen with several "new soviet first. Most logical next accomplishment? Man in orbit, per
haps by 1960. Next, will be successful moon landing with extensive data gathered. Perhaps a
shot at Mars with photos similar to recent Moon shots.
7
space journal
�roy marquardt, the ramjet man
by
Lois
Philmus
Since time began, man's imagfoation aruf_ in
genuity has perpetrated the great explorations
of the worM. And now it is man's faculties
a{{ain that will permit the greatest exploration
of all time the plun{!.e into space and the
universe. Beginning a new series on the men
wit/, the brain pou·er to provide the where
withal to get there.
Roy
Marquardt,
Company.
8
space journal
founder
o(
the
Marquardt
Aircrolt
�through ramjet application could be music to
the ears of the spacemen.
As we advance
farther and farther into the technology of
travel into the universe, the entire program is
threatened by estimates of the fantastic boost
er weights required to thrust larger and larger
payloads farther and farther into space.
Bui what of the ramjet's one Aaw-impo
tence in static thrust? Marquardt's company in
Von Nuys is working on that solution also by
combining the advantages of the ramjet with
those of the rocket.
The marriage of a chemically powered
rocket and the ramjet would provide the ad
vantges of the rocket's static thrust to operate
out of the atmosphere with the ramjet's supe
rior performance at high Moch numbers while
still in the atmosphere.
Possible?
Revealed Marquardt: "We have a working
model under test."
Known as the perturbation cycle ramjet, o
scale model has been successfully run com
"The rom;et is not through by o long way."
bining ramjet-rocket power in which the rocket
engine disturbs the incremental cycle of the
ramjet.
Marquardt envisions that the perturbation
Does the ramjet engine have a place in the
space age?
Yes, says Roy Marquardt-the man who
rediscovered the ramjet and expanded its
principles. "Satellite probes indicate that the
atmposphere is higher than we previously
thought. Thus, we can make better use of the
oxygen through the wider use of ramjets."
The advantages? Weight and cost savings.
The nuclear powered ramjet, now under re
search ond feasibility studies as the Air Force
sponsored Project Pluto, shows great promise
for the future, Marquardt declared.
"The objective of the nuclear powered ram
cycle ramjet could be used in a concept
which has ramjet engines as booster power
plants for space vehicles, instead of large
rocket engine first stages.
His company holds Air Force contracts to
explore the new space propulsion concept,
"The nuclear ramjet
alone," Marquardt
stated, "can carry o larger payload through
the atmosphere at less weight and cost than
present ballistic missile vehicles.
The very nature of the ramjet-a fantasti
cally simple engine oft described as a "stove
pipe"-is to carry large payloads for infinite
distances at high speed through the atmos
phere.
jet is to achieve better propellant consumption
Just this summer Marquardt established a
while still in the atmosphere by using the free
nuclear systems division to accelerate research
oxygen rather than carrying it along in first
(Cont. on P. 39)
and second stages as present systems do,"
Marquardt explained.
The theoretical savings in weight and cost
9
space journal
�a search for the space man's food
by R o b e r t G. T i s c h e r
HE FIRST MANNED FLIGHTS into Space will
T
be of short duration, primarily designed to
demonstrate successfully that a human opera
tor can survive the extremes of acceleration,
temperature, motion, and confinement, while
maintaining his ability to make a sequence of
correct decisions which will bring the ship
safely back to Earth.
Painstakingly detailed study of this first
vehicle and its one-man crew will reveal faults
in construction of the ship and in the per
formance of the operator which can be used
immediately to improve subsequent trips.
Aside from the magnitude of forces involved,
this excursion will resemble flights made rou
tinely in high-performance aircraft now in use.
The crewman will be carefully selected,
trained, and briefed. He will carry along a
sufficient quantity of liquid oxygen to suffice
for the projected length of the trip with a
safety factor which will be adjusted to the
best use of space and weight. A little water
will be necessary to replace losses normal to
the cabin environment of his Space ship.
Food during these first experimental flights
will be carried along in small amounts or not
at all. If food is included it will be used
either for quick stimulation or for its psycho
logical value, perhaps in combination with
drugs, and certainly highly correlated with the
personal desires of the crewman. This can
be assumed from the fact that studies of
nutritional patterns of human subjects under
great stress more than suggests that the de
gree of emphasis on food decreases as the
situation becomes more strenuous. Thus the
immediate results of increasing the length of
an excursion into Space will be to increase in
proportion the demand for oxygen, water,
and ultimately food.
While variety is not a factor in the provision
of oxygen and water, it is an important one
with food. The simplest diet may suffice for
the shorter flights; but, in contrast, longer
flights will quickly generate the desire for
variety in the menu of the Space man.
10
space journal
For journeys of more than a few days,
some method of preservation will be used to
maintain the food supply in a safe and edible
condition for the required length of time. With
this in mind, all the common methods of
preservation have been suggested and each
has its merits. For example, precooked frozen
foods would serve best on short and inter
mediate range flights where low temperatures
could be maintained in insulated storage
without mechanical refrigeration.
If the food supply were loaded into the
Space vehicle at -200 ° F., the food itself
would provide refrigeration sufficient to allow
operation for a few days or even a few weeks
-the exact time depending on the effective
use of insulation. It is apparent that due pay
ment must be made for the privilege of
carrying foods al this low temperature in
terms of a high energy requirement for thaw
ing prior to use. This might still be an attrac
tive method if the crewman agrees that the
quality of his food is significantly better than
that provided by other methods. Also, if
cabin cooling is a problem, the food at very
low temperatures would act as a heal sink for
cabin temperature control.
Canned foods are recommended by their
rugged stability but, in this case, not by their
high water content nor the necessity for heavy
metal containers.
Dehydrated foods have been suggested for
use in Space vehicles with the idea that their
low moisture content makes them an especially
efficient cargo.
If water within the ship is not recycled,
the;·e appears to be no advantage of any
kind in choosing dehydrated foods as any
significant part of the Space crew menu. Since
the waler requirement of a man is practically
the same whether he drinks his water or takes
it in combination with one or another food,
the absence of water in his dehydrated food
would only dictate the presence of an equiva
lent amount in liquid form. Result: the net
gain in weight conservation would be almost
nothing.
�The simplest recycling process is designed
for the reuse of water through the activity of
an ion-exchanger or by means of distillation
processes. Operated efficiently this cycle
would reduce water requirements to that
amount needed by the Space man during the
time necessary for recycling a roughly equal
amount. With this change, the use of dehy
drated foods becomes a much more promi
nent possibility. Apart from this advantage
however, the burden of equipment for dehy
dration of dehydrated foods remains.
Closed-cycle feeding of crewmen in Space
trips is usually constructed from two important
components: a Space crewman and a micro
biological regeneration system. The Space
crewman is usually visualized as a less-than
average size man weighing between I 00 and
140 pounds. A small man is chosen for the
obvious reason that economy of both space
and weight are, at least for the present, highly
essential in the design and operation of Space
craft. Only as soon as fuel-weight ratios are
reduced will it be possible to contemplate
large Space crews either individually or col
lectively.
The reasons for including a man at all in
the Space craft have been critically reviewed
by many authors. For our purposes, it is
.sufficient to conclude that he is most needed
for control, through human judgement, of
Space voyage situations which cannot be reli
ably predicted and therefore cannot be fully
mechanized. Also, he weighs less than most
computers of roughly equal ability.
But he must have daily about 1 ½ pounds
of oxygen, five pounds of water, and a pound
of food (dry weight). However, in the course
of o small number of hours he returns to the
system all of the water token in-about five
pounds-plus I I ounces (330 grams) of
metabolic water. And, too, all of the oxygen
is returned as carbon dioxide along with four
ounces (125 grams) of carbon dioxide pro•
,One of 40,000 kinds of Algae.
Lichens would require less water ...
duced from the breakdown of foods. This
leaves a remainder of approximately 1 ½
ounces (45 grams) of dry solids which are
returned to the system each day.
While this gives the overall picture on o
short term basis, it is clear that the growth of
hair, nails, and skin would hove to be token
into account at least in excursions of very long
duration.
The microbiological regeneration system
hos already received many names and many
identities, but all descriptions contain o plant
which functions to produce oxygen from
human wastes. The algae are usually pre
ferred for this task since they ore, by com
parison with higher plants, of uncomplicated
structure. Essentially, the alga functions en
tirely photosynthetically while higher plants
have roots, stalks, blossoms, bark, and a
complicated vascular system which may play
no part at all in photosynthesis. This compli
cation in structure seems, in some way, to be
related to their possible use as human food.
Observe, for instance, that we eat leaves,
roots, stalks, blossoms, and even the bark of
some of the higher plants while, with a few
exceptions, the algae and other lower green
plants are not as often used for food.
. . . but would require more area.
�The advantage of photosynthetic efficiency
of the algae is portly reversed by their re
quirements for large amounts of water to grow
in and their lack of direct acceptability as
human food. And it is these attributes which
lead the designer of a closed-cycle feeding
system to consider any one of a number of
combinations of plants and animals to per
form the combined functions of supplying oxy
gen, water, and food while existing entirely
on a diet of human wastes.
The closed-cycle concept is almost invari
ably applied to long Space excursions which
will take months or years. This is the direct
result of a host of known and expected in
efficiencies in the cycling operation. Ulti
mately, however, we should look forward to
a closed-cycle system of high enough effi
ciency to compete with conventional feeding
methods, even during short Space excursions.
What might be the requirements of such
an idea system? How would it look and how
would it function under the stresses of actual
Space flight?
To house the system we should construct
a cabin with a total volume of less than 50
cubic feet. The cabin will hove a cylindrical
shape in early models to maximize the effi
cient use of space in a vehicle of similar
design.
The cabin will be completely sealed 48
hours prior to launching and rigorously
checked and adjusted. Twelve hours later the
Space man will be placed in a cabin simulator
where the oxygen level built up to 50 percent
to match that of the vehicle. Simultaneously
the pressure will be reduced to half on atmos
phere. Then, two hours before launching,
the crewman and his immediate gear will be
transferred through a pressure-lock to the
cabin of the vehicle.
Lying prone on a contour bed he will hove
in his field of vision all of the instruments and
controls with which he will work throughout
the trip. He will also be in television contact
with control operations informing him of the
progress of preparations.
Finally the count down will start, the ve
hicle will rise slowly at first and then the
traveler will zoom off into space.
After a brief blackout the crewman will
regain consciousness and begin monitoring
12
space journal
the vehicle's progress.
The oxygen he hos consumed will be re
placed by more supplied by on efficient
light-weight bio-converter. This converter
should weigh about 40 pounds and be built
of light-weight plastic containing a radioactive
isotope and a luminescent chemical which
causes the inside of the converter tubes to
glow brightly. Inside the tubes will be a
dark-green mixture containing approximately
50 percent algal cells in water, under two
atmospheres of pressure, being circulated
very turbulently through the lighted tubes.
Al the intake end will be a regulating device
which raises or lowers the oxygen output of
the system to match the needs of the crewman
while he is resting or working.
Solid and liquid human wastes will go
directly to an incinerator-still combination
which will first boil off the water through a
condenser and an ion-exchange column lo
maintain a constant supply of pure water.
The remaining dry substance will be auto
matically heated to higher temperatures and
broken down into carbon dioxide, nitrogen,
and water-all of which will be fed directly
to the bio-converler. Under pressure, the
carbon dioxide will dissolve in the converter
fluid where it will be reconverted to oxygen.
The mineral salts remaining after the
destructive distillation of the human wastes
will be dissolved in water and metered into
the bio-converter to complete the carbon
dioxide-mineral salts diet of the oxygen ex
change algae.
At another place in the converter a portion
of the converter fluid will be drown off,
cooked thoroughly at a high temperature
and pressure and partly dewatered. To this
concentrate there will be automatically added
a minute amount of flavoring material to
make the algal soup palatable to the crew
man.
Following a timed schedule, the crewman
will take his food and water by a mouth-tube
and in measured amounts, changing the fla
vor but not the texture of his diet at will.
The return to Earth will be followed by
a debriefing procedure which includes a grad
ual change from the semi-liquid Space diet
to a normal Earth diet.
(Continued on 45)
�the weightless man
b y H e r b e rt 0. S I a I I
ng s
and Siegfried J. Gerathewohl
HE TWENTIETH CENTURY has seen many
T
outstanding accomplishments. Among these
are the development of the automobile, air
plane, atomic fission, television, and great
advances in medical science. We are now
on the threshold of still greater challenge
the conquest of Space. While scientists knew
of the future of Space travel and engineers
dreamed of
interplanetary rocket
flight, ii
took an eye-opener from behind the Iron
Curtain to convince the American public that
the time is not too distant when manned
Weightlessness-space
8. R;gg
bound (above) by lt. Col. Robert
vehicles will escape the captive pull of Earth's
gravitation and speed info the infinity beyond
our world.
When this occurs, the Space traveler will
be subjected to the most fascinating con
dition associated with sustained rocket flight:
The condition of zero-gravity, in which he
will have no feeling of weight_ As everyone
knows, weight is the result of the tug of Earth's
mass as it constantly pulls us toward its cen
ter. However, when the rocket ship cruises
freely after burnout, it moves along a so
called Keplerian trajectory in a gravity-free
condition. This trajectory is like the orbit of
celestial objects such as the Moon or Earth.
The speed of the body then creates a cen
trifugal force which exactly counteracts the
pull of gravity. Such a trajectory need not be
confined lo the outer reaches of Space- Any
craft with sufficient speed can fly through a
Keplerian orbit
a few
miles
above
Earth
where air resistance is low and excessive
thrust can be used for overcoming drag. In
jet aircraft, zero-gravity has been achieved
for a maximum of about 43 seconds.
Obviously, before man is to be subjected
lo the strange ond startling reality of zero
gravity for extended periods of lime, research
We;ghtlessnes,-eorth bovnd (below) by lt.
8 11;aq
Col.
Robert
�must be conducted to investigate the effects
of weightlessness on him in order that he be
forewarned and prepared to meet this un
canny experience. At first glance, it might
seem that weightlessness would be a very sim
ple and pleasant sensation-rather like a
relief from the everlasting burden of weight.
But this is not necessarily true. On Earth we
are never free from weight. Even the swim
mer, lazily drifting on a pool of water, is
subjected to the force of gravity and so are
birds in flight. The dream condition of man
floating and drifting weightlessly in Space is
only a wish fulfillment which in itself recognizes
the consciousness of weight.
Actual weightlessness can be experienced
only when the force of gravity seems to be
absent or is balanced by an opposing force.
The first case occurs when a Space vehicle
and its occupants escape beyond the pull
of Earth's gravity and thus loses all weight.
The second case occurs when the manned
craft is orbiting around our planet: either
in a rocket ship while cruising after burnout
or in an artificial satellite while orbiting
around Earth. In either case the result is a
condition which can seriously affect the flier's
well-being and his ability to respond and to
perform his duties. This alone is reason enough
for probing deeper into the effects of weight
lessness upon man and his chances of sur
vival during a trip into Outer Space.
Many suggestions have been made as to
ways of producing zero-gravity and the
weightless state associated with it. Since
weightlessness can be produced in a free-fall
situation, experiments after bail-outs or during
jumps into a deep mine shaft hove been pro
posed. Another method suggested was the
use of the elevator, which would produce a
stale of subgravity for a period of time. The
"Subgrovity Tower" and the "Gravitron" de
vices for simulating the weightlessness con
dition by propelling a man up and down in
a system of springs or in a U-shoped tube,
were proposed and used for experiments in
Italy. Moreover, weightlessness was partially
simulated by the immersion of a body in
water; and other experiments on orienta
tion and equilibrium functions yielded inter
esting results. In such experiments the direc
tions which we call "up" and "down" ceased
!o have conventional meaning.
14
s pace journal
Another, and perhaps the best, method
devised lo produce the weightless stale is
the use of jet aircraft. Since men most prob
ably will never orbit around Earth in an
aquarium but will penetrate the atmosphere
in gigantic rockets, high-speed jet aircraft
flying along a Keplerian trajectory seems
to be the logical and most realistic approach
to such an experiment. In addition, this type
of high-speed aircraft provides a long enough
period of zero-gravity to enable the experi
menter to perform certain tasks and to secure
all the measures necessary for his safety. The
pilot, on the other hand, needs only to fly the
airplane through the weightless maneuver,
using experience and skill in order to guide
the craft along an ideal parabolic arc.
It was not until the early part of 1955
that the United States Air Force's School of
Aviation Medicine, located al Randolph Air
Force Base, Texas, received a T33 jet plane
to be used for zero-gravity research. In the
beginning, practically no information was
available on how a Keplerian trajectory could
be flown other than the experience of sev
eral pilots who had known short periods of
weightlessness during an outside loop or
push-over maneuver. There was theory and
some expert opinion; but we-that is, myself
as pilot and Dr. Gerathewohl as chief inves
tigator-began a series of exploratory flights
to devise a flight profile that would give us
the longest and most stable period of virtual
weightlessness. Thus, trial and error within
the theory of the ballistics of flying objects
and artillery shells gave rise to the following
flight pattern. At approximately 20,000 feet
we nosed the T33 into a dive of approxi
mately 45 degrees, throttle set at 96 percent
engine power. Upon reaching an indicated
airspeed of 350 knots, we began a pull-up
which produced a radial acceleration of
about 3Gs for 3 seconds, allowing the air
craft to be pulled into a steep climb of ap
proximately 60 degrees from the horizontal.
With wings level, sufficient forward-stick
pressure produced a weightless state for
approximately 28 seconds. We applied power
on the upward portion of the arc and pro
gressively reduced it at the peak of the curve
and during the descending leg; this resulted
in a constant velocity and zero-acceleration
(Continued on 41 J
�Major Stallines, Dr. Stru9hold, and Dr. Gerothewohl di.s•
cussing a problem in front of the Air Force plane used
in early weightless experimenf.s.
throughout the arc. Roll and side sway were
practically negligible throughout the maneu
ver provided aileron and rudder actions were
absent and the air was calm. Only minute
stick movements were necessary to keep the
craft on its path.
The T33-parabolic curve was limited by
several factors.
Structurally, the aircraft was
designed for subsonic flight.
Because of its
low Mach rating, entry speed and break-off
points had to be determined so that maximum
speed and climbing attitude could be attained
without reaching the top of the curve below
its stalling speed.
The pullout also had to be
completed before the plane oversped its Mach
limit.
Fuel tank configuration produced another
disconcerting condition.
The T33 has a main
fuel cell with the engine fuel pump located
at the bottom of the tank.
A portion of the
top of the tank contains an air or expansion
space connected to on overboard vent line.
Zero-gravity allowed the fuel to float within
this reservoir and permitted air and fuel to
change places.
Sustained zero-gravity re
placed the fuel supply by air.
The end
product of this chain of events was a flame
out.
The acquisition of an F94C Starfire jet air
craft by the School of Aviation Medicine early
in 1956 enabled the experiments in weight
lessness to continue with a more stable, safer,
and longer period.
By modifying the flight
profile according to the higher thrust of the
F94C, the period of virtual weightlessness was
extended to 43 seconds.
With this new air
craft we have been able to log an accumula
tive total of over 37 hours of weightlessness.
Many a reader may wonder about the
benefit of this expensive and time-consuming
type of research.
Many may argue about the
identity of the kind of weightlessness we pro
duce, and the kind existing outside of the
gravitational field of Earth.
And some may
still doubt that Space flight will be accom
plished at all.
To us, these objections are as
familiar as the gravity-free state itself; and
to us, the answers are obvious.
Today, only ignorance or prejudice can
keep man from realizing that the Space Age
has already begun.
If people still consider
the Sputniks, Explorers, Atlas, and Lunik noth
ing more than unimportant pieces of metal
flying through space, they then do not under
stand fully the signs of our time.
be
There
will
manned satellites in the not-too-distant
Dr. Gerathewohl seated in cockpit of plane.
�primitive fear: a first approach
to the universe
by JohnHulley
1\ o one planet is permanently safe. Survival
depends upon mobilzty. If we remain isolated
011 this world, our species and all other /ife
here will sooner or later be extinguished. If
we discover, explore, develop and inhabit
other planets, our chances of lasting survival
multiply. If our explorations lead beyond this
to other solar systems, our fulure approaches
!he eternal and our opporlunity for expansion
approaches lhe infinite.
T
WO PRECEDING ARTICLES (SPACE Journal,
summer and winter, 1958) linked the fol
lowing points:
1. An apparently infinite quantity of planets
affords opportunity for the profusion of
life wherever radiation, planetary com
position and other foctors ore favorable.
2. While evolution probably proceeds in
all favorable opportunities, it may in
many cases be interrupted.
Changes in
radiation, stellar explosions or collisions,
cometary, planetary and galactic col
lisions occur only at long irtervals; but
the evolution of life is so slow that cos
mic events may interrupt or retard it on
many planets.
3. The direction of evolution is to fi!I every
possible nook and cranny with increas
ingly adoptable and mobile organisms
-populating the seas, then the land
and air of the torrid zones and finally
of the cooler zones.
4. To
toke
advantage of all favorable
planets, evolution may lead to species
copoble of carrying life from planet to
planet.
That may be the ecological
purpose of man.
If these propositions ore correct, it follows
that we ore integrally involved in the struggle
of life to survive and expand amid the oppor
tunities and dangers of this turbulent Uni
verse.
Appearing ofter millions of years of
evolution, man incorporates the results of a
long investment process.
Upon us depends
the survival of the life which hos appeared
on Earth.
And through species such as ours,
life may toke early advantages of all favor•
able opportunities among the multitude of
planets.
16
space journal
�J
j
At the apex of the evolutionary pyramid,
man need fear no rival terrestrial species.
Even in the cave era, stone missiles, axes,
spears, knives and fire made our ancestors
masters of all other animals. But man is not
master of the problems of survival in the
Universe. Our complex nervous apparatus
permits us to recognize and gradually to
understand the elemental challenges of nature
in the cosmos. With this recognition comes
the need to respond.
The struggle to survive is essential in the
life process. To survive, little fish must flee
big ones, and rabbits must outrun foxes.
Nearly all large species are subject to man.
But man has the opportunities and dangers of
the Universe to cope with.
Awe of the cosmic environment may be
traced back to the earliest historic times and
perhaps to the prehistoric period. It is ex
pressed in most of the world's leading reli
gions, and in some of the more profound
philosophies. How our ancestors first became
aware of the Universe around us, and how
they reacted, is the subject of this article.
In the earliest times, our palaeolithic fore
bears seem to have given limited attention
to the larger environment. The undifferen
tiated forces of nature provided general, un-
predictable sources both of supply and of
danger. The only thing men distinguished in
detail was the animal prey on which they
depended for survival. The hundreds of
paintings and other artifacts which have been
recovered from that period nearly all depict
large mammals-mammoths, bison, giant
deer, lions, rhinos and others. They showed
no concern with background-no plants,
rivers, mountains or skies.
Primary focus on prey may be a natural
heritage from earlier forms of life; while the
nervous structures of the more complex ani
mals permit them to distinguish the environ
ment in fine detail, these probably apply their
powers almost exclusively lo the identification
of edible things and other immediate interests.
The first men seem lo have begun with a
similarly narrow range of attention.
Even though they were not analyzed in
detail, environmental forces certainly provided
cause for concern. Storms, floods, hurricanes
and tornadoes were presumably as frequent
then as they are today. Solar eclipses, comets
and other celestial events may have added
to the uncertainties. Our forebears lacked
precise means to cope with dangers only dimly
discerned. However there are indications of
a generalized response to these challenges.
Human reactions to vital concerns may be
traced in the relics of religious activities. For
ecological purposes, they contain the best
evidence of the hopes and fears of early
communities. Symbolic acts preceded writing
by many millennia; indeed, men appear to
have practiced rituals before the full develop•
ment of speech.
The first two rituals centered on human life;
they concerned birth and death. Perhaps a
hundred millennia ago, Neanderthal men pro
vided their dead with comfortable and warm
surroundings, implements and joints of meal.
While these men had a cranial capacity simi
lar to our own, the attachments for their
tongue muscles indicate that they spoke but
haltingly; the rites were probably visual sym
bols, the meaning of which became more
articulate in later times.
Twenty to fifty millennia ago, our Cro
Magnon ancestors began to make figurines of
17
space journal
�pregnant women; the few other sketches of
human figures also emphasized generative
powers.
Rites of birth and of the after-life have
been practiced by a majority of societies.
While their intensity and elaboration have
varied considerably, they are the oldest and
commonest in human experience on Earth. To
interpret them is to try to understand the ideas
our predecessors were acting out.
Anthropologists have theorized that birth
and death are extremely disturbing to the
continuum of community life and require ritual
to ease the adjustment. The problem is then
to understand why these processes should be
so disturbing. The succession of individuals is
nature's method of promoting the growth, evo
lution, variety and expansion of organic life.
Other animal communities adapt to individual
births and deaths in the most practical
manner,
Extraordinary human reactions may reflect
a profound concern with a problem which
men could not exactly express and which they
earnestly desired to solve. Welcoming birth
and denying death may be symbolic ways of
saying: At the mercy of farces not now fully
understood, we intend to live forever. Births
and deaths are the mast readily identified
processes in the rejuvenation of the com
munity. Attention to them may reveal a mix
ture of anxiety for survival and hope far
future fulfilment.
So far as the evidence goes, these symbols
had only the vaguest context. Conceptions
of the future were isolated thoughts, simple
in form and general in location. As other
rites were gradually added, they revealed a
widening of human awareness, from the vague
beginnings up to the time of a specific and
primary concern with the heavens.
Men began to practice hunting rites toward
the end of the palaeolithic era, perhaps
twenty millennia ago. They drew, painted
and carved images of their prey; in them they
implanted spears and arrows. These rituals
suggest that big game was becoming difficult
to find and catch. They apparently expressed
human desire to survive, and perplexity as to
why the supply of large mammals was giving
out.
In the next phase, roughly ten millennia
18
space journal
ago, men worshipped images of small mam
mals, fish, large birds, and the like. These
rites were associated with a conversion to the
pursuit of small game, following the extinction
of larger species. They suggest that the lesser
prey were also becoming scarce in relation to
growing human populations.
Scattered tribes have maintained a mar
ginal existence, relying on totemistic rites of
small game, until the present day. However,
about eight millennia ago, leading groups
began to shift to rituals concerning the fertility
of land. Men developed forming, and far the
first time entered into an operational rela
tionship with some of the more elemental
forces of the environment.
They devised intricate rituals concerned
with food production.
Fledgling farmers
recognized that good crops resulted from the
interaction of Earth, Sun, rain and rivers with
the seed. But they did not understand why
these forces were undependable. They com
pared the seeming vagaries of nature to the
caprices of human beings and personalized
them. Through imitative ceremonies and with
offerings of choice food, drink, homes
(shrines), songs and other attentions, they
sought to influence the elements.
Another agricultural ritual concerned a deity
who died and was resurrected annually. This
rite may have reflected recognition that fer
tility is influenced by some other factor, which
men could not easily identify: after repeated
plantingsof identical seed, the depleted top
soil no longer produced the same rich crops.
Rites to cope with such fertility problems are
still practiced in many parts of the world
today.
At about the same time, our ancestors be
gan to worship male cattle. In developing
the husbandry of animals, men probably
learned that some species will mate in cap
tivity, while other will not; some live, while
others sicken and die. Human dependence
on the increase of livestock may account far
the worship of the most reliable breeders,
especially the bull and the ram.
Farming communities could support priest
specialists solely concerned with efforts to
bring about favorable conditions. Individual
farmers too had idle lime to ponder. Thus
men began to segregate the conglomerate
(Continued on 46)
�space and the law
by
While technology is striving to make the
conquest of Space a splendid reality, our
sense of normative order has promoted ex
tensive discussions as to the legal implications
of our leap into the cosmos. So lively have
the deliberations of lawyers become, they in
duce an eminent scholar, Myres S. McDougal,
to observe wryly: "The conquest of Space has
barely begun. Yet the law of Space, instead
of lagging behind as some lawyers fear, is
threatening to outfly the attraction of the
Earth's gravity."
To be sure, "the law of Space" has yet to
come. At present it is largely confined to
theory and speculation motivated by a sense
of urgency rarely demonstrated by interna
tional jurists. Why our venture into Space
should fill distinguished lawyers with a feeling
that the legal determination of the status of
Space is so pressing a problem is indeed a
question worth examining.
Since the launching of Sputnik I, the power
struggle raging on the surface of our planet is
threatening to expand into our cosmic en
vironment on the heels of scientific progress.
As out of date as it may sound, we are pre
sented with the ominous prospect of Space
becoming an arena for political conflicts filled
with dangers of unprecedented dimensions.
Comparably with the discovery of the lethol
capabilities of nuclear energy, the conquest
of Space may present mankind with the fate
ful choice between tremendous progress on
one hand, and its obliteration from the face of
Earth on the other. The romanticists among
us might shudder at the idea of the Moon be
coming an object of controversy between
nations, but such a prospect is indeed conceiv-
Menachem
Sheffy
able, with possible consequences far removed
from the realm of abstract discussion.
To forestall these dangers, voices have been
raised demanding an early international
agreement on the status of Space, barring its
exploitation for warlike purposes. Whatever
rights states may claim in Space, it is impera
tive that its use be restricted to peaceful aims.
Surely we cannot afford to be merely legalistic
in so vital a matter; whatever sovereignty is
asserted in Space, it must be subjected to this
qualification.
In spite of international agreement, does
the law of nations in its present form provide
us with answers relevant to Space? Some
lawyers advance the proposition that the first
Space law doctrine has already been laid
down by the practice of states. They argue
that the fact that no single slate has protested
against the orbiting of satellites over its ter
ritory constitutes tacit agreement to the prin
ciple that Space may not be made an object
of national acquisition. The validity of such
a deduction is indeed questionable. We can
not ignore the fact that the Sputniks and Ex
plorers launched thus far are national enter
prises undertaken under the IGY program,
and states may interpret their tacit agreement
as of a nature limited to activities under this
program. Furthermore, though the origin of
doctrines of international law is possible in this
manner, it is far more profitable, in an area as
important as Space, to have a positive and ex
press agreement on the subject.
The lack of explicit law regarding Space
suggests a turn to analogies. Two areas of
international law readily lend themselves to
analogy: namely, the law of the air and the
19
space journal
�law of the sea. We should, however, bear in
of the Federation of American Scientists ex
mind that analogies serve only as indications
pressed similar sentiments, saying that "it
of possible legal solutions without, in them
selves, determining the law.
The latest restatement of the status of the
air is embodied in the Convention on Inter
national Civil Aviation of 1944 {the Chicago
Convention).
Article 1
of this Convention
reads: " ...every state has complete and ex
clusive sovereignty over the airspace above
its territory."
We have no definition of the
term "airspace" or any indication as lo where
it ends and Space "proper" begins. By no
measure of interpretation may we say that
this article applies to Space as well. That
the framers of the convention did not have
Space in mind when using the term "airspace"
is a fact attested to by the eminent historian
of air law, John C. Cooper, who served as
chairman of the committee that drafted this
article. The consensus of opinion is that "air
space" is the area in which aircraft fly. We
can hardly consider movement in Space as
flying, nor is a spacecraft the equivalent of
an aircraft. While it is commonly accepted
that the Chicago convention does not apply to
Space, it remains to be seen whether we can
draw an analogy from the status of "airspace"
for the purpose of determining the status of
Space.
Should Space above states be con
sidered part and parcel of the notional do
main, then sovereignty would extend upwards
indefinitely. The difficulties inherent in such a
concept of the notional domain ore practically
insurmountable.
For one thing, the rotation
of our planet places, al various times, differ
ent portions of Space over a given territory.
For another, it would be impossible to deter
mine borders in Space and decide when a
violation of "notional Space" occurs.
The status of the high seas offers a more
workable analogy. The high seas, for ex
ample, are open to oil nations with no single
state legally entitled to proprietary rights be
yond its territorial waters. This concept is
20
would be tragic if the challenging task of
Space exploration were carried on in the
competitive nationalistic pattern under which
it hos begun."
Those objecting to the concept of Space
devoid of national control argue that security
considerations
necessitate that states
hove
exclusive jurisdiction in Space above their
territory. It is pointed out that Space may be
used for military aims even during peace time
for such purposes as reconnaissance and the
monitoring of radio communications.We hove
noted the physical difficulties in exercising
such jurisdiction.
Furthermore, whether al
leged security considerations outweigh the
advantages to be derived from a free and
internationally controlled Space is highly ques
tionable. Should arguments in the name of
notional security be motive for the determina
tion of the legal status of Space, why should
we not apply it first to the high seas?
It is
submitted that the high seas infested with
missile-firing vessels pose as real a threat lo
the territories of notions as Space. Admitted
ly, the status of the high seas was established
long before the introduction of modern missiles
and it would be difficult to reverse time-tested,
customary low. All in all, the argument that
free Space may become a menace to states
only underscores the demand that its free
status should exclude its use for military ends.
The destructive capability of today's weap
ons makes it imperative that Space be on
area of peaceful activities. Freedom of Space
must also be freedom from fear of on attack
from Space or its abuse. Accordingly, any
international agreement on the status of Space
should include a pledge by all notions to this
effect.
Professor Cooper, in on attempt to com
promise the two extreme views of open and
restricted Space, suggests the adoption of
concepts of territorial sea and contiguous
zones in determining the status of Space.
steadily gaining ground in the deliberations
These suggestions amount to a vertical divi
concerning the status of Space. The secretary
sion of Space whereby, above a certain height,
general of the United Nations voiced a popu
it would be open to the vehicles of all notions.
lar opinion when advocating last Moy that
An intermediate zone would assume a status
outer Space be accorded the same status as
similar to that of the territorial waters with
that of the high seas and that notions re
the right of "innocent passage" used freely.
nounce any claims to it. The National Council
(Continued on 47)
space journal
�at I as missile
The
Tr eap on
System-The Atlas (SM-65) is
America's first intercontinental ballistic missile.
With associated ground equipment it com
prises the Air Force weapon system WS l07A
l. The missile hos been developed in a flight
lest program that began in mid-19 57. It is in
production at Son Diego by Convoir (Astro
nautics) Division, General Dynamics Corpora
tion.
Atlas was the first missile lo lift itself into
orbit without extra rocket stages, and is being
used in a number of pioneer space projects.
The ltissile-The
liver
Atlas is designed to de
a thermonuclear warhead
6,000 statute
more
miles (5,500 nautical
than
miles).
It is powered by liquid propellant rockets
two large boosters, one large sustainer and o
pair of small "vernier" rockets. All burn liquid
oxygen and RP-1, a kerosene-like hydrocar
bon. Takeoff thrust is approximately 360,000
pounds. Takeoff weight
is about
260,000
pounds. The missile is 75 feet long and l0
feet in diameter. Some flight versions with a
pointed nose are 8 2 feel long.
The unique Atlas propellant tank is mode of
tough, lightweight stainless steel, thinner than
a dime. The tonk, measuring about 60 feet in
length, has no internal framework. It is kepi
under pressure to retain its shape. This results
in a tremendous weight saving. A special
cold-rolled austenitic steel (AISI grade 301)
was perfected for the Atlas, and Convair
worked with the welding industry to develop
new welding techniques and equipment for
fabrication. Skin gages vary throughout the
structure, being tailored to meet local stresses.
The heaviest gage is less than 40-thousandths
of an inch. The thinnest wall section meets a
specification for minimum tensile strength of
200,000 pounds per square inch.
The missile contains more than 40,000 parts
(not counting subsystems supplied by associ
ate contractors-engines, nose cone, guid
ance, etc.)
In o unique staging version originated by
Convair, all five rockets are ignited prior to
launching. After a few minutes of flight, dur
ing which the missile is lifted well into its
trajectory, the booster engines and associated
A HAS ST ARTS LONG TRIP-Pouring a torrent of lire
f rom itt th ree ro cket engines, on Atlas ;ntercontinentol
ballistic mjuile rises from its launch pod at the Air For ce
Mit.sile T est Center of Cope Conove rol, Flo. Photo shows
lho ,tori of the ,ucceuful Righi of Aug. 2.
�equipment are jettisoned ta lighten the load.
The sustainer engine continues to accelerate
the missile until it has attained a velocity on
the order of 16,000 statute miles per hour.
Then the sustainer is shut off, and the small
vernier rockets are used (if needed) to "trim"
velocity to the exact value required.
After vernier shutdown, when the missile
is following a purely ballistic (unguided)
course, the nose cone is separated from the
rocket structure by firing small retarding or
"retro" rackets. Nose cane and lankage trav
el in a high arc through outer space until the
atmosphere is re-entered. Then the tank struc
ture is destroyed by frictional heating.
(Conventional long-range missiles consist of
two or more rockets, one mounted on another.
The bottom or booster rocket furnishes all
power until ii burns out. Then it is dropped and
the next stage is ignited. The Atlas system,
with its unique "one and one-half" staging,
differs from the other modern missiles in hav
ing two sets of engines but only one fuel tank
structure. This permits igniting all engines,
including the upper-stage (sustainer) engine,
on the ground. There is no risk that the missile
will abort through failure ta achieve ignition
of a second stage many miles in the air. This
achieves a remarkable improvement in missile
reliability. The "one and one-half" principle
was first advocated by Canvair in a report to
the Air Farce in May 1949.)
During powered flight the course and speed
of Atlas ore governed by the guidance system.
The missile employs radio-inertial guidance
(requiring a station on the ground) through
the period of early operational use, then
changes to all-inertial (self-contained) guid
ance. Using self-contained guidance, the mis
siles con be fired in a single salvo, instead of
being launched in series.
Flight Testing-Flight missiles are shipped
from the factory to the Atlantic Missile Range,
Cope Conoverol, Fla., where Convair main
tains a field staff of more than 1,000 persons.
Here Convair, as agent of the Air Farce, puts
each missile through ground testing, final
checkout and test flight.
During a flight, data from more than 150
instrumented points in the missile is teleme
tered (radioed) back to AMR over nearly 50
channels. This information-recorded on some
l O miles of magnetic tape--includes tempera
tures, vibrations, accelerations, liquid flow
rates, etc. From this information, engineers
can reconstruct an Atlas flight in detail.
Flights to Date-Atlas flight testing started
at Cape Canaveral in June 1957, using Series
A missiles fitted with booster engines only and
having dummy nose cones. The range for
these flights was limited to approximately 600
miles. In eight such flights, the missile never
foiled to launch smoothly and retain complete
stability during vertical rise.
On the first two flights (June 11 and Sept.
25, 1957) the missiles malfunctioned ofter
starting pitchover into trajectory and were
destroyed by the range safety officer. Success
ful flights followed Dec. 17 and Jan. l 0.
Testing of the complete missile, having botfl
sustainer engine and separable nose cone,
started in the summer of 1958. A control sys
tem "random failure"• caused the first three
engine Series 8 Atlas to break up in flight
July 19. The second was launched successfully
an Aug. 2, attaining a range of more than
2,500 miles. Successful longer-range flights
followed Aug. 28 and Sept. 14, and a full
range flight of well over 6,000 statute miles
was made Nov. 28. Missile l 0-8 was fired
into orbit Dec. 18. The first Series C Atlas was
launched Dec. 23. Series D testing started in
the spring of 1959, and the first fully success
ful flight was made June 20.
Ground Testing-Atlas missiles assigned to
ground testing are sent to two California
facilities, Sycamore Canyon, near San Diego,
and the Missile Static Test Site (formerly Ed
wards Rocket Base), to be expended in o
rigorous and exhaustive program of captive
testing.
llistory-The Air Force in 1946 awarded
Convair the first research and development
contract in a program to develop a missile
capable of carrying a warhead 5,000 miles.
(At that time the only long-range rocket was
the 200-mile German V-2.)
Convair designers under Karel J. Bossart
(later technical director of Astronautics)• con
ceived and developed the MX-774 research
A rondom failure is comporoble to having o flat tire
on a modern automobile. One expect, to make hun•
dreds of trips without tire trouble-but there is always
the possibility of having a flol on the next trip out.
Bouort was awarded the Exceptional Civilian Service
Award by Air Force Secy. Jome, H. Douglas in 1958.
�rocket. This introduced three innovotions
which have since become part of the universal
art of rocketry:
1. First swiveling of engines for directional
control. (The Germans controlled the
V-2 with rudderlike graphite vanes
placed in the jet stream.)
2. First "integral" tonks-the skin of the
missile serving also as the wall of the
propellant tonks, thus ochieving a tre
mendous weight saving. (The Germans
used separate internal tonks.)
3. First separable nose cone. (The Ger
mans re-entered the complete rocket
structure.)••
Defense Deportment economy cutbacks in
1947 led to shelving of ICBM development,
but unexpended and supplementary MX-774
funds enabled Convoir to complete 3 of the
10 MX-774 's under construction, conduct the
first coptive firing in November 1947, and
launch the completed rockets at White Sands
Proving Ground in 1948. From then until early
1951, the company continued limited ICBM
studies with its own funds.
The Air Force renewed ICBM work on a
conservative scale in January 1951, giving
Convoir a study and development contract.
The program was named "Atlas" that foll.
By 1953 Convoir hod developed essentially
the present Atlas design-pressurized stain
less steel tonks, one and one-half staging,
vernier trim rockets, gimboling engines, radio
inertial guidance, etc.-ond construction of
the first test tonk started that winter.
In this original version, the Atlas was to be
equipped with five main engines developing
takeoff thrust of more than 600,000 pounds.
North American Aviation, which hod worked
on Atlas propulsion as a subcontractor, was
mode a full associate contractor of the Air
Force in 1954.
Over the years there hove been other major Convoir
innovations. Two that should be noted:
Tracking-A unique electronic tr.::icking / guidance
.syslem was conceived by Convoir in 1946, in
connection with
MX•774;
when
missile
work
stopped 1 the Air Force continued supped of this
development, called the Az.uso system. It become
the range frocking system ot Cope Canaveral,
now used on all missiles launched there.
Verniers-When powered Aight ends, ballistic mis•
siles must hove the exact velocity required for'
a given trajectory.
Convoir evolved
This is the Atloi interconfinenfol ballistic missile pto•
pulsion system, generating 360,000 pounds of thrust.
In lon9•ran9e flight tests, this engine hos hurled the
Atlas ovor 6325 miles lrom the launching pod ot Cope
Conovetol, Florido. Mode by Rodcetdyne, a division
of North American Aviation, Inc., the primary units ore
composed of o twin-chambered booster at left and right,
o su.rtoiner in the center, shown here being inspected by
Al Smith, Rodcetdyne Field Service representative. The
propulsion iystem alto includes two small vernier, or
slobilizing engines, mounted on the miuile frame lo pre•
vent roll.
During 1954, successful testing of small
nuclear devices (Operation Castle) led the
Air Force to accelerate the ICBM program.
The present Air Force Ballistic Missile Division
was created to manage it. Atlas was re
designed to the present three-engine config
uration by December, and Convoir received
a production contract in January 1955.
Atlas fabrication began in Son Diego in
1955. First engine tests were conducted at
Edwards in June 19 56; the first completed
missiles were delivered to Sycamore and Cope
Canaveral that foll.
A ssocitaes-As systems integrator for Proj
ect Atlas, Convoir builds the airframe, the
autopilot system and various components;
assembles and checks out the missiles; con
ducts both captive and flight tests for the Air
Force; activates new Atlas bases under direc
tion of the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division,
and trains Air Force personnel.
Associate contractors, in addition to Rocket
dyne, include General Electric Company and
the Burroughs Corporation, radio-inertial
guidance (to be followed by American Bosch
Arma Corporation, all-inertial guidance); and
General Electric Company and Avco, nose
cones.
Research and development phases of Proj-
the tech•
niques now in general use: After shutdown of
main engines, smoll accessory rockets ("vo:enicrs")
are employed for precise adjustment of velocity.
23
space journal
�eel Atlas have been directed since mid-1954
by the Ballistic Missile Division, ARDC, Ingle
wood, Calif., now commanded by Maj. Gen.
Osmond J. Ritland. Al Cape Canaveral, Can
vair launching complexes and assembly
checkout buildings are part of the Atlantic
Missile Range, ARDC, commanded by Maj.
Gen. Donald N. Yates, with headquarters at
nearby Patrick Air Force Base.
looking Ahead-The Atlas is achieving op
erational capability in 1959. The operational
force will be part of the Strategic Air Com
mand, commanded by Gen. Thomas S. Power.
SAC's 1st Ballistic Missile Division, commanded
by Maj. Gen. David Wade, has headquarters
at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, Colif.,
a combined operational and training bose.
The first SAC-launched Atlas was fired from
Vandenberg by the 576th Strategic Missile
Squadron on Sept. 9, 1959.
Work is well advanced on two of the three
complexes planned for Francis E. Warren Air
Force Base, Cheyenne, Wyo. Other Atlas
bases will be situated at Offutt AFB, Omaha,
Neb.; Fairchild AFB, Spokane, Wash.; Forbes
AFB, Topeka, Kan.; Schilling AFB, Salina, Kan.,
and Lincoln AFB, Lincoln, Neb. Canvair is
assisting the Air Force in the installation of
training facilities at Sheppard AFB, Texas,
and Chanute AFB, Ill. Atlas squadrons al
Vandenberg, Warren and Fairchild are as
signed lo the 15th Air Force (March AFB,
Calif.); those in Kansas and Nebraska, to
the 2nd Air Force (Barksdale AFB, La.). Each
squadron will have 10 missiles.
Convair is responsible to AFBMD for es
tablishing technical criteria for Atlas com
plexes, for integrating the installation of
ground support equipment, for checking out
complexes, and for activating them and turn
ing them over ta the Air Force in operational
condition. The company began training Air
Force operational instructors at San Diego in
June 1958.
As the first extensively tested ICBM, and
the first lo launch itself into orbit, Atlas has
become the sturdy wheelhorse of the Early
Space Age. Missions announced lo date, and
now under way, include:
1. To boost the first U.S. manned capsule
into orbit. (This is Project Mercury.)
2. To boost an instrumented probe into
24
space journal
I
A TlAS IN TOWER-The huge Alla, inte,continentol
bollistk missile u shown here in o test ttond ot the Air
force Miuile T est Center in Florida, The missile stands
or toll os o seven•story building Thh view shows on
Atlos of AFMTC b e fore the succ euful launching ol Aug.
2. Work platforms hove b een folded up to permit with•
drowal of the mobile steel gantry tower.
space. (This is Atlas-Able 4, one of the
Air Force "Able" shots, combining Atlas
with three upper stages.)
3. To boos! the first heavy satellites into
polar orbit. (Projects Midas and Samos.)
4. To boost the first '·medium energy" t'e•
hicles into high orbit. (This is Vega, com
bining the ICBM with a Convair-built
second stage, and a storable propellant
third stage. Early missions are expected
to include scientific earth satellites,
moon probes and planetary probes;
later missions may include two-man
space capsules, television surveys of the
moon, and lunar satellites.)
5. To boost 1he first '•!,igh energy"' t'ehicles
into distant orbits. (This is Atlas-Centaur,
combining the ICBM with Canvair-built
second stage, the latter having the first
liquid hydrogen rockets. A storable
propellant third stage, as in Vega, can
be added when necessary. Initial capa
bilities will include soft-landing a half
tan payload an the moon.)
�ATLAS ON LAUNCH PAO-Towering some 75 /eel
cbove the elevated launch platform, on Atlas intercon
tinentol ballistic mi.ssile is readied for test Right ot Cope
Conoverol, Flo The mo.uiv• steel se rvice tow e r hos been
._,ithdrown from ,he pod. The sfende, gooseneck boom
carrying power ond insfrument lines to lhe nose cone
swings owoy shortly before launch
'
t
::,ince 1952- Convoir begon spoce studies
in 1952. The first report on satellite capabili
ties of the Atlas was published as a classified
document in Moy 1953. That foll Convoir pro
posed use of the Atlas to place a TV-equipped
military reconnaissance sotelite in polar orbit.
Space studies continued under the leadership
of Krofft A. Ehricke, who joined Convoir in
1954. In 1957, ofter Russia's launching of the
first satellite stirred strong U.S. interest in
space, Convoir was able to present o compre
hensive satellite and space development pro
gram to government agencies. (One recom
mendation was for development of on upper
stage rocket powered with liquid hydrogen.
Such a program is now under way in Project
Centaur.)
Talking Satellite-In a project sponsored by
the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Atlas
Missile l 0-8 was launched into orbit from
Cope Canaveral al 6:02 p.m. Dec. 18, 1958.
Fewer than l 00 persons knew of the project
until President Eisenhower announced two
hours later that Atlas was circling the earth.
The 122-pound payload, installed by the
Army Signal Corps, consisted largely of du
plicate communications relay equipment, de
signed to tape-record radioed voice or code
messages and rebroadcast them upon com
mand from the ground. The first words brood
cost from space were:
"This is the President of the United Stoles
speaking. Through the marvels of scientific
advance, my voice is coming to you from
a satellite circling in outer space. My mes
sage is a simple one. Through this unique
means I convey to you and to all mankind
America's wish for peace on earth and
good will toward men everywhere."
Successful experiments continued for the
life of the batteries, through December. The
satellite is believed to hove re-enterd the
atmosphere and burned on Jon. 21.
Key data (all miles statute) included: Take
off weight approximately 245,000 lb.; booster
package jettisoned normally; sustainer shut
down after some 4 ½ min. of flight, when
velocity was 25,394 ft, per sec. (17,314 mph)
relative to earth's surface. Initial estimates
of satellite weight (8,700 to 8,800 lb.) were
refined to "not more than 8,661 lb." ofter
detailed analysis. (The weight of residual pro
pellants cannot be determined precisely.) Or
bital data: initial perigee 110.6 mi., apogee
911 mi., period l 01 min., inclination 32.3 .
Project llercur) Initiated by the Notional
Aeronautics and Space Administration in Oc
tober 19 58, this is a program to put the first
U.S. manned capsule in orbit-"on orm
stretching, mind-stretching undertaking that
thrills everyone of us," Administrator T. Keith
Glennon hos said.
The capsule, ta be boosted into orbit by the
Series D Atlas, is under development by Mc
Donnell Aircraft Corp. Roughly conical in
shape, it is approximately 7 feet across the
base and l O feel high. A boom carrying
emergency escape rockets is fitted atop the
capsule during launching but is jettisoned once
the capsule is sofely in orbit. A special couch
like seat will support the pilot during takeoff
acceleration and again at re-entry (when the
capsule will come into the atmosphere bose
first).
Launched from the Atlantic Missile Range,
the capsule will circle the earth at on altitude
of l 00 to 150 miles, for up to 24 hours, be
fore descent is initiated by firing retarding
rockets. After the vehicle has been slowed
by aerodynamic drag, parachutes will lower
it ta the surface, and a fleet of recovery ships
will rendezvous to pick it out of the water.
An extensive test program, including experi
mental launchings with smaller rockets, is
25
space journal
�planned during 1959. The first "Big Joe"
flight was mode with on Atlas Sept. 9. Mean
time, a team of seven Air Force, Navy and
Morine volunteers is receiving "the most ex
tensive course of training ever offered to a
party of prospective explorers." One flier will
be picked to make the trip just before the
first manned launch.
The capsule flights will lead eventually lo
establishment of a permanent manned satel
lite, NASA hod said.
Project Vega-A multi-stage rocket, Vega
will be the first U.S. space vehicle in the
"medium energy" class-capable of putting
a 5,800-lb. weather satellite in orbit 300 miles
above the earth. Vega can be used as a two
or three-stage vehicle as required. This pro
gram is directed by NASA.
The first two stages will comist of the Series
D Atlas topped by another Convair-built ve
hicle. Jet Propulsion laboratory, operated un
der "contract to NASA by California Institute
of Technology, will supply a third stage and
will have technical direction of the Vega pro
gram.
The second stage will be powered by a
modified version of the General Electric Com
pany's Vanguard power plant (liquid oxygen
and kerosene), developing a thrust of 35,000
pounds. Modifications made by GE will include
development of a system permitting the en
gine to be stopped and restarted in space, so
that a precise orbit can be established at
high altitudes.
The third stage will be powered by a 6,000pound-thrust storable-propellant engine, now
under development by JPL.
In the three-stage configuration, NASA
Administrator Glennon has said, Vega will
have the potential to put a 7 40-pound ex
perimental communication relay into the
22,000-mile or "24-hour" orbit.
At this altitude, the speed of a satellite fired
eastward along the equator just matches the
rotation of the earth; the orbiting body ap
pears to remain stationary in the sky.
Using such satellites as radio or TV relay
points, the U.S. could conduct worldwide com
mercial and military communication, or beam
television programs abroad. (It hos been esti
mated that U.S. overseas messages will climb
from the l.5 million of 1950 to 3 million by
26
space journal
ORBITAL ATLAS BEGINS HISTORICAL FLIGHT-An Air
Force Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile rises from a
lounch;ng pod at the Cope Canaveral, Flo., Atlantic
Missile Range, to begin o journey that covered millions
of milet through space. Th,'s was Atlas JOB, placed into
orbit Dec. 18, 1958, the only rocket in the Free World
capable of propelling and guiding itself into a satellite
path around the earth. The entire 82.foot missile, minus
its ;ettisoned booster engine pockoge, remoined in orbit
33½ days, to become tho largest satellite launched by
any
western
pounds
of
nation.
thrust
from
lifted
by
360,000
engine.s, the Atlas
approximately
its five rocket
hod achieved ifs @orth•circling ellipse approximately 4½
minvte,.s after this photo wos token. II mode 500 revolv•
lions before re-entering the otmo.sphere ond burning
up on Jon. 21, 1959.
1960; and if facilities ore available, to some
20 million by 1970.)
NASA hos contracted with Convoir for eight
Vega flight vehicles and one engineering eval
uation vehicle, at a cost of $33,500,000 (not
including the Atlas boosters or the GE en
gines. The boosters will be procured out of
Air Force-allotted missiles.)
Project Centaur-The first U.S. space ve
hicle in the "high energy" class, Centaur will
be capable initially of putting heavy (4 ½ -ton)
�ARTIST'S CONCEPTION OF ATLAS IN ORBIT-The
Alla, inforconlinontol bolli,Hc missile launched into orbtt
December 18, 1958, is shown high obovo tho earth
in this drawing by on orlist ol the Convoir Division o(
General Dynamics Corporation, builders ol the Atlas
The 82-loot missile, produced of Son Diego, Colil., by
Convoir-Artronoulic11 i1 the only roclcet in the western
world capable ol propetling itseJI into orbit around t,',e
earth. At lelt, still attached to tho missile, ;, one ol the
three main engines which power the Alla,. Two oddi
llonol "booster· engine, were dropped at a lower
altitude.
payloads into satellite orbit, or sending large
instrumented probes deep into space.
Centaur will employ the Atlas as booster
and a Convair-built upper stage of Atlas-type
construction, powered by the first U.S. liquid
hydrogen engines. If needed, the Vega third
stage can be added for additional capability.
Contracts originally were awarded Convair
and Pratt & Whitney Aircraft (a pioneer in
liquid hydrogen propulsion) by the USAF Air
Research and Development Command, as
agent for the Advanced Research Projects
Agency. The Centaur program was transferred
from ARPA to NASA on July l, 1959.
Krafft A. Ehricke, the noted space authority,
is director of Convair's work on the Vega and
Centaur programs.
Both programs rely heavily on Atlas tech
nology, with resultant savings. In each case,
the Atlas booster is being modified by build-
ing a tank of uniform l 0-foot diameter (in
stead of tapering the forward end, as is done
in the ballistic missile). Matching second stag
es are built of thin-gage stainless steel with
Atlas tooling and welding equipment. New or
modified Atlas complexes at Cape Canaveral
will be used for launching both spacecraft.
Projects Vidas, Samos-These are military
satellite projects employing the Atlas booster
and a Lockheed Aircraft upper stage powered
by the Bell Aircraft "Hustler" engine. Both
programs are sponsored by ARPA and direct
ed by AFBMD. Lockheed is principal contrac
tor, and Convair is responsible for conducting
launchings from Atlas-type complexes.
Midas is a program to develop an early
warning system against enemy ballistic mis
sile attacks. It is based on the use of satellites
carrying infra-red sensors, to detect ICBM's
immediately after launching. Sames (formerly
27
space journal
�HORIZON
SCANNER
ROLL
ETS
Rl. r<<
ROCl\lTs---
ATLAS "D"
MERCURY
ATLAS ABLE
...
ATLAS-CENTAUR
Sentry} is an advanced satellite reconnais
programs of the 1960's, will provide thrusts
sance system.
on the order of 1 to 1 .5 million pounds.
Atlas-Able 4--Atlas will serve as booster
These include Saturn, a cluster of Atlas
of this four-stage rocket, to be fired into space
type Rocketdyne engines, now under develop
from Cape Canaveral. This is another in the
ment for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency;
series of Air Force "Able" shots, which are
and a 1.5-million-pound single chamber en
gine, also a Rocketdyne product (to be clus
directed by AFBMD for NASA.
The second stage rocket is Aerojet liquid
propellant (fuming nitric acid and UDMHI;
third
stage,
Allegany
Ballistics
Laboratory
(spin-stabilized solid propellant, same as Van
guard third stage); and fourth stage, a Space
tered in a super-booster known as Herax}.
Centaur has been picked by the Advanced
Research Projects Agency to serve as third
(payload) stage of the Saturn vehicle.
Space Electro11ics-Convair's Azusa rocket
Technology laboratories vehicle having ver
tracking system, used for all ballistic missiles
nier control plus injection rocket. STL is pro
launched
gram manager and associate contractor to
phase-comparison
AFBMD. Convair is responsible for the booster
positioning missiles with an accuracy of one
and its adapter section and for conducting
tenth of a foot at distances of 300 miles.
the launching.
Future Application-The next generation of
space boosters, to come into use in NASA
28
,
VEGA
ATLAS-DISCOVERER
space journal
from
Cape
Canaveral,
techniques
for
employs
correctly
The system can be designed for handling
deep-space communications at distances up to
200 million miles.
�new products
high speed computer elements
Ultra-high-speed, radically advanced elec
tronic computer elements so fast that they con
perform 10 million computer operations in
the time it tokes to soy their name were
announced here today by Aeronutronic, a
Division of Ford Motor Company.
Known
as
BIAX,
the
new
Aeronutronic
computer elements ore expected to become
the principal components in the next genera
tion of electronic computers-and result in
foster, cheaper and much smaller computing
equipment.
The new BIAX units ore small rectangular
bars of ferrite magnetic material so tiny that
more than 310,000 will fit into a quart milk
carton.
More than 5,000 can be held in the
palm of your hand.
MINUTENESS OF BIAX ;s shown in this photo ol
several hundred o( lhe new computer elements with o
nickel. More thon S,000 can be hold in tho polm of
your hand, and 310,000 will Rt in o qvort milk carton
8IAX is now
in moss production, ond complete BIAX
memory systems and computers ore now being morJcefed
for special commercial and military applications.
BIAX con operate at a wide temperature
range-from 260
Fahrenheit, or more than
50 degrees hotter than the boiling point of
water, to Arctic temperatures well below the
freezing
point
of
water-in
carrying
out
A TYPICAL 8/AX ARRAY for on oloctronic d;gitol com
puter memory unit, this printed circuit cord contains
more than 300 8IAX elements. Multiples of such p,;nted
ultra-high-speed computing operations at mil
circuit cords, containing 8IAX, or• mounted adjacent to
one onother in o computer Jo prov;de large memory
lionths of a second.
copobility.
BIAX computing equipment will result in
much lower cost computers, because the tiny,
relatively inexpensive elements will replace
expensive
semiconductor
devices
such
as
transistors and diodes.
Two configurations of BIAX hove been de
veloped and ore now being produced by
moss production techniques. One is a "mem
ory" element, and the other is a logic, or
ureasoning
11
device.
Minuteness of the BIAX elements and their
favorable
environmental
characteristics will
make possible extremely small computer pack
aging, which is highly important in the space
age. BIAX elements con be used in a number
of types of computing equipment, for both
military
and
commercial
applications.
In
cluded among these will be missile and satel
lite installations, language translation, library
29
sp ace journal
�cast optical silicon
THIS ENLARGED microscopic photogroph of a BIAX
memory element shows details of wiring ;n the tiny,
radically-advanced new computer component developed
by Aeronutronic, a Divi.1ion of Ford Motor Company,
Newport Beach, California.
searching, de-coding, ond scientific computation such as calculating flight trajectories for
missiles ond rockets.
In the forthcoming human-space experi
ments, BIAX elements will permit scientists to
track "man in space" capsules with real-time
calculations, and thereby determine the pre
cise location of the space explorer at the
exact time he is there. BIAX elements hove a
low electricol conductivity, and are not affec
ted by radiotion-making them highly effec
tive for missile and space vehicle applications.
The BIAX concept and associated BIAX
computer components were invented by Crav
ens L. Wanlass, director of research for
Aeronutronic"s Computer Operations, and ore
the result of a number of years of intensive
study.
Complete BIAX memory systems ond com
puters ore now being marketed for speciol
commercial and military applications.
Aeronutronic, formerly a subsidiary of Ford
Motor Company, became a Division of Ford
on July 1, 1959. Since its formation, Aeronu
tronic has hod as its objective the develop
ment and monufocture of advanced products
for military and commercial purposes in the
areas of weapon and space systems, missile
range systems and instrumentation, advanced
electronics, data processing systems and com
puters.
30
sp ace journal
Hughes Aircraft Company metallurgists have
perfected a method of casting optical-quality
silicon for use in infrared sensors in military
weapons systems, Raymond B. Parkhurst, vice
president, reported here today.
The new process permits volume production
of silicon lenses, domes and flats. Until re
cently it was necessary to "grow" individual
crystals for each optical element which, in
turn, hod to be laboriously machined before
use.
Parkhurst reported that molds are designed
to the approximate shape of the finished port
and the costings given a final finishing on
standard optical machinery. By holding cost
ings to close tolerances, metal waste and
finishing time is kept to a minimum.
"Designers con now specify silicon optics
without worrying whether or not the necessary
material would be available in quantity,"
Parkhurst said. "Using cost optics, manufac
turers can pion on production rates equal to
those of other optical manufacturing process."
Hughes engineers disclosed that there is no
severe size limitation on elements that can be
made. Infrared domes with an outside diame
ter of more than eight inches already hove
been cost successfully.
Two major difficulties faced the Hughes
researchers in developing the process. First
was the need for a refractory material that
would withstand the high temperature and
solvent action of the molten silicon. The
Hughes laboratories investigated a number
of different compounds and materials before
finding a suitable one. Methods also hod to
be developed for melting the silicon under
inert atmospheres, and pouring the metal into
the mold. Fortunately the refractory material
selected allowed the molds to be used again
and again, lowering the cost of the process
and making it more adoptable to mass pro
duction.
The second problem related to the optics
of the cost port. Earlier it hod been generally
assumed that polycrystalline silicon, such as
any costing process produces, would display
opticol qualities drastically different from
those of single-crystal optics. But this has not
proved the case. In test ofter test, no signifi-
�cant difference has been detected in the be
havior of infrared rays as they pass through
sections of the two materials. Physical tests
indicate that the cost metal has exactly the
same density as single-crystal silicon, showing
that it is free of voids that would interfere
on a random basis with the optical qualities.
for corrosion resistance fail.
3. coatings which can be applied to non
metals such as glass and ceramics.
4. deposition temperatures can range from
700 F to 1700 ° F depending on the substrate
material.
5. the process offers excellent throwing
power permitting coating of complex shapes.
vapor coating
Successful modification and improvement of
a long-known process for vapor phase dep
osition of chromium, molybdenum and tung
sten to produce adherent coatings of the
metals on various substrate materials has been
announced here by Alloyd Research Cor
poration.
Potential applications, utilizing chromium as
a protective corrosion-resistant cladding, ap
pear in the chemical, dairy and food indus
tries as a low-cost substitute for stainless
steel in valves, tubing and other equipment.
Promising electronic industry applications
include coatings of certain components with
high purity, high density tungsten to prevent
contominants in the base materials from ad
versely affecting the electronic emission char
acteristics. According to the company, by
producing thicker "coatings" the possibility
exists for fabricating thin electronic parts of
refractory metals in this manner. Heavy coat
ing of tungsten on graphite also appears
possible for missile and rocket nozzles.
Qualitative bend tests of chromium coolings
up to 0.005 inch thickness on copper and
steel show no indication of crocking, spoiling
or flaking ofter extensive deformation. The
some thickness of chromium deposited on
copper gave complete protection to the base
metal when immersed in a 20 per cent nitric
acid solution during a test period of 64 hours.
Compared with electroplated chromium, the
Alloyd Research coating is nonporous, less
brittle and does not risk hydrogen embrittle
ment of the substrate. Other advantages of
the process include:
1. coatings of uniform thickness.
2. coatings that may be used at tempera
°
tures well above 300 F where plastic coatings
The Alloyd Research process is on out
growth of o research and development pro
gram aimed at volume production of very
high purity metals. Recently developed and
improved chemical compounds of chromium,
molybdenum and tungsten are credited in
part for the success achieved. The company
emphasizes, however, that the process is in
the developmental pilot plant stage and is
quoting interested organizations on this basis.
power transistor
for military use
The production of a new military-type
germanium power transistor, designated
2N297A, has been announced by the Bendix
Aviation Corporation.
The rugged unit, which meets the military
specification MIL-T-19500/36A (SigC), is the
first of its type to be placed in production
by the company, according to Dr. Robert R.
Meijer, manager of semiconductor marketing
of the Red Bank division.
It can be used in numerous military applica
tions, such as in missiles and supersonic air
craft, and also in many commercial fields for
high-current switching, audio amplification,
regulators, power supply circuits, and oscilla
tor circuits.
The 2N297A has a maximum collector volt
age roting of 60 volts, and a maximum col
lector current rating of 5 amperes. It hos o
dissipation of 35 watts at 25 degrees C. and
10 waits at 7 5 degrees C.
31
space journal
�meteorites
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR OF
BOEING-WESTINGHOUSE TEAM
A solar powered thermoelectric generator
for topping the energy of the sun is pictured
being put through its paces on the roof of a
Boeing Company building this week in Seattle.
Developed jointly by Westinghouse engineer
Niles F. Schuh (left) and Boeing engineer
Ralph Tallent (sighting through telescope ot the
sun), the generator con convert the energy
of the sun into 2 .5 watts of power---enough
to power a radio transmitter for out in space.
The model was demonstrated at the summer
meeting of the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers. Boeing and Westinghouse said the
generator may hove application in long-mis
sion satellites and manned space vehicles of
the future. The concave, highly polished re
flector, which resembles a "fun house" mirror,
collects the sun's energy and concentrates it
on a portion of the cylinder shaped generator
in front of the reflector.
-Boeing Airplane Company Photo
32
space journal
CAPSULE AND ITS CARGO
The first view of the McDONNELL SPACE
CAPSULE mockup to be released publicly
shows a pilot preparing to climb through the
entrance hatch of the manned satellite being
built for the Notional Aeronautics and Space
Administration. This picture token at the Mc
Donnel Aircraft plant in St. Louis provides o
good view of the retro-rockets (lower left) and
the flotation bogs which give the capsule
bouyoncy and stability in water.
SHELTERED LAUNCH-Proving a jet fighter
con toke off from a shelter designed to with
stand on atomic blast, on Air Research and
Development Command F- 1 00 Super Sabre
completes a Zero Length Launch (ZEL) at
Holloman AFB, New Mexico. North Ameri
can Aviation Test Pilot Al Blackburn, Los
Angeles, Calif., was at the controls.
�'SPARK BOMB'-A flash of man-made
lightning triggers an underwater explosion that
bulges an aluminum tube with 6,000-horse
power force! In this demonstration of explo
sive forming of metal at Republic Aviation
Corporation (Tues. Sept. l) the experimental
device sets off the explosion by passing elec
tricity through the water, converting the result
ing shock wave into the force required to form
metals. Adolph Kastelowitz (shown watching
the blast), director of manufacturing research
for the company, said it is working on devel
opment of a machine tool that would utilize
this technique to form such space-age metals
as steel and titanium alloys. Such a tool, he
said, would be less expensive and consider
ably smaller than conventional hydraulic
presses now used for this work.
AEROJET DESIGNING GIANT
ROCKET TEST STAND
Shown above is an artist's conception of
Aerojet's giant six-million-pound-thrust rocket
test stand. It is comparable in size and scope
to the one presently being designed by the
Aerojet-General Corporation's Facilities
Engineering Division for the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers. The stand will be constructed at
Edwards Air Force Bose and used for testing
the NASA 1,500,000-pound-thrust liquid rock
et engine. This concrete and steel test facility,
believed to be the most powerful in the free
world, will be capable of holding a cluster of
four of these engines while they are being
fired simultaneously.
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
ION TEST-Prototype ion thrust device,
developed by Rocketdyne, a division of North
American Aviation, Inc., produces ion
beam during test run in vacuum tank which
simulates outer space conditions. Thrust system,
in which ions are created and accelerated to
high velocities, is visible at left. The photo
graph was taken through a port in the top of
the vacuum tank. An ion engine delivering only
a fraction of a pound of thrust could propel
space vehicles on interplanetary voyages.
33
space journal
�reaction
-------,
7. More technical information.
Dear Editor,
Although Space Journal is a young mag
azine, I feel that my letter is old or late, or
both. Your publication is filling a basic need,
that is supplying the latest information on
rockets and space travel to those who hove a
need for such information. The biggest prob
8. More detailed articles on the problems
of space travel and development.
I hope my suggestions will help.
Letterkenny Ordnance Depot
Electronics Branch
Guided Missile Section
William Hough
lem is lo create enthusiasm and interest in the
This con be accom
Chambersburg, Penn.
plished by having the magazine available to
Your suggestions can do nothing but
help, Mr. Hough. What our missile pro
gram needs is a thousand more William
Houghs'. We hope the copies of Space
Journal will help. Thanks for letting us
help you. Editor
magazine to the readers.
those most closely affected by space. Where
I'm employed there ore a respectable number
of us employed in rebuilding rackets, but I con
count on my fingers those who ore genuinely
interested in rackets and racket development.
I think its a crime that this situation exists,
particularly because of the terrific waste of
tax money due lo this disinterest, but the free
loaders and goldbricks sure do put an a good
show. Astronautics is such a fascinating field
that this condition just doesn't make sense.
The following is a suggestion as to how you
may help rectify this situation. A few months
ago I took a few copies of Space Journal
along to work. Some of the men began to
show some interest. My suggestion is for you
to donate to our section a copy of Space
Journal, perhaps for a year. A magazine such
as yours coming to us with the compliments
of the editor will make the men feel just a
little more proud to be in the missile program.
The following are a few ideas I'd like to
see in Space Journal.
1. A list of books available on Astronautics
and the Sciences.
2. Diagrams on propulsion systems and air
frames.
3. Articles
on
components
(Regulators,
Gyros, Relief Valves, etc.)
4. Job availability for missilemen.
5. Technical information of foreign rockets.
6. Running course in Astronomy and pro
pulsion units.
34
space journal
Dear Editor,
If the articles I have been reading in the
newspapers are for the most part correct, and
we are behind the Russians as much as five
years, I have a question that may not be to
your liking. What are you so complacent
about? Your last editorial was a milksop!! You
hove yet to take a stand on any vital issue.
You either don't believe that the United Stoles
missile lag is dangerous, or you don't care!
I will do you a favor if you will do me one.
I will continue to read Space Journal if you
will put some editorial guts in what is other
wise a fine publication.
If toes in Washington need stepping on,
then let them have it. There must be some
member of your staff who is not afraid to call
a spade a spade. I have spent most of my life
in the federal service, and am presently at
Vandenburg Air Force Base. If I will risk my
neck for you, is it too much to ask that you
quit hiding behind the metric system.
Vanderburg A F B
(name withheld)
Lt. Col. USAF
We have no defense, but will try to
improve with age.
Thank you for a
frank letter. Editor.
�free information
Editors note: Information will be ,upplied on any of the
items listed below. Write to Editor, SPACE Journal, 316
Howerton, Nashville, Tennessee.
PIC Design Corporation, a subsidiary af
Benrus Watch Campany, Inc., is offering,
upon request, copies of their new, 416-Page
Master Catalog No. 20a.
This catalog has been printed on special
custom-made "Bible-leaf" paper to reduce
valuable file and drawing board space. Con
solidating all previous catalogs and supple•
ments, the new catalog lists over 10,000
items, including gears, shafts, collars, cou
plings, speed reducers, differentials and other
precision items available from STOCK.
In addition to detailed drawings, complete
specifkations and prices, the new catalog
contains separate Technical Data, Breadboard
Kit and Precision Tool Components Section.
A new 19S9 Catalog of Aviation &
Technical books is available free-of-charge
from Aero Publishers.
Described in this 36-page catalog are
books of all publishers, including the Govern
ment Printing Office, on Jets, Rockets, Mis
siles, Space Travel, Engineering, Piloting,
Aviation History, Maintenance & Production,
Electronics, Flight Operations, logbooks,
Mathematics, Model Building, Nuclear Energy,
Meteorology, Navigation, and just about any
thing else pertaining to aeronautics and its
allied industries. Some navigation computers
and other pilot supplies are also listed.
The United States Air Force has contracted
with Callery Chemical Company, Pitts
burgh, Pa., to supply HiCal, a boron-based
high-energy fuel, for a classified military proj
ect.
Delivery of the fuel will begin immediately
from the firm's Lawrence, Kansas, plant. The
entire production of the plant has, until now,
been utilized by the Navy. The plant went
onstream last fall.
Callery hos also announced that HiCal will
soon be available to aircraft, missile, and
rocket manufacturers for evaluation in engines
and components.
HiCal can be shipped under ICC regulations
in specially-designed cylinders.
Information on handling the fuel is avail
able.
The Research Chemicals Division of Nu
clear Corporation of America now has
available a revised price list of the rare earth
oxides and salts used in varied research for
military and institutional purposes. Dr. Eugene
V. Kleber, who heads the Division, noted that
the prices of a number of the purified rare
earths are greatly reduced.
Successful development in the laboratory of
a new vacuum "plating" process which will
deposit a tightly-adherent, decorative and cor
rosion-resistant coating of pure aluminum on a
wide range of base metals from high tensile
and mild steels to aluminum die casting alloys
has been announced by the research division
of National Research Corporation. The
ductile, non -porous coatings may be anodized
to provide excellent wear resistance as well
as attractive coloring in a full spectrum of
metallic pastel and dark shades.
Potentially large-volume applications ap
pear in several industries such as the automo•
tive field for both exterior and interior bright
or colored trim and in household appliance
manufacture for decorative purposes. Other
potential applications include aircraft and
missile parts and marine hardware.
Aircraft interest in corrrosion-resistant
aluminum coatings stems in large part from
the fact that most previously employed organic
and metallic protective coatings will not with
stand temperatures above 500 ° F and are
frequently subject to chemical attack from
some fuels and insulating materials. A large
airplane manufacturer has tested NRC
aluminum coatings for periods up to 1,400
hours in 20 per cent salt spray and salt fog
without failure. Laboratory tests indicate
hydrogen embrittlement of high tensile steels
encountered in conventional electroplating of
aircraft and missile components for corrosion
protection is eliminated in the vaccum coating
process.
Preliminary estimates for vacuum plating
show that process costs on a commercial scale
should be competitive with conventional
electroplating for a number of applications.
Additional information available.
35
sp ace journal
�The Impact of Air Power. Edited by Eugene
M. Emme. Von Nostrand. 914 pages. $12.50.
This book is intended to be a comprehen
sive and annotated volume of readings from
a wide range of informed sources. Although
the era of air power is still in its infancy as
far as time is concerned (a scant fifty years),
yet never in such a period of time has the
course of history past and to come been
altered so completely.
This book attempts to make clear the prob
lems created by air power as an instrument
of national policy and by its influence upon
national security.
Although most of the book was compiled
before Sputnik I, the thesis of the volume is
well confirmed. Air power has been mode
more complex by the rise of ICBM's, but the
prominence of air power is no more tied to
any one type of air power than sea power
is tied to sails. Air space and outer space ore
a single and indivisible medium.
The book is divided into three parts.
brief account of the ports would show:
A
Port I-The Nature of Air Power-which
includes ( l) The Evolution of Air Power, (2)
The New Mobility.
Port II-The Revolution in Warfare-which
includes--( 1) Classical Theories of Air
Warfare, and (2) World War II, (3) lessons
of WWII, (4) Small Wars and (5) Future
Wars.
Part 111--(1) Soviet Air Power, (2) American
Air Policy, (3) Air Power in Europe and
Asia, and (4) Astronautics.
High Altitude and Satellite Rocl,ets. A sym
posium. 136 pages. Philosophical library. $ 15.
This volume is a collection of the papers
presented at a symposium sponsored by the
36
space journal
books
Royal Aeronautical Society, The British Inter
planetary Society and the College of Aeronau
tics held at Cranfield, England, 18th-20th July
1957.
Presented before the Russians launched
their first satellite, the twelve papers are of
interest because of the nature of the problems
they deal with in detail. Ranging from pro
pulsion problems of high altitude rockets,
recovery after re-entry, high temperature
materials, instrumentation, telemetry and
guidance and some of the advanced technical
problems to the very human problem of what
to do with man in space and how to keep him
olive.
Realities of Space Travel. Selected Papers of
the British Interplanetary Society. Ed. By L. J.
Carter. 431 pages. McGraw-Hill. $7.50.
Especially noteworthy is the section of this
book that is devoted to the research being
done on the "weight condition" man will un
dergo when he rockets into pure space. The
papers cover methods of air purification, the
use of algae for food and atmosphere control,
and haw the length of time projected for the
individual trip will affect and control the food
requirements of the space traveler.
The book also covers in detail other aspects
of astronautics-aerodynamic braking, escape
velocity, testing of rocket performance, cosmic
rays, limiting factors of chemical rockets,
and others.
The engineering problems are discussed in
concise and simple terms. The data in the
book will be of interest to the scientist,
engineer, or researcher interested in this field.
Nuclear Rocket Propulsion. By R. W. Bussard
and R. D. Delauer. 375 pages. McGraw-Hill.
$10.
This book presents to the engineering man
a sound basis for understanding the engineer
ing problems of mobile reactor systems, prob
lems that cover such areas as heat genera-
�lion and removal, fluid distribution, and flow
and structural integrity of the rocket itself. The
authors' presentation is primarily descriptive:
the fundamentals in each area are given without extensive mathematical proofs, but realis
tic physical bases are provided for all
analyses.
The book surveys the fuel elements, modera
tors, control elements, and structural materials
of rocket reactors in the light of how they
affect and control the type of material used
in the nuclear reactor. Some of the materials
discussed are graphite, tungsten, molybede
num, tantalum, niobium, rhenium, and the re
fractory borides, among others for their po
tential use for high-temperature-reactor fuel
elements.
As a source of information about the funda
mentals, Nuclear Rocket Propulsion is very
timely in this rapidly growing field.
The Prediction of Ballistic Missile Trajectories
from Radar Observations. By Irwin I Shapiro.
208 pages. McGraw-Hill. $7.00
This book develops methods, based on the
statistical theory of parameter estimation, that
can be used to determine ballistic missile
trajectories.
With very slight modifications, the methods
can also be used to determine the osculating
porameters of satellite orbits.
The information upon which the estimates
are based is obtained from observations of
the missile by monostatic radars located at
one or more sites.
The method given prime consideration is
the method of maximum likelihood.
Several different procedures, appropriate
for different practical situations, are described
which can be used to find explicitly the maxi
mum likelihood parameter estimates.
An extension analysis of the random errors
associated with predictions based on the
maximum likelihood method is also given.
Such an error analysis provides a good ap
proximation to the maximum predication ac•
curacy obtainable for systems containing
monostatic radars.
Several chapters cover the changes in the
predictions methods necessary to account for
the earth's oblateness.
The appendix include: Iterative Solutions
to the Kepler Equation and An Error Analysis
of Milne's Method.
Heres a lull scientific report
on space flight-its past
present . . . and future!
SPACE
FLICHT
Satellites, Spaceships, Space Stations and
Space Travel
Bv CARSBIE C. ADAMS
President, National Research and Development
Corporation, Atlanta , Georgia
NOW-the exciting and factual account
of what is involved in space Right
-and how our scientists and
engineers are bringing us into
this new era-is given by ex
perts.
Front ma n's earliest skyward thoughts to today's ACTUAL pla.no
for flight in space . . . the men, discoveries, and technoloiocal
advances respo nsible are now broui,:ht before you In a striking
review.
The treatment ls soundly technical, ful ly annotated, and tasclchlng concepts and the growth
r
l
gr g;:r: re�ui!fi���
ttJ:f
the ways In which the many
ot
Here 1• an Integrated picture
llelds that lend their knowledge to astronautics are working
toget her to make space night a reality. You learn about the
contributio n s made by:
gf
:ei�
-cstroph,sics
-c:...
u"'uaicoti.,H
---9tophysiu
-9sycholo11
Or. Wernher von Braun says
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the stature or on e ot the tew
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f�� r:;:,':;°';!�c �reJ i ut��t��tlnft
the theories
thoroughl y covers
methods, equipment, and plvota !
scientific and human ractors
ror everyone with either a tunc
tlonal or general In terest In any
aspect ot the developmen t or
practical space tllght.
--mattri■l1
--.pat• me4icln■
-c:htmi.stry
--oncl ■ther fie14s
;{t!fr:
:Jen-da y
Gxami11alio11
----,
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McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
327 W. 41st St., N.Y.C., Dept. SJ-59•2
Bend me A.duns' SPACE FIJOHT
tor lO d•J'I' uamhatton tn ap
PNUl. In 10 dan I w1ll remit
$6• .SO, plua, fe'lf cent.a deU'l'trJ, or
return book Poltoatd. (Wt Pl1
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37
space journal
�space focus
Move of ABMA from Army to NASA
President Eisenhower. "The contem
plated transfer provides new opportunity
for them (ABMA to contribute their special
capabilities directly to the expanding
civilian space program."
Werner Von Braun, Technical Di
rector, Army Ballistics Missile Agency,"the
President has decided that it is in the
best interest of the country that our work
be continued within the framework of the
National Aeronautics and Space Admin
istration. Since NASA's establishment a
year ago, we have worked harmoniously
with that fine organization.
We look forward to a continuation of our
efforts with NASA in a progressive space
program which will make this nation second
to none."
Major General John B. Medaris,"
I am both pleased and relieved by the
President's decision. It will stabilize the
situation and the mission of the great
development organization I have had the
honor to command since its activation Feb.
1,1956."
On Polaris MissileAdmiral James Russell,Vice chief of Naval
Operations," despite all the miliary value
one finds in the POLARIS submarine system,
I would not advocate having it as the only
retaliatory system. A single system can be
met with a single countermeasure, and al
though the countermeasure against the
POLARIS is not now evident,in considera
tion of it we should have some variety in
our retaliatory locker."
On sustaining man in space-DR. RUSSELL 0.
BOWMAN,CHANCE VOUGHT space medi
cine man, is conducting experiments to
find out how man can breathe and eat
while on space trips. Answer: Algae prob
ably. Two white mice lived in sealed
jar-algae provided the mice with oxygen,
mice sustained plant with carbon dioxide.
Food pellets was thriving diet for the mice.
38
space journal
On motivation for public support of space
programs-" Scientific curiosity, the basic
human urge to investigate the unknown,
the lure of outer space as a limitless scene
for high adventure ...offer only flimsy
basis for the sort of large-scale collective
enterprise that a space exploration must
be," asserts DR. SIMON RAMO. "The
promoter of a particular space project ...
had better be prepared to argue pretty
cogently that his project will yield the public
either some impressive military advantage
or else some economic return that out
weighs the cost. Group survival, or else
comfort and convenience, are the substan
tial group motivations he must enlist in sup
port of his personal enthusiasms ... The
program must appear to do so, and the
facts must on the average fit that appear
ance."
On timetable for man on the moon-Present
technology with adequate support can put
man on the moon between 1980 and 1985,
according to the timetable of Y. C. LEE,
AEROJET-GENERAL spaceman.First step will
be made this year as the X-15 goes out
100 miles for reasonable length of time
to explore environmental effects.Then,man
can go into orbit (2 20-300 miles out) for
a couple of times via Project Mercury in
about two years to determine reactions on
sustained flight. Then: 1965-70, man in
orbit for indefinite time with capability of
return; 1970, instrumented orbit into real
space, 20,000 miles or more to study influ
ence of moon's gravity. 1980-orbit man
around the moon for first hand observation
and provide return capability or space plat
form.Then, man will be ready to make his
first landing.
On life on other planets-Discovery of life
on other planets would be one of the most
momentous events of human history and
next to synthesis of living matter in a
laboratory, the most important step that
�could be mode toward an understanding
of the problem of the origin of life, ac
cording to DR. ALBERT ROACH HIBBS of
CALTECH'S JET PROPULSION LAB. "Tele
scopic observations show large scale chemi
cal processes involving carbon are taking
place on terrestrial planets," he revealed
... Other possible origins of life on other
planets: Panspermia-the scattering of life
bearing seeds through space so that they
fall on planets and germinate where condi
tions are favorable. Spontaneous Gener
ation-al the molecular level. Unmanned
vehicles to Mars can radio back informa
tion on the chemical constituents of life
there.
Marquardt-(cont. from p. 9)
and feasibility studies on Air Force Project
Pluto,in conjunction with the Lawrence Radia
tion Laboratory of the University of California.
Morquardt is sure that further studies will
show that a nuclear ramjet can carry a larger
payload through the atmosphere at less weight
and cost and without the shielding problems
inherent in other systems.
While Marquardt holds a virtual monopoly
on ramjet development and production, his
company's interests extend deeper into more
advanced, sophisticated propulsion systems.
"Yes, we're working on electrical propul
sion research," Marquardt declared. "Our
ASTRO-Air-Space Travel Research division
actually is studying many propulsion systems
for space vehicles and carrying out research
projects dealing with aerothermodynamics,
magnetohydrodynamics,combustion,fuels and
propellant combinations."
In discussing electrical propulsion, Mar
quardt pointed out that the principal actually
isn't new.
"The cathode ray tube in a television set
is an ion accelerating device," he explained.
The big problem in space propulsion: "We
have to figure out how to generate the electri
cal outlet in a system to get the power to
accelerate the choice particles. You need an
electro magnetic field to harness the ions."
But it's not insurmountable.Marquardt pre
dicts electrical auxiliary power will be ready in
a few years.
"The military application will come the
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soonest," he slated. "In a few years,we will
be able to provide electrical propulsion for
course correction and orientation of reconnais
sance satellites.The military is going to have
to pinpoint the satellites in the right direction."
Primary electrical propulsion will come much
later he feels.
Primary propulsion for true space flight will
come after we develop space platforms.
Theorizes Marquardt: "Electrically powered
space ships probably will have to take off
from space platforms. We must launch them
-the space ships-from space."
"A very small amount of thrust is very
efficient in outer space," he noted. "Electrical
propulsion will provide an infinitesimal thrust
for infinite times from such platforms."
Roy Marquardt,now just in his early forties,
is an acknowledged leader in the development
of non-conventional propulsion. He founded
39
space journal
�the Marquardt Corporation al the ripe young
age of 26 to put his ramjet propulsion con
cepts lo work.
His interest in ramjets was sparked in
1942 when, as engineer in charge of naval
research at Northrop Aircraft, Inc., he was
assigned a research program to delve into
methods of cooling engines mounted within
the wings of on airplane.
Two years later he accepted an appoint
ment as director of aeronautical research al
the University of Southern California lo pursue
the ramjet development concepts which the
Navy was sponsoring in a program for a
subsonic ramjet al USC.
Marquardt organized his own company to
provide the development and manufacturing
requirements for that program.
In his 20 years in aerospace pursuits-half
his life-Roy Marquardt is credited with mul
tiple achievements in the field of supersonic
propulsion which led lo the development of
the supersonic ramjet as a production power
plant for the Air Force air defense Bomarc
interceptor missiles.
He took both his Bachelor and Master of
Science degrees in aeronautical engineering
at famed California Institute of Technology.
During his graduate work, he held a teaching
fellowship, giving him a rounded academic,
engineering, business background rare in one
individual.
Roy Morquordt's interest in air and space
technology began, however, long before he
entered Cal Tech.
Nearest he con remember he was about
nine when he look his first flyer in the world
above-in a small scale. Inspired-as were
many youngsters-by the era of the heroic,
historic flight of Lindbergh in the first trons
Atla�tic solo-young Roy turned to building
model airplanes-avidly.
So great was his enthusiasm that he soon
flamed the spark for the hobby in many of
his school friends. And in so doing he created
his first business venture.
His hometown of Burlington, Iowa, was just
too small to provide the supplies for so sophis
ticated a hobby as model airplane building.
Roy and his friends were faced with a 100mile journey to get their supplies.
With the ingenuity that was to spark his
40
space journal
coree1, Roy set up a model ports depot at the
YMCA, stocking kits in a locker and selling
them over the counter. He expanded by or
ganizing classes in model airplane building
thus creating an even greater market by initia
ting more novices.
Thus, out of his appreciable profits, he
supported his own hobby.
In the step by step chronology of moving
ahead in successive steps, Roy turned to glid
ing by forming a club and building a glider
with his friends. A Model A Ford towed the
glider lo the then fantastic speed of 50 mph.
And Roy logged 40 flights.
"This early business background hos been
a great help," he noted. "I was keeping
books by the time I was 1 2 lo show what
people owed me, and I developed a healthy
respect for the business side of any venture."
However, his model airplane trophies which
he keeps in his collection are obviously still
his greatest point of pride.
Thus, in his earliest years-Roy Marquordt's
destiny was forming. Today he is aiming his
company's efforts higher and higher, just as
he did his own in boyhood.
With his eyes focused on space, he is
building his company to toke port in the great
adventure possible. In addition to strengthen
ing his firm's capabilities to meet space tech
nology demands head on, he expanded it still
further lost year by acquiring the Cooper
Development Corporation as a wholly owned
subsidiary.
Cooper provides the knowhow in solid
rocket development to complement Mor
quardt's own capabilities.
The subsidiary ployed a prominent role in
the International Geophysical Year by provid
ing rockets and components for high altitude
weather and atmospheric soundings, studies of
solar phenomena, particulate samplings and
final stages of propelling satellites into orbit.
The subsidiary is now into the second phase
of Project Sun Flare. It is boosting 50-lb. pay
loads in 17 60 pound Nike Asp rockets to
further study of solar phenomena under the
direction of the Naval Research Laboratory.
The ASP vehicles ore Cooper developed.
Today, the Marquardt Corporation stands
out as a leader in the exciting field of space
technology. The credit goes to its founder.
�HY10THfTICAI. HIGH MACH NO RAMJET nANSl'OIIT
Roy Marquardt hos come a long way from
sounds like a man who knows where from
the air-struck youngster who built powered air
he speaks as he affirmatively concluded:
"The ramjet is not through by a long way.
It's full potential is yet to be realized."
plane models. But every step he hos token
since he was nine years old hos led him to
his present eminence and prepared him for
the many contributions he is yet to make.
Joining his collection of childhood honors
ore the citations to a
engineer
businessmon. He was named the "Outstanding
Engineer of 1958" by the Son Fernando
Volley Chapter of the California Society of
Professional Engineers and this summer was
saluted by the Los Angeles Chamber of Com
merce on the 15th anniversary of his company.
He is a Fellow and former vice president of
the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, a
Fellow of the American Rocket Society. He
also is a member of the Society of Automotive
Engineers, American Ordnance Society, Amer
ican Society of Mechanical Engineers, Ameri
can Helicopter Society and the Young Presi
dent's Organization.
Brainy, friendly and articulate, Roy Mor
quordt's eyes ore on the future as he guides
his company into the space age. And he
♦
♦
♦
weightless man
future, Space platforms circling and surveilling
the surface of Earth, and even lunar bases.
And there will be the weightless man floating
through interplanetary Space.
Let us imagine, now, that you ore a pas
senger on one of these Space ships. With
out getting too deeply involved in physics,
you may ask what happens when you find
yourself, soy, practically outside of the gravi
tational field of Earth. You ore weightless,
but does this mean that you ore also free of
any pull of gravitation? Of course not, be
cause the gravitational force of the Sun and
other stars is still acting on your body, accel
erating you along on orbit akin lo that of a
celestial body. This condition may be thought
of as a free foll through Space, with no other
forces felt than those within your own organ
ism, moving in a curving path that eventually
41
space journal
�ends in the center of the mass or masses that
attract you. There is no difference between
the biological effects of weightlessness en
countered in this mode of travel and the one
experienced in a parabolic flight within Earth's
atmosphere.
let us continue to imagine you ore in a
Space ship going to the Moon. First of all,
the various propelling, cooling, and cycling
systems must be so constructed that they con
function properly in zero-gravity. That is, no
free-foll or weight factors will adversely effect
any portion of the equipment. We have hod
some unfortunate experiences in our zero
gravity flights: after a few seconds of weight
lessness, both fuel and oil pressure went bock
to zero. Mechanical pressurization of the
fuel tonk and a closed lubrication system will
be necessary to remedy this disconcerting
situation. Furthermore, the Space ship de
signer must know how various materials be
hove under gravity-free conditions: gases do
not rise; for instance, there is no exchange
due to differences in specific gravity, but dust
and all unsecured solid objects may float and
settle everywhere; and liquids tend lo assume
spherical shapes. These factors hove serious
effects upon many o conventional instrument
and apparatus design.
Naturally, all things in the Space ship must
be held in place, and this goes for the trav
eller, too. Without a restraining harness you
will float out of your seat upon o healthy
sneeze. Since you already lost your feel of
being supported, the harness should be of the
full-bodied type, even covering your lop and
pressing you gently in your seat by means of
elastic strings. If you should inflate your
pressure suit while you ore not secured in your
choir, it will give you a false feeling of support
and propel you upward so that you bump
against the overhead. This then leaves no
doubt-even if you ore floating freely in the
cabin-about which is up and which is down.
There hardly exists the need for a special
means for orientation other than adequate
lighting inside of the ship.
Since visual reference is the most valuable
means of orientation in zero-gravity, the eye
functions must be maintained under all cir
cumstances, particularly during the weightless
42
space journal
condition. However, as long as the eye func
tions properly, the loss of the gravitational
direction is not alarming, for the interior of
the Space ship should be so constructed that
the seals, head rests, table tops, floor and
ceiling of the cabin, etc., will always indicate
the directions up and down, as do the respec
tive parts of our body. This directional ar
rangement, though valid only relative to the
vehicle, will still be convenient and practical,
for it sustains that frame of reference to which
man on Earth is accustomed. For this reason
everything within the ship will be as familiar,
simple, and functional as possible. There will
be beds, washrooms, recreation facilities, and
provisions for nutrition and elimination. From
this vehicle, an improved version of the mod
ern airliner or submarine, you will hove a new
look at the old world: you will see Earth as
one of the stars.
This weightless flight to the Moon is not just
another creation of fiction and fantasy. It
is based on our own experience during the
many parabolic flights which, a few years ago,
were thought to be impossible and as fanciful
as flight into outer Space. But we flew,
worked, ate, drank, and tried the means for
human comfort in the gravity-free state our
selves; and we now translate our experience
into common terms, and project it into a
realistic future.
As a result of our experiments we know
that care must be token for the well-being
and safety of the passenger. The seats prob
ably will be of the reclining type, adjustable
in position and angle, and easily converted
into o bed. Hammocks are impractical in a
Space ship, because they would tend to float
at every move you make, and they may start
swinging rythmicolly with the beat of your
snoring. The sleeping bog with a zipper on
top, attached to your choir, will hold you
down very softly at night, and may prevent
wild dreams and feelings of terror, which
could be otherwise brought about by the un
conscious sensation of lost support. As o
matter of foci, your sleep may even be
sounder in the weightless state than under
normal conditions, since your posture of rest
is naturally associated with a shift in weight
distribution in your body and its main points
of support.
�If you wish for breakfast in the morning,
the Space stewardess will simply push the
tray over to you.
It then drifts through the
air as though passed by a ghost servant.
It
is made of plexiglass and shaped like a box
in order to hold its contents together. Inside
there are comportments with cereal, slices of
bread, spray cans with coffee, juice and
cream, tubes with butter, honey, fruit jam, and
fresh fruit at your disposal. Of course, all
liquids are kept and served in squeeze bottles,
because one cannot drink from on open con
tainer in the weightless environment. Experi
ments on eating and drinking during parabolic
flights hove shown that the liquid floats out of
the glass and hits the face with a splash just
by lifting the container; thus it is possible to
drown in your own cup of coffee because the
liquid disperses upon contact like at an ex
plosion and slips into your respiratory tract
with the whiff of a breath.
You won't have to adjust your seat from
the sleeping to the sitting position, for the
tray is not going to foll off your lap. Thus,
you will bring up your knees to anchor your
breakfast tray, open the lid on your side, and
start preparing the food. You reach inside,
squeeze the contents of your butter tube on
the freshly toasted bread so that it sticks,
distribute it without any difficulty, for you have
already learned to control your movements,
and spray a layer of honey on top, taking
care not to let it float too high up, because
it may be glued against the cover of the
buffet box. Then you take the coffee bottle
from its holder, open it carefully so that noth
ing floats out, put some lumps of sugar in,
squeeze in some cream, shake and mix the
ingredients and then press the button while
holding the container between your lips. You
can chew and swallow without much effort,
because both activities are not affected by the
lack of weight. The elastic forces of the
peristalsis take core of the rest and transports
the food through the body. It's better to hove
your eggs boiled rather than fried or scram•
bled, because the lotter procedures may prove
somewhat difficult. We still ore working on a
frying pan that would do the trick. Boiling
seems to be easier. If you don't shake your
electric cooker, which hos some special fea
tures to be patented, you con boil things in
it without trouble. Handling medium boiled
eggs may be somewhat messy, you would do
well to ask for the hard ones which you con
chew, or the soft ones which you can suck
out of the shell.
You may not have to go to the restroom
so often as on Earth since the contents of
your stomach, intestines, and bladder ore
weightless and will not trigger so easily the
reflexes that give you the feeling of an urgent
need. But getting off your choir demands
some caution. First, you will press your suc
tion type shoes against the floor, get out of
your harness, keep your hands on the roil
and move slowly, bit by bit, to the restroom
door.
Once in the restroom, you ore confronted
with another problem. You must rely on
closed and sealing containers for your relief,
which withdraw and seal whatever leaves your
body. Waste bogs will be available for this.
The lavatory facilities are already a headache
on our present-day airliners; and in a Space
vehicle the commodities most probably will
be under par. Washing your hands can be
accomplished only in a transparent water
sock. You will stick them through two elastic
rubber valves which seal your wrists, push the
water inlet pressure button, the soap squeezer,
clean your hands, and finally force the water
out by a suction pump. During all these
maneuvers, your feet will be solidly held to
the floor by a mechanical device. You dry
your hands on a towel and store it properly.
As to the elimination of all waste products,
it must be done because of the hygiene and
comfort of fellow passengers and done with
respect to moss alterations within the ship,
which might be brought out of course or orbit.
Hence, not all of the trip is pleasant. Toke
Johnny, for instance. He is slowly turning
pole and green in his corner; and his father
has already signaled to the stewardess that
something is wrong. About 20 percent of the
passengers in our parabolic flights become
sick; and females and youngsters will prob
ably become ill with gastro-intestinal symp
toms during weightlessness, if the present
statistics on motion sickness hold true for
Space sickness. By swaying, floating and
moving about, one arouses the perceptual
mechanisms that register the position, motion,
and support of the body under both weight
43
space journal
�and nonweight conditions. Now, under the
latter, the sense organs for maintaining equili
brium and orientation send signals which
actually confuse the Space traveler to his
brain. Thus, he vomits and has some trouble
catching everything floating around and stor
ing it in the "burp" bag.
Our pilots are hardly ever plagued by this
type of Space sickness. They have been
exposed to weightlessness and changing ac
celerations so many times that they are
familiar with it. They have their instruments
which indicate the vehicle's position and atti
tude relative to Earth.
Our pilot has been fired into the air; and
is now supervising the instruments which guide
the ship along its predetermined course. On
one hand he is completely on his own; but on
the other hand, he is not. He cannot leave
or land his ship in case of emergency because
he is beyond his point of return. He must
make it or ask for help from the base to which
he is steering. He will be told from there
what to do. In this stage of the flight, there
is no input or feedback of the controls. As a
matter of fact, monitoring and firing of the
gimbal-mounted steering rockets have nothing
in common with the conventional type flying.
He calmly checks his instruments; everything
goes as programmed. He is now flying with
the cockpit extended; it was telescoped inside
of the hull during penetration of the atmos
phere. There is no flying by the seat of the
pants during weightlessness, nor any sensation
of lift or drag on the ship. As a matter of
fact, his control surfaces ore idle. Gliding
through Space is nothing but a push-button
affair and an eerie kind of locomotion. For
landing on the Moon he needs little more
than his broke rockets. This will stabilize
the ship and restore the weight. Only when
he plunges back into Earth's atmosphere will
his flying skill be required.
Moon is now just in front of the vehicle.
You look up from your journal which hangs
in the air by itself with the pages extended,
slowly drifting away in the stream of circulated
air, and listen to the announcement over the
intercom giving the ship's latest position. The
picture on the television in the passenger
compartment shows the Moon's huge, brj.ght,
Sun-lit cap on the velvet-black background of
44
space journal
the star-speckled sky. There is no sensation
of motion, and you-resting in absolute
weightlessness-have the feeling of being
suspended in between these un-blinking stars.
The radio is silent; and only the soft hum from
the vents which circulates the air inside of the
cabin is still audible in the silence of Space.
You feel physically relaxed, but otherwise
somewhat uneasy in this seemingly unreal situ
ation. The stewardess removes her cap, and
her long hair stands straight up, slowly drifting
back and forth in the air stream of the re
cycling fans. Your hands start sweating. So
you pull the sprayer from your bag, wet them
with cologne, and wipe it off with the hand
kerchief. Then you toke a cigarette and snap
your lighter in vain, and-forgetting where
you are--you try it again until it occurs to
you that no flame will burn in zero-gravity.
Therefore you ignite the cigarette with the
electric lighter and puff, completely uncon
cerned about the possibility of dropping the
ashes.
The end of our make-believe trip brings
up on important point: the conditioning and
training of future Space travelers. Elaborate
propulsion and training devices have been
suggested by experts for training the crew and
passengers. They ore based correctly on the
assumption that man must be adopted to the
zero-gravity condition and to the sensation of
weightlessness. They should also be exposed
to increasing and decreasing accelerations in
order to adjust their feelings, coordinations,
and performances to the effects of changing
weight.
In this respect, it is apparent that the best
training available now will be achieved by
parabolic flights in high-performance aircraft.
Such flights will serve a double purpose. First,
people who cannot stand the weightless con
dition and the changing accelerations asso
ciated with rocket travel will fail; and they
will have to postpone their trip to the Moon
until other modes of trovel ore available.
Second, the ones who con stand it become
conditioned and used to weightlessness, as
well as to the means which protect them
against potentially adverse effects of pro
longed periods of weightlessness. We know
that a man will fall to his death if he loses
his balance at the rim of the Grand Canyon;
�but instead of trying to increase his tolerance
to falling, we provide him with the means
which help him to prevent the accident. This
principle must also be applied to the weight
lessness associated with Space flight. An
appropriate harness, foot rest, fixtures to put
himself and his utilities in, suction-type shoes,
handrails, and safely ropes will prevent float
ing and involuntary movements of objects; and
he must be trained in the skillful utilization of
such devices for comfort and safety. The
construction of these devices is no serious
problem once we know what is going on in
zero-gravity. We do a lot of things where
we can fall and hurt ourselves: climbing on
roofs and trees, riding and jumping on horse
back, ploying football and driving a car a t
high speed, creating enormous accelerations
which often lead t o fatal accidents. We must
not forget that weightlessness is o physically
stressless situation which in itself does not
involve any bodily harm or danger. If we
observe the necessary precaution and adopt
ourselves to its characteristics, it will provide
us with luxury and pleasure not normally
attainable on our planet.
However, our Space travelers must be
schooled in the reodoptotion to gravity from
the weightless slate. We do not expect too
much difficulty with this either, because this
should even be more easily accomplished than
his adjustment to zero-gravity.
We ore
accustomed to the gravitational force from
birth, and we will snap back into it with ease
and regret. To the seasoned Space man the
return to Earth and its gravitational field will
be a return to his original and familiar state.
space food (cont. from p. 12)
In actuality this idealized plan may re
semble only remotely the system finally put
to test in long and ever longer Space excur
sions. But recent research in several fields
has indicated that the man is likely to be
both the weakest and the least readily
changeable element in the closed-cycle system.
Selection and preflight training will make
significant contributions to the crewman's
successful Space operation; but, fortune being
what it is, he is still a man and as such must
be maintained within rather narrow limits of
pressure, temperature, humidity, pH, and nu
trition even to stay alive. And for him to
perform optimally, the limits must be moved
still closer together.
On the other hand, the remaining com
ponents of the system are not so rigid.
The algae provide a fitting research sub
ject mainly for taxonomists and photosynthe
sists, with a brief interlude of intense interest
in their introduction as o field crop to be
competitive at least with other animal feeds.
In this melee, there has been but little
attention given to the physiology of the algae
and practically none to their functional char
acteristics such as the production of oxygen
or to their expected behavior in a small,
closely coupled, dosed-cycle feeding system
in a weightless environment.
No one knows what would be revealed by
a study of any substantial portion of the
40,000 kinds of algae which exist. There
may be one in this group whose aquatic
temperament is ideally suited to the slavish
service required in the unremitting production
of food for the Space man. The possibility
also exists of finding a species better suited
for use as human food than those presently
known.
Even less is known of the somewhat higher
plants such as the ferns, lichens, and the
like which, if they could be grown rapidly
enough, would probably make for a drastic
reduction in the water requirements of a
closed-cycle system.
It is conceivable that the interposition of
animals capable of using the algae as food
might serve to provide increased accept
ability in the Space diet. The algae, daphnio,
small fish diet sequence has been suggested
as a simple possibility. Virtually nothing of
a quantitative nature is known about this set
of occurrences; and, with the exception af
a pitifully small number of misguided college
students who hove swallowed whole goldfish,
nothing at all is known of the acceptability
of the many, small-size, completely edible
fish. Also, nothing very useful is known about
their waste products, which would be cycled
into the system were they to be an integral
part of it.
Instead of a concentration of 50 percent
of algae as supposed in our ideal bio-conver
ter, present possibilities are of the order of
one to a few percent. This is in port due to
45
space journal
�the limited availability of carbon dioxide
and light but is as well dependent on ready
access to nutrients. It would seem that the
algae would grow at unheard of rotes and
to very high densities if these difficulties
could be overcome by the intimate mixing
of the culture with carbon dioxide, light,
and nutrients. So for, the success of this
conjecture hos not been demonstrated.
For one thing, metabolic water would ac
cumulate in the system along with cellulose,
methane, carbon monoxide, and polymerized
or insoluble substances unless steps were
taken to keep each one under control. The
oretically, at least, all of these substances
could be kept in the system by methods simi
lar to those found in nature, the chief differ
ences being in the size and the timing of the
operations.
Electrolytic breakdown of extra-metabolic
water would produce easily usable oxygen
and together with it, the dilemma of large
quantities of hydrogen whose destination in
the cycle is still in question.
The use of a chemical analog of photo
synthesis would hove real advantage only if
it were self perpetuating. It might avoid all
of the vagaries of mutation and might even
simplify to some extent the nutrient require
ments of the system. What such a change
would do for the Spaceman's personal diet
is difficult to guess. At present there are few
if any completely synthetic foods and still
fewer savory enough to compete with any
success against naturally occurring foods.
The body of scientists now working directly
on Space feeding and nutrition is working
effectively at a rote only attained by high
motivation. But this motivation suffices, and
their efforts will ultimately provide at least
a partially closed Space feeding system by
the time it is critically needed and, eventually,
an ideal one for the long voyages of man
into the remoter reaches of Outer Space.
primitive fear (cont. from p. 18)
uncertainty of the environment into specific
problems. Roughly between six and four
millennia ago, human rituals began to focus
on seas, mountains and the sub-surface Earth.
As in earlier extensions of awareness, specific
events which threatened survival probably
gave the necessary stimulus.
46
space journal
Concern with the seas in the Near East con
be ascribed to an identifiable cause. About
4000 B.C. water from the Persian Gulf ap
pears to have welled up over the Mesopo
tamian valley of the Tigris and Euphrates. It
left Ur under 10 feet of mud and had a simi
lar effect over an area 400 miles long and
100 miles wide. Since both the hero of the
Epic of Gilgamesh and Noah were residents
of the volley, the Epic and Biblical tales of
survival have been attributed to this event.
Some of the traditions of a great flood
from Greece, Lithuania, India, Chino, Aus
tralia, Polynesia and the Americas are of a
similar age. The crustal, atmospheric or other
causes of these catastrophic floods are un
known today, and certainly were not under
stood then. Human awareness of the larger
threat to life may account for the worship of
a sea-god, which in some places became pre
eminent at that time.
During the same period, our forebears
were concerned with mountains and portrayed
the fiery interior below Earth's surface. In
the past, as at present, many volcanoes
erupted and destroyed life. Such events may
explain why volcanic mountains hove been
objects of fear and propitiation. All moun
tains may hove come to seem unpredictable
and therefore sacred-the Himalayas, Mount
Sinai and Mount Olympus among others.
Crustal disturbances hove also occurred,
probably more than once, at the series of
chasms and depressions which have been
grouped under the name of the African rift.
These extend through East Africa, the Red
Sea, the Gulf of Aqoba, the plain of Sodom
and Gomorrah, the Dead Sea, the Sea of
Galilee, the River Jordan and into Syria.
Evidence of eruptions of lava and frequent
earthquakes hove been noted along this line.
It is believed that Sodom and Gomorrah were
destroyed in about 1900 B.C. in on area now
under water at the southern section of the
Dead Sea. The destruction resulted from a
great earthquake, which was probably ac
companied by issue of natural gas, explosions
and conflagration. Outpourings of lava from
sections of the rift, as well as from volcanoes,
may account for the fear of a burning hell
below.
Great as was the concern with terrestrial
�forces, the celestial concern soon superseded
it. Around the globe, communities began to
worship a god high in the heavens. Earlier
deities were relegated to subsidiary positions.
Today, the Aborigines in Australia and Fue•
gions in South America resemble more ad
vanced civilizations in their search for ways
to secure the favor of a sky-god.
By the second millennium B.C. the vast idea
that our world will end hod begun to spread.
In vivid detail, our ancestors portrayed a fiery
consummation of Earth.
Many communities expanded their fertility
rituals to include the larger environment. By
sympathetic magic and extreme sacrifices,
they sought to promote cosmic order. Among
some peoples, altar offerings to heavenly
deities included men, women and children.
Others identified their priest-kings with the
Sun. Through earnest service lo the king, they
hoped to i;nsure a world without end.
Some personified the sacred seven bodies
with movements differing visibly from the
stellar background. They sacrificed lo the
Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and
Saturn.
Others sought satisfaction in the philosophi
cal denial of life itself, and on effort to
achieve mystical union with the cosmos.
Some envisaged a future life on other
worlds in the heavens.
In this period, too, birth and ofter-life
rituals became much more intense. Maternity,
nativity and the generative organs were cele
brated in varied ways. Beginning shortly
after 3000 B.C. preparation of megalithic
tombs for the ofter-life become a central
activity for many peoples. By these means,
men may hove sought to defy the greater
challenges to survival which they recognized
in the larger environment.
The orientation and intensity of these rites
suggest that something ottrocted our fore
bears' keenest attention to the cosmic environ
ment. Each previous focus of ritual hod a
practical basis-from the large to the small
game, rain, rivers, fertility, mole cattle, seas,
mountains, Earth's molten interior, and others.
While the responses of prescientific peoples
were necessarily symbolic, they all constituted
attempts to cope with problems of survival.
Religious practices directed toward the
heavens hove likewise been symbolic; but it
is reasonable to suppose that they also origi
nated in vital concerns.
The source of concern, however, is difficult
to establish. Judging only from the words of
our ancestors, celestial disturbances occurred
sufficiently close to affect Earth. Sacred, epic
and historical documents from many ancient
civilizations tell of such events.
Many explanations for these accounts hove
been offered. Theories range from solar
eclipses, comets, polar toppling, or local
catastrophes to Velikovsky's popular interpre
tation (World in Collision, Doubleday, 1950).
The correct explanation has yet lo be agreed
upon.
In the present slate of science, celestial
events of the post cannot be as readily identi
fied as can geological ones. One of the few
modern clues is the dwindling of comets in
the Solar system. These bodies were more
common in ancient times than they ore now.
By measuring the present role of decline in
cometary luminosity, Russian astronomer S. K.
Vsekhsviotsky has developed the theory that
they originated a few thousand years ago. An
event within the Solar System, which started
the comets, could have hod effects on Earth;
or it could have appeared to threaten to do
so.
Whatever the causes, on orientation toward
the sky did develop in ancient times. Men
devised a variety of ways to cope with cosmic
uncertainties. Their beliefs hove helped to
form the civilizations current today. Peoples
on Earth still carry on a wide variety of rites
directed toward the heavens. Approaches
to the cosmos, expressed in some of the reli
gions of the period of written history, are the
subject of the next article.
space and the law (cont. from p. 20)
Below these zones, states would exercise com
plete sovereignty. Unfortunately, the practi
cability of such a system is doubtful. The diffi
culties encountered in resolving conflicts over
the extent of territorial waters still loom too
large to convince us that territorial Space
would be the ideal solution.
Should the status of Space be agreed upon
soon, con we then proceed to develop a com
prehensive legal code to govern it? This ques
tion hos to be answered with due regard to
the realities of international law and its
sources.
47
space journal
�Essentially, international law consists of
principles established by time-tested customs
or by treaties. Low based upon custom re
quires, by its very nature, lengthy periods of
time to evolve and crystallize. The other source
of international law, the treaty, is by far the
more expedient one in terms of time, depend
ing upon the ability of states to arrive at a
common formula. Space, as a new thing in
international law, may coll for either way of
originating applicable rules. The choice of
source will largely rest upon the urgency for
creating a system of Space low. Should the
future dictate o pragmatic legal approach to
Space whereby specific problems would be
dealt with individually, then we may look
forward to a slow and often painful emergence
of Space low. It goes without saying that
legal remedies developed in this way may
come at times too late to be profitable in a
dispute in Space and with possible disastrous
consequences to the world as a whole.
On the other hand, while law is sometimes
issued in anticipation of situations that might
arise, rarely hove lawmakers been in favor
of bringing forth laws to meet unforeseeable
complications. They have preferred to tread
on familiar and tested grounds rather than
stand the risk of providing an inadequate and
impractical system of law in a new area of
human venture. Legislation based on specula
tive contemplation of legal problems may often
have more harmful consequences than a gap
in the law.
Hence, the evolution of a Space code will
undoubtedly have to wait until such time as
the nature of Space and man's role in it are
thoroughly explored and ascertained.
So
long as we are unable lo foresee the full legal
implications involved in human activity in
Space, it would indeed be premature and
presumptuous to devise rules and regulations
purporting to constitute a Space code. It is
more likely that concurrently with scientific
progress in Space, law providing us with
partial solutions will come into existence. Dr.
E. Pepin, director of the Institute of Interna
tional Air Law, commenting on the role of
lawyers in the age of Space, put the matter
in its proper perspective saying: "I was and
still am of the opinion that they (the lawyers)
should not impair the scientific progress by
48
space journal
discussing abstract legal principles; but they
should try to establish, if necessary, new prin
ciples which may facilitate the task of scien
tists."
Our venture into Space will eventually call
for the creation of on appropriate interna
tional agency with adequate machinery to
regulate, through legislation, our activities in
this new area. If ever freedom of Space is to
be fully realized without resulting chaos, we
will have to make a centralized effort to co
ordinate the development of Space law.
Though it is too early to attempt the formula
tion of a Space code, we may nevertheless
establish the framework of broader principles
discussed above. We may already equip
ourselves with the necessary machinery to
carry out the basic research preceding a state
ment of Space law. When Space rules do
come into existence, they will have to be
periodically revised so as to copform with
constant technological developments. A flexi
ble method for making changes in Space
legislation will have to be adopted. The
experience gained by the International Civil
Aviation Organization in regulating airspace
can certainly be put into use also for Space.
As in the case of this organization, an inter
national Space convention might establish a
Space agency and entrust it with the power
to supplement and interpret the broad prin
ciples contained in the conveation itself. The
ICAO successfully employs such o technique
and it has devised special codes for the use
of civil aviation, entitled "Annexes" to the
Chicago convention. These annexes are re
vised and replaced by the organization in
conformity with shifting needs. The flexibility
that such a system affords will prove to be
especially valuable in the initial stages of
Space exploration when science and experi
ence will frequently change our concepts and
practices.
These are, in brief, some of the legal prob
lems which may arise in the coming Space age.
Should we succeed in making Space the
domain of mankind as a whole, we can look
forward to unprecedented progress and fruit
ful cooperation between nations. We hope
that man's folly on Earth will not be carried
into the cosmos. Space is awaiting us, but
surely it is not eager that we project into it
our earthly skirmishes and endless conflicts.
�GIVE SPACE Journal for CHRISTMAS
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Explains and illustrates
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-with more than 500 specially made
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GUIDED
MISSILES
OPERATIONS, DESIGN, AND THEORY
Sponsored by the Department of the Air Force
,_;,h a Fore"ord by Lieutenant General
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546 poges, 812 x 11, 500 illustrations, $9.00
Thi,- manual cove� evernhinK about a-uided mi�il�
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of the heart of the mis<:.ile control "'YJ\tem-the
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Similiar attention iff given to the com
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Doth �hort- nnd lon.l!t-tanl{e Kystem.s are
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surrace tarsret ,.,eJection . . . Aerial tara'et
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Application of nuclear
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This book presents a comprehen
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1·ocket propulsion. Primarily, the
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The fundamentals of rocket performance, a systems ap
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-shielding problems, the requirements for reactor start-up,
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some of the important topics discussed by the authors. The
sections on heat transfer. materials. nucleonics and control
will be of special interest to all those concerned with high
power density reactor design (including all mobile reactors
and some ground power reactors).
NUCLEAR ROCKET
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By R. W. BUSSARD and R. D. DeLAUER
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37S pages, 6 x 9, 166 illustrations and tables, $10.S0
This book presents to the engineering man a sound basis
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as heat generation and removal, fluid distribution, and flow
and structural integrity of the rocket itself. The author's
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each area are given without extensive mathe
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provided for all analyses.
Theory and practice of
sounding rocket operations
The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive
redew of the important rockets used for high al
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research. The book covers all the principal upper
air sounding rockets of the U. S., England, France,
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By Homer E. i\'ewell, Jr.
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334 pages, 6 x 9, 190 illustrations and tables, $12.50
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�
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Serials Collection
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Serials Collection
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<i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 2, no. 2, December 1959.
Description
An account of the resource
In this issue, articles focus heavily on the exploration of space and the particulars of human activities in space, including "the space man's food," research on how weightlessness affects the human body, and the lack of laws governing space. Also included is a profile of Roy Marquardt, "the ramjet man" and founder of Marquardt Aircraft Company. This is the final published issue of <i>Space Journal</i>.
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Space Enterprises, Inc.
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Serials Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
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1959-12
Language
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en
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Periodicals
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spc_mitc_063_113
Temporal Coverage
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1950-1959
Subject
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Astronauts--Nutrition
Atlas (Missile)
Cold War
Gravity--Physiological effect
Outer space--Exploration
Rockets (Aeronautics)--Ramjet engines
Space law
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Space race--United States--History--20th century
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-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1632/Binder1_081110135224.pdf
14487b11132333cebb9d2f79f7f50288
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Title
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Saturn V Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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Binder1_081110135224.pdf
spc_stnv_000159
Title
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The Post-Apollo Space Program: Directions for the Future.
Description
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The document is a Space Task Group report to the president. Pages 8, 18, 26, 27 of the document are missing.
Creator
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Space Task Group.
Date
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1968-09-01
Temporal Coverage
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1960-1969
Subject
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Saturn Project (U.S.)
Project Apollo (U.S.)
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Space Task Group.
Source
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Saturn V Collection
Box 1, Folder 8
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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spc_stnv_000150_000174
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10501/SaturnIBSA217_052008142122.pdf
3f4a0efc1dcc0e7cf6ec6263e4d26755
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Saturn V Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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Identifier
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SaturnIBSA217_052008142122.pdf
spc_stnv_000733
Title
A name given to the resource
"Saturn IB SA-217 reference launch vehicle."
Description
An account of the resource
This document contains a definition of a reference Saturn IB launch vehicle designated SA-217. The Saturn IB SA-217 is a projected reference vehicle, based on Saturn IB SA-212, incorporating the latest proposed product improvements. The two-stage payload capability of this vehicle to a 100-nautical-mile circular orbit is 44,965 pounds. The Saturn IB SA-217 launch vehicle is to be used as the baseline vehicle for advanced studies requiring the use of the standard or modified Saturn IB launch vehicle. This vehicle definition does not necessarily represent approved changes to any specific vehicle. This document supersedes the Saturn IB SA-213 reference Launch Vehicle, described in memorandum R-P&VE-DIR-65-92.
Creator
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Space Vehicle Systems Branch. Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968-01-16
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Saturn launch vehicles--Design and construction
Saturn 1B launch vehicles
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Memorandums
Source
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Saturn V Collection
Box 25, Folder 16
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
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spc_stnv_000725_000749
Is Referenced By
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http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17824
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1149/spc_stnv_000065.pdf
0e943f2a5578c17598b035b9c91fd353
PDF Text
Text
SATURN HISTORY DOCUMENT
University of RIabema Research Institute
Nbtory of Sdensa E Technology Group
>
r
7 u.-
Date -*----.L
-
-
Doc. No.
--,
,,
,
,
�SPACO 5 Year Comparison Charts.
Presibt's k c r .
.........
....................
1965 Picture Review d Capabilities.
Balance Sheet.
........
......................,
Statement of Income and Rerained edamin~,=
,
.
,.-: .., .,,.. , ., .,
Accountant's Opislio~
.......................
Some of Our Products................
W A C 0 Facility Locations .............
Manufacturing
�DIRECTORS
OFFICERS
I 1
I
President
JOHN E. HATCH, JR
WILLIAM A. BEACH
...
ANNA RUTH GAMBRELL
Executive Vice President
. . . Corporate
Secretary
I
II
JOHN E . HATCH, JR.
WILLIAM A. BEACH
. .. . . . .. . . . .
...
I I
Executive Vice President
ANNA RUTH GAMBRELL
...
.. ......
GEORGE F . E P P S . . .
GEORGE S. HARRIS . .
DON MORRING
ROGERS C. McCAULEY
President
Corporate Secretary
. . . . . Treasurer
. .Vice President
.
Vice President
. . . . . . . Vice
President
�I
-SPACO
SALES*
FIVE YEAR COMPARISON CHART<
NET EARNINGS AFTER TAXES*"
LOSSES PRIOR T O 1960 REDUCED
INCOME TAXES PAID FOR YEARS
1960, 1961, AND 1962.
<
PERSONNEL
* I N MILLIONS O F DOLLARS
** IN THOUSANDS O F DOLLARS
�A!wk
1REPORT
TO SHAREHOLDERS
C
The year 1965 was an eventful one for SPACO, INC. As pointed out elsewhere in this report, our s a l e s and
earnings reached another all-time high. Total s a l e s of $9,198,981.91 and net earnings of $135,701.03 for 1965
a s compared to s a l e s of $6,416,712.65 and earnings of $102,625.23 for 1964 are indicative of our growth during
the past year.
'
The single most significant event which occurred in 1965 was the award to SPACO of the prime contract for
support services to the Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory of the George C. Marshall Space Flight
Center. The $7,000,000.00 contract was largely responsible for our increase in personnel to approximately 900
a t the close of our fiscal year.
In July SPACO opened a division in Slidell, Louisiana to provide technical publication services to the
Mississippi T e s t Facility and other contractors in the area. Also during the year SPACO established an electronic
assembly capability a t Titusville, Florida to provide support to government agencies and contractors in the
Cape Kennedy area.
Our growth in personnel and our expanded facilities have created many challenges and problems which we
are meeting and solving. It is gratifying to me that our employees have produced a reasonable profit even though
SPACO was going through a very difficult transition period.
In the months ahead we intend to build a highly technical engineering department and a more sophisticated
manufacturing capability in order that we will be in a better competitive position and be of greater service to
our many government and industry customers.
I would like to express my appreciation to our employees who made 1965 a success for you, our stockholders.
We are looking forward t o serving you in the years ahead.
January 21, 1966
Huntsville, Alabama
Respectfully
President
�If. CI,EAN ROOM ASSBA1BL.Y
A
i
1
�The year 1965 was a year of significant
expansion for SPACO. Total employment
increased from 634 to 884 persons, expanding
the company's organizational structure from
two Divisions to the following four Divisions:
Operations Division B Quality and Reliability Assurance Division Florida Division
.Mississippi-Louisiana Division.
The Operations Division, consisting of
four Departments, provides complete engineering, manufacturing, field support, and
quality control services.
The Engineering Department, employing
over 150 persons by the end of 1965, is
staffed with highly versatile engineers, designers, draftsmen, technicians, and technical publications personnel who are familiar
with government and industrial research,
design, development, test, and evaluation
programs. This staff furnishes complimentary
services to provide SPACO's customers total
source engineering and manufacturing services which can handle any task from i t s
conception through training and field
engineering.
The Manufacturing Department has made
an excellent contribution to SPACO's growth.
This Department provides the most effective
and economically feasible methods for manufacturing a variety of products. A few of the
highly specialized services performed by
this department are the custom manufacture
of printed circuit boards, the fabrication of
electronic systems and equipments, and a
complete, modern machine shop and metal
fabrication capability.
T o meet the customer's demands for
greater accent on quality and reliability, the
Operations Division formed a Quality and
Reliability Assurance Department. This new
Department is responsible for quality and
reliability engineering a s well a s assuring
the quality and reliability of every product
produced by the Company. SPACO made
further manifestation of its quality consciousness by implementing a company wide
Zero Defects program. The cooperation of
a l l employees was individually pledged to
ensure that SPACO would continue to be a
leader in providing quality engineering and
manufacturing services.
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01
�C O M P A R A T I V E B A L A N C E SHEET
rEMBER 30, 1965 AND
ASSETS
.......;........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...................................
.......................................
Cash
Receivables, trade:
United States Government:
B i l l e d (Note 2)
Unbilled
Other...........................................
Inventories, at the lower of specific cost or market:
Raw materials
Work i n process and finished goods
.....................................
.......................
......................
..............................
...........................
...............
.....
Leasehold improvements .....
Less allowance for amortization .
Prepaid expenses and deferred charges
T o t a l current ossets
Notes receivable from officers
Fixed assets, a t cast (Note 2):
Equipment, furniture and fixtures
Less allowance for depreciation
Deposits and other assets
..
LIABILITIES
Notes payable (Note 2):
Banks
Trade
..............
............
Accounts payable:
Trade
Other
..........................................
..........................................
Accrued expenses:
Salaries and wages
Other
............
.........................
Federal and state taxes on income
Total current liabilities
Long-term portion of notes payable,
current portion above (Note 2):
Banks
Trade
........
...............
........................................
........................................
STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
.....................
..........................
Treasury stock, 90 shares at cost. ....................
Capital stock, no par value; authorized, issued
and outstanding,
-. 217,500 shares
Retained earnings, as annexed
Less:
230i392.36
651,817.36
1,080.00
650,737.36
-
�C O M P A R A T I V E STATEMENT O F I N C O M E
A N D RETAINED E A R N I N G S
SEPTJ BER 30, 1965 1
1965
.
L
......
...
. . . . . . . . $9,198,981.91
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,752,090.06
...........................
1,446,89 1.85
. . . . . . . . . . . 1,150,526.92
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,364.93
Wet sales
Post of sales.
Gross profit
Selling, general and administrative expenses
Operating prof it
Other deductions:
Interest expense
Miscellaneous, net
..
11
1964 (Note 1)
...
..........
...
.......
m
a
.
.
.
..........................
............
................................
..........
..
.........
Cash dividend paid, 10 cents per share . .
Income before taxes
Provision for federal and state taxes on income
Net income
Retained earnings, beginning of year
39,345.58
(2,28 1.68)
37,063.90
259,301.03
123,600.00
135,701.03
116,432.33
252,133.36
21,741.00
Retained earnings, end of year
NOTES to FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. On July 28, 1964, the wholly-owned subsidiary, Genco Tool Company of Alabama, was merged with the Company.
The statement of income for the year ended September 30, 1964 includes the operations of the subsidiary which
resulted in a net l o s s of $9,949.45 for the period October 1, 1963 through July 28, 1964. The provision for
taxes on income h a s been reduced by approximately $34,000 due to the tax l o s s on liquidation.
2. Fixed a s s e t s costing approximately $137,000 and $172,000 and United States Government receivables in the
approximate amounts of $505,000 and $539,000 for the years 1965 and 1964, respectively, have been pledged
a s collateral for notes payable to banks and trade creditors, The long-term portion of notes payable a t various
interest rates is due a t various dates through April 1968.
3. Depreciation and amortization are included in the statement of income in the amount of $81,470 for 1965 and
$89,287 for 1964.
4. The Company is committed on leases for buildings and equipment which expire a t varying dates in 1966
through 1969. The amount of annual rental for the year ending September 30, 1966 approximates $354,000 and
varying amounts thereafter through 1969. The main l e a s e s for buildings and equipment contain options t o
extend the terms for five additional years.
5. The Company is a party to a Government contract which provides that the Company may earn a potential award
fee and an estimated amount has been included in the financial statements. The amount of the fee for the s i x
months ended September 30, 1965 has not been finally determined by the Performance Evaluation Board.
��ENGINEERING
��SPACO continued to advance i t s proud reputation in the field of engineering and technical services. SPACO's
ability to provide a total service from concept through training and field engineering was a major factor in the
success of the engineering organizations.
A significant display of confidence was made to SPACO's engineering capabilities when the company was
awarded the single support contract for the Quality and Reliability Assurance Laboratory, NASA. Design of
complex automatic space vehicle checkout equipment, installation of the equipment, and actual performance of
checkout of Saturn space vehicles was competently undertaken by the engineering organizations.
At the SPACO Huntsville facility, research and development was carried out on a variety of programs for
both governmental and industrial agencies. One such program is the development of a completely automated
moment of inertia measurement system for calibration of space flight hardware. Another undertaking is the
simulation of space environment up to 100 miles altitude by means of large vacuum chamber for testing space
flight components. The research and development of computer controlled automatic checkout systems is s t i l l
mother such program currently in progress.
Technical services provided by SPACO range from calibration and repair of electronic equipment to the
preparation of technical publications and the training of personnel in both professional and technical skills.
A field service and a quality and reliability assurance capability have been added to further advance the
total engineering capability offered by SPACO.
To meet the demands of the top flight engineering capabilities offered by SPACO, approximately 200 engineers and technicians were added to the personnel force.
Engineering services have been extended to the missile and aerospace industries of Florida and Louisiana.
Both of the new Divisions serving these two areas show promise of rapid, stable growth.
Throughout SPACO's engineering organizations, the quest for engineering excellence and increased competence in technical services is continuously pursued. Such a quest is in full harmony with the company's Zero
Defects Program implemented in the l a s t quarter of 1965. Both the shareholders and customers of SPACO, INC.
are ensured of the company's continued success a s a leader in the field of engineering and technical services.
�1MANUFACTURING 1
�~ ~ A L U 'manu~acturing
S
1
service nas experienced
a substantial growth rate in the past two years. The
manufacturing service is performed in a modern, airconditioned building and presently offers complete
machine shop services, including welding and sheet
metal fabrication, and the latest in electrical fabri-
1
cation services.
The manufacturing organizations are staffed with
experienced machinists, welders, sheet metal workers,
and electrical fabrication specialists. SPACO takes
pride in providing the high level of manufacturing
talent necessary to satisfy the special skills required
and stringent specifications imposed by the aerospace
industry. The investments made throughout the year
for equipment and facilities for manufacturing have
been well repaid. SPACO still boasts of having one of
the most complete and modem manufacturing organizations in the southeast. The increased business and
organizational expansion enjoyed in 1965 attest to
SPACO's
ability to successfully compete in the
highly competitive field of manufacturing.
SPACO's leadership in the mmufacturing field is
receiving widespread recognition. Now, with ~ i v i s i o n s
in Florida and Louisiana, further expansion of the
nanufacturing facilities is anticipated.
�SOME OF OUR PRODUCT!
�FACILITY L O C A T I O N S
HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA
TITUSVILLE, FLORIDA
A
SLIDELL, LOUISIANA
��
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Saturn V Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_stnv_000065
Title
A name given to the resource
Spaco, Inc. Annual Report, 1965.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Spaco, Inc.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966-01-21
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn Project (U.S.)
Aerospace industries--United States
Spaco, Inc.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Annual reports
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 16, Folder 6
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_stnv_000051_000074
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/4/4196/spc_nick_000314_000314.pdf
c0fdea49256f0f33f75255d275991dc8
Dublin Core
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Title
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Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers
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Identifier
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spc_nick_000314_000314
Title
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Letter to Colonel John C. Nickerson, Jr. from John J. Sparkman.
Description
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Sparkman thanks Nickerson for sending a booklet he had requested. He also requests Nickerson to send information on a long range flight conducted by ABMA directly to Erik Bergaust for an interview Bergaust did on Sparkman.
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Sparkman, John J.
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1957-01-07
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1950-1959
Subject
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Courts-martial and courts of inquiry--United States
Defense information, Classified
Intermediate-range ballistic missiles
Jupiter missile
Leaks (Disclosure of information)
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Type
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Correspondence
Text
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Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers
Box 1, Series 1, Folder 4
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
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spc_nick_2021_03
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/123/8033/r04a14-19.pdf
59edb2c00a591780bc3f9f6d67280236
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Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History
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Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History
Still Image
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r04a14-19
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Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection
Series 4, Subseries A, Box 14, Folder 19
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Title
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Huntsville Promotional Booklet, 1908
Description
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Huntsville Tours
Relation
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r04a-210924
Creator
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Speegle, T. H.
Date
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1908
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1900-1909
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Advertising
Alabama–History–Huntsville, Madison County
Historic sites–Huntsville, Madison County
Nineteenth century
Photographs
Tourism
Twentieth century
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Books
Photographs
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en
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-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10574/satIfliteseval_070507143020.pdf
a9c51c9b12f469a9734e6f6e1f6cccc3
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Saturn V Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
Description
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<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
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satIfliteseval_070507143020.pdf
spc_stnv_000686
Title
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"Saturn I flight test evaluation."
Description
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As this paper is being written, the Saturn I flight test program includes five flights launched between October, 1961 and January, 1964. All five fiights were complete successes, both in achieving all major test missions and in obtaining an unprecedented volume of system performance data for flight analysis.
Creator
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Speer, F. A.
Date
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1964-07-02
Temporal Coverage
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1960-1969
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Saturn launch vehicles--Flight testing
Saturn launch vehicles
Type
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Text
Evaluations
Source
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Saturn V Collection
Box 12, Folder 6
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
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spc_stnv_000675_000699
Is Referenced By
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http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17016
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/14405/sdsp_skyl_000070_001.pdf
6f3336e8a030ae106ffaa691253d0a67
PDF Text
Text
n
SPER^Y RAI\D
EARTH ORBITAL WORKSHOP
CAPABILITIES BROCHURE
SPACE SUPPORT
DIVISION
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^SPER^Y RAfSD
SECTION I
INTRODUCTION
SPACE SUPPORT DIVISION
�I
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�INTRODUCTION
The Sperry Rand Space Support Division presents t h i s brochure t o depict
a competence and capability in the area of
large earth-orbita I workshops.
Workshops that are:
®
In
fabrication (ATM)
•
Proposed
for Saturn V Vehicles (B0 6
• Conceptually designed
(Nuclear Power)
for specific advanced applications
Sperry's ability to offer a depth of
experience in the orbital workshop
area is directly attributable to the technical
Division is
technical
Mx)
support the Space Support
p r o v i d i n g t o t h e MSFC A s t r i o n i c s L a b o r a t o r y .
In this role a
foundation and competence in design and deveIopment of
orbital
workshops has been established. The Apollo Telescope Mount provided the
hardware, subsystem and system experience. Then
follow-on studies developed
the necessary mission analysis experience. Hence, an overall
capability has evolved.
The areas of demonstrated proficiency are:
I.
EXPERIMENTATION
X-Ray Telescope Design
X-Ray Camera Design
Television System Design
Laser Research
I I .
POWER
Solar Array Design
Nucleonics Analysis
Fuel Cell Design
I I I .
COMMUNICATIONS
Data Compression Studies
Information Coding Techniques Studies
Modulation Techniques Studies
Phase lock Loop Analysis
Phase Compensat ion Analysis
Hardware Design
Antenna Systems
Pulse Code Modulated Data Acquisition Systems
Telemetry Ground Station
i
workshop
��270-ChanneI
Multiplexer
Single Side Band Double Side Band Filters
Airborne Telemetry Pouier Supplies
IV.
CONTROL
Control Moment Gyro System Analysis
Experiment Pointing Control Analysis
Control
System Analysis and Design
ATM
Orbital Workshop
Reaction Control
Jets
Sizing
Fuel Consumption
Momentum Dumping
Optimal
Backup
Star Tracker Anulysis
A summary of
ience
the engineering effort related to orbital workshop exper
is presented in the Capabilities
tion there are
four
Section (Section
II). In that sec
s u b s e c t i o n s w h i c h a r e u n i q u e l y c a t e g o r i z e d by NASA's
Phased Project Planning. The
four steps of
Phased Project Planning are
Advanced Studies, Project Definition, Design. and DeueIopment and Ope
rations Categorized as Phase A. B. C and D respectiueIy.
The remainder of
the brochure
provides an insight
background, organization makeup and manpower
into the Division's
level.
The capabilities reported herein were developed by the Space Support
Division under Contract NAS8-20055 t o the National
Administration. George C. Marshall
oratory. Huntsv i I le . Alabama.
Aeronautics and Space
Space Flight Center. Astrionics Lab
����II.
WORKSHOP CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Phase
Page
A
Advanced Studies
2-1
B
Project Definition
2-0
C
Design
2-/5
0
Deuelopment and Operations
2-23
iu
��WORKSHOP CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
PHASE A - ADVANCED STUDIES
In the Advanced Study Phase concept
mission approaches are made. Requirements
feasibility studies of
for each are analyzed, engineer
ing assessed and exper iment programs grossly defined.
written detailing all
various
From t h i s a report
analytical work, alternate solutions, tradeoff
is
cri
teria and recommendations.
The Phase A definition adequate I y defines the work
Space Support Division's Advanced
onics
Studies Group
Laboratory's Advanced Studies Office.
performed by the
in support of
the Astri-
The recent studies as docu
mented by Sperry are:
/I S t u d y o f
Eq u i p m e n t s '
the Backup Saturn I Workshops
Potential
(AS2I0 Wet
Launch) Astr ionic
for use in an Austere Dry Launch Saturn V IVorbshop (B)
An investigation into the system and sub-system modifications required
t o ad a p t t h e S a t u r n I
u
Wet Launch" workshop's backup eauipment to an aus
tere Saturn V "Dry Launch" workshop was
performed. Convers ion time, cost
and mission scheduling were traded off against versatiIity and
l i f t capa
bility.
SP 590-0132
Completion date:
Selected Studies of
9/68
Some Conceptual Earth-OrbitaI Workshops
Systems analysis and trade-off
studies were made on a number of
con
ceptual earth-orbital workshops in an effort t o size systems and obtain the
best configuration. Areas studied
tems.
included experiment payload,
instrumentation and communications, thermal
power sys
controls, control and
display, and video imaging.
SP 590-0098
Completion date:
Attitude Control
System Synthesis
for Conceptual
7/68
Saturn V
Launched
Earth-Orbita I Workshop/Space Stations
Identified Eight Conceptual Workshop/Space Station configurations and
studied
in detail
four t o determine overall
attitude control
requirements
to be expected. Then, using these requirements two potential attitude con
trol
systems are synthesized.
2-1
��General concepts were derived
from NASA's current Saturn V Earth-Orbital
Workshop/Space Station planning a c t i v i t i e s .
Disturbance torques considered are gravity gradient, aerodynamic, solar,
magnetic and man motion. The c o n t r o l
jets, control
systems
included reaction control
moment gyros and various combinations of both.
SP 590-0097
7 68
Completion date:
Microwave Power Transmission Study for Space Applications
Considered the feasibility of transmission of
power by microwave beaming
from a master s a t e l l i t e t o one or more smaller s a t e l l i t e s . Theoretical
quantitative results are presented detailing the efficiency of
and
each sub
system plus total system efficiency using either the e l l i p t i c or the para
bolic reflector antenna.
SP 590-0072
Completion date:
4/68
Signal-to-Noise Considerations for Orbiting Astronomical
Presented data that helps provide fundamental
X-Ray Telescope
information on establish
ment of c r i t e r i a t o postulate on the temperature, density and composition
of matter
in the galactic and intergaI act i c space, presence and strength
of magnetic and electric fields in space, the origin and distribution of
cosmic rays and the creation of matter.
SP 599-0110
Completion date:
8 68
Large Aperture Telescope: Phase I , 2 , 3 . 4 and Summary
Performed control
system analysis on suggested high accuracy
large
aperture telescopes. The studies were confined t o the fine pointing control
cf
a one meter diameter
large aperture telescope mounted on an SIVB type
orbital workshop. The pointing accuracy of
the systems analyzed
is 0.01
arc second maintained for extended periods of time.
A two body analog simulation was developed t o t e s t the various hardware
configurations and evaluate the effects of disturbances,
motion, on pointing accuracy.
SP 5 9 0 - 0 0 3 4 - 0 . I . 2 . 3 . 4
Completion date:
2 - 3
including man
5/68
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�Phased Array Antenna Study - Phase
A comprehensive study of
I and
II
the characteristics of
phased arrays was per
formed. State-of-the-art information is presented
from the literature on
weight, s i z e . gain, number of elements, scan and efficiency. Also detailed
is the pattern effect due to radiator mis location caused by manufacturing
errors and thermal
gradients.
SP 590-0108
Completion date:
8 68
SP 590-0134
Completion date:
9/68
Boom Extended Nuclear (Orbiting) Reactor Control
In suggesting nuclear reactors
of
vehicle control
came t o the
for
Study
large space stations the question
forefront. This
study endeavers
to answer
that question by considering the reactor mounted on a boom extended
the side or end of
from
the vehicle.
An investigation into the
i n t e r r e l a t i o n s between the boom mounted re
actor and the vehicle control
system was
performed. Analog and Digital
s imulation programs were developed t o compute external disturbance torques,
composite mass and
inertia data.
In addition, a complete two-body vehicle
dynamic simulation containing a vehicle control
verify analytical
system was developed t o
results.
SP 209-01
Completion date:
An investigat ion of
Sensors
S trapdown inertial
stations of
the
12/68
Redundancy Concepts Applied to Strapdown
navigators appear to have a place
in large
put with the mean output of
trade-offs
<aturn
sensor out
all the sensors.
program was developed t o study various approaches and evaluate
in the detection and isolation of
SP 590-C084
Mod i f i e d
space
future. A study input, t o system development, was a method
to detect and isolate defective sensors by comparing individual
A digital
Inertial
sensor ma I f u n c t i o n s .
Completion date:
IV
Six Degree Dynamical
Simulations with
7/68
Iterative Guidance
for Advanced Vehicles and Missions
Strap-on solid
fuel e n g i n e s .
and variable thrust liquid
Saturn V vehicles without the SI I stage
fuel engines are analyzed to determine impact on
��the
present guidance modes.
veloped utilizing the
Full
scale digital
simulations haue been de
l a t e s t MARVESS t r a j e c t o r y techniques making l i f t - o f f
to injection studies possible.
SP 209-TD-04
Completion date:
I
69
��W O R K S H O P C A P A B I L I T I E S SUMMARY
PHASE 8 - PROJECT DEFINITION
In the project defin i t ion phase selected concepts are refined, assess
ments o f t o t a l miss ion requirements are made and a system analysis
prepared.
From the study results presented a project plan emerges which specifies a
single concept,
recommends a plan for
phase C and presents a preliminary
Project DeueIopment Plan.
The Sperry Rand Space Support Diuision by supporting the Astrionics
Laboratory on the Apollo Telescope Mount Vehicle (ATM) was an integral
part
of t h e ATM Phase B endeauor. T h i s produced e x p e r i e n c e by a s s o c i a t i o n w h i c h ,
in our opinion, gives a depth of
knowledge
in the area of
large orbital
space station technology obtainable only by day-to-day contact with the
cognizant NASA o r g a n i z a t i o n s . A sampling of r e p o r t s a p p l i c a b l e t o the phase
B planning process
is presented below.
Antenna Pattern Measurements
Analyzed three methods of measuring antenna patterns in relation t o the
antenna attitude
in a 200 nautical m i l e o r b i t . The study was made t o e v a l
uate a c o n t r a c t o r ' s proposal t o NASA f o r measuring the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a
large space erectable parabolic antenna. Comparison studies were conducted
and recommendat ions submitted f o r the most accurate method of
measuring
antenna patterns.
RL # 16-022
Discussion of
Completion date:
5/66
t h e Torque R e c t i f i c a t i o n Dump Scheme
Scrutinized contractor's proposal
f o r a g r a v i t y gradient dump scheme
designed f o r momentum r e l i e f of the Control Moment Gyros. The scheme u t i
lized the rectification of the c y c l i c gravity gradient torques by changing
signs of
the commanded maneuver angles a t specified times
in the orbit.
T h e a t t r a c t i v e a n d u n a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e s c h e m e urns p r e s e n t e d
a f t e r a detailed analytical and computer simulation study was performed.
OWS-2-1
Completion date:
Double Gimbal Control Moment Gryos
The System for
4/67
in Vehicle Attitude Control
I n e r t i a l Experiment P o i n t i n g a n d A t t i t u d e C o n t r o l
PAC) os proposed by NASA (Langley F i e l d , V i r g i n i a )
2-9
is investigated.
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�The
fundamentals of
the equations
t h e CMG s y s t e m are
for a space v e h i c l e using t h e SIXPAC conf iguration is devel
oped. Along with this a block diagram of
developed
presented and the derivation of
t h e CMG a n d u e h i c l e d y n a m i c s a r e
for system study.
The characterist ics of
t h e CMG a s a n a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l d e v i c e a r e a l s o
discussed and a comparison with other attitude control
Then advantages of
the various systems are
SP 517-67-1
schemes
is made.
presented in cone I usion.
Completion date:
1/67
Charaer-batteru Regulator Module - Prototupe Test Model
4n engineering a n a l y s i s was
for the thermal, mechanical
performed to establish design requirements
and vibration prototype of
battery - regu I ator -modu I e . The
packaging design required compliance with
MSFC Document 50M02408. E n v i r o n m e n t a l
teria
t h e ATM c h a r g e r -
Design and Qualification Test Cri
f o r ATM C o m p o n e n t s . T h e t h e r m a l
and vibrational
analysis of
the
prototype charger-battery regulator was conducted t o v e r i f y the packaging
design per requirements of
50M02408.
RF # 10-004
Completion date:
Generation of
Orbital
7/68
Coordinate Systems and Aerodunamic and Gravitu
Gradient Torques
T o e v a l u a t e and c o n f i r m t h e ATM c o n t r o l
face a detailed soft mockup of
system configuration and
inter
the vehicle pointing and control system was
deve loped.
The developed
earth orbital
program
presents a complete MathematicaI
Model
space station. The Earth-sun-sate 11ite motion model
lated along with all
external
of
an
is simu
torques acting on the vehicle. The control
system containing control moment gyros and reaction
making i t possible to do detailed
jets is also simulated
fuel studies of any earth orbital
control
system. Presently this simulation
digital
and 8900 hybrid computers.
SP 522-0058
is
vehicle
programmed on both the 7094
Completed:
4/67
Updated:
4/68
ATM Command a n d T e l e m e t r y A n t e n n a s
Originated the design concept and
types of
ATM a n t e n n a s .
fabricated scale models and
proto
The antennas are mounted on t h e solar wings. An
edge-mounted scimitar antenna was used
2 - II
for t h e 450 MHz command s y s t e m and
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�an edge-mounted dipole antenna
was
for t h e VHF t e l e m e t r y . The d e s i g n c o n c e p t
formulated by building 1:20 scale models of
the proposed antennas and
checking the radiation characteristics on a 1:20 scale model
of
the Apollo
Telescope Mount cluster.
RL # 16-006
Completion date:
A—Techn i que
By use of
If
f o r S t a b i l i z i n g t h e ATM V e h i c l e
11/68
for Extended Time Periods
Momentum Exchange Devices
a n ATM r e u i s i t i s e n v i s i o n e d t h e r m a l
supply thermal
control
a source of
control will be necessary. To
power will be required.
If
t h i s power
is provided by solar cells
facing the sun a control system will
either active or inactive.
If an active system is used the system described
in this report
be required
is applicable.
The study presents a momentum management scheme t o permit control
t h e ATM w i t h c o n t r o l moment g y r o s d u r i n g t h e unmanned phase o f
The momentum management scheme reverses the direction of
of
the mission.
disturbance torque
through simple CMG-controlled maneuvers, thus eliminating the requirement
for reaction
control
jets to relieve the
unidirectional
stored momentum of
the
moment gyros.
Presented to
May 1967
American AstronauticaI
National
Society
Symposium
SIVB Stage Digital
An al I-digital
Filter
flight controller
detail. Several mechanizations of
and comparisons made by means of
for the SIVB stage is considered
the digital
in
compensator are designed
frequency response measurements and hybrid
simulation.
SP 551-0045
Completion date:
2-13
4/24/68
�2-14
�WORKSHOP CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
PHASE C - DESIGN
In this
phase the
final
concepts are developed: designs are made t o
required specifications: and a total
system analysis made. From this an ana
lytical report is assembled and the
(PDP) released.
finalized Project CeveIopment Plan
The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), as the
first
large orbital workshop,
has been through this phase. The Space Support Piuis ion's contribution in
this phase, as documented, is presented
ATM 50-56 X-Rau T e l e s c o p e :
Final analysis of
following paragraphs.
Final Report
the optical
is presented. Analysis
in the
the SO-56
X-Ray Telescope
includes ray tracing with special
emphasis on ray
diagrams, spot diagrams and
properties of
point spread
functions. All
aspects of
the
X-ray reflection dynamics were considered.
0BS-3-I
Completion date:
3/69
ATM Conf_[quration Manaqement
Established a system
for configuration control
for t h e ATM p r o g r a m . The c o n c e p t of
plan and documentation control
and documentation
a workable configuration management
plan was
presented t o and approved by the
MSFC ATM P r o j e c t O f f i c e ; t h e n d o c u m e n t e d and i m p l e m e n t e d . T e c h n i c a l
mentation is generated
determine a basic
flow
docu
from research and data gathering, as required, t o
for t h e ATM program. The c o n f i g u r a t i o n management
keeps engineering management
plan
informed on the program status.
RL # 18-002
Completion date:
This
i s a con
tinuing program.
ATM E x p e r i m e n t
Interface Control
Documents
R e v i e w e d and a n a l y z e d e x p e r i m e n t e r a n d ATM e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t s , a n d
maintained electrical
systems c o m p a t i b i l i t y between experimenters. MSFC.
and Manned Spacecraft Center by generating electrical
documents and electrical
interface control
interface defining documents. Reviewed experi
menter s proposed changes and recommended acceptance or refusal by the Con
figuration Control Board.
R L ft 0 9 - 0 1 2
Completion date:
2-15
4th Quarter/70
��Cable and D i s t r i b u t i o n Sus tern
A 700-cable distribution system
control, power
distribution. and data transmission
a 52-rack. 260-panel
ATM.
is currentIy being designed
electrical
support
An analysis has been made of
interconnections between
equipment checkout
the entire cable and
out system t o establish design goals and c r i t e r i a .
500FS system was
made t o determine u s a b i l i t y o f
continuing systems
control
is
interface study
is
to provide
system and
the
distribution check
A study of
cables
for
the Saturn V,
the design.
being performed and cable
A
interface
being maintained.
RL # 09-006
Comp l e t ion d a t e :
11/68
ATM D i s t r i b u t o r s
Pre Iiminary studies of
bution requirements
ATM power, measuring, and command signal
established the
butors. The distributors route
need
commands,
between the command capsule control
and the electrical
of
the ATM.
especially designed distri
measurements,
panel,
and electrical
t h e ATM experiment
support equipment. both prior
Designed the complete distributors
and components. Thermal
reduction
for
distri
to
power
packages,
and subsequent to
include housing,
launch
cabling,
uacuum tests are performed t o v e r i f y the design.
i n the number
of
distributors required
is
A
achieved through the
u t i l i z a t i o n of TO-5 type relays.
R L if 9 - 0 0 4
Optimal
Completion date:
Desaturation of Control
Space vehicles
on missions
Moment Gyro Systems
that
u t i l i z e Control Moment Gyros (CMGs)
require
for a
precise pointing capabiIity offered by
systems. CMGs
by
do run out of
CMG g i m b a l
fuel
tank)
External
gimbal
angles).
torques must
angles.
problem of
CMG c o n t r o 1 1 e r s
problem.
in this application
condition (analogous
gimbal
angles
to the vehicle/CMG
free "fuel" source available
momentum desaturation of
is cast
into the
The system model
with a state and control
has
the
format of
form of
independent,
OWS-3-4
of
the
in the
to
an empty
a minimal
limits.
reset the
process
is de
gravity gradients.
pointing control
a linear
is measured
system to
systems with
energy optimization
time-varying equation
time-varying forcing function.
Completion date:
2-17
perhaps
approach their
A systematic approach to this "refueling"
scribed using the
The
pointing will
a continuous controller. Like other
The "saturated"
be applied
in Orbit
long time t o come because
"fuel" (which,
i s r e a c h e d w h e n t h e CMG
fine
8/68
1/69
�TELESCOPE TO WORKSHOP MAGNETIC SUSPENSION DYNAMICS
/.TELESCOPE
COUPLING FROM WORKSHOP TO
TELESCOPE THRU SUSPENSION
FORCE = K | i ( S )
K| [Ei(S)-(^jsd(S)]
(TS+I)
A magnetic
an almost
suspension of
perfect
this
T=
type can be
isolator, expecially when
L|
A +R|
feedback principles are applied. Coupled
K|=I.47
force due t o workshop motion
K2=l.65
open
loop gain A.
is reduced by
In addition, the
characteristics are essentially
isolation
frequency
invariant.
2-18
A > 1000
�ATM C l o c k
Designed the
logic and
stable time references
of
packaging of
t h e ATM c l o c k t o p r o v i d e u l t r a -
for u a r i o u s ATM e x p e r i m e n t s . The c l o c k
prouiding time references
days, with a stability of
I
in milliseconds,
is capable
seconds, minutes, hours, and
x 10^ throughout the temperature range of
-20
degrees to 85 degrees Celsius. The clock can be reset to any time period
by ground command signals, and has a r e l i a b i l i t y of
unit was fabricated and tested.
RL # 17-008
0.99965. One prototype
Completion date:
9 67
ATM S w i t c h S e l e c t o r Panel
Prepared Class
panel
is required
design of
I documentation of
t h e ATM s w i t c h s e l e c t o r p a n e l . T h e
f o r ATM s e l e c t o r s w i t c h t e s t and c h e c k o u t . The
the panel
(component layout) was
ments. Documentation was
00224A.
completed
Completion date:
12,67
System Networks
The electrical
circuitry to
perform switching, control,
interconnect all
five control
ATM s u b s y s t e m s a n d t o
power distribution, and
functions is currently being designed.
distributors .
prepared t o meet MSFC r e q u i r e
i n accordance w i t h MSFC Drawing 40M-
RL # 10-013
ATM E l e c t r i c a l
packaging
signal
conditioning
The system consists of
three power
d i stributors. three measuring distributors, a
transfer assembly, a controls and display logic distributor, and approxi
mately 500 interconnecting cables. The
specifications.
RL # 09-011
s u b s y s t e m s a r e d e s i g n e d t o ATM
Completion date:
1/69
Time - Division Multiplexer
A time-division multiplexer was designed to accept up t o 270 data inputs
of
0 to 5 volts
in amplitude, and to provide
two parallel
output wave
trains. The multiplexer has 30 primary channels with a sampling
120 samples per second. Principal
the dc dc converter and
subassemblies of
regulators that
provide
missile power grounds: an isolation amplifier
rate of
the multiplexer are:
isolation of
signal
and
for each output: main channel
multiplexer cards: calibrator: ana clock and timing subassembly. One multi
plexer was breadboarded and successfully tested. Documentation and
type
fabrication are
used o n t h e second ATM
RF # 16-025
in process. Several
of
these multiplexers
flight.
Completion date:
2-19
9/68
proto
shall
be
��Control Circuitry
for Data Acquisition Sustem
D e s i g n e d t h e a m p l i f i e r a n d s w i t c h a s s e m b l y t o b e u s e d o n t h e ATM t o
amplify and select the proper output of
r e d u n d a n t PCM d i g i t a l d a t a a c q u i s i
t i o n s u b s y s t e m s . S w i t c h i n g b e t w e e n t h e t w o PCM s u b s y s t e m s
is accomplished
by commands to internal control c i r c u i t r y . These control c i r c u i t s employ
electro-optical
devices t o provide maximum isolation between the external
command signal c i r c u i t r y and the control
RL # 17-005
circuits.
Completion date:
11/67
Charger-Batteru Regulator-Module Documentation
This effort
involves
preparation of
the specification. and the accept
ance preliminary and qualification test procedures
for the Apollo Telescope
Mount (ATM) charger-battery-regu I ator module. A review of
requirements and
prototype circuitry provided detail
three documents. The specif icat ion establishes
requirements; the acceptance test procedure sets
standards: and the qualifications test
operating requirements
t h e ATM
requirements
forth module acceptance
procedure details environmental
Completion date:
2-21
for the
purchasing manufacturing
for the modules.
RL # 10-001
power
4/68
�Kft
-3
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Cy
V>
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L.
3
m
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4-»
o
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cw
v. 4-*
L_ ——
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4-»
0
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cu
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iC
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3.
——
3»
3 -3
ITi
-3
1
"3
3.
O
O
u
3
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L.
4-*
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-3
—
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3
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LO
4-»
V*
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<3
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3
——
Cy
-3
4-*
4-»
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Cy
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cy
3
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v>
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3s
3
L.
*—
2-22
</»
<y
Cy
3
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4-»
O
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3
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4-»
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�WORKSHOP CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
PHASE D - DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATIONS
In this
final
phase the tasks of developing. manufacturing, testing and
operating the products designed to achieve the mission goals are carried
out. The Space Support Division s capabiIity in this area is readily demon
strated by presenting assigned tasks and describing the design deveIopment
and testing effort
put
forth on each. The
the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)
following paragraphs describe
Phase D effort.
X-Rau Telescope - Camera and E lectronics Desian:
The X-ray teIescope-camera and electronics
S-056 Design
for the S-056 X-ray telescope
experiment which will measure soft X-ray radiation originating in the solar
atmosphere has been designed, deve I oped. and produced. The X-ray telescope
system comprises
an X-ray telescope with
film camera and an X-ray event
analyzer (X-REA).
The X-REA and teIescope-camera are two independent measuring systems
w h i c h w i l l b e a t t a c h e d t o t h e ATM i n a m a n n e r w h i c h w i l l
to measure radiation
from the same source. The
these two measuring systems will
flares and the physical
allow both systems
information obtained
provide a better understanding of
processess which take place in the
OBS-4-1
Complet ion date :
from
solar
sun.
I 69
ATM T e l e v i s i o n S y s t e m D e s i g n
A television system
for the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) has been de
signed and developed. This
naut viewing of
system is installed
solar activity
telescopes and consists of
i n t h e ATM t o e n a b l e a s t r o
from earth orbit through several different
two (2)
Iow-light-1eve I
TV cameras, two ( 2 )
v i d i c o n T V c a m e r a s , a n F. I A s y n c g e n e r a t o r , a n d t w o ( 2 ) w i d e b a n d v i d e o
switches.
The
of
low-light-level
excellent
usable
t e l e v i s i o n camera u t i l i z e s a SEC v i d i c o n c a p a b l e
picture quality
p i c t u r e q u a l i t y ( 2 0 0 TV
can be used as a
candles .
( 6 0 0 TV
lines) at 3 x 10'3
lines) at 5 x /0"5
footcandles and
footcandles. The camera
Iight-integrating device down t o levels below 10'7
2-23
foot
��T h e ATM v i d i c o n camera i s a h i g h r e s o l u t i o n ( 8 0 0 TV l i n e s ) s y s t e m u t i l i
zing a standard 5403 ruggedized uidicon with excellent
I
x lO'l
footcandles. Usable
performance down t o
pictures can be obtained down t o 5 x
10
footcandles.
OBS-4-2
Completion date:
E l e c t r i c a l Power Subsystem
for Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)
This task comprised the design and deuelopment of
power subsystem which
I 69
furnishes the electrical
t h e ATM e l e c t r i c a l
power required by all other
ATM s u b s y s t e m s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s .
T h e ATM e l e c t r i c a l poiuer s u b s y s t e m c o n s i s t s o f
energy conversion
and the required
sources.
interface
18
18
photovoltaic direct
power conditioning-energy storage groups.
interface networks and power distribution c i r
cuitry that provides remote system control
capability, system monitoring,
and power management information.
OWS-4-3
Completion date:
I 69
270 Channel Multiplexer
The 270 multiplexer was designed t o accrue data and channel
the data
via 270 lines to the data acquisition system. The multiplexer utilizes the
latest circuit configurations.
including integrated circuits. To develop
the multiplexer, the electromechanical
grated circuits with weldable
through the motherboard and
leads.
flexible
package was designed using inte
Interconnections were accomplished
printed circuit cabling. The
flight
housing was designed utilizing three configurations-almag sand casting,
aluminum sheet weldment and an aluminum dip brazed housing: of
latter was selected
for implementation. The multilayered circuit boards are
attached in an accordion
padding inserted
fashion with
flexcabling and with shock-resistant
into a cavity configuration. The module is currently des
ignated as backup
for t h e second ATM
for the
f i r s t ATM
flight and will maintain a prime status
flight upon completion of
RL # P4-008
AC DC
which the
prototype development.
Completion date:
6/68
Power Suoolu
An ac dc electronic
d c power t o t h e ATM
motor. The dc
power supply was designed and
platform modules and ac
portion of
the
power
supply
fabricated to
furnish
power t o t h e 4TM g y r o s p i n
is equipped with a
step-up
switching prereguIator. a dc-to-dc conuerter and a pulse regulator. The
2-25
�ACCEPTABLE S/N RATIO
The performance a t t a i n a b i l i t y of
brightness. as a function of
a star tracker, for a particular guide s t a r
the acceptable signal
J-26
to noise ratio.
�ac output
is equipped with a crystal-control led oscillator,
followed by a
binary countdown. The dc input uoltage is required to remain between 24 to
32 volts to maintain a dc
power output of
250 watts and 35 volts ac at
1600 Hz.
RL # 22-009
Completion aate:
Ground Support Electrical
Power Sustem
A power system is currently being designed t o
solar bus and or load bus and t o the electrical
forming ground checkout of
12 66
f u r n i s h power t o t h e ATM
support equipment when per
the ATM. The design e f f o r t
includes an overall
system analysis to establish design criteria, an evaluation of
s y s t e m s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r a d a p t a b i l i t y t o t h e ATM
comprehensive study of
paration of
existing
requirements, and a
each subsystem to provide details needed
for
pre
the preliminary design drawings. Fabrication drawings and pre
liminary early-order parts lists are also being prepared.
R L # 09-009
Completion date:
11 68
Hudrogen-Oxuaen Fuel Cell Resign and Test
Four
years of
detailed experience has
operation and test of
Hydrox
fuel
been obtained
in the design,
cells. Approximately 8000 hours of
ope
r a t i o n of 2-kilowatt A11 i s-ChaImers (AC) systems have been logged by d i v i
sion personnel
in the study and test of
developments have resulted
these power sources. Significant
from research conducted on single
sections on evaluation consoles developed and
OWS-4-4
fuel
cell
fabricated by this Division.
Completion date:
A continuing
effort
Sun Sensor and Star Tracker Computer Simulator
A computer simulator is currently being developed
of
the sun
sensor and
similar to that of
star tracker. The
simulator
internal electronics of
the
the data.
the direction and magnitude of
solver zero, and
tested when
flight:
function
i t gene
pulses, that are used
fine sun sensor and star tracker
purposes, gating, and shifting of
data of
performs a
the on-board digital computer during
rates an interrogate pulse, together with clock
the
for ground checkout
for timing
It also accepts serial
binary
the resolver rotation and the re-
presents them to the display panel. The simulator will
fabrication is completed.
RL # 13-001
Completion date:
2-27
in
Estimated 6 68
be
�2-28
�P a c h ac l i n g P e s i g n _ f o r t h e C h a r g e r B a t t e r y _ R e g u l a t o r M o d u l e ( C P R M )
Performed the packaging design and documentation of
t h e ATM C B R M . w h i c h
included engineering design, drafting, and checking. The packaging design
required compliance with the EnuironmentaI
Criteria for
ATM Components s p e c i f i c a t i o n . The purpose o f
prouide regulation, conuersion.
while
and storage of
solar-cell
t h e CBRM
is
to
power t o t h e ATM
in an earth orbit.
RL # 10-006
Completion date:
S-Band Helical
with a gain of
68
II
Arrau Antenna
Designed a S-band helical
of
Design and Dualif ication Test
array. The array consists of
a single helix,
8 db. mounted upon a common base p l a t e , adjacent t o an array
four helices. The array has a gain of
12 db. The dual
gain feature was
utilized to prouide hemispheric earth coverage from an altitude of
t o 2 3 . 0 0 0 s t a t u t e m i l e s . ,1 c o a x i a l
antenna radiator. A four helical
because of
antenna height
switch directs the rf
signal
8.000
to either
array was used for the high gain radiator
restrictions on the Saturn V Instrument Unit. A
laboratory
model
verified
the design dimensions.
A shop prototype was
fabricated
from design drawings. Qualif ication tests to flight certify
the
antenna were performed and the quaI i f i c a t i o n test report published.
RL # I 6 - 0 I 2
Completion date:
10/66
Power Control and Monitor Panel
A control
panel,
distribution of
for
monitoring and controlling the
ATM e l e c t r i c a l
support equipment power,
generation and
is currently
in the
preliminary stage of deuelopment. The subsystem w i l l
s i m u l a t e t h e ATM s o l a r
sources and control
Modules
(CBRM) during
also has override control
capabi I i t y for
the Charger-Battery-ReguIator
ground checkout. The control
panel
controlling the switch selector encoded assembly.
RL # 09-003
Completion date:
2/68
Solar Simulator
A solar
simulator,
gineered and designed
simulator
tube
mw cm- i n t e n s i t y
Celsius.
for
testing solar cell
for use
capable of
performance, has been en
i n t h e ATM q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e program.
illuminating a 24- by 26-inch area,
has
The
a 100
capabiIity at any temperature setting between 100 and90°
RL # 10-022
Completion date:
) - 70
II
67
�radiated power.
2-30
�Portable Solar Reflectometer
A portable
solar reflectometer
for measuring reflective
property of
materials in space is currently under deueIopment. The instrument will make
measurements over a wave-length range of
bands.
Data obtained
from measurements
tape recorder, which is an integral
of
2500 A to 2.5 microns in eleuen
is to be recorded on a magnetic
part of
the reflectometer. The
the reflectometer is t o make refIectance measurements of
paint
purpose
samples
and or other materials which may be affected by the space environment.
PL - 16-027
Completion date:
8 68
Advanced Optical Communications Systems Research and Development
Research
perimental
in this area involves state-of-the-art theoretical
studies of
the eventual
cluded
visible and
development of
in this program are
infrared
and ex
laser systems, with an aim to
a deep-space laser communications
projects that involve
link.
In
laboratory photomixing
experiments. beam steering and alignment technique studies, the design and
testing of
signal
processing and information retrieval electronics,
laser
stability and control studies, and the development of transmitting optical
systems.
R L •• 0 1 - 0 0 1
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
Aavanced Optical Tracking Systems Research and Development
Under t h i s
program, research and development is being conducted on a
precision optical
tracker that utilizes a visible laser transmitter
for
monitoring the elevation and azimuth angles, angular rates, range, and
range rate of
a spacecraft during the critical
launch phase which occurs
immediately after l i f t o f f . Current activity in this program involves the
prototype development of
laser amplitude modulations, modulator drivers,
and diverse detection and demoduI ation eIectronics.
RL •• 0 1 - 0 0 2
Completion date:
4th Quarter/68
Gas Laser Research
This research and development program is directed
parameters of
gas
laser photomixing systems
at optimizing the
for potential use in tracking
and communication applications. Current program activities
involved in the measurement of
ment of
include projects
laser mode s t a b i l i t y , the prototype develop
scanning interferometers
for monitoring laser mode patterns, and
the experimental and theoretical research on the dependence of photomixing
on optical path length difference.
RL # 0 1 - 0 0 3
. •
r
Completion date: This is a con
tinuing program.
2-31
��Laser Atmospheric Propagation Studies
These studies
involve the experimental and theoretical
random phase variations in laser radiation during
research on the
Iong-distance atmospheric
propagation. Activities are oriented to the design and development of
laser system that is to be employed in the measurement of
ations of
an amp Iitude-moduIated
a
the phase vari
laser beam as i t traverses various atmo
spheric path lengths.
RL " 01-005
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
Optical Component Development
This RSD e f f o r t i s
organized to provide optical
systems-components
integration and correlation technology. The program consists of
an optical
systems design study that is being conducted in con j unction with an optical
components design and development activity (mirrors. lenses): which in turn
results
tical
in the integration of
the individual components
into complex op
s y s t e m s . /I c u r r e n t d e s i g n a n d d e v e I o p m e n t p r o j e c t i s t o d e s i g n l a r g e
f-number lenses with minimal
low-order Seidel abberations.
R L -- 0 1 - 0 0 4
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
Advanced Semiconductor Memoru Devices Research
Theoretical and experimental
research studies into the use of
a metal-
insulator- semi conductor (MIS) device, as a bistable active memory element,
were performed. The device utilizes the tunneling effect between the semi
conductor and the insulator to store trapped charges.
RL
H
01-009
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
Advanced Semiconductor Materials Research
Research studies involve state-of-the-art epitaxial
niques. Current
research includes development of
transistors, deposition of
growth of
and diffusion tech
deep diffusion
for power
silicon nitrides and oxides, and epitaxial
semiconductor materials.
RL - 01-006
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
2-33
�The Zeta angle uersus time plot depicts the angular change the solar vector makes
with its projection on t o the orbital
plane during a one year period. The high
frequency variations are caused by orbital
regression while the
I cycle per year - variation is caused by the earths
inclination of
degrees.
the orbital
journey about the sun. The
plane referenced to the equator
2-34
low frequency -
for this plot
is 28.5
�Non-linear Magnetics Memory Research and Deuelopment
This research effort is inuolued uiith state-of-the-art studies of
mag
netic t h i n - f i l m memory materials and deuice techniques. Areas researched
include magnetic material
properties, techniques of
deposition, and the
deuelopment of aduanced memory systems.
RL ' 01-008
Completion date:
This is a con
tinuing program.
2 - 35
����I I I . ORGANIZATION PROFILE
The Space Support Division i s an operating unit of
the Sperry Rand Corporation as illustrated in
figure
the Sperry Group of
I . The division was
founded in Huntsvi11e. Alabama in 1965 t o support the National
and Space Administration. George C. Marshall
trionics Laboratory,
sion is
in all
Aeronaut i cs
Space Flight Center. 4s-
technical disciplines. The Space Support Divi
fulfilling i t s mission by designing and producing, to the exacting
requirements of
the Astr ionics Laboratory. many complex systems in support
of the Apollo Telescope Mount. Orbital Workshop and Saturn/Apo11o programs.
The division is also
furnishing spacecraft reliability and test engineering
services to the Goddard Space Flight Center.
recently signed with the Army Corps of
cation of
In addition, a contract UKJS
Engineers that requires the appli
aerospace technology to the tactical
facilities of
the SENTINEL
Anti-ballistic Missile System.
From July 1966 through June
1968 the Space Support Division
engineering services to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
furnished
for the design of
spacecraft and spacecraft systems.
FACILITIES AND STAFFING
The staff of
the Space Support Division is currently at the level of
employees. This staff
facilities of
840
includes 600 employees working in direct support in
the Marshall
Space Flight Center (MSFC) Astrionics Laboratory
in Huntsville, Alabama. There are 235 employees working in direct support
of
the Goddard Space Flight Center
portion of
in Greenbelt. Maryland. 4 substantial
our employees are housed in Space Support Division
Huntsville, Alabama, consisting of
facilities in
three buildings containing 53.000 square
feet of floor space. These facilities provide administrative, engineering.
Iaboratory, and prototype manufacturing areas.
T h e e n g i n e e r i n g a r e a i n c l u d e s a we1 1 - e q u i p p e d
perimental
laboratory in which ex
and prototype models are developed and tested.
A Sperry Rand Corporation computation
Support Division engineering
facility is located near the Space
facilities. 4 Univac 1108 computer is avail
able t o support simulation requirements. data reduction, and budget and
payment records.
3-1
�I
I
I
I
I
�SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
SPEP.RY RAND
RESEARCH CENTER
UN I VAC D I V I S I O N
SPERRY MARINE AND ELECTRONICS
DIVISION
SPERRY FLIGHT SYSTEMS
DIVISION
SPERRY SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT
D I V I S I ON
SPERRY MARINE SYSTEMS
DIVISION
SPERRY GYROSCOPE
DI V131 ON
REMINGTON. RAND
DIVISION
FORD INSTRUMENT
DIVISION
NEW HOLLAND GROUP
SPACE SUPPORT
DIVISION
SPERRY ELECTRONIC TUBE
DIVISION
SPERRY MICROWAVE
ELECTRONICS D I V I S I O N
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
CHAPT S
!O-25-:960
SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
Figure 1
REMINGTON ELECTRIC SHAVER
DIVISION
��-6nrSFER*Y RAND
Figure 2 . Space Support Division
�mBsSSm
NHBRHBHH
BBhBHHI
�ENGINEERING
Approximately half
of
our engineering employees
Alabama are engaged in on-site support of
remainder of
of
located
in Huntsuille.
the Astr i on i cs Laboratory. The
the Engineering Department employees occury 23.SOD square
the Space Support Division
scientific employees
facility. This staff
responsible
feet
includes engineering and
for study, deuelopment. t e s t and docu
mentation work related to Space Support Diuision programs. In engineering
design department provides design and drafting
groups. The engineering staff
fifty masters
for development engineering
includes two doctorate degrees, approximately
degrees, over two hundred bachelor degrees and over one
hundred associate degrees.
PAST PERFORMANCE
Sperry Rand Space Support Division
a technical
performance rating of
management rating of
for the past three years has achieved
excellent or better, and a technical
superior on support services contracts.
COST REDUCTION AND CONTROL
Sperry Rand Space Support Division i s currently involved in an effective
cost reduction program (ORBIT)
in which all
employees are consistently
urged to participate. This program meets the cost reduction guidelines as
set
f o r t h b y b o t h DOD a n d NASA. T h e
program is coordinated by an assigned
individual and is guided by an established procedural manual which complies
with both government and corporative guidelines.
its
inception, a gross savings of
In the 2 1/2 years since
$1,170,134 has been reported. Through
F e b r u a r y 2 8 . I 0 6 8 . 53 8 s u g g e s t i o n s h a v e b e e n s u b m i t t e d r e p r e s e n t i n g a n
employee participation of 66%.
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
The Space Support Division has developed a project management point-ofview as
the result of
i t s three and a half
years experience in support of
aerospace agencies and has evolved an organization geared to the achieve
ment of
project goals on time, within budget, and within predetermined
performance spec i f icat ions. The management techniques deueloped cover the
planning, control, and supervision of
engineering and design resources and
include the whole range of
systems engineering, project control, configu
ration and data management
t e s t , and procurement. The result is the inte
gration of
the several
functional departments of
management system. Each contracted task
the division into a
is assigned to a
total
project manager
who assumes complete responsibility and accountabiIity t o divisional man
agement ana to t h e customer
for successful accomplishment of the program.
3-4
��SECTION IV
SUMMARY
SPACE SUPPORT
��IV.
SUMMARY
The qualifications, f a c i l i t i e s , and capabiI i t i e s of
Support Division may be summarized as
PersonneI
840 total
FaciI ities
S p e r r y R a n d S pa c e
follows:
- of which 40 percent are engineers.
S3.000 square feet of modern well
equipped fa
cilities.
Qua I i t y
Dedicated by pol icy and
practice to the highest
attainable level of quality control
with the cost
enced
in
aspects
complying
consistent
of the program. Experi
with
DOD and N1SA q u a l i t y
specifications.
Control s
A modern
UNIVAC
1108
computer
is utilized in
the management of man-hours schedules and cost
control.
Experience
Proven
for
success
the
Marshall
on support
Astrionics
services
Laboratory,
Space Flight Center;
Jet
contracts
George
C.
Propulsion
Laboratory and Goddard Space F l i g h t Center.
Security
Secret
facility
Contract
clearance
aamin istratiue
granted
services
by
Defense
region,
At
lanta, Georgia
Cost Savings
Gross savings of si,170,134 in 2 1/2 years with
66 percent employee participation.
Additional ly, through the corporate policy of
the Space Support Division can draw on a l l
nical
consuI t a t i o n . manpower,
or
synergistic operations
corporate resources when tech
equipment are needed.
4-1
���•EBIQN . DEVELOPMENT* STUDIES •
ENGINEERING
RANGE
SUPPORT
INSTRUMENTATION
AUTOMATIC
CHECKOUT
GUIDANCE AND
CONTROL SYSTEMS
TELEMETRY
-0"
ELECTRONIC POWER
CONFIGURATION
-$•
SYSTEMS
MANAGEMENT
FLIGHT DYNAMICS AND SIMULATION
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
SPACE AND SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
NAVIGATION SYSTEM ANALYSIS
>$•
RELIABILITY
ANALYSIS
FABRICATION
°^SPER^Y RAND
SPACE SUPPORT ixvson
•<AWTSVLU!.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
sdsp_skyl_000070
Title
A name given to the resource
"Sperry Rand Earth Orbital Workshop Capabilities" Brochure.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sperry Rand (Corporation)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969-02-01
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1965-1970
Subject
The topic of the resource
Sperry Rand (Corporation)
Skylab Program
Apollo applications program
Space habitats
Saturn launch vehicles
Apollo Telescope Mount
Huntsville (Ala.)
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Astrionics Laboratory
Sperry Rand (Corporation). Space Support Division
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Brochures
Still Image
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 30, Folder 18
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10998/enggcappresentation.pdf.pdf
7375ac7c91f81a6f77ab9fc89a1c3e07
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
enggcappresentation.pdf
spc_stnv_000277
Title
A name given to the resource
"Engineering Capabilities Presentation."
Description
An account of the resource
This Engineering Capabilities Presentation lists the competence and capability that has been demonstrated by the Space Support Division of Sperry Rand Corporation while fulfilling contractual commitments in the aerospace industry. This is a preliminary presentation; the preparation of a complete capabilities history of the division is currently in the developmental stage. The Capabilities Experience Summary is comprised of ten categories. e.g. Category 1 - Aeronautics, etc. The capabilities reported herein were performed by the Space Support Division under Contract NAS8-20055 to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Flight Center, Astrionics Laboratory, Huntsville, Alabama.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sperry Rand (Corporation). Space Support Division
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1967-01-09
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Aerospace industries
Apollo project
Project management
Aerospace engineering
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Presentations
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 20, Folder 27
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_stnv_000275_000299
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17610"> View this item in ArchivesSpace. </a>
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/11040/earorbworkcapbrochA_021110095433.pdf.pdf
38927bab0f4d1d3f5f7c6cb90fface5d
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
earorbworkcapbrochA_021110095433.pdf
spc_stnv_000272
Title
A name given to the resource
"Earth Orbital Workshop Capabilities Brochure."
Description
An account of the resource
A brochure designed to depict a competence and capability in the area of large earth-orbital workshops.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sperry Rand (Corporation). Space Support Division
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969-02-01
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Orbital workshops
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Brochures
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_stnv_000250_000274
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10388/Sperrandmontprog_092910151001.pdf
58bfca722e3194e3d8b28a6736195772
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Sperrandmontprog_092910151001.pdf
spc_stnv_000844
Title
A name given to the resource
"Sperry Rand monthly progress report for July, 1969."
Description
An account of the resource
The following pages contain reports for each of the individual contract appendices covering technical progress and accomplishments, related problems, and staffing progress. The report of manhours expended against each appendix by schedule order is being submitted as a part of the financial management report.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Sperry Rand Corporation. Space Support Division
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969-07-01
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Report
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Reports
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 32, Folder 25
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_stnv_000825_000849
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18213