204 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/123/8131/r04a08-00-001.pdf 58ff8e16a1caf30d3ac21d874f481ddf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04a08-00-001 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 4, Subseries A, Box 8, Item 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Maple Hill Cemetery Photo Album, 1976 Relation A related resource r04a-210924 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roby, Dianne Louise Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-02-23 1976-04-30 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Alabama–History–Huntsville, Madison County Biography Historic sites–Huntsville, Madison County History–Research Maple Hill Cemetery (Huntsville, Ala.) Maps Photographs Roberts, Frances C. Type The nature or genre of the resource Pamphlets Photographs Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/4/4152/spc_nick_000186_000187_000289_000290.pdf be382d46e9dc72adb6bfdf4b9c4aba44 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_nick_000186_000187_000289_000290 Title A name given to the resource Stipulation of the testimony of Maurice W. Roche. Description An account of the resource Written testimony of Maurice W. Roche, administrative assistant for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as presented if he were "present in court". Signed by the defense counsel, the accused, and the trial counsel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roche, Maurice W. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Courts-martial and courts of inquiry--United States Defense information, Classified Intermediate-range ballistic missiles Jupiter missile Leaks (Disclosure of information) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Washington (D.C.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Documents Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers Box 1, Series 1, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_nick_2021_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/50/SpaceJournal_1957-Summer_LowResolution.pdf 1213a4b8a297ab9378c6e5ec9338cc6a PDF Text Text ���������������������������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 1., Summer 1957. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1957_summer Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics Observatories Propulsion systems Redstone missile Satellites Space flight to Mars Oberth, Hermann, 1894-1989 Description An account of the resource This issue of <i>Space Journal</i> includes articles written by Fred L. Whipple, Hermann Oberth, and Ernst Stuhlinger, as well as a foreword by Wernher von Braun. The issue also includes drawings for an observatory to be built at the top of Monte Sano Mountain in Huntsville, Alabama. Produced by the Rocket City Astronomical Association (now known as the Von Braun Astronomical Society), <i>Space Journal</i> was published in Huntsville from 1957 to 1959. This digitized copy was generously provided by Jeff Bennett at the Von Braun Astronomical Society (VBAS). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/60/spc_schl_007_058a.pdf 5fc365b722840fa417d4dd33bab2f6e5 PDF Text Text SPRING 19S8 50.¢' • FATHER OF ROCKETRY Rolph I . Je nnings • LIFE ON OTHER STARS Dr. Ernst 5tuhlinge r • THE REMARKABLE 'X' CRAFT fre d e ri(k I. Ordway III • ROCKET MAIL TO THE MOON Dr. Harold W . Ritchey �~ ENG..); Exp loring New Concepts Of Precision Design, .. /UUJMUHl.- EERING , IN C. Engin eering And Manufacture Of: AUTOMATION, SERVOS, MACHINES, SPECIAL GAGES, MACHINING MISSILE COMPONENTS, AND FABRICATING. 2300 CLIFTON ROAD NASHVILLE, TENNESS EE TEL. BR 7·0566 .. �r spa ce journal content s Vol. I, No.2 Spring 1958 de~i gn p ~ tented FRONT: L"yout and mooring by H ll rry Ltlnge. Sketch is space 5hip by Dr. Robert H. Godd,trd. Photo of Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger's ion space ships orbiting around Mars is from Walt Disney's "Mars and Beyond." BACK: Oil painting by Le e Moore illustrates die m a r~er dissipa _ tio n upon impact of first rocket to reach Moon. BOARD Of CONSULTANTS Df. W or nner "on B,~ un P r, Ern, t St uh lin ge r Prof. Her monn Ob. ,th HI ITOR_iN_CHIEF 4 SPACE JOURNAL ____ So Spencer Isbell I STRIDE INTO SPACE ________________ The New York Times 8. Sp enco r l , b. 1I EDITORIAL STAff ___ _____ ____ ____ R"'lph E. Je nn ings Rolph E. J onning ' MM~q . rg Editor James L. D~ n i . I •. Jr. A"oc i&t o Edi tor Milch. 1I R. Sh. rp e, Jr. A"oc;&te Eddor David L. Ch,i,t en' en A"i,loot Editor 21 __ ___ _ ___ __ Dr. Ernd St uhlin g er ______ Or. Ha ro ld W . Ritchey THE REM A RKAB LE 'X ' CRAFT ________ Fre deri ck I. Ordway III G RAPHICS STAff Lee R. Moore, Jr. ___ _____ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ sp",ce pre view ___ __ ___ _ _______________ space cadoons ___ __ __ _____ _ ___________ __ _ _____ reaction Dir.ctor H .re ld E. Price G r .p~·c, Loyou t Oi,,,olo, H."y H .-K. Lon go Ad Diredor E. . .. 1t H. Ro b. ,ho n Phot09r5phy DirecTor 35 BEYOND THIS STAR __ ____ _________ ___ J a mes l. Da niels, Jr. BUS INE SS STAFF Yew,,11 Lybrond Jomo. P. GMdMr Geor90 A Ferre ll GENERA L MAN AG ER R,<h.,d T. H•• ~y PUIIUSHER St., e y ~_ ~o , n. Jr , SPECIAL CRt DIT S Of. Photo~ .. p~, ono mot.".1 10' · ·F.t~ .. 01 Rook.h," COPY"9hted ono "ere I"n',o.d b. M". E"he. C. Godd •• d· mo'. r;.1 fo' "Mo" .,d ~y<>"d" .. e'. f"",,t-od by Con Podoroon: ··Oul·O,," Spoc. ·· <",'oon' ... ~r. c,U'ed by Con f~d . ""n 0.<1 O.;,V L.,go: . ,1100', 0';on fo' "$'r:de in'. S".~o· -, b, Gordon W; lI h:le "0 leo Moo,. : ."1""";0" '". "'Lde 0 ' 0''", St.,," .'. by Iho", o, ,pe,oO' o"d He;" 0 . ,de,ell. : -llu,". "'" 10' 'R<x~.' Moi' '0 ,~. Moon" i, b, Lee "'00'. ' .,0 ,11 " ,1'."0"' fo, "Boyo"o I~" St. , "' .,. b, Ho", H _K, L. n~ •. Pho'09roph, OI od i " ' M." ' ,,o 8eyo,d" .'. cop"i9h,.d by W.lt O'"ey p,odo""""'. CON TRIBUTORS R<»~ M_ Motto" )e'l HamiU",. "'oll~ Doe Scott. M oo~ ) e"""~' , " I, i, Ho".,d. Go'don D. WIII,'I. . ",I, . E. ~ om. ,_ eo. Ped.",on. Horol" EMon , SUBSCR IPTION INfO RMATIO N Un ;lod S·ol., ond Coo.d. $2 p'" v'o ' . Fo.ei~n $3 per ' ' ' ' . ~I"'e ""d . U 9~ , N•• ,,,,II •. TO"""M . PUBLISHING INfORM ATION SP"CE Jo"ool i, p,bl',hed q"ortdv by Spooo E, ·.,p·:,.,. Inc :, P: 0 , a", 9~. No,,· " d l. T.,,",,ee '0' SP"Cf Jo,,".1. 1.< .. A Mop,oli! 0'9"""" '0" 01 'n. Rode' Cily' ",-,ooo", i<o l """,,;.';0' , H o" """.' "I.b.m •. All molor;.1 copV';~".o b, ~~"ce Jo" ••1 Inc ~ ep,,,d"<I;on of ""y "'''''0" " .I~oul """0 ' po""'" on ., pm· n;b;,.d _ ~,io'eJ '" U. S_ " . Space E"e",,, •• , 10<. , (;eo'jO J. 1.10" " P'e.,oe"" SIM'e r F, Horn J r. V,Pre •. : R:e'.'o l. H e.~v , V· , ••. ; Thom., Sent.I., . Secre-.,,, M."" I $"",,,,.,, T, .. , _: L E. Nordho ld, hod W,i~M. D;,.<I"" . ED ITOR IAL I N fO RMAll,)!>! "" "'OOUIO'-P," ",",I b. IV,,'''':''o. 000 "bmitted ;0 d,o li<. te "ith t.'"to po,lo~o ;j tho •• ,e '0 b. '"'" '"eo , Soou,ity <I. or._,,;:e fo, . 11 Mo'o,i.1 "b""neo " tho ,.""", ib;IiIV 01 the ._,hot . S.,d . 11 ",o",e.,p," 10 Spooe Jo",'ol , P. O . Bo, 82. H",,,,, ill •. AI.bom • . "bsc,:ptio", '0 SPACE Jo",oo l, 1o, journa l K~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _space _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ �(OITORIAL g \'Iit~ spa ce j ournal By B. Spencer I sbell .ditor P UTNIKS a nd now our own Explorer ha\"e changed a 101 of things b)' opening the eyes of Ihe p ublic to t he bct lllal space tra ' <c] has become :1 re:llil)'. As ),ou might guess, the impact of 5.1tellite launching s upo n this fledgling publication has lx.'1!n ,·ery favorable. One ne ws comtllenn<lor SHItN. " It (SpUllI ik) has shot treme ndous Ihr ust inlO whal sla rlt.'"<l Oul as AmeriC:L·S fi rst, fa lteri ng space magazine called SPACE JOllrnal-dcdi. GIlt.'<:! to publicizing fa CHIal discussions of interphLnetary m l,·e]." S The St.'Cond edilion of SPA CE J Ollrn(l1 was prepared prior 10 thc birth of Explo re r; and , therefore, il was iml>ossibie 10 exploit Ihe \"aSI amount of new information for inclosure in this edi lion, Tht"!re is liule doubt that Explorer will h:l\e its effe.:;:t on expandi ng the horizon for SPAC I~ Jour n:.!. Volume I, No. I broughl many ··lellers to the C(litor·'; (I few arc published in {his ed ition's Re action Department. Amo ng other things. some tellers requcsted predictions of what thc future will bring in Ihe realm of space ltavel, explanations of rclativistic agi ng, a nd repon s on whal progress has been made toward de,·elopi ng an '"electro-Sta"itic" propulsion s),slem for space ships. Forthcoming issues will include articles which will atte m pt 10 satisfy these requests. The next issue will includc ~.n :lr(icJe on what we have al re"dy learned (rom Explo rer. \~ith due respect for our more imlgina ti,·e readers, we wero;: mo rc impresscd-and should add , quite concerned- by the volume of mail rcceiv(.""(1 from our younger (a ns. AI· mOSt illva ri ~. bly the)' wanted detailed information th:.t would help them to bu ild t heir ow n rockets ( usually proposed as :. basemem project ), These young people "pvc"r resourceful, if11 ngimLl ive, and capable of SOIlLC startli ng acco mplishments. Thc)' will be our neXI ge neration of scienlists and e ngi neers. \X'hile t heir quest for knowledge and experience is certainly laudable, the dangcr to life and p roperty in herent in amateur rocke t building and fi ring ohen creates a highly undesi.l:able situatio n. This d ~L ngcr is recognized by the professional engineer :ond scientist. as well as the org:l!l i ~:lt i ons actively c ng~l gl'"<l in rocket and missile work. Dr. E<!w:lrd H. Sey mo ur, Director of l{cse:.rch at It eaction " ·I otors, Inc., has prcpared a SF.eei a] !cner to young scient ists. \'\fe feel Ih:1I il may help an evcr- increas ing n umber of youngste rs who a rc interested in und ertaki ng o;:xperimems of th is type. 2 sp",ce iournal �r TO T H E AMATEUR ROCKET BUI LDER W e were happy to ' <.'eein' your recent [clter. a nd 10 Jearn of your plan' for a n cxpu imcmal rocket. T he rocket engine is an intriguing dC"icc, and working On ils develop m ent Can be an inle r~5'inS manufacturers. we arc encouraged 3I w3)" and ,,,.idying I'roje<:l. (0 As r ocket engine sec young people become c nl hus;as!;, about this area of ani"ily, for i, is you ng men like you who will be Ihe e ngineers a nd scientists of to m o r row and bdping .0 maiola in progress in this vital field . Alt hough the approach 10 a n experimental \",i1 such as yOIl oudi ned a p pea rs re aso nable, we have found .h a. it is n ol po.,ible for U5 10 determine t he fea sihility, Or c"en mOre importan t. the sa fet), of such ;' unit wi.hout more informa· lion. All cxpc;rimcnta l work must be reviewed carcfullr to determine how cal"h pic~e is to be built, and what trpc of operating procedure is to be u \.ed. use 'he Sa me approach in our work. \'ife Each new d c, isn is carcfulLr ch ecked , " nd teStS arc ru n with cucfully planned an d supervised procedures. Almost all rocket engine test ing, esp(>ciallr new designs, is done behind explosion_proof. a re s.~fely re inforced COnaete barricades, separatcd from the uoit undcr ,cst. training and c05tl)" ~q ui p m ent, this ro " wh~r~ a ll Ol",rating T o t he am a teur, w;thou, of rl:s~arch pl:rronnd ext~nsi"e is extremely hazardou s. For your own sa fl:!)" as wcll as till: safNy of ot hcrs. we Cannot emphasize tOO st ron);"ly the dangers inhcrcnt in this typc of work. Ox ),!;en and propane, for instance, contain more enNgy p<! r I>ound than dox'S TNT, J( it h appens to be rdcasc<l explosi"ely instead of in normal bu r ning, considerahle danlage and injury can OCCur. am so rry we Can nOt give yOu a mOre dire<:t answer to yonr qucs! ion, but experience h as shown u s that i. is no< p ossible to do th is without being r ight on ,he sJ>Ot e"ery day, and th e importance of avoiding injury and damagl: is so );"rea t that we fecI . ha t this must be our p olicy. I would urge ,hat )'ou diseu" rour planned work w ith your high school se;ence t each~r, "nd inve~'i~ate .It~ possiltili.y of form ing an amateur r ocket cl ub. It is far beuer to .ha re wi.h o thers the joyS and h a rd ships, f~ilures, (and incidentallr, th e ~xpen",s) of work on such an th ~ Successes ,.nd <:xcitin~ l"oj"'t. Th e, e are a number o f such sroups throughout th e country, m any o f th em affiliated wi th th e Ame rican Astronautical Fed~ra .ion, a "ational organization dedica.ed 10 th e coll",. ion "nd di.,."minmion of inform'lti on and th e promotion of space flight, or with t he Ame r;can R oc k~t Soci~ty. W h~ther ro n form s nch a gro up or nOt, an)' fu.ure wo rk you d o shou ld be u n der the guidance of a rC'lponsibIe adult such as your s.:ience teach~r, Should you d <><:ide to follow . he i,,,crest you h a,'c already shown in this field, and we ce rlain l}' hope ro u d o, you will be coming into an ex~iting pro· fessio n at th e m OSt d"""a,ic ,iml:. T hroushout the co u rse of history. man h as always bc<: n intrigued b y exp loration of t his blan k e. of air that surrounds u s. lII"ny o f his attem p ts to pie rce it. including Some o f those c urrem lr in progress, h a "e '",en pla gued wi th failure. Nonetheless, he has p<!rsi;ud w ith a wi ll to SUC· ceed that has put wi thin our srasp the means to accomplish hi s m ost fascinating drea m-fl ight into outer space. Dr. Edward H . ~~'mour Director o f Research R eaction lII otors, Inc. 3 space journal -"--------------------------------------------------------- �S PACE PHILOSOPH Y stri de into space R ep ri n t ed F rom The New York T imes A J.R EADY NOW it is clear that O Ctober 4, 1957 will go dow n imperishably in the annals o f humanity as th e date o n which o ne of mail's fi llest a<:hievements was acco m pl ished, That which WOlS so recent ly a subject only for theoret ical speculatio n or sciellce fi ctioll h;ls now become re;IIi!},: a ma n ,made sp ace s.:ue!!it e now revoh'cs, for a time, around o u r globe. \x/ ilh t hat feat h um anit y has mke n a gi:m t stride toward space. The dream of the greatest minds amo ng mllny past generat io ns is now well on the way to ward becoming reality. The sphcre which now revolves in t he he avens ;.bo\,c us is t he guarlllllce that m an ca n soon brc:ok comple tely the fetlers of grav ity which have hitherto bound life to thi s tiny planet. The long road to the stars is now open . It was the Soviet scie nti sts lind lechnidans who bui lt :Lnd laun<:h(.-d this concrete sy m bol of mall's com ing lihcrlltion from th e forces which have hitherto bou nd him to earth . To them m ust go the congratula _ tions of all humanity. This is a feat of which lIll mankind Call be proud . The $oviet cit i..-;ens w ho accomplish(,-d it set the peak on a huge tower w hi ch h,Ld bee n raised by men of ma ny nlllions in t he decades and cenruries earlier. Newl'On and Ke p ler, Galileo and Cope rni cus. Tsiolkov_ sky, God dard and Obcrth, al! these and many others m;ode their contributio ns to buildillg the edifice of knowledge which made possible th is superlati ve Olchievelllent_ Every great ;ochievcment o f modern wehnology o pe ns up two rollds before humanity. One is the road of hope and pro m ise, a road made possible if m en of a ll n atiOIlS li nd all beliefs will work IOgether for the good of humanit}'. The o t he r is the rOlld of despair and di saster, the rOlld which is 4 space journal followed if t he great ach ie"ements of un ive rsa l scie nce arc used for the purposes of aggression , death and destruction, So it is w ith the space siltelli{e. The rocket m OlOrs wh ich se n t it inlO the upper atmosp here can be harnessed for a great cooperative h um an assault on the barriers of diswnce whic h still sepa ra te us from c,'en o ur nearest neighbors in space. Or they can be incorporatc<1 inw in tercontinental ballistic missiles deliveri ng hydrogen bombs upon defcnscles.s milliOIlS. It is fo r a ll ma nki nd ('0 <Iecide which of these tWO roads shall be mken. And the fantastically rapid lCmpo of modern scienti fiC a nd technical advance perm its no dawdli ng over reaching the dec ision. �.. DEDI CATI ON lathe r 01 rocketry B y R alph E. J enn i ngs (ED ITOR 'S "';OTE: Th., aUlhor i, indebted to Esther C. Goddard for making available 10 him p;clures and ;nforn,,,I;on " 'hieh han nen,. before been published. In a lener .0 Mr . Jenning'- Mrs. Goddard ,Ia.ed : ' 1 am delighled Ihal rou plo,,, 10 dediC'llle Ih", $oCCond i,we 10 m}' La.e hU5band and hi, work on rockets." SPACE Journa l lakes prioe in presenling ' 0 ;IS r",aucu ,om" hilherlo "np"blisheo on,,,er;.L concerning .he life ami work of a g,,,,at Am",ican sdenl;sl. ) he ao;:quired h is M.A. and Ph. l). Aher l WO years as a resea rch fellow at P rinceton Uni,·e rsit)'. he went 10 Clark Unh·crsi l)' where he was 5ucccssi"ely lin instructor. assista nt p rofessor. and professor of physics. While at Clark. Dr. Godd ard set down some recol1eo;:tions w hkh began: "Owing to t he widespread intcrest whic h is certain to a r ise ItHer regardi ng space navig:l{io n, o r T il E Fm ST t:LlG HT of :1 liqu id oxygen-gasoline rocket w~s obtai ned on Marc h 5, 1926, in Auburn , Mass., and was reponed 10 the Smi lhsonian Institution May 5. 1926... . The rocket lraveh.'<1 a distance of 184 fccr in 2.5 seconds, as timed by SlOp watc h, making the speed along the traje<:tor)' abouI 60 miles per hour." Thus wrote Robert Hutchings Goddard in his second Smithsonian repot!. " Liquid-Propellant Rocket De,·elopmenl." \X/ hat seemed 10 be an insignificant evenl aCtuall)' marked the binh of a new era. For when Robert Godda rd's rocket lra,eled 184 fec i. the distance was a step fo r ward in sc"en-Ieague boots b), Ma n in h is long str uggle up from darkness toward maSter), of his c n,·ironmenl. In t hc words of Har ry F. Guggenheim, presidellt of the Guggenheim Foundat ion, Dr. Godd:lrd "was iusI as surcl)' the fa ther of modern rocketS as the \V r ight Brothers were of t he airplane." H e was o;:erw in ly the greatest experime ntal pioneer in this subjecl- nOt (I mere d (lbbling inventor, but one w ho unde rstood t he pr inciples involved and was capilble also of developing the nec(.'Ssar), t heor ies, as was to be expco;:ted from a man with his suco;:essful academic career. Bo rn o n October 5, 1882, in \X' ora'ster, Mass., young Goddard attended school in Doston and then entered \\'I'o ro;:eSle r Polytechnic Institute, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1908. He was a ph)'sics instrunor at \'(lo rceSter until 1911, d uring which period COPY I!lGIIT IlY ),IRS. 1I01l ~:RT II. GOOOAltO Dr. Roherl H. Goddard lIlakillg adjustmellts at tbe upper elld oftbe rockel com· busrioll chulIlber. ArOll1lt1 tbe cbamber are slIIa/l coils oj copper tubillg for "aporizillg liqllid lIitrogell ill order to "rodllce pressure for the Juel tallits alliJ Jor opera/· illl{ cOlltro/s. PUIII/JS were used Jor Ille /iqllM Jlle/s. Pbolograpbel/ ill 1940. 5 space iournal �record of suggestions..•• T he suggestions wcre very dh'c rsified, and concerned the possibility of using the magnetic field of the eanh; sllCOting ' nllteria l to a 'spacc ship' by means of elcclric, and other , guns; an airplane opera ted lit high speed by lhe repu lsion of charged particles; :Irtificiall y stimu lated rodio-activil),; artificial atoms of g reat energy, consist ing of mov ing posili\'e nnd negative charges; p ropulsion in space by repu lsioll of charged panicles; reaction agai nst dis p lacement Currents in space; re· sltmds frame before tbe world's first flight 01 a liquitl-propclltlill rocket 011 i\larch 16, 1926. interpl nnemry studies, it seems wonhwhile to nOte t he developme nt of the writer's ideas a nd experiments upon the su bject . . Dr. Goddard neve r published these notes. \,(I h:1I he published principally we re his p:ltcnlS and twO repons to the Smit hsonian Institution, the product of yea rs of independent and methodical experimenta tion. ''<'hat he did not p ub lish were h is spec u lations on sp:lce flight-Ix.'Cuusc he thoug ht more of them, not less o f them. At o ne point, he fil ed these spt.'Cui;ltions a way in a fr iend'S S:lfe and ma rked (hem: "To be op'ened on l)' by an o p timise" They are now being opened, in the cou rse of prep:lring Dr, Goddard's biogr:l_ phy. Mrs. Godda rd is engaged in editi ng h is expcrimem:il nOtes for publication. Scie n tistS and laymen alike wi ll be interested in Dr. Goddar<i's resume of some of these speculations whic h he set down between 1904 ami 1908 wh ile he was an undergraduate nt 'X/orccstcr. " I bought a n umbe r of green-cown.-d notebooks," he w ro te, "and started to make a systemat ic 6 space journal thelter III Jhe If/tlrtt Farm, Aubllrll, i\ltlJS. PholoC",ph ttlRe,t 0 11 Jllly /7, 1929, pulsion o f high ly healed materi:d particles at the focus of parl~ bolic mirro rs; Ihe lise of solar energy, by light de\·iccs. on u 's pace sh ip;' th e idea of the mu hiple charge rocket ; the usc of liquid p rope llants; a nd several other plans." A su mmary of 26 methods was w r inen on December 28, 1909. Like other men of vision who have made " a lllable contributions to fund ame ntal and his im portant wo rk were lill ie known Juring his lifetime. In Ihe cou rse of h is pioneering im 'csligations, I)r. Goddard achieved m any "fi rSts" in rocket research, anyo ne of which would be sufficien t 10 assu re him a permane n t phlcc in the history of mo<lern science and eng i n(.~ ri ng. �7. He deveLo]X-J thc mathern,nica! theory of rocket propuLsion and flight . 8. H e fi rst proved. both mathemat icaLLy a nd by actual test, that a rocket will work in a vacuum. \'('hen the United St(ltes entercd the fi rst \'('orld \'('ar, Dr. Goddard volunteered his services and was given the task of exploring the military possibilities of roc kets. He succeeded in developing a trajectory rocket which (ued intermine[J{ly, tllc charges be· ing injected imo the comhUSl ion chamber by a method simi lar to tha t of tbe repeating r ifle. H e also devcJo]X-J sewral types of projectile rockets intended to be fired from a launching tube held in the hands ,IOU steadied by twO short legs--much like the bazooka of \'('orld \'\!ar U. Dr. Godd,ml ill bh laborato r), at Clark UlIiI·ersity witb tbe rocket tested 011 May 4, 1926. Tbis rocket h tbe second "//Iodel 0/ a iifJllid-propeU'1II1 rocket first f/OWII 011 Ma rc/) 16, 1926, Amo ng the principal oncs arc the following : 1. He developed the basic idea of the bazooka in 1918 during \'('orld \'('ar 1. The weapon was nor uscd until \,\'orld \'('ar H. 2. He developed a rocket motor using liquid fuels and uscd it in a liquid· fuel propelled rocket in L926. 3. H e was Ihc first to shoot a rocket faster tha n the speed of sound. 4.. H e developed a gyro5Copic steering apparatus for rockets ten years before it was developed in Europe. 5. He was thc first to use vanes in the blast of the rocke t motor for steering rockets. 6. H e patented the idea of "step-rockets." These weapons were demonstrated quite successfully at Aberdeen P ro,·ing Grounds 00 Novembe r 10, 1918, before represcnt~'· ti ves of the ~lrmed services. However, the armist ice on the foLLowing d:,y pllt an end to the war and also to immediate interest in these weapons . .i.\"lany a great man owes much of his success to the loyaLty, devotion, and eacourage· ment of a woman who is vitally interested in his career. These qua lities were brought into Dr. G oddard·s life by Esther Kisk whom he married in 1924. She took an acri,'e ioterl'st in his experiments and served as the official photographl'r of his tests. Dr. Goddard's resea rch and exper iments during (he oext twO decades were summa rized in twO papers, "A Metho<l of Reaching E"Heme Altitudes" and ·' Liquid-Propella n t Rocket Development." These tWO famous reports d id much to estabL ish on a world· A rocket tested 011 Jill)' 10, 1927. Note tbe similarit), of arrallgemel/l to Jbe V ol. 7 space journal . �w ide basis the sc:entific and engineering w lues in rocket nnd jet propulsion research. Dr. Goddard even made some tests to fi nd OUt how much powder would be required to make a Rash visible at a dista nce of 2!4 m iles, lind from this he c:.lcu lated thllt II rocke t weighing about 3 \4 Ions would be requ ired to carry sufficient Rash powde r to make a visible fl ash o n the moon. He went o n to make fhe further r.It he r vague state· ment (G odd ard's imlics): "Th is pla n of sendin g a Illass of flas h powder to the su r· f:"c o f the moon, althoug h a maner of ru m;\, gencnd interest, is not of o b vious sciemi fi c importance, There are, howeve r, tICI'eio/wHlm s 01 Jhe gelle l'nl lIIe/botl under t/i1cuSlioll, wbicb ;1I1'o h 'e n IIlIlIIber of im· portallt fealllres 1I0t herei.. mcntioned, whic h cou ld lead to results of m uch scien· t ific in teren. T hese developme nts invoh'e nlany experimenta l d ifficulties, to be S\Ire; b ut th e)' depend upo n noth ing tha t is really im l>ossible." It may be arri"ed at by con· jL'Cwre that the unspecified de"elopments might be tIl ken to include manned inter. p\ane("olr), It;H·C!. Dr. Goddl. rd 's precocious talents and prophetic w ri tings are analogous (0 those of Leonardo da Vinci whose original and dar· ing theories might we ll ha"e revolutio ni zed the thollght of h is day had they been ex· tracted earlier from his "oluminous manu· scripts, whic h remai ned unpublis hed until recent ti mes. Dr. Goddard 's proposal to explode :. load of flash J>owuer o n the moon set o ff a Roman Holiday nmong newspaper men. The idea of it blinding man·ma<\e flash on the Illoon c:'ptureu t he imagina t ion of the public, And (0 compou nd the excite· ment, Ih is was nOt tho! in5:Ule proposal of th e stCreotYI'L-d l':lflUloid scientist of comic strip lore who slirround<.-d hi mself in his slu m attic w it h bubbling caldrons of green mist. It was the ide:. of a d isciplined, p sp;:holog ically well.adjusted teache r of ph ysicS. It wns the p roposal of a man who rocket ;11 t be sbop a' R oswell, Neill ,\ lex;co, 011 f eb",ar) 6, 1940. i /lfscd ,"'!liPS jor fllels alld II'US approximalel)' 1Z feet IOllg, 8 space journal �r AmeriC"J. n magaz ines on an ar licle which presu med to suggesl Ihllt ato m ic energy would onc d ay propel II rocket into inlerplanetar), space. One edilor rep lied: " The speculation is imeresling, but the impossi. bility of e,'e r doing it is so cen a in th at it is nOI p rac tically useful. You have writlen well a nd clearl y, but nOI helpfu ll y to science as I SC(! il.. I relUrll the p aper wi th thanks:' Specul at ion on whether our ge ne rat ion will li"e to see the p redictions of Robert Hutchings Godd nrJ become real ized fans is not of pa ramount concern. Bllt whet her (here is 10 be li n llggressivc con tinu ation of fund amental research in n climate of tolera nce is the concern of eve r)' li"ing Ame rica n. It is imperative Ihnt such a climate incl ude aid, encouragement, and prop· er recog nilio n for men like Goddard who in spite of tC1:hnical d ifficullies, disbelief, and ri dicu le persist wi th dogged reso lu tion u nt il they rea lize the ir a ims. The true fu lfillmem of our hopes for a p<'IIceful a nd beuer world lies in the (ru it of the ir labors. Tbe begimling oJ a fligbt 011 March 17, /938. Th e IIi/mch;II!; lou'er shows a calapull arrill/gell/em, had eMlled his Ph.D. in his ow n flcld and who us a commissioned office r had improved sisnal rockclS for the Navy. 10 addition, Dr. Godd nr<I's work had the blessings of the Srnithso ni:w Institution. A few months :ther Dr. Goddard had been elecled 10 t he BOil Td of Directors of the Amc riClm Rocke l Society, he died on AugllSI 10, 1945. " The life·wo r k of Goddard," wrote th e di rcclOrs. "both as a scientist and a man, will always remain a brillian! inspira. t io n 10 those who are privileged to carry o n his e ndeavors, and 10 enr}' other bold explorer on the frontiers of science. In lime 10 come, h is name will be SC I among the foremos t of American Icchnical pioneers." Fifty )'clln ago, in Ja nuary, 1907, Goddard as II SlUde nt lit Worcester Tech received rejcclion lette rs from Ihree highl y esleemed 9 space journal . �SPAtf. AMALYSIS lif' on oth,r stars B y Ern s l Stuhlinger di,.ctor, , . ,u,ch projuh ollie. .,my b.lli,!;c, millil •• ~.ncy (Editor. ,.ot~: This is ,he firs. inn.llmenl of • Ihree·part arlide. The Olhe. ' ....0 parIS ....·ill follow in l ubsequenl iss ue, of 51'ACE Journal). N l:ORMER TIMES there was no q uestion about life on other stars. The com· mon belief followed a literal interpretation of the teachings of the Dible. Our earth was though I 10 be the center of the uni\'e rse, the only place inhabited by Ih'ing beings. At Ihe lime of creation all the plants and aninlaiJ had come into exislence as they arc now, acco rding to ODe well-conceivcd master plan. No change occurred-no development, I Figll'tJ 1. Relative sizes 0/ Ihe plalJeIl al letJlI 10 space journa l no expansion. The nalura l K iences, 100 much in their infancy, a nd 100 stricli)' limilcd to a selcclcd few, did nOl provide enough cogen! evidence to the conlrary to make a mooificadon of this com mon belief necessary. Some few hundred years ago, the h uman mind entered into a new phase of itS evolution. It developed an inquisiti\'e curiosity 10 know morc about the worid. Tooay our earth is no longer accepted as the perfect masterpiece of one six-day creation. It is recognized as a small planet among billions f,011l fbe e(.frtb. �PLUTO, . -1 • MOO N, . '0,27 • MERCURY I • r - 0.39 MAR S, . -0.52 • VE NUS, .. 0.97 • EARTH •• -!.O NEPTUNE •• >3.9 URANUS , r - 4,0 Pigure 2. Relati ve shes of the plal/ets. and bi ll ions of Stars in a boundless universe. E\"olution, not perfection, setS the grandiose stage on which we are the actors and the Spcct:ltots as well. We came to realize that the human mind has the capability of learning and, to a certain degree, of unde rsrand· ing how this world came into being, how it is built, and how it de\'elops. To Ihe \'isible world a rou nd us which was accessi ble to our forefathers, modern scientists h;n 'e pdded ncw wo rlds: the world of the tHoms, ;md the world of the stars. \Xle ha\e fOUlul tlmt there :Ire universal h.w5 of natu rc va lid equally in th ese three worlds which help us to unde rstand their interrelations and some of thei r mystcries. The natural sciences today offer uS the foundation for a concept of the world which is nor o n ly more correct, but also much grcater, a ~d far lIlore magnificent, th om any concept our forefathers could de\"elop in their tilnes. Life o n other stars ? It would have been a profanity in medieval times 10 believe that it might ha"e existed. Today this q uestion is one of the 11100t challenging problems of science. There is hardl y onc grea t scho lM who d ocs not g ive it his attention, and many of t hem arc rew;Lrdcd br brill iant new ideas. The remarkable fact is that e\'ery branch of natu ral science bears upon t his problemastro nomy. physic~, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, and all the others. Once we have the answer, its impact will be felt C\'en b r sciences as sublime as philosophy and theology. The questioo of whether life exisUi outside th e bounds of ollr earth cannOt be answered by a plain yes or 00 tod ay. If the answer should be positive, it may well be th at ""c will have it as soon as a manned sutellite around the earth offers a platfor m fo r observations. \'\' 1' certainly will know when our (ust imerplane wry space ship takes us to t.hrs; and this nmy pmsibl)' happen be· fore the cnd of our centurr. It is anot her thing if we ask what the prubability is that life ex ists on other celes· tial bodics. \Xle know the external cond itions lI nder w h ich life was ab le to de\"e lop and subsist on earth. Wc know much abou t th e environmental conditions which prel'ail on other planets in our solar sy5teOi. and cven on other fi xed stars. Comparing the necessary conditions lor life with the exist- II sp~ce journal �II ing conditio ns o n stars, we can conclude wit h a h igh degree of probability whe t he r lifc shoul<1 be cxpeclCd (here, a nd into what forms it may have dc,·eloped. This way of reasoning may seem rather bold. Howe,-cr , count less obscn~.l { i o n s o n t his ciln h have shown Ihm w henever the conditions for a certai n dc\C~ l opll1c[)[ a rc favo rable, natu re docs nOt hcs italc 10 sian this dc\·clopmcnt. Scientists arc confident that this Tille, so ohen confirmed on eaflh, may St ill be applied when the dC\'clopmclH is IIml of living organisms, a nd w hen t he place is nOt confined 10 this c:Lr\ h. Our original questio n about t he e xistence of life outside the ea r th, t he refore, reduces 10 the question of cnvironmcoml condi· tions on other Slars and of nlXessary condi . lions (or the development of life. These q uestions clI n be answered to a considerable degree uxl:.y, pa rt ially from d irect observa. tions :lIId experi ments, part ial ly fro m extra· pollH ions and log ica l de<;luc l ions. Althoug h we usually Ih ink of planets only when we discuss Ihe chances of finding life o n other celestial bodies, 1I't' sholdd II0t ol'ulook Iht' pOJSibility 0/ lift (Itf'tlQPillg Illso 011 Iht "("uk" COlI/fioU CIII of a dOl/ble jlllr, whe re lig ht and hea l wou ld be avail· able fro m Ihc "bri ght" com ponen t. In t he p rese m anicle we reSl r icl our considerations 10 p laner.like bodies whic h are much small· er than the central Slar t hat gives t hem light and hear, \X'e will div ide our sub ject fro m he re on into Th ree pans; T he as tro nomical as· FigJlre 4. T he Crab NebJlla, a Ieflof'er of " mPeNIQI'a e,.plQsiQIl i,1 /054 A.D . pc<:ts, t he physica l cond itio ns, and the biolog ical problem, The present article will dea l wit h the astronomical aspt.'(:15 o f life on othcr stars. \X' hen we Ihink of life o n orher celestial bod ies, we are incl ined 10 associate its I>ossible exislence wit h c nv i.ron melllal con· dilions as we havc t hem on o ur earth. T he average lemperattlfe should nOI be: al>o\'e 60 C to 80 C, and not m uch below the freezi ng point of water; the re should be a n atmosphe re wi l h at lcast somc oxygen or carbon d iox ide; Ihere shou ld be wate r; nnd Ihere should be occasional sunshine, or nn eq\livalellt smrsh ine. As we will sec hLter, these cond itions ilfe mandatory. T hat such an accumu latio n of condi lions lIlay well occur in planetnry s),StemS is proven by our own enrth. T he question is thclI: \X' hal is Ihe probability thai a pl:lnemr)' s),stcm like thc solar fam ily occurs among the fi xed Stars? De fore answe r ing th is q ues tion, we take a sho rt look at t he Structu re and the history of t he solar sys· tern, of our galaxy, and of th c stellar uni· "erse, Jiigure 3, Relati,'e tlis/at/eel o/Ibe platlets / rolll ,be Hili . �One of the mOSt impressive fe:lIures of t he solar syuem is the smallness of its componentS as compared to t heir distances. If we should build a model of the sun and ilS planets, a nd if we chose a sphere of three inches in diameter, for example. an orange for the su n , the planets would have the following diametcrs and distances: Mercury, 0.01 inches u 10 feet; Venus. 0.026 inches at 20 fcc t; earth, 0.027 inches at 27 fee t; !\lars, 0.015 inches at 40 feet; j upite r, 0.3 inches at 135 fcct; Saturn, 0.25 inches at 255 feet; Ura n us, 0.12 inches at 525 ft.'Ct; Neptune, 0.12 inc hes at 810 feet; Pl uto, wit h as )·et unknow n diameter, at 1,060 feet (Figs. I, 2 and 3.) In the same mode l, the nearest fixed star would h:1\'e a dista nce o f 1,000 m iles fro m the sun, and the e nd of our ga laxy would be 20 million miles away. Besides the nine planets, we find a belt of ma ny small astero ids berwecn the orbits of Mars and j upite r; about 1,500 of them ha\'c been ide ntified. The mass of the sun comprises about 99.8% of the tota l mass of the solar system; the planets only I:;gllrtl , . Th, big sp;rlll1leblllll ;" AmlroflleJIl. 0.2% . On the o ther hand, the combined angu lar momentum of the planelS is about 98%., and that o f t he su n 2%. of the total angular momentum of the system. The sun consists of o,'er 90% hydrogen; heavy clements arc rare. On the earth, heavy c lements arc much more abu nd ant. The composition of the planetS, disregarding thei r atmospheres, is "ery probably similar 10 that of the e;lrth. The la rge angular mOlllentum o f the p lanelS is a very strong p roof agains t the assumption that the planets were in former times a part of the su n, or e\'cn that the sun and Ihe planet5 werc formed in onc p rocess out of a big diffusc nebula. A more satisfactory expla natio n is possiblc only if anothe r star, in add ilion 10 the su n, is assumcd to havc participated in the plane. togcnic process. Theories by Chamberl in and Moulton, a nd in n very advanced and refined form by jeans, succeeded in describing many of thc detailed features of the solar syStems by assuming the closc approach of anOlher Stur. Gravitational �I forccs WQuld p rod uce huge tidal wa,"es a nd would c ,"en pull large amounts of mat· rer out of the $u n , in the form of II giga n tic " /illlnlcOI." This lila ment would finall y break up unde r ils own gravitation aod form a number of separate bodies wbich finally would mo'"c around the sun in plane. {'.try orbits. Their angu lar m oment um would ha\"e been provided by t he passing Slar. The s;\ffiC p la net-fo rming process would a lso accoun t for the moons of lhe pl:Lncls. One conspicuous faer remains 1I1lcxpinincd by this lhcory~thc fast rota· lio n of some of the pl:mcls. I n order to make this rot ation unde rsta ndable, J effreys supposes a "gm~ i ng collision " between a StH r and the sun, instead of n dose approach. Frictio nal forces, in addition to g ravita. tional forces, oou[(1 then accounr for the rotlu;omll motions o f Ihe planet. \'(' ilh t his assumplion, the obsen'ed rOtlllion and the total maS5 o f the planeu can be explained s.,t isfactor ily. Howe\'cr, the lurge :mgula r momelllum o f the planeu then remains a myStery. A new idea was introduced by R u~ 1I a nd de\'elop<.od further by Lynleton. They pointed out tlmt many of the Stars, almost one-half of them, a re twin nars, revolving arou nd each other at d istances w hich may count fro m aOOm a third of a light year down to less tha n the diameter of o ne of them. POI:lri S, ollr north sta r, is k nown to be II (I'lintupl et; CaSto r is e\'cn composed of six indi vidual Sta rs, all orbiting Mound ellc h other. R usse ll ass\lllled Ihat our sun hlLd a [win, 100, 0.1 about the dist;mce of the major planets. This twin was hi T and snmshc,d to pieces by anot her star. Some of the frag ments re mained in solar orbits; they a rc our planets now. This theory is able to explain Ihe rota· lio n. Ihe angula r momenrUlll, t he distances, a nd many o ther features of the planets. lis sho rtcoming is the eXlremeiy sm;11I prob. a bility for a direct hit between stau. To help th is situation, Hoyle made the sug· 14 space journal geslion that t he tw in Star may nOt hn\'e been h it by another sta r, but may ha\'e go ne through the naturJI cycle of its e\'olution, w hic h terminatc<l in a C:lIaclysmic explosion. The hea\')' pieces of this ex· plosion were hurled fa r Out inro sJY.Ice; a huge cloud o f gases a nd dust remained in the sola r gra\'itado na l fiel d , but with the angular Illo men tu m which was left over from the twin sta r. This gas and d ust cloud first spread OU I arou nd the sun in a riog. shaped disk, but later il contracted into discrcte blobs becausc of eddy currents and gravilllliona l inst1lbililies. Most of the mass contained in (he g(IS nnd dust cloud was finally concenlrnted in the ninc planets. This th,--'Ory of planetary origin is part of a comp rehensive "New Cosmology" by H oyle and L),ltletOn. Allhough it is by no means free of conlro\ersies, it offers very intriguing desc ri pl ions o f the life cycles of 5(,ITS, of their energy hal;lIIce, and of the ir compositio ns. T he explosion of the sun's twin sta r, in the light of this theor)", would be a "supernO\'a," the laSI phase of o ne specific grou p of SUles called supergiants. Three supernovae were observed within our ga laxy in historic t imes: the firs t was seen in 1054 by the Chinesc; rhe second in l 572 by T ycho Brahe; :I nd the third in 1604 by Keppler. The firSI 5u pe rnO'~1 left a gllscous mass, the well·k nown Crab Nebula ( Fig. 4), which has heen ex panding dur ing the paS t 9DO rears with a peri phcral velocity of abou t GOO miles per second. Supernova explosions arc kno wn from other galax ies. Their outburst of light is so treme ndous t hai they ca n be observed from the earth. Althou1,;h the final development sta1,;e of a supergi(lnt which leads to a supernova mo.)" weB extend o\"er millions of )Cars, the explosion itself I:1St5 only fo r a few da}s. T he frequency of supernova explosions, according to I),'ade a nd Zwicky, is about once in "DO or 500 rea rs per gal:lxy, a fi1,;\ue wh ic h agrees well with rhe three supern ovae ohscT\'ed wit hin OtiC ga laxy during the last 900 yea rs. �H oyle's theory is well Cllpablc of explain. ing many of the outstanding features of our planetary SYSlem. It e\'en explains why we find an abundance of heav)' e lemenu on tile planetS, but not on the sun; heavy nuclei a rc fo rmed in energy-consuming nuclear processes during the collapsing phase of a superg iant, shortly before its explosion. During this same phase it is likely t hat a supergiant emits electromagnetic waves which are obsen-cd by redia astron· omers on earth. The last phase of the entire process, the cont raction of the gas lind duST cloud into diSl; retC planets, has heen studied in great det:lil by von \'(feiz_ saecker. );xpanding Ihe law5 of fluid dyna mics to an aSlConomical scale, and Ill'plying them to the specia l case of II gas and dUSt cloud around the sun, he could derive many of the speci:11 properties which we observe in t he plane tary s)'stem. It cannot be said today whether this concept of planelogenesis comes close to the truth. H owever. it ~ms to lead to less controversies than older theories, and we may well IIdopt it unti l bener theodes are available. The probllbilities (or all the individual steps of {his planemry history can be est ima ted from observations and mathe· matical deduct ions; we finally can calculate how of len a planetary SYS{ClII may ha\'e ,Ie,-eloped within our galaxy since its beg in ning. Th is article is fa r tOO short to give an indiOltion of the demils of the various theories or of rhe methods of o bsen'ation and reasoning which a rc applie<1 by aStrOnomers to o bmin n u merical resultS. The rollow ing !l umbers a nd f'gure$ are there_ fore only transmitted as (acts without fu rther arguments. Pigllrtl 6. A Sla r 'cloud' ill SagilJarills. This is onl) II lIl;'llll e porlion of the slars ,.isible i'J Olle glllax)'. lVi/bill Ibe ellrtb's range of absen'lltioll Ibere lire abOli1 100 mil/;oll ga/a:des. Each glllllX)' ilia), colliain 100,000 se//- slI#tlillillg plal/ets. 15 space iournal �Our galaxy has an age of aboul " billion years. \Vi(h one SU I>c rnova explosion e"cry 400 years, about 10 million supern ovaI.' must have exploded (luring our gabxy's life span. Eve ry second o ne of (hem may havc hee n one component of a twin star, giving risc to a c irculllstell:ar gllS and dust doml, and subscquemly to a family of planets. E\'en if it may be tOO oplimislic to assume Ihal each of the resulting 5 million planetary syStemS COlllains at leasl one planet wilh condilions favorable fo r Ihe developmem of life, it is cen ainly not un realist ic to expect that onc planetary fumily out of 50 includes a mcmber o n whic h condi tions similar to those on our c,tnh prevailed at o ne time o r anOther. Tbis lIIeUIlS (bllt we sbollid eX/Jeff tbal Ii/' ill Jome form may bal'e det ·eloped. dllrillg tbe laJt 4 billiD" )earS, f)l1 ubolll 100,000 ,IiUert'''' pial/tis wilbitt Ollr gala:.:y. O ur own !;lllalCy show the structure of a spi ral nebula. Its size and shape resembles "ery closely one of its neMeSt neighbors in spnce. the benutiful spirn l ne b ula in Andronu.xI(1 ( Fig. 5). w h ich is "only" 1,500.000 light rears away. The diameter of our own galaxy is about 60,000 light years. It conmins belween 10 and 100 billion Slars. Comp;oring (his treme ndous number of stars within our galaxy with Ihe 100,000 planets which may possibly bear life, we must conclude that lifc is, on a n absolute scale, a fre<.luCIlI e"ent within Ihe galaxy. Re\;olively speaking. however. it is elC(reme- I'ig ure 7. A rllISler 0/ galaxies ill tbe CorOIl(l 110realh. A lllbtl il/distillct b/otciJes ill Ibis (Ibotogr(lpb, uboll~ '0, are galaxies app rox;. 11/lIlel)' Ibe size of Ollr OW". 16 space journal Iy rare. Only one in about a million stars is privileged (0 send its warm ing sunshine out to a satellite o n which livi ng organisms dc,·elop. Our most powerful telescope o n Mount Palorll(lT IS able to discern ynlaxies as far out as one bill ion light reMS. \Vithin rhis obscT\'ation range there are about 100 million yalaxies ( Fig. 6 and 7). I:ach of them may (;ontain lOO,<XlO life-sustllining planets, lI·hirh leads /IS /0 a to/al 0/ tell thousalld billioll plallets, witbi" totllly'J obJfrr.·"ble mlil'erse, ubicb IIllly be il/b(lbited b)' liI·il/g beillgs. The toml n umber of stars in Ihis vo lume is te n billion billions. It is well to remember that this yiga ntic n umber is numerically eq ual to (he n umber of mo lecules within one cubic centimeter of air. H ow long will life continue to prosper on our earth? The heal bala nce of the eMlh depe nlls almost em ire!y on the su n. Solar heat is cons(;lntly produced by the fusion of hy{lrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. This hcat production will go o n with :I slowly increasing rate for :lbom 50 billion yea rs. \X' hile the hydrogen supply is g radu_ ally consumed, the sLln will slowly heat up and, at the sa.me time, swell to a diameter about as brge as the orbit of ,\I:lrs. From then on the S\lIl will stan to sh ri nk. II w ill not expl<xle like :I supergi:mt, but ,"cry gradually cool off. At the end, (he sun will be a black dwurf. Lnng before t h:lI, life on any of t he sobr " hltlelS will Im"e become impossible Ix.-causc of Ihe he:ll increase during the hydrogen-helium con\'ersion. BUI (here is a good chance that life w ill persiSI on eart h for se"eral billions of rears-as far liS t he sun is concerned. In (he neX I edil ion of SPACE J ournul wc w ill (liKUSS the "ar),;ng p hysica l conditions whic h arc found on a pla nc.! in (he coursc of its life cycle, and we will sec: in pllTt icular w helher the earth is prepa red to su pport life for some more billions of years. �SPACE PROJECTION ro ck, t mail to the moon What should the stamp cost, based on current propulsion technology? B y Dr . H . W . Rit chey lech~ic81 dirodor Ihio~o l chemic81 corpO'8 l ion red, lona divi.io" M OST AS P ECfS of space travel oave been covered extensively in a great volume of literature that has appeared on t ois subject over the laSt few years. The problems of propulsion and control have received a treme ndous amount of attention. Other problems relating to the survival of the h um an being in space and his psychological and physical reactions to wide variations in g ravitational fields have also received considerable attention. Perhaps t he one greatest problem now impeding progress is that of the subconscious inhibitions buried in toe minds of those technologists now «'pable of effecti ng space travel. This problem may be solved for future gencwtioos by the publicity now being released in the semi-tech nical publications and on television. The yo unger generation, now in the for mative swge, h'n'e seen animated cartoons and other demonsn;.tions of the feasibility of space travel to the extent that they now look upo n it as an accomplished fact. On the other hand, our present generation of scientists, even those who arc able to prove logically by eng inee ring calculations t hat space travel can be accomplished, have been so subjectively inhibited by their early condi t ion ing that most of t hem still regatd it as impossible in some segment of their mind bur ied deeply in subconscious. Only wi t hin the last few years has it been respectable in sciemific circles to discuss seriously the feasibi li ty of space trave l. The actual fact exists that we arc now capable of sending an objcct outside the influence of the e~rth's gravitational field and, therefore, with an adeq\l~te system of guidance could send this objcct almost anywhere in {he solar system. The design chMacteristics of a rocket system capable of propelling an object outside the earth's gravitational field are so weB understood that it is possible to make reasonably accurate calculations of (he cOSt of such a propulsion system. Such a propu lsion system could carry rocket-mail letters to the moon or to a planet, ~nd we are then able to estimate to a fair degree of accuracy the cost of a rocket·mai! stamp needed to send a rocket·m~il !eHef to ourer space. The problems inherent in the necessary prop ulsio n sySl'em have already been solved by progress in the field of so!id-propellant rocketry. In the so!id-p ropellant rocker engine, the propeJlant is properly mixed and " injected" into the combustion cham- 17 space iournal �bet at the manufacturing plant. II A com- posi te type of sol.id p ropellant can be processed a5 a slurry in the m an ufacturing p lant lI od OUI directly in to the pressu re veuel. A typical engine of this type is shown abo.·c. The charge burns o n all the exposed inside su rface of a speciaUy·s haped propel.l ant cavi ty. Since bu rning occurs from the inside outward, the flame docs not contact the walls of the pressure vessel until near the c nd of t he b urning period. If a proper fue l bind er is used. the charge can be bonded 10 the walls of th e p ressure vessel lind pc nnilics i n we ig ht (I re pa id for support of the propellant. Although the performance characteristics of present rockets cannOl be disclosed, calculati ons urili:dng obvious assum p tions concerning propellant de nsit ies and de nsities of the high-stren g th st rucmrol matcria ls can be used to show that it should be rc lat ivcly easy to make a SOlid-propellant rocket engine in wh ich 86"AI of the gross weight would be propel1:1111. Si ncc both this ratio and Ihe propellam sp<.'Cific impu lse are related 10 combust ion c hamber pressure, it is assumed that this ratio can be at tained wit h a propellam u hibiting a 5ea-Ie\'el impulse wit h an optimum nozzle of 195 Ib-s«/Ib. H such u rocket is designed 10 operate somew here ncar opti m um in the ,'cry low-pressure co ndilions e)Cisting at h igh ald tude, this speci fic im pu lse figure will r ise to a "alue of about 230. M:Hl y muJciswge. solid·propellan t rocket ve h icles IHlve been fired and the ca pabi lities of staging and of high.altitude ignition lw,'c already been dcmo nstrated in such missiles as t he Loc k heed X 17 ;Hld the multismge, solid-propellant test vehicles fired by NACA. For the purpose of estimating thc f1lke·off weight ill an "escape "elocily" missile, the stage load rotio of 1:4 has been assu med; in other words, each rocket cnginc weighs four times all the load that it carrics. ThC5e performance valucs and design criteri a arc thc n used in the following equation for rocket mo' tion; 18 space journal , v ~ V ~ I •• ~ • - W, - W, ~ I." x g x 2. 303 log W, W, velocity. ft/sec propella nt specific impulse, Ib-sec/ lb g ra"italio nal accelcration, 32.2 It /sec? initia l we ig ht of syste m fi na l wc ig ht of system Thc calculated velocity, unco rrccted for drag and gravitational efT~t, is shown in T ab lc L This ve locity is the n COrtt'Cted for drag :tod gravitati omll effect b y su bfracting an o\'cr:tll gross " loss" figurc, convcned 10 equi valenl vclocity loss. It has becn assumcd that eac h rocket stage is a fa ithful linear scalc rcp roduction, in w h ich case t he fo llowing sclle re lat ions hips obtain: Burning lime of Rockel B = scale facto r times burning lime of Rocket A T hr u~ t of Rockct B _ :scalc raClor 5quared timcs thrust of Rocket A Gross wcighl of Rocket B = scale factor cubed times g ross wc ight of Rocket A Using thc5e rclationsh ips it is easy to esti mate the time of burning and obtain a corrcction for the so-C'J.llcd "8" losses of ,·e lacity. This corrt'C ti on is also shown in T able T. II is morc difficult to arriyc al :to accu ratc corr~ti on for at mosp he r ic d rag, eSf>Cci:llly sint"C dcs ign of the specific aero· dynam ic con figu rat io n is beyond th c scope of this article. Based on c)Cpcricncc, how· e\'cr, it wou ld seem reasonnble and adc(l\I(\CC to incorporate a corrC(;tion of 2,000 it/s« as the loss to be incurred by atmospheric drag for the smaller, "h igh_g" rockct, and 1,400 ft/sec for fhe larger rackct. T hus, as Table I illustrates, it is possible 10 attaiD escape vclocities wilh a one-pound payload using a missilc hlt\'ing II lotal take-off weight of less than 3.200 pounds. It is also beyond the scof>c of this article to estimate thc productio n cosu of such a m issilc ; however, expericnce w it h relatively small numbers of rockets made in research- �I TA BLE I M A il ROC KET TO TH E MOO N - SPECIFICATI ONS "oG' ...... " ~ ., .. ,.. '''''"f .... "lA., ~" " "0 . H',.,'" .... H . .. ' , ,,'" ,.,g.",, ' , . ......, ' • '0 ' 1 f ( . RETRO ~ ... nO"'D < IT 0 Wl1HO UT ... "", '0'"'' II ... ~OC ( H W ,TH 5 5 , 0 .85 230 8dOO 1 ~8dOO I 2.0 , 25 20 0 .85 230 8400 8400 ,.< , 125 100 0.85 230 8400 8400 59 2 '" SOO 0 .85 230 6400 8400 10.0 1 3125 2500 0.8 6 no 7200 8400 17.1 AVDW 15, 625 12,500 0.86 7200 29.2 195 195 40 , 80 0 40,800 lOSS 1,400 2,000 D' AG 1055 2,000 1,400 37,400 37 ,4 00 lOlA' •.. "" , --~ without " ,e t, o -,ode'"' aml-Jc>'clopmCnt qu a nti ti es wou1d indicate th at 20 such syStemS could be :.ssembled ill a total cost not exceeding 5 10.00 per pollnd of missile weight, amou nting (0 $}2,000 1:>cr vehide. Cer tain olher problems wOllld natllnrl]y exist if such a project were to be attempted. r or e xample, there is hardly m:ed to se nd a roc ket-m a il letter (0 the moon unless someone were there to receive it. This problem is norrllally not related to the COSt of t he smmp. l(Od, therefore , the cost of placing a recipient in Ihe rig ht location has nOI been included. T here is also the problem of either hil ting the mrgc. object with i' free-flight ballistic missile or providing some type of wilh ",e lro -rocke t" ' termi nal guidance. Since the moon subtends a "isual angle of aooU! [0 mils, it shollid not be tOO difficult a task to la unch a rocket in the right dircction and with sufficient velocity to hit the moon on a frecflight ballistic trajectory, T he recipient POSt office on the moon, of course, IllUSt bear the COSf of fmding the rocket at thc impact poinl a nd recover· ing it. Here we get into a nebulous area where it might ver y well be argued th a t the COSt of finding and recove ring a rocket wou1d far exceed the COSt of the vehicle itself. [n fact, the expe nse of remi ng one of the cOIH"cmional l;wnching sites for [aunching the >-e hicle might very well (all LnlO the sa me category. l.et·s assume, howeve r, 19 space journal �tlmt it rc(!uircs inve~trllem of two man-da ys time li nd $2,000 in amortization of C<juipment in order to Iliunch the rocket_ So far as recovery is concerned at the other end of the !Inc, ir hardly seems reasonable to per_ mit the rockel to impm;:t on the moon's surface with the incre mental "elocity C<ju ivalem to free-fa ll in the moon's g ra,-i. rnrional field p!U$ what ,'e!odty is left at the "tu rn -over" ]loOi m , In other words, in order to pte,'ent th e rocket from being completely dcsltop:d o n impaCl, it would be neccssary to ,:a nee! out about 8,500 ft/see accu lll ulau.'(1 vClodty shortly before impact. Th is would be done by \.sing the last stage as a " Tetro-rock et" and by adding on a new firsl stage weighing fOUT times the 3.125 poullth appe:. ring in T able I. This adds a n addil iona l 12.500 pounds to our rake-off weighl a nd :.ddilio na l $1 25,000 to thc COSI. The pay!o:ld will be a one-pound object consisting of a steel shell, a properly constirutcd dre marker. li nd the mail will be micro-filmc<1 on 16n1l11 film. Eac h Hamp will allow the scnder twO pages of correspondence which would be tr:Ltlslllitled in the form of twO micro·fillll frames, Since vo lnt ility of the dye Illarkcr would be a matter of eXlreme importance. the dye marker will consist of carbon black and a small e"plosi,-e chnrge, the tom l of which we ighs four ounces and which will be at· rlmged to explode on impHct SO that the impact point will be mnr kc<l by the black powder, The steel shell comaining t his load will weigh two ounces. The burned-out ' retrorocket" itself will act as a buffer agai nst impact damage, and it is e"pec(ed that the steel shell conraining ten ounces of 16mm micro-fi lmed corresponde nce would $uT\' ive a n illlpact at sc,'era] hu ndred feet per second . The COSI of recove ry and delivery at the receiving end will , in accortl:tnce wit h U. S. Postal policy, be subsidi zed by the U. S. Governme nt , and, Iherefore, these COSts (lfe not includc<1. T he len ounces of micro·film w ill contai n 12,800 16mm frames, and will r('(luire 6,400 l>O$tage stHmps 10 send 6,400 leuers. A summary tabulation of the COSt of mail service is as fo llows: $125,000.00 Addcd Siag e 32,000.00 Other roc kels 2,000.00 Amort iza tion launchi ng e(lu ipment 250.00 Two mun-days (consult· am rate) 159,250.00 -:- 6,400 525.00 pe r stamp Di vidi ng by Ihe number o f letters th nt m ay be mlllsmiued, this leaves U$ a COSt of 25.00 for rockel-mail stamps to the moon. the 20 space journal mOOll. �L SP.t,Cf. FLIGHT remarkable x-craft By Fr e d e ri ck I. O rdway, III "'n.p. e •• dent 9 ue •• 1 •• Ironeulic. co.poretion T H E UN ITED STATES h as seen R uss ia slowly dose the wide ak- power gap that once se parate(1 the twO nat ions. Mil itary experts 1I0W agree that in many areas lhe Soviets arc <Iuantinlti\"e l)' ahead of us, and as far as quality goes they a rc catching up rap idl y. To offset any c hattenge to our ae ri al supremacy, the Un ited StalCS has embarked 011 an ambitious experimental research air· eraft program th:lt, it is hoped, witt insu re the mailllena ncc of leadership in superior q ua lity a irpla nes and missiles in the years to come. i\hny of th e exotic spaceships of th e scie nce-fiction world we re prefixed by th e letter X; tod ay many of the astO n ishing rese:lrch missiles and pl:lnes being developed by American tcchnology have the same in· trod uctory Iclter. The X-series is our pre"iew of tomorrow's aeria l wcaponr)'. The idea for seui ng up a researc h series of :Ii rcraft bcgan d uring the course of \': 'orld \\7 ar It , bu t work was no t t)Cgun seriullsly until the end of hostilities in 19'15 . T he Air Force, Navy, and National Ad visory Conuninee for Aerona utics Bell X-I Bell X-III (NACA ) coocei"ed of, aod ha"e conti n ued development o n, an ad " anced series of re· seMch vehietes. t)(:t:lils, from few to rather complete, arc available on more t han a do~en X -craft. \X' e fi nd that thcre arc three t)'pes of veh i· clcs that ha\'e been gi"en the X.designation: (I) manned rocket ai rpl anes, (2) manned turbojel airplanes, and (3) unmllnned missiles. Ra ther than tfy to look at them in n ume r iC'.!.1 order (X- I, X ·2, X·3, X·4, etc.) it should be more in teresti ng to th ink of them by caICgory. Since the most exci tin g frontie rs of flight 'Ire usu:tll y :tssocialcu wi th man :LS well as speed a nd altitude, leI us look at what has been (lone with our pilOted rocket airplanes. The l.icll X·I was the first a irplanc in the world (Q reach supersonic speeds in Ic,-ei fl ighl, crossing whut W:lS known as Ihe "sound barrier" in October of 19-1"7. T his WIIS an c "c nt of tremendous il1lpor. ra nee to the aero nautical sciences, :md was accomplished by designi ng and fl)' ing :l rocket.prOI)C!led ;,i rplane th a t was ~ Imost lilenl ll)' a m:lnn(.-d m issile. The pl:Lne was lJeff X-Ib /jell X·2 21 space journal �driven by a powerful Reaction Motors GOOQ·pound t hrust rocker e ngine operating on liquid oxygen a nd alcohol. It p rov ided milir;u·y a nd induslrial aeronau tical reo searche rs with invaluable data about t be t hen.virtual1y.unknown reg ions o f high. speed flight, a nd d ata derh'ed from rhe program were fed into late r combat air· p lane des ign. A modification o f the early model was the X·IA. five feet longer thall its prede. cessor. After thorough teHing in 1952 and 1953, this I:.rget plane amazed t he wo r ld by tt;lve!! ing ,I( 2V2 t imes the speed of sound, or 1,650 miles per hour, in Dc· cemlJcr of 1953. In another flight it reacht.'d :1 record altinuJe of 90,000 feet, whic h liter:,lIy brought ma n to the fron· tiers of sl).lce. \'I:' hile the X·I cou ld only sUSI:dn PQwered flight for 2V2 minutes, the X·tA could e n joy four minutes of full power since it ca rried considerab ly more fue l. An X·1 11 was bui lt and speciall y instru' mented for resc<Ltch on high speed frictio n he:lling. As the myMeries of the sound harrier were dispelled, thosc of the " thermal barrier" wNe explored. All of thesc X·I ai rp lanes were nornlally air·l,. unched from specially adapted bomber.t)·pc four.engine airpln nes. Th is ('nil bled the X.plant'li to util i:,.e their precio us fuel on ly for the re· scarch purposes (or which they were de· signl.'d. without wa~ting ill. )' for take·off and cli mb to Hlti t ude. The planes can and Imve. howc,'er, wkcn off from the g round under Iheir own powcr. It is imercsting to know that the X·IA :md D plu nes weigh about 16,000 pounds and arc crammed with 1,000 pounds of in. strulllentation to record the variety of tests that the pian(.'s \U1dergo at the outer reaches of the tLlmosphere and at extreme ,·elocities. NOt al[ ai rplanes of the X·I series were successful. X·I Numbe r 3 was destroyed during a fuel opcralion, a modified X·IA exploded in 1955, and a model D of the series also WaJ destroyed. It is "'1.'11 know n that air in motion possesses kinetic energy. Now if we de· 22 space iournal cide to b ri ng to a halt rapidly.movi ng air, the e ne rgy contained in it 1I1L1St be con· ye rted soUlehow, a nd we find that we end up with heat and pressure energy. A simple equation tel ls aeronautical.design engineers and ilerodynamidsts what the tCIllpt:'taturc rise will bc of :m object encountering a rllpidly.mov ing air Slfealll. As ai rplanes and missiles roar t hrough the utmosphcre at e\·er.;nc re:,sing speeds mo re and mo re ,"elocity energy is convc rted in to hcat. \'\Ihlle some o f this heat is cond ucted through wh:1! is called t he boundary layer and w h ile, especially at extreme altitude, some is radiated out the air frame , much has to be absorbed . Specially prepared timniu m, stainless steels. ilnd ceramics are used to prOlOCt the aircraft from th is heut. Moreover, each craf! hilS a cerrain heat capaCit )'; bur " ircraft designers kn ew that sooner o r lau~ r re· frigeration syStems would ha,·c to be in. corporated if man anJ materiHls were to sut\·i,·e the "thermal barrier." It is ohvio us th:1! the denscr the atmos. phere the more acme the heat p roblem beCOUles. To study the thermal phenomenon propedy, greal speeds a nd high.altitude mpability arc necessary. If we were to fly tOO low a t tOO high a velocit)" we would burn up like a meteor. Man ht.s found trmt if he w,mts to go substantiall y funer than he d oes today he mUSt gCt be)'ond the thick anllos pheric blnnket ilnd into the rnrefled upper le,·cls. Till.' X·2, :mOfher Hell- Air PorceNAC.t\ rocket rescMc h nirplane, w:.~ spe· c ifica ll y designed to explore this thermal barrier. In J ul), of lasl yea r il had reached a top speed of thrcc limes the speed of sound or ahout 2,200 miles pcr hour. To get th is eX1C1I periormllilce a Curliss-\\ltight liquid.propellilnl rock"t engine. de"eloping 15,000 pounds of thrust, w .•s u!ICd. Perhaps e,"e n more astounding than the 5p'-'Cd produced was the record altitude flight of 126,000 fCCt , o r nearl)' 21 miles straight up. The powerful rocket engine a llowed d am 10 be gained of airplane l)('rformance at hig h angles of :Llmck. When spee<ls �I of .Mach 2 to 3 are reached, the temperature of the skin may r ise from 250 0 P to 650 ' F at high alt itudes. Designers have therefore fitted the X-2 with t'emperature· resistant glass and a heat-insubted cabin to provide protection for the pilot. Furthermore, special alto),s were used in critical parts of the plane. In else of airpbme malfunction, the elbin could be ejected and parachute· lowered to an ah itude where the pilot could separate and complete the (lcscent with his own parach \lte. One of the X -2's exploded a nd was intcmionall), jettisoned fro m its mothe r launching aircraft in May 1953. The last X -2 crashed because of stability prohlems, killing the pilot, Capt. M. Apt. So the X·2 progr;lm is officiall)' over. T o carr)' on the work st:Lrted b)' the X- I and X-2 ;lirplanes (as well :.s the rocketpowl.'red Nav)' D-5S8-2. not a part of the X.program), one o th er manned rocke t craft is being developed, dle X·lS. The Bel! X _I E witt be used for .Mach 2 research until these new pl;lnes are ready. Its (ust flight occurred in June of this )'ear. Details are shaping up about the North American X-IS , which is sponsored by the Air Force, N avy and NACA. it will in\·estigate the unknow n velocity regions at five, six, or more times the velocity of sound, and il" will p robe 100 miles above the su r f;,ce of our planet. IFe ellll almost COI/.shier the X-15 as II IIMlmed stUlcesbi/J, alUl it will t1rob"bly be Ibis progressioll Olltwards illl)eiocit}, Iwd "di:Jt"'lce Irolll tbe eartb" that will bring /IS to lull·fledged IIUII/lled spflCe fligbt . \'(Ie S'IW that the old X-I planes produced 6,000 pou nds of thrust, white the X-2 built up 2 V2 times that; as much power as put Out by a typical Navy cruiser. T he X-IS's rocket engine, to be built by Reaction Motors of New Jersey, will release 60,000 pounds of thrust, :lnd will fire from 1 to 3 minutes. Despite this enormous amount of power, despite the fact that the a irplane is designed to explore areas where no man has yet been, and despite the fact that frictio n heat generated may rise 10 ISOO Df to 2500° F, the plane is considered quite safe. Depe ndi ng on the c ircumsta nces, the p ilot, in case of a mishap, will have a 90 to 100 per cent survival chanl·e. The airph10e has been carefu!!y designed from th e human enginee r ing poi nt of vicw, with :,erome<!ical scientists of the Air Force ;1Od Navy cooperating closely w ith the manufacturer. It will be heavil)' inst r umented to record conditions of ree n try from sp.Ke into (he earth's aUllos, p here, heating, st;lbility ,It high speeds and a1cimJes, and comro!' The X_IS wi!! be the first, {fUe hypersonic boosted glider. The initial flight test is expected in 1958. Although less spectacular, high I)' import'lm work is bei ng, ;'nd has been , accomplished by rurboiet-powered research a irc raft such as the X-3, x·4, X-S, X-l3, X-1 4 and X-lS. A!! manned , these planes have probed a v<Lriety of aero nautical unknowns, :md results are rapidly :lnd effi· ciently being "ploughed back" into industry. DOllglas X-J �The X-3 h as often b<.-en referred to as the " Flying Pencil" ix'Causc of its long (nearly 67 feet), thin shape. Powered by tWO ' Xlestinghousc jets. it produces 14,000 pounds of th r ust and land s at a brisk 215 miles per hour. The wing loading (a term dcnoti ng thc gross we ight of the airpla ne divided by thc a rea prcsented by its wings) is somc 200 pounds for cach square foot, a "ery unusua l figure. This m i(l·w ing airplane carries 1,200 pounds of research instru mcntation a nd a rcf r igen ltion system for cool ing the cockpit and instrumen ts. An imcresting fact is th:or it uses somc of its fuel to circulate in the nose arca fo r cooling. The a irpla ne was desi gned to tCSt out slIStll;lIed, \'ery high speed flight. and was a joint A ir Force, N:lvy and NACA projecl. Much of the craft was madc of lilanilllll. Meanwhile, the X- 5 is :! plane featuring a var iable sweep wing; that is, t he backward 51(.nl of the w ings can be :tdjustcd durillg flight . W h ilc landing and taki ng· off the sweep is about 20 degrl'e5, and in fli g ht it can be positioned b:lck to ~ degrees. The w ing·sctting mechanism is coupled 10 an a pparatus th aI immediately compensates for the shift in the center of g ravity of the IO,OOO-I'ouod ai rpl ane as the wi ngs arc changed. T he usc of sweptback wings bOlh delays and red uces transonic elTects, but the exact degree of swccp is often a problem. AsSO(:;ated widl 5W(,'CP, howe"er, is a number of <Iiffie"!ti,, such as t he thickening of Ihe so·callcd hound:lry In)'c r ncar the tips. flow \'clocitics along t he wing, necessity of large anglcs of aWlCk at high lift. and d ynamic stabi lit y. Thc X·5 was designed to im·cstigare the aerod)·namic cfTecu of swccpback and change of sweepback . Two airplanes ha"e crashed in thc leu program. 'Xle now turn ((I anot hc r type of turbojetpowered research airpl:.ne known :IS the V'\'OL {meaning Verlica l T (l kc'off (' n<l Landing ) , represented by the X·I3, X .1 4, and X·lS. All t hree planes ha"e come into Norlbrop X-4 T he Northrop X -4 :H1J Bell X-5 rep resent a d ilTe re nt sort of airp lanc in that they arc not prim:! rily designed for speed and altitudc testing. Thc x -4 is charactcrized by a tailless configuration wilh swept wings, being pattcrned after thc well-known "fly_ ing wing" design. Ele\'ons on the Iraili ng edge of the wing act us uilerons and ele,'ators. It is u SllIa ll plane, weighing only 7,000 pounds (11\d measuri ng less th:1II 27 fccI long. Much valuable in formation has been gained on sUl b il ity ,md {light charucteristics from th is a irplane in rhe subsonic speed region. Bell X-5 24 space jou rnal , ; �the news vcry recently, and all three ofTer different approaches 10 the same end. The X- 13 is pop u lar ly knowo as the Verl i jcf, and its a pproach 10 vertica l takeoff is very d i rcc~: SCI the plane in a l u il- downward, nose-upward positio n, a nd lake otT. It is launched from a trailer bed which is hydraulically r:l ised infO the ven iCli position . • The plane hangs from a hook on a stretched albIc, and when ready 10 fly build s up power from its Ro lls.Royce A von e ngine ulltil thc thr ust (,,,",eros Ihe weight of t hc :lirplanc. In Apr il the first " mulSit ion" flight was made when t he plane ,·cTli(.-ally look nIT, "conve n ed" 10 the horizontal position. flew at a rcspccra bl)' high speed, agai n con vened and nmd c a ve rt ical la n<l ing. A jet reactio n CIl,l[Tot system is A SUI'(,rson ic VTOL lighter has reporl(,'(!' Iy been des igncd based on the X · 13 which, it is claimed, could climb to 15,000 ft'Ct d ur o ing the ti me II cOIH'cmional fighter is be· coming airborn e. Th is and o ther VTO l.s w ill probably re\'0Iutioni7.c the concept of aerial warfare in tha t no ebborate (a nd vu lnerable) land ing fields and carriers will be necessary. Gi.·e the VTOI. a littlc sp;\ce in the b;\ck )';\rd lind thllt is all it :lsks. The sh rouds of mili!;,ry sccreg' have o nly been lifted from the Uell X·14 which might be call(,'([ a hori 7.0ntal VT OL. lis two Armstrong·Siddeley ASV. S Vipcr jet engines produce hot disch:lrge gases wh ich are di.·erred downward du r ing take-off 10 p ush the a irpiline upw:trds. The total JUSt e mployed during periods of rising, lower. ing o r JUSt ho."ering; the pi lot del1ectS the jet exhaust by thrOllle control. Onl y 24 fect long. the plane has Jirecti onall)·-controlled bleed jets on the wingrips, and exceltern performance character istics (good climb. m"neu\'Cr"bility, etc.). The Air I;o r«:, Na\·y. and N ACA have "II su p ported th e program at one stage or anmher, al· though Ihe Ai r Force supports the as such. x·n IJell X·14 thruSI is 3.500 pou nds. As the plane rises, the exhauu gases arc di rected by special vanes more and more rearward and hor i· zonml fl ig ht can commence. Three com· p ressed ai r jets arc used to comrol a!litude when the plane hovers. The pl:'ne has a lready completed preliminary f1 ig hl lests both co n\'emionall y and unde r VTO I. con· ditions. RY"'I Verlijet X·13 T he fina l X·VTO t plane lIbout wh ich we know sollll'lh ing i5 H iller Helicopters' lilt· wing X . IS, which feature s four turboprop engines, with twO COunter-rotating propel. lers. This approach [0 Ihe VTO t a.rt relies o n tilti ng Ihe w ings fro m the hori· zo nlal 10 t he vert ica.l posi tio n and allow ing 25 space journal �the ClIrboprops to literally screw the plane up into (he air. Small turbojets in {he tail provide comrol dur ing hovering operatio ns. This p lane will pro b;tbly be used to nans- I. port troopS anJ supplies to and from arcas through thc atmosphere into sp:lce (a pproximately 200 miles) then tilt and , with m otors still fi r ing, emcr the earth's atmosphere at fiftccn times the spccJ of sou nd. All this is done to test re ·entT), proble m s where no airfields arc av:,iJablc. J{ eportS arc tim! it (:UIl rno \'c along rather rapidly. H iller X-J8 Wre now come TO the third a nd hml\ category in our su r vey of the X-sedcs, Uflm a nn('d missiles, the X-7, X - tO "oJ X-17. Lock/)«etl X-7 [Oleh is powered by " different type of engine; each has ils own specific rC5Cilfc h purpose. Lockheed has twO, the X-7 al1<1 X·17, and North Arncriclo one, the X -IO. A 11 :ITe c"lled {cst veh ides. The X-7 is powe red by two ramjet cogines, being what is called a (CSt bed for the type of powe r pl;ont that propels the Boman: intercepter missile. The missile has heen under development a nd test fOT approximatel y ten ),ears and will continue at leaS[ one more. It is usu:lll)' air-launched and boosted by :l rocket e ngine to accelerate the missile to the point where (he ramjets, whic h need ra m :lir 10 sustain their opemlion, C:ln take over. Unlike most missiles, X·7 is not expendable, and Gm be parachute. recovered for continued use and evaluation. It ohen lands nose fu st on a nose spike. Dat;L arc tra nsmitted to the surfacc by a radio telcmc u y system. The X-17 is a more a m bitious rocket, being a three-st"ge affair, 40 feet long. Normally, the roc ket will take off and fly 26 space iOlKnal and the vit;d nose-cone aspect of the forthcoming intercontinental ilnd intermediaterange b .. llistic missi les. On one flight, whcn the tilt ing mechanism did not function, the missile flcw to an altitude of more t han 600 miles a nd a r,mge of more than 700 m iles. During flights in April and July speeds of 9,000 miles per hour were reported and later confirmed. .i\fore than 20 of thc G·wn . solid.propelled rockets havc been fired from the Air Force M issile Test Center, most with good results. \Vhi le the findings TO d ate have bccn i,pplieJ by thc Air Forl'e to its Atlas, T itan and Thor b"I!istic missile projects, the Navy may coorinue to fly the X - 17 as a test vchicle for its submari ne-based Polaris l R.BM . \Vhere"s the X·7 and X-17 use ramjc[s and rockets resp<.-ct i\'ely, the X·lO is provided with twO wrbojet engines. It is a test vehicle fo r the rt.-cent!y-cancelled Navaho XS M-64A imercontine ntal-range cruise �l..ockheed X·1 7 Nortb AlIIericlIIl Nambo X-IO \ m issile, nnd it is e mployed 10 check out nerodynnmic problems, electronic co mpo nents, :md gu idance features. Flight testing of the X·tO has been successfully CO Ill pleted according 10 the A ir !'orce. It has a lnnding gear nnd ca n be reco vered after fli ght fo r re-use, offering a great savin g in money. Na"aho, the end product, was to ha\'c bee n I>owc roo b)' Tam jets and boostoo by three 120.000'pound li(IU id rockeu. ila"ing brieR)' lookoo at t hese spectllcular X-crnh , we mn)' ask : "" 'l?hat next? 'Vhat w ill happe n 10 to 15 yea rs hence?" Th e Air Force has IIlreally predicted lIIt1l11lt!d rocket tI;rcrlljt flJillg tit um times t he speeli oj SQI/lld u'i/hill tI~is lime perimi. If the X ·15 re~c hcs 100 milcs, a laler X·plane, which may then be calletl a spaceship, may re:tc h 500 m iles, 1.000 miles, or more. T he I>op u iur dist inc t ion bctwo:."en airplanes and missiles 1Il1ly fude as the y blend imo tomor· row' s space "chides. !I1ilitary pial/lien lire alread), Ihillkiug oj Ih e possibility 01 II'ars jOl/ghl ill the s/,(f(e slI rro mulilig tbe e"rlb 11111/ ils Jlilllospberic bl'lIIkel. ,\ t th e $,'I me t ime our cruis<', interceptor, :lIld ball isti c mi ssi le prog r~ ms w il! become highly sophisticated. 'Ind again, if peace conti nues, techniques c\'oh'oo could lead to rockct nnd ramjet·propelled commercial air liners ('d rr)' ing passengers at thou s.'I nds of miles per hou r at the Olller fr inges of the uimosphe re fi nd, of course, spaceships. Tbere seems lillie doubt Ibtlt b~llisli~ mis· siles <llId rOcitel ~irpllllles u ·HI be lII~ted IlIIII del'eloped ;1110 lIIalllled r ebides IbaJ will 0118 lilly re'lch t be 1110011. 27 space journal �SPACE P RE V I E W " mar s and beyond " N DECEMBER 4th of last year, view· ers of ABC·T V's " Disneyland" hour watched the third of \\1all Disney's T omor. row/and space ser ies unfold, MarI and Be)mJd, in the 48'millllte documentary "so:;:iencc·factual" fo rmal, sur passes its tWO O excellent predecessors, ,\ 11111 ill Space and Ala" (lOul tbe M oo'i. Now being re leased in T cchnicolor for IhClllrical dist r ibu ti on, Ma rJ a"d Beyond rcprescnu the culmi natio n of IWO rears' research, w riting and artistic en<lcavor br D r. ErllSI StuhlillKer, a /ea(ling scielltist ill t be rocket IIlId !SliMed lIIissile fieM (/e fl ,) ami D r. "" ember /10 11 /Jral/II, rQcket ellgillee r (right), cOllfer Q II a sCIl/e mode/ of Ih e IIt omic· electric splice sbi/! Ihal wOII/(1 make 1,01$ib/e Ib e I OllK trip 10 MarI ill tbis scelle frolll IVlIlJ D ist/ey's j\I / IRS IIml BEYO N D. 28 space journal ----------------------------------------~i �I a dO;j;cn Disne y specialists, under the n'r· s:u ile direction of W ard K imb.111. The film aS$Li15 the enormous subject of life o n other worlds, firST by a ca n oo n sequence tr.lcing ma n's cosmic specu lalio lls througho ut his· lory, then by a sober ,·iew of comcmporary scientific hypothesis and conjcnutc. E"olution of the solar system and life, the conditions of m an a nd hi s environment, and t he condi ti ons he may expect on other ,,1:1110::1$ IIfC conside rations wh ich form the I11I1;n th read leadin g us to the rC(1 planet liS the only other habitable sphere with in Ollr solar f:ullily. After a dramat ic pc r usal of (aCI5 lind spccu i:ltiol1 on Mats a nd its m ys· ecries, co nducted by towcll Obscrval'O ry 's Dr. Earl C. Sliphcr, II Its {/escelll slowed by a (Irag rhllte, a Martiml Imutillg rmlt Ilears tbe m r/l1ce of Mtlrs, method of space !light new 10 t he gcneral public is p re. sc n{c<I: the io n propubion system devised b)' Or. Er nS( S t u hling~r . In a simulated trip to the fo urth planet. the atomic-e lcctric spaceshi p and irs orbit are broug ht om in a nimated ill ustra tion which captu rcs the imagination. The ac· curate presenrution. carcfu l allcm ion to de· rail, and concise narratio n cstablish Dr. Stuhli nge r's ha rd ware as a revolutionary but .sound means of ext raterrest ri,,1 navigation. In tclcscoping the }'ear·and ·a·half "oyagc into :1 few minutcs on the screen, lll ar$ alld lJe)oml achic ,'cs th e dream li ke re:llity of a Chcslcy Bo nc5tcl1 pa iming brought to lifc. Crew members 0/ a M art;a" ship obsert'e a lefet'hiOIl srree'l the progress 0/ Ihe lille 0/ the other ships hi tbe fir$l exped;. tio" 10 the plauel ,\Iurs, 0/1 Thc olllswnding virtue of this motion picw re is pe rh aps its success in prese ming a difficu lt s\,bjccl to $0 w ide an audience. "I";me, in a rev iew of u n usual praise. points oul , "The)' d id not confuse thc popu lar wit h Ihe vu lgar, avoided th e error of talk · ing down to t he viewer." SPACE J ou rn al recommends ,ll4rs alld He)o/Ill to all aStrona\us who want to in· troduce th eir ne ighbou to the age of space. I;or those who saw it on television, you will be surprised ar the added dimension afford ed by a l:lege scree n and the superb colo r for which it was designed. Crew memhers ;11 bottle suits mOI'e Ihe rorkel fa"di"K rrafl aU'a), from Ibe Martiall ship a"d il/lo positiol/ prior 10 attemptillg Ihe hazardous 600 mile drop 10 the M artiall SIIr/aCtl. 29 space journal �SPACE CARTOON S out-our space "Good heaIJem, tlfe Ibe 1110011.''' }'Qtl CQillC to build it to "Uh_ob •••" J.I-l£ ~Dv£nTU1~:£\ 30 space iournal �RIE O\ CTlOI VO X pDpuli (EDITOR'S NOTS: The ~m edition of SPACE Jnurnal broughc che following reactions from r..,.ders. ) "" , , , You may not remember . hi5 little SlOry. Professor Obcr.h, because it is so typical of you that it might ha\'e happened many times, hut it is as fresh in my memory as if it had occurred yesterday, It was early in 19·'13 at PeenemeunJe, the Ge rman rocket developme nt center on the banks of the Baltic Sea. \'(Ie test·f.red one of the first V2 rockets, and bec'.IIlSC the art of rocketry wns still in its infancy in those J t,ys. there was no "pad safety" to hold us hack from the launch ing site, When a missi le was fired, we stood under some pine trees not more than 300 feet away from ,he firing plalio r m. and we were happy to feel the dust and ,s,"l nd. and e\'en the fringe of • the hot biaSI, right in Oll r faces. T he V2 missile wen! off fine dun Jay, anJ our eyes followed it until it had d isappeared in the deep· b lue Baltic sky. When I turne(1 my eyes earthward agai n, saw your filce close 10 me. I h:.J never seen you before, but immediately recognized you from pholOgraphs. YOII gazed at a disrnnt point somewhere in the sky, but not at all in t he direct ion in whic h the hig rockel had jusl disappeared, I felt very happ y to stand so close to such an extraordi. nary man and perhaps 10 listen 10 what he miglll say, n ut you did not care to ta lk. After a long silence, I finally said, " It must I .--.-,.~=---=­ .. _-_.------._--.- - . --- 31 space journal �certai nl y be a most gratifying experience for you, Professor Oberth, to see how beautifull y you r ea rly dreams and concepts of large rockets hll,"e now come to life." But }'ou ne ither answered nor changed your ex pression. I was convinced tbat I had said so me thing "ery stupid, if not offensive. Afte r a long ti me, you slowly turned you r head , and you ke pt turning unt il you looked fa r ouc in the opposite dircction . After anothe r long pause, you talked, selecti ng rour words as carefully :Lnd slowly as only a dee p .probing thinker does: " 1 have the greatest ad miration fo r the engineers und Il'chnicians who buil t this rocket. But be· yond th at, it does nm lILean IILILch. \'\Ie havc known before that a rocket w ill work within and beyo nd che atmosphere. This rocket is only the first litt le step toward a much grea ter project: the exploration of ou ter space. Out th ere, there arc still so lIl uny thi ngs whic h we do not know and which a re perhaps far beyond our im"ginat ion . The re exploration is w hat really counts. \'{Ie must not fo rget this goal in the en th usiasm cha t a mere technical success may g ive U5." After th is. you contin ued to look sile ndy into the depth of space which was far away from your eres but so ve ry close to you r heart. H urll$vi lle, Al a. Ernst Stuhl inger Dear Editor, Vol. I, N o .1 , was handed to me fo r comment. . . . . I have just fi nisll(xl read ing it from co,'cr to cove r, somet hing I very rarely fllld time to do with any journ a l. P lease enter my su bscription, effective with the fir S! issue if possi ble. I fear you have (!Stab· lished slU;: h a hi g h level o f :lChievemcnr with t his first issue tha t yo u will not be ab le to sustai n ie, but the I>cst of I,,(:k 10 ),OLL in t his ende:l,·o r. In(:id ent aUy, regarding Dr. von Braun's contribution ( React ion, p. 39) in which he all r ib\L te5 rhe " Becau$C it is t here" remar k to Sir Edmund H illary; I ha,"e not checked any refe rences on t his but wasn't th is rc- 32 space iournal mark actually mad e by eiche r Ma llory or In·inc quite a few yea rs befo rc !-lillary's t imc? Yours sincere ly. Capt. Edwi n R . Arc hi b."lld USAF Holloma n AF8, N ew Mexico Dear Edito r, I hne JUSt read )'ou r magalci ne SPACE Journ al, and I like it very muc h. Howe,'c r , I wish to !,oint OUi an error in the React io n Depa rtment. In his first paragraph, Dr. VOIl 8raun refers 10 th e answe r " l3ecLuse it is there" to the questi on o f wh y anyone shou ld want 10 climb Mt. Eve rest. I-Iowe"er, this a nswer was not give n by Sir Edm und l'l illar)', but by George leigh-Mallory, who dis."lppeared on Mr. E"erest in 1924. On this, his third attempt 10 co nquer Mt. J~ ,"eres[, he and h is companion, Andrew Irvine, were hLst see n by N . E. Odell, hig h up the mountain. I'm sure that Sir Edm und was moti. vated by the d r ive to which Dr. vo n I3ra un refe rs, but hc d id not make the remark :lllrib uted 10 him. Yours truly. Euge ne Edelstein New York, N . Y. R ~gd~rI A rfbibnld ami f!.d~ls/~ill <Ire correel ill snj'itlg Ib,,1 Ibe sl<lletllellt I/'ns firs l lII<1de by George Leigh-Alallar,. Dr. 11011 Brallli is <llso corren ;1/ <lUribll/;llg tbe reo 1II<1t1t to Sir Edmlmd. Itl tb t! fi/111 fiocllllle"t· ;lIg tb e eXf!Cllit;o" , Sir EdllI/lml /lJed tbe pbrnse, g;Ii;lIg Le;gb-Mallory crefiil, alld said tbat be /lias 1IIolil'''/{u/ b)' tbe sallie reaso ll. Elli/or. Dear Edi tor, I w ant a one·year su bscription to SPACE Jo urna l. Start me wit h the winter issue .. Eadl iss ue of SPA CE J our nal COSIS SO cents :LIld it is published quarte rl y. \Xlhy docs it COSt $2. 2S for a one-yea r su bscri ptio n ? \Xl hy the ext ra 25 cents? Yo urs trlLl y. Leo Bigos III Ibe rllSb /0 gel Ihe first issue 0111, a good mall)' 1!J;'lgs bettll/lt! eOllfusednmOllg tbem tbt! priet! on tbe fO~'t!r of tbe �I scrolld prillll"g oJ the first ediliOIl. 'rhe (OrTecl price per co/') is 50 cellI!; )early Jlfbscriptioll prire;s 2.00. GrQwj,lg paillJ of " Jledglillg publirlllioll were also tbe callst! 0/ tbis de/a)e,1 steo"d cJilioll. The ubeJule ;s /l OIlJ Slabiliud. &iitor. Dcar I:ditor, I :un enrolled in a Icacher training pro· '. • gram at the local un;.crs ity and study ing the dcvc lopnU'nI of a ~Lm UlI;t now in the upper clemen wr y leve l. W'ilh the cmpl13sis placed on man and science in the world IOday, we ha,·c choSl' n the Study 01 Ainu as the theme of our initial unit dcvcJo p' mCIH; its relation to his en vironment; its effects [II difTerem altitud es ;",<1 depths; and the co m pcnsnlio ns Ihal a rc n«C55:.r)' to enable him 10 :';0 beyond the stratosphere (:111<1 into space. if (:n:r). Do you hl"'C any pamphlets or in form:uion tlml we could have in relation to our IOpic? A bibliography and a lin of sources of inform:uion would also help grcatly. Ewa, Oahu. l!:awaii i\laSo"lko K iyabu A Iisl is 0'1 Ibe ",ay. &iilor. Dcar Editor, You·,·(' starled a publ ication which is mosl welcome. an([ J ca n'l co ncei"e of " beller group 10 hand le it. The SPACE Jou r. nal ce nainl y n~doo 10 coulHcract some of Ihe poo rl y wcineo "space a rticles" now appea ring in al m OSI e"ery newspaper and m ag:11,ine o n Ihe newssta nds. BUI my first reaction, when [ saw your firSI issue al Ihe local m agazine shop, was disgust. II's nOt bad enough that we're behind the Russiuns on Ihis thing. I thought - now here's another sensa tio n-ha ppy p ub. lisher It yillg to ma ke a fasl buck on it. .. , So I bo t hered to pick up your fust issue ami g lance down the list of contributo rs on Ihe co,'er. \V'ell, il looked rat her good -50 then. finally. I searchoo ins ide for the small print telling who did publish this magazine. /\nd I bought it. Consequently, my first suggestion would be thai )'ou incorporate 50me of that small print somewhe re on Ihe front co\'er, giving due cred it 10 the Rocket Cit y Astronomical Association of H untsv ille. Alabama, Secondly, I wou ld suggest thnt you ski p Ihe pocU)' . • • . But th e mOSt serious re'1ueSt I ha,'c 10 m ake is th at ),ou omit any science fiction. at least until the magazine reaches a sufficient size to spare a few pages on a sho rt slOry, InStead. I would much rather ha\'~ some good biographical studies of such men as Newton. Copernicus, and I:ermi, as well as GOOd:lrd and lowell---Qr eyen H. G, \'(' e lls or Daedalus, . , . Chic:'so, ll1 inois Joe Gibson Tballks for tbe ideas, Joe. A"d (IS a slart. ree tbe currem issl/e for a., <I,lide 011 Prof. Go(l(ltml. Editor, OeM Ed ilor, I htuc read 5C\'cral arlicles in you r first issue of SPACE Jou rn:ll, aod find myself particularly intrigued widl D r, Yon Braun's "Where Arc We Going?" nnd Mr. W hi p_ p l ~'s " \'(/ hy Conquer Space." I find that the inspiration expressed by these could use some backing in S P ACE Journal in OIher forms than Icehoi",11 articles. . . . . I call 10 mind particularly Ihe appeal 10 youth, And I can So"ly from my own ex. perience that m)' present interest in astron_ omy has its founda tion s not o nl y in the popular books 50 readily a\'a ilable on thc subject , but 11 150 in li n aCli\'c participation in some astro nomical experiment, I am sure Ihat lmd I nOI observed an eclipse of the moon in 19.f3 o r 1944, or lookl..x) at the sky w ilh bi nocu lars lind 1:lIcr II telescope (ho m em:,deJ. I would not have show n much ell1husiasm fo r Ihe HatS, For m~ny peo p le Ihe reading of books a nd art icles is ad· c(pHl!e. bllt I fecI Ihol expericnci ng t he fecI of looking through a Iclescope on a cold night o r developing t he f,cst negrll i\'e of an attempted moo n pholOgmph odds an essentia l ingredient 10 th e flourishi ng of an interest, Somehow. I fee l t hat suc h an ingredient should be pllt into SPACE Journal. As an eX:lfllple YOll migl\l sup pl y information on the frl..'quencies and noture o f the signals 10 be used by the \,:l riO U5 satellites' lransmitters 50 Ih:1I amaleurs with Iimiled equipmelll can cnjo), so me of this "acti ve p."lrtic ipation," That the R ussian Sputni k had o ne signa l 50 com'enientl)' 10000led in the 33 space journal �spectrum as to be available to inexpensive short w,lve receivers was well suited {O this. The satellite (.·ould be easily heard and, for example, its pulse rate established (counti ng pulses) and its signal strength could be graphed. And thnugh no useful d ata may be recorded in sllch a fashion, what is there lost, if this helps boost someone's interest in the conquest of space? I do not particu larly have in mind that another Moonwatch be established. J USt something that can put the amateu r in direct connlct w ith the activities, nOt through reading alone, but by "accive partic ipation .. · ' ,>,hat would be lost? Ikrkeley, Calif. ',>,ill iam E. K unkel Absolutely 'lotbing would be (mt, alld it is O/le of tbc aims of tbe SPACE jOf/rnal to stimulatc ;11$1 S/lcb illtercst amollg <I//latcurs. Ir1e pla'i to do i/lSt that ill fortbcomitlg isSllCI. Editor. Dear Editor, It is with considera b le enthusiasm that I discovcr<.>d )'our journal, not in the sedate and musty atmosphere of the public Jibr:try of Los Angeles, but deep in the skidrow section of Main Street. There in a bookstall famous for its girl)' magazines, foreign car publications, art smdies, and pin-ups, my ere fe11 on your exciting effort to interpret SP,KC [(....·hnology for the world. Particul"rl), of interest arc the philosophical remarks or intellectual justification for your acrivity. This I believe is importa n t for Americ;l11s, as we do not often u ndersmnd anything w h kh is devoid of economic motive. Thus far there has been no mcntion of oil wells, uranium deposits, or d iamond mines on Mars.. Just the pure possibility of discovery. I approve of this. The technical side of th is is of i[]{erest to me as I h,l\'c a sm;111 part in the technics of space travel: 1 work for a company Ih,1.[ manufaClllres vihrorrons, the vibral"ing wire type of tra nsducer wh ich me:tsures pressures with t;reat ,1(CUr;lCy ... t et me compliment yOllr staff on its rarc huma n appro;,ch to one of the greatest teChnological efforts of all time. Dr. von 34 space journal Braun, for a European, has considerable insight into the th inkint; of Texas. Ev ident_ ly they, roo, have been co ndiIione<l by "space" limitations, Y ours sincerely, V. E. Jenkins Tusti n, Calif. Los Allge/es, it appears, possesJeI OIIC of tbc more (/iscrimifltllillg skidrows ill 'he Call/Itry. SPACE 10m·//al, it also "PPCIITI, elljoj's evel1 a widcr audie/lcc tball we bad at first supposcd. Il7bilc tbc fint issllc contained 110 "mel/tiOll of oil wells, "'·allium tICIJ05il$, or ditmlO"d mines on ,\I"rs," succeedi"g issues will illclude <lrticles 011 all pbases of tbe 1I1IlII)' facel$ of sl,ace e.v/JloratiOIl. . illellitl· ing thc col/Jmerci,,1 possibilities of estabJisbiug illtlllstr)' 011 Mars, if such be feasible. SPACE 10url/al is collcef/zed with alll'rob_ lems alit! I,o ssibilities illvoll'cd ill space travel, alltl i" tbe futurc it willlJrillt (1Tlieles accordillgly. Editor. TH E ROC K ET CIT Y AS· TRONOi\I ICA L ASSOCIATION re-elected four officers and three board mcmbers to their posts for 1958. Re·elected were: Dr. ' ,>,eruher von Braun, who on January 29 received the Space Flight Plaque of the American As tronomica l Society, presiden t ; Mr. Conrad Swanson, vice president; Mr. Geort;c Farrell, secretary; all<I M r. Quincy Love, treas· u rer. Also re-elected as board membe rs of the association were Mr. ',>,ilhelm Angele, M r. B. Spencer Isbell, and i\l r. Gerhard H eller. Assoc iate board members elected wete i\I iss Susanne H iltc n and " I f. H artmut Schillint; to fill the positions vacaled by M.r. Gerd Schilling and M.r, Gerald SwanSOil. �I SP ACE FIC T IO H beyond th is star B y James l . Daniels, J r. B RAO PIU;SSED T HE BurrON be- side the buoyant cushion on whic h he lay. The seamless fabric CO"cr ing slid down from h is body and J isappcan.'<1 into t he footboa r<1. He stretched to loosen h is dormam muscles. So rhis was t he laska of the attempt. I..aska, day; he was eyen \Ising their wonls now. So flu, !iO far-from th:ll blue-green Earth wi th ils you ng gree n hills and azure sky. wilh irs sun_warm days and rhi nestone ni ghts. More than six months now, earth time, he had been here 0 11 this dead moon so far from Earth. Now, if the csc-.. pe ancmpt worked, he must go back with the disappointing an· s .....ers-the few that he had. The only reward for the whole long· heralded expedition was the p roof of (he Animate P rogression theory the Palomar Group had championed so long. The regimcntation, the 5lagn:1n1 Sffile of humanitr herc, the whole cr:unpot.-d and smffy, tomb-like existence of a dead·soule<1 pcople in these Domes on Ihis :jirless ic), world-C"en with its ever· lasting nuwmation , it was nil so dead, like these undecorated metal walls around him. • Bnld rolle<! up w sit on the side of the bed. T hc warnlth of h is feet wuehing the cool floor ~ICltlarl.."{1 the silent weathertron somewhcre in the cemer of the building. Th!! elose air sti rr!!d and freshened in th e room. Across the narrow room the blank door in the wall b)' the View-scree n broke silen tl r open. The liquid blonde girl who entered came toward hi m, smiling-flowed as if wil hout feet under her g listening Jegelinging skin. K ay-ba r! She alone could make him think of the folly of the a llempt. H e held out his (lrms for her. She g lided into them. "You sleep so long, was warm (l Ito. Ill)' One." Her voice "Am I suc h (I fool to go?" Urad held her out from h im. I ler face s,'"ldde ned. " Is the lime so soon, Urad?" T he answe r hurt within h im. " I suppose knew th:1I you would know, Ka y.bar, b ut couldn't (ell yo,,:' 1·le stood lip, Sl id ing her hnnds from his nrms, and turned away. The skylight had folded back, nnd the perpetual sodiulll light caSt pale re llow on the "~dlls of the room. Up beyo nd the mile-high cry stal dome the awful sputtering g iant, J upiter. W(lS almost direnl)' over· head. " 1 gue5S no 10"er in rour cons of history, 1I0r in the shorr t ime of man on earth, e ,'er faced a part ing an)' differently. How does a m:1II tell his woma n, ' I am going- amI wi t hout )'ou.' l:wfI when he is going to leln'c her. not jllSt hundreds of mi les or thollsu nds, bm millions, behi nd him." " I, like your I::. rth·poe u ' love rs, would sa)', 'T ake me with )'ou.''' She touched his should.:;r gent ly, Her breath was warm ugl. inst his back. I-Ie clasped the 11(lIIds she folded around h is waist. "But I will not so (lsk. I know thllt YOLl ha\'e ro, da rling; that it is not for you r p«Jplc or m ine; not for rour world or millc, bUI e"e n for all our kind, that you go. Goodbye, Brad, and may you Ih'e 10 see your green hills of Earth agai n." Urad's brCflth ached in his throat as she sli PIl,ed away and Out of the room. 35 space journal �" \'(filh how sleps w<.' lea\'<.' the dream couch, w which I wandered afur," I-Ie finished the line wilh his words, fo r truly his cOIning h:I<J been afar. lm'efrom own from A long dme afterward. in the San i-closet, with the cleansing son ic W:I\"<.'$ dngling his skin like a neC(lie shower, he closed his eyes to dream of Earth. He had been tingling with neeJI('s of excitement when he had first climbed [hosc long Slone stairs up to the oak.panel door of the Observatory. I I was t('n r('ars lal('r before he was ready. bcforc [h('y e,"en loid him that hc would be one of the three Ollt of Ihe thirty in the organization. the P:.tomar Group, who would take that long jump beyond (he pale bl ue Earth into dark space-to find those ancient answers. Since the mid-century war the basic ques· lion had been simple: "Can man endure in the face of contimlL'<I fratricide, with weapons in hand tnat can oblileratc life?" 36 space journal , Hut the sim plicity of the question had be· lied the complexity of the answer. Neilher Science nor Philosophy had been able to begin to answer. The ]>ondering of the q \lcsdo n had been bel:ned , pessimistic, and negative. In desperalion. Drs. Wherry, Carl, and others of Ihe first Palomar Group in the sixties had IllrnC(1 (0 the discarded theory of Animate Progression. which was simply Ihat solar syStem life had begun in eo ns past on the outermost planet when proper condi ti ons had e"olved; then as that planet wilh ils own cooling. the diminishing he:1I of the sun, and its own outward drihing from the sun, had lost its atmosphere a nd d ied, the life of the plnnet had moved on. or hud been mo\',,'!! by unknown coslllic forces, to the next planet nearer the Sun. The process had repeated irself u ntil our own Earrh had e\'olved life a nd l)Op ulated itself. Most scienti fic and research groups, infl ue nced by such limited theorics as \Xlildl's atmospheric cornposirion theor)"which would preclude ex istence of earth· �, lorm life on the other planers-had dis· claimed the An imate t heory and scoffed at the Pa lomar Group. But the grou p con· ti nued it.s astronom iC'll 1 resea rch. \'Vh ile the wodd sciences de\'oted research toward greater weapo ns and man rushed madly toward annihilation, the Pa lomar G roup de\'oted itself to t he Animate P rogression research, turning its spectroscopic swdles 10 each pi:lnet in rurn, constructing a n ac· curate sp:lce AIi:lS, and preparing men for space travel. Confident t hat t he guided missile and man ned rocke t programs wou ld inevitably overcomc ti,e tec hnological harriers to space trave l, the G rou p directed research tow;lnl sclecling the beSt possibility among the solar system planets lo r surv iving life. They reasoned that if [he Animate theory were correct t here would be a strong possibility that life had surv ived o n at least one of the o lder 1,IaneIS in the progression, and if such life had survived then the inhabitants by "irtue of the very cons of thei r existence shou ld be far wiser than earth's man. T he proper presentation of the question of man'S surviva l wou ld be to such "O ld Ones," if the)' uistcd. " b nned satell ites in the late sixties had helped (0 make possible t.he technological b reakthrough. The Moon Obsen'awry had been completed in 1971 and the Palomar Group, now redllime.:1 by science and the governmen t, 1110v&l. in the re in ri me for unobscured observations of Mars during its dose llpproach in August of Ihat year. Mtlrs prove<1 to be a ruSty d ri e.:l.up p lanet, but, d uring the nex t yetlr, electro·spectroscopic studies, without 1:1lrth's vapor Hnes to inter· ferc, revealed tim! Ve n u~ aClUally did have WlHcr vapo r in ils atmosphere. f urthermore. tI,a! atmosp he re wns actually evolving into a com l)Osit ion thar would support li fe for ms such as found on Eurth. Heartened by their Jisco\'eries, t he Grou p searched w ith re· newed lcal for some sign of sur vivi ng life on the outer planets. h was only w hen they began t.he ir study of the satellites that a real posSibility was fo\,nJ, Europa, the thi rd moon o f J upiter. Only sligh tly sma llc r than and tw ice as far from its parent as I:arth's 1I100n, it fasci. nuted t hc Group because o f its h ig h re fl ec· ti"if)', so high that fro m t he Moo n itS albedo pro"ed to be twe n ty times that of Earth. There SCi!med no way to explain it other than t har ir muS! be due to something a rt ificial. A nd art ifice in the Un;"crse could only mcan life. No t long aftt( the cad)' chemical space (Irives had taken man fO t he I\100n, Dr. Reinhold, wo rking with Neulfon ics Elec· tric, hnd dC\'cloped his G·Null Converter. R einhold had simply coupled Stuhlinger's Ion drivc experime n ts w it h the f orce·field Trtlnsmiue r developed in 1970 by H och· berger at M .1.T. and had comc up with a device for tra nsmitting a positive force ficld to a p rescribed area ahead of t he shi p and simultaneousl), pola ri zing t he entire sh ip to negnti\,e. It wou ld sim pl)' draw the shi p forward b)' lIU(nction, with its speed regulated by the strengt h of the field. By reversing the direction of the field from front to rea r and adjusting the strength, thc ship could be eased downward against a gra\,ir.n ional pull nt a controlled speed, thus simplifying landings on an)' planetary body. The legendary Paragraviry Device was a fact. • • • • i-iencc, the destination was determ ined, the course c harred, :md a feasib le sh ip un· de r construction when Brad Hudson. Myron Drake nnd Sieve Arnhearst were Sl'lecte<1 fO form t he crew of the SfA RI'fRE. T he Sf / JRPIRI? had bunched from t he moon in the spring of n inety. three. Fo r the ent ire nine months there had no r been a single major malfunction-just the vast da rkness and the mo notonous h"m of the G·Null Converter in the compart· ment next to h is bun k. At times it had not been easy to hold back the shrill \'o ice in· side t hat kept trying to sh riek out agai nst the h um and the weightlessness that "'en t he mag net ic sole5 had not been sufficiem to overcomc. The), st iU left o ne wi th the feel ing o f hanging from the ceiliDg by the shoes. Another n inety hours would bri llg tbe sh ip in to the J up iter gravitational field. 37 sp.!lce journal �38 space journal ------------------------~ �T hen wou ld come (he real test of Reinhold's Com "cncr. If it could build up sufficien t braki ng power 10 ho ld aga inst t he J upi te r fie ld, at least un ti l they cou ld get into a n orbit arou nd t he tin y Europa! Re inhold had been confidcm , but th en he was the (:lI her o f the thi ng and was (J ot the o ne hav ing 10 leu i l . Brad was som ewhat 11 (>prehensh -e. H is r ig id stomach m uscles assu red h im of t hllt. • • • Forwa rd, in the bu lbous nose of the ship, t he shore squa t A m hearst am id dial s and panels h unched suddenl y forward w ith his eyes g lued to t he ele<:troocope, sca n n ing the now baskct ball·s iwd J upiter and the rapid e ll ip ti c swing o f Euro pa aro und it. " Beue r gC I up here, you t WO," A m hcarst's hoa rse "oice b las ted sudden ly loud over t he he lmet inte rco m . Brad Soar u p as the lank y D rake brushed paS! h im with his robot-like wadd le_ Afte r twO yea rs of (raining and ni ne months out, Dra ke st ill had n't lea rned to coordi nate h i5 moveme ntS wi th t he alternate left- right, on-off, automatic switc h ing of the magnetic soles for walking. Brad followed the long man 10 the from. Beyond the forward port, J upitcr was ballooning at a terr ific rate. " \Vhat ?" Drake's calm rationa li ty came t hrough, C"en in his voice. The cool· headed bean pole had been the smbilizing factor th roughout the long ,·oyage. Amhearst, in :lnswer , mot ioned IOward the forwa rd port. " Europ:I'S Ihe lillie mile 10 t he right now. Y Oll {;:Ln see it with t he naked eye."' And Ihere it was, a tiny brighl light, sliding across Ihe red Aurry of J upiter'S south tropi. cal disturbance. "Now l:heck the electro· scope!" Am hea rSI slid b.1Ck from the face picce. Urad p ressed his own helmet to the scope. T he enla rged scope image broug ht the little moon a Ihousand ti mes closer. It was ice wh ite wit h crystal-like specks dotting the face of it. "T here's lifc--or was!" Brad forced himself to re lax against his childis h desire to jump up and down. H e enriched his oxygen supply and breathed deliberately slow and long. \Vithin ten hours Ihe crystal spotS had resoh'ed in to dea r dome like Stnl{;t uces on the ice,co" ered moon, spaced geometrically m'c r t he su r face. T h us, the high albedo was accounted for. In a nother live hours city· likc arrays o f Structu res could be seen in each of t he g ian t Domes. Dur ing h is third ten· hou r w atch since t hc ol»cr vatio ns had begu n Brad could make o ut cylind r ical a nd hemis pherical bu ild ings, g lint ing b r igh tl y me ta l.lic in t he art ificial ye llow glow inside the Domes. By now Ihe appre hoosion had again rep laced the exci teme nr: W ou ld the li fe th at had crea ted th is hu man· like arc hi tecture still exist inside t hose bu bbles t hat had no do ub t enab led t he m to survive afte r the death of their wo rl d? T he apprehension doub led into cold sweat when Brad called th e ot hers to statio ns for the fie ld reversa l. 110r now wou ld be the teSt- hu rtl ing in. wa rd toward J upi te r Ilt one hu ndred thous... nd m iles pe r hou r. Dmke and Amhearst sl rappcJ in and checked. Brad glanced o,'er the panels and d ials. "Nowl" he 5o.. id. He locked the la nding Con tro l in lO the orbit of Europa. H e sucked in his breath and he ld it, Aashed the red panel ale rt, and {;ut t he Con,'ener to Zero. He pressed the Field Re,'ersa l leve r to Automatic. The Field· D ial needle snllppt.oJ across the face of the dial and locked on Re\·crsc. Now, wou ld it hold? Brad breathed again. lea ned back and adjusted his body straps. The slow ing bodylUgging tlcceler~lI ion began. Fi ve hours of this and t he n lan<ling. Quite suddenly Ihe b lackness came, and he knew no more. \Vhen Ihe inwa rd Aow of returni ng con · sciousness ehbed, Urad was aware of an ac hi ng while lig h t. It S<.-etned 10 ha ve no sou rce. H e was not on the ship! H e mUSt have rni.scalcll l ~lIed the decell'ra t io n rate. So the AulQmat i{; had landed them. He lay on a dllis of some k ind in the center of a rather bare and cold hemisp heriC-oil roo m. On one side of the room were te n whitecloaked figures scared behind a panel of desks. After a momenl Brad reali~ed that he was the object of their attention. He bl inke.:l again, (o r the len were idemicalstmiglu coal·black ha ir, pale skinned and heavy browed. As Urad studied the cold 39 sp ace journal �impassive faces, the one in the cemer spoke. "You, Space Comer, are in the presence of Primesters. I am Ko-Pa ll, the J udge Superior of th is world. \Xfe b(we ascertained that you are the Prime One of the comers." If/bill of tbe olber$.' Urad cou ld not spea k. " To know you nnd your race we have kept )'OU unconscious as we found you, for ou r psyc ho.physio exam inations. Now, we must exam ine )'ou in a conscious state. You w ill tOuch t he protr usion unde r rour right hand, please." T he b:ISS ,·oice /l owed Out with a hrp nolic resonance. The ma n's f(lce rem;, ined expressionless, but there was a sinister hardness a round the da rk glinting eres. Brnd fingered the knob under his palnl and pressed. T he dais resolved itself imo a n eas)' cha ir shape, leaving him in a comfortable up right position. So smooth was the tr1H1sfoTm;,tion tha t Drad's reltex tensing had not time to brace his bod)' agai nst it. Now the tenseness weLU au I . The r;Ul{ness in his head !Old him that his hod{s relaxed condition was Slill part of the elTC(:t of whatever narcoleptic inducing agent they had used on hint. " YOII have of course hccn thoroughly exam ine<1 by our l'srcllO- Physiological 1X."Ople and aLIT Dio·7...QO logiC;11 staffs while you were narcothi7.ed. as h""e the o t hers of your people." D rake. AIII!ullr$t_ tl·bere are the) ? Urad stra ined to speak. " In a moment," Ko-Pall s.1id, "YOII w ill be able 10 speak. As for your friends, if that is rou r concern , they life safe. They, tOO, ;. re being studied. \X' e will not harm )'ou. I aSSure )'OU tha t Ollr interest is pu re ly scientific and ratio nal. Idlc curiosity has no place in our world. You w ill, of cour§('. obscn'e that we corwer§(' in rour langwlge. This we know will not surprise )'01L. as rOil people had on your "chide p r imit i"e electron ic tnLnslators ' ;,"d deciphering devices; hence, rOLL Me ;Iware of the sim pl!! process of defining and reproducing ;1 language. You k now t hat the neX t ste p is a de"ice for imposing the mechanics On the brain of Ihe lea rne r. All extension of m ncmonics docs il." Of course, Urad t hought. So /I'e Bartb· 40 space journal 1/1611 hll!!e gOlle $0 far with 16(bnology tbat we f orgot Ibe simple lillIe hUlllal1 elemBllls. -rbirty dll)'s bath September-. " If you arc wondering about the Prime· SIers you see here, we arc thc go,·e rn mc tH. The Primesters' specia l illlerest in ),011 is political not clinical or scientific. Our Science a nd T ech·Councils have th ose areas. Our exam ination need not be feared . Now, you arc advanced as a life form , otherwise you would 110( !la,'C ,'cntured through space. You are ad"anced as a race, otherwise you could not. Natu rally we must dete r mine whether you ;rre a t hreat to OlLr world. Our Tech-Councils, tlfter their eXIlIlIi· nation of you r ship and other equ ipment, hn"e all assured us that you can be such a threat. Now, we must ;Iscermi n your politi . cal intentions and I:>otemiai for we know that it is pol itical and commercial Ilmbition, not scientific potent ial, that initiates cooAict." Ko· Pall clasped whi te bony hands before him on rhe black metallic desk top . "W'e ;Ire. of course, a m a~cd that your life form, e"en though more primiti,'e in its e.-olu· tio nary nate, is similar to ours, fo r our reSClrrch has prove n com patibilit y of man y ;md radically different life for ms wi th the uni"c rse. \'(Ie ha"e dc term in('d that you arc of Planet Th r~ of Our Solar S)'Sfem?" The cold man paused as if wa iting for an answer. Brad's '"oice (:ame now, but hoarsely. "Yes. we are from I~arth." " \Xle had detected life there but thoug h t it more primiti"e." Ko· Pa ll's face d ispla)'c<1 some slight signs of inte rest now. "\Vhy did you come here?" Brad's '·oice came easier. He explained the Animate theory. the question of man's sor"i"lll. a nd the nal\1r111 curiosity of 1:lL rthlings. \Vhen he had fioishe<l, the Primeste r Council filed solemnly out, like a panel of robed English judges. The)' let him slc.:.-el' e ight hours in a cubicle off the central room-then back for quenion5. Question eight, sleep eightmethodically (he)" continu(.-d fhe e:o;aOl ina· lion. co"ering cver)' face l of ea rl h life. Sociel), and gm'ern ment, they prolx.-d unt il �(here was nothing in his mi nd in those areas t hey d id nor know. The food COli · «'n mues Ihcy b rought him w(' rc tasteless. He grew weary. Ko- Pall grew morc persistent, a] mOS I sadistic, un til th e cold ha n] face and mClhods fused inw a brinle si n ister • personal ity. And B rad knew fhe man was d:l!Igc rous. He beaullc so cTuc ll y h uman -the racket boss, the d ict'dlor. In his nea r ly n umbed 5 1111(', Brad s:nv the possibility of answer to Eanhrn an's dilemma fade and die in Ihc face of this self·centered man. So here, nfle r cons of ('xistcnc(', was man. Surviv ing, yes, bUI s[;l1 thc sa me selfis h, powe rmad Cf(~alurc that was dlc younger 1::lrth kind. T hen, abruptly, Ihe cxamin:uions ceased w illi Ko- Pall's p ronOllnce mc n l tha t t he Ear t hmen were teu l), a ducal to Europa. B rad k new that here would be Ko-Pall's • , stepping stone fa mo re powe r, the eli m ioa· t ion of the t hreat. T hey had sem him to ~ hl-bar the n" I u- bnr the D ireclOr of Bio-Sciem:es for Euro pa. It "':1$ to this w i;,;ened little /11:10 with cri nkl)' cornered eyes and gemle mouth, :ond 10 his daughte r Kay.ba r, thnt Brad owed h is survival these six mon ths since the Primester's inquisitio n. Ko- Pa ll had conceded 10 Mu·b:lrs· demand and hud grallted a six· mont h observat ion pe r iod. Under this guise " III-bar had taken 13md into his own apartment. There. w it h Kay_ bar's <ln ily com pany, Brad hild learned the comforts of this hermetic world- t he sonic shower, where now he su)()(1 tingling; the d cct ronic app lian ccs wit h no wires; th e tcle" ision and tclepat hic SClnners. projccIOrs. il!ld monitors, c,'en to control sleep and rest: the diseaselcss cities; the illg:!e nnd plnn k ton food production ; Ihe ar ti ficinl su n light and I>ower harnessed to Jupite r's ceaseless hyd roge n eruptive acti"ity, tha i was thc great n ed Spot. And with Ka)'- ba r he leMnc<;! the 10"e he had nO! had time fo r in his I;art h ),ears of ime nse st udy and mlin· illg. \X' ith M u·b.1r Brad lea rn ed t he ho rrorsregimentation a nd hollow commu nal liv. ing, controlled genes thul rep rOl.h,,:ed euc h human type necdc<;! for specifIC blots in t he economy, w h ich expluined the similarity of the P r irneSlers. He learned of t he incessan t nnd aocient m ig rnt ion of the race. He leurned how ,\Iu-bar, in revolt against the order. had ahe red the state prescri bed genetic st r uct ure for h is own da ughter Ml that she Imd been born a throwb:lck, an individulil . unordered, unpatterned, q uile h uma n-nnd \'err fe male. Now in his da rk cubicle shower, Bead tried \0 bring it ;'uo focu$--the cold "i ndic· th'e Ko- Pall, the rfll iona l but dy ing world, his ow n lo nely years of fierce objectivity, his own self·sufficient Earthkind. Eres closed, he leaned aga inst the close meta ll ic shower w ;.]1. [r)·iog to reclaim Mlrtle di rt>ction from (he swirling weariness, w hile the whole unive rse coalesced, and all the outward flow o f sense And life from t he center o f h is being re"e rscd a nd w horled inward to compress within dIe boundar ies of consciousness. And he was awa re of the buf_ fe li ng flow-Ihe baffl ing reco il And wi ldly r ichocheting out flowing force of self. For ooe bright 1110melll, poised on the p recipice of "ast incomprehensible k nowing, he knew the basic fl nw of the man :lII il11al: that ration al ou t.flow ing. t hat cente ring ;n self of all that is k nowledge, a ll t hat is bei ng in time and space, all that is li fe-the misconception rhat humanity is in itself comp lete, the cen ter of the cosmos, und that mn ll is in cont rol. T hen in a moment it was gone and Br:ld was there again in t he sho wer, JUSt a setlred lillie man in an a lien land five hund red millio n miles from ho rne. -To btl cOlltbllled ill thtl 1It1.\·t isslltl of SI'ACIJ }(JllmalIT IS OF GR EAT IMPOR_ TA NCE that rhe gene ral public be give n an o pportunity to ex· periellcc--conseiousIy und illle]· ligeflll)"-the efforts and resu its of scientific resea rch. It is not sufficient t il tH each result be rake n "p, elaborated, and applied br a few specialists in t he field . Rest r ict ing the body of k nowl· edge to a small g roup deadens the ph ilosophical spi rit of a 1)(.'0pIc alld lead s to spiri t ual povert)'. - AJ be rt Einstein. 41 space journal �F[Co Win d M, ,,,o,y Co",p~I., _ on old .,h •• 1I0"'[I<>liollol .y.I .... op.'· 01. wilh Doppl... No miuile syttemt can be illustrated because of Ihe level of classificalion. fiCo is doing extensive work in ABMA's Redstone and Jupi· ler programt, in Iho Navy', Torlar and Terrier programs, and in other projects. 42 space journal FICo Vi '''''~nd • • Computillg Tim.r - <onl.ol. up 10 RYe .... iol <0 ....0. •'",,,lton...,,.ly. Highly 'O .. pod. ±S' ....",o.y. 6" long _ 2" d io ... FIC.. Mogn.ti< Vo ri .. ,lon C.. mpu'" - p,.et"d...... IOf ...,n"ol ' i on in ...... lIo'<igaIiOt'!. fiCo ASN·6 P.... nt ~o .itloll Com_ p~ t . . Sr.t .... - [ndl ... t ...... nd 'On· '.01 a re .hown. d '0"'" Ii., f lC .. Te. t s.t _ fa. night ,h,ck a ,,, of lIavigaiionol .y.,.... S.II· <ontain.d and po,'abl • . FICo hh ..".1 T."'p . .... u•• [nd iu,_ t ... _ .ang. 200' C 10 lOOO' C wilh fiCo Anolog·to·Dlgl, .. 1 Conyo,te. _ for oi.bo... ... dng .y.t... I.. , h .. l'Fi< <..nhol. �I Ford Instrument provides the systems • Navigational Systems and Compulers Exhaust Temperature Indicators Cru ise Controls Sensing Systems fo r Traffic Control • Guidance Systems Drone Controls MinHe Launching ond Control Compulers Computing Timers for Aerial Phologrophy Computer and Control Components Plouin9 Equipme nt FORD INSTRUMENT CO. DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION 31·'0 Thomson Av enue, Long It la nd Cily 1, New York Beverly Hills, Colif. Daylon, Ohio f., i"'-,mat'" ... fI C. ', aero one! .Issile " ",,,5 I11III (ClpClbililies, write to fiCo', AIRBORNf EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT. 43 space iournal �44 space journal �I snow nor or gloom of night • , "We ;.... now capable o( • .,ndmg" an object ouuide the "arlh'. gnvltational held. Such a propulaion .yatem could carry rook'" rn"'II"lIero loth" moon, and we nre able t o cUunal" 'he COlt of a ro ck~ 1 m"il ltamp needed . The probluTIS i nh~r"nl in the oyl t ern have a.l ready been lolved by progre •• in .olid propellan t rocketry." 0,. . H. W. Ritchey Projecu .ueh ", "Rocku Mad to the Moon" m .. y be nec,,"ury looner , han we think. S1<,illed, te~h ­ nlcal1y t ... IMd ,nd.v.du",h are needed byThiokollO "nabl .. '"ell t,,\u,e projecU . Adda .. "''1U1rie'' \0: DIVI!oIO .... . HUNTSVi llE. ALAtAM" : : = • 45 space journal �guidi ng ha nd f or tomo rrow's power Skilled hands coupled with keen minds made tOOay's rocket powcrplants a reality. Minds that formulate new theories in powcrplant design ... and hands that prove these theories by careful experiment, tcst and application. Guided by such hands and minds, RMI has led the way fo r over fi fteen years - designing and producing record-break ing powcrplants for such supersonic vehicles as the X-lA , Skyrocket and the Viking missile. Today and in the future, RMI engineers and scientists will continue to blaze the trail toward advanced propulsion systems for" manned and guided flight. Engineers, Scientists-Perhaps yo u, too, can work wilh America'sft,sr rocket family. You'll find the problems challenging, the rewards great. P r og r es s D . NVILL _. 40 space iournal i �PUR1F1ER CHAMseR WHERE RELIABILITY SPELLS SUCCESS • . • • • Custom designed, precision built. Robbins Aviation products have been instrumental in the successful attempts of man to penetrate outer space. Progressive research and development in our laboratories will help to assure the success of future space exploration efforts, .. MANUAL • LEAKPROOF .. EASILY SERVICED • 1 • AUTOMATIC '* FOR DETAI LED INFORMATION WRITE CUSTOMIZED DEHYDRATION SYSTEMS " Wh r i~ Ih~,~ Mt'n I;m~ ~""",:" 10 do ;/ righl Iml ol"''''r_ lim~ ~"(),,gh to do ,', Ol'U.'H DO IT l iGHT THE fiRST 'I"'~! USE lOllll<l5 VALYUI 17]5 W. FL O RENCE AV E. l OS ANGEL ES 4 7, CA LIF. 47 space journal �IS YOUR FUTURE SECURE? Be sure you get your future copies of SPACE Journal by subscribing today one year only $2. DETACH HERE ANO MAIL SPACE Journal P. 0. Box 94 Nashville. Tennessee Name _________________________________ Address ________________________________ Occupation ____________-----;_______________ 48 space iournal �, On the lefl. aoon'. i~ the huS" cylinder of sirtl a nd aluminum ~no..-n U Rt:DSToSt: (built by Chry~tcr Corporation) the larg<'81 balli.,ic ",i•• ile in full indll~trial produc. tion. I'crftx: led ill Illl all.iltlpo rlnll ' projec t at I I 1Inl~\'ilk, Ala!>ltrna, by th e Army, Red,lOne i~ more Ih~n Il ...·CII(IOn. It ,3 a mile"IOne of irnmru:;e proporuolU. On the right-and goin!; inlO 11'OO:]IIcl;on unde r anI'''' Arl11 y ~onlraC I "jIlt Chry~lcr Corpora lion - is Jt'Pl'TE R - the first off· Kpring of R{'II,lone. DODGE a n inlcrmooiale ra"g<'l mi~ile clIpable of tranoling 1.'ioOO mil.:-•. \\ illlOut Red< lol)l', Ju pi ter would uever have come jll \O heing with the 1l!lonishing '''I,;<li'y tha i hn markco:i iu STO",t h from e~ perinM'nla l iM.. 10 produc_ tion ~talll~. Milly of t he f'rinciplc! u!<!(] in J upiICr- Vf()pllt~ion. suida uc<: alld oou· Irol, mcasuring &ys t em~ ani l fligh t con trob THE FORUI'ARD LOOK PLYMOUTH It ·~ - hale be e n pro l<e d in &ucce n fu l li ed-tone firino~< Ch rysler Corporalion i5 proud of il8 role in helpi"~ to create two ~ neTlition~ or Iluided n\l S!i lc~< Along wilh the men who have made the Arm y Hllllisti c Mi,.ile A,,'ellcy the mo.t succe5I!ful rn i~iJe head· quarters in Arneri~, we are no,,· continu_ ing Ihi5 prOorarn of progreu . This, /00, is CHRYSLER CORPORATION DE SOTO • CHRYSLER IMPERIAL �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <i>Space Journal</i>, vol 1, no.2, Spring 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1958_spring Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Life on other planets Rocketry Cold War Goddard, Robert Hutchings, 1882-1945 Propulsion systems Space flight Space race--United States--History--20th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/61/spc_hinr_001_060a.pdf 402ddd125572cc78daee34acd8bed5bc PDF Text Text �' o,d In ~ tn.m ."t Co. ," ", in •• , ,·hc,;l_ Hir,""aring g) ro (.)r nng"lar drif1 On equ;.torial test stand. T",t can .hQ,," up drift rate~ as Iowa. on" rC'Qliuiou in 40 year •. Test) !i~e thi, .. helped Army put "Explorer" into orbit Some 01 Ford Ins trument's current or recent programs include : oystcms •.. A••h lon •• ~d J~pi' •• Mlso,le laYnchi~8 .~d conl"'1 o,de. compule •• Nev, •• Uon.1 .~d mission co~"ol In . t1lall~>da"". incl~d'nl Analoe: .~d d'I".1 compu'e, oy"eml fu .. nl .•• mln, .~d oth •• wOft>e.d cO~I'ol equipment PI"tti"1 equipment Nucl. . , .y.,.m•• nd control. A special guidance system for the Jupiter C. de' eloped b) lhe Arm)" lJalltstic ~lIss;le Agency. \Ioas used 10 launch the first U. S. artificial satellite inlO spa,,~. Many componeills of this S) , tern "ere provided by Ford Instrument Co.. prime contractor for bolh the ··standard·· U. S. Arnl) Ikdstone and Jupiler guidance systems. The fabulously-etjuipped. fantast;call)-clean g)W lab (abol'e) is only a sma ll part of the adv;mced research lind dcvelopment {acilities a\·ailable al Ford Inslrumenl Co. They're us.cU to create ami produce the incredibly accurate control 5)Slems called for by modern tech. nology in bot h government and industry. And l ord Instrument·, large-scale precision manufae1uring facilities can turn evcn the most cri li cal 5JStcm requir('mcnl5 into "orting ··hardl'oarc·· o n a quantit)-production basis. Our Liaison Engineers arc at your )erviec to discuss "e your sys tem requirements. Gun'". conl...,l. 0."". conl,ol. FORD INSTRUMENT CO. DIVISION OF ,sPERRY RAND CORPORATION 31-10 Ttoom son Avenue, Long I S I"nd Clly I. New York fi. ld h i•• Of h e.. , B.v.'I~ H il l •• Ce lif., Ooyton. Oh io �JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO·SCIENCES CONTENTS Vol. I. No.3 Summer 1958 CO VE RS 10ARD Of CONSUUANf$ Df. W .,~hOf __ 'f "~~ FRONT : Layout and design by Ha rry Lange. Ske tch is Elplorer I (See page IS for story) BACK: Oil painting by H!lrry Lange was inspired by John Hulley's "The Purpose of Man In The Uni_ vene" {see page 3) 0 , ~ '~' f Sfok!I.<iOf ',of . H.,,,, ... Ob.,fh lDUOR_IN _C Hl lF , ~p .. c., IIb.11 EOI TORIIl M AN AG ING (DUOR 2 PROJECTING WITH SPACE JOURNAL Ja mel l. Da niels, Jr. ASSOC IAH ID IT OR ASSO CIAH I.W <h.11 ~ HITURES 3 THE PURPOSE OF MAN IN THE UNIVERSE John Hulley B LAUNCHING THE EXPLORER SATELLITES James L Stamy IS SPATIAL ORI ENTATION OF EXPLORER SATELLITES Dr. Charles Lundquist 21 LIFE ON O THER STARS-Part II Dr. Ernst Sluhlinger 31 THE ACID TEST Dr. Wernher von Bra un ~DIfOR ~h., .... J,. ASSIST ANT (DUOII ~AYOUT DIRlCTOR Ho,old E. ',k. AliT DIRECTOR Hon, H .· ~ GIIA~HICS ~ •• ~ OEPRRTMENTS L... ~. 37 SPACE BOOKS 43 OUT_OU R_S PACE 44 VOX POPULI DIRfCTOR 1<400". Jf. FI CTION SPRCE IUSINUS MANA GllI II lch.,d T. H •• ~, 47 CON '."UT OIIS f . H .. ,old Eo.o •. 0 01 " bo ' , .,. 1<40 11 , D•• IIb.ll. " I~ space review lipace C/lrtoonl Tuction BEYOND THI S STAR_Final Chapter James l. Daniels. Jr. L•• q •• ~o,o '-4 . '-4 0"0'. Vi' 9 1.,. ~ho, .... 1<4 0', J o•• Do • • W."o. T. 1<4 "'1 ' 0". "''1""' Hoch. SUIM ISSIO N 0' MAHII I A~ l ito ,. b", '"lo. of "'0,.,1.1 to ,h ', Jou, ••1 I, 01 .. . , . . . .Ic"",.; .,11" .. of !iOO ' 0 JfIDG .. o,d • S•• d III. 0,19' ... 1 0. " hit. bo.d p .... ,. I, ... ",;"... do.bl. ",.cod, pl •• 1",o .. ,bo ••. L.. , • • 1 ' ....1 • ""o·'.ch "'f910 "" oil .Ido ••• d ~ OI .11 111.,...110" " II ~ .h. 1..1. ,,,,,.Id b. , • 10 i.,h., .", '11 0'" I1., k. Th ••• d litl • • hG.ld b. on ,,, . " 0.'''' ;1'1. ... pic " " 01 Ih ••• '" ., u d • , h.,1 b loq,. "h ',ol .01• • ,. ,.q. I,.d 1o. " ublico lio •. Soc.,it, c l.. , •• <o fo, .11 "' 0. ..101 lUbfll l.. od I, Ih. ,.,,,o.,l bm,. 01 Ih. 0.' ''.'. PI .. ,. , •• d mo,.';.1 10 H ... CE Jou ,.ol , 0. '"". 12. H •• II.ill •• Alol>o.", •. All ", ol.d. 1 o"o"lod 10' ",bli.. . bocoro., '" . o. cl •• l •• 01 $PACE Jour • • 1. ""'tt .o,. ,,,.f.,,0<1 !+I.,., ••"'••• '"0'0'1'' ''''' ,o. SUISCIIIPT'ONS U.itO<l 510'" .. 0<1 C ...d. ' I.~O JOU, •• I. , . 0. h . '14. NOIh.II1 •• ,,0< ,.. , (f ..., ,.",•• 1. "to"o'" For.19. U .OO "Of Y,. f. fl •• , •••• d .11 .ubw' ''I1o •• 10 S'ACE 1 0~0 ..... ADV!UISING Ad •• ,t".I.~ , . ..... ill b. I", ;,h. d O. "quo, 1 10 S" ... En ,. ,pf"". , . 0. 10 ' OM , N. ,h. ill •• I • • n...... N. " Yo< • • nd ~~;'~'." 'L;; ~:~:I.~·:::DO~.%·:T"~c:;..:.4J 11t'·~·~I:l t. , .r. .L~~·:c!·~o ~.is ~:;k.!oS: .: C~~b;~-:lln~:.:!~'. ~~,~:. \! So...I•• W ...... 'ortl •• d . 0, •.• 0 •••• ,. Colo .• H ou'I .... T••.• Tul ... Okl •• puni SHIN G S","CE Jo .... l i. Ih. 1'111... 1 orq •• 01 .h. ~od., Ci •• "'.' ,onom;,.1 .....ocl." .... t"~. . . .~· p, or. •• • 0.·poI: ,:"I . • • d .due.. i"" . 1 o, ~ •• ,.. ' lo. I. H.n! .. ill • . AI.b . mo . Th. Jp .. . ol ;, p .bll .... d q.",.,I, br Sp .... h •• , ,,, :,. ,, "' " . ,ill •• To, n." ... APpli cotio. 10' .. cp.d·,I .. , " ,W' q P.,mit p.. dlnq . 1 N•• h,ill., hn n..... . () br S.. oco Inc. IfSI. SP ' " ~ ••• ,p'I,.. , 1.<.; G.o,~. J . M,,,id , " . , .. F .. d W, ;q",. y." • •. ~i<h .'d H"n. y. " ..: Tho.,. , G ..... I CO.'IOI. J. 1<4 5."'''' ••• 1 ...... E. No,d .olt. DI,oe ' o •. ° KI .. ,:foc I., .• i. Jour • • I. Sch . lto<. space journal �fDITDRIAL Proj ect ing With Space Journal B y J a m es L. D a n i el s, Jr. ...OC;U. editor Recently I had lunch wi th a Sunday supplement maga zine editor who is interelted in our magazi ne ven ture in the ~poce foeld. This editor, a veteron of neo rly three de<;o des in the publishing bUliness, asked a ques tion which has come to us in various forms from reoden, advertisers, and publishe.. , "What has SPACE Journal to ofter thot any other magazine h\l$n 't?" Then, 01 course, he osked the logical ,ubsequen t queltions about diredion ond ob· jectives. The onlWer to the basic question is .imple: SPACE Journal ofters the layman the belt Ihinking 0 1 Ihe leoding o uthori lies in the os l/a-lciences and in Space Age philosophy in lan_ guage that he, the laymon, can understand. The layman cannot get such authentic and informolive material else where for two rea~on$: one, these outhors do no t normolly appear in ather populor mogozin e s; two, when their work is p ublished it is usually in technical and sc ie ntific publica tions and in complex technical language which the laym a n conna l understand. From this an.wer the logical extension of the first question ori'e., "Why?" The ans wer to this one falls in the cotegary 01 objectives and direction. The "why" we wish to afte r the layman space informotian becomes the "whot" 01 our o b jective and the " where" and "which" 01 our di redion. Our objective is the motivation of man to survive. We believe that the human race can conti n ue 10 develop o nd to survive on ly through mo vi ng ou t into the Yo st rea ch es 01 this e verexpanding unive"e. We want no ordered, stognant, communal exis tence and slow intellec tual deoth under government-regulated birth. life, and deoth, no Brove New World-restriclions which necen ar il y wi ll be imposed if man remai ns roo ted 10 terra firmo. As Mal thu. knew, the Earth has ih limit. in numbers 0 1 animol, it can support. Already scien tists are predicting that within a lew year. the elimination of most animal Iile other than human will be a necenity. Even wi th scie ntific and tech nologica l e ftkiency that may surpass all known bounds, mo n, if he reo mains on Earth, will ultim ately hove to curb his indisc riminate spawning and cramp himself into lor less spoce per person thon he now hos, even in his postage stomp urban lots and tenement hovels. He will be lorced to sac rifice hi. individuol existence to the 5upreme organism, the Ito te, so thai, once achieved, Ih e me tabolic b a lonce of the whol e con b e moin lo ined. Finally, if man does achieve Ihis precarious bolance lor physical survival on Earth, he must eventually perish with his OWn sola, system when ils life givin g sun 01 lasl goes oul. Th e re fore, we mu,t gel ou!. O ur earth bound frontiers o re gone; we must e xplore the new ones; we musl open the universe lor man's incenont migration so Ihot he may con tinue to grow, to e~pand hi, power to comprehend, and to progren up Ihe infinite ladder of lime. Hol d ing the se view I, SPAC E Jou.no l has no difficul ty in choosi ng its direc tion. The rou te through space ;s via the mind of the layman. for it i. the laym a n who will "foot" the bill for space e ~ plorotion . II is th e layman who.e world Or worlds will be left to his progeny. Thus he i$ most vi tally a ffected by every step towo rd spoce explorotian, and we believe he recogni zes this. And nOw tha t the science fiction venture1 o f a lew years ago have completed the cycle from vague po .. ibility to certainty, in the ligh t of technological advonces in the missile ona solei. lite fields, the loyman hungers to knaw-Ia know what he is going to pay for, to know whot he ;s leaving to his children. We of SPACE Journal wanl him 10 know. We wan l him 10 pay for and pau on to his progeny Ihe opportuni ty and the challenge 10 survive--Io insure the perpe tuity of human kind ;n thi, grond cosmos. And we b elieve th o l th e more he knows the mare he will be motiva ted to do just that-the mare he will be willing to assume his obligation to his own species. • 2 space journal �$ P " C E PH I LO SOPHY I t h' purp ose 01 rna n in t h, un i verse By Io ~ n H ~II.y ".' ,,",. I. ".,'<10 . nd .d , · '.' •• I. '-'." and ,,.. U. " ... 5'.' ... . ' ad.· "'; •• ., •••• 'v," I•• ~. " , . ,.,••• f W.,ld w., Ito'" II. " . ,. i n 19 .. II. ,.. 11<0, " .... . f., ,,.. 0".,•• 1 $"., .. " ~,.I'., ., • k.".,'.' a n. "'" ... II,. h' ...... _.. i.n.1 SId , ~ ;., Wa,k; ••,•• _,a,'''' .1 ,,.. M.,,"" i; , ,.. " ••. '" ",., •• , he "'., In W .'~;"'.' . D. C, ... ",... ,.. I. 1 , .. _,h ;nt. _ , . <10'" .... '••• p."......... I,... to. .,.,... ,01 0_00". In h is series of SSC lolks, published os The Nolvre of the Un iverse (Slockwell, 1950), ostronomer fred Hoyle conc1 vded with a queslion and a surmise. " What is mon ' s place?" he asked. Arc we " ingenioul mochine,," hoving no signi fi cant conne ction wilh the cosmos? Or is the Sible righl in plocing man at the cenler of the un'verse, the primary abiec t of a persanol Gad's solicitude? Diuotisfied with available canclusianl. he offered an opinion both humble and hopeful , When by pa lie nl inquiry we learn the answer 10 any problem we always find, balh as a whole and in detoil, that the answer thus revealed is finer in concep t and design Ihan anything we could ever have arrived at by a random guess. (p. 118( Withi n their fie ld. ecologists would p roba b ly concur. Eoch nalural species-animal or plon t-seems so perfeclly mode for its specifIC 10lk Illot one is led to expect to find a similar perfection in tile lIuman organism. Ecology studies Ihe way tile various species inleroct in tile noturol scheme. One of tile most fam iliar examples of Illis interaction is Ille bee wllich, in its qvest for nectar. transfers fertilizing pollen from flower to flower. A sim ilar coordination of work appears among all til e species. Plan t seeds pan in!ad Ihroug ll a nimal digestive systems, tllus achieving wi de dissemination and good opportunity for growth. Tile effect of tile worm', dige.tive J0hn H II ( ( ey aelivily is 10 ferlilize the soi l; Ihe diges tive habit s of one species of woodpecker serves to preserve cerlain trees from deslruelion by e xcessive beelle populations, and so on. Und e r close scru tiny, nature's interaction oppea" 01 cooperative as it is compe titive. Individuals 01 each speciel, seeking tlleir own fulfillment, actually playa creative porI in a much larger pattern, Pllotosyntlletically, plants convert solar ro y. into food wh icll the insects, reptiles, and animals of ocean, forest , and plain gradually pyramid into wllat ecologists call the " clima~ culture ." A growing respee! for na ture derives from !lIis 60-year old science. For ins!once. the natural balance of species in any locality appears to be a richer and more eff'oeient utili zer of solar energy than man brings about artifi_ cially , Tllis discovery lias led to Ille development of so·colled " orgonic " forming , tile compost lIeop, ond many ather changes in conservation, fishing and ogr icultural pro· grams, All Illese conclusions apply, tllen, to tile otller species. 8u! tile lIuman role is not so clear, Til e e co log y 01 man has yet to be explained. Wit hin tile natural balance on Eartll, he seems not to fi l at all: Nat ural communities are clloracleriled by a posi tive or favorab le energy budget, Many, perhops most, areas controlled b y man are exploited, resulling in a negative energy budget, !lIe final mark of wllich is unp roductiveneu and abandonmen t. (Encyclopedia Bri. tonnica, 1954; " fOla nt Ecology') The fire. clearing, drainage, agricullure, cily_building, smoke, etc. of lIuman o clivily in terrestrial hillory seems to work counler to all 3 spa ce journal �-the delicate en ergy ·e~chan ge of nalure. Man h(1$ POW!)fI which permit him to overwhelm, ex terminate , or exploit all other species, Organic farming and conservation programs barely mitigate hi. tendencies to crush all before him. Throughou t his history on Earlh, man hos appeared anomalous. For overbalancing Ihe other species on the plonet, hi. role hos seemed more deslruclive Ihon anything else. Calling upon Ihe sian ond the heovens for salva tion , he ho. wor~ed , fough t, suffered and died-oflen carrying to hi. grove the deepest doubts about the purpose and value of his ClO. i stence. Wherea s all o ther elements of the nolural order seem to fond their places and to fuifilliheir roles in colm acceptance, human beings e .... ibi, confusion. Why Ihi, (In,,iely, this slorm ond stress? Wh(ll is m(ln's ploce in the universe (lnywoy? An(llYling his oe!ivity wilhin the fr(lme of n(lture on E(lrlh h(lS 5(1 f(lr yielded no sotidoctory ecologicol e"pl(lno· ti(ln. Recent events h(lve (lpened up the ide(l of on entirely new an swer to the ancient riddle. As ou ter spoce becomes (I felt reolity , (IS in ter_ planetary exp loration becomes a ,cien tific possibility, a new hypothesis about man presents itself. Nature surely exlends for beyond anyone planet. forth spins wi thin (I univene, whose my riad stars almost certoinly hove evolved countless planetary systems teeming with life. Man's p lace in the nolural scheme, ,hen, may be one which extends beyond Ihe limils of (I single planel. Since Golilea, the ideo of a living, popu la ted universe has been fomilior . Thot;s the outlook of leading (lslronomers lodoy-e.g ., Jones and Hoyle of Greol Britain, Shapley and Struve of Ihe Uniled Slates. At least Iwo of these men furlher believe thot biochemical lows favor 0 simil(lr evolution on other pl(lneh. No one specifies Ihe color o r site, bul the sta ted probabil ity is thot-if we keep going 4 space iournal oul inlo space-thi', or a later, general ion will encounter beings resem bling us. If hum(ln beings o.e indeed (I normol planetary developmen t Ihroughout the universe, 0 theory of man should extend beyond Ihe con fines of ony one pl(lnel (lnd become broadly applicable. While (lur scientific observations ore mostly limiled to this si ng le world, neve r· Iheless our theorelical framework should (lPprooch m(ln (IS a commonplace orgonism fre_ quently occurring (lnd ac ti ve in Ihe larger natural «heme. Within the acknowledged limilation of our experience, a philosophical (lppraach 10 the problem C(ln ye t be made from avail(lble scien tific sources. The allied disciplines of evolution(lry biology (lnd of ecology offer Ihe basis. Cerlain characte.istics distinguish man from other species, but they do nat nece narily set him (lparl from nature itself. As a mammal, man co nverts specifIC forms of energy into a ther forms. Within his own body he inge.ts ond processes ce rlajn frui ls, nuts, leaves, rools , flesh and banes inlo sound, Ileal and action. His defeC(llion and finally his dead body nourish plants. Thus he forms on integral link in Ihe nolural energy chain. His differences may simply fit lIim for (In inle'pl(lnetary .ole wililin the cosmic natural pa ll e rn. Tile same four limbs which in otller mammals are designed eilher for quodrupedol walking or tree·clim bing, seem particularly designed on human being s for anolher pur· pose: erect posture frees the h(lnds for tile manipulolion of lools, wlle ther rudimentary or ultromodern. Eree! poslure also raises Ille vision and makes it easie r 10 focus upward and outward. An inslinctive inlerest seems 10 lead man to a close scrutiny of Ihe heovens. For him (ls lronamy is the "queen of sciences" ond, for millennia, tile only one. In Ihe early periods of lIis progress he builds mylils or religions aboul tile celesliol bodies, worsllipping Ihe �I'r------------------------------------~~~--~=-=-~~ Sun and Moon, Jupiter, Venl,ls and Mars, or Queholcoatl, or Odin. He iocoles his future salvation in on vnearlnl), or o ther-worldly life in Heave" . He ';Ilks hi s military adven tures wilh celestial port en ts and his omO'O\l' desires to the Moon or 10 Star·du sl. In all limes and pll;lces, his hislory reveals (I troubled conscious· ness of the great un;"cue oround him. Th i, c e le.t ial focul di ffe rentia tes him a nd narrOw, hi, rang e of re ceptivity. If othe r onim a l. o re 1'101 for •• igh ted enough to .ee the ,10". and olmo. t c cr ta inly ign ore them , they ",ake up fa. it by perceiving th in g. wh ic h mo n fo il. 10 nOl e . A do g heo" .ound. whi c h Ihe human eOr miHcl . The o wl ,,, ike' 01 it. m i c <J ~t prey Vlhen h..,rnon be in g. Ore 10.1 in the dar k. Ne ady all anImal. fallow t ellial ~ scents too refined lor human perception . Bah and fi.h re.pond to vibra tions which me'" cannot feel ; and '0 on. HumCln perception of Ihe cele.tiClI e nvirClnment Clnd relCltiYe inJensiliyity to eClrlhly .ounds, smell,. a nd yibratiClns ClppClrently con stitute an innate opeciCllil Cltion withi", th e nClturClI ,cherne. f rom Ihe inyention o f Ihe leYer and Ihe whe e l down to the launching of ar tificia l e mlh sCltellites. man hCl' reveClled CI dilli ntlive ability to corry oul in creasing ly complex operations . This ability depend. upon hi. elaborate communicat ion ,y.tem . Many .pecie. (e.g. bi rdsl u. e .ystems of , ignol. sounds, move' mento. vibrat io n.-Io coordinole group activiti e s. The human Iystem of .ym b ols is much mare elaborate . One of the malt a rticulate of Our speciel on Earth, Shake.pe are. i, colcula led to have u.ed over 25,000 diffe rent word.; and. of cour.e, on individu a l under · stand. more word s than he ule, . Through ward •. man communicate, a partial reproduction of certain procellel, both natural and artific ial. If he is ju.t one of the nolurClI specie. having a parliculor ecologic al func · tion, limi tCllions on hi. foculti'H are to be e ... pec led . For inslonce, he can d e scribe the growlh and decline of the . Ion and galaxies of OUr universe, but he (.onnot tell why Ihe univers e e ... isll. His reproduction of these prOCCHe. i. descriplive. com parative, analogi. cal. He knows how 10 make an atom e ... plode, b ut he does nol know why an atom or On uplosion is. Eve n wi thin the descriptive realm hi. capacity to re produce re ality in word. rea ches limils beyond whi ch he cannot go. How big or how old i. the universe? Such a question lead. beyond man' s needs for pracIi cCl I activily. Here hi. symbol. foil. On the one hand, he canno t conceive Iho l lhe un iverse slops in a certain place, because lomething wo uld have 10 b e b e yond ; an the olher hand , he uses Ihe word infinily, b ut cann o l reCllly imagine iI, He ha s equal diftkulty in cancei ying either thaI the universe had a beginning or that it did not. Man i, no l omn'<eie nt. nor capable o f being omniscient. Hi. men ta l equ ipm e nt is not d e · signed to enoble him 10 comp,e"end all the mysteriel and ull imClte mea ni ngs, Ho wever , it io well des igned 10 e nabie him to op e rale 01 a certa in level wi lhin Ihe uni yer.e. He co n learn the molian s o f the ,Ita n a nd planels, the gr avilic , electromagnetic and othe r field. of au ler spoce, th e pri n cipl.s Clnd mechanici of flighl. for Ihi••or t of purpose, indnd, his equipmen l see ms pe rfe ct. Instinctively, oe nlienl "umon being s haye long been drCl wn 10 Ihe id e Cl of flighl, For cen luriel men have o Clually dr~om e d of flyi n g . lindberg" 's (falling of the ~lla nlic Ocean drew forlh CI grea ter popula r re sponse Ihan the viclories of military heroes. From boy· hood on, men find .peciol Ihrills in 'peed, in operaling complu machinery, in lilt ing b. hind Ihe controlboard of fa st·mo ving vehicles, in eAplor;ng Ihe unknown. Wi thin the limi lCl lion l of Earthly life, men pul " roc ket" eng;n=; in the ir cars, mount hig" sla bi/i u r fi n. on Ihe rear fenders, and .eek rides which will toke I"em " out of this world. " They read lIuck Rogers and other 'pace or ,cience fi ction . Such dreaming, reading , Clnd ploy-ac ting seem wholly nalurol if the make·believ. of tod ClY prepares for Ihe realily of tomorrow . Eco logic al anoly.i. luggelts Ihot each species, pursuing ils own ends, not only pro mote. its own lurv; Yal but actually piaYI a useful role in Ihe buitd·up of a rich, na tural paltern of energy-e ... change. Why space flight is importon' 10 human ends will be dilcuned in a IClter CI ,lieie. T"e ecological 5 space journal �~I quellion here under discussion is: How does Ihol octivi ty contribute 10 Ihe nalural bolonce? To this question, onalogy suggests thaI fertilizotion may be Ihe answer. Within Ihe limi ts 01 a single plonet, birds, bees and many olher animals disseminate Ihe seeds and pollen of Ihe plants. In Ihe e~ploralion of planets, many of them either comple tely rocky and dusty or else supporting only rudimentary forms of life, men would naturally seek Illasc planets which could support odvonced life -forms. To these he would bring plon ts ond animals to suppor t human cultures. Prcsumobly he woul d bri ng some back, too. He would Ihus ac tually enrich natural oclivity in Ihe area of his explorations. like on interplanetary bird or bee, his disseminating agency would contribute to the profusion of life on tfle plane ts he reaches. He may do more. l ong·period comets and polar shifts may become subjecl to his forecasting. Ultimately he may seek to exert his influence to prepare for, mitigate, or per· hops even oRset any major impacl. Such activities are familiar to him in his Earthly his lory of developing new lands and conli. nenls. An ances tral foreshadowing of the 6 space journal ac livi ly is contained in two of the mos l memorable biblical accounls: Ihe variant stories of the crealion and ferlilizotion of the Earth (Genesis 1 and 21; and the slory of the preservation of species in Noah 's ark (Genesis 7). His future aClivities in the uni· verse may resemble those ancient tales. The hypothesis developed in Ihe preceding sections would also explain the strug gle s and strains of history. The main problems of suc' ceHive generations would be to develop the required ability, based on the amassing of observations and formulation of words / ideas. The flexing of scientific muscles in wa r, the groping for purpose and meaning ful rel o . tianship to the cosmos-th rough religion, philosophy and poetry-would all contribute to the growth of the species toward its ma ture role in the universe. Such on incubation period may seem slow 10 a human individual. But the nalural uni· verse allows for long time·s pons. The ages of stars and planets are numbered in billions of years. The grawth of a rich natural balance in a swamp may require millions of genera· tions of insecls. Ecologic p ragreuion may depend upon thousands of generations of one type of anthropoid displacing thousands of generations of another. It tokes a caterpillar only a few weeks to develop into a butterfly. But the activities of the butterfly are relatively simple. II seems well within the time· spons of Ihe natural "heme if humans require a few hundred genera tiOns to evolve within thei r colleclive cocoon o r ineuba lion·planet, before ochiev· ing the elaborate operation of interplanetary flight. II these comparisons are valid, then the present historical moment is a vital stage of social troOlition from a quasi ·larval condition to that of full flight. Successful accomplishment of the transition will parlly depend on our true unders tanding of iu characler and purpose. To that end, this article has been devoted to on interpretation of the function of human interplanetary flight from the point of nature as a whole. A loler article will review the usefulness of space flight directly 10 humans, evaluating its importance for Our growth and ultimate SUfv;vOI. ��SP A C E SA TE L LITES I launch ing the explorer sat e llit es B y J ames J .. ",. . l. $".."y _, be,," ;" C.d., I.o;d •• I. w• • on .. ... " I l . 1911 . . . . ." ." ..... w .... "i.... M.d C'"......"".1, .1.. ["'U ... eo• •1><.'......" •. 5 ••, _ , . . 1>-0.. '0_ !>lat. do_"'_>C,. " " _ ,. . .. .. ... ..... """ _ , ••• ,. ' ho foo, d . f ....... , , _, _ ' _' " . , . 19.0 . . .100 ..... , M'",10 ..... o. "_,_ ... _,. "'''''''e On November 8, 1957, the Secretary of Delense announced that the U.S. Army was to participate in the scientifIC p rogram of the International Geophysical Yeor. II is now 0 matter 01 history Ihol 83 days later 01 4.8 seconds after 10:55 P.M. [EST) on Jonuo ry 31, 1958 , bplorer I wos placed in orbit, and in 114.8 minutes it had completed its first journey oraund Earth. Many readers, both students and prac ticing engi neers, are fomilior wi th Ihe length 01 time Ihot e lapses between Ihe initio lion of a design ond Ihe .ealization 01 the operating hardwore. It is ob"ious thai 0 task of the magnilude required for Ihe launching of on Earth .atellite cannol be carr ied out within on 83-doy pe· riod wi thout utili zing a grea t deal of e}listing hardware, and this hos been true in the E..plorer program . f or a number of ye ars the Army Ballistic Missile Agency has been developing Ihe Red· stone, a medium range, surlace 10 surface, ballistic missile. When the intermediate range bollistic miuile, Jupiter, WO I ossigned 10 the Agency, it was recognized th a t the de"elopmenl program could be compressed if certain c rit icol compo nents ond subsystems could be flight. lested during the time Iho l design and production of the basic Jupiter missile were be- Th •• ,.1, . , ',uelur. <on'"in inll .h. L. ing accamplished. The eKisting Redstone mis' ,ile proved to be a valuable te.1 ve hicle for this purpo.e, and a cerloin number of the le miuile. were modified and renamed Jupiter-A. This pro"ed to be (l satisfac tory solution to many of the design and d e "elopment problem. for Jupiter components; however, there was one outs tanding problem which required od"anced teding techniques, and thi s was the famous re-entry problem. The major task, in this case, was the protection 01 the Jupiter warhead Irom the terrific heat generated by fric lion as it re -ente", ot hypersonic velocities, the atmosphere from essen ti ally outer space conditions. In o rder 10 obtain "ilal test data under oclual conditions with e}listing hardware, it was necenory 10 " soup up" the ba'ic Redslone design. This called lor the use o f a higher energy fue l tho" normally is required. This fuel, unsymme lrical dime lhylhydrazine, afforded Ihe necessory inc rease i" the thrust level for Ihe engine. I" odditio", th e burning time of this b ooic Redslo"e thrust unit forming the fin l stage of this composite missile was i"<reased by lengthening Ihe propella"l ta"ks. This could be done since the weight 01 the uppe r stages was less tno" Ihol 01 Ihe Redstone top uni t which it replaced. Even the.e measures were insufficie,,' to give the a"erall performa"ce required, and so additional propuls'on stages were needed. These were designed, developed, and tested by the Jet Propulsion Loboratory of the Coliforn'a Institute 01 Technolog y. At this time they were working an 0 "oriely of solid ·propellont missiles for the Army Ordnance Corps and were confident that. w,th some modifications, they hod rockel mOlars suitable lor Ihe task and thai Ihey J"pH.,. C ",iu il. ... iI n_"", ,",in9 a' Cope Con".. ,,,I, '10. SK onD' hf",,_ .he mi .. ;!. i, r.,. d ond 0".' "II 'e'" "nd f"./ing "r. ,om pl.'.' th o .".. <t .. , . i. t oll. d 0"0, f'om .h. mi"it.. I Siamy ..... 8 J.______-=~'p__. _c_e__io__"_'n_._I________________•___ o;____________________. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. , i ���Cu'a"'", .1..... 0/ f. plo,. " , ud m . 'a.h ." '. II"~' "'. ".u,. <o.""c 'ad;,,'lo~ ;ft.ld. "ftd ou,,/d • •h .",.11;,• . The low power tr ammi trer ape rate d on a frequency o f 108 megac ycles, and the high pawer transmitter aperated on a frequency of 108.03 meg a cycles. The low powe r Iron,. miller was elt pected ta transmi t data for Iwo ta Ihree month , before ih batteries d ischarged; Ihe high power transmitter, on the arher hand, wa s e~pecred to lost only two weeks. These e~pectatians have been ful. filled. The onoly ticol prablem of determining ho w the outer surfoce of the sotettite should be prepared in orde r 10 obtain prope r tempera- 'Mu.;'" .1.. ,1" 0/ "'. '.or;'. ","" ,ei... "ftd '. "'p.,a'u,•• rure con lrol of Ih e interior is a very diAkuh one . The veh icle is eltposed to Ih e lutt rodio. rion of the Sun; a nd, in turn, il becomes 0 rad iating body os il pones inro Eorlh's shodow. The tempera ture ollumed by th e inrerior mechanisms depends on this rodiotion bolance and the heot conduction parh be. twee n Ihe electronic compone nts and the e xte rior envi ronment. In view of this, it is desirable to measure the temperolure at severa l points inside and outside the soleJtite, and this info rmat ion is 01 vital imporlance for the proper design of future soleliites. " space iournal �Erosion by cosmic debris is also on impor· tont foclor, The meosuremenl of it is mode in two ways: firsl, by means of on ,mpacl microphone mounted on Ihe ederior surface of Ihe so leliile which regislers collisions occur· ring anywhere on the outside of the satelli te, The microphone e~periment indicotes the fre· quency of impoci by particles with more Ihan a cerlain minimum momenlum, Second, 0 syslem of grids composed of very ,moll wires wound on a care waS i",lolled neor Ihe oft end of th e so teliile 10 measure impocts by me teorite particles greoter Ihan 0 certoin minimum man. The meteori!e e~perimen! was designed by M, Dubin of the Air Force Combridge Reseorch Cenler. A geiger counter and on a ssocia ted scoling circui l were 0110 included in Ihe Explorer I for th e purpose of mea.uring cosmic ,odiatian and transmitting its in tensi ty back to Earth. The measuremenh were all made continuously ond transmi tt ed simulioneously, and no type of information storage device was used. Dat a gathered by the ,olellite was picked up by ground stations du ring the 10lellile's postage over head, This cosmic roy experimen t was designed by Dr. James A. Von Allen of the State University of Iowa. In addition to information received directly from th e satellite through its instruments, il also provides basic scientific informotion simply by being in orbit. Ground observo· tions of the so tellile p rovide da ta obout the ionosphere, Ear lh'l mognelic field, and olmos· ph eric density Ihot, un til now, hos been based on indirecl evidence ond theoreticol ossump_ tions. Accurate optical and rodio observation of changes in the .oieliile's orbit also provide basic informa tion as to grovilolionol onomalies in the Eort h's fie ld. The exact amoun t 10 which Eorth', shope deviotes from on idea l sphere can thus be dete rmined from such observations. '-inol ou*mhl, 01 .h hplor., I .....11,.. On. .0•• Ifi,*', ' ... 0 ,,,dig "on. ",iff." i• • i.ihl. in Ih ... ' ion of th '0".' �9 Explorer III which wos subsequen tly lounched is 01'0 in orbit ot this lime. Thi. vehicle is gath e ring and Iransmitting the same type of information 01 Explorer I. There arl! enen lially no differences between the carrier vehicle or Ihe loun ching methods of Ihe la lel liles. The'l! ore, however, levero' .ignificanl chonge. in the instrumentation of Explorer III. A maior chonge in Ihe sa tellile is the oddilion of a miniature lope recorder, d e veloped by Ihe Stole University of lowo. This device ;s collecling ond recording on tope Ihe dolo an ca.m;c rodiat ian encountered during Ihe 10101 orbit. This informa tion ;s played back upon a .ignal given from a ground slalion. The lope is then automatically erased and rese l. Scientists consider information gained from Ihi s memory sys lem a marked improvem e nl over Ihal of Explore r I. The first sOlellite dispolched dala conlinUQusly; bul it wa s recei ved only in areas under the orbilal bond Ihol hod ' h g./g ... <Dun,,", ~,.eI ,~ ,< bo.h loplor." lor .. e",.,e "eM 01 <0, .. 'or in .....i.r· I~" e " ,em.l, .",,,/1 .ope 'K",eI..., in hpj",., m, 'Korel. elo'" .... ,~ . pr ....... of co • ..,ic fOY. eI",I., 'h ,,,'el/;,.·, ,,,101 orbi,. On " . Igna! I,,,,,, r"rth, ,e<MeI., f.potl • •h. ;nl .............. II ~o, ,,,,h.,.J eI",in, 'be orbi" ou'o· "'''',colf, ........ ".d ...... if.ell_11 In " I... ,.<ond. .b. ,h. Il sp~ce iourn~l �- -,.' 0' w 0' w W 0 ' W .... ,. 'NON AU'" "'. . ~ 'I?- ~" .. .. w ~. (j)~....... • w ':~ ,.' ~ .. , .. -",~ . u"",, " .. -' . . W .. - -~--~ '" The prela rlc hing pro cdu.e for o th b · plorers waS uch like th standard 0 erotion fo r o<!y lorg , liq uid-pro elled mis8l2.3A~ 1 of the function of checkou , propulsio ,syst e m tes ting, fueli g, ozimuth ing chedou e tc. we re rh. "'It l o u' ", bjl$ 01 r.pl",. , III o_e, .h fguh. Th. .h. ",.d ", Jupjte r.C. . . M<1t I"yn<he c/ .,,'ollilo, w,u " 35 dell'" i nc/; no" " " to .h. Equo'O<. Th. , .... lliI. ;, otbj,ing On on ."......,.-;,,1 bond be ....... ,h. 35th I",j· ",do. ""flit ond .oulit. the 10ll... r $1(1 es of Ihe as enl, 1'15{B.~ power planl pend e d. I r<Jf;"4, nd fell bad to Earll. The upp ... stages s'fi'o r y afte r.... ard re(lch the ape~ f Ihe arc. J 51 prior Ihe tim... hen the vehi Ie attained s m(l~i ­ 10 mum height, he second ground slo l;ons. Mony blanks thus occurred ;n Explorer 1', record, partitulorly when Ihe so/cUi le wos over large bodies o f water. El(plo.e r III, however, is sending out cosmic ro diolion information representotive of rhe 10101 orbit. Thus, there being conducted, for the ignmenl!, I emeler· orried oul. During 5 ge was fir The firs t ta ge of th ... missi le ca r ied Ihe payload to ilf perigee distance m the Earth. Other doges of t e missile reased the sa tellite speed 10 rha t ne<;es ory for orbi ting, a r hour. nimum 01 1 000 miles The upper st ges were spi 1-stabilized, in mu ch the monner a riAe bull This woo one by electric mot'}"c"m,o~"""",d"i\ ilh in Ihe n se sec· lion of Ihe ai n 5t 9 .... sto 5 w pr pell(lnl .5 first lime, (I compre hensive survey of 10101 cosmic "'Y intensity above Earth with respect 10 both time and po.ition. 14 space journal e SOlei· lite 'pro " ima re rbiting th of ap- YlCJOl!!!~""IlJLIlJ","ds. �SPAC E SATELLITES I spatial orie nt ati on 01 the exp lo, e, sateft ites By Cha.I•• A. l~n~.u; " So"'~ ()a •• ' •• "0' "",n ;n W,b· "*., .. I. ,"lln_',gH• • 0<,; .0<1 f, ... $0,'), D.".'. 5.... Co"," I. ,u9 ond ),,, 01,,,,,,, ... $I .. , hr. P~" ;" bo' . . ' .... f<Q .. ,100 Un"'''''' .f K.o>o •. II, .... a. a .. I,'onl ",.f... ", .f ••• ,n.. ,'n ••..-,,), •• ~. ,.,,' •• n'o Un;T"'''' S,.,. 010';'0 ,100 Aft. . . .,,,;n. ,100 .,.. , .. I ... " . . . . . . . . . ' Ito .. l~J ~ _'.d".li19SJ ......_ ~'.. ..-0. ,. 19J1i. U....... oil .. "", .............. ' .. 01., 1,... / ),;, ",..." ... ,1';. . . . . Ic), " C•• .t'. ~~yw;" ... d ....... . k'.;" 5oc'Io., 1..-,)' "01.". 0lIl<0 i. ,~. "-,,.y . . III.". """'" , ....... OIM.", . ... <Y_ 110 h ",.,,;0<1 ..nd ... The launchings of the forst United States salellites hove recei"ed widespread notic ... But less w .. n known is the analysis required os Ih e bodies continue to orbi t. The cam pl.. te reduction of scientific information from the satellites is a lang and laborious p rocess, and final canc h/sians can be reached only many months alter launching. One o f the ma ny interesting questions to be considered is the sa tell ite orienta tion or a lT itude in sp a ce. This consideration has many implica tions. Changes in the time for a re volu ti on about the Eo rth-Ihe period, Ihe str ength of radio signals received from the satelli te, the br igh lness of the body compa red to the stars, and the temperot ur es in Ihe satellite are all affecled b y Ihe salellite's orientation in space. When a buller leaves the muzzle of a rifle , it is spinning .apidly. In ils flight to the target, this spi n keeps the nose of th e bullet pointing forward_ Th e original orientation with which the spinning bullet began its fligh t is maintained by the gy.oscopic p rinciple. Thus, tile bullet's altitude or position relat;ve to the Earth, is fixed in space by rh e orie nla· tion of its axis a nd tile spi nning mo tion im - Cil arle5 Lu ndqu 5 t parted to it. The same p ri nciple is used in launc hing the hplorer sa telli tes. The last three . Iog es of the Jupiter·C ond the in, tru· menta ti a " packages are spinn ing from Ihe time the rocke t leaves tile g round. For this re a son the satellites enter th ei r orbi ls under much the same conditions as a bullet begin"ing its flight. If Ille. e satenites we re perFectly rigid bodies and if rhey were not acted upon by e xterna l forces, the tows of mechanic. demand tllar the o.ien totian of tile axi s of spin of the satellite remain Fore ver fixed in spoce_ (See fig. I.) By rllese same lows, the pol ar a~is of tile Ea rth is requi.ed to alway. point to the Narlh Star as Ihe Eartll revolve s in itt orbit, Til e Explorer bodies ar e, howeve. , aeled upon by external Farces. Furtller, E~p lorer I is no t a rigid body becau.e tile four antennas for one of its radio transmi tters are made of fle xib le coble. (See fig. 2.) Thus, the a tt itude of these sa tellites wi ll not be fixed in space . Fo r tllis re a son Ihe situa tion i1 .omewhat more complica ted and interes ling. Even at the normal height of pre.ent sa te 1liles, enaugll atm os p here remain. to re tard their motion, Tlli. re sis lon ce is proportional to rhe amount of sa telli te surface area pro· jected in the direction of ils flight. Tllus, tile Explorers in te rce pt 16 limes mare of tllese pa.lide. if rile y move broadside Ilion if they move end an. (See fig. 3.1 The corresponding atmospheric drag on the sa te ll ite body affech the shape of it. orbit and tll ese orbital changes may be observed. Then, iF tile arien· ta tion of Ille satellite, it. shope, velocity, and position are known, tile otmalpheric density may be deduced From observed orbital cllanges. '5 space journal ��ri ~u' • •. ""/Iud• .. hich und., idoo' cond,'ion. , h"lo'.' r .. ould ha •• " .. u",.d Another imporll:'"t fac tor in terrelated with orientation is the satellite's relative brigh tness as viewed from ' he Earth. This apporen' bright. nen, as compored to backgro~nd stars, primarily depends upon how the body is aligned with respect to the Sun and Ihe observer. Thus during dawn and dusk abservo· tion conditionl the salellite's alignmenl in space will de termine the reflecting surface visi b le to observers. Of course, the reflectivi ty of the satellite also e!tech its apparen t b rightnen. Studies have been conducted to judge the e!tecl of vorioUI solellite positions ond olignmenls on the el\posed reflecling surface ond the subsequent solellile brigh lnen at various attitude s, The assumed orien tation ond spinning mo tion could be verified by accurate m,... ~i<h II~u'. , . Tho £.t>I",o, , ,,, .. ift""'m.ftfO~Oft ""chg. ".,UI rho <on';'" 01 lourlh flogo, rh �obseryations wnich note changes in apparent brightneu. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Obseryotory is analysing such data. finally, orientation again is important because torques are exerted on these satellites since they act as canducton, spinning in the magnetic field of the Earth. These forces depend upon the direction and magnitude of the Earth's magne tic r,eld relatiye to the sotel· lite. The resi stance encountered, temperatures, apparent bright ness, radio signal strength, and electromagnetic torques for (I spinning ~oteflite haye been seen to depend upon its alignmenl in space. If the satellite is a sph ere, the r,rst three are not primarily affected by orientalion. Hence, all fiye factors are mos t interesting in the case of the Explore ... Changing Ih e point of yiew, each of these effect. may be used to help determine Ihe altitude of the satellite in space. Analysis of data from Explorer I supports the tenta tiv e conclusion that tile satellite went to (I small Iroction 01 tile original rate. As Illi. lIappened, a transition 10 th e final flat spin look place. Thi. transition from on axial 10 a flat spin may lIave been aggravated by flexing of Ille antennas wllicll would allow tile diuipotion of energy wilh very little change Icanse.votionJ of tile angular momentum due to tile spin transition. Tllu. the final angular momentum approximately equalled the initial angular momentum. At burnout tile final rocket stage of Explorer 1 hod a spin rate of approxima tely 750 .evolutians per minute about ils longitudinal axis. Th e respective momenh of inertia about Ihe longitudinal axis and Ihe fla t spin axis have a .atio of aboul 100 to 1. Tllis is due 10 the distribution of sateltite moss about END ON ATTITUDE inio a flat spin soon after it was launclled. (See fig. 4.1 The fint evidence of tllis was found by tile Californio Institute of Tecllnology, Jet Propulsion labora tory, from measurements of til e radio signols from Ihe satellite. During Ihe rorst few orbits about tile Ear lh, tile records point to a reduction of tile bulle t-l ike spin about tile long axis of the body 18 space journal BROADSIDE ATTITUDE f!g~, . J. O'"g ./I' . ..s "n Ih. f~pJo,., I .",.11"0 c/~. I" 'ho o, .. '~do 01 I" moss Th. <r<... ·h",.hoc/ ,,'o.. s Inc/i · ,,,,. 'ho .ol~",. ,w.", Io, ,he ."1.//,,. in ol'h., " po,,,lIo' C' po'puc/lout", ,,1II1uc/. 10 j" OIloil,,' polh . �predominonl feoture 01 lotcr records has been variation of radio sign a l ot.engt" having a period of app roxima te ly 8 seconds. A sample of such a re cord is shown in fig. 5. Tkis observolion is consis tent with a fla t sp in ond ind icates Ihol this is the ocluol condition. Due to the oblate for m of the eorth, the plane ond mojor oxis of the orbit both rotat e. As the bplorer I, in its flat spin, passes Ihrough the orbitol pe rig e e (closest po in t to th e Ea rth ] and is oeled upon by appreciable drag to rques, the orien tat ion of its rotational oxis wi!! be c hon ged . Forces of el ec tra- (I 'ig~'. ~. Th Wot ,pin 01 h pj",." r~. ,pin o , i, 10 no long., pO,,,U.1 .<> .~. rongitudi",,1 0 ' ;' r"di«>IIOM ", • •~o' ,~. ,o ,.rl". ~". " p.,io<! 01 oppro,;,.,., .." 8 .. <.,,,d •. I j the different oxes, If conservo lion of angu lor mom entum as mentioned b efore is assumed, th e n a flat spin role of 7.5 revolutions per minu te will result du e to th e 100 to I ratio. This rote of 7.5 revoll,llions per minute o r . 125 revolution per secorld corresponds to a Fill~" 5. A r, pico! m.a,y , .monl ,,/ ,111"'" ",ength I,,,", f.p l",., I . Noli<. thot th. "'''io, po., k (actu.,1 .I"nor ,,,,;,,,,,,,,) .,«~" .,pp,o.;m.,r.l, .. 8 "COn d., I"dk.,'i"" ., no, 'pi" ,,,,, I", ,he ,.".Ilire 01 rh ,., ... ,.Iol i •• lim •. ,.,.i •• d or, flat spin period of 8 seconds. {See fig. 4.) A 19 space journal �magnetic origin p robably «IU"~ .imilar devi a - tiom. Tempera ture doto re<:eived from the sol elli le yiel d. ,orn e insi g ht into rhis solutio n. Ex p ected various tem pe ratures o .. umptions of calcula te d sOl elli te under orienta tion ho ve be e n compared wi'h temp eratu re me a. UH!ments made On board the solelli te a nd leleme lered 10 the Ea d h. The o verage in_ te rio. te mperatu re, calculate d on the assump ti o n of 0 flat . pin and an axial spin about 'h. long ~ ,~ ,~ m 0 ll<> &00 0 T (. I() - :Jl9i ,,0 0 o DOt? 0 0 00 (J 0 0 ,~ '" " 0 0° 0 0 >0 0 ......T 5"'" .~ ,~ ....... 30 ~ 10 "'"' ..... 01<11<0 -lO ~ '" 0 fig",. 6 . G,ap~ ,.I"';(I~,h;p d e p,<I, 'he h'w.en me", " u,. d "no:! .. peele d 'emp.'''_ , ty, .. t'''Mm,lIed b, f . plo,., 20 space journal ~ ~ ~ '0 ~ '0 T I·F I Oll;S, ore shown in on illustralion. [See fig. 6.) The cirded points are temperatures measured on the satellite. Note that the observational do to doe s not agree with temperatures to be ellp e cled if Ihe bullel-like sp in remained unchanged; Ihal is, if the Iran silion ta a flat spin did not take place. Ho wever, d uring Ihe first twenty days, the p red icted temperatures for the case of a flat sp in wh a se alli s is fi xed in spa ce do not agree we ll e ith e r. If, as p reviously suggested , the orienlation of the axis about which the flat spin i. e xecuted, changes due to exlernal forces, the expected lemperatllre would have values fl uc tuating in Ih e neighborhood of JO O" K. This is in a gree ment with th e abser · vationol doto . The Smi th so n ian Astroph ysical Observatory has re porte d variolion in the rate of change of t he orbital period . This might also be relaled to the satellite attitude through prope r onol ysi s. The flexible ontennos, whi ch probobJy cause d th e flat spin conditions on Ellplorer I, we re omitt e d on Explorer Ill. Pre liminary t!vi denc e indicote s that the tran sition to a flot sp in is muc h le H ropid fo r this satellite. Thus. im p rovement in the sotellite configuration was accomp lished by analysis of ovoilable information from Explorer I records. As this is written, the satellites in question are still orbiting and transmitting data. The analysis of the above phenomena is continuing. The final result of these studies wiU be a n under standing of what tho orientation of the satellit e s has been d uring their lives. Thil picture must be Cortsis!enl wilh the obse rv atianal data on the varieties discussed. Onc e Ihi. co nsistent pic t ure is ab tairted. it can in turn be used with confidence in the onolysis ortd del Nmirta l iort of the mor+y queslior+s o b o ut space a nd spoc e ve hid e s. �S , , c: ( '11AllSIS , Ii f e Dn I 'ft" S' " h lln,. r, D', .,'., . f .. ,_, ~ . ,., . 0'" Offl, • . "' .. . l olt '''', ,.i"ll• • • • n" . ~. , bo," In NI.d."I .. "."k. c;., ... n•• O... ", bo •• 19 13 . .... . ".n"-<l ,,~ •• I .1 ' ," ~I • • ", . nd .. . !I,. c. I•• " ~I. d. "...,. In p~",I" .' Vni ..... " .f , .. bl ..." I. 1936 . .... " ",to... ,.",1, .. ," 0. . H• •• 001 •• ,. 0."'0.., of t ho c;. 1... _t... ,_. . 'Ow"". !.. ...... .,,0. . 0.. $t .. .. .... , ...1. . . . . . . . _,~ ;0 c..... t ~ ,,;t' , ho 0. ..... _ , t .... t .. , ... V· , O.ld'" .1 ..1... 110 ........1_ ' ..... TlI . . to' I .... ;t.;. I, ItOd 0.,1 • • d.d; . . .' . ' ..", .. , ....... ,,; .. ,,,,. ..... .., .1 •• ,_," ........"".1 .". _.. .. t. ' ......, __ ~; .t, , Part II All the countlen observations of celestial bodi es, many of them with the mast ingenio"s methods known to modern science. have not yet given us a definite proof of the exidence of life in places outside 01 Ollr own Earth . The only direct indication of the possibility 01 living motler existing on another star is the observation of green patches on the surface 01 Marl. These polches e~pond during the Morlian Iprino and Slimmer and recede again during fall and winter. They are commonly interpreted as being cOIl,ed by green plants, probably nO I 100 different from our mOHes and Ikhens. Olher than this one ob· servation. no trace 01 life has ever been observed in the universe . And yet, scientists state with a high degree of certainty Ihal life must be expec'ed to exist on other slars. They bOle .his stalemen' on a simple rule which, for a long time , has served as a most powerful and a mos' succeuful guide to the biologist. II simply stole, that when the nece.· sory conditions for a certain developmenl are fu lfilled , nature initiole s this development very readily. Applying thil rul e . we mus t ex· pect that life hO I developed on many other celestial bodiei on which the necessary con - ···lif. Oft Ern s I B, oth., Sto .. :· PD" 1958 . p . 10. I , S' ,,"CE JOU'" DI, .p,ing , Dt~er star s Stu h I n 9 e r dition, lor its development were met at one time or another. A. we onumed in the first par t 01 thi. article,' Ihere ore obout 100,000 planets withi n our galo~y whi ch very probably are iimllor to Eor!h. Thot pori of our universe which can be observed with todoy's means (ontoins. in oli likelihood, no less than len thousand billion planets on which , at some time, condi lions were lauorable for Ihe developmen' 01 life . What, then, are these conditioni? Fin', there mu~1 be a soufce to supply energy in on adequate lorm to the living organ;sm~. Second, there mud be a source 01 "building material " to provi de Ihe proper row ma teri al lor their growth. Third, there must be water. Fourth, the te mperature variations must be within reo.onoble limih, about - 20 C 1_4 FJ to 80 C (176 FJ. Fifth, there must not b e an excessive amount 01 poisons or ot her agents detrimental to living mailer. Once life has developed on a planet, it may well adopt itself to leu stringe nt conditions. Many o rganism~ on Earth li ve and even thrive in regions where the temp e ra ture regularly drops lor below zero or where there i5 no waler or air. However, it is not probable Iho' living organisms could grow th rough Ihe very early phases 01 their ontogene tic development if the temperolure dropped (ons iderobly below zero lor longer periods or if there were no wa'er and air. + Yet Ihese requirements are nol enough. II we fill carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , o,d water in a tes t tube. irradiate it with sun ligh., provide a convenien t temperature and keep poisonous material oul, th e re will still be no development of life. A living cell, e ven the mosl primi.ive, contains protein. The bOlic elemen" making up protein molecule, ore 21 space iournal �corban, hydro gen, oxygen, and nilrogen; but each protein molecule has a ve ry !o rg e num · ber of atoms. These otams are ononged in e dremely comp!ico ted but very ord e ,'y pot· te rns. Even though many diReren t pa tt erns of atoms moy be farmed ius t by random events in 0 mixture of those atoms in the course of time, it is improbable that the for· motion of 0 highly complex pralein molecule, ius l os a rando m even t, is completely negligi. ble, even ove r a time spon of million. of ye ars. A very special force il necessary to p ut the atoms in the righ t order, to arrange them in such a way that a pralein molecule resulls. Even so, would this complicated pro. tein molecule, immed iat ely a fter its formO lion be aliv e' Wo uld il show the charoderis tic fealu re. of life, Ihe metobo lism, the regula. lory proceues, the growth, the tendency 10 procreate, Ihe developm ent of protedive meOlures ond, mosl importanl of all an in· heren l Irend for evolution? These fealures which make live matter so charac leristicolly diR e rent from dead ma lt er, can they be unders tood at all on Ihe basis of th e lows of no lure as we know them from loday's physics and chemistry? Or do we have to assume a crea tive ad from for outside Ihe boundaries of our natural sciences? There is, I b elieve, only one answer which we Can give in han· e sty: we do not know. But this very question hal been with mankind as long as there hOI been scientific Iho ugh l. It will certa inly re· main not only the most intriguing question of all science, but also one of the mos t pro· found questions which can be asked by man. The physical sdences have given us 0 marvelous picture of the inorgan ic world, ex· tending out 10 the re mote galaxies of th e universe ond down into the su b microstruc· tures of the atomic nuclei. We understand the laws Ihat make Ihe sian move; we can design complicated machines which utilile the forces and interaclions of eledric phe· nomena; we have learned to move through the air, and beyond ii, with unbelievable speeds; ond we draw almosl limi ll eu power f rom the interior of Ih e a tom. Biology has been no leu successfu t in revealing the low, that underlie the world of animals and plants. 22 space journal The lows of physics and chem istry , correclly applied, ore valid also in the realm of o rg anic matter. And ye l the fundamental questiol1 which fa ces Ihe natural scientist is still unanswered: are the laws of physics and chem. istry, includi ng Ihou: still unknown, suffident to exp lain Ihe formation of living matter? All we can do is to continue our researches in to the mysteries of nature, even if this question should remain unanswered for a very long time. Scientists, indeed all of us, would be reluctan t 10 assume that our little plone l Earth is the on ly ploce in the vast universe on which li fe has developed. Allhough we do not know wha l causes a pro tein molecule to develop oul of its basic ingredienh and what makes it behove like a live protein molecule, we are confide!,1 Ihot noture iniliotes Ihis development whenever. and wherever, the conditions are right. This reasoning implies that lif..--even on Earlh-may have started in more thon one place, and more often than once. In fact, it is conceivoble thol molecules whic h poness th e charaderistic fea tures of life developed mony limes on Earth, and continue to develop today. It should be assumed, though, thot Ihe first phases of Ihis development, taking place in a single live protein molecule, may well toke millions and millions of yeors and thot such a molecule e;o:hibits Ihe feotures of life in such on inconlPicuous monner thot we may nol b ecome owore of ils exislence, even if we had il in our test tube. Earth owes its life-fovQring condi tions to ils atmosphere, its stare of water, and its proxim ity to Ih e Sun. The elements found on Eorth are the same os Ihose found on olher celestial bodies. This can be verified by on analysis of the light which reaches Earl h from other slars. The chemical compounds, however, ore quite different on slars and plone". While Ihe allIer regionl of Ihe Sun consis t mainly of hydrogen ond helium ond only Iroces of particularly hardy componen ts like cyonoge n, silicon fluoride, and tilonium dioxide, the crusl of Eor!h, and that of the plonels, is made up of a greot variety of chemical compounds. The relolive obundonce �of these compounds is very probably the some on the solar planets and in all likelihood, also on the planets of other $lars. This, however, is only true for the solid pori of the planets. Their atmospheres and their water conten t differ very widely. It is this difference and th eir distances from the heat· providing central star which mgkes some planets suilgb!e for life gnd e><cludes others very defin itely. The atmosphere o f Egrlh fulf,lI s g number of functions which are essential for the sup· port of life. It provides 0><Ygen for the gni· mgls and cgrbon dioxide for the plants. It emries rain to the remote st ploee~. It moderates the impact 01 the solar rays during the daytime, and it keeps Ihe surface of Egrlh '.om losing it. heat too quickly during the nighl. It shields the living being s Irom ul! rg violet and cosmic radiation , and it prolects Ihem ggainst Ihe countless meteorites which conslontly shower Egrlh . The animal organism, being constgnlly a t work in one way or gnother, need s a conlinuous supply of energy. 0><Ygen, with it. great gffinity to e><athermic reactions with many olher elements, is on ideal source of energy. Nature chose the slow combus tion of o xygen with other elements as the principal supply of energy for the bodies of animgl.. The luel which is burned with the oxygen of the a tmosphe re is normally some form of plant or gnimol life. It is well known that Ihe body of on animal could not subsist on the com· bUltion of soot or crude oil, allhough the amoun t of heat energy per gram 01 those fuels is much higher than Ihat of a gram 0 1 spinach. This fact indicates very clearly thol Ihe onimgl body does not only require calories for its subsistence, bu t also g specific kind of "molecular orderliness." This peculiar feature of onimgl organisms will be discussed some more in 0 fu lure article. The g tmgsphere gf Earth hgs not always been the sa me th roughout the several billion years of its exislence. In the beginning, Ihere was a great abundance of lighl goses, par· ticularly hydrogen, helium, methane, gmmonig, wat er vopor, an d neon. Ho wever, Ear th could no l retai n these gases while il was still very ho t. They gradua ll y drifted ou t into space, and we must onume that for some pe riod during its development Earth was wi thout on oppreciabJe atmosphere. To understand the reason why a planet cgn lose its atmosphere, we musl toke 0 loo k 01 the structure of our atmos p here in g e neral. 23 space journal �The molecule . 0 1 0 gos 0'., in con.lont mo tion) the ir ~e locities and di ll,<;: lions 0 ' " dis- They wer e ,.,Ieo.ed from Ihe crust o. it .Iowly solid,f, e d. Bul Ih., •., woo . Iill no o . ygen in Ihe I.i buled 01 'a"dom Und e r (a"di tio " , o f "0 •• mal le mpe.olure ond olmo.ph.,ric pr e ssure. oi., o"d if Ih."., ho d been, ,I would ho~" b.,e n co ns um e d ago; " in Ih ., o . ido tion p,oc.,,,e l one cubi c inc h of oi. co ntains about a hund red bill ion bi lli o " mo le cu le •. Eoch of Ihem collid e . wit h onol her on e a fte r 0 po lh of nOI mOre !ho" a hundre d Ihou.ondlh of on inch, ther e by changin g its ~ e l oc i ty and ils direction. The o ~e rog., ~eJociti e. of the mol., cules in (> gas dep e nd on Ihe temperolUfe: Th., holler th e go •. th e higher the o~eroge ve loci ty o f i" mo le cul e •. The meon molecul a r velocities of ~OI;oU' gose. ore listed in loble 1 for Iwo dIff er en T !emperolure •. Some o f the molecules will o lwoys be fo ster thor'! Ihe ove ro ge, olher. will b e Ilo wer. Th e distribU lion of Ih ei r ve. loc itie. follow. a so·co!led Mox wellion distri. bullon cu r~e . 0 1 Ihe ,ad . a nd mine. o ls. Ther e wa s . ome melhane and omm o nio, and Ihis o lmo.t chOOI,c The hei gh I of Ihe atmosphere .. not welt d"fined . It. d en.ity decreases can!;nuau.ly on Ihe way up, but even alan alti _ Iud., of 100 mil es we find .till almo st a billion mol e cule. in .,och cubic inch . Th e po th I.,ngth b.,lw.,., n two colli. ions. howe ~er , ha s increased 10 many thousand miles . If a t o n olli tude of a f.,w hun d.ed miles 0 molecu le happens 10 acqui re a po.licularly high ~elocily in a few lava.oble collisions, and if ils direction i. ,odiolly oulwo.d from Earth, it moy w.,11 o ve rcom e the grovity pull of Eorth ', field and e.cope into Ou ter .poce . The velocity needed fa. Ihi. e.cope i, independe"" of the mall o f Ihe mole<;:ule, bu t dep e nds on Ih., mOil ond Ih., diameler of the plonel. Some , horoc te.htic c Hape veloc ilie. are Ii.t ed in lob le II. Althou gh the av e.oge velaci tie. 01 go.es, .,ve n at highe r le mpero tures, are generally lowe' Iha" Ih e eHape velociti.,. of Eo .th a nd ol h er plo"els, there will always be moJ e cut.,. wha. e velocities, at one lime or onolher, a. e w fficiently high to mo ~e them escape from Ih ei. mother p lonel. In the COune of milli o n. of yeo .. , Ihi. g.oduol escape may w., 11 I.,od 10 a conside.oble rOr.,ficolion , an d eve n a lotol lon, o f a planetary olmo.phere. t" Ih., c o s., of Eorth, it did. II was only much lot e ., o fter fo. lh hod coo led dow", thaI a " ew otm05phe re developed . Corban dio xide, " 'trogen, and water vapor w.,re probobly Ih., main con. liIU.,,,,, of thi. n., w otmo. ph ere. 24 space journa l seH,ng woo probably Ihe backdrop On which Ihe fi.s ! live p lo t., in molecul e. we re fOlm.,d. How Ih is pouibly may have happened , or 01 least what we can co njeclur e today, will be describ e d in more d.,toil in Ihe ne d issue of SPACE Jou rna l. It may suffice hele to nOI., thot the f"st living organism . were probably 5mOU coogulolian. 0 1 proloplosma·like molte., copablill of .plitti ng carbon d ioxid e with the aid of sunligh1. Th e corban and a numb e r of chemical compounds incorporat ing corban wele retained in the orgon;.m, a nd thlll 0.Ygen wo. re leased. We. must assume Ihot Ihe 10101 amouni of oxygen found in ou r o!mosp hele today was produced by plonl o rgani sm • . Th,,'e would b., e v.,,, mOle o.ygen in the oi, today If the pia"", ofter Ihe i. d eolh and du.ing their decay. hod no l us e d up so much of it in a slo w o.idation p.Ocell which fin a lly r... uiled ago'n in corban dioxide. How.,ve •. Ihroughoul Ihe ag e s, muc h of Ihe organic moll". wa s buried deep in Ih e ground whe'e it was nOI "xpo~l!d to Ih., oxygen of thll! a t_ mo sp here. A consid.,rob le omouni of oxygen was Ihe.efo.e I.,ft j" Ihe at mosphe'II!, and huge re~e.voirl of cool ond oi l wer" bu ill up simulloneously in Ihe d.,eper layers 01 Eo.,h ·s crusi. It is very intere lting 10 nole that the total OmOu,,' of o xygen in the atmosphere would jusl about be suffi cie,,' 10 o xi dize the 1010i amount of cool and oil .till bu.ied under th e surface . A"imol life was able 10 d " "elop on eorln os .oon as Ihe oxygen supply wo. sufficienl for its support. The a nimal o.gon i. m depe nd, 10. its food .,nli'l!ly~e ilhe r d i.ectly Or ,,,di.eclly--on Ihe e.i.lenee of p lo"l lif., . But. Ihe production o f corban d io.ide by the a"i. moh is .uch a smoll contribUlion to Ihe lo.ge scale production by oxida tion of dead plonl o rga nisms tha t onimols could no l be conlid _ ered ellentiol lor Ihe e.islence of pia", Iile. II i. conc.,ivoble, the r.,fo.e . Iho l a plOn.,1 ��conloins vegetatio n and no animo!.; b ut it i~ not to be expected that there are pla nets populated by anim a ls and bore of any plontlike organis ms_ It is by no means certain, of course, wh ether life will always develop into a plant branch and on animal branch. Th ere are numerous spec ies of living organisms even on Ear lh which canno t be counted under one of the.e branches. Virus es, bacteria, and even some of th e protozoa, do not clearly belong to the plants or the animals . Some highly specialized paras ites wh ich live in the in lestines of other animals requ ire neit her oxygen nor corban dio xide nor light for their su bsistence; they liv e on sugar o r sto rch which they toke from th ei r immediate vicinity, and they produce energy not Irom ox idation, but from a process of fe rm en ta tion which is controlled by specia l enzymes. These parasites, of cou rse, depend on a live hall. It may be a ssumed with a high degree of certainty that if life develops at all, it will at first be in the lorm of plontlike organisms which consume corban dioxide and release oxygen, with the help 01 sunlight. Corban dioxide and sunlight afe th erefore mandatory for the development of life. Water, 100, is obsolu le ty essen lial, not only o. a source of hydrogen, b ul also as a solvenl, and a s a basis for the colloids whi ch form the bulk of the struc tural materials of plant cells. Mo st o f th e tramportotion of mate rials imid e a living organism, plan t or animal, is done by di ffusion or by osmotic processes; Ihis would be un thinkable without water. With its large specific heat, wate r is on ideal ther mostat which helps to equalize the te mpera ture wi lh_ in one organism and which protects the organism aga inst rapid changes in te mp eratu re. Jt i. true that life can exist for long periods of tim e without wat e r, as in dry spores or seed.. Howeve r, Ih is is a latent kind of life on ly, and no t the active development of living organisms. There are even mammals, like the little desert mouse, which never drink wate r dur ing their whole life; they syn lhesize it oul of carbohyd rates and oxygen. Even though they can live without taking water, Ihey procure it in on indirecl way, for Ihe 26 space journal seeds and o ther food which they eat could never develop without on adequate supply of water. Life c an on ly d e velop, and su bsist, when the ambien t lemperolure is favorable . The lower limi t of the temperature range suitable for life is nol only det ermined by the freezing of the liquids within the organism, bul also by Ihe rates of chemical and physio logical reoc lions which, as a rule, d e pend very sensilivel y on the temperalure. It is true that a living body can dev elop and mainloin a temperature cons iderably higher Ihon that o f the surroun dings, but th e temperatu re gradien ts within the oute r layers ollhe body ca n not be too grea t. Fur ther more, octive tem perature control i. a rerlflemen l tha i is och ieved by on organism on ly 0 long time after it has de veloped the basic feotures of life. We ma y safely assume, therefore , tha t life deve lops only in regions where the temperature does nOI d,op below Ihe freezing poin t of waler solu tions. The high -tempero lure limit is set by the stabili ty of large orgonic molecules. Any molecule can be broken up if the temperotufe i, roised high enough . The large molecules wh ich are found in living moiler decompose fairly easily, mony of Ihem even below Ihe boiling point of water. Most live o r. gonisms can be killed by boiling them in woter. Some algae are known to live, and even thrive, in hot springs, but Ih ese orgonisms are highly specioliled and cerloinly dona l rep re sent on Ori9i<101 developmen t. " should be assumed that on environment which allows temperatu res belo w obout- 20 C 1_ 4 F) and above 80 C 1176 F) is not suited for the development 0 1 life. + Wilh these restrict ing conditions in mind, we wiIJ now proceed 10 look 01 the solor planets o s (I Iyp ko l planetary system, and we wiJl (ls k wh kh of them migh t be co pable of bearing life. �• TABLE 1 TABLE II MEAN THERMAL VElOCITIES Of ATOMS AND MOLECULES ESCAPE VELOCITIES AT SURFACES OF PLANETS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES Milse.: o 2400 C Q Moo, Mercury Venus ,.. 3.4 m; lee Hydrogen 1.15 mi, lte Helium 0.82 Water Vapor 0.38 1.1 Nittagen 0 .31 0 .• Oxygen 0 .29 0 .86 Corbon Dioxide 0.25 0.74 1.5 ' .6 6.4 7 .0 3.1 37.0 Ear th Mars Jupit er 22 .0 13.0 Saturn Uranus 14 .0 6.5 N eptune Pluto TABLE III CHARACTERISTIC DATA OF PLANETS H ' JlU l .loo O. ~ 7.100 0 .9 10 .. 000 ......, 0 .74 ~ . U ",M, 1 CI " "T I U 'M, 1 .....\." " . ,. O. , . . ,, " u .". Of UT IMllIlI I IIIIU U ' .... I V. . . ." . 0 ' UU 1,,· . .U1UTI) O.J I ,~ . l,rOS .1S 17.96 35 .9 It.1 0.117 0.1' 110' 71' .23 n~ . 70 61.1 21.1 140 ' '3.94 365.15 92.9 '1.5 13.0 ' .000 ..., . ,1 15 0.15\ 0.101 .n 24.61 686.91 14 l.S 1.312.000 O.H )1..,50 2.64 . ]00' 9.11 4,33 2.60 ~ .U SATURN 73,100 763.000 O. ll 93 .210 1.1 7 .140' 10.03 10)'39.53 816.2 U~NUS 31.000 59 .000 1.03 . 270' 10.75 30.616.'- 1,71l.' U3 ·330' 15.10 60.1 .... 2 2.793 ,5 . 370 ' 155.61 90. 471.33 3.676.0 6S4.D-I 27.32 0 .7 1 ~ . )] 14.510 17 ,)60 .... 0.700 '''''''' 72.000 '.m .. 0.29 ~ 0.96 2.160 0.010 0.011 ..'" 0.16·0.20 . 240 ' "DISTANCE flOM fAITH. ~ "-~ 0",'''\ 'llOCln 1· llll/ lI Q 0,054 11.640 NOON < (MIIU . " 'I JUPITfi PLUTO o ," l .nT 010111. lOU." ",. NfPT UN( £ VOIU.,' ""H,, VENUS ~" -g (. l lIl) Mucu n EArTH • II . .. " . . . 24 " ••• ••• .., ,. ,.. 0.6' �oboul 400 ~ C (750 oFI. Th e " night" sid e, which i, permonenlly in the shado w, is (!l( . tremely col d . There is a v ery brood twilight lone between the hot Clnd the cold region~ becouse of ongulor oscillolionl of .he plonet; in Ihi, l one, the lem pe ra lure VOriel widely up ond down du ,i ng the Me rcuri o n yeCir. If Ih ere is any olmol ph ere On Mercu ry- and the re are op tical o b lervotions which imply Ihol the re is some_its press ure is not grea ter Ihon obo u. I 800 of thai On Eo.th. Mercury is simply '00 small, and 100 halon its sunny side, to reloin On appreciable omount of go~ as On atmosphere. II;s probably mountain. OUS, b ul travellers 10 Mercury will find no th ing e xce pt "0 lifelen, desolole world , with a sur. fa ce parched and crocked" (Polrick Moore). The ClmClun! Clf sClICI, ene'gy ..... hich is reo ce;ved by a given ClreCi i. inversely prClpCl" tiCinCl! tCi the squClre Clf th e distance belween this oreo and the Sun. Mercury, for example, WhOle meCin distance from the Sun is only about one·third that of Earth, receive~ almost nine lime1 01 much ,olor energy per unit area 01 Earth. Solurn receives almOSI a hundred limel less. There is only a limiled region around th e Sun, and around eCich fjlted I:ar, within wh ich a planet receiVel Ihe righl omounl of sol(lr radialion to mah life possible. If a planet wilhin Ihis region has aboul the right magnitude, il could have developed an 01. mOlphere which conloin1 at leoll waler vapo r and some olher gosel like nilrogen and car b on dioltide. Thi, almosphere in turn would equalize Ihe temperature sufficiently so that On environment favorable for Ihe de . velopmelll o f life would result. H. Strughold ho s named this fovorable region around a fol(ed Itor Ihe "ecosphere." Our Earth happells to be righl in th e middle of the SllIl 'S eco. sphere. Venus i, at il. inner, Mars Cit ih outer margin. Mercury, our .mallesl plonet, hee table IIIl is unluitoble for life. It hOI the peculior feolure of alwoys lurning the some face la'Nord Ihe $1.11'1, very much like the Ma:lll olway, look. towo rd Eorlh with the some .ide. The bright ,ide of Mercu ry , hClvillg elernal doy, is heal ed up to a surface temperalure of Venus, one of .he mo.1 beautiful sigh ls in the evening or morning .ky, ho~ been veiled in my.lery as long 01 Oslronomers have lurned Iheir telescopes lo word it. A dense Olmos. phere, opaque 10 o p tical observation, covers the enlire planet. It is not knowll whol this opaque gas layer comi. 11 of, bu. it il prob. oble Iho l it con tai ns corba n dioxide, and pos. si b ly large cloud. of du.t. Bul what does i. hide? Since no water "Clpor Can be detected in Ihe ouler toyers of the olmo.phere of Ven",s, il W05 onumed in ' he po,t that Venus is on entir ely dry and deserl . ti~e plon el, wh ipp ed by terrir,c storms ond shrouded b y a per. mon en t layer of dUll clouds. W hipple and Me nze l recen tly sugges led tho l Ihe en tire sur. face of Vf!nUS may be one lorge ocean of wOler. In Ihis COle, it is not impossible Ihot Ihere i, some kind of aquati c life on Venul. Th e temperolure of the wa te r would be high, bul il would be below the boiling poinl. There is only little hope Ihol we will learn much more oboul Ihe surface o f Venus un til Our first inlerplonetory spaceshi p circles th e plonel and ~ends lounding rockels through ils 01. mosphe ric blonkel. �I The Moon is on entirely inhospitable ploce . Although it receives the some solar energy per uni t time ond area as Earth, there i. cer. toinly no life on th e luna r surface. The lemp e rature on the sunlil side goes up 10 about 120 C (250 ° F), " ] n Ihe shado w, it drop. quidly down to - 150 C ! - 2 4 0 ° F). There is no a tmosphere which could equali ze these large tempera""e diffe rences. Even il Ihere hod been some go.es d uring its early development phases, the Moon would have lost them very rapidly because 01 ils smoll size . There might be minute troce~ o f very heavy go.es like krypton or l( e rrOn, but their existence would be insignificant for the develop_ ment of life. Mars is always named first when life on other planets is discussed. Its surface ca n· d itions are more like terrestrial con ditions than thc.e of any other known planet. Speculations about the forms of Martian li fe have been numerous and fontc.tic, and Ihere is almost no limi t to the weirdness of Ihe Martian monsters which have been conjectured by in_ ventive minds . Aslrobio logis ts are now more coutious_ They do not el(pect more than some modest, bu t very resistant forms of p lant life, such as we find on Earth in the dry and rocky areas of the for north. The green po lches which can be seen on Ihe Ma rti an 'urfoce, togelhe r with the rela tively low tem peratures 20 C 68 f) during the day, but orlly - 70 C !- 94 F) during the nigh t according to G, de Vaueouleurs and G. P. Kuiper) imply a possible "egetotian simila r to mosses or lichens. The a tmospheric densi ty on Mars is only one-Ienth o f that on Earth, It conlains ni tragen and carbon dioxide, but + !+ olmost no oxygen. The waler content of Ihe Martian atmosphe re is only 0 few percent of Ihe mois ture in the atmosphe re a bove terrestrial deserts. Animol life similar to that on Eorlh would no l be poss ible. A very interesl_ ing suggeslion hos been mode by H. SI.ughold: it is possib le thaI planh on Mars store the oxygen resulting from their metabo lism within Iheir tissues. thereby build ing up a ki nd of "i nternal otmosphere. " Plant types dif ferenl from ours co uld Ihus deve lop, and e"en specioli~ed forms o f animal life, drawing oxygen direclly from the plant., would not be u!lerly impossible. However, condilions for life are not overwhelming on Mars. As H_ SIrughold put iI, Mars hos a lways been, and will alwoys be, on "underdeveloped p lane t," os for as life is concerned. It is iust a lilt le too fo r owoy fiom the Sun. The greolest di, tonce from the Sun is even much more significant lor the rest of the plonets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Nep tune are large enough to reloin even the lightest gos, hydrogen, in their atmosphere., However, their surface tempera ture, are so extremely low hee lable Ill) thaI none of Ihe proo".ses whi ch are essentia l lor the development of life could possibly toke pla ce. The mean densi ti e s of these lour large planet. are surprisingly low; the logical explanation is tha I cons iderable portions of their observed sizes are made up by otmowheres of great depth. The wa ter, which exists unquestionably in grea t quanti ties on theoe plonets, must be frOlen. In fact, it is assumed today that each of Ihe four 2. space journal �on one o f Ih e fo ur ma jor plonels. The le mperotures are for too low; Iher e is no gaseous o~ygen or carbon diox ide; Ihere i, no liquid wo le r; Ihe re is o n abundo nce o f the poisonous goses ammonio o nd me thone. Their surfaces ore deserls of frO l e n goses, hos tile 10 any p ossible form of li fe . It is liard 10 imogine how fulur e space Irove lers could ever sel fool on one of Ihele plonets. They will only orbil oround Ihem ot respec toble dis tonces, sending the ir unmon ne d sou nding p robes do wn inlO these oceons of hydrogen, helillm, me thone, and ommonio. The rocky co.e of these plonets will p rob ob ly never b e oc cessible to mono mojor plonels hos a rocky core which is covered by a la yer of ice severol thousond miles thick; Iheir otmospheres above Ihe ke cooling olso hove depths of several thou sand miles. These figures ore implied by Ihe low den.ities, Ihe observed diomelers, ond the very pronounced i10tten ing of Ihe plonels. The o lmospherk pre llure ot Ihe .urfoce of Jupiler is oboul 0 million limes greoter Ilion Ille o lmospherk p rellure ot Ihe surfoce of Eorth . Even 01 much lower prellures, all gases are liqllid or solid, or ot least 1I0ve densilies equol 10 their densilies in Ihe liquid or solid slote. Tile term '·o lmospllere" is therefore misleading; only Ihe Olliermosl few hundred miles of Ihe '· otmosphere" of Ihese ploner. can be e~pec l ed to be goseOUI . Again judging from Ihe observed densities. il mUll be ollumed thaI Ihese ou ler loyers conlisl of hydrogen or helium. Jllpi ter ond Sotum con . loin, in oddition, foidy lorge quontities of goseous om mania. All fOllr planels ore rkh in galeolll methane. Most of Ihe ommonia, however, is frolen; Ihe some is true for corbon dio ~ ide , which should nol be e~peCled in gaseous form. No ga'eous nitrogen or o~ygen shollid be e~pected ei ther. We need no l hope 10 find ony Iroces 01 life Utile is known about Ihe losl and remotest plonet, Pluto. II i. too for ow o y for meoning. ful, direct obSe rvo lions. But even wilhout knowing too much obout ils surfoce conditions, the possibility of life con be excluded becouse of the edremely low surfoce tempera. lure •. Among the nin e planets of the Sun, there are Ihree whose orbits are within the eco sphere; but o ... ly anI! 01 Ihl!m, Ea rth, e xhibi ls such a lovoroble combinotion of properties Ihol life could deve lop on 0 grond scole. Venus may bear some aquo tic IOfe; Mars very probobly corries low forms of vegetation. How long will Eorlh continue to oRer these fovorable co ... ditions? Wilhin the ned billion. of yeors, Ihe Sun will heat up ond expand and eventually will exle ... d its white hoi 01· mosphere beyond the planetary orbit of Earlh . Bul long before Ihot time, Eorth will hove lost mOre and more of its atmosphere. Within the next several million yeors, the atmosphere will groduatiy dri ft owoy in lO outer spoce. W hen Ihe gaseous oxyge ... and corban dio~ide are significontly rorefie d, animol and plont life in its prese nt form will no lo nger b e ponible . Will life by then have developed into form s which con subsist under Ihe cha ... ged conditions? Will rna ... have found o lher ways to prevenl the gradual decli ne of fovoroble living conditions? Will he change his Earth, long be fore noture does, in to 0 ploce whicll is no longer a ... inviting obode fo r life? Alrer 011, the history of homo :lop;ens covers only some Ie ... thousand years, ond homo sapiens lechnic,",s has been a t work lor only 0 lew hllndred years. 30 space journal - . �I S P AtE CHALLE N GE I Ihe ac i d lesl By W e rnher von Br alln I W e .fth • • ¥ .. ~ I ... ,, ~ .. ~I bo," "" "'.,,~ 21, 1912, ;. W;,,'l<. G.< .. o.y. H• • , •• "'" hll . ! tho i. I9J~ I, , .... "..1 •• • , ]1)0 he ioi .... " . - U."."", 01 '","" ""'''''.'_ ,. a.ni" ' ''_ ... ".,,"" Obo". _ ."'''''' hi .. I• •_ ........ ,. r' .......... 0 . ... ', _" • • _1· ,I.. old ,_, _ ......... ..... ","",.1 _to ..... 0 1' ..... .t tho '''.;d f ... ' '''' ' ' _d c. • . Mi".", c;.. ... at , _. . . . . . . h ... 1937 ••• ,' 'ho ... d W",'d w",,, '100 V.l was 010 •• 10..-1 •• ' _ ' ' ' _. . . .d ,h. ~,,' ,." .... 1.1 V., .... ,• •• <'-1 i. 1Ul. 0.. ",. 1< ••• tho ." "U.......... 1956. H. I......"od and o' ,0<." ..... _ • •• ' .....,".1 01,_<,., .' i.,. A..., ......,,', II,.. ,w. ""........ II;, ".bll,.,,"., '.,'.d. T" _ ... . ""''''. A".u ,1M f."I S-. ''''''''''. C_ .." c! ~_ ••• d Tho ......... '" _._ 1 The add le$t of men and notions ;$ Ihe measure of their cou roge and resovn:;efulness in rhe face of adver sity and peril. Th o se whic h have survived crises have ellerted Ihe masl pro foun d influences upon mankind's destiny. Those which fo iled did so because Ih ey could no l manage abundan ce and pow e r, Ou r count.y ha l faced agonizing tests more than once during ils relatively short history, It emerged each time from the crucible nol wi lhou t scars but with greater confIdence and riche r maturity. America survived crises be· co use il knew what must be done and did it wilhout regard 10 consequenc es, wilh faith in its own judgment and in the resources which hod to be marshalled for the common good. Eve n now we are ellper ienci ng another test. Hi storians may record it a s one of the mo st fateful in te rval s of Ihe twentieth c entury which hgs certainly hod more than its sho re of his toric events, The early days of October 1957 mgrked g turning point in our desliny and that of o ther notions , large and small, An unp recedented te chnological achievemen t suddenly Irons form ed a troubled bu l familiar world into one of strange and foreboding aspect. As it has, since Ih e down of the In_ dust rial Revo lution, scie nce had influenced his lory, and directly shaped the lives of men, The reaction 10 these events ha s been pro· fo und. They tr iggered a perio d of se lf· ap · pr g isal rarely equalled in modern times. Ove rnig hl it became popular to question Ihe b ul wark s of our society: our public e du cat ional sys tem , our induslrial slrength, int ernationa l policy, defense "rotegy and fo rces, Ihe ca po · bililies of ou r sden<;e gnd technology. Even the moral fiber o f Our people came under seo. ching ellom inal ion. Since Ihe evident Ihregl was to our securi ty, the inilia l preoccupal ion concerned modern wegpons systems and means of defending a gg insl them, The Domaclegn swo rd menacing fre e pegple can· sis ted of a mOn! lrous destru ctive force inherent in gutomgtic delivery systems, cgpable of tmnsporling therma· nuclea r wgrhead s over thousands of miles, in gny weather, acrOSS a ll geographic and political barrie", gl velociti e s of such magni lude as to imply lo tgl deslruction wilhaul advan ce warning. The logical process of evglualing our position has been underway ever since: first, to determine if we possessed the se weapons, and whol mean! of defense could be erected . Aclions have b ee n taken by Ihe Defense De· portmenl, lully supported by the Congreu, aimed 01 achieving operational copabilities with Ihe intermediate and intercontinental bgl. listie mi.,iles 01 the egrliesl practicable da te. Perhaps it is time now, wilhoul mudd yi ng the waters further , to determine whether we have correctly a ssessed the lotol threat represented by a totalitar ian reg ime, whose e nd objecti ve is world dgmination. The Sgviet challenge is by no means reo silicted Ig mili tary technology. It goes for beyond the realms of pglitics and armies. No longer i. Ihe task of coping with the Red menace th e eulusive responsibility of generals 31 space iournal �and statesmen. The acid te:;t mvalves every facet of au. civilization. every part 01 au' society: religion, economics, politics, science, technology, industry and educa tion. Free men everywhere have been cought up in this g.im compe tition. We who eniay au. home., drive the family co •• 5pend mo.e tim e in leisure and less in wo.k, and pay less attention to notionol affairs than to television shows. are faced with a decision-will we do whatever i. necessary to win this struggle. or will we continue in Our (omlortoble illusion and thus court the risk 01 a defeot which would forever e limina te freedom, and pla(e Our chil d ren a"d their chi ldren under the (antral of on all-powerful sto te? What we are about to discover is whether a notion, which has rated its home 'un sluggers and its fullbacks above its scientists ond philosophers. can meet the totol competition 01 aggressive communism, ond still preserve ill way of li fe . It will not be enough to perlect weopon s sys tems which hove a t least equal capability with tho.e of a potentiol aggressor. USA The SO.i.I·Union cOn· ",burer opp'O"mol_ Iy .0% of it, 10101 p.odu~ 'i o" 10 Indi.id· _n", uol ,."ui'e.. in compo,i.on 10 77% cOtliribut'" in Ihe United Stat ••. USSR '0' "A.l ...... O ....... U 32 space journal Others have pointed out thaI :he deterrent effect of these machines of war may cancel the possibility of total conflict. It has been orgued thot this will turn aggression into onother direc ti on: that is, to the perimeter or brush·type wor, in which the huge radets 01 grea t range ond man dest ruc tiv e capability would nat be employed. Agoinst this estimate, the Army has reshaped ih striking forces ond equipped them with battlefield rockets and guided missiles. Th e urgent need of an odequote defense posture capable of deol ing wi th any type emergency has met a rare degree o f unanimity here and abroad. In ,harp contrast, however, wide di sagree. ment hal developed over the real significance of the best-publicized exploit of Communist engineering-the Earth circling Hltelli tes whose monotonous signal. were intentionally audible to lil teners everywhere on Eorth. Skeptic s, who reluse to occep l the possible un til it hOI been demon stra ted, have clouded the issue. This il a dangerOUI slole 01 mind in a day when breokthroughl occur so rapidly thaI obsolescence of (ample .. weapons systems has became a p.imory concern. �STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS , Perhaps the launching of Ihe Explorers helped to redeem our promises, hul no omounl of explanation or justifIcation can show why we did not do il ahead of Ihe Soviets-and no amount of mutual backslapping tllat we succeeded with Explorer on the first try can hide the fact that we lIave lost a round. We cannot afford to lose much mare. It was a grave error in judgment to foil to recognize the tremendous psychological impact of on omnipresent, artifidal moon visible to anyone with a goad pair of eyes and audible 10 anyone witll a simple radio receiver. Anotller grove error was the failure to evaluale realistically the research, development, engineering and production capabilities of a total it arian state. Th is lulled us into <;om· plo<;ency and led 10 on underestimate of our adversary-risky husinen in any competition. Since I hod the dubious privilege of living and working under a totalitarian government for many years, I sllould be able 10 discuss this lapic with same degree of compelence. Anyone who says that sdence and technology cannot flourilh in a police Itate dael himlelf and his coun try a great dinervice. It is generally recognized, of course, thai personal freedom of movemenl and thought, and a free exchange of ideas, are essential to scientifIC advance. From this, however, many erroneoully conclude thai genuine scientific work is impossi ble in the climate of dic tatorship. l et me clea r up this nation once and for all, in the interest of arriving at on hon est appraisal of our situation, by ciling my personal ellperience at the Peenemuende Rocket Center in Hiller's Germany. Neither I nor any of my associates were ever required 10 submit a travel itinerary in advance, whether for a short business trip or a va<;atian lalting several week, . Throughout the war we hod intimate, continuous contact with 36 universi ties and technical institu tions. They performed research in support of our missile programs under contracts so broadly worded that they permitted the institutions on e_tremely wide latitude in implementation. Discussions and symposia, quile similar to those conducted in this country, were held IrequenUy. Many idem were generated in this truly liberal academic environment. True, these ideas related uclusively to our technical concerns and not 10 politiu, but they are succen· fully applied even today in roc:ket and minile activities. As for as personal freedom of movemenl is concerned, as well as free e_· change of ideas in the strictly scientific and technological sphere, it would thus simply be misleading to assume that things were much different Ihan in a free country. The heavy hand of dic tatorship is rather felt in another area. In Peenemuende, the securi ty police kept dossiers on all of us, lisling all the things we might have said about fhe regime or individuals of the upper hie r- 3l space journal �archy. Personal vices and weaknesses were catalogued in Ihe ir nre s. Bu t th ey left us a lone as la ng as our useful ne n, in their opinion, was greate r Ihan our debil occa'IIII. Once th ey fell they could do wit houl you and you were in their way, they·d call for the douier and destroy you. It was Ih at simple. I realize that this sounds quite awful to men who hav e never experienced it. But the sober fact is th a t peop le, whether scienti sts or candlemakers, learn to live with such a situa lion. We dan', deny ourselves week· end auto trips in spile of the National Salety Caun· c il's warnings ab ou t multiple deaths. Jusl so th e man living unde r dict atorship adj" sls himself to business·as-usual, whether he likes it or not, because he mus l in order 10 survive. Something like seven hund red million people are living to day under Communist rule and, in all probability, they have learned to live in the face of such ponible " road accidents : Consequently, we sh o uld disabuse oUrlelves of Ihe dangerous myth that the impo tent Ru s· sian scienti st bends aver his slide rule with a gun pointed 01 his he ad _ It appears tha t he enjoys at le a st as much reward as Ihe Ame rican scienlist and that, until quite recenlly, he had even greater lotit"d e in hi s selection o f ' eso"rces and assistance. W e m"st consider, in th is measure of the forc es arrayed aga inst us, the overall postwar era in s"ch areas as a tomic and thermo· nuclear bombs, n ucle ar power plants, jet air· craft, g"ided antiaircraft missiles and long. range rock ets. W he n we cons ider their low general technologi cal slat",. 0 1 evid e nced d"ring the lost war, pl"s Ihe Iremenda"s physical damage inflicted "pan the Soviet ind"stry by the war itself, it becomes frightening ly clear that their rate 01 progreu grea tly exceeds 0,,($. Th e reaL periL lies in the eno rmo us momentum they have b"ilt up, which ce rt a inly will yield other dramatic by-prod"cts along the way _ They hove long .ince emb arked "pan a dynamic program 10 a c hi e ve supre macy in science and technology. Their state-controlled educalianal system is turn ing 01,11 competent engineers and scienti", in greater numbers than ours. It is upo n thil broad founda tio n thai the Russian is waging his eRort and no t l 14 space jou rnal upo n the gleanings of Ihe brain-picking 01 lome ca ptive, for ei gn scientists a s many people in this country sti ll see m to believe. Clearly we must accelerale our eRort at a rate c al culoted to overtake and surpass Ihe Ru uian advantage. And this ca lls for a sacrillce 01 an unpreceden ted scale. It must be understood also that th e Soviets have grasped the significance of man ', imminent conquest 01 space a nd have proceeded well along the road in tha t d irect ion. A cu rrent estimate 01 the situation would include thele possibilities. First to launch their satellites, the RUliions probably used a multi -stage rodet whi c h was originany designed 10 carry a thermonuclear warhead over intercon tinental range_ Second, the same racket conf,gura ti cn, wilh minor modif'ca tions, can place a payload of be tw ee n 50 and 100 pounds on the mo on. Third , Ihe rocket can a lso p ut up a ,atellite capable of military reconnaissance, equipped wi th (I television playback fea lure. A few su ch orbi Tal devi ces can keep trac k o f the progress of all surface co nstruction projects, ship movem ents, and air bale operations anywh ere in the world. O nce th ey a chieve this , and I am convi nced tha t it is only very few years oR, "open s. ie.·· i".pection for purposes of disarmament becomes academic_ Fourth, the Runia". have a sound program desi gned to solve the question of safe return from orbital flight and rela ted space medical problems, wit h Ihe purpo.e of preparing lor manned space travel. I would recomm end thai we brace ourselves for o ther Soviet ··forsts" in the new field 0 1 astronautics. We are behind and we canno t catch up in a day or two, since major technological projects necessarily involve lead time. I! will require several years o f conce ntra ted ef. fo rt for us to come abreast, and even longe r to pu ll ahead . We c a n waste no lime commiserating over the sorry lot of the Russian worker or peasant, compori ng hi, lac ~ of freedom and creature comforts with ou r prosperity. We should also "shuck oR " another illusion, that the Runio" people wi ll ri se "p to overlh row Ihe Kremli n and thus re li e ve ul of a ll our worries. Perha ps a dream 01 freedom ex ists in Ihe Soviel Union. �Pe.hops, by e~pOling mo.e young people 10 scientific t.oining , a seo.c h for trulh will be generoted .... hich will eventually rea ch against the dic tatorsh ip. But .... e ca nnot stand oround, hands in pockeh, waiting for othen 10 do whol can only be o ccompli.hed by us. I am co nvin ced Iho t i' i. ma n ', des tiny to enter space and tha t he .... ho con trols Ihe open ' pace around us is in 0 position to control the Earth . The only choice le ft U' i, 10 oc- Our educa ti ona l o Rering s mus t come und " r sc.u tin y since i, is tomorrow·, generation .... hieh .... ill ha ve to cope with the p rob le ms develop· ing today . If their pHlpmotion is to be compg lib le with the kind o f world they will inhobil, Our young people mus t be taught bo.ie a nd """nligl knowle dg e 01 the earliest practicable gge_ in the e lementary schools. We have teoehen we need, who con provid e Ihe in_ got to disabuse ours elves of Ihe ideo tha t cep! the Sov ie t challenge Or ·· poy Ihe piper: · "hool i. a pla ce sol e ly to teach boy s and g itis I certainly do no l suggest Ihol we move in to 'pace with any belligerent inlenlions. It how to live togelher. Th ey must underlNlnd mothemotics a nd the physical sciences, whieh would only be cOMillenl .... ith the fundamentals for whidl the United Sta tes stand, if we wo uld means more and beller te ochen and e x- propose to the Un ite d Notions the universal p and ed oRerings both in scope and num be r. BeHer ,olories, improved profenionol status, acceptance of Ihe pr in ciple of the freedom of outer spa ce- in analogy with the p rinciple and more adequate cfouroom and laboratory fa cil it ies are eueoliol 10 obtain the kind of of the freedom of the seas. spirotionol leaders hip to interell you ng minds in facts . But any such doc trine would be void and meoningless if we connol bock it up wi lh a position of relo live strength . tt hos been soid that with the Sputnik Khruschev ond Compony launched thei r eve ntual downfall becouse this country reacted by firing up its missle and space programs. And indeed, in more than one aspect thi s may be our losl chon ce . In th e first World War, as well as after Peart Harbor, the United States hod time to marshal her resources. Even in Korea and now, ofler Sputnik, we hod tim e 10 in itiote the nocessory coun teract ion. Nul time, in this world of long · rongo bollidic missi ' e. gnd thermonuclegr wgrhegd, Wl' mgy not have time. Ei the r we ""ill b e ready ot 0 moment·s notice, Of h"to ri gm moy conclude oyer Ihe ruins of au. cilies that we were '·weig hed and found wonling: · I hope that we will not conclude thgl money a lone .... ill turn 011 the tricks-there are oth"r foctors involved whieh cannot be .ellied so eosify. It would b e presumpluous for me 10 oRer "school solutions," Or even to tisl all Ihe Ihings which must be considered. But th"re a re some minimum requi rements which can be identified and whieh demand prompt oelion. do not believe Ihe Federal government wiU or should ollempl to dictate ,uch 0 program, but it should establish g e: nerolfy recogni zed educational standard, and it should ouis l in a pump·priming role in the pu b lic .schools and in -our col!ege, and universi ti es. Educa ljon in 0 democracy is Ihe concern of every ci lizen . The p eople must insis l upon a redirection o f emphasis and wi ll ingly o cce pt their jut! meaSure o f responsibility for e~ecu ­ tion of our educationat prog rams. To aU who ask, " W hat can I do 10 help?"·, my an sw er is to loke a ctive inleres t in whot is being tough l, how it is being taugh t, and by w/'om. There hal been unn ecessary concern aboul possib le Federal in terfe.ence in local schools The Federal government as well o. Ihe I tole. have be"n .uppo.ting public education in grea te . Or lesser degree for years-all we are talking oboul is funneling 'uppor l into more productIve chon nels . If Ihe Fede .gl governm"nl can 'upport high".ay proiect., why not schools? Finolly, we must generate the wjff 10 supremacy. Because Ihis is intangible-because il mu.t come from the hearts and mind, of our people, it canno t be legislated, budgeted or evoked by decree. We wont no Federal 35 spa ce journal �and hone st report ing , the hallmark of Ameri_ can journalism, which is sometimes lost sight of by a smo ll segment of the press bound to corry ou t propagonda attacks Or soles Com· paig n s by self-se rving interes ts. If we can inspire a notiona l determina tion to achieve the ultimate victory, all other foe· to" will foil into thei r proper peflpective and places. We will then move forward, a united people, in to on age in which the fo r reaches of the universe will b ecome as familiar as the ne xt town. propogondo mochine exercising dominion over the free pre n. We wont no d icto tor telling us what ' 0 believe ond who. '0 do. But we must set about learning the foch and , when we have ynde"'ood them , buckle down to the chollenging tosks whith conlront us. We should stop telling the world what we are ogoinst. We should tell the world whot we Ore lor. We must not fight the communist ideology wit h negative stotements, but with the lofty ideals of the founders of this greot republic. The ontidote to communism is not onticomm unism, but the be lief in God and the dignity of the individual. let us not deceive ourselves; the communist ideology hos powerful appeal to th e hove· nots. the uninformed , ond the desperote. Bu t ideos are fought no t with ma teri al means, but with superio r ideal. And where should these ideas be lound in this world todoy, if they cannot be found in this g lorious land of the free~ The flog of leoderhip of the free wo rld hos been thrust in to .he honds of Americans. Let us live up to the historical challenge. ° We must think in te rms of long· range objectives, not on the tim e scole of ned year 's automobile models, We must put our trust in men au igned to corry out these program ., and not in terrupt or divert them by frequent reexomination s Or demands for justificotions. We must supp ly them with the resources they require, hold them responsible lor resulh, and leove them alone to corry out their missions. We my!t look for, and demond , comp e tent 36 space jou rnal II is disquie ting to be asked "Bu t what will a ll this prof,t us?" Such ques tions be tra y a lock of conf,dence and, even mor e .erious, the kind o f unenlightened opp roach wh ich has hamstrung our progress in the past. No man can soy wilh onuron ce, what benefits will occrue from our discoveries. With Ex· plorer I, we mode 0 modes t beginning. WI!!. have stepped inlo a new, high rood from which there can bl!!. no turning bock. As wI!!. probe farther into Ihe area beyond our le,,,i· ble atmosphe re, man will learn more about his environment; hI!!. will understand beller the order and beauty of creotion. He may then come to realize thot war , as we know it, will avail him nothing byt colostrophe. He may grosp the truth that there is something much bigger thon his one lillie world . Before the majedy of what he will find out there, he must stand in reverential owe. This, then, is the acid test as man moves in to the unknown. �I S PACE PREVIEW books recent and f ort hcoming R e view e d By R a l ph E. J enn H o ffm a n M. Ho fl ... ~n . ' . ney, G . h"od"p",G. by h,.'h, ..... boo' ... <><;.,. d w'", " 0 ,.'dod ~;,,;;. " ., 'G" " . ", l hl ..... . ... hGntl .. .. d , . >.', t H" G, ,« h"m' ,..j;'.' I., ,... o.d. """, •• - ••' .... " . Q.d Do,.'.p ~ ~, h 0'"<0 h, •• I. H. " • ".lI. , Gf " 'do . ..,odo. ", Q.d •• of ..... 2 ~ "",,"<--fi.,;o., b' ••• ap", " . " ', 0 • • o' ' .. of ' ... Now y .. l T;,.., 'ool h " o " fo , ' ' ' ' ' ' ,ho. "".".G' ••".... H..... ..... ".ft '"0' '' ,0'''' •• d ,••d,." • " ••,." •• ",.. " hi,• ... 'o w, ""oo! ........ """ ~ ,. Exploring the Oistonl Siors. By Clyde B. Clmon. 384 page.. New York: G. P. Putnam 's Som. $ 5. The Nexl Fifty Billion Years. An Astronomer 's Glimp.e into Ihe Fu tu(e. By Kenneth Heuer. 144 pogeo. Illu strated by Chesley Boneslell. New York: Viking Press. $3. It is a we kame coin cidence that the'e two \lolumes ,hould rea ch the re\liewer'. des k o n the some day. Mr. Clo.on's popularized treoli5e on oslronomy covers Ihol sc ience from Ari stotle and Hipparchus 10 Fred Hoyle o nd \loults Ihe heavens ond the cosmo!i-the lerrible emptiness 0/ spo ce, in Clason 's op t phrase -from our neighbor Luna , leu than a quarte r- million miles away to dim galaxies thaI are me(ely dreamed of as exi.ling beyond Ihe 200-billion light·yeo( range 01 Ihe Polamo( two_hund(ed · in ch telescope or the even longer range of Ihe radio in,truments which e~plore "the \lision of the world and all the wonder that would be." Mr. Heue ( limits his disc ussion to our own insignificant little globe and the possibleno l Ihe probable!-circumslances under which it might end it5 currently four.billion year old e~istence. Mr. Clason 's book-if the opinion of a ve ry nonprofessional ast ronomer is accep table I1 9S Bi r ney Raym o nd - tokes in too much territory. The chapters on the constellations and on the stO(S, galactic and e~trago 'o ctic, from our own Sun 10 for, for, faraway S-Doradu. (it's one mill ion lime$ as bright a s our Sun) in the large Mogel lon ic Cloud - those chop te .. are so co ndensed thot the reader finds himself flounderi ng in 0 maze of while dworh , red giant" and Cep hied variables . This reviewe r wo ul d be forst to ad mit t hat thi s cr" icism is unfair and is the product of hi s own ignorance. At the some time, it must be ad mitted thot " E~p l o ri ng the Distonl Stars " toke s in iust oboul all th e ter ritory, universal , galacti c, and cos mic, t hot the re is. Kenneth He uer, F.R.A .S., has delivered mor e than a thousand lect ures a t the Hoyden Planetarium, New York . His book di scusses the variou s fotes whi c h hove bee n advan ced os Ihe po .. ible end of the world. The Moon mighl opp.ooch so closely tha t !idol waves will ove rwhelm the con ti nent. , or in even cl oser approach our .otell"e might shatter in to a million or two fragments which would destroy the world in a shower of supershrop· nel. We might perish in a co ll ision with on erran t as teroid, with the glowing h ead of a cornel, or even in a heod ·on co ll ision with another star of a magnitude as great as the Sun. It's possible t ho ! the e nd mighl come when the Sun's fi.e dies and mankind voni.he s beneath the mantle of another Ice Age 0.Ihe opposi te e~treme-when the Sun blows up os a novo or e\len a supernova. All of these are natural phenomena. All ore remotely possible bu t very for from probable ond so for in the future that no one need worry unless he e~pects to be around this po rticulor 'phe(e forty or fifty million or billion yeors from nOw. 37 space jo url1al �··H ••• rh. di..,,!rou, .lred o~ ;ull On. d ,,-CMcaga, lIIiO>Oi.-.1 rb. Sun'. uplodlng I. .ba .. n. ".d ,h. Lah Michlg". Chicago ~I ••, ha •• a,..,dy baU.d a,,"a,:' ICh,I., l an.".11 Wu. r,,,fian 1,0'" THf NEXT $0 II WON n .... SJ '·n. f",th I. ,!ruck b, " ,_" co",.' .. ho•• head i. ahoul 10,000 ""I •• In dio",.'.,:' ICh.I., lon, .".11 lIIull,,,fion 1'0'" fH! NUT $0 IllIION HA,~SJ �I �d;,.""". ··r~. MOOft ,"0, h d''''''ft IH>ck to .~. E",.~ ;ft .~. ,."'" •• f ...., •. At " "I 20,000 ,.;f•• , ;, will h ,;n to " •• ok "P. ,,,1ft,", ~",. "'....... <HI .~ . . . . . ,,~ :. {C~."., '" ..... n ill" ..,,,,;,,,, I,,,", THf NUT 50 If WON YEAU .• �I However-ond her .. is where you a nd I ond the Australian aborigines (Ire d er.nilely co"cerned - M•. He uer gives us to th ink ove r th e possibility Ihot rna'" himself might Ihe .uicidol trigger! If mon p .. "ists- -as ... ems 10 be pers isting-in e ~ perimenli n9 hyd rogen atoms, wiln (,nion ond fu,ion. pull mOn with with cobol t co sing' ond world w ide fallou t , then you CO" w rit e your own ticke t ogoi nsl the doy when some junior-9rode Raspu!;n dores the fre .. w orld to p l oy hi. o w n brOrld of Ih.n- ,ion roulelte . It is som el iling to thin . about, bvi in the mean time, he'" ote Iwo books wllid. belong in Ihe librory of every astronomer, profes" sionol or omol .. "" _HoRmon Birney Se,ence ond Human Volues By J. Sro nowski. 94 pages, N ew Yor . Julian Me .. ner. S3. II is quite f,tting tha t thi, volume is i!lu,· trated wi th wmks cr ..ated in the m" laphysical ima gi"atian of William Blake. " Poetry," writes Mr. B,anaw , ~i, "does no t mOVe us to be jusl 0, unjust, in it.elf. It moves uS to tho ughts in whose light iustice and inj u,tic e O'e ,een in feodul ,hmpne,s o f ou lline.'· Tole rance among sci .. nli,ts connol be based on indifl,,'encc; it mu,t be bo,,;-d on ,especl, Mr Branow,l, i says. Resp .. ct as a persona! value im plies, in any society. th e public odnowl .. dgments of ius tice and of due honoL These me values whith to the laym an seem mos t r.. mote from any abslract stud y. What , Ihe layman may ask. hov .. human vo lu .. s such 0< justic.. , honor, and Ih .. ,esped o f man for man 10 do with science? "The que,tio","' re plie' Mr . Bronow.ki, ··i. a fooli.h su rvi vor of tho.e "inete.. nth·cen tu,y quo"" i. which 01. way. came bad to equate ethics wi th the BOOK of Genesis." He mys that science confronts the work of o ne mon with Ihol of an other and groll. ea(h on each; and it (annat survi ve withoul jusliee and honor and respect belween man and man. Only by th e.e meons can science pursu e ih stlladlost objed, to e~plQfIl trulh. If these volue. did not e)( ist, Mr. Bronowl~i be lie ve s, then the society of scie ntists would hove to invent them to mo ke the practice o f "ollnce pO Hi blll . In societ ies whefe these value s did not e~ist, scien(e has hod to create them. What power hold. the compony 01 scholon togethe r? In onswe' to his ,hetQficol que' tion, Mr. Bronowski re plies that , in an obviav, �serne, theirs i. the power o f virtue. All .<holors in their wo.k o.e of course oddl y virtuous by the world ly standard. of pu b lic li le . They do nOT ma~e wild claim.; they do nO I chea t; they do nol try to perluode at a ny co.l; Ihey appeal neither to preiudice no. to autharily; they o.e often frank abaul their ign o , a nce; their d ispules are faidy decorous; Ihey do nal co nfu. e what i. be ing o.gued with race , po lit ico, s.. ~ Or age; they listen potiently to the young and to the old who bo th know eye.ything Con cerning this, Mr. Sronow.ki writ"., " Th",,, Ore the gene.o l yidue! of scholarship, ond they are pecu liarly the virtues of science. Individually, scientist, no doubt hoye human weokneue. . Several of th em may have mi.treue. or reod Karl Marx; same of them may even be homose~lIols and read Plato. Bllt in 0 world in which slote and dogma seem olways ei the r to Ihreaten or to coiole, the body of scienti.t. is ,roined to ovoid, and organi zed 10 resist, every form o f persuasion b ut Ihe foci. A scientist who breob this rule, os Lysenko has done, is ignored . A scientist who flnds that th e rule has bee n broken in his loborolory, os I<om· merer found, kills himself." Much of Mr. Bronowski ' . thin kin g can be said to follow I(o n"s cotegoticol imperotive. It i. quite oppore nt that he conliders man , with his Irog ic dignity, to be on important little creature in the ' cheme of things. Re · gordle .. of where mon is destined to go, th is reviewe r is re minded by Mr. Bronowski's book of Ih e line by the poet Rilke who, after seeing Picosso 's pa int ing, " The Sal rim · bonquel.·· wrote : " But ,ell me, who ore Ihey, thes .. O(fObOI S, even more fl ee ling Ihon we o urselve .. .'" In o n oge of cyn ic ism, M•. Bronowski·. book is ,efre. hing . Thi•• eviewer recommends il. _Ralph E. Jennings The Space Child', Mother Goose. By Frederick W insor. IIl usl ra ted by Ma rian Parry. New York, Simon and Schuster. S3.50. The outhar o f Ihis ' pace child's hydroponic garden of verse, apologizes, in his dedication , .. .. if if. vieulI ieu and il leaves you co ld . Forgive us, dorling$, We're Awfully Old." , 42 space iournal These poems ore not reolly y;eull ;eu, but in 011 probability they will leave the dorling. cold becou.e Ihey ore written for .poce porenh---and e"'remely inlellecluol spoce parent. 01 Ihot. Even so, ma ny of the · poems have 0 whimsi cal twist Ihal is provocative and delightful; lor ellomple, a poem illuslroring th e hypersonic genesis of loday's Everymon , Solomon Grundy Wolked on Monday Rode on Tuesday Motored Wed nesday Planed on Thursdoy Rodeled Frida y Spoce.hip Sal urdoy Time Machine Sunday Where is the end for Solomon Grundy? -M . Roymond �I I , Yep-New York sho ;s 0 nice ploce, bul I wou/dn ', wonl 10 live thor. +lDVfJ1TUR£S Or- ' L~SKfl' S; ") :{J~ ..... . \ ., �IIlACTt O Il I '01 populi I ~ .... d", '0 P'''u, d.loy •. 011 ,.oclion .. oil ond ","n~ • • «iph .~b ... i""d '0 SPACE lo~'nol .",,' be odd,.... d ' 0 SPACE Jo~'n",. P,O. ao. 12. H ~n".ill • . Alobo .. o. 5;""0,11 all .... b.«.p'.on. or i"'I~i.i •• <oo<",.ing .... b • • «iplion. m~" b. odd ..... d ,,, SPACE lou,no!. P.O. Bo . 9 4. No.h.ille, hnn. Dea r Edit o r, Dea r Edito r, Than k you very muc h fo r the copy of the spring e di tion o f SPACE Jo urnal, wh ich is ded ica ted to my la te husband. You have e very right to be p roud o f your publication, and 10 be pa rticularly proud of the article a bou t my husband. It i. on" of the ve ry best that will be in the boo k I keep for p ublished stories abou t him. Wit h congra tula ti o ns on thi. fine .tory, a nd apprec ia tio n of your courtes y, since rely W orce.ter, Mass. Mrs. Esthe r C. Go d d ard Your Vol. 1, No. 2. o f SPACE Jou rnal has just fallen into my ha nd s. As I am a science teacher in the l ake Geneva High School. I was very in ' eres red 10 see what you had to offer. ... I was shocked howeve r to find that 'he photograph on pa g e 12, fi gure fou r, was cop· tioned Ihe Cra b Nebul a . This must be o n erro r. It loo ks more li ke M51, th e W hi rl poo l Ne b ul a in Cane. Ve no tici . . I am a lso the sponso r of the lo~e Gene va science club. My clu b members have as ke d Dea r Edi tor. I ha ve read your first issue of SPAC E Journ a l very completely and from my observa· tion I would like to IIote that of a ll such p ublicol ians on the marke l, you" i. b y for the mOll .uperior. I offer my cong ratula tio ns for a terr ific job . .•• W . A. Shuping Direc tor o f O pera tions abou t "ar'ing a roc ket division in the clu b . Now I am well a ware of Ihe dangers tha t lie in such on ope ra tion, and I do not wont anyone to get hurt. I have raid my people that I do not wan t them to build a "y overnight ra(ke t and rho t the re is li lli e ' a be g a ined from jus. throwing some thing toge ther and . hooti ng it off. I wo nt Mi ssile. Rocket a nd Space Division Vitro Corpora tion of Americ a Martinsb urg, W. Va. a lo t o f study to go into such a th i"g be fore Dear Editor, tion and operation of .uch a club. I know I enjoyed your spring issue very much, bu t r wou ld like 10 ca ll your a tt ention to figu re 4 , p a ge 12. I am sure that you will fin d ' ho t i' is no t the Cra b Nebula bu t tho ' it is ' he Wh irl_ pool ga lo )(y ho me times c a ll ed W hirlpool Nebu la!. M51. as "ded in Charles Messier's list. Frank H. Reev es Nashville, Tenn. no thing about rocke' fuel. euepr Ihot rhey are very touchy and d a ngerous to handle. Ii there some kind of p rog ram thai we (a n undertake tha t would in teres t the clu b members and sti ll be safe and construe' ;ve? Photo Se rvi ce Depo rtment Donald W . Ca rte r Yerke' Observatory 44 space journal it is done, if ever. Frankly I would like .ome good sound a d vice on how to p roceed with the organiza_ Williams Boy, Wi s(. �Readers Reevef and Corter, and a hasl of others, are correct in identifying the illus/ro tion on page 12 as the Whirlpool Nebula, or M51, in Cones Venaticj, The mi;<·up occurred when the stoff wa$ ollempting to rush the second inue through the printerJ alter cele· broting the successful orbiting of bplorer I. While this is certainly no ~alid eJlCUlie, we leel that the circumstonceu were at leoft mitigating A. for reader Carter's science dub and ils activities in rocketry, I urg e you not to at· iempt to build rockets prope!led by any form of e;<plosi~e, such os block powder, home· mode mixtures based on powdered metals, compreued gaues, etc. You should begin by tludying the basic physicol principles which underlie rocketry . It may not sound inviting or exciting to begin a project in rocketry by reading physics. However, you will find that your project will lake on new depths 0/ mean· ing and possibilities os you delve inlo Ihese basic principles Only alter you ha~e mos· tered Ihe fun:;lame ntals and have become completely familiar with the deadly power of even Ihe moll simple e .. plosive will you be ready 10 allempt the construction 0 / rockets . Editor . Dear Editor, Our group ha, recently become very ,nleresled in the properties 01 space. We found some questions lor which answelS we,e un obtainable. Since we have heard of your mago l 'ne, we wondered whether you courd be of oHistonce to us. Would it be po"ible for man to adopt himself to the moon in a great number (perhaps millions) of years? We would oppreciole any aid which you could supply on Ihi. subiecr. Ridley College Joe f. Low Ontario, Canada In answer 10 your question "Would it be pas· SIble for meJn to adopt himself to Ihe moon in a great number (perhaps milliond 0/ years?", I must give you both a yel and a no, qualifying each according to my interpretation of your question. The onswer is no if you are thinking ahout a daptation by way of what we call evolution since all lorms of life, as we know it, require 1/ you mean by adaptation man' s abIlity to crea te artIficial environmental conditions on the moon which will "venluolly permit estob · lilhmen t of e~pe"mentol scientific 'obo,olories, mining, foclorie5, and even cities, th e answer i. a very positive yes. Editor . Dear Editor, Since the first issue 01 SPACE Journal was dedicated 10 Prof. Hermon Oberlh, " Father of Aslronouti"." and Ihe second to Dr. Robert H. Goodord, "Father of Rocketry, '" it is fitting to note that the careerS of the.e two great scientists crossed briefly in 1921. On learning of Dr. Goddord's report "'A Method of Reaching El(treme Altitudes," Prof. Oberlh, then a .tudent of mothemoli" 01 Heidelberg, wrole 10 Dr. Goddard , in his limited English, as follows: "Deor Sir: Already many yean t wor~ 01 the prob. lem to pou over Ihe atmosphe,e of our eorlh by meon. of a rocket. When I was now publishing the result of my examinations and cokulotion., I learned by the newspaper that I am nol alone in my in· quiries and that you, deaf Sir, have alreody done much important Walk. 01 this sphere. In spite of my efforts, I did not succeed in gelling your books oboul this obiecl. Therefore, I beg you, dear Sir, 10 let them have me. At once afte r coming out of my work I will be honored to send it to you, for I think tha t only by common work of Ihe scholars of all notions can be solved this grea t problem. Yours very truly, Hermonn Oberth Student Math. He idelb eHg'" Hunt sville, Ala. George A. Ferrell Thonb to reader Ferrell fa, bringing Ihil in _ teresting le/ler to the attention of OIJr other readers . In Moy or June of 1922, Dr. God· dord sent 0 copy of his work 10 Prof. Oberlh . 8y Ihe I,me thaI Prof. Ober/h's own work Waf publilhCld in Germany in 1923, Dr. Goddard had carried hi. experiment5 in liquid.fue/ed rockets to the point of actuoltestfiring. Edilor . 0~Ygen. 45 space journal �Dear Editor, I read your copy of SPACE Journal while making fudge. Although 'he fudge wain', any good, I thoroughly enjoyed your magazin e. Articles I especially liked w~re Dr, ...on Bro un's "Where Are We Going?", " Father of Rocketry," "Rocket Moil," and " Reaction ." SPACE Journal has everything in it tho' I ha ... e always wished for but never found until now . Please con'inue the good work , but pleose don 't discontinue the poetry o r spoce fiction . S!. Louis. Mo . Donna Lucido Dear Editor, I hoye just finished reading Vol. I, No. 2. of SPACE Journ o l. I especially enjoyed the article "Mars and Beyond." A number of other boys here 01 school are interes ted in space travel. We have all found your publication helpful in the classroom . I've read a number of magalines concern ing space travel, b ut I rond yours the mo,t factual. I like the way it giyes a brood view of the topic you are discussing. t beg to differ with Joe Gib10n ' '' Reaction,'' Vol. 1, No. 21. I th in k tha t the short Itory gives a bit 01 variety to the magazi ne and that you should continue jt. St. John 's Military Academy Barry Hackner Dela fi eld, W i1 . Dear Editor You would do your magazine and it. read· ers a se rvi ce if yOU dropped the space fiction. W illiam E. Dennen Associate Editor Children's Booh Lillie, Brown a nd Co. Boston, Man . Readers luc ido, Dennen, and Hodner lauch upon a paint which hos hod the sloff in graye doubts , the desirability of conlinuing space fkl io" and poelry in SPACE Journal. So for opinion has been eyenly di~ided among the editors, b ut the fi"al decision will ho~e 10 come from Ihe readers. For Ihis reason, we are mosl anxious 10 have the reoc l;on to space fiction and poetry from as many readers 01 possible. We also suggest, porenlheticoJly, 46 space journal • Ihal reader lutido read her SPACE Journal either before Or olte r-nol while-making her ne xt balch of fudge . Editor. Dear Edi tor. My copy of SPACE Journal, Vol. " No.1, second printing , h01 for its caver a reproduc· tion of Chesley 80neslell 's poin'ing depicting 'he se poro lion of the firs' stage of a four· stage spaceship. Yet th e caption on the can· tents page reveed, that a portroi' of Prof. Oberth should have graced the cover. This is borne out by the pho to on page J 1 of issue No.2, showing such a cover. The cover change, I assume , was due to Ihe need for a second printing. but why didn ', you change the caption? Then too, different (overs for the some issue may con fu se things a bit for readers who wish to collect and bind SPACE Journal. An unimportont moller, but I thought that it should be brought to your ollenllon. I too sho red Mr . Gibson·, feelings (reaction, spring issuel when I first sow you r maga zine on the newsstand. And I too become 0 (on· vert after glancing through it. excellent publication. Chicago, III. Yours is on Ken Soblik The reprinting of the first issue was done in a hasty manner. Th e change in co~er was dane no t wilh guile but with Ihe advice of a large news di$lribUlor. Th e discrepancy which reader Sob/ik nales on the conten ls page was a b/und"'r which resuhed from the hosle in gell;ng Ihe second printing ou t. Incidenlolly, Ihe cover on Ihe second printing o f the firs l inue il a product of SPACE Journal's art sloff -which is inexpressibly proud of having ;ts efforts mistaken fa. Ihol quality which space enthusiasts have tome 10 identify as the Boneslell touch. Edil or. �FI CTi OH I beyond th is st ar J a m es D aniels, l . J r. Synopsis of Pre<:e ding Installment The Palomar Grovp, a s(;ientific organization dedicated to the survival of mankind in the universe in 1971 hod succeeded in estab · lishing on Observatory on the Moon . The Group sou ght th en some . vidence of life elsewhere in the solar system, in the hope of find ing answers to th e d ilemma of man 's eternal conflict on Earth . The high albedo of Europa the third moon of Jupiter see med artificial, and artifice indi _ cates intelligent life . Brad Hudson of the Palomar Group with a two ·man crew, Steve Amhearsl and Myron Drake, in a magnetic drive space craft, arrived an Europa, where they found great cities svrv;ving under gigantic glasdike domes . Th e human inhabitants of this hermetic world had survived a dying planet, bul, in doing so, had submitt",d to on abso/vte communal go vernme nt under a ce ntra/ body calle d th e Primesters. The Earthme n were held for observation by the variovs Socia ·, Bio·, and Psycho-Physio logical Councils . In Ko ·Pall, the ruthless Judge Superior of the Primesters, Brad lov"d Ihe ;ncarnatian of Eorth's own pow",r·driven latolitaria" political leaders. Ko·Pall declared the Earthmen a threal 10 Europa and ordered thei, destruction. In Mu -Bor the ge"tle Director of Bio-Science s, Brad fovnd a surviving champion of reason and hope for hvmankind. And in Kay ·Bar, Mu-Bor's beautiful blonde dought",r, Brad found the love Ihat he hod never had time for on Earth. Mu·Bar, on pre/elll of scientific stvdy, hod secvred permission 10 move Brad temporarily into his own apartment. Now a plan of escape and relurn to Earth for the Earthmen hod been arranged by Mu·Bor. J.",., . ," , g l . D• • I. I, J • ., 0" '- •• bll,.I1 .. , "11'1,,, I, , ,,. c.,,,., OfII,•• ""., "'".tr, 01". " " ' ' ' ' 0'0 ..... 1",•••IiI.. o. ;"' 5'''CE 10., .. ,. ..., bot. ,. .. un, I~ [ ....'"". Aloloo ... , "f ... __ I. . . . . '." ....... ",. , 0 ,ho A I. , .. ....... 26, d., ... _ IJ,_ <. II, ho . , _ , ... 1,1.1_.;,. '" .. I.bo_ ....... ho ,"';.001 . . ... """ .... I~ l .g';.O. Ke 100. lO. .h, [.,I;'~ '" high .. _ , _d 1~ . ho 1/001 .... ;.., '" Hi.... hli,hod _ l "",I.... ,,-, " .. ;. . . . 4 ..",,., ;0 hid> _'''' . _ • __ 'eI;. . . . . . ;, ty ... _ ~ 0 . . . . . .1 Ioooed .., 50,' ..... ..,1;.1«. 110 '_ .""001 .od ............ , -0 ..... I~ •• '. "'obo_ .......,......."'•. <."... Part II Brad had come from the Ihawe r and stood looking through the skylight a t the never c easing eruptions on the face of Jupiter. AI _ ma lt like a sun in itself; for this moon , Europa, Jupiter was Ihe sun. Europa 's whote power system was harnessed 10 Jupiter's miraculou s high pressure hydrogen activity. So many Jtronge reactions unknown on earth were posJible under those tremendoul pressu res . Someday maybe on expedition could be landed th e re. Maybe Ko- Pall was righl; perhaps Eorth _ men were a tltreot 10 his world. They would al l think tlte ,arne way about e.o;peditions 10 th is world. They would crawl here like mogga ll, over and in and around Ihese domes. The sharp whine 01 the door bUller announced a vi,itor standing in range of Ihe sconner. Brad faced the door ond in a firm voice addreued the mike pickup above it, " Open ." The door slid bock silently, revealing Ihe wizened f'gure 01 Mu-Bar. Mu -Bor entered quickly and (rossed the room to stond by the now neotly covered bed, wt>iet> se rve d during waking nour. as 0 divon. "I hod almost fo rgo lle" Ihot today was the day, " Brad ,aid. " I have arranged for you r friend s 10 be 41 space journal �broughl 10 my laboralory in Ihe Scien·Dome. The ship is Ihere ond ready. Now 10 Ihe event. The car awails in Ihe por I, You musl go directly to Ih e Primesler Chombe .. , Remember thol only wilh Ko-Poll as hostage can you expect 10 hove ony guarantee of safely until we con get you into space, Once out, Ihere i. of course nothing to stop you. ore no ships to pUfJue you." There Brad had stood focing the smoll man while he talked. ' 'I've wondered about that, Mu- Bar. It's one queslion we hoven' l discuued, Why no space croft?" "You recalt thot I told you of how, in Ihe ancient time s, our people crossing space stopped on Ihe moons, ond how the inhabitonh of each of the moons in turn died, until only Europa was lefl. Here, in trying to !urvive, we sacrificed many things. The .ecrel of space trave l wos one of the le. " Sin n the building of the Dome, we have hod neither the indinotion nor the desire to trovel Ihrough space, " Mu·lio r told him. " We hove Our world recreated and livable. We Brad, if you volue any thing I can lell you, thgt if I had th e right to give 0 dying wo rd, Iho l word is 'doub t'-forever plant doubt in men', minds. If once they foil to doubt, Ihey ore dead-for curiosity, the ferlile ultimate that will let mon survive, is born only of doubt. Only through doubt can we ovoid onchoroge to hindsight. Doubl and you can sh ed old doctrines--open the mind to new, to change, 10 foresight. When mOn hos all the answers he ne eds, when he accepts a stalemate bal. once-o compromise of self for exis te nce of Ihe social whale-then it is 011 over. Brad, your answer. lie no t in dead wor lds and old people, but in the young ones and ne w world s, It 's up to eoch new generolion to adopt, and to leorn, ond to progress-Io fond in Ihe universe the expan.ion of the glory of creolio n. Eo ch generolian musl expand its ability 10 comprehend, must go beyond the limited horizons of Ihe generotion before. If Ihere are answers to your que$tions, Ihey lie for beyond Ihis star you call Ihe sun and ils nine insignjficonl worlds. Some of the onswe .. lie in the foc! thaI there is a beyond, o fron ti er yet to be explored by the young surviv e . W e need no t go further. Pe rhaps, .ince su rviving a dying planet and osten sibly esta blishin g Ihe perpetui' y 01 our race, we hgve become complacent in a sort of rgcial secu rity . We hove occomplished the ultimate; hence, our race kultur becgme one of s,ggno · t ion~not g dyna mic thin g. You see we tru ly did grow old 01 (I race . Preservation of the race enloiled the com plete and uH e r 'u b mis. sian of the port 10 the who le, so thai th e in_ div idual, as you hove leen here, is nothing. The socie ty is the organism, The entire econ · omy, la w. , technology, everything, is geafed to this, 10 the perpe tuation 01 the perfect bol · once this organism has attained, Ihe bolonce thol olone ossures its continued e xis tence," Mu· Bor brake off abruptly and then added " ~but we hove lolked of th is so mony times , you have cited the communal half of your Own world and tne slow submission of your entir e Ear th p e ople to its spell. And so you must get boc k- for the sa ke o f the human kind you muSI get bock gnd tell them _s how them Ihgt tngt way can only b e the end. Remember , 48 space jour na l • i ��and curious. Yes, Brad, go bock to Eorlh and lead man ou l inlo Ihe grand cosmos. "Bul enough, Ihe lime is near. Off wilh you. We musl have Ko·Poll in hand . You will b arely hove lime to gel him 01 his firs t session resl." Mu· Bo r was propelling him with gentle pressure loward the door. ,· t will have my dough Ier allhe Scien·Oame to see you awoy, " Mu· Bor said, and foin lly smiled os Brad looked bo ck 01 him in surprise. " t know how you feel abaul her." They were ou l in Ihe aparlment corridor now near Ihe Transi·por l. Mu·Bar lurned and hurried away befo re Brad could reply. Left a lone, Brad was conscious of the foci Ihol he hod no weapon. He remem b ered how· ever, quickly, thai weapons were none xis tenl here, for physical threots on Europo were nolh· ing. Sacrifice o f a Iile was only a .nolch on Ihe hond 01 the social entity. A few moments loler in Ihe T,ons'l Tube he sped lo word the lerminol unde r Ihe Primeslel Dome aboa rd Mu·Bor 's leor·drop Tron" ·cor on 0 fr ic tio nless cushion of oi •. There were only len cors in the huge ter· min ol when he orrived, which meon l only a Primester Session-no crowd 01 pe titioners to comp licole the situalion. He le fl the cor b e .ide Ihe one with Ko·Poll 's block non insignia on il. Upstair< in Ihe circulor corridor Brad found Ko · Poll's cubicle. He slipped inside the dark room ond wailed. His b rea th rasped hal in h is lungs. Oh, for 0 breolh of reol air. He could nol remember, now, even Ihe smells of real a ir, a fler monlhs of brea thing Ihis sta le co "ned stufl'. He hod almost reloKed whe" the door suddenly swung open. A figure shadowed the , Iii o f li g ht ocrou the floor. Brad tensed ogoinst Ihe wall. The door stid shut. There wos iust one woy--o primitive flyi"g tackle. He crou<hed 10 spring ot Ihe skodow. " Brad, " the whisper was Kay·Bar's. " Here, " ke moved to touch ker . " Quick, we kove not much time. You mus l g o. Ko · Poll know. of your plan. He has mon itored your movements. He will try 10 stop you here. My !other soys to forge t Ko· Poll ond come directly to the Scien·Dome; ke will have YOLlr frien d s tkere." "If Ko · Poll knows, he will kove them guarded." " Only from you. He will not hi"de. my fatker . Now let's kLlrry." Brad slipped i"to Ihe empty corridor ond storied toward the ter minal e leva tor. " No. Brad," Koy·Bo r tugged hi. arm and pulled him p ost Ihe el e va lor door. "They'll b e guarding the terminal." They raced on o.ound Ihe corridor to a smaller and unoblrusive door. II opened inlo a <hu te, slon l'ng dow"ward. "Come," Koy·Bor pulled him in . A sled type tran spor ter stood "ear Ihe door, " Ge t 0"," Koy-Bo, stepped onlo the sled, " This sluice my lother has kept in repair. Only he knows of il. Jj was used by the A"cie,," eons ago, It i. primitive bu t my father hos kep i it in repair since he discovered it. He hod hi. Scien ·Oome buitt a t the other end o f it afte r Ko · Poli become JLldge Superior. And thi. tunnel is shielded. The ScaMen can', follow us." He sat down on the sled o"d gripped the hondroil •. Kay-Bar .ent it hLlrlling olo"g the tun"el. At tke Scien·Dome Mu-Bor hurried Ihem from the doset where they . Iopped. " The others ore here," he soid. "I hod to "oreothize them, bullhey'U recove r." He ope"ed a fina l door to le t them in to a $<intiIlOling room of plastic ond met a llic fixtures. ��Beside a long table in Ihe cen ter of the lob were Amhe a rd and Droke, sitting ered and slift in an ob",;ous, hypnotic Iiole. "They'll respond 10 any commorld, Brad. You'll be oble 10 operate the ship all right, even wi th them in Ihis ,tole. Just give them detailed instruction. (lnd they ",Hi handle their regular duties efficienctfy." Mu-Bar turned 10 Ihe men. "You will rise ond board the ship and toke your u5u<.:11 stations. The ,hip i. diret'; lly across the ramp beyond rhat door:' Mu -Ber pointed to Ihe door ooou Ihe' room. The Iwo men rose and Ihumed zombie-like across the room and through Ihe door which Kay-Bar opened for them Mu-Bo. turned to Brod with brows koit. His shoulders slumped lower. He looked from Brad to Koy -Bar. "Yov must lake her with you;' he ~oid, "We are dying, Your world i ~ young yel. We ore long post our gro"e, a society in ils senescence. We may drift on a few more of you r centuries; bul it musl end, for we w'th all our scien>::e, all our eOlls of efforl, ho"e not found the Iloble answers which you come seeking. Perhaps we ne"er started to look for them, Neither our technology nor our sociology could so"e us forever. The communal society, as you have seen, is not the answer for human kind; for wch a soc'ety .tifles Ihe '''nole curiosity of the 'ndiv'dual. We killed .t here and storied to I 52 space journal I die intellectually e"e n as we learned to sur"i"e physically." Mu-Bor moved to the door and looked after Ihe two men who hod gone out. '" am sorry tha t you must return 10 your young world with. ou t answers; yet, perhaps before you are answers better Ihan any thai you or I or anyone could formulate: one is that each world must sal"e it ~ awn dilemma, not borrow from others; another i. thai if life can exisl simultaneously on the same form as ours in two place ' in our own syslem, the n there must be millions of other worlds where life e~ists in this eternal uni"e rs e. A never ending frontier! Conflict itself perhaps cannot be e liminated, but the energies whi ch would be exerted in struggle can be channe led into cur io us sni/f,ng about, a . long a. Ihere is a franl ier to sniff in. Find ways 10 probe ii, Eorlhmon , and your Eorth kind will li"e. Do not build up walls around you and Iry to outli"e your own worl d. Fi nd new ones. Since you ho"e slorted as young as your world is and have mode such progres<, there is no reason why you cannot contin ue 10 reach out and out inlo this infinite universe." " And you, Mu-Bor, you will come with us, too, " Brad urg e d. " No, I must stay. It is too lole for us_ for me. 10m of thi, wor ld. My daugh ter is young enough not to have absorbed this world's cu llure. As I have told you since her concep· tion, I ho"e guarded her from it. She is, as you have said, like an Eorthwomon. Be,ides, I shalt die hoppy, knowing that this world sur"i"e, in yours-that the old is port of the new, that your maling represents the sur"i"al of our world ofler all , ,ince truly your progeny wi ll be .Om of thi, world, too. Now it is time to go." Mu -Bor rushed them toward the door. From Ihe starboard port Brad, with Kay· Bar . quiet lears hur ting a. his own and with his orms around her, watched Ihe tiny f,gure of Mu -Bar standing inside the Dome while Ihe port able launch romp Mu-Bor hod co,,,' ruc'ed wheeled Iheir ,hip into position oUllide. The ship silen lly spiroled up. The crushing occelerotion began. Brad turned with KoyBar to the forward pori and looked lo ng across the darkne .. at the tiny point of pole blue IIghl_Earth. I �Frankly Speaking ..• We Takc The Down-To-Earth Approach Not many of us among the m any thousands of Reynolds people an' lining l'P for a ticket on the first mAnned rocket to the moon, We don't doubt the trip will be m(lde, Recent progress in space tra\el de\elopmems has been tOO over .... helming to leave much room for doubt. .\Ialr.:ing the balli~!ic shells for missiles and rockets definitely is our line and no one .... ilI be prouder than we if that moon rocket is " Reynolds-wr:opped," We've had t. g;oocl bit of experience along the rocket and mi~sile line. Our Shemeld, Alabama, plant h:ls manufactured a number of high precision aluminum ballistic shells [or Reynold s Metals Companv the highly succc,sful Redstone missile and its dramatic first cousin. the satellite-launChing Jup itcr-C rocket. ReYllolds Met als Compun) is the nalion's second largest producer of aluminum lind our modern fab ricating plants are manned by (!'COple "ilh highly practical down-to-earth meta1 fabricating I.no" -how, We're proud of the fact that this specialized experience and I.no" ledge has helped us to work "",ith Army and Chr)'sler technical people in giling Ihe United States more and beller missiles and rocl.elS for the money, We pledge our~elves to continue mecting "out-of-I hisworld" needs with a "down-to-earth" :Ippro:.ch to missile and rocket makin g. Richlllond 13, Vil',rin ia " The handbook for tomorrow "N ot until this book has there boon one important reference book wh ich hu been able lQ explain all phase! of the new uge--the space age, Anyone selectiug this book cannot I)O$sibly put it down feelin):' thnt it has b<len anything othel' than" fa scinutin):, experienCI:'."_.l/illo" lJ, II /C llpcr, Vit>'o CO")), of A ",~ ...'ca , Lllvi$hly illustrated with over 300 l,hotOJlrllph~ maps and diagrams. $ 6 .95 , Post pa id with ~h e(k or money orde r from DUTTON N ew Y•• k 10, N , Y. 53 space journal �. dA? ~~ ENG..!; Exploring New Concepts Manufacture Of: Of EERING, Precision Design, Engineering And SPECIAL MACHINES, AUTOMATION, SERVOS, MISSILE COMPONENTS, GAGES, MACHINING AND FABRICATING, 2300 CLIFTON ROAD 54 sp~ce journal NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE INC. �I For your future convenience-but in the meantime use our Huntsville facilities HOLIDAY INN HOTEL Blast Off with SPACE Journall The world's fastest growing space magazine. Don't depend on the limited number sold at newsstands, insure your fu ture copies by becoming a subscriber. Fill out the post-paid card now. 55 space journo!ll �• Neither snow nor rain or or gloom of night ••• " We arc nov.' capable o f lending an object outside t he carlh'. gravlullo"al ii~ld . Such a prepuhio" .yuem could carry ro~k~ 1 m"illclter. loth" moon, and ,"'c are ;r.hle \0 ".timate the ~o.t of a rocket mail Itam? nc~d"d. The prol>lunl inhe.",,! In the or ..em h .. ve ;olre"dy been .ol,,~d by prosr" .. In aohd propellant rocketry." Dr . ll. W. IU t chey P rojeclI ouch ". "Rocket Mail 10 the Moon" may be nc"" . . ary .oone. than we t hink . Skilled. '"oll · nically t."\ned ind"'Ld".l. are """ded byThiokol to enable .uch future proj_cu. Addu •• ,nqw.,e. to: DIVISION· HUHTSVlllf. ALAI_ A ~ �I BROWN ENGINEERING HUNTSVILLE . CO .• ALABAMA INC . �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, Summer 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1958_summer Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Cold War Explorer satellites Jupiter missile Life on other planets Space race--United States--History--20th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/513/spc_mitc_001_062B.pdf 335ad2d95ada43df143aa5234640e96b PDF Text Text JOLIRNAL D E D I C A T E D T 0 T H E ASTRO - SCIENCES . . :..:•.•> . ' :: . .,�· ' . . .. .�-�-•.·.... .. . �. .. • • •• , . ,. . � .". ' t, ' . . ' ' RUSSIAN SPECIAL THIS EDITION: VILLAGE ON THE MOON 'FALL 1958 challenge �PROGRESS REPORT FROM AVCO RESEARCH NEVV LIGHT ON LABORATORY MHD* The Avco Research Laboratory was founded a little more than three years ago for the purpose of examining high­ temperature gas problems associated with ICBM re-entry. The success of this research led to the birth of a new cor­ porate enterprise, A vco's Research and Advanced Development Division. The Research Laboratory, now estab­ lished as a separate Avco division, has expanded to embrace all aspects of physi­ cal gas dynamics. We are currently gravid with several embryonic projects which we anticipate will likewise grow into new corporate enterprises. Our work in the physics, aerodynamics and chemistry of high-temperature gases is growing in the following areas: This shock tube photograph, taken by emitted light only, shows the typical shock wave configuration formed by high-velocity gas flowing around a pointed cone. NO MAGNETIC FIELD. , I I I I I - ... / I / -- ...... MagnetohydrodynamicsFlight and industrial power­ generation applications Space flightManned satellites Electromagnetic propulsion '\ These developments have created a num­ ber of openings for physicists, aerody­ namicists and physical chemists. If your background qualifies you to work in any of these areas, we would be pleased to hear from you. \ \ '' ' / ...... - Dr. Arthur Kantrowitz, Director Avco Research Laboratory I / Here is shown the magnetohydrodynamic displacement of the shock wave. The magnetic field is caused by electric current flowing through a coil of wire within the cone. This experiment qualitatively demonstrates the interaction of a high-temperature gas with a magnetic field. This effect would be expected to produce drag and reduce heat transfer to the body. WITH MAGNETIC FIELD. RESEARCH LABORATORY A P. S. A listing of laboratory research re­ ports indicative of the scope and depth of our activities is available. Address your request: Attention: Librarian, Avco Research Laboratory, 2385 Revere Beach Parkway, Everett, Massachusetts. *Magnetohydrodynamics, the study of the dynam­ ics of electrically conducting fluids interacting with magnetic fields. Division of Avco Manufacturing Corporation/Everett, Mass. Other divisions and subsidiaries are: AK Division Crosley Division Ezee Flow Division New Idea Division Crosley Broadcasting Corporation Lycoming Division Moffats Limited Research and Advanced Development Division �JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO-SCIENCES BOARD OF CONSULTANTS Dr. Wernher von Braun Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger Prof. Hermann Oberth Vol. I, No. 4 Earthman's First Moon Landing as rendered in oil by Con Pederson. Layout of cover by Dave Christensen and Bill Isbell. B. Spencer Isbell MANAGING EDITOIR ASSOCIATE EDITOR James L. Daniels, Jr. ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mitchell R. Sharpe, Jr. ASSISTANT EDITOR David L. Christensen GRAPHICS DIRECTOR Lee R. Moore, Jr. LAYOUT DIRECTOR Harold E. Price EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTOR David Akins STAFF ARTISTS Harry H.-K. Lange Con Pederson Ernest Harper BUSINESS MANAGER Richard T. Heagy PUBLISHER Fall 1958 COVERS EDITOR-IN-CHIEf Ralph E. Jennings CONTENTS EDITORIAL 2 PROJECTING WITH SPACE JOURNAL Dr. Wernher von Braun FEATURES 4 SOVIET TECHNICAL PROGRESS Ronald C. Wakeford 12 EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE Frederick I. Ordway, Ill 31 IMPLICATIONS OF SOVIET PROGRESS IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Col. J. G. Mayton 41 A PROPOSAL FOR A VILLAGE ON THE MOON Hiroshi Kumagai 35 DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM-THE REAL CHALLENGE OF SOVIET SCIENCE Dr. Karel Hujer DEPARTMENTS METEORITES ........................ Global Reporting SPACE BOOKS Recent & Forthcoming SPACE POETRY "Frontiers" 52 REACTION ... Vox Populi 46 48 34 Space Enterprises, Inc. CONTRIBUTORS Mary Jane Day, Warren T. Musgrove, Agnes Hochberger, Molly Dee Isbell, Wanda Reid, Don Williams, Mrs. F. G. Saurma, and Photographs in Space Symposium, courtesy of Soviet Embassy. 1 I SUBMISSION OF MATERIAL The submission of material to this Journal is always welcom e; short articles of 500 to 3000 words are preferred. Send the original on white bond paper, typewritten, double spaced; plus two carbons. Leave at least a one-inch margin on all sides and key all illustrations with the text. Photographs shou Id be 8 x 10 inches on glossy stock. The author's name und title should be on the manuscript. A picture of the author and a short biographical note are required for publication. Security clearance for all material submitted is the responsibility of the author. Ple<1se send material to SPACE Journ,11 P. O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alabama. All material accepted lo r publication becomes the exclusive property of SPACE Journal. SUBSCRIPTIONS United States and Canada $2.00 per year (lour issues). Journal, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee. Foreign $3.00 per year. Pledse send all subscriptions to SPACE ADVERTISING Advertising rates will be furnished on request to Space En terprises, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee. New York and eastern states: Hale Carey, Mgr., Room 447 Graybar Bid. 420 Lexington Ave., New York City; western states: McDonald Thompson, Los Angeles McDonald-Thompson, 3727 W. 6th St.; San Francisco: 625 Market St.; McDonald-Thompson offices in Seattle, Wash., Portland, Ore., Denver, Colo., Houston, Tex., Tulsa, Okla. PUBLISHING SPACE Journal is the official organ of the Rocket City Astro nomical Association, Inc. a nonprofit, nonpolitical, scientific and educational organization in Huntsville, Alabama. © by SPACE Journal. All rights reserved. The Journal is published quarterly by Space Enterprises, Inc., in Nashville, Tennessee. Application for second-class mailing permit pending at Nashville, Tennessee. Space Enterprises, Inc.; George J. Merrick, Pres., Fred D. Wright, V-Pres, Richard Heagy, V-Pres; Thomas Schlater, General Counsel. J. M. Summar, Treas , L. E. Nordholt, Director. space iournai �Projecting With Space Journal Our Problem--Yours and Wernher von Mine Braun Two bright six-year-olds were out on the playground at recess. They were closely exam­ ining a spider_ crawling on a brick. "Don't touch it!'' exclaimed one first-grader. "It's -a poisonous Latrodectus moctons/" he added. "How do you know it's a black widow?" asked the second. "Whether or not it's a block widow," replied moppet number one, "the markings indicate that it is definitely of the genus Latrodectus." At this point, the school bell rang. "Let's go bock to class," said one of the youngsters. "We've got to finish stringing those darned beads." This, of course, is an apocryphal story. I tell it here merely to point out an obvious fatt: To neglect our children with precocious talents is nothing short of criminal waste of our human resources. Adlai Stevenson once summed up this problem in his elo­ _ quent prose: "We must not let indifference or unwillingness cause us to fail to see the problem of education in human terms-in terms of boys and girls with abilities and aspirations, children who may either be held down and defeated by a poor educational system or be given new possibilities and new goals by a good one. When we neglect education in an age of global conflict, we risk the very safety of our nation and the future of freedom in the world." No one with any compassion or common sense has ever, to my knowledge, presumed to suggest that bright students should be accorded attention at the expense of the overage student or the slow student. What has been suggested is that the bright stude_nt in some instances hos been penalized because of his brightness. In this regard, I hope and believe that ele­ mentary teachers ore ploying a vital role in developing and keeping alive the specialized interests of gifted children. We all can agree with Mr. Stevenso n that education is the passport to a bet­ ter society. It may stick in the craws of some, but it is a fact of life in 1958 that the race is to the swift, and the battle i s to the strong. The day is past when a student can expect, in his bland innocen ce, to "get by." When we compare ourselves to other countries, we sometimes find that we hove been weighed in the balance and found wonting. The New York Herald Tribune reported recently that Prince Charles, heir to the throne of Great Britain, at the age of eight is studying French grammar, world geography, long division, and multiplication, and getting "advanced drill in reading, writing, and spelling." This of course is the Blue Plate Special for a future monarch, but it shows what some youngsters are capable of digesting. The Gymnasium which I attended as a boy started its students out with a stiff course in the classics at the age of ten and Cor­ nelius Nepos at twelve. I hove never regrette d my good fortune in being exposed to such a diet. This same preoccupation with education is true of the rest of Europe and of the British Commonwealth of Nations. Dr. Lawrence G. Derthick, U.S. Commissioner of Education, returned recently from a trip abroad accompanied by ten U.S. educators. They were sobered by what they saw. In Len­ ingrad they noted a striking fact which pointed up what they described as Russia's "total commitment" to education: biology, chemistry, physics, and astronomy are required of all pupils, regardless of their individual aspirations. Language studies begin in the second grade. The Soviet race for military suprem acy is no more of a challenge than their race for supremacy in education. We cannot meet this challenge by leaving the problem to educators ·or to politicia ns alone. It is a people's problem. It is our problem. *Reprinted from the September 1958 "Instructor." 2 space journal �space • symposium * the russian space challenge to the free world �SPACE SYMPOSIUM soviet technical progress By Ronald C. Wakeford Sputniks l and II gathered much valuable information on ultraviolet and X-radiations, Ronald C. Wakeford graduated from South­ ampton University, England, with the Higher Notional Certificate in Aeronautical Engineering. His post graduate study was conducted at the some university. His professional career hos included engineering and business experience in three countries, England, Canada, and the US He is the author of numerous reports and articles dealing with rocketry and astronautics. He is Director of Research at National Research and Development Corporotion. and cosmic ray intensities. Sputnik Ill, how­ ever, carries much more complex instrumenta­ tion. Sputnik II contained thermal control equipment and sensitive elements to register such effects as temperature fluctuations and the internal temperature of the orbit­ ing vehicle. A spherical container contained the two radio transmitters and power supplies. The temperature of the external surface of Sputnik was also recorded. The Soviet Moon rocket program, which To measure the short wave radiations of the Sun, the Soviet gaining Earth probes used three photoelectric multi­ momentum, should result in the first inter­ pliers placed at an angle of 1 20 ° to each planetary vehicle being launched within the other. next few months. according to all reports is daily These received radiation, and the Backing up the current electric signal generated by the multipliers Soviet program were the successful launch­ was amplified by radio circuits and transmitted ings of the three Sputniks, the first two of to Earth through o telemetering device. which re-entered dense atmosphere and burned up. Data on cosmic radiation were supplied by two cosmic ray counters. Scientifically informed circles were not sur­ After a signal was broadcast that a definite number of prised that the Russians were far ahead of us particles had been counted, the particles in the astronautical field since, at many in­ were again recorded with a new signal broad­ ternational meetings and in their press, fore­ cast as soon as the same number was reached. casts By dividing the number of recorded particles hod been made of the impending booster by the time taken to count them, the Soviets thrust required to place Sputniks II and Ill in obtained the number of particles the counter orbit is indicative of the strides the Soviets trapped each second. hove made in creating large rocket motors found the intensity of radiation. satellite firings. The tremendous and new propellant fuels, advancing in the guidance field, and in developing high alti­ tude biological laboratories. vehicle which carried the As for the biological experiment, the dog Loiko was the first living organism to travel several days in cosmic space. It has been reported that the three-stage booster In other words, they second Soviet satellite into orbit developed a toke-off thrust of approXlimately 660,000 lbs. This Important scientific data on reactions to the gravity free, weightless, condition were obtained from this revolutionary biological exper!ment. addition, pulse beat, respiration, In arterial figure resulted in an apogee altitude of close blood pressure, cario-biopotentials, tempera­ to 1,000 miles. ture and pressure in the animal's cabin were 4 space journal �recorded and telemetered to receiving sta­ amount of compounds in chemical reactions tions. was controlled automatically, and the cabin Highly active chemical compounds were used to regenerate the air in the cabin of Sputnik was equipped with apparatus to feed the dog and eliminate wastes. The dog was II and to maintain the proper air These chemicals provided the ----- the carbon dioxide and surplus vapor. ..... ...._ =-==-=-=�-=-:.-:--::!q ...... , �---�J--�--------- I I _.... ....... "' / Sputnik II 1. JETTISONABLE NOSE CONE 2. INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING ULTRAVIOLE T AND X-RADIATION FROM THE SUN 3. RADIO TRANSMITTER 4. HERMETICALLY SEALED CHAMBER FOR LAIKA SATELLITE LAUNCHING VEHICLES Type Sputnik Sputnik Designation CH-9 CH-10 SOVIET ICBM T-3 Length (fl) 125.6 112.8 Diameter (max. ft) 16.24 211,000 16.24 INTERCONTINENTAL 88.5 Stages Weight 11.5 AND 1st Stage Thrust 2nd Stage Thrust 3rd Stage Thrust 3 451,000 264,000 77,000 3 517,000 268,000 78,100 Exhousl Speed f.p.s. T-3 Status 9850 INTERMEDIATE RANGE BALLISTIC MISSILES 160,000 3 484,000 268,000 78,100 Thermo Operotional Nuclear (M-104) ICBM Warhead 108 16 350,000 3 12 176,000 3 Second Version ICBM T-3A 91.5 517,000 268,000 78,000 9840 Thermo Operational Nuclear ICBM T-JA 101.5 16 396,000 3 122 Second IRBM Version T- 4-A IRBM T-2 IRBM T-4 (M-102) IRBM IRBM IRBM Golem 2 CH-18 T-1 10.2 231,000 3 264,000 264,000 9380 Experimental 65.5 8.5 100,000 2 268,000 78,100 8365 Atomic Operational 56.1 7.2 70,850 2 170,400 52,800 10,000 Experimental 7.2 5.9 74,800 2 242,000 71,500 7900 Experimental 57 42.3 62 5.64 41,300 37,850 77,000 99,000 7550 Production 78,100 6525 Operational 5 space journal �thoroughly trained prior to making the flight; great probe into the third dimension. it was gradually accustomed to protracted many years the biological approach of Soviet stays in the small, hermetically sealed cham­ medical scientists has been to utilize dogs as ber, to the space suit, and to the attached test subjects. impulse converters that record physiological many authorities in the US would prefer to functions. l l 20 work with these animals instead of the un­ pounds, which included all the equipment, the predictable rhesus monkeys which spearhead dog, and the power source. Next to the 2500- our own space flight biological programs. Sputnik ll's weight was For This research has paid off, and pound Sputnik Ill, it is the largest and heaviest Professor G. A. Chebotarez of the Lenin­ Earth probe to be developed and placed in grad Institute of Theoretical Astronomy pre­ orbit. sented a paper in February 1957 titled "Cos­ Soviet experimentation with dogs in rockets mic Boomerang," which gave technical has been going on for a considerable lennth details on a method of placing payloads of of time, commencing with a series of nine from 110 to 220 pounds into a lunar orbit. dogs, all of which were subjected to the It environment of our upper atmosphere and actively pursued since its inception and that the fringe of Space. Of these initial nine, three it is currently approaching the hardware stage. (Albina, Kozavka and Malyshka) made the An elliptical orbit around the Moon is planned ascent more than once. Subsequent tests is believed that this project has for Project Boomerang. been The Russian lunar utilized 12 dogs with many rockets containing probe will probably be equipped with tele­ two dogs per rocket. vision as well as motion picture cameras to Heights of 68 miles were reached with this twin biological combi­ photograph the nation; shortly after free fall from maximum relay the pictures back to altitude, one of the dogs was ejected. suggest that the probe will be "radiotele­ After an ascent to about 50 miles the dog's Moon's directed" from Earth. I. surface Earth. Reports A prominent Soviet parachute equipment was activated; taking scientist, place three seconds after ejection. particular aspect of the program. The sec­ and then S. Hlebtsevich, is in charge of this ond dog was ejected at altitudes of between One study in which the Soviets are par­ 23 and 28 miles; its parachute opening was ticularly interested is the determination of timed to inflate at a height of approximately what causes the appearance and disappear­ two and one/half miles. Professor Pokrovskii, ance of craters on the Moon. director of the Institute of Experimental Avia­ S. Y. Ziggel also wants to investigate the tion Medicine of the Academy of Sciences of white cloud phenoma which are to be found the USSR, stated that all dogs used in the in certain areas of the Moon. experiments were recovered successfully. The dogs were trained to endure strain and to resist vibration; the Soviets stated that the dogs behaved normally when ejected and Astronomer The question he raises is: "Do Moon quakes occur; and, if so, do such catastrophes cause crater changes and the mysterious clouds?" Russian scientist Egerov's paper entitled that they bore up well under the weightless "Some Questions on the Dynamics of Flights state which followed. to the Moon" gives some idea of how closely The data recorded indicate that the condition of the animals was the Russians are studying the subject. satisfactory throughout the experiment. paper he reviews the many fundamental ques­ In this The Russian biological achievements are tions and theories of flight to the Moon. The only forerunners of many experiments that classification of unpowered trajectories, cir­ Man is one of the next cumlunar flights, and the possibility of peri­ steps in their program, and it is extremely odic circumflight of the Moon and Earth are likely that Soviet scientists will have man in Space shortly. Bio-satellite experimentation examined. with human occupants represents the next the dispersion of instrumentation upon impact must be conducted. 6 space iournal The question of impacting on the Moon and also the important question of �0 are discussed. As many as 600 trajectories were calculated by the author in his paper. Other Soviet scientists have considered the establishment of base camps on the Moon's surface in the light of all the difficulties which will beset such a program. They have con­ sidered the need of frequently sending rocket ships to that body to support a base. The clothing and space suits for participants in such a venture have been designed; their space suits being (according to the press and photographic releases) developed, as in the United States, from high-altitude aircraft suits, and experimentation in pressure chambers. "Laika" is shown before being installed inside Sputnik II (A still from the film, "First Soviet Earth Satellites"}. General view of the scientific apparatus in Sputnik II. �on the Moon would include the search for on atmosphere, determinations of surface conditions, and experiments to obtain geo­ logical data. Soviet scientists have devised o scheme whereby the Moon may be explored by a small unmanned tank. The "tankette labora­ tory" would be landed on the lunar surface by the probe rocket, the former vehicle being radio controlled from Earth. Equipment in the mobile laboratory would include a tele­ vision camera which would transmit details of the Moon's surface to observers on Earth. Other experiments conducted with this device would be geological sampling, gravity and temperature determinations, etc. In the background of the Russian Moon program is the Soviet work on guided missiles. In this field they have constructed, and have launched, and have in production, every Apparatus to study so/or radiation, installed in Sputnik II. type of missile that is known from underwoter­ to-surfoce through the missile spectrum to surface-to-surface. Their progress in the ICBM and IRBM field is well known since test M. K. Pikhanizov some eight years ago wrote a report on a Moon rocket which would weigh approximately 1,000 tons and attain a velocity of 11 kilometers per second. The vehicle would carry a crew of two over a circumlunar trajectory and then return to Earth. A modification to this particular pro­ gram would result in a vehicle being launched from an Earth-orbiting space station. Such a vehicle would weigh approximately l 00 tons and would take off with a velocity of 3.5 kilo­ meters per second. Some reports even sug­ gest that design has already begun on the former is 60 meters; it has a maximum diameter of 15 meters. vehicle and that its length The overall weight would be 1,000 tons, and it would have 20 motors which could build up 350 million horsepower. The Russian literature has fully covered lunar landings with all their attendant difficul­ ties-take-off from this type of planetary environment, crew safety, and the various maneuvers of bringing orbiting around the Moon and back to Earth. 8 space journal vehicles Studies The dog "Moduitso··, shown in the foreground, supposedly hos "iust returned safely from the flight." This instrument and onimol container section of a Russian experimental rocket was reported to have been parachuted from a height of 212 kilometers. /From "Pravda") �Another "experienced" Russian "astronaut" by the name of "Malyshka" and its space capsule (Photo by S. Gurory) launching sites for these vehicles hove been Ironies and test equipment needed to check pinpointed and ballistic Aights of their major out a missile is a major engineering feat in weapons apparently hove been tracked by itself. radar from Turkey. Launching bases, missile plants, missile schools, missile test centers and all the attendant facilities needed for experi­ mentation and production ore to be found all over the USSR. Quantity production is ap­ parent, and we hove no reason to doubt the quality of the products. The strength of Soviet advances mode in technological areas may be illustrated by the number of production or operational missiles in evidence. In the IRBM category alone In the US Atlas ICBM, for example, there ore over 300,000 separate ports. To assume that the technological progress of the USSR in missilry is based only on the World War II accomplishments of Germany is dangerous and false, leading only to a state of seriously underrating the ability of their scientists. Basic research is being ac­ complished in a very scholarly manner which may be seen by the publication of reports from that country as translated by various seven vehicles ore believed to be available, organizations in the US. More translations and of these probably more than half ore ore needed, and it is hoped that the long The design of a missile system waiting period, which invariably follows the (as any missile engineer will confirm) is a receipt of Soviet technical documents, con be complicated and exacting procedure requiring reduced. operational. the coordination of many highly qualified Although the Russians wisely ovoid giving Thousands of com­ advance data on the launching dotes of IGY plicated components must be integrated to participation vehicles, and hence avoid the insure compatibility, and the necessary elec- embarrassing spectacle of aborted launch- scientists and engineers. 9 space journal �COMPARISON OF AMERICAN AND RUSSIAN BALLISTIC MISSILES 100-+-------------------------,r-------------- I I w w V) z V) 50 z w 0 0 GOlEM 2 T7 T2 T3 COMET 2 COMET 1 T3B Tl T5 GOLl!M 1 T5B u S S R 0 2000 1000 3000 6000 5000 4000 JOO-+---------------- -----------------------------• w w .... Q V) �o -I--------. z :::E 0 REDSTONE SERGEANT ATLAS JUPITER PERSHING TITIAN CORPORAl HONEST JOHN US A ► 2000 ► 1000 RANGE (MllES) 10 space journal ► 3000 ► .(OOO ► 5000 ► 6000 �Sputnik Ill 1. MAGNETOMETER 2. PHOTO-MULTIPLIERS FOR THE REGISTRATION OF THE CORPUSCULAR RADIATION OF THE SUN 3. SOLAR BATTERIES 4. DEVICE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF PHOTONS IN COSMIC RAYS 5. MAGNETIC AND IONIZATION MANOMETERS 6. ION CATCHERS 7. ELECTROSTATIC FLUXMETER 8. MASS SPECTROMETRIC TUBE 9. DEVICE FOR THE REGISTRATION OF HEAVY NUCLEI IN COSMIC RAYS ings, they have given details of the experi­ ments to be conducted. These include: temperature, pressure, Other places visited by this group included the Television Research Institute at Leningrad 1. Structure parameters of the upper at­ mosphere, lo. DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE INTENSITY OF PRIMARY COSMI RADIATION 11. PICK-UPS FOR THE REGIS­ TRATION OF MICROMETERS and composition. 2. Movements of the upper atmosphere. 3. Study of the electrical properties of the upper atmosphere {ionosphere). and the Television Broadcasting Station at Moscow. on two 8 me wide channels. ning indicates that 5. Study of the ultraviolet part of the Sun's spectrum. 6. Study of the solid composition of in­ terplanetary material (micrometeorites). 60,000 Current plan­ kilometers of wide band microwave circuits will be available by 1960. 4. Study of cosmic radiation. The latter organization broadcasts When this rate of progress is related to the known status of this country in these fields some ten years ago, it may be seen that a great deal of research has been successfully accomplished. 7. Study of corpuscular rays from the Sun. Education is the key to Soviet progress, A recent tour of the USSR by US engineers and this particular basis has been firmly es­ attending a radio engineers' convention in that country resulted in their obtaining first hand knowledge of Soviet progress in this field. Among •he facilities visited was Pulkovo (some ten miles �outh of Leningrad) where o radio astronomy station is located. length of the radio telescope is The focal 50 and it hos a diameter 0f 75 meters. meters It has a tablished. From grade school through uni­ versity, great emphasis hos been given to scientific training. This approach hos re­ sulted in the graduation of these scholars whose efforts today ore successfully keeping the USSR ahead of us in the race to the Moon. Only a complete overhaul of our own paraboloid section and l.Ses flat mirrors, each school system, programmed to concentrate on of which is adjustable to ,-elate these to the the scientific areas in which we ore deficient, theoretical contour. can result in the negation of this lead. II space journal �SPACE SYMPOSIUM the educational challenge By Freder ck Frederick I. Ordwoy, Ill, was educated in the geoscientific and geophysical fields at Har­ vard University and the University of Paris (Sorbonne). In Fronce he received four certifi­ cates for work with the Loborotoire de Physique de I' Atmosphere. He hos also studied specialized courses at other European universities and holds diplomas from the US Air University. He hos lec­ tured widely in both the US and Europe on rocketry, high altitude research and space flight. He is the author of dozens of articles on these and related subjects, At present, he is vice­ president of the Notional Research and Develop­ ment Corporation. One of the most widely discussed subjects in the US today is education. For the first time in memory the nation has begun to think in terms as well America churned of the quality of the "educated man" as the quantiry (of which we in are manifestly proud) of graduates out by our schools and universities. Ordway. 111 cation for a brilliant minority. We tend to forget the supreme debt that civilization owes to the great intellects of science, the arts, and society, and unless we create the climate for such talents to nurture, our way of life is sure to wither. On the other hand, we suffer from the fetish of insisting on thousands of bright, shiny and often gaudy new schools with little or no thought for the excellence (or even living standards, for that matter) of the teaching staffs within them. It has been far from obvious to many that a school or a university can be no better than its teachers. The phy­ sical aspects may be important, but they alone do not provide the climate of scholarship so necessary in a creative society. Great teach­ ers, rather than great buildings, are neces­ sarily the cornerstone of any system that calls itself educational. Although there is much about our system to justify pride, forward-looking educational au­ thorities have realized there are many short­ comings in our schools; and strong efforts are In the paragraphs that follow we shall cover various general factors applicable to US and Soviet education, giving particular at­ tention to scientific aspects and implications. happily being made to improve them. The availability of scientific and engineer­ ing talent is a crucial factor in today's world of ICBM's, H-bombs, and artificial satellites. All major nations are aware of the importance to their security of technically trained man­ power, and at least some have well-planned programs designed to encourage youth to enter scientific fields of endeavor. True, there is. no sea ·city of "experts" who, while worshiping the status quo, defend their achievements and misguidedly think that everything American has to be best. These people are bound to fight improvement pro­ grams every inch of the way. Yet, it is clear to most of the thinking community that some­ thing has to be done, and done quickly, if coming generations are to yield leaders capa­ ble of maintaining America's position in the world. Our educational problems stem from many causes. On the one hand we have been far too eager to achieve a mediocre education of the masses to the detriment of superior edu- 12 I. space iournal The US is the most important example in the world of a nation without a definitive educa­ tional program in science or technology. Some comparative figures are informative in this context. In 1954 American industry needed 30,000 new engineers, but only 18,000 were graduated that year from our colleges and universities. This shortage may or may not �Please [enter] [renew] my subscription: For one year (4 issues) at 2.00 ···················································--····························································· Namo Street Zon.e City SPACE JOURNAL State Titlo or position Company Also enter the follo·wing additional subscription at the Gift Rate of only $1.60 for 1 yr. 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To look at it from another direction, of the For example, at least half of the nation's high 250 physicists graduated in 1954 only half schools do not offer courses in chemistry, and entered into the field of physics itself. A situa­ more than half do not give courses in physics. tion characterized by shortages has continued In the period since through to 1958; and while it seems somewhat of high school students studying algebra less aggravated today we probably will con­ dropped from 56 percent to 24.6 percent. tinue to lock highly trained scientists for many Geometry students dropped from 27.4 per­ years to come. cent to 1900 the percentage 11.6 percent in this period; and One prominent educator hos noted "in physics students declined from 19 percent to school we work so hard with the youngsters who find learning difficult or who resist an is the feeling of many key educators that at education, that we fail adequately to deal with the sparks of genius when they appear." He went on to say that "our greatest failures in the schools of America are those youngsters 4.5 percent. Perhaps even more discouraging least half a million high school students are taught mathematics by teachers not qualified to give instruction in the subject. Some 300,000 students ore exposed to physics by who have the ability to become the creative nonqualified instructors. leaders of tomorrow. of the future in science, industry . . . must be A nationwide survey by the Notional Edu­ cation Association shows that only 36 percent challenged to do their best, not merely to be of persons who prepare to teach chemistry better than the average." and who receive their certificates intend going The real major leaders One of our main jobs is to select potential talent early in life, and to nourish it carefully so that it may grow or achieve maximum de­ velopment. Our leading educators are be­ ginning to emphasize, more than ever before, into the teaching field. Furthermore, less than half those qualified to teach general science, biology, physics, and mathematics will actually teach. This situation has been described by many as "tragic." One inter­ the importance of obtaining more and better esting, though dismal, sidelight was shown by instructors; and they warn us not to rely on fancy new buildings and unplanned "crash programs" to achieve our educational aims. a survey demonstrating that the difficult sub­ teachers qualified in such subjects as English, Reduced to its essentials, an educational system consists of: (1) schools, (2) students, and (3) teachers. A knowledge of construc­ tion techniques permits us to build an accepta­ ble school. The supply of students seems both plentiful and inexhaustable. Teachers, on the other hand, represent an entirely different commodity-one difficult to create, by no means plentiful, and decisively important. music, social science, and speech! We are troubled to learn that competent teachers are becoming harder and harder to get. There has been at least a 50 percent drop during the past five years in the number of college graduates whose educational pro­ grams have prepared them for high school science teaching; and of the relatively few persons qualified to instruct scientific subjects, only about half make teaching their career. ject of mathematics is often being taught by Physics and chemistry classes ore often taught by specialists in agriculture, physical education, or social science! Furthermore, it has been shown that only 148 of 303 chemistry classes in 30 states surveyed were being taught by teachers who had majored in chemistry! The implications of these figures should shock even the most complacent of an indifferent public. Coupled with this, we find that today well over 50 percent fewer persons receive cer­ tificates to teach science as compared with only five years ago (the comparison would be even more startling if longer time period were presented.) About 51 percent fewer students receive mathematics certificates than only five years ago. 13 space journal �Estimates made for the year 19 56 show that our schools were faced with a shortage of 6000 science teachers; and at the same time only 4000 were being graduated (out of which only half, as we saw, actually expected to go into teaching.) Thus, at a critical period in the history of science 2000 teachers were trying unsuccessfully to do what 6000 would normally be expected to do. Naturally, such figures as these have evoked comment from authorities in the scien­ tific and teaching fields. One important edu­ cator has said that "the staggering deficiency in scientists and engineers that confronts us will spell disaster to the American people un­ less we take action at once." Incidentally, these words were uttered three years ago, and it is discouraging to see that relatively little progress has been made since that time. Rise in Science Pupils Changes in enrollments in mathematics and science in public secondary schools in the United States (grades 9-12 ) and related data, 1948-49 and 1956-67. Item Typical Subject Enrollments 1948-49 Grode 1956-57 Per Cent of Increase General Science ... .. .. .. .. .... . .. 9 Biology .. .. ...... .. ..... ........ 10 l1 Chemistry Physics . ... ...... ... .. ........ ... 12 Other Science ....................9-12 1,074,000 996,000 412,000 291,000 155,000 1,518,000 1,430,000 520,000 310,000 265,000 41.3 43.6 26.2 6.5 70.9 Total .........................9-12 2,928,000 4,043,000 38.1 Elementary Algebra ... ...... .. .. .. . 9 Intermediate Algebra ............... 11 General Mathematics ... .... .... .. . 9 Plane Geometry ......... .. ...... .. 10 Solid Geometry ... .... .. .... ... ... 12 Trigonometry ........... ......... . 13 Other Mathematics ................9-12 1,042,000 372,000 650,000 599,000 94,000 l 09,000 91,000 1,518,00 484,000 976,000 788,000 160,000 200,000 275,000 45.7 30.l 50.2 31.6 70.2 83.5 202.2 Total .........................9-12 Population Age 14 Age 15 ............................. Age 16 ............................. Age 17 ............................ . Age 14-17 .......................... Enrollment Grode 9 ...........................• Grade 10 .......................... . Grade 11 .......................... . Grade 12 ........................... Grade 9-12 ........................ . 2,957,000 4,401,000 48.8 2,126,000 2,140,000 2,231,000 2,206,000 8,703,000 2,556,000 2,393,000 2,292,000 2,300,000 9,541,000 20.2 11.8 2.7 4.3 9.6 1,641,000 1,491,000 1,242,000 1,026,000 5,399,000 2,254,000 1,933,000 1,513,000 1,263,000 6,963,000 37.4 29.6 21.8 23.1 29.0 Source: Offerings ond Enrollments in Science and Mothematics in Public High Schools {Office of Education Pamphlet No. 120). 14 space journal .. �Moscow University students on their woy to a lecture at the University. Another educator cautioned that "science hos necessary to on understanding of the times in become a neglected subject. We hove not which they will live and work." prepared enough high school students in the sciences to meet future needs." A still more astonishing warning come from Dr. M. M. Boring of the Engineering Manpower Com­ mission who said, "It is on incredible and dangerous paradox that in the age of science and engineering, secondary school interest and activity in science and mathematics, the necessary prerequisites to technical careers, ore decreasing proportionately.... This trend must be reversed, not only because our needs for vital and professional personnel ore bound to increase, and must somehow be met, but also because our future citizens must hove at least the fundamental background The deficiency of science teachers hos led the American Association for the Advance­ ment of Science to set up a $300,000 grant to study the shortage and the problems it poses. The final report resulting from the study showed that in one recent year about 250 persons were graduated from American colleges and universities capable and pre­ pared to teach high school physics. Of these only half went into teaching. The situation was shown to be very similar in other areas of science and in mathematics. A number of reasons ore given for this: l. We were faced with on increasing population, making greater demands on our schools. This was coupled with the fact that relotively few 15 - ·' - :J journal �teachers were coming available (partially due to the low birth rote of the 1930's). 2. We must consider the extremely low salaries paid to teachers. This fact turned potential science teachers ta other, mare lucrative, fields. types of administrative devices to insure that 3. During recent years the high school hos changed from on educational institution whose primary function was to train relatively few students ta pass college entrance examinations prior to going to college lo o system designed to give terminal training to students not going on to follow university careers. through university life. 4. It hos been frequently poinled out that many of the persons leaching sciences in schools ore in­ adequately prepared to give instruction; such o situation can completely blunt the scientific inclinations of the student, or al least hamper his development. It seems evident that, in order to improve are attended, "dean's lists", and other such instruments as are believed neces­ sary to take care of our young as they pass All this has resulted in the lamentable fact that the American student matures in his university at a far slower rate than the European does in his. The average university in continental Eu­ rope takes little or no responsibility for the life of the student. There are generally no dormitories or other special houses for stu­ dents to live in. Student unions, fraternities, dining halls, and similar activities may very well be absent; and, of course, there are unlikely to be college athletic facilities, sports scientific teaching, we must draw from the arenas, and so forth. ranks of college graduates who have studied student in Europe is a far more gruelling ex­ science but who may not have received formal courses in educational techniques. Such peo­ ple know their science even though they may not have been trained in education. logical to believe that qualified It is scientist­ teachers are preferable, even though they lack educational courses, to the hundreds of inadequately trained science instructors pres­ ent in our schools today. Fortunately, there perience. Therefore, being a One must forage for his own, so to speak, but the immature are quickly weeded out from the mature. In Europe one is unlikely to see professors taking attendance; it is entirely up to the student if he does or does not attend a lec­ ture. Nor are the universities interested in his personal life, his finances, his habits of study, and his home environment. are responsible indi­ viduals and organizations who have become If he pays, he can attend courses; if he does not pay, he cannot attend courses. It is his own re­ deeply concerned with finding and cultivating sponsibility to attend classes. as much scientific and engineering talent as his final exams, he gets credit towards a possible. What the future holds in store for American education in science may be largely left in the hands of such groups as the Scien­ tific Manpower Commission, Office of Scientific Personnel of the National Research Council, Engineering Manpower Commission on the Engineers Joint Counsel, the Chief of Engi­ neering Education of the United States Office of Education, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and educational committees and panels attached to industrial organizations and scientific societies. 16 classes If he passes degree, regardless of whether or not he at­ tended classes. There are no warning notes, and mid-semester grades on general course work prior to the final examination are rare or absent. The European university assumes it is edu­ cating an adult, not a child. The emphasis is on learning, not on techniques of teaching, as was pointed out by Harvard's Professor Howard Mumford Jones several years ago in a leading university alumni publication. It is assumed that if the European student does There is an admitted and vast difference not take advantage of the great educational between the European and American con­ advantages given him, he is a fool, and if he cept of everyday life at the university. Ameri­ wants to be one it is entirely his own business. can universities feel they are educating par­ The American system, tially grown children, and accordingly often spends much time and effort trying to keep go to extraordinary lengths to care for them. him from being one. Thus we find elaborate rules of conduct, all in Europe it is universally assumed that a space journal on the other hand, As Jones has said, ". �N. s. F. Research Grants National Science Foundation Research Grants by Fields of Science Fiscal years 1952-56 Field Biological and medical sciences: 18 Anthropological 70 Developmental Environmental . . . . . . . 82 ........... 75 Genetic . . . . . . . . 181 Molecular Psychobiology . . . . . . . 134 Regulatory . . . . . . . . 215 Systematic . . . . . . . . . . 177 General . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 992 Mathematics, physical, and sciences: Astronomy ........ ...... Chemistry Earth Sciences . . . . . ....... Engineering Mathematics . . . . . . . . ........ Physics Sociophysical . . . . . . . . General ............ . Total research grants • s Total Fiscal year Amount Number 1957 Number 184,800 586,182 746,860 994,700 2,748,730 1,659,550 2,921,145 1,399,080 721,510 17 32 65 41 84 54 114 89 31 S11,962,557 527 s s Amount Number s Amount 338,300 968,932 1,524,060 1,653,950 4,533,680 2,442,650 4,791,545 2,105,655 1,224,710 153,500 382,750 777,200 659,250 1,784,950 783, l 00 1,870,400 706,575 503,200 35 102 147 116 265 188 329 266 71 7,620,925 1,519 $19,583,482 engineering 75 254 102 181 128 195 8 944 1,936 1,261,800 3,106,200 1,318,275 2,008,700 1,553,200 3,036,400 105,100 7,000 33 147 54 103 64 53 l2 4 453,900 2,653,700 770,150 1,369,950 1,038,900 1,348,300 154,100 119,000 108 401 156 284 192 248 20 5 1,715,700 5,759,900 2,088,425 3,378,650 2,592, l 00 4,384,700 259,200 126,000 $12,396,675 $24,359,232 470 997 $ 7,908,000 S 15,528,925 1,414 2,933 $20,304,675 $39,888,157 university . . . is a mature intellectual enter­ prise primarily concerned with preserving and extending knowledge and maintaining the great professional classes . . . without which no culture can survive." In general it is far easier to gain access to an American university than to enter one on the Continent. A great many reasons exist for this, but they are beyond the scope of this article. However, I recall that when I first entered the University of Paris' Faculty of Sciences, I had to establish that my previous American college education was equivalent to the French Baccalaureate, or secondary system. I was perhaps lucky to have passed this and to have received additionally several credits toward an advanced degree. I re- member a number of American college graduates whose work was not, in the eyes of the French authorities, considered of sufficient significance to warrant the all-important "equivalence." Though this may seem exag­ gerated, it at least affords a basis for comparison. When we think of the dozens of diversion­ ary activities associated with American uni­ versity life (being invited into the proper fraternity, getting on various athletic teams, participating in club life, dances, dating, etc.), we often may wonder how academic progress is made. Our "normal," well-rounded, over­ protected student is the average student, one whose extracurricular activities may often be more spectacular than his academic record. 17 space journal �He, and not the "brain," is the hero of the US campus. Most of these outside distractions do not exist in the continental European counterpart, at least not to the extent as in America. Perhaps the great question that America has to answer is how it can mature its under­ graduate student body, how it can dispense with its long-extended adolescence. That is the challenge that the European education gives the American system and is the particu­ lar challenge posed by the enormous progress of Soviet education today. The roots of a nation's scientific and technological greatness are found in its educational system. Our schools and colleges must produce the leaders of tomorrow's world of science. Our system must become second to none if our way of life is to survive. Russian education is similar, but by no means identical, to that of continental Europe. The basic educational landmark in Russia is the ten-year secondary school, which handles children of the ages 7 to 17. During this period, a student would study ten years of Russian langauge and literature, a like amount of mathematics, five years of physics, four years of chemistry, six years of biology and botany, six years of geography, seven years of history, a year of astronomy, and various practical subjects such as metal working and engineering drawing. During the later years of the secondary education, the student is generally in class seven hours a day and has five hours of homework. With a 12-hour day, the student must also count on a 6-day week and a 10-month academic year. It need hardly be pointed out that the US system is far more relaxed than this extremely difficult academic grind to which Soviet children are exposed. Another thing one should not forget is that a student is financed through his education by the state, and this, of course, allows Russia to pick out from the whole mass of its people the best available minds. The above-average students get the best training, while those of below• average abilities are weeded out rapidly so as not to pull the average down. There is ap­ parently no acute teacher shortage in Russia, 18 space journal a fact which is not surprising considering the material benefits and prestige they derive from their career. It is· known that since 1927 the Russian educational system has grown by fantastic leaps, starting with 11 million arts and sci­ ences students and numbering now 30 million. In the higher educational institutions they started in 1927 with a 169,000 enrollment and now have more than two million. In the secondary system the courses given are far more complete and difficult than in the US. For example, the Soviets teach algebra in the sixth grade and calculus starts in the ninth. A typical seventh grade student in the USSR is likely to have zoology, anatomy and physiology of man, mathematics, history, geography, biology, Russian language and literary reading, chemistry, foreign language, physical education, technical drawing, prac­ tical shop work, agriculture, and sex hygiene on his study program. The actual secondary school graduates per year ore 1,500,000 versus 1,300,000 in the US. Dr. Laurence G. Derthick, United States Commissioner of Education, has said that "it would be tragic ... if the evolution of edu­ cation in the USSR should be considered as any cause to question our basic concepts of freedom in education. Rather, it should challenge every American to re-examine the extent to which we as a people support our democratic system of education . . . . It should, in fact, challenge Americans to take new interests in meeting the needs of our schools, colleges, and universities as they serve the purposes of our society: freedom, peace, and the fullest development of the individual." It is generally understood that to achieve the maximum benefit from a nation's total brain power resources, outstanding talent must be identified at an early age, encour­ aged to progress from the time it is identified, and above all be given the best conceivable training. Reports strongly suggest that the embryo scientist is far more readily identified in the USSR than in the US, and that when he is identified something is done about him. Outstanding students are pushed ahead ... �Cramming for an exam in one of the rooms ol Moscow Un iversity's student dormitories (Photo by D. Sholomovich) rapidly and are not forced to follow the Republics set up the following: "It 1s the duty pace set by their intellectual inferiors. of every school chiId: Perhaps the most significant thing about l. To acquire knowledge persistently in order to the Soviet system is its very hard schedule become on educated and cultured citizen and and the fact that all students are constant pressure to excel. under The leisurely pace typical in our American schools cannot be tolerated in the Soviet Union. As has been pointed out frequently in recent years, school teachers and college professors form part of the Soviet social and intellectual elite, an almost diametrically opposite situation to that which prevails in the US. With a hard sched· ule, excellent teachers enjoying top prestige, and good facilities, it is not difficult to under­ stand why Soviet progress in education is evoking such interest today. The rules of conduct applicable to pupils 1n the Soviet Union are interesting and informa­ tive. In 1943 the Soviet People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federation of Socialist lo be of the greatest possible service to his country. 2. To study diligently, to be punctual in attend­ ance, and not arrive late ot classes. 3. To obey the instructions of the school director and the teachers without question. 4. To arrive at school with oil the necessary text­ books and writing materials; to hove everything ready for the lesson before the teacher arrives. 5. To come to school clean, well groomed, and neatly dressed. 6. To keep his place in the classroom clean and tidy. 7. To enter the classroom and toke his place immediately after the bell rings; to enter and leave the classroom during the lesson only with the teacher's permission. 8. To sit upright during the lesson, not leaning on his elbows and not slouching; to listen atten­ tively to the teacher's explanations and the 19 space journal �other pupils' answers, and not to talk or let his 17. To obey his parents, to help them to toke care of his small brothers and sisters. attention stray to other things. 9. To rise when the teacher or the director enters 18. To maintain cleanliness and order in rooms, to keep his clothes, shoes, and bed neat and or leaves the room. l 0. To stand at attention when answering tidy. the teacher; to sit down only with the teacher·s 19. To carry his student"s record book with him permission; to raise his hand if he wishes to always, to guard it carefully, never handing it answer or ask a question. over to anyone else, and to present it upon 11. To toke accurate notes in his assignment book request of the teachers or the school director. of homework scheduled for the next lesson, 20. To cherish the honor of his school and class, and defend it os his own." and to show these notes to his parents; to do all the homework unoided. 12. To be respectful to the school director ond teochers; when meeting them, to greet them with a polite bow; boys should also raise their hots. 13. To be polite to his elders, to behove modestly Russian accomplishments in both the pri­ mary and secondary educational fields ore impressive. The best results of their efforts move on into the universities, whose output is also impressive. For example, we know they and respectfully in school, on the street and in produce one and a half million scientists and public engineers out of two and a half million gradu­ places. 14. Not to use coarse expressions, not to smoke, not to gamble for money or for any other objects. 15. To protect school property; lo be careful of his personal things and the belongings of his comrades. 16. To be attentive and considerate of old people, small children, the weak and sick; to give them a seat on the trolley or make way for them on the street, being helpful to them in every way. ates. In the US we get about the same num­ ber of technical graduates from twice the number of college graduates, so the per­ centage of science and engineering output here is much lower than in Russia. On a yearly basis, the Russians produce between two and three times the number of scientists and engi­ neers that the US does. The US awards about the some number of doctoral degrees as the ' ' .. Moscow University's swimming pool. /Photo by D. Sholomovich) �Soviets, but in our case nearly 2 ½ to 1 ore weighted in favor of the arts while in the USSR about 3 to 1 are in favor of engineering and science. We know that while in Russia technically-trained students are graduating at a higher rate than in the US, there is a de­ cline in graduates from American universities taking place (corresponding with this increase in Russia). Dr. Alvin C. Eurich, vice president and director of the Ford Fund for the Advance­ ment of Education, made the following com­ ment after returning from Russia recently: "To me the accomplishments in the field of educa­ tion which Russia has mode in a relatively short time are much more frightening than announcements that come from Russia con­ cerning atomic or hydrogen bombs, or guided missiles. From our point of view there is much one could criticize. There 1s no ques­ tion, however, about the speed with which Russia has moved in the past and is now moving with its educational system. As much os we dislike to place our educational de­ velopments ,n competition we have to be realistic." Last November the United States Office of Education released an excellent report en­ titled "Education in the USSR". The conclu­ sions of this report are given in the belief that it is enormously important to understand what an important American body of educa­ tional authorities thinks about the situation. The information hos been published in a two hundred and twenty-six page report which represents over two years of work. " Text of Conclusions of the U. S. Report on Soviet Education Millions of school-oge children, voriety in rociol slroins and culturol lroditions, diversily in climote and topography, concentrated center of population and sparsely populated remote areas ore some of the foctors affecting educotionol policy in the U.S.S.R. and in the the goal of education is to meet the needs of the slate. Constitutional representative democracy characterizes the philosophical base on which the people of the U.S.A. govern themselves. In theory and in practice, the individual is of surpassing worth and the goal of education is the development of each person as an individual with freedom and with opportunity to choose his life's work in his best interests. Many Entities in Soviet The Soviet Union is on accretion of separate entities on which there is an overlay of Russian language and Communist porty control. As a matter of educational policy, the U.S.S.R. one-party stale capitalites on the linguistic and cultural heritage of minority groups which resist assimilation. The U.S.A. is an amalgamation of heterogeneous nationalities electing to establish their homes in the United Stales, and of native-born popula­ tion. The democratic educational systems in the U.S.A. are crucibles in which many nationalities fuse in language and in culture. Neither country has o notional ministry lo control education. In the U.S.S.R. the Communist party, con­ sisting of about 3 per cent of the total population, is the minority group which directly and indirectly controls education through a mechanism which cen­ tralizes power at the top. In the U.S.A. control of education is vested in the people in each of the slates al the local and state levels. The U.S. Office of Education provides leadership­ not control. It encourages understanding of and responsibility for policy development, management ond operation of local and state educational systems by the people themselves. It promotes ogreements on common goals, and odministers grants in specific fields ond conducts educational research. On the basis of research findings, it provides outhoritotive information to the profession, the states and the general public. Differences in Scope Noted Soviet educational-cultural planned !>udgets embrace a range of activities which include on the one hand schools and institutions of higher learning, and on the other, clubs, rodio, press, television, movies, thealres, and the like. Educational expenditures reported in the U.S.A. relate exclusively to schools and institutions of higher learning. Education as it 1s understood in the U.S.S.R. hos no exoct porollel in the U.S.A. Preschool programs­ nurseries and kindergartens--ore on integral part of U.S.A. the national economy of the U.S.S.R. Nurseries are health centers for the care of children and the releose The principle of free and universal educolion has been odopted as o notional policy and is in process of implementation in the U.S.S.R. today. The some of the time of mothers for work ond other activities in the interests of the Soviet Stole. Kindergartens ore educational centers providing similar child core and principle is traditional with the people of the U.S.A., who hove had it in practice for generations. similar release of lhe mothers' time for productive activity deemed oppropriole by the Sovie! slale. Diametrically opposed are the philosophical bases from which educational theory, programs and pro­ cedures have evolved in the two countries. Authori­ In lhe U.S.A. child care establishments ore social welfare centers, including in their progroms child core assistance to those mothers who ore breadwinners os tarianism characterizes the Soviet philosophical base; well as homemakers. Nursery schools provide programs 21 space journal �to serve the health, social and educational needs of 4 and 5 year-olds. They are partly or entirely inde• pendent of the public school system, though an increas­ ing number cooperate with the public school system and receive assistance in staff training, counseling and other services. Kindergartens are an integral part of the educational systems in the U.S.A. School Six Doys a Week General primary-secondary education in the U.S.S.R. consists of a prescribed ten-year, six-day-o-week pro­ gram of studies subordinated to the interests of the regime in the formation of a Communist society. In the U.S.A. the prescribed elementary curricula and the secondary curricula of prescribed ond elective courses extend over a twelve-year period, five days a week, in the interests of the development of educated citizens able to contribute as individuals and in groups to their own welfare and to that of society as a whole. In the U.S.S.lt pupils are expected to participate in extracurricular work-activities sometimes known as "voluntary-compulsory" programs. These work-activities are centrally controlled and intergrated with the primary-secondary curricula for the benefit of the slate. In the U.S.A. extracurricular activities ore school activi­ ties which usually develop in keeping with the interests of the children. In general, they originate spontane• ously and result in educational dividends for the children. On their own initiative, youngsters who have reached the minimum age for work-generally 16 years for non-hazardous occupations-may engage in paid port-time work after school hours and in paid sum mer employment. Student Has Little Choice The U.S.S.R. party-state aims to determine, through its notional planning mechanism, the skills which are needed ond the proportion of the student population to be trained in each skill. The more brilliant student in the U.S.S.R. has some individual freedom of choice; the slate retains control over curriculum content and methods of instruction and distribution of students among academic fields, adjusting all to suit prevailing political doctrine and current manpower requirements of the Soviet economy. Political indoctrination normally is included in course content throughout the curriculum-in the natural and social sciences, in language ond literature, in the arts ond in other disciplines. In addition, specific courses in the fundamentals of the prevailing political doctrine are required of students regularly enrolled in institu­ tions of higher learning. Students are expected to interpret their studies from the point of view enunciated by the state. Natural sciences and mathematics re­ ceive major emphasis. Students in the U.S.A. are free to explore the various vocational and professional fields. According to their capacities, they are free to elect any field of employ­ ment in which they can meet the technical requirements; they may change their individual jobs or positions and shift from one field to another in keeping with their 22 space journal own interests and desires. Under the guarantees pro­ vided by the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the U.S.A., they are free to make their own political in­ terpretations, whether or not these interpretations are consonant with those of the political party in. power. Vocational education in the U.S.S.R. usuolly is termi­ nal training for a specific job or type of work needed by the slate. Vocational education is provided in schools administered by the Chief Directorote of Lobor Reserves under the U.S.S.R. Council of Ministers and in schools organized by the ministries and agencies for their own employees and for workers for whom they are operationally responsible. Semi-Professional Training Vocational education in the U.S.A. is an integral part of public school offerings at the secondary and technical levels. Vocational training in the U.S.A. is on-and-off­ the-job training provided by orgonizations and agencies concerned with the specialized training of their em­ ployees by institutions assisting individuals in their efforts to advance themselves. Semiprofessional schools and technicians in the U.S.S.R. are responsible for preparing students to ren­ der a single specific "support" service to persons considered qualified in a professional field. Advance­ ment from semiprofessional to professional status is unlikely in the U.S.S.R. Semi-professional training in the U.S.A. is sufficiently brood to help individuals acquire professional knowl­ edge and techniques essential for employment in their chosen field and is prerequisite to study leading to full professional status. Advancement from semiprofessional training to professional training and stotus is common in the U.S.A. Higher education in the U.S.S.R. aims to prepare quali­ fied speciolists-with the accepted political point of view-to serve the needs of the state. Diploma work for which no degree is awarded roughly approximates the level of the thesis requirement for the first profes­ sional degree in the U.S.A. Degrees Given at 2 Levels For researchers and teachers a degree moy be awarded at each of two successive levels ofter advanced or postgraduate study. The first, or candidate of sciences, degree may be awarded after a three-year course roughly approximating the level of the doctoral programs in the U.S.A. Those recognized in the Soviet scientific and academic world may be permitted lo en­ roll in the advanced postgraduate program leading to the second, or doctor of sciences, degree. In summary, service to the Soviet state is exacted from students in the U.S.S.R. in return for state-provided educational programs. As a surcharge on their economy, the people of the U.S.A. provide educotional programs for their own advancement and welfare and, in turn, for the welfore of society os a whole." Hand in hand with progressive educational policies and superior teaching staffs go the physical plants. The showplace of Soviet edu- ·,i �cation is the University of Moscow, which is ously customary, and by certainly one of the most imposing centers of Americans and other Western scientists are learning in the world. attending The main building is technical meetings and 32 stories high and it hos over 2,000 rooms. traveling extensively throughout the Soviet In fact, one authority hos likened it to a Union. typical large American hotel. The central building is called the Palace of Science, which is bounded on each side by dormitories cap­ able of housing 6,000 students. The edifice includes classrooms, museums, auditoriums, libraries, laboratories, and a wide variety of small conference rooms. Other buildings are scattered throughout the city to house various faculties. It is suspected that already some­ thing like three-quarters of a billion dollars hove been spent on this enormous project. The professors who teach the university's 25,000 students are well paid. The basic monthly salary of a professor is reported to be $1,500 and an additional amount of money is earned if he writes a textbook (the rate of compensation here is 2000 rubles, or approximately $500.00 for each 23 typewrit­ ten pages. This Is indeed a wonderful remuneration.) Evidence shows that despite the conditions imposed by a dictatorship, the Russians are quite strong in o wide variety of fields from mathematics, astronomy, and solid state phys­ ics to atomic energy, rocketry, and satellite technology. Notional Academy of Sciences he would pick up another 2500 rubles a month. This is more Many Western scientists believe that freedom in the sense we know it is not essential to scientific progress, and such au­ thorities as Dr. von Braun, of the Army Bal­ listic Missile Agency, and Dr. Furnas, of the University of Buffalo, hove clearly demon­ strated that important progress can be and Is being made in a dictatorial community. Dr. von Braun has pointed out that the Ger­ mans made enormous headway in rocketry and aeronautics while under the political dic­ tatorship of Hitler. He emphasized that "as far as personal freedom of movement is con­ cerned, as well as free exchange of ideas In the Should a professor become a member of the strictly scientific and technological sphere, it would simply be misleading to as­ sume that things (in wartime Germany) were much different than in a free country." Dr. than $500.00 a month and is a very respect­ Furnas said, at a meeting considering what able addition to his salary. Should he be­ come academician it would bring him up to we may expect during "The Next Hundred an even higher salary, and he may be able to get up to $50,000 o year for all his accom­ plishments (Harvard's top professorial salary is $20,000 a year.) It is reported that his medical expenses are handled by the gov­ .. Russian the some token ernment and that his children con be edu­ cated at no cost, thereby affording him Years," that he had a confession to make: "For a long time I have felt that freedom in initiative played o port in science. I have heard true science could only grow in com­ parative freedom. The demonstration of what has been accomplished by Soviet science, in terms of objectives obtained over a 30-yeor period, have disproved this. I do not think further savings. Taxes and rent ore also low. Surely the life of o scholar is attractive in that the results obtained by the Soviets are Russia. ing to benefit humanity in the long run-over Incentives are plainly high to en­ courage academic careers. the types of scientific achievement that is go­ one hundred years. Many Western authorities feel that, con­ trary to popular belief, there is a considerable amount of freedom of science in the Soviet For this, freedom is best. But in particular areas, science can grow and flourish in an atmosphere not free." Western science is beginning to heed such warnings. This feeling has been considerably Turning now to the diffusion of technologi­ strengthened during recent years, particularly cal and scientific knowledge, we have again since the death of Stalin. Russian scientists are now traveling to foreign found ourselves in a rather awkward situation. Since World War II we have lived in a state countries in greater numbers than was previ- of semi-isolation from world science, largely Union. It is evident that 23 space journal �Dilia Asipova, assistant of the optics department of Moscow University's physics faculty conducting scientific research on the influence of temperature on intensity of infrared absorption. (Photo by D. Sholomovich) because of the partial, and temporary, eclipse lack of knowledge of what they are doing, of Western European scientific output. The and, as a consequence, there has been an US was not immediately prepared for the post- enormous amount of duplication in research: war Soviet technological onslaught, and un­ many things we should know we simply do not fortunately reacted to know of because our scientists do not read heartedly. MIG's, ICBM's and Russian and translations are few. Sputniks to change our minds about achieve­ There is good evidence that the Russians ments in science and technology in the Eura­ have developed very efficient methods of sian heartland. translating and diffusing foreign knowledge. In recent years, and particularly since Sput­ They have a large, centralized clearing agency nik I, American scientists have become more which collects and disseminates scientific in­ than conscious of the value and desirability formation prepared and distributed by scien­ of knowing about what the Russians are writ­ tists and engineers from all corners of the ing and publishing. We know there are thou­ world. It is reported that Soviet scientists sands of Soviet scientific reports and journals often have a Russian translation of an impor­ which United tant French, German, English, American, or States (particularly by the Library of Con­ other foreign publications before the scientists gress), but they generally serve no purpose in the country of its origin have read the other than to gather dust. original editions. have been received in the Few scientists in the US read Russian, and translation facilities The Soviet Union's All Union Institute of This has resulted in an appalling Scientific and Technical Information has a are lacking. 24 it slowly and half­ It took Russian space journal �permanent staff of about 2300 translators, abstractors, and publishers. These ore sup­ plemented by a port time staff of 20,000 translators and abstractors. The institute re­ leases thirteen abstract journals that contain each year more than 400,000 abstracts of scientific articles appearing in journals repre­ senting more than 80 countries. The institute translates, indexes and abstracts some 1400 of the l 800 scientific journals which are re­ leased in the United States of America.1 Compared with this system, what have we done in the US to facilitate the diffusion of knowledge of foreign scientific and techno­ logical progress and developments? For­ tunately, the American government is begin­ ning to realize the extent of the problem and some important efforts hove been made. There is a variety of organizations of a public and private nature that do some work in the field of interest, and, while much remains to be accomplished, we hove moved ahead. For example, the House Subcommittee on Gov­ ernment Information has held hearings on the subject and it is expected that progress will be rapid towards establishing a necessary government clearing agency. The Govern­ ment Office of Technical Services is planning to increase its contributions very rapidly. Probing efforts are being mode in many dis­ tinct areas, and it remains to be seen if we end up with a large central clearing house run by the government, or rather, a series of smaller, privately managed operations. We receive about 20,000 Soviet scientific reports and journals a year, but only a small fraction is translated or even summarized. An example of the duplication of work re­ sulting from the lack of knowledge of Russian scientific progress is given by a case cited by the National Science Foundation. It was learnetl that several American industries spent five years of research and hundreds of thou­ sands of dollars on the design of electrical circuits only to discover that the work had been fully described in a Soviet scientific publication well before the research had be­ gun in the US. By the some token, it is interesting to know that, contrary to general belief, the radio 'Including SPACE Journal. frequencies used in Sputniks I and II were publicized well before the October and November, 1957, launchings. Indeed, in the Soviet journal Radio, the frequencies were published at least four months prior to the launchings of the vehicles. Much has been made in this country of the supposed fact that we were not informed of the frequencies prior to the establishment in orbit of Sputnik I. Good translation and diffusion services would hove kept our scientists up to dote on Soviet progress and planning. Russia may not re­ lease much, but it does release something. This "something" cannot be ignored. Compare the Russian clearing house dis­ cussed earlier with its present counterpart in this country, called the Office of Technical Services. This boasts a total of less than 40 persons who index and abstract technical re- Senior student Galina Kolenchuk working on her grad­ uation paper "Electrochemical methods for defining uranium·· in the polargraphy and ammeter laboratory of the analytical chemistry department University. (Photo by D. Sholomovich) of Moscow �It operates on research programs The Consultant's Bureau, Inc., yearly pub­ which are carried out under contract for our lishes about 48,000 pages of Soviet scientific government, and releases about 700 reports translations, which moves into a region of a month on sponsored projects. some 12 million words. ports. It translates 28 major There is a considerable belief that the De­ Soviet journals in chemistry, metallurgy, elec­ partment of Commerce, which 'has the respon­ tronics, biology, physics, and geology, as well sibility as certain books and articles of related fields. to maintain a clearing house for information of a scientific and technical na­ The ture, does not operate very efficiently. How­ 20,000 pages of material on Soviet scientific ever, many officials say that, rather than build progress in biology and medical science. up a large government institution similar to has a summary review of 200,000 pages and the All Union Institute in Soviet Russia, it during 1958 it is expected lo increase its would be better for private groups to pre­ production to 30,000 pages of material taken pare their own journal and abstracting in­ from 400,000 pages of research in geo­ dices for the scientific world. Possible finan­ physics, atomic energy, and electronics. Pergamon Institute translates about It and In 1953 the Association of American Uni­ foundations could, of course, be accorded. versities made the following statement in a Others feel that the government should di­ series on the "Rights and Responsibilities of rectly aid in the translation of journals and Universities and Faculties": " ... to fulfill their cial assistance from the government indices , particularly those from the Soviet functions the members and university faculties Union, thereby assuring a nationwide dis­ must continue to analyze, test, criticize, and tribution of material to contracting agencies, reassess existing institutions and beliefs, ap­ private enterprises, research centers, and uni­ proving when the evidence supports them, versities. and disapproving when the weight of evi­ 2 There is some encouraging information sug­ dence is on the other side. Such investiga­ gesting that more Russian material is being tions must not be confined to the physical translated in the US. world. The National Research The acknowledged fact that moral, Corporation of Atlanta, social, and political progress have not kept Georgia, has recently added to its technical pace with mastery of the physical world shows and Development staff one of the nation's leading authorities on Soviet Russia, and other firms have taken similar steps. The Pergamon Institute of New York is busy translating technical documents, and the Consultant's Bureau, Inc., does a considerable amount of work in this field. The Soviet's journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics is to be translated and re­ sults of importance for designers of airplanes and rockets should become more readily avail­ able. Financial support to both Pergamon and the American Society of American Engineers hos reportedly been arranged. At the present time up to 40 Soviet scientific journals are regularly translated within the country, both with government and with nongovernment support. �II is interesting lo know that there are about 15,000 scientific 1ournals appearing eoch month throughout the world, and ,uch journals contoin anywhere from a few lo a hundred or more articles and reports. 26 space journal the need for more intensified research, fresh insights, vigorous criticism, and inventiveness. The scholar's admission requires the study and examination of unpopular ideas, of ideas considered abhorrent and even dangerous. For just as in the case of deadly disease, or the military potential of on enemy, it is only by intense study and research that the nature and extent of the danger can be understood and defenses against it perfected." Today, the very basis of our educational system is being probed in this light, and current in­ vestigations and criticisms across the land give promise of producing far-reaching re­ sults. The US is now taking stock of its educa­ tional situation and several foundations ore sponsoring searching studies of our system. Our private, and free, universities are proud of their rich heritage and know they must work hard and long to survive in a socialistic �In a laboratory of Moscow University-Left to right, Emilio Perevalova, M.Sc. Chemistry; Academician (one of top Soviet scientists) Alexander Nesmeyonov, and Tatyana Tolstaya, M.Sc. Chemistry. (Photo by D. Sholo­ movich) world. One of the greatest endeavors in history to obtain privately subscribed support is the "Program for Harvard College," which will attempt -;o raise $82 ½ million. First and foremost, $16 million will go to support new faculty salaries, not including $5 million for additional professorial appoint­ ments. This is a very respectable amount of money going to further the support of teach­ ers and to bring their salaries up to a signifi­ For students, $8 ½ million in cant level. scholarships and other financial aids will be made available. The library endowment will be increased by $15 million, and approxi­ mately $15 million will go into facilities. To improve the so-called "climate of scholar­ ship" about $25 million will be spent. There may be some doubts as to the validity of establishing so much money for "climate of scholarship," rather than further increasing the amount for faculty salaries, but at least this is a step in the right direction, and may be indicative of what we are to expect from enlightened American educational circles in the age of science and technology into which the world has progressed. In a commencement address at Harvard University, President Kirk of Columbia stated the following, "The primary function of a great university is the pursuit and the trans­ mission of knowledge, that knowledge which is the basis of genuine wisdom because it may be regarded hopefully as valid for all time. A search for such truth is never ending, but the true university . . . is the foremost in­ stitution devised by man, in which this quest can be carried on free from the limitations of conforming in teaching or in research to any currently accepted ideas, and free as one may ever be from the influences of special pleading and vested interest and selfish ambi­ tions. Such a university is the arsenal-the one greatest arsenal-with which men's minds can be equipped to battle against the forces of ignorance and prejudice which are forever reaching out of the mire to clutch at the hu­ man soul and drag it down. A university like Recommendations for National Science Foundation Research and Amounts Voted by Congress Appropriation Fiscal Year 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 .s Presidential Recom mendotion 225,000 3,500,000 4,750,000 8,000,000 12,250,000 16,000,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 $ 475,000 14,000,000 15,000,000 15,000,000 14,000,000 20,000,000 41,300,000 65,000,000 this-is the focal point of the hopes of man­ kind." With this we can close our inquiry into the educational background to the Russian chal­ lenge. We believe our great, free unive.-si­ ties have no peers on the planet, but beneath and around them lies an immense zone of uncertainty. Will our primary, scondary and university systems (which must provide us with the bulk of our educated men) become suffi­ ciently strong to answer the requirements of the Space Age? We can only hope that the many weaknesses inherent in these schools will be discovered, analysed and corrected. This is the one great answer to the Russian Space Challenge to the free world. 27 space journal �> �,1,.1, • 'r I! ~ -· • \, ·-·-- -, - --_;._ .\'. - , ·� . ·• ., �• ... . V � • 0 • �WE KNOW how to machine metal parts to your specifications within .0005 of an inch. WE WILL meet your delivery schedule. 2300 CLIFTON ROAD 30 space journal NASHYILLE, TENNESSEE �SPACE SYMPOSIUM By Col. J. G . Mayton f I to overtake the US in o molter of fifteen or twenty years, according to the statements of Col. Joseph G. Moyton 1, o graduate of o Ru ,ion college in Monchurio He ol,o ot­ tended the Orienlol In 1,tule where ,rudent, were trained for diplomatic service in the for Ea1I under the Czorht regime. He received hi, A.8. (19211 ond MA (1922) from lhe University of Cobfornio ond his Ph.D. (1929) from the Brook• ings Groduote School of Economics ond Govern• menl (now Brooking, lnslitulion), Ho moiored in economics ond poiitlcol science, with special emphod, on Runio ond the for Eo,t. Col. Moyton served 01 Air force liolson officer ond interpreter In connect,on with the Big Three Conference ot Yollo. He is a con,ultont with Notional Re,eorch and Development Corporation. her own leaders. Some will argue that Soviet Russia is al­ ready ahead of the US in scientific explora­ tion. The launching of the three Sputniks into orbit is regarded os one of the foremost achievements of Soviet scientists and engi­ neers. The scientific world and the man in the street were astounded when the Russians achieved these magnificent feats. Undoubt­ edly it was a great scientific achievement, and In the preceding two sections of this study, the authors surveyed Soviet Russia's technical It was also a masterstroke politically from advance and her educational preparations in the Communist point of view. Russia scored a the field of science and engineering which psychological victory which is not likely to be hove mode such progress possible. In this erased. section, the aim will be to analyze briefly and Broadly speaking, in the general field of concisely the political, economic, and military science and in engineering, the US continues significance of to be oheod of Soviet Russia. Industrially, Russia's accomplishments in these directions. No one con deny that Russia's advance in 'J no one con toke that "first" away from her. Russia is still no match for the US.However, under the stimulus of five or six Five-Year science and engineering hos been sizeable. Plans, the Russians have mode tremendous in­ As Defense Secretory Neil H. McElroy said dustrial progress by concentrating their man­ ofter the Russians hod orbited their second power and resources almost exclusively on satellite: " ...the fact that they did get o heavy industry. Since World War couple of satellites into the air and into USSR hos more than doubled its production II, the orbit indicated a degree of scientific sophisti­ of such strategic key materials as steel, pig cation which hos got to make this country iron, crude petroleum, coal, and cement. It respect the Russion scientific capability ... " claims a sizeable increase in electric power This is especially significant considering the production, almost approaching our own, fact that less than fifty years ago Russia was and shows similar advances in the produc­ regarded os being quite backward by West­ tion of cotton and woolen fabrics. ern standards. The notion was then primarily significant hos been Russia's superior position agricultural; the Industrial Revolution, which in the design and production of jet aircraft by that time hod already overtaken oil of and its use in transportation. Western Europe, was still in its very infancy in US, as the foremost industrial country of the Russia. Yet, today ofter o lapse of only half world, also shows sizeable gains in the some a century, she is the world's second great period, its rote of increase appears to be for industrial notion, and entertains the ambition less than that of Soviet Russia. Most Although the 31 space journal �MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES /I ;· I , I/ I 'I 1949 ---- -- 1s1 1st 1st I , -----------A-Bomb H-Bomb Satellite USA 1945 1952 1958 USSR 1949 1953 1957 For your future convenience-but in the meantime use our Huntsville facilities HOLi DAY INN HOTEL 32 space journal �2926 -I -- 31 4 13' 38 31 u s - .. - 1120 u s s A 50 ,q-o R 1000 100 130 130 w:Z. u S A 1>'1- 11,0 .. ,. u s s R '-4 ICBM PRODUCTION SATELLITE WEIGHTS • Sen, Kennedy-Aug , 1938 (Con9,,.ulo"ol Re101dJ This hos led some observers to suggest that behind in missile development or in the de· if the progressive rote of industrial growth velopment of new and more destructive or claimed by the USSR continues, the loller foster weapons. could catch up with us within a decode or two, as Soviet leaders maintain. This state of affairs hos prompted many Should geopolitical analysts to suggest that o stale­ that happen, Soviet Russia could gain not only mate may eventually develop in the armament in political prestige, but also in economic race between the US and her allies on the power, with all the advantages that such one hand and the USSR on the other. power con bestow. fear of retaliation would prove a strong de­ a formidable She would then become competitor in world trade. terrent. The This would restrain Russia for more She could also score a tremendous victory than the US since aggression is alien to our through her foreign aid program, especially military and foreign policy. in the underdeveloped areas of the world herence to the United Notions Charter hos into which she is trying to penetrate. been attested ever since that organization This Our strict ad• seems to be the current direction of the Soviet come into existence. foreign policy with its attendant idea of gain• we foll behind in our scientific research and ing converts to her way of life as well as engineering enabling her to force other notions to become Soviet leaders feel that their military and Such de­ industrial power is strong enough to paralyze pendence could then be exploited by Soviet the US and the free world, they would not economically dependent upon her A politically and economically strong Soviet Russia, extending her sway over many satel­ lites in both Europe and Asia (and in Africa, too) con truly present o serious threat to the free world. endeavors, hesitate to use it. leaders politically. In possession of the atomic bomb, the hydrogen bomb, and the several kinds of missiles, Soviet leaders already try to throw their weight around. Accordingly, However, if and when and if and when That is why recent Russian accomplishments in science and engineering, coupled with the rote at which her progress in those directions is going, is of such concern to the US and the other free notions of the world. With the advent of the Space Age in which Russia hos already mode a head start, the challenge hos become even more formida­ ble. In the hands of the US, science and engineering is used for the benefit of all if we ore to meet the Russian challenge, we mankind; in Soviet hands it is o means of must maintain equal, extending Communist control and consequent capability. or superior, military Furthermore, we must never foll enslavement. 33 space journal ��SPACE SYMPOSIUM d i a Iect ic a I m a t e r i a Ii s m-t h e r e a I c h a IIen g e of soviet science By Karel Hujer was barn in 1902 in Cxocha­ slavakia. A graduate of Prague UniverJlty with a Doctor of Science degree in 1932, he has done graduate work in France, at the University of London, and at the University of Chicago. In addition, he has olso studied astronomy in Indio, Chino, Tibet, Japan, Mexico, Peru, and many countries In Europe. In 1935 he was Invited to India by Mahatma Ghandi and stayed at Ghandi's ashram in Wardha where he lectured at the evening gatherings. In 19-'9 he returned to Indio at the invitation of Dr. Rajendra Prosod, presi­ dent of the Republic of India. In 1957, ot tho reque,t of the Prague National Observatory, Dr. Hujer rotur�od to Ctechoslovoklo for o series of lectures on tho odvoncoment of American astrono­ my. He hos taught ot Iowa Wesleyan College ond Michigan Stole College before coming to the University of Chottanoogo where he is now in charge of tho Jones Observatory. An author of mony article, on o,tronomy, Dr. Hujer ls a fellow of the American A,tronomicol Society ond the Royal A,tronomicol Society of Landon; o mem­ ber of the A,tronomlcol Society of the Pacific and the Societe Astronomique de Fronce, OS well OS many honorary societies. After the first Soviet satellite blazed the trail into outer Space, gr�ot concern was expressed in this country as to the status of American science and scientific education compared to that of the USSR. Since that time much hos been written and continues to be written, almost to the degree of olormism, on the marvelous advances of Russian science in general, and Russian physics in particular. This concern stands in odd contrast to the complete indifference paid Soviet scientific activity prior to Sputnik I. We need only remind ourselves that as early as April, 1957, Nesmeyonoff, president of the Soviet Academy of Science, announced that Soviet scientists were almost ready to launch their first arti­ ficial satellite. The world, particularly America, either ignored or foiled to heed this an­ nouncement. Only ofter the Sputniks began orbiting around Earth was this ominous American concern directed toward the startling Soviet Dr. Karel Hujer technological accomplishment. Yet in all the countless comments on the Soviet technology little reference hos been mode to the curious and perhaps all important aspect in which Soviet education most earnestly ond meticu­ lously exposes ond interprets science: the Soviet teacher of science, whether he is a physicist, chemist, astronomer, mathematician, sociologist, or biologist, must know how to interweave his subject with that specific philo­ sophical outlook or Weltonschouung known os dialectical materialism. Whereas scientific technology hos on immediate, sensational, and ponderous impact on human society, dialectical materialism cumulatively builds up its influence with the lapse of time, the conse­ quence of which portentously tends to super­ sede the effects of on H-bomb or the accomplishment of a trip to the Moon. Why? Because it is the idea which in the course of time shapes and motivates events in the physical and material world. What is dialectical materialism? In what woy is this doctrine closely interwoven with Soviet science and scientific instruction? At present this philosophical doctrine is the offi­ cial, authoritative school of thought behind the Iron Curtain; and all students ore in­ evitably channeled through its indoctrination whatever their particular scientific field may be. As on illustration, it is not unusual to find as a foreword to a serious Communist work on natural science Die Entwicklung im Uni­ versum (Evolution in the Universe) by Dr. Walter Hollitcher, professor of philosophy at Humboldt University in East Berlin, a quotation from Stalin: Everywhere, from ostronomy to sociology, the ideo thot in the world there is nothing eternal, thot everything undergoes constant chonge ond 35 space journal �evolves, encounters meons tho! noture from evolution. we the constont must look slondpoint confirmation. upon of everything movement This in ond This meons thot the spirit of dialectics permeates the entire contemporary science. Dialectics, the reality of change_ caused by struggling opposites, although set forth in the nineteenth century by Hegel, as an idea has been known since the ancient Greek school of Heraclitus. For Hegel, however, dialectics was in the realm of theology and philosophy-, the struggle of opposites being between the absolute, Divine Mind and the finite mind of man. Hegel's dialectics is, then, a dialectics of absolute idealism. Likewise, materialism, the belief in the primacy and objective reality of matter, had its birth in ancient Greece. Revived in the eighteenth century, it became fashionable among French materialists until it was shaped and refined into the popular system of Auguste Compte's positivism. This Such a concept was formed by his life­ long friend and supporter Engels and con­ tinued vaguely and cumulatively by various followers, Lenin being the foremost. Thus we have at present the dialectical materialism of the Marxist-Leninist version that directs the way in which science textbooks must be writ­ ten wherever the Communists have political control. The Marxists are usually inclined to attach the adjective scientific to their system of philosophy. After all, Marx denied the need for any philosophy, and Engels declared that philosophy died as science grew. But it is evident that neither Marx nor Engels could foresee the fruits of their own labor. Apparently neither could have imagined on ominous, mushroom cloud which would arise concept occurred in the midst of the golden on the horizon of the mid-twentieth century, a era of physical science. cloud which would prove beyond doubt that The progressive drift away from Hegelian idealism began with science without philosophy becomes a grave Feuerbach, Bauer, and other young Hegelians social menace-even for the most dialectical and continued until the arrival of two out­ of materialists. standing personalities, Karl Marx and Fredrich Nevertheless, when the socialist panacea of Engels, who were to formulate an ideology Marxist philosophy was firmly fixed in the that would shape the destiny of the twentieth Communist state, the picture of the world and century. of human society was described as perfect, The very fact that Marx and Engels appeared at that historical moment seems logical, and unquestionable. Communist cul­ symptomatic, for they both claimed the scien­ tural liners tific age to be the age of the proletarians. Marxism-Leninism into a final code and un­ planners and party shaped As a reaction against Hegelian idealism, failing guide beyond which there could be no both Marx and Engels more than anyone else other appeal except treasonable diversionism. are responsible for the historic combination In other words, Marxism-Leninism became the In their view one belief in the order of the Communist­ of dialectics with materialism. science and the scientific method completely Socialist society. justified this union. It was in the middle of basic articles, there is no science except that the nineteenth century, pregnant with scien­ science which serves and supports the Com­ tific discoveries of the greatest importance, munist Party. that Marx shaped his ideas. 3b Marx, however, never thought of constructing an all-inclusive philosophical or ideological system and concept of the world. He believed he According to one of its In this way physical science, particularly astronomy, enjoys the greatest had discovered the key to human life in the freedom in an otherwise rigidly controlled economic categories in which his materialism system because it is least open to the peril took the form of economic determinism, an of interference from Communists cultural plan­ idea strangely parallel to the present view of ning. the deterministic Universe of the physicist. tronomy that is supposedly associated with Marxian dialectics takes the form of class the most effective means of propaganda for struggle, and the social and historic existence certain favorite Communist beliefs which the of man becomes the measure of everything. official party line considers as standard and space journal On the contrary, it is physics or as­ �patronizing guidance for the human mosses and the key to the promised land for the proletariat of the world. Thus in the USSR the social and economic position of o good physicist is equal to that of o cabinet minister and indeed may be o source of envy for his Western counterpart. The inevitable question arises, then: What ore these qualities of physics and astronomy that ore so appealing to the Communist cul­ tural planners? Let us briefly look at some of those qualities of physical science which bolster research to such o surprising degree in the Commmunist countries. Above all it is important to the state that the Universe is knowable and deterministic-in other words, that the Universe is dialectically materialistic. There is nothing supernatural about it. o Universe without God. It 1s This means that it 1s only o question of time before man solves all of the mysteries which hove in the post been described as the handiwork of God. This, then, is basically the Communist Uni­ verse. But even more startling is the fact that the Western world holds a view of the Uni­ verse which is not too for removed from that of the Communists. It holds this view despite its apparent religiosity. Let us examine the origin of this materialistically philosophical point of view. The formative period of Marxism belongs to the great age of physical science which flourished in the nineteenth century. Material­ istic philosophy received fresh impetus in 1798 when Laplace published his sensational This comero wos installed ot the Kozokh Academy of Sciences to toke pictures of the third Soviet ortiflciol Eorth sole/lite. (Photo by I. Budnevich) mathematical formulation of his hypothesis on the origin of the solar system, Exposition du Systeme du Mende. It is said that Napo­ leon, a jealous supporter of cultural activity 1n the growing empire, commented while he was preparing to bestow the title of marquis on Laplace that he could not find the name of God mentioned in the book. Laplace retorted: "Your majesty, I did not need him." attitudes This incident is typical of the found during the growth of the physical sciences during the nineteenth cen­ tury. Another example is characterized by 37 space journal �the astronomer Leverrier's deterministic calcu­ tions of ultimate particles of physical matter lation of the position of the unknown planet and that any idea that it had a divine begin­ Neptune-a triumph of Newtonian mathemati­ ning as the result of God's work is merely a cal physics. The idea was further exemplified relic of man's primitive mythology. The im­ in physics by Kelvin and Helmholtz and their plication here is obvious, they feel; it is only deterministic and rather gloomy views that a question of time and systematic research the total energy in the Universe would even­ until man's intellect, a product itself of chemi­ tually be so diffused that the Sun's flow of cal processes, will discover these delicate heat to Earth would eventually cease. A pic­ vibrations and be able to create life in a test ture was developed which saw the Universe tube. as merely a complex machine, something which could in time be reproduced on a model scale by engineers and formalized by the equations of mathematicians. This, then, The continuing success of science and lab­ oratory triumphs encourage this bold assump­ tion. These omens have produced self-confidence, and the Marxist architects of was the world view that nurtured Marxist social reorganization feel assured that the theories and one which reached its intellec­ future belongs to them. This same belief is tual climax in the middle of the nineteenth echoed by the present leaders of the Com­ century with the work of such figures as Fara­ munist world, as witness the Kremlin belief day, Maxwell, and Darwin. that "rime is on our side, we'll bury you." Despite. all these self-confident boasts. the Thus the triumphant march of science and the Industrial Revolution which logically fol­ lowed had a tremendous impact on the forma­ tion of the philosophy and the social life of man. Together these two factors forecast a free world still asks: Is dialectical materialism the last word in human knowledge as the Marxists so fervently believe? Have we not seen many times throughout the broad sweep of man's histo vy the proposal of similar, new and redeeming age in which man was categorical manifestoes? to become the coordinator and finally the also seen them pushed aside by circumstances master of the laws of the Universe. This view and the very changes in the course of history? is boldly set forth in the significant work The briefest glance into the story of philoso­ Life in the Universe, recently published by the phy will show that dialectical materialism can Soviet Academy of Sciences. It was written claim to be only one of many philosophical by two outstanding Soviet scientists, the bio­ systems that rose and flourished until they chemist completed their function or role and then A. I. Oparin and the astronomer And have we not V. G. Fesenkov. These two authors refer in vanished into the dormant galleries of history a patriotic and were recorded in the infinite annals of friendly and manner to the eighteenth century Russian scientist, M. V. time. Lomonosov; and they point to the fact that among others the notorious scholasticism of from the style of his writing Lomonosov was the middle ages, contained an element of tributary to the masters of his time. Likewise truth; but in each case the system itself was Each of these many systems, including Oparin and Fesenkov, in turn, ore subservient converted to evil when it became vested in to the new masters of this age when they power and the idea of infallibility and per­ quote from Engel's Dialectics of Nature, a manence. The Marxist dogmatists are already work little known to Western scientists but a exposed to this historic peril when they speak Bible for the Communist scientists. The views authoritatively from the throne of their politi­ of Oparin and Fesenkov coincide with this cal sovereignty when they proclaim the in­ context. Life, they feel, including any higher tellectual and philosophical sovereignty of state of consciousness and subsequent quali­ dialectical materialism. ties it involves, is only the natural result of to that of the scholasticians confronting Gali­ the cosmic evolution of matter. leo Both authors maintain that life began in the complex vibra- 38 space journal in their righteousness. dogmatic The situation is close self-assurance and Now the Marxists fail to profit �from the truth and the reality of historical truth, and thus they sow the seeds of their own philosophical destruction. We cannot, however, be lulled into a sense of false security by a knowledge of the weakness of a philosophical system that now governs the lives of on essentially simple people. Marx never dreamed that his ideas, intended for on industrial civilization, could ever be planted in what was and still basic­ ally is a peasant Russia. But they were; and Russia is on extremely vigorous notion and so ore the effects of on utterly Western philo­ sophical system. Before the influence of the doctrines of dialectical materialism so avidly cultivated by the rulers of Communist do­ minions will spend itself, we hove no less than half a century to look for immediate and unpredictable results for better or worse with residual vestiges lasting for centuries. Here is something of a portentous nature to look for, and it is of great importance to mankind today. Although our terrestiol vani­ ties may be concerned as to who will be first to reach the Moon, it is incomparably more important to know what our earthly mind will carry along into the wastelands of the lunar reaches: Will it carry the ideas of a semi­ civilized and tribal caveman, or will it be those of a man who is admittedly his brother's keeper? In the meantime our only consolation Viktor Spitsin of the USSR Academy of Sciences is shown lecturing on inorganic chemistry in Moscow Uni­ versity (Photo by D Sholomovich) rests in the logical conclusion of history that is forever valid for every civilization and for every individual: the truth that power cor­ rupts. In our case, looking across the politi­ cal barrier, we slate that the authoritarian Marxists today, no molter how loudly they proclaim themselves the custodians of science and scientific progress, will ultimately per­ form by the very power they possess all the acts that invariably will choke the spirit of free scientific inquiry, the only true condition for the advancement of science. 39 space journal �space reporter GOOD FOR MAN, BEAST, AND ICBM with on effective exposure time of five­ One more guided missile headache hos billionths of one second, hos been announced been cured by General Electric's guided mis­ by Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., of Pasadena, sile engineers. And they cured this one with California. that reliable old standby Bromo-Sellzer. GE is developing nose cones for the Atlas Dr. A. M. Zarem, president of the com­ pany and developer of the camera, said ICBM and the Thor IRBM at its facility in that it would prove highly valuable in helping Philadelphia. to solve special problems in the study of To house recording instruments during lest flights of these missiles, GE's engineers intense explosions, of ultra-sonic shock waves, and of special nuclear reactions. developed o spherical capsule which is car­ The novel feature of the camera is that ried in the missile nose cone and is ejected it contains o hermetically sealed, lorge-ope­ before the nose cone hits the earth. Elec­ ture, wide-angle Kerr cell shutter which pos­ trically sesses no moving parts. It is pulsed electroni­ operated markers help engineers cally to obtain photographs of extremely brief exposures. Dr. Zorem said that with further development and refinement of techniques used, the camera may be capable ultimately of toking pictures with exposures of o frac­ tion of a billionth of a second. To illustrate the speed of the camera, it was pointed out that the satellite Sputnik, moving at approximately 18,000 miles per hour, would travel only one-and-one-half thou­ sandths of on inch-a distance less than the thickness of a human hair-during the time of one exposure. The camera was developed for the Samuel Feltman Ammunition Laboratories at Picolinny Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey. locate the capsule. properly, these However, lo function markers must be delayed for a few minutes before operation. And here's where the Bromo-Seltzer comes rn. Bromo-Seltzer, pocked around electrical wires, delays completion of the electronic circuit for the few minutes required for opera­ The photographs show the electrical dis­ integration of three aluminum wires, each one-thousandth of an inch in diameter and one-quarter of on inch long. Explosion of the wires was photographed at three phases: 20-billionths of a second, 30-billionths of o second, and 40-billionths of o second ofter the discharge was started. tion. Considerable time hod been spent in per­ fecting mechanical switches, none of which worked satisfactorily. The engineering head­ aches involved were extremely annoying until GE's engineers found the answer in the family medicine cabinet. EXPOSURE· 5,000,000,000th OF ONE SECOND Development of the world's fastest cam­ era shutter, capable of toking photographs 40 space journal -· •·rTt j.• I f•·•. Jl - I. •• •JJI \ ·t I.,•....,r, 11"1 I, ·\. • • ' '\. I -:: �SPACE PROJECTION a proposal for a village on the moon By H Kumaga rosh examples of prefabricated structures designed Hiroshi Kumagai was barn in Japan in 1931 and received a bachelor of engineering degree in archi1ecture from lhe Tohoku Univer­ sity in 1955. After graduation from college, he worked in architectural and ,1,uctural design far companies in both Jopon end the US. He ls a member of the American Rocket Society, the Space Travel Association of Japan, and the Japanese Institute of Architects. He is presently a member of the Gehre, D. Weed architectural Orm end lives in Kalispell, Montono. to meet unusual and rigorous environmental conditions. But the first scientists to visit the Moon will be faced with conditions far more hazardous than those existing at Earth's South Pole. In addition to the purely physiological and psychological aspects of adjusting to life on the Moon, our scientists will be subjected to a gravity one-sixth that of Earth; bombard­ If man is, as scientists and engineers spec­ ulate, going to land on the Moon within the next 30 years, it seems obvious that there should be some preparation for habitation on that barren satellite of Earth. It behooves us now to begin planning suitable structures for ment by cosmic rays, X-rays, and meteors; and extreme temperature changes, to name but a few. Their base on the Moon must be designed and built to specifications which will permit them to exist in such surroundings de­ spite such dangers and inconveniences. man's prolonged existence there; and the Before we can proceed with an elaborate problem, while being complex, is by no means experimental program for lunar prefabrica­ The solution to this tions on Earth, we will need to know much problem of constructing a village on the Moon more about the environmental conditions on completely insolvable. lies initially in sending up prefabricated struc­ the Moon. tures or building materials by space ship or through a continuing process of space re­ Once the preliminary exploration of search and exploration, it will be added to the the lunar surface has been completed, space basic architectural research which the leading rocket. As this data becomes available cargo ships carrying prefabricated materials architects and building construction engineers can be launched from Earth and landed in se­ will have undertaken. Some of these condi­ These tions we already know, and we con begin ships would be relatively economical in that now to pion ways in which to cope with them. they would not have a human crew and For example, we know that on the Moon there the complex and expensive equipment which is a daily temperature differential between would be needed to sustain a crew during the midnoon flight from Earth. 400 F. lected areas on the Moon's surface. Much valuable basic research into the and midnight of approximately This compares with a maximum sea­ sonal temperature variation, between winter techniques of design, manufacture, and as­ and summer, on Earth of only some 200 F. To sembly of prefabricated housing has already minimize the effects of these extreme temper­ been accomplished-at least indirectly-by ature differences, we could construct our shel­ the scientific effort which has gone into the ters underground-or undermoon, if the term The shelters be permissible-where the insulating proper­ which protect our scientists participating in ties of the lunar surface would lessen the IGY activities at the South Pole are excellent severity of such a change. International Geophysical Year. At least one geo- 41 space journal �• -- • i f ,... . ....,,.., .. . •. ♦ ' " the consideration of horizontal loading due , to these forces. -..«< .. Since we know that the gravitational pull of the Moon is six times less than that of Earth, we can design structural beams and columns with sectional areas six times less than those required for similar construction on Earth. This also means that we can erect taller, relatively heavier, and more imaginative structures within the limitations imposed by the use of materials such as concrete, steel, lead, lead glass, etc., which are necessary to block out cosmic rays and X-rays. For the moment, we must assume that the early colonization of the Moon will be done by scientists who will live in prefabricated shelters built partially or wholly below the lunar surface. Architect Kumagai suggests that one of the Moon's craters, such as Copernicus shown here, would be the logical choice for a space station or his proposed village. (Photo by Yerkes Observatory) But later buildings for more permanent residents need not be subsurface. As our knowledge of lunar environmental con­ ditions and the techniques of building con­ struction on the Moon increases, we can build bigger and more complex structures. graphical feature of the Moon, the Ariadaeus Rill near the lunar equator, suggests itself as a possible subsurface site in which to construct the first shelters.* If no natural declivities, overhangs, or caverns are to be found in the rill, then it would be necessary to prepare artificial ones by blasting them out of the walls. In addition to simplifying the problem of temperature control, such a subsurface shel­ ter would offer some protection against the smaller of the meteors which our scientists must expect. Moreover we know that the Moon has practically no atmosphere (about 1 0-4 of that of Earth). This fact simplifies at least one of our problems: with little or no atmosphere, heat from the Sun is for all practical purposes by radiation only. The problems incident to the control of heat within our shelters are then reduced. For example, our structure need constructed only be of a material opaque to radiant heat in order to reduce the temperature within. With no atmosphere there con be no high winds, hurricanes, or torna­ does such as we have on Earth. 42 The walls of Once the geology of the Moon is definitely known, it may be possible to use indigenous material for such construction purposes. For those shelters to be built above the lunar surface, we must rely on a plastic dome. This dome will actually consist of a dome within a dome. The outer one will be com­ posed of triangular plastic units, approxi­ mately six inches thick, assembled with special expansion joints. These units will be made of a plastic which is strengthened by radio­ activity, and they will contain lead. Thus the outer dome will be effective in stopping me­ teoric ash and small meteors. offer It will also some protection against cosmic X-radiation. and It will be coated to reflect heat, but it will allow some light to enter. Since the outer dome will be a rigid structure, it need not rely completely on an internal air pressure to support it. Three feet within the outer dome will be a flexible, one-inch thick, inner dome. This dome must be airtight and must be supported entirely by internal air pressure. Since the stresses in it would be tensile rather than compressive, it will consist of several layers of plastic film reinforced by fiberglass. our structure then can be designed without The space between the two domes will be *Eric Burgess, Satellites and Space/light, p. 120 filled with air at a pressure lower than that of �,-- .,-:e journal �the inner dome. This pressure differential will balance the negative vertical force and the gravitational force. Provided the outer dome is large enough, it should be seen from the Earth as a gleaming mirror when the Moon is between the full and crescent phases. Inside the dome, walls and roofs ore un­ necessary for the individual buildings, but these structures ore designed for special function. Walls ore needed then for tempera­ ture control or protective reasons. The atomic power station must hove walls to protect nearby buildings from thermal radiation, even though the power station itself is located within a crater the sides of which shield other THE SIGHT in my opinion is the source of che greatest benefit co us, for had we never seen the scars, and the sun, and the heaven, have spoken about the universe none of the words which we would ever have been uttered. Bue now che sight of day and night, and the months and the revolutions of the years, have created number, and have given us a conception of time, and the power of enquiring about the nature of the universe; and from this source we have derived philosophy, than which no great­ er good ever was or will be given by the gods co mortal man. -Plato. installations from radioactivity. The solar power building will hove walls consisting of semiconducting units and these units will move like louvres, always following the Sun. In the daytime these units will produce electricity. Cone-shaped reflectors around the building will be used as refractory furnaces for the smelting and refining of metals from ores mined on the Moon. For structures outside the plastic dome, the walls must be both airtight and capable of reducing cosmic and X-rodiation as well as offering protection against meteors. Such walls could be made of concrete, plastics, or steel. When concrete is utilized, as in the WITH THE FLIGHTS of m­ strurnenc-carrying rockers co these nether reaches of the earth's atmosphere-and beyond-all our old assumptions are bound co be challenged. This is no time for dogmatism. -The Christiall Scie11ce Monitor. It is the scars, The scars above us, govern our conditions ... -King Lear. 43 space journal �' ' . .' . c:::::::J . : .. . . · ,.. �-: 'I ,• : SITE & FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE l" 200' 0" VILLAGE ON THE MOON FOR SCIENTISTS AND VISITORS DESIGNED BY: Hiroshi Kumagai t. ATOMIC POWER STATION 2. SOLAR POWER STATION 3. COMMUNICATION AND ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY BUILDING 4. CARBON DIOXIDE AND WASTE PRODUCTS DIS. POSAL BUILDING 5. WATER, AIR AND MINERAL SUPPLY AND REFINING PLANT 6. VEGETABLES AND PLANTS SUPPLY BUILDING 7. CHLORELLA REARING BUILDING 44 space journal 8. FISH REARING BUILDING 9. ROCKETS AND SPACESHIPS STANDS AND PORT I 0. ADMINISTRATION AND LIVING CENTER I I. SPORTS CENTER 13. LUNAR TRANSPORTATION BUILDING 12. LUNAR PHYSICS AND MINERAL LABORATORY 14. BUILDING FOR AIR, LIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND WATER VAPOR CONTROL OF DOUBLE PLASTIC DOME �case of the communication and astronomical yond the immediate biological needs of our building, both the inside and outside must be scientific outpost, both the oxygen and the coated with a lead plastic. hydrogen obtained from the water could be blocking radiation, this In addition to protective coating would also help retain the moisture in the - used as rocket or space ship fuels and oxi­ dizers. concrete and thereby strength'en it. This same In the final analysis, while the landscape technique of plastic-coated concrete will be of the Moon may look rugged and forbidding used in the lunar transportation building and through the observer's telescope on Earth, it the water, air, and minerals supply and re­ may not present as formidable an obstacle to fining building. the architect as it appears. Its geography of­ The lunar physics and mineral laboratory fers almost unlimited possibilities for the archi­ ° tect with imagination, resourcefulness, and a Since the Moon's gravity is knowledge of the environmental conditions 1 /6 that of Earth, this would be relative to which will be supplied to him by the lunar will be constructed with a floor inclined 18 to the horizontal. a floor on Earth which has a 3 ° slope. The purpose of the inclined floor is to give the probes and pioneers of the not too distant future. occupants of the lunar buildings a feeling akin to that which they had on Earth. The furniture for the buildings will be designed on the same inclined principle. The net effect will be to give the scientist who works at a desk, sits at a table, or lies in a bed approximately the same gravitational orientation that he would have in similar activities on Earth. 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With this scope you can sec everythinii: as above but with greaLer power plus will split finer st•irs. Mirror has twice the liii;ht gathering power. Mirror gua1·anteed to give Lheoretical limit of resolution. Rack and pinion focusing, hardwood tl'ipod, real equatorial mounting only one adjustment follows stars! Aluminum tube. G-power finder Lclescope. 2 standard size ey<'pieces and mounted Barlow lens gi\'e you powers of 40X. HOX, 120:X. and 270X. Free handbook and Chart. Shipping weight 25 lbs. $74.50 f.o.b. Stock No. 85,006-HB We n,onuiocture the Satellite Telescopes used at Moonwatch Stations throughout America. O,der by Stock No.-Send Check or M.0.-Sotisfa<tion or money bock! WRITE FOR FREE GIANT CATALOG-HB Over 1000 Optical Bargains We are Astronomical Tele�cope headquarters l 80 page cata­ log shows huge selection of Microscopes, 13inoculars, Satellite Scopes, Solar Furnaces, lnfrared Sniperscopes, Telescope Cameras, Camera Holde1· attachments. Magni­ fiers, Lenses, Prisms, etc., optical parts and accessol'ies. EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO., BARRINGTON, NEW JERSEY 45 space journal �--METEORITES GLOBAL REPORTING United States The 3-cent IGY commemorative stomp placed on first-day sole in Moy in Chicago depicts on area of intense solar activity of a type which is currently being investigated during the IGY. Superimposed above the solar disk is a detail from Michaelangelo's fresco "The Creation of Adam." Ervine Metzl, designer of the stomp, explain ed that "In the small confines of a postage stomp we have endeavored to picture man's wonder at the unknown together with his determination to understand it and his need for spiritual inspiration to further his knowledge." Japan Japanese and American scientists estimate that the launching site of the Soviet satellites and intercontinental missiles is located in the Karakorum desert (Turkmenistan) at 41 ° north latitude and 61 ° east longitude. These figures were derived from calculations of the orbits of the first two Russian satellites. Russia Under a recent picture in a Soviet newspaper was the following caption: ship needs to circle the Earth is l ½ hours at the most. "The time a space The round trip to the Moon will require 10 days; while the trip in on elliptical orbit, intersecting the orbits of Venus and Mars, giving the possibility of a return to the Earth, will toke at least one year." 46 space journa! �United States The journalism faculty of the University of California recently published the results of an in­ vestigation into the treatment which the launching of Earth satellites received in the world press. According to the survey, the average number of printed lines per newspaper is Explorer II ... ........ . Vanguard I ........... Explorer Ill ............ Sputnik I ............. 700 lines Sputnik II ... .... .. ... . 300 lines Explorer I . .. .. .. ..... 75 lines 60 lines 55 lines 20 lines England • The British Interplanetary Society, which is second largest of the national astronautical societies, celebrates its 25th birthday this year. The organization now has 2500 members. Its Journal of the British Interplanetary Society has been published for 17 years. In October, 1956, the society began publishing its very popular magazine Spaceflight. Japan According to a recent Japanese announcement, rocket engineers In Akita have developed a "supersound [sic}" rocket. The rocket has two stages and will be launched during the IGY for research purposes. The first test flights have already been made. The rocket weighs 300 pounds and is approximately 25 feet long. The first stage is reported to boost it to on altitude of 1 2,000-15,000 feet. Czechoslovakia Loiko makes a reappearance in the form of Soviet propaganda. Sputnik ll's little canine recently cropped up as an epitath on a card printed in Prague and widely distributed in eastern Europe. Note the misuse of interplanetarian. ,·. 47 space journal �-SPACE BOOKS & FORTHCOMING - -----=- e w e d Re v by J e n n i n g s R a I p h E D a n i e I s . J r . J a m e s L M . D a v i d Spacepower. Stoiko. By Donald Cox and Michael 262 pages. Philadelphia: The John Ray m s A k n d e n s 0 In his introduction to the book by Williams and Epstein, Dr. Wernher von Broun aptly states: "With the advent of manmade satel­ C. Winston Co. $4.50. Messrs. Cox and Stoiko raise some pointed lites, it is quite appropriate that there be a example: new edition of The Rocket Pioneers ... In cov­ "What must I do now to prepare for the ering the last 150 years, the authors take the Space Age?" and "Where do I go from reader here?" convincing astounded the conservative military men of questions answers. in For Spacepower. They also offer some This is not a technical book nor is it space fiction. It is a thoroughgoing and thought-provoking book that analyzes changes about to take place. the It analyzes from Sir William who Napoleonic Europe with a war rocket to the present day Explorers and Sputniks. The au­ thors ore interested in the pioneering of rockets, and they steer away from space the changes that many men now alive will travel. undoubtedly see. been achieved thus far. It tells how information Congreve Their purpose is to show what has They show how gleaned from satellite-tracking systems will Konstantin Ziolkovsky, physicist and mathe­ begin having its effect on our civilization and matician, provided theories that led to the how every facet of our society will be affected belief that space ships would have to be -our farms, factories, jobs, travel, medicine, powered by rocket motors; how Robert Hutch­ homelife, The ings Goddard, father of American rocketry, with bridged the gap between theory ond accom­ authors our probe international deeply and relations. examine startling clarity the hopes, needs, and prob­ plishment lems in the fantastic new world which man rockets; how Hermann Oberth designed the is building for himself. first rocket ship, sprinkled with The book is liberally illustrations created in the by actually making and firing though it never left the ground; how Wernher von Braun and his team fertile imagination of N. Stonilla. designed the supersonic rocket-V-2. The Rocket Pioneers. By Beryl Williams and of course, the book tells of the VfR, the Samuel Epstein. 241 pages. New York: Julian German Society for Space Travel; the Ameri­ Messner, Inc. $3.75. can Rocket Society; the Peenemuende Group 48 space journal And, �-of oil who deserve to be known as the to do. great rocket pioneers. guard in America's space program results in They deserve it be­ This emphasis on the role of Van­ cause their dreams and their achievements little will hove led to the fulfillment of space travel Force programs which hove proved to be when it becomes on accepted transport opera­ more reliable and more rewording. tion in the not too distant future. Amateur space travel enthusiasts and professional documentation of the Army and Air The book opens with the modest news re­ lease with which Tass announced the birth of a rocket men alike will find this revised edition Sputnik I and closes with a paraphrase of of The Rocket Pioneers to be informative and quotation from N. J. Berrill's Man's Emerging well written. Mind. In between there is a wealth of ma­ By Homer E. terial concerning the more recent history of Newell, Jr. 114 pages. New York: McGraw­ rocketry and its use in warfare, the many and Hill Book Company, Inc. $2.95. various problems which must be solved before Space Book For Young People. Dr. Newell's Space Book For Young People offers a clear and dramatic explanation of the Earth and its position in the Universe­ otmosphere, the Moon and satellites, the Sun and the other planets of the Solar System, galaxies, comets, meteors, asteroids, and eclipses. It supplies the mathematics which space Aight becomes a reality, ICBM's, and a resume of the history of the American Rocket Society. However, there is a great deal of information in this book for those interested in the background of just what is going on in Space. -M. Raymond is necessary for o real understanding of space distances, rocket speeds, and the like. With exciting bring block-and-white everything into illustrations easy focus that for the reader, it is a highly readable book on a subject vital to today's young scientists. A REDUCED It is also the answer to the harassed parent's prayer. Dad con now ovoid embarrassment by referring Junior, with his unanswerable questions, to this book. -Rolph E. Jennings What's Going On In Space. By Commander David C. Holmes, USN. New York: Funk & Wognalls. $3.95. Perhaps the only Aow in this summary of what is going on-and what hos gone on­ in outer Space is that it was prepared a little prematurely. Commander Holmes has done a good job of summarizing the many projects and problems which lead up to the present state of affairs in outer Space. But, perhaps out of loyalty to the Novy, he hos devoted o considerable amount of verbiage to the Van­ guard Project. Apparently relying on pub­ licity Commander releases, Holmes gives a fairly complete story of what Vanguard was designed to do but, unfortunately, hos failed Gift Subscription Rate of $1.60 per year CAN BE ORDERED WITH EACH REGULAR $2.00 SUBSCRIPTION. ORDER NOW AS CHRISTMAS GIFTS. Rising costs have increased our regular sub­ scription rate, but we are holding down our gift rate until after Christmas. Complete post-paid card and put in return mail. 49 space journal �.. Rocket Experiment Safety, Safety Suggestions Relativity for the Layman. for the Rocket Hobbyist. man. Atlantic Research Virginia. Prepared by the Corporation, Alexandria, 19 pages. By James A. Cole­ New York: Mentor Books. $.50. This reprint of Professor Colemon 's popular and widely acclaimed introduction to relativity This small pamphlet, prepared and dis­ should be of great interest to the nontechnical tributed free of charge by the Atlantic Re­ devotee of space travel. It is a well-organized search two book in that it begins with the experimenta­ It is an excellently organized and tion leading up to Einstein's special and gen­ well-written booklet for the serious amateur eral theories of relativity, then reviews the of any age, and it illustrates the concern that experimental proof of the theories and ends a progressive manufacturer has for the safety with the relationship between the theories and of those interested in rocketry. the nature of the Universe. The author has Corporation, reasons. is interesting for The pamphlet contains much valuable in­ formation concerning the manufacture, test, and firing of small rockets. It also includes details for making simple but reasonably ac­ curate instruments for measuring rocket per­ formance. In addition there is on excellent bibliography and many suggestions for or­ ganizing o rocket club. The attitude which the Atlantic Research Corporation hos shown in preparing this timely little publication is commendable. It is also in sharp contrast with the attitude of one of the nation's second string aircraft industries which has taken a "public be damned" view toward such projects. Satellites and Spaceflight. 159 pages. By Eric Burgess. New York: The Macmillan Com­ pany. $3.95. purposefully kept his text free of mathematical formulae-and to good advantage. He ex­ plains relativity by analogy and example. This method of explanation is done in terms which are familiar to the layman, and thus his explication succeeds rather than further com­ plicates a subject the layman has long con­ sidered to be the epitome of scientific confusion. -M. Raymond The Space Encyclopaedia. Spencer Jones & Others. Dutton and Co. By Sir Harold New York: E. P. $6.95. From ondromedids to zodiac, this Space Age compendium unsophisticatedly defines and describes those astrophysical, astronauti­ cal, and astronomical things and ideas stum­ bled over and mumbled over by the average Earthman in his newspapers and magazines. This book 1s reminiscent of Willy Ley's Although its definitive essays on the more Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel, but 1s complex and often less common terms are not as broad in scope as that book. As its apparently authentic, the book commits in­ title implies, Mr. Burgess's book is limited to excusable oversights in the case of the more satellites and spaceflight. It is a well-written Earthy entries. For example, the entry on book which will serve the serious student of Theory of Relativity neatly equates energy to space travel as a valuable text. In addition mass times velocity of light squared, and subjects as instrumented explains some common applications of the satellites and space stations, it also has two theory; yet the entry for Redstone on the timely chapters on lunar exploration and the opposite page says it is now called Jupiter­ to covering such construction of a base on the Moon. At a competely false. A brief check even in a first glance the book appears to contain a daily paper would have corrected the entry. bewildering assortment of mathematical charts Regardless of some such errors, the book's and figures. However, as the reader pro­ informative entries on comet, galaxy, meteor, gresses, it becomes apparent that Mr. Burgess rocketry, has done on excellent job in simplifying the many others make this a handy volume for recondite mathematics of rocketry and space the armchair spaceman. travel. 50 space journal spectroscopy, star, sunspots, and -James L. Daniels, Jr. �AT LAST -The Complete International Story of ROCKETRY AND SPACE EXPLORATION By Andrew G. Haley President, International Astronautical Federation HERE JS the whole exciting story of modern rocketi·y f,·om its earlie�t hel{in­ ninl{s throu1th Wol'ltl \Vnr II, l'iu:ht up tu todny's lnunchim:s of missiles anti satel­ lites. Here nrc the fnnrnus men and milestones in the ,lcvelopment of rocketry . . fa,•ts <111 rocket pro,ha•tion in the U. S. and abrnnd, nntl a lllimpse of the funtnstic future of )-Jan':; conquest of space. How Rockets Work This huge book I nlmm,t n foot hillh ! l tells you the complete history of rockett·�· its o•·hrin, the ''b•1ck-�•Rrcl" rm·ketc>er,, of the :W's the Gernrnn V-2, nnrl \Vol"ld War II' ,; contribut ion. With 170 ,lrnmatic illustrations anti authorita1h·e text. it ex­ plnins in simflle. nontechnicul terms C'.\Rctly how r<>ckcts operate. Descl'ibes the Atl11s, Titan, Thm·, Nike, X-li>. rnchel airplunc of the future. the Sputnik, the Vang11ard, and the Explorers. A Glimpse of the Future This up-to-the-minllle hook look:; ahead to rockets pro1wlled hy ions. nuclear enerl{y, and e,cn lif.tht it,;elf: lo mnnn.e,l ,mtellites nnd s1rnc1· ,·raft : nntl to the in­ credible explorations ur the universe thnt now ap1war within rench. Examine it Free for 10 Days Simply mail cuupun ln exnmine book for l () day�-FR�;�;. l f nut ilt>j�htccl wn:, the book, return it: owe nothin:.:;. Olher­ in�tnlln1ent.-;, if' yo 1 \\isc, send onh SH.7� tor ea wish). I), I'll;, .\'011trand Co., /)1•11I. 11111111. UO ,t/1•.,·11111/,,r SI.. f'ri11t't'/011, .\' ,/. (/��/. /SIS). Going Into Space. By Arthur C. Clarke. 117 pages. New York: Harper & Brothers. $2.50. It is not surprising that Mr. Clarke once again crowds into o small book a large amount of space. "If you simply sit bock and wait, you will reach your destination in due course, assuming, naturally, that you hove started off in the right direction, 11 writes the author, with typical poignancy of the British and obviously of Mr. Clarke, too. As with his Exploration of Space, and Inter­ planetary Flight, the author's presentation though scientifkolly accurate is nontechnical and interesting. "Imagine that you were out in space and that floating beside you was some large heavy object. If you could b•oce your­ self against this object and then give a good kick, you would move off in one direction and the object would move off in another. 11 Thus, Mr. Clarke summarizes jet propulsion. In a book well illustrated, Mr. Clarke pro­ jects space travel for into time and Space. It is a book definitely worth reading, not only for the amateur but for the more knowledge­ able reader. -David S. Akens r------------------0. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Dept. 4010 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New Jersey Send me-for 10 days' FREE exominotion-Rockelry And Space Exp/oration . If not delighted, I will return book; owe nothing. Otherwise, I will remit Sl .75, plus small shipping cost, ond S2 .50 o month for 2 months. Nome, ___________ PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Address,__________________ City·_______ Zone _ Stole,______ In Conodo, Address D. Von Nostrand Company ltd. 25 Hollinger Rood, Toronto 16, Canada {Price slightly higher) O SAVE-Check box if enclosing full payment ($6.75) with this coupon. Then WE will poy oil shipping costs. Some return-for-refund privilege applies. 51 space journal �REACT'ION VOX POPULI ..... Dear Editor, . .. I wish to congratulate you and your associates upon the publication of this journal. I shall read it with much interest. Alabama Polytechnic Institute Auburn, Alabama Ralph B. Draughon President Dear Editor, After reading Dr.von Braun's article "The Acid Test" in the summer issue of SPACE Journal, I would like to say that I think that it is the most sensible piece of writing to come out of the Sputnik scare. He stated exactly what this test facing us consists of and does so with better qualifications than many others who write on the same subject. He is right all the way in stating that this test involves not only our scientific and technological capabil­ ities, but "every facet of our civilization, every part of our society: religion, economics, politics, science, technology, industry, and education." In other words, probably for the first time in our history, our very way of life, our system of accomplishment, our whole way of thinking-is being challenged. Dr. von Braun states, "The acid test of men and nations is the measure of their courage and resourcefulness in the face of adversity and peril." We here in the West must realize that today we are faced with a powerful and determined foe far more formidable than any other in the history of the world. What 52 space journal kind of courage and resourcefulness shall we show in the face of this great peril? It must represent the ultimate in the reasons our fore­ fathers had in founding this country on the democratic principle. If it is, we will meet and beat the challenge of the Soviets. I wish to congratulate Dr. von Braun on his wonderful insight into the problem at hand. Is man, when he is on the verge of the most superb and exciting venture he has yet em­ barked upon in his existence, to bicker and fight with his fellow men when he is at the bounds of the Universe? Let's hope not. Bert Sardello Trinidad, Colo. SPACE Journal 1s glad to see that the man in the street, if we may so call reader Sardello, realizes that the fru­ ition of man's conquest of Space must cut across all arbitrary and chauvinistic obstacles. In the broadest sense, the race for Space is not really for Space at all-it is a political and technological contest between nations with all the at­ tendant hoopla and publicity. It should, of course, be a world-wide race of man against time. In the final analysis, we feel that it will be the conquest of Space which will unite mankind. Once man is convinced of the ultimate neces­ sity of Space travel, we believe that he will forget the purely political, racial and economical views which have kept �him in a state of physical, mental, and when the Sun burns out. moral turmoil for so many years of his to justify space travel on the grounds that it is brief span on Earth. Editor. There are attempts necessary to undertake this difficult chore to insure man's survival in case of such an event. May I remind your readers that man in ' Dear Editor, Space will still be man with all his unsolved ... We have long recognized the need for education in a self-governing nation, but have only recently realized that it must be a continuing process. Adult education comes largely from current publications that express the learning of men in every field. Since the pages that can be utilized by educational articles are limited, it seems wasteful to print more fiction. problems. Space travel will not empty the It is good that our best space and rocket scientists can put their knowledge in words the layman can understand. Today when we are bewildered by the bombardment of con­ flicting opinions of men in high places, it is good to have the truth from those who speak with the authority vested in them by reason of their advanced work and superior knowledge. For these and other reasons we are sin­ cerely grateful for SPACE Journal. Phoenix, Ariz. Mrs. E. D. Gooch Perhaps the important thing is not that our scientists can put their knowledge into words the layman can understand but rather that our scientists are free to put their words before the layman. Today, more than at anytime in history, we are wrestling ", . . not against flesh and blood, but against . . . spiritual wickedness in high places." With this realization, we believe that it is the right of all scientists to speak openly­ not because of their advanced work and superior knowledge, but for the reason that science must be free in order to flourish and that the scientist must not be denied his inate dignity as a human being. Editor. insane asylums of the world, deal with para­ noids on all continents, provide food for the starving, or any other of a thousand measures which will contribute toward survival of the species. While an increased knowledge of the heavens holds great fascination for me, I still feel that physical knowledge is not any sub­ stitute for the spiritual knowledge contained in the great religions or that escape from the realities of Earth will bring any happiness to anyone, including the pioneers of Space ... San Jose, Calif. , Richard W. Lundberg SPACE Journal does not advocate space for man's ills or as an international form of group psychotherapy. We agree most wholeheartedly that "man in Space will still be man." We do not negate the basic truths of the world's religions by holding them up to modern science. Indeed, we believe that it will be the courage man derives from his religion or philosophy and the knowledge that he derives from his sciences which will ultimately place him in Space. Editor. travel as the absolute panacea Dear Editor, In his stimulating article "The Purpose of Man in the Universe," summer issue of SPACE Journal, John Hulley raises a number of ques­ tions which we have been discussing under the heading of theoretical anthropology. Our analysis, however, has been along slightly Dear Editor, In looking through the summer issue of SPACE Journal, I was struck by the fearful attitude of some of the author.s. Two articles were concerned with the far distant times different lines, and we submit the following ideas in the interest of furthering careful spec­ ulation on man's future possibilities. A. We take the distinguishing character­ istic of Homo sapiens to be symbol-behavior, following Sir Julian Huxley and others. (See 53 space journal �o +--- E "The Symbol: The Origin and Basis of Human Behavior" and "On the Use of Tools by Primates" in The Science of Culture by Leslie A. White.) Note that symbols are used freely and arbitrarily, whereas the signs used by lower animals have a single, fixed signifi. II. But at the human level a new factor enters the evolutionary process. Sapience is semoplastic adaptation: cance. 0 -<-> B. We posit a symbol-continuum (or semop/asm) which serves as an instrument of communication both between contemporaries and between generations. In addition it has properties which make it an increasingly effi• cient instrument of understanding. C. We hold that any extraterrestial organ• isms likely to be of great interest to most human beings must employ this same adaptive mechanism. Otherwise we would be unable to communicate with them and learn from them. D. We propose calling such organisms sapients. The present terminology covering our possible analogs on other planets is im­ possibly confused. To call them human, as Mr. Hulley does, seems to us to predict too much, since they may not even be primates. They are frequently called sentient beings, but this fails to distinguish them from, for example, earthly cows. Sapients seems to us both simple and clear. (S equals semoplasm) This being the case, perhaps we should make it our business to search out other sapients and add our total of the symbol­ continuum to theirs. Eventually our combined understanding might make it possible to ap­ proach the riddle of the Universe without the overwhelming modesty which Mr. Hulley ac• curately perceives to be appropriate for the present. Society for Theoretical Anthropology John F. Collins New York, N.Y. Corresponding Secretary While SPACE Journal feels that it may be unfair to the earthly cows to assume that they are purely sentient rather than sapient-after all, communication In his discussion of man's place in nature, with the cow is difficult-we believe that Mr. Hulley invokes the ecological balance reader Collins and his group have a among lower organisms..•. Finding that man legitimate point, and we earnestly urge does not fit into the earthly ecology, Mr. them to submit an article to SPACE Hulley prescribes for him the mission of inter• planetary landscape gardener, whose "dis• Journal seminating agency would contribute to the profusion of life on the planets he reaches." But we would suggest that a more accurate appraisal of man's place in nature and a more inspiring purpose can be found in the following formulas. I. In subhuman species, evolution is an in­ terreaction between organism (0) and environment (E) which con be divided into outoplastic phases: 54 space journal ( � } and alloplastic ( �) putting forth their views-in language the layman can understand. Seriously speaking the problem of com­ munication with extraterrestial beings is a problem which is worthy of scien­ tific investigation; and the problem must be approached from the philo­ sophical rather than the mechanical direction. We can build an efficient elec­ tro-magnetic transmitter, but can we adapt the intelligence of the receiver to it? Editor. �Dear Editor, In trying to help my childr1:n understand One of the most striking articles I hove ever read, and I do mean striking, as it is electrifying in its meaning ...was John Hul­ ley's "The Purpose of Mon in the Universe." Here at lost in block and white is the theory I personally hove held for a long time; but laymen cannot always put such thoughts into prose, though they ore locked within us. Beautifully thought out, forcibly written, clear as crystal, and as grand as the majesty of the Eternity above us, it hos more meaning than a thousand sermons. the most recent one, inertial guidance, a new way of presenting the concept occurred to me that they found very helpful, and which we all feel should be shored with others. This is to consider inertia as ontiwork which brings it into o parallel relationship with concepts already fomilior in the area of atomic particles. Considered as onfiwork, it is easy to understand the concept of quantity as applied to inertia. Essentially, then, the amount of inertia, or ontiwork, of o system is the amount of work which it con neutralize or render ineffective. . . . Hulley doesn't soy it, but I hove often We would appreciate your comments on wondered, what with man's ten-thousand year the validity and usefulness of this concept. history, where all his fossilized remains ore. Boston, Moss. Couldn't the answer lie in the fact that Homo sopiens was indeed only fairly recently dis­ on seminated another from living This may sound startling to one world ... ? reading it Earth for the first time, but when one calmly mulls it over and eliminates any inborn or acquired prejudices, the possibility carried tremendous weight. Mudelein, Ill. Mrs. Olive D. Smith Dear Editor, . . . My special congratulations on the superior articles by Mr. Hulley and Dr. von Broun. Mr. Hulley's article hos a depth in (almost) religious philosophy which hos great appeal and value. I certainly wish the US Dr. von Braun's would listen as seriously to views-as presented in his article-as it admires his material accomplishments. . . Thanks for a fine journal. Birmingham, Alo. Miss Onnis Waid We hope that readers Smith and Waid will enjoy John Hulley's next article in a future issue. Editor. Dear Editor, Along with most other people, we ore a family of space enthusiasts, and so tend to follow and try to understand each new de­ velopment. William Gray, M.D. Rather than get involved in physics and the laws or inertia, we offer as an al­ ternative an article on inertial guid­ ance by Mr. Paul Weinschel in the Spring 1959 Edition. This article is writ­ ten expressly for the purpose of simpli­ fying some of the techniques of and advances in inertial guidance for space Articles in future issues will travel. deal with the problems of navigation and propulsion. Editor. FOR SPACE ENTHUSIASTS w�c Jti/1 �ave tittre tc lau9� YOU CAN'T AFFORD TO MISS EARL TUCKER AT LEAST TWO COLUMNS IN HIS RAMBLING ROSES AND FL YING BRICKS ARE STAR GAZERS: Somebody's Up There Except Me How to Treat the Martians if They're Well Read the book then give it to someone for Christmas For your illustrated, 130 page edition of Rambling Roses and Flying Bricks Published by The STRODE Publishers Send $2.50 to ROSES Box 82 Huntsville, Ala. 55 space journal �carried as a payload a special packet of Dear Editor, I just bought the first issue of SPACE Journal to reach the newsstands in Havana. SUPERB. No doubt many armchair rocketeers like me hove been waiting for a serious magazine in layman's language .. When I was about 1 0 years old, I remem­ ber watching a newsreel which, among other things, showed two unsuccessful attempts to launch model rockets from a lake in New York ...I also remember the laughter of the audience and their comments ...About that time, a local (and short-lived) rocket society did launch a small power rocket from Havana to Guines, some 30 miles to the south, which "rocket mail" ... Best wishes for your continued success. Antonio V.Alvarado Havana, .Cuba SPACE Journal is interested to hear of this early attempt at organized rock­ etry in Cuba. Similar attempts in rocket mail were made at approximately the same time in the US and Europe. And SPACE Journal is glad to hear that we have readers in Cuba now. Incidental­ ly, we have heard from readers in New Guinea, Venezuela, Canada, and Bul­ garia, to name but a few countries. Abstracts from SPACE Journal are also printed by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Editor. . (_ .,. i �Q� � . ,\;,/,�l � .1\ � (;r � . dJ� dJlJ 56 sp ace journal �TO PAST PARTIAL CONTENTS Introductory statements by; President Dwight D. Eisen­ ho\, er and Gen.James H. Doo­ little; Fore\\ ord by Donald W. Douglas; Early Attempts to Fly; Balloons and Gliders; Civil War; Wright Brothers Era; First Successful Flight; First Army Plane; a val Av­ iation; Beginning of Airmail; Early Factories; W.W. I; F'lightsof theTwenties; Great Flights Around the World; First Airplanes; Commercial Aviation; Ai rcraftManufact• urers; Hindenburg Disaster; Scientific De velopments; W • W II; Postwar Era; Future in the Air. PRESENT ow for the first time, the full story of man in the Air is presented m a huge and lavishly illustrated volume. The Editors of YEAR have worked closely with scores of aeronautical experts in the U. . and abroad gathering authentic documents and little kno,, n aviation lore. From the thousands of rare aviation photographs and early drawings unearthed all over the world, the Editors have carefully chosen 1.000 of the most important and unusual. Herc is the whole magnificent story, the facts, the inside stories, the personalities, from Icarus to the early Balloonists, from Da Vinci's winged machines that never left the earth to current plans for space stations. Here then is the story of men of courage and vision and faith, men who dared to cut their earthly bonds, often with nothing but danger and loneliness as their reward. Fill in the coupon below to receive your copy of FLIGHT. r--------------------------------- YEAR 21 W. 45th St., New Yortt 36, N. Y. Please send me -- copies of YEAR's Pictorial History of FLIGHT on a 10-doy free examination bosis. Please indicate binding. 0 Standard Binding @ 7.95 per copy 0 Deluxe Binding (leather type) @ 10.95 per copy 0 Collector's Edition (all leather) @ 22.95 per copy NAME TITLE FIRM ADDRESS CITY STATE �\ \ The need to know- "Within a short time, our missiles and satellites programs involved hundreds of thousands of people-ranging from Senate Finance Committee members to the girls who type invoices for materiel suppliers. Sputnik I brought an interested and enthusiastic public. Some textbooks were available for the engineers. There was almost no literature for the layman, other than science fiction. Out of this need to know came SPACE Journal, conceived by the Redstone Arsenal scientists who launched the Explorer satellites. SPACE Journal is a progress report of a ne,v, furiously expanding field. It interprets for the layman the theories and philosophy of space, interplanetary flight, astrophysics, and the actual accomplishments. Begun as an amateur effort, SPACE.Journal's first issue was 5,000 copies. An additional 15,000 copies were printed to satisfy the demand, and sold at the newsstands o( twelve cities. A company was formed to continue its publication as a quarterly. The print order on the second edition was 100,000. There was an instant demantl for copies from government agencies, the armed forces, the press, educators and industry. To fill an order for Stars & Stripes in Europe, 2,500 copies had to be taken off the newsstands. The print order of the third issue was 120,000. SPACE .Journal is distributed nationally by the Independent News Company. The importance of space flight is emphasized by the current appropriations of $510 millions for space flight research. SPACE Journal is read by the people who sign the orders; the designers, engineers, manufacturers; the technicians and servicers who operate them, and a large portion of the educational world. It offers a tremendous new and unduplicated potential for your advertising effort. And SPACE Journal's general readers are an enormous plus value, an audience appreciative of your efforts, a potent nucleus of informed opinion; and include the young people who will be responsible for the future of space flight. SPACE Journal advertisers include: Brown Engineering Company, Inc.... Chrysler Corporation ...General Astronautics Corporation . . . Glen L.Martin Company ... North American Aviation, Inc., Rocketdyne Division ... Precision Engineering, Inc.. . . Reaction Motors, Inc. . . . Reynolds Metals Company ... Robbins Aviation . . . Sperry Rand Corporation, Ford Instrument Company Division . . . T hiokol Chemical Corporation, Redstone Division. SPACE-Journal published by Space Enterprises, Inc., Tuck Building, Nashville , Tenn. ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES: Hale Carey, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York City. MacDonald-Thompson, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Seattle, Portland, Denver, Houston, Tulsa. - --- - -- - - - - - - - - - --- - r -- � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 4, Fall 1958. Subject The topic of the resource Ballistic missile defenses Cold War Dialectical materialism Life on other planets Science--Study and teaching Sputnik satellites Technology--Soviet Union Space race--United States--History--20th century Description An account of the resource This issue discusses at length the competition in science, technology, and engineering between the United States and the Soviet Union, including comparisons of developments in missiles, satellites, and educational systems. This issue also includes plans for a village on the Moon. Includes the subscription card inserted in the center of the issue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_mitc_001_062 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/517/vbas_space_journal_055_116.pdf 666cb80156bd4f9fcd547072c1e77879 PDF Text Text JOURNAL n r. MARCH-MAY C A T E D PROJECT STAR • e T 0 e T H ASTRO -SCIE �r.i:-� WINTER • 50t LANDING ON PLANET ONE HUNDRED MILLION YEARS YOUNGER THAN EARTH WILL SPACE TRAVEL BE MANKIND'S SALVATION? LAWS OF PROBABILITY SHOW BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETS1 • HOW SPACE TRAVEL WILL ANSWER THE RIDDLE OF LIFE! 8 WHAT ARE MENTAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR SPACE PIONEERS? �ARMY's HERCULES MISSILE scores Perfect" against speedingjets High over the Gulf of Mexico off the Florida coast, a flight of F-80 jet drones streaked through the stratosphere in a simulated attack on Continental U.S.A. Forty-seven miles away a mobile unit of the Army's Hercules missiles quickly went into action. The first shot brought the leading jet down in fragments. The second, fired to pierce the first one's blast, was right on target. Its payload of instruments telemetered information on the blast to scientists and engineers at the firing site. In all, six of the Nike missiles were fired, and all six were "right on the button." Developed and built for the Army by Western Electric, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Douglas, Nike Hercules is already augmenting the earlier Nike Ajax in the defense of our cities. An even more advanced version, the much-discussed Nike Zeus anti-missile missile, is under development at Douglas and Western Electric. Not only did. recent tests prove the accuracy of the Army's Nike Hercules, but firing from a Field Army type mobile system proved its flexibility. The Armed SerV-i es' Partner in Defense �Please [enter] [renew] my subscription: For one year (4 issues) at $2.00 ·- Nanic . ........ .. .,.................................. .................. ········· ····················... ··········· Slrccl . . . ... .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. .... ... . . ... . . . .. ........ . ..... .... . . . . . . ... City Zone Slate . . . . ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦ ♦♦ ♦ 0 ♦ ♦ ♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦ ♦ • t ♦ ♦♦ ♦♦ ♦ t ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ 0 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦ ♦ ♦♦ ♦•♦♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦♦ ♦♦♦ ♦♦ 0 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ • o I♦♦ 0 ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦♦ o ♦ o I ♦ ♦♦ o Title or position ••••••••••••••••••• ♦ •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Company ·············································································. . .. . ··············. ... .. Also enter the follo,vinp; additional subscription at the Gift Rate of only $1.G0 Lor 1 yr. (in SPACE JOURNAL u. s.) : Na·me ....... ... .................................................................................................... Street . . . . . . .. .... ... . . ... . . .. .. .. ... . . ..... . ... . .... . .. .. .. .... . . ...... . . . .. . ......... ... ... .................... City Zone Subscription & Gift Order Form State Title or poaition Company 8 New subscription O Renewal D Payment enclosed .Send bill for [1] [21 subscriptions I 1 yr. $3.00 I I .___.______.__.._____,_ _____. 6iqnalure _________________,.____ 5N-8' □ AH other countries �No Postage Stamp Necessary if Mailed in the United States. BUSINESS REPLY First Class Permit No. 2650 CARD Nashville, Tenn. SPACE JOURNAL P.O. BOX 94 NASHVILLE TENN. �JOURNAL OF THE ASJRO-SCIEHCES BOARD OF CONSULTANTS i ' t I Professor Hermann Oberth Helmut Hoeppner Dr. Eugen Sanger Frederick I. Ordway 111 Dr. Karel Hujer Ronald C. Wakeford Dr. Siegfried Gerathewohl No. 5 Harry H.-K. Lange EDITOR-IN-CHIEF MANAGING EDITOR Ralph E. Jennings ASSOCIATE EDITOR James L. Daniels. Jr. ASSOCIATE EDITOR Mitchell R. Sharpe, Jr. ASSISTANT EDITOR [DITO RIAL 2 2 5 9 14 GRAPHICS DIRECTOR 33 Harold E. Price EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTOR David Akins STAFF ARTISTS Thomas Spencer Con Pederson Ernest Harper Clarence E. Brown F. Harold Eaton BUSINESS MANAGER Richard T. Heagy PUBLISHER Hale Carey SPACE JOURNAL STATEMENT OF POLICY MECHTA AND OPERATION SCORE ARTICLES 24 LAYOUT DIRECTOR March-May 1959 Interstellar Space Ship Astra-Alpha Lands on Planet "X." Harry Lange's Imaginative Cover Combines Ideas from "The Ultimate Necessity of Space Travel" and "Project Star," Articles Appearing in This Issue. David L. Christensen Lee R. Moore, Jr. CONTENTS C O V ER ART DIRECTOR B. Spencer Isbelt I -4 Vol. 42 44 THE ULTIMATE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL Dr. Philip N. Shockey SURVIVAL IN SPACE Dr. Siegfried J. Gerathewohl REALITY, RELATIVITY AND COMMON SENSE James P. Gardner DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS ON THE MOON Dr. John S. Rinehart DYNAMICS OF LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE John Hulley RADIATION AND SPACE TRAVEL Dr. Jan S. Paul PROJECT STAR Helmut Hoeppner and B. Spencer Isbell FEATURES 4 OTHER BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETS? 30 METEORITES 43 MEN OF SCIENCE 32 SPACE POETRY : D E P A RT M E.N TS ·· 51 SPACE BOOKS 53 REACTION 55 INFORMATION FREE CREDITS Photographs on p. 39, 40, Yerkes Observatory; p. 37, 38, Nation al Geographic Society; photograph of Dr. Shockey by Keith Barrette; CONTRIBUTORS Mary Jane Day, M. Raymond, Anne Billings, Ruth Sauma, M oily Scott SUBMISSION OF MATERIAL The submission of material to this Journal is always welcome; short articles of 500 to 3000 words are preferred. Send the original on white bond paper, typewritten, double spaced; plus two carbons. Leave at least a one-inch margin on all sides and key all illustrations with the text. Photographs shou Id be 8 x 10 inches on glossy stock. The author's name and title should be on the manuscript. A picture of the author a nd a short biographical note are required for publication. Security clearance for all material submitted is the responsibility of the author. Please send material to SPACE Journal P. O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alabama. All material accepted fo r publication becomes the exclusive property of SPACE Journal. SUBSCRIPTIONS United States and Canada $2.00 per year (four issues). Foreign $3.00 per year. Please send all subscriptions to SPACE Journal, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee. ADVERTISING Advertising rates will be furnished on request to Space En terprises, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee. New York and eastern states: Hale Carey, Mgr., Room 447 Graybar Bid. 420 Lexington Ave., New York City; western states: Douglas Lance, 1948 Highland Oaks Drive, Arcadia, California. PUBLISHING SPACE Journal is the official organ of the Rocket City Astronomical Association, Inc. a nonprofit, nonpolitical, scientific and educational organization in Huntsville, Alabama. © by SPACE Journal. All rights reserved. The Journal is published quarterly by Space Enterprises, Inc., in Nashville, Tennessee. Application for second-class mailing permit pending at Nashville, Tennessee. Space Enterprise, Inc.; Fred D. Wright, Pres, George J. Merrick, V-Pres, Richard Heagy, V-Pres; Thomas Schlater, General Counsel, J. M. Summar, Treas., L. E. Nordholt, Director. I space journal �ST ATEMENT OF POLICY The immediate and eager acceptance of SPACE Journal by scientists and technicians, business and industrial leaders, students and educators, as well as the general public, has brought into focus the wide recognition by the American people of the total challenge presented by the problem of Space exploration. Such general acceptance has placed SPACE Journal in the unique position of interpreter of ideas in all fields even remotely related to Space travel. It is the interpreter which translates the individual languages of the various specialists into a uni­ versally understood "layman's English"-this role is vital, since in this highly specialized age even the scientists are often laymen i(I fields other than their own. SPACE Journal is rapidly becoming the forum wherein the exchange of ideas among industry, science, education, and the public can be made. It is bringing to view the resources of all the arts and sciences bearing on the problem of Space ex­ ploration. Thus SPACE Journal as a universal medium of communication promotes the overall objec­ tive of the exploration of Space by helping the specialists to understand each other, the scien­ tists, engineers, businessmen, and educators to understand each other, and the taxpaying layman to understand them all. In such a role, so greatly expanded in scope from that of its beginning, and so vital to an uninformed public, SPACE Jou rnal has deemed it advisable to disavow any connection with the Army, Navy, Air Force, or other military and civilian seg­ ments of the government and to terminate its affiliation wih the Rocket City As­ tronomical Association. In pursuit of our broader aims, we announce that, begin­ ning with the next issue, this magazine w ill no longer be published as an official organ of the Rocket City Astronomical Association. We believe that this action will afford us the liberty of presenting all views without the re­ strictions that exist when a publication is acting as the voice of any type of organization. SPACE Journal will continue as an independent publication "dedicated to the Astro-sciences" and to the peaceful exploration of Space for the benefit of all mankind. MECHTA AND OPERATION SCORE The year 1958 closed with a significant advance in Space technology, but the year 1959 opened with an even more significant one. Th e old year closed with the successful launching of the United States Air Force's Atlas in Operation Score; and fhe new year began with Mechta, the spectacular Lunar probe of the Soviet Union, which is now in orbit around the Sun. However, more lies between the two events than a mere two weeks. Both Operation Score and Mechta bring u p a question about the direction in which Amer­ ican Space technology is advancing. While w e know relatively little about the technical details of Mechta (and there is no reason to assume t hat we will ever know the complete details), we know at least one thing about the Atlas and Operation Score. It worked. It was successful. The magnitude of its success was made all the greater because of the faith the Air Force had in its product. In the not too remote past, th ere were rumors that the Atlas guided missile, still having its growing pains, would be cancell ed in favor of a more "sophisticated" missile system. This attitude toward sophistication in our present missile and satellite design bears closer scrutiny. Project Vanguard is not so recently dead that one cannot remember the reason given for accepting it over the Jupiter-( was that it was more sophisticated. Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines sophisticated as "Deprived of original sim­ plicity; made artificial, or, more narrowly, highly complicated, refined, subtilized, etc .• • . " Surely the very definition, when applied to our present position in Space technology, begs the question: What price reliability? Without belaboring the obvious, it does seem that there is more than a trace of sophistry in such views of sophistication when the term is used as the last word and final criterion for judging the absolute value of a guided missile o r a satellite vehicle. And Mechta should make us wonder, too, just how sophisticated it and the Sputnik vehicles are. 2 space journal ��OTHER BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETSt: Today man is looking out at the star-filled heavens with new curiosity, asking if tomorrow's space explorers may find other beings on other worlds. Based on science's rapidly expanding knowledge, the answer is "Yes." Eminent astronomers ore sure conditions suitable for life exist elsewhere. Our galaxy, called the Milky Way galaxy, contains roughly 400 billion stars and Dr. Gerard Kuiper, director of the Yerkes Observatory, believes that about 10 billion of the stars do have sets of planets orbiting around them. These are invisible to terrestrial telescopes because planets are cold masses emitting no light of their own. Assuming that our planetary solar system is typical, Dr. Kuiper estimates that there are about 100 billion planets in our own galaxy alone. In the entire universe there may be over 100 billion galaxies like ours and Andromeda. If other solar systems are like ours, about 1 0 ¼ or 10 billion planets in our galaxy are orbit­ ing in a temperate "life zone," at just the right di stance from their sun where liquid water, air and vital chemicals could exist. Where these ingredients do exist, so may living cells. "Life is probably the inevitable consequence of chemical evolutio n wherever physics, chemistry and climatology are right," Harlow Shapley of the Harvard Univer sity Observatory maintains. To support their conclusions, astronomers tur n to the mathematical theory of probability which holds it inconceivable that out of 10 billion "inhabitable" planets in the galaxy our earth is the only one where conditions are right for the evolution of life. In fact, though man's 5 ½ billion-year­ old earth is actually middle-aged by celestial standards, there may well be a multitude of other planets on which life has been evolving millions of years longer than on earth. If spaceships which approach the speed of light could be built and if man ever reaches distant planets, he may, on arriving, find himself to be just a primitive Johnny-come-lately compared to the local inhabitants. *Reprinted by permission, from LIFE Jon. 6 Mon's New World. Co pr. 1958 Time Inc. �the ultimate necessity of space travel BY PHILIP N. SHOCKEY good it is to go to the Moon, but the very fact that we don't know is reason enough to scien­ tists for going." It appears that the brilliant men who will make Space travel possible are too close to their subject to see its most practical side. Per­ haps a more reflective view can be provided Philip N. Shockey was born in 1931 and attended s<!condory schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsyl­ vania. After receiving his BA and MS degrees in geology from West Virginia University, he attended Cornell University and earned his doctorate al that institution in geology. He hos taught at both of these colleges. A former field geologist for the West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey, he hos also been on assistant geological consultant for the South Pennsylvania Gos Company. He hos also worked as o geologist for the United Stoles Geological Survey. A member of the Geological Society of America and the Society of Sigma Xi, he is presently the chief geologist and vice president of the Penn• Idaho Mines, Inc. He lives in Salmon, Idaho, the western locotion for Penn•ldaho Mines, Inc. by some of the older sciences-geology for example. Geology deals with the history of Earth, and because this history covers billions of years, geologists are used to thinking in terms of billions of years. Apparently, most rocket scientists and engineers, like most people, conceive of time in such short duration as to be only an instant, geologically speaking. In conjunction with the other sciences, geol­ ogy has made increasingly rapid strides for­ ward since the turn of the present century. All News reports concerning this country's ef­ of this new knowledge makes more secure forts toward the conquest of Space are alarm­ man's climb to outer Space. ing in several respects. The most alarming subsequently, specific geologic contributions As will be shown fact, however, is not that we may be lagging appear to be: (1) more reliable and detailed behind Russia but that our engineers and interpretation of past Earth environments, (2) scientists have difficulty justifying Space proj­ more exact dating of past Earth events, and ects more ambitious than the establishment of (3) corroboration and augmentation of cos an Earth satellite. There seems to be general mogonic data. Although far more remains agreement that these satellites will have at to be learned about Earth than is known, some least a half dozen practical uses. pertinent conclusions can Yet, when a trip to the Moon or some more ambitious be drawn from available geologic and allied data. Space project is mentioned, the men who will Earth formed, more or less synchronously, make that trip operational must struggle for with the other planets of our Solar System justification of their plan. some five billion years ago. This figure repre­ For example, in a story from Newsweek magazine (Dec. 16, 1957, pp 66-68), the American have Rocket sent Society was reported to sents a currently acceptable age to geoscien­ tists. During the past few billion years, life President Eisenhower a 20-year evolved on Earth from nonplant-nonanimal project proposal the goal of which is to place ancestors of the most primitive marine organ­ American scientists on the Moon. This program isms; to terrestrial plants and animals; and, was authored by a 15-man group, which in­ finally, though not necessarily ultimately, to cluded man. Krafft Ehricke of Convair-Astro­ Therefore, it may be said that life on nautics and Dr. Wernher von Braun, the Army Earth has struggled for billions of years to missile reach the prevailing state of awareness. expert. Ehricke, architect of the program, said, "I really don't know what This state of awareness permits limited 5 space j0urnal �WILLIAMSONIA PTERANODON BRONTOSAURUS NEOCALAMITES LEPIDODENDRON HORSETAILS prognostication. FAN PALM COMPSOGNATHUS Cosmogonists have presum­ ably worked out the evolutionary development ASTRA--ALPHA CYCADELLA the present rate of progress, this would seem to be far more than adequate time. Human By projecting the Sun's frailty may, however, precipitate through war development, cosmogonists predict destruction another and successive Dark Ages so that of Earth through gradual "burning out" of the we can never achieve this goal. of stars like our Sun. Reportedly, effects from changes in the Thus, the question is no longer why must Sun will become significant within 50 billion years. 1 rather where do we want to go in Space. Whether figures and hypotheses cited here We must escape beyond our Solar System to Sun. are absolutely correct is not important. Cumu­ lative evidence clearly points to the fact that we become proficient in Space travel but environments approximating that of Earth. In this regard, some cosmogonists, perhaps Earth had a beginning some billions of years the majority, think that planet formation is a ago, and it shall certainly have an end some natural result of star formation. billions of years hence. possible that many stars, when formed, de­ This conclusion im­ That is, it is mediately answers the question of why we velop a system of planetary satellites like our must venture into Space. own Solar System. Therefore, it is reasonable When o.ne considers that our planet is to believe that there are many billions of doomed, at least as far as life is concerned, planets, because there are many billions of it is impossible to put meaningful value on the stars in our galaxy alone. titanic through forward billions struggle of of years. life on This Earth struggle, The nearest star to Earth is in Centaurus 4.3 light years away. Available telescopes whether conscious or not, appears agonizingly cannot define planets orbiting about this or futile if the gigantic mass contribution can not any other star. Fortunately, this contribution can be per­ petuated regardless of its development on doomed Earth. The obvious answer is that all achievement must be transplanted from Earth prior to a significant change in our Sun. If this appears impracticable, it should be recalled that billions of years ore available to achieve the proposed gool. In view of 'See "'life on Other Stors," SPACE Journol, spring issue, 1958, p. 16. space journal However, the probability of other solar systems is so high that we can be perpetuated. 6 ARAUCARITES safely assume their presence and let actual discovery and the means of reaching them await further technological developments. By the time escape from Earth is practicable, cosmologists will have chosen a star in our galaxy similar to our Sun and with a satellite planet much like Earth. The important differ­ ence will be that the new Sun will not be so far along in evolutionary development as the Sun we now have. Geologists will be able PLATEOSAURUS HORSETAILS �to assist in selecting the plant by extrapolat­ gists chose a planet only some four billion ing knowledge of the Earth. years old but otherwise identical to Earth. In It is interesting to speculate on the surface this event, it is possible that the new planet ,appearance of our proposed new home. If the cosmologists ore able to find o planet would have about the appearance of Earth virtually identical to Earth in so for as gross one billion B.C.). properties are concerned, adjustment of life the simplest forms of marine organisms in­ during late Pre-Cambrian time (approximately During this period only there to the overall environment should be habited Earth; land surfaces were barren of simple. plants Assume, however, that the cosmolo- and animals; and the atmosphere 7 space journal �1_ On the democracy, will survive scrutiny by a world other hand, if 1 0 planet about five billion population applying the scientific method to years old were chosen, all phases of life. probably was deficient in oxygen. it possibly would Maximum freedom of appear similar to present-day Earth, having, fidelity and self-expression will be demanded among other forms of life, intelligent beings. by a scientific world population, and de­ 1 Thus, if the cosmologists con determine ac• mocracy is the only form of government that curately the age of the planet to be colonized, satisfies these requirements. When, through it may be possible for geologists to predict education, superstition and fear are replaced approximately, historical by truth and courage, a new world religion geology, the environment to be expected by based on fact and closely allied with nature the colonists. will replace present religions. on the basis of For further illustration, assume that in the year 2500 A.D. all is ready for In addition to the harmony required to colonization of 1 0 carefully selected planet. make interplanetary colonization possible, there may be another good reason for its achievement. Whichever major theory of Assume also that by this time the age of Earth has been determined as 5.5 billion years, plus or minus several million years, and that the age of the Earthlike planet has been determined as 5.4 billion years, plus or minus several million years. Then, other things be­ ing similar, the colonists might encounter an environment like that on Earth around 100 million B.C., when reptiles ruled the land. Dinosaurs, flying reptiles, and other terrestrial and marine animals and plants might confront the colonists, who, through geologic deduc­ tion, would be prepared for such a spectacle. In addition to assisting in selection of plan­ origin of the Universe is accepted, there is no reason to believe that we are the most intelligent life in our galaxy, to say nothing of the Universe. (The existence of extra-Earth intelligence is considered to be about as prob­ able as the existence of other solar systems and only awaiting discovery.) On the one hand, life may hove been in existence for an infinity of time, or as long as there has been a Universe. On the other hand, life may be on the order of the age of Earth. Granting the first possibility, some universal make intelligence may be unbelievably greater than other important contributions to the conquest of Space. Ores from which Space vehicles our own. Granting the second possibility, en­ vironmental differences may have promoted will be made and some of the fuels which will far greater development of intellect on some propel them will be found and produced by planet other than Earth. employing geologic principles. advanced intellects plan and may even have carried out interplanetary colonizations for ets for colonization, geologists will Furthermore, firsthand geologic examination of any visited Space target will be most important in estab­ lishing suitability of these bodies to human purpose. Consequently, geologists will be among the first scientists landed on Space targets. This necessary endeavor should have a profound and beneficial effect on the human r·ace. The project is so huge in scope that Presumably, these the same reason that we must. As a planet, we will have to be acceptable at least to galactic society; or we may not be permitted to survive. In conclusion, it appears that we have ade­ quate resources and more than adequate time to make Space travel a certainty. The weak­ est rung in man's ladder to outer Space is the no single country will be able to carry it human element, whereby fanatics may re­ through; the physical and mental resources peatedly obliterate progress by plunging the of all the world will be required. This unified effort should produce nonviolent political and religious revolutions terminating in world wretchedness. Annihilation of the human race harmony. These revolutions on education, and they have It is difficult to see how any formal religions or political 8 space journal will be based already begun. of the existing plans, except world into war and physical and intellectual seems possible. Clearly, education is the first duty of all concerned-everyone on Earth. Although education cannot eliminate fanatics, it certainly can prohibit their rise to power in a world of enlightened people. �.... survival 1n space • By Siegfried J. Gerathewohl Siegfried J. Gerathewohl wo, born in Ebersboch, Saxony, Germany, in 1909. After ,tudying physiology, psychology, and education at the Institute of Technology, in Dresden, ond at the University of Batavia, in Munich, he received hi, doctorate at Dresden in 1936. He also holds o degree as o Diploma P,ycholo• gi,t from the University of Munich. As o Captain in the Germon Air Force on 1940, he become chief of the Psychological Te,ting Center at Homburg. He ho, also been chief of the Deportment of Industrial P,ychology for the Bavarian Motor Company in Munich. In 1946 he joined the Aero Medical Center in Heidelberg, Germany, and, in the next year, was transferred to the School of Aviation Medi­ cine at Randolph Air Force Bose in Texas. The author of two books and more thon 70 articles on military psychology, aviation psy­ chology, and aviation medicine, he is a member of the Notional Academy of Sciences, the Aeromedicol Association, the American Psycho• logical Association, the ScientiAc Society for Aeronautics, and the Germon Rocket Society. He is also on associate professor of experimental psychology at the United Stoles Air Force·, Air University. In 1958 he received the Arnold D. Tuttle Memorial Award for his re,eorch into the problems of weightles,neu. telecasts, and along Sunset Boulevard, but recently into big business. Since the exploita­ tion of this idea proved fairly profitable, the eyes of all sorts of adventurers were magically drawn toward the stars and the infinity of outer Space. While the lay public followed this develop­ ment with enthusiasm, the majority of scientists looked upon it with either awe or contempt. The rocketeers, of course, propagated the idea of Space travel from the start with a sense of mission which-as astronaut Frederick I. Ordway put it-"aroused a vaguely un­ comfortable recollection of some of the Bibli­ cal prophets." Ever since Lucian, the satirical Greek writer who lived about 1 800 years ago, let his Mooomen set out to vanquish the inhabitants of the Sun, the imagination of Earthlings has been inflamed again and again by the dream Now, that the technological disciplines have finally recognized their new­ born child, astronautics, as being legitim<Jte, the medical, social, and psychological sciences are moving to claim it slowly and somewhat reluctantly. of interplanetary travel. Space flight has be­ Never in his history of existence has man come one of the fascinating subjects under been faced with a more fateful decision. The discussion venture into Space is more revolutionary and today. It appeals to everyone regardless of age, sex, or profession. It is the hazardous than the invasion of land by the thrill of the ice-cream counter in the drugstore aquatic animal in the Paleozoic Era. For these as well as of scientific panel discussions at the creatures were merely migrating from one Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Publica­ terrestrial habitat to tions on this topic can be found everywhere million years for adaptation. But the Space another, having 100 from the comics to science fiction, from pulp invader is leaving Earth altogether; and he magazines to learned journals, from novels to seems to be in quite a hurry, too. In prepar­ research reports in the Pentagon. Although ing himself for this gamble, he must overcome authorities on this subject have written obit­ a variety of novel and difficult problems of uaries for one reason or another, Space flight body and soul engineering. As he usually does just refused to stay dead. Moreover, it made in case of serious trouble, he turns to the its way not only into radio broadcasts, TV doctor. 9 space journal �has higher intelligence and greater versatility are nor con it be expected to do so in the future. environment along on his trip. As a matter of Unfortunately, the human organism changed but little during its known existence; Breeding on entirely new crop of Space travel­ ers seems too lengthy and cumbersome in this time of ours. Hence, we must think of assets for his survival. He can take his own fact, rocket power, pressure breathing, 0xygen systems, temperature control, sealed cabins, meteor bumpers, power steering, antituml,ling more practical and effective means for fitting devices, ejection capsules, artificial gravita­ not constructed to expand into verticality, he periscopes, radio, radar and television, elec­ If man should wander unprepared into the -just to mention a few requisites of futuristic Homo sapiens to his expedition. Since he was must be redesigned for survival. tion, astro-navigation charts, telesc0pes and tronic computers, univacs, and skywatch men would suffocate within travel-already have been tailored to his de­ blood would boil in the vacuum. Mercilessly automation that he may even be bored to and the bombardment of cosmic rays and To be a little more serious, the success of a void of Space he seconds because of a lack of oxygen. His mands and will be brought to such a state of exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the Sun death on his venture into Space. meteorites, Space pilot is about his burned and riddled body 90 percent purely an would be torn to bits by pressure differentials engineering problem, although natural ability debris" into the darkness and silence of in­ rest. and would drift weightlessly as "Space finity. and training skill may well account for the Let's be more specific about this matter. As The question of protecting man in a Space was indicated before, we seriously believe volved in S p> ace travel. Its solution begins higher form of conventional flying, but some­ venture out. rocket craft cannot take off or land whenever environment, then, is the primary one in­ with the selection of the specimen who is to Many answers have been given, by more or less qualified men, to the question of what that Space travel per se is not just a somewhat thing profoundly different. and wherever he desires. The pilot of a He cannot get out of his ship in an emergency. More than in makes a Space pilot really successful; and any other type of piloting will he be told from gent, and sincere. But some of them just miss the air and guided automatically along a of the comic strips upon American civilization, nor will he be allowed to control his vehicle have been centered subconsciously on such input and feedback are mostly absent or most of the answers are well-meant, intelli­ the ground what to do. He will be fired into 0 the point. Because of the tremendous impact predetermined course. He is neither capable the thinking of some of the contributors must during certain phases of the trip. famous personalities as Buck Rogers, qualitatively different. Flash Gordon, and the Space Cadets. Granted that Control During conditions of sub-gravity and zero-gravity there is no fly­ picking the right man is one side of the story, ing by the seat of the pants. Actually, gliding And this training can be done in many ways. anonymous push-button affair and cruises out into open Space, the walls when he plunges back into the disturbing tur­ terrestrial atmosphere. _Only if his ship is his flying skills be required. then training him to perfection is the other. through Space is not flying at all. It 1s an The moment man leaves the air behind him pletely unfamiliar type of locomotion. Only and a com­ of his cabin must contain an approximation of bulence of Earth's atmosphere will some of equipped with all the necessities of life and is We are not even sure whether or not a protected against the hostile environment out­ good jet pilot will be a good Space pilot. side will man be able to survive. The many Things are too different out there. be reproduced artificially .w.ithin the Space­ Space flyer is his environment. If the engineers more sensitive, there is no reason to assume otherwise-the functions of Earth's atmospheric shield must ship. Although the human organism is much demanding, and vulnerable than that of many other living beings, his 10 space journal Thus, the main requirement for a successful succeed in constructing the hardware-and problem of Space travel is near its solution. �tors, the significance of which has never been actually established, is purely academic. And so are the statements about preliminary elimination percentages which say that "of every 1,000 persons who can meet the initial rigid educational, physical and age require­ ments for space training, only five will ever enter Space-just enough for one rocket­ ship crew." How can we know? To publish such data before even knowing what tasks will actually be required of the pilot seems to be putting the Space cart before the horse­ Dr. Gerothewohl in the F-94 croft used for experiments on weightlessness. Although there exist only a few hints about the actual working conditions of Space crews, some rather general conclusions about the job requirements can be drawn. Some pre­ liminary designs suggest that the actual Space craft will be much like the imaginative rocket ship. Admittedly, the quarters will be neither spacious nor luxurious, but working and living facilities are expected to be reasonably habitable and utilitarian. Instruments may be numerous and complex, but every effort will be made to take the load off the pilot. Once launched with a catapult-like acceleration which may increase his weight ninefold, the pilot will have to monitor the ship to a cer­ tain degree during the cruise, which will include periods of sub-gravity and complete weightlessness that may exert some strain even on previously conditioned crews. Descent and landing, after an extended glide, will be like that of a large jet aircraft or glider plane. In none of the many scientific and semi­ scientific treatises on Space travel has the task of the crew been specified in SOP (standing operating procedures) terms. This, of course, is a remarkable lapse. Perhaps the designers still do not know what it will be. It may be that they are still working on cybernetics and auto­ mation. It is not easy nowadays to make things simple. But only if we can formulate a realistic job description for the Space pilot, can we reason intelligently about the specific difficulties with which the future Space ship skipper will have to cope. And only then can we arrive at a set of physiological and psycho­ logical requirements. The selection of rocket pilots and Space crews by means of predic- power. Fortunately enough, there are some men who have already flown rocket planes. They are not actually Space flyers, but they have reached the border of Space, at least. They do not claim to be supermen, nor do they believe their problems to be unsurmountable. They have made this point clear in many a conversation, and some of it was brought to light in a panel discussion on "Sky Unlimited" a few years ago. Their main concern is techni­ cal. Only if provoked do they touch their body and soul problems. This is what test pilot Scott Crossfield thinks about selection: As far as selecting pilots during the war, for two years I was on carrier-type training in the Navy. I spent that whole two years trying to find men whom I could pick for my students. Everytime I was made out a liar.Who can tell who is going to be a good pilot, or the best pilot? And he underlined statement: General Flickinger's The process of selection is a natural one in which those individuals with the requisite flying schools, motivation and technical knowledge gravitate toward the work •..• That is probably the oldest method of selec­ tion we have for test pilots ••• . A good quality to look for in a research pilot is successful tactical experience. A man must know his airplane and be interested in what he is doing. And Major Arthur Murray says: ••.as was pointed out, pilots just gravi­ tate into these jobs . . • • We rely on a man's aggressiveness, rather than his in­ herent ability, physiological age and other factors ....We work with pilots such as you see here today. Thus it seems we do not have to worry about the selection of Space pilots today be­ cause there are enough candidates who are eager to apply whenever the need arises. Even if we wanted to, we cannot do very much about this problem because there are no tests I I space journal �available which would select the successful off Phenomenon," test pilot or Space cadet. The Air Force tests scribe this effect as "a feeling of being ore of no help either. There is no known ex­ isolated, detached, or separated physically ample that they ever succeeded in picking the from the Earth." (J. Aviat, Med.; vol. 28, best, or the most capable, or the outstanding man for a particular job. They come out with a usuable average, at best, but Space ships need more than statistical probabilities. 0n the other hand, there exists quite a reservoir of capable, experienced, and highly motivated combat, test, and research pilots. Take Scott Crossfield, who said recently on TV, that he would give his left arm if he could fly the X-15. Perhaps we start at the wrong end again. It seems more important to pick the right men to direct the program than to pick at our ever­ Clark ona Graybiel de­ pages 1 21-1 26, 19 57 .) They let test pilot Bill Bridgman describe his sensations during a flight at the borderline of Space while he ex­ perienced the break-off: Fifty-nine thousond, sixty thousond, reel­ ing off sixty-one thousand. I hove left the world. There is only the ship to identify myself with. Her vibrations are my own, I feel them os intensely as those of my body. Here is a kind of unreality mixed with reality that I cannot explain to myself. I have an awareness that I have never ex­ perienced before, but it does not seem to project beyond this moment . . . . This is interesting; but, although this effect eager pilots. Being finally afloat in Space, the crew may was experienced by about 35 percent of the face grove psychological adjustments. Some jet pilots interrogated, it was not considered doctors think that "by for the greatest prob­ generally to have a signifkont influence on lem involves the implications of a seemingly their ability to operate a plane. Captain Ivan complete break from the Earth and the protec­ Kincheloe, who held the altitude record, did tive societal matrix in a small, isolated, closely not think much of it either. And Lt. Col. David confined container with a few companions. Simons, who rode in a small gondola longer little is known today about the effect of than any other person, was scored only when confinement and social isolation on individual he struck an electrical storm. Nobody will and group behavior, particularly under the deny that the experience of being high up hazardous of in a small capsule may produce uncomfort­ flight." In a recent publication on the "Break- able feelings, but it does not make much and threatening conditions Mojor H. D. Stollings, Dr. H. Strughold, and Dr. Gerothewoh/ discussing experiments in front of the Air Force T-33 used for eorly experiments on weightlessness. A �difference whether one is l 00,000 feet or miles from the ground, if the chance of sur­ vival is about the same. The Space flyers will be in continuous contact with Earth. They con listen to the radio, coll whenever they feel like it, hove radar pictures and eventually televi­ ✓ .�\ _;) sion for their orientation and entertainment. r ,,.,�Jc Hundreds of small boats, submarines, light houses, observatories, and outposts // } ------· ✓• ) ore '-/ manned and maintained under extreme con­ ditions of isolation and danger; but their un­ " selected inhabitants do not crock. It seems that Columbus was more detached and des­ perate in his trip across the ocean than the Moon traveler will be five hundred years later. Moreover, the point is not that people get scared, but that they snap out of it. Most men con adjust to a certain degree of danger, and only a few crack up; but again we are facing a dilemma because there is no test that would predict them with certainty. Says Scott Crossfield: If o test pilot hos real pyschologicol prob­ lems he would never be in this business. I hove never been able to get anyone to tell me what they are. You're darned scored.Un­ fortunately, perhaps, it seems to be the characteristic of most aggressive pilots that they more or less sustain this apprehension. To my knowledge, in the post, none of the flight test pilots hos hod o physical checkup prior to o mission, unless there hod been some reported difficulty. All pilots ore re­ quired by military regulations to obtain physical examinations. And Crossfield is completely normal. So are the others who have seen blood, sweat, f1ak, and disaster. However it seems that the people on the ground are more inclined to worry than the men in the air. How did Lindbergh feel when he mode his way over the northern seas? Of course, we can spend a million dollars on soul searching, but there seems to be some Dr. Gerothewohl's ideal space man, having four arms and hands /two hands developed into tools) lo do the many things necessary for survival in Space, would include antennae instead of ears, telescopic eyes, direct 01cygen supply from built-in tonk, rocket fuel intake, and legs which act os flns during flight. task, however, may be modern man's real crossroads of decision. It seems unlikely that we will hove any real test other than letting him try it. It is a test of courage, not of skills. This thought is like that of Tony LeVier who said about the requirements of flying the F-1 04: This bird is easy to handle and can be flown by a child. But you must be condi­ tioned to it. I hove looked at the faces of o bunch of test pilots when they saw the bird for the first time. Some just liked it. Some looked pleased. But some looked terrified. They were frightened. I could have picked the ones who can fly it just by looking at their expression. To condition these men seems to me the most important thing of all ... No better comment can be mode than this: other worthwhile projects to sink the money We have the men and they ore eager to go. in. The soul is not the weakest link in Space They will be thoroughly conditioned through Oight. tlieir experiences of test and research flight. What is most impressive of all these pre­ They ore ahead of the engineers and the liminaries is neither the human factor nor fiction writers. They do not take these stories interplanetary Space, but the powerplant that seriously about the "psychotic Russian Space will make the ship akin to a celestial body. girls," who ore said already to hove on edge Seeing a rocket on the test stand is a unique on them; and they ore not alarmed about experience; it is terrific and horrifying. To manning the Space croft "with male and imagine that a man will ultimately walk over female pairs of unmarried psychotic midgets.'· to such a three-stage, man-mode volcano, (Time, September 16, 1957.) They know that board it through on elevator, calmly check they are the crop to choose from, and that his instruments a hundred feet atop the deadly one day they will toke off. But this will not furnace, and launch it with a roar, has still toke place before they hove at least a 99 something of the science fiction about it. This percent chance of returning safely to Earth. 13 space journal �reality, relativity and common sense BY JAMES P. GARDNER James Patrick Gardner was barn in Win• nipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and grew up in Granite City, 1 llinois. He was educated at Parks College of Aeronautical Technology of St. Louis University and at the University of Alo• bomo. His field was aeronautical engineering. Since leaving college, he has been employed by the Missile Design Section, Future Projects De­ sign Branch of the Structures and Mechanics laboratory at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. in the ultimate sense. With these things in mind we are ready to re-examine our ideas of space, time and motion. We think of everything that moves as hav­ Common sense is that layer of preju­ dices laid down in the mind prior to the age of eighteen. -Albert Einstein ing some sort of conveyor. A train moves along a track with some velocity relative to the track. A ship moves through the water with some velocity relative to the water. Sound waves travel through the air with some velocity relative to the air. say something has a velocity, No individual was more aware of the in­ we usually importance of herent difficulties associated with the accept­ the relative velocity concept may be illus­ ance of a new idea than was the creator of trated by the following example. the theory of relativity. The more basic the idea, the greater the difficulty. 14 mean relative velocity. The When we Probably the Suppose we have two rifles, each of which fires a bullet with a muzzle velocity of 1,000 foremost cause of this difficulty is the tendency feet per second. to confuse reality with human experience. In we will assume that sound waves travel at early childhood we begin to form positive ideas in relation to space, time and motion. exactly 1,000 feet per second. The two rifles are mounted on a stationary bench and are Anything that challenges these fixed notions equipped with a mechanism which will allow To simplify the experiment is considered a violation of common sense us to fire them simultaneously, and a metal and therefore unreal. drum is placed 4,000 feet down range to Fortunately there is a way out of the dilem­ serve as a target. When the guns are fired the ma if one is willing to take the necessary bullets will travel down range, strike the drum, steps. and the impact sound will travel back to the The first step is the recognition of man's place in the world as a casual observer starting point. with rather limited equipment. The second step is the acceptance of the fact that man impacts at exactly the same time, or eight seconds after we fire, since the time required does not have the capacity to conceive reality for the bullets to travel to the target will be space journal In this case we will hear both �exactly equal to the time required for the sound to travel back lo the starting point. Now let us repeat the experiment in a Now let us try another similar experiment. This time we will replace the rifle on the car with a horn. We will let the car travel in the slightly different manner. We will mount one some direction and with the some speeal as rifle exactly as before, but we will mount the before, and we will assume that the sound other on an from the horn will bounce bock from the automobile which is moving toward the target with o velocity of 115 feet target like on echo. As before, the instant the per second. Both rifles ore fired the instant car posses the stationary bench the horn is the car posses the stationary bench and again sounded and the bullet is fired. In contrast to we wait for the impact sound waves to return. the previous experiment both sounds will re­ This time the sound waves will return approxi­ turn to the starting point simultaneously. The mately Although both bul­ reason for the different result is as follows: the lets ½ left second apart. muzzle A bullet moves independently of any medium velocity, they each hod a different velocity the rifles with with whatever velocity it is given unless it is relative to the ground. The bullet fired from acted upon by some external force. A sound the moving rifle hod a higher relative velocity wove is dependent upon some medium of (muzzle velocity transportation. + same car velocity) therefore it must arrive at the target first. is propagated by the air which may be con- r::::.r.�==:Jl-(-(-(-(-(- ==- �-;::::::;- In this case the sound wove � FEEJ':> ( (-(-(-<-(-(-(- - (- (-(- (- (-(-( - (-(- (-( -(-(- ( _\-<,-:..'c-=.! (-::::..!;=.!.:::.,! 17'/i i"::.J.,..§ SECOND �-:==,- -(-(-(-( -(-(-(-<-,-,_ <-r-, ..:- 1 _,_ '--·--·-· ..,...eC -·· -, , ' 1 ( ( ((-((-(-(-(-(-(: (--:) (� � � J ------- 41 ➔ I 15 FEET PER SECOND � c_1):.--'1;.- i("" e "--- --�"'fill -o':'� ---. � ,1x-, .. , .. ----- ·- ... � B H-(-(-(-(-H-c-r-c-(-(-<-c-,_r l l-H Hl. �-(��= ( (-(( C --,--, ___ ,_'= (-l-,-l- ,-·-� � =,; =1;�3Ml -····-. ;// .l--�iC- 1!> -=(-) • _ ___., ("' -�&Y:-�-:::;;-;�----tf .... _,. ...... --- .,,,If&- C .. FIGURE I 15 space journal �sidered at rest relative to the earth. So we find that the sound wave moves with a con­ stant velocity relative to the air and is inde­ pendent of the velocity of the source. This is an important point which will be referred to later. We are now ready to perform an hypo­ thetical experiment which will be helpful in explaining the Michdson experiment which opened the door to the theory of relativity. The experiment is shown in Fig. 1, and pro­ ceeds as follows. Points A and B are located on a river 100 mi•les apart. We will assume that the river is flowing from A to velocity of 10 miles per hour. Our boat has a speed in still The basic equation of motion is: =V or distance time= -- velocity On the downstream trip our velocity relative to the shore will be equal to the sum of the 16 space journal V(<lown�tr('l\111) therefore: = 20 + 10 = 30 mph 100 tcA to Bl = 30= 3.33 hr On the upstream trip our velocity relative to the shore will be equal to the difference between the velocity of the boat in still water and the velocity of the current. = 20 - 10 = 10 mph Therefore: tcs = 100 = 10 V(upstr('n111) to A) 100 =-= 10 10 We wish to water of 20 miles per hour. t velocity of the current. B with a travel by boat from A to B and back to A, and would like to calculate the time required for the trip. velocity of the· boat in still water and the hrs. hrs. The total time for the trip is: 10 + 3.33 = 13.33 hrs. Now let us stop the current and repeat the experiment. V(downstrcnm or upstrl'am) Total time = 20 mph = -20- = l O 200 hr.s. We have a time difference of 3.33 hrs. �This time difference will vary proportionally propagating through empty space, so they to a factor involving the ratio of the current decided that space must be filled with some and boat velocities. mysterious substance. By the use of some The mysterious sub­ simple algebra we can derive the equation stance was called ether and was endowed for the time shift and time shift factor. with some unique characteristics. It could propagate a wave, but it could offer no re­ sistance to motion. The next step in the ether hypothesis was obvious. If space is filled with this ether which propagates lightwaves, and it is at rest, then it should be a simple matter to find our (the Earth's) velocity through this medium. This is what Michelson set out to do. Since light must move through the ether much as sound moves through the air, we know from our experiment with the rifle and the horn that the wave velocity is independent of the velocity of the source. We also know from the boat experiment that velocities meas­ ured in opposite directions through a moving medium will result in a time shift. With these assumptions Michelson set out to measure the Earth's velocity through the ether. His ap­ paratus is shown in Fig. 2, and operates as follows. Two arms of equal length are mounted perpendicular to each other on a table which may be rotated about a vertical axis. A light source is placed at S, a half mirror at the axis A, and an optical instrument is mounted at the observation point 0. A mirror is placed at the end of each arm at 8 and C. The optical instrument at O is called It is clearly seen that a time shift is intro­ an interferometer which is an instrument which performed can be used to measure the slightest shift in which involves motion in opposite directions the fringe pattern resulting from two interfer­ through a medium which is in motion. With ing light beams. For instance, if a light beam this in mind we are ready to review the fa­ is split into two beams, allowed to travel a mous Michelson experiment. given distance, and then re-united, an inter­ duced when an experiment is In the last half of the 19th Century there was much speculation in regard to the method of propagation of electro-magnetic waves, or more specifically light waves. As was men­ tioned before, we think of everything that moves as having some sort of conveyor and ference pattern will be observed. If the ve­ locity and therefore the travel time of one of the beams is slightly altered, a different interference pattern will be observed. This change is referred to as a shift in the inter­ ference fringes. it is reasonably assumed that light was no ex­ In the Michelson experiment, if we con­ It can be easily proved sider the Earth at rest and the ether flowing by experiment that light does not use air as by, we have a situation similar to that in the a conveying medium. If air is not the con­ boat experiment. We are substituting a light veyor, what is? This is essentially the problem which confronted the 19th Century physicists. river. The light beam starts at S and proceeds They found it difficult to imagine light waves to A where it is split into two beams, one of ception to the rule. beam for the boat and a flowing ether for the 17 space journal �6- MIRROR C 1 - !:. - MIRROR A .,. J MIRROR B LIGHT SOURCE S NOTE: HALF SILVERED MIRROR (A) SPLITS LIGHT BEAM INTO TWO BEAMS; ONE (SHOWN BY BLACK LINE) PASSES THROUGH AND OTHER (SHOWN INTERFEROMETER o BY RED LINE} IS REFLECTED. FIGURE 3 which passes through A and proceeds to B, upon existing fundamental concepts which and the other is deflected 90 degrees and proceeds to C. The two beams are reflected were the very foundation of modern physics. Many leading physicists of that day took up at B and C, re-united at A, and proceed to 0 the challenge and attempted to explain the re­ where they enter the interferometer. If the sults of the experiment by slightly modifying entire apparatus is rotated 90 degrees so that or extending present views, but this path the light beam from A to B is first moving usually led to further complications and con­ parallel to the motion of the ether and then tradictions. Of these attempts probably the perpendicular to the motion of the ether, we most brilliant was made by H. A. Lorentz in would expect to find a time shift as we found the field of electro-magnetics. in the boat experiment. In this case motion that the negative result of the interference perpendicular to the ether stream is compara­ experiment could be explained by applying He showed ble to motion with no current in the boat ex­ a theory previously advanced by Fitzgera Id periment. Michelson performed his experiment with which stated that the physical dimensions of a body are altered if the body is in motion. extreme accuracy, and several variations were This change in dimension is known as Fitz­ introduced to eliminate the possibility of error gerald contraction, and is described in the due to external influence. To his amazement, following manner. If a body is in motion its in each case no appreciable shift in the in­ length measured along the line of motion terference fringes was observed, and no time will be decreased by an amount proportional shift could be recorded. to the ratio of the velocity of the body and The results of this experiment had a greater effect on physical science than perhaps any the velocity of light. As the velocity of the body approaches the velocity of light it will in history, for they cast a shadow of doubt gradually become shorter until at the velocity 18 space journal �of light its length will become zero. If this theory is applied to the Michelson experi­ ment, we see that the arm of the apparatus which is parallel to the Earth's motion will be shorter. When the apparatus is rotated 90 degrees, the other arm will be shorter. The equations of Lorentz show that this change of length due to velocity is the right amount to cancel out the effect of the time shift and cause the observed negative result. Lorentz believed this shrinking to be a physical reality resulting from magnetic field interactions within the atomic structure of the material. He compared this effect to that which can be observed in certain electrical phenomena in­ volving charged bodies moving in electric fields. The electro-magnetic theory necessitated the introduction of new hypothesis and heavy restrictions, and therefore could not be fully accepted as an explanation of the experi­ mental results. One other possible explanation was brought out. This was the theory that the ether moved with the Earth thereby eliminating the ether stream. This possibility was disproved by experiment. As one attempt after another failed, the scientific world wondered what to do with these experimental results which seemed to violate every rule of science and common sense ever laid down by man. The answer came in a short paper written by a 26-year-old physicist, Albert Einstein, who was then employed as a patent clerk in Switzerland. In his paper entitled "The Prin­ ciple of Relativity", Einstein introduced a whole new concept of the physical world. He showed that the difficulties encountered in explaining the results . of the Michelson ex­ periment were due to false concepts in regard to space and time. He showed that the con­ cept of space and time as individual and absolute entities was completely meaningless. He interpreted the results of the Michelson experiment as indisputable proof of the fol­ lowing statement which is the basis of the theory of relativity. "The velocity of light in vacuo is the same in all reference systems moving uniformly, relative to each other." This sounds like a harmless statement at first, but let us examine it closely with the aid of an example to see what it implies. Suppose we have two rocket ships A and B which move at very high velocities. We will assume that A moves with ¼ the velocity of light, and that B moves with ½ the velocity of light. The velocity of light is approximately l 86,000 miles per second. We will use the Solar System as our reference System, and all velocities are relative to this System. We will let A and B travel in parallel directions and assume that they are together (passing each other) at our starting line. At the instant A and B cross the starting line, a light is flashed which sends light waves in all directions. Each rocket ship is equipped with a stop clock which is started the instant the starting line is crossed. We will introduce a third observer C who is also equipped with a stop clock. The third observer will start his clock the in­ stant the rocket ships cross the starting line, but will remain at the starting line as a sta­ tionary observer. We will ask C to calculate his distance from the light wave front after his clock indicates a passing of five seconds. He knows the velocity of light is constant and is equal to 186,000 miles per second relative to any reference system, so he simply multi­ plies l 86,000 by five and reports that the wave front is 930,000 miles distant. We will ask A to perform the same calculation. He is also familiar with the hypothesis of rela­ tivity and therefore knows that the velocity of light is constant relative to his system, so he performs the same calculation as C did and reports that he is 930,000 miles from the light wave front. Finally B is asked to report his distance from the wave front at five sec­ onds and on the basis of the hypothesis of relativity he arrives at the same answer as did C and A. Now we must ask how three different ob­ servers each with a different velocity and each starting from the same point at the same time can be the same distance from a point (the light wave front) the same number of seconds later? Apparently the wave front is in three different places at the same time. This certainly is a violation of common sense! 19 space journal ��In search of an explanation, we are con­ meaning. It is only the combination of the two, fronted with a choice. We either must accept or the defined point at the defined time which this result and look deeper for the cause, or can really describe an event. Because of this we can forget the hypothesis of relativity and interlocking of space and time, comparisons go back to the old method of adding and of length, distance, and velocity cannot be subtracting velocities. The Michelson experi­ made between systems which are moving ment has shown the disastrous results of the relative to each other unless the lows of old method, so we will take the first choice. transformation, which were first derived by We must accept the fact that the wave front Lorentz, are applied. These laws enable us 1s where the observers say it is since their to calculate the length of a body which is calculations are based on the hypothesis of relativity, but we cannot accept the possibility in motion relative to a given reference system. of the wave front occupying three different positions at the same time. The answer to the puzzle lies in our concept of time which are stated as follows: we have considered absolute, or the same, for all observers regardless of their state of motion. We are actually forced to give up the concept of absolute time and accept the fact that it is impossible to compare time measurements directly between systems which are moving relative to each other. In our rocket ship experiment we can consider the time measured by the stationary observer C as our basic time for comparison. I do not wish to give the impression that there is anything special or absolute about the time measured by C. We only use this time as a basis for comparison because we considered C to be at rest in our reference system. Since A is moving with some velocity rela­ tive to C, we must assume that his clock runs somewhat slower than the clock at C. Since B is moving at a higher velocity than A rela­ tive to C, his clock must run slower than A's clock. So we hove three observers performing on experiment based on time, and each ob­ server hos a clock which is running at a dif­ ferent rate. No wonder our results were ridiculous! Actually the wove front was much closer to A and B than it was to C when C's clock showed a passage of five seconds since they were traveling at high velocities in the direc­ tion of the light wave. The clocks carried by A and B were running slower, so when they finally recorded a passage of 5 seconds the wave front was the some distance from them as it hod been from C. In the theory of relativity, time by itself has no meaning, and space by itself hos no These laws ore in the form of equations, and - . t, Where: Lo=Length of a body at rest relative to a system. L'=Length of a body in motion relative to C3 system. t'=Time lapse of a clock in motion relative to a system. to=Time lapse of a dock at rest relative to a system. v =Velocity of a body or clock relative to a system. c =Velocity of light in any system. These laws which ore based on the con­ stant velocity of light as given in the hypo­ thesis of relativity completely explain the results of the Michelson experiment. If these same equations are applied in the boat ex­ periment, we see that the change of length and time will exactly compensate the effect of the moving current. As stated before, in this case the boot represents the light beam, and the current represents the relative ve­ locity. If the contraction and time change equations ore properly combined they result in the time shift factor which was derived in the boat experiment. At first the theory of relativity strikes most of us as, at best, on interesting philosophical diversion, but if we seriously ponder the sub­ ject we become aware of the significance of it's implications. In certain areas these impli­ cations seem to border on the supernatural. A good example of this is the slowing down 21 space journal �of time. Time, which is usually taken quite is illustrated by the classic example of the for granted, is actually somewhat of en ab­ Space traveler who leaves the Earth, flies straction in itself. When we think of time we about in Space for a few weeks with a velocity usually think of a clock which is a periodic near that of light, and then returns to Earth mechanical device which is calibrated to the to discover that several hundred years hove rotation of our planet. If the rotational speed elapsed. During his voyage his clock was of our planet should suddenly increase or almost stopped due to his high velocity rela­ decrease, we would be forced to throw away tive to the Earth. He was of course completely OIi of our clocks. unaware of this slowing down of time since So we see from the preceding discussion that time is meaningless unless it is associated all of his physical and mental processes were slowed down in the same manner. or interlocked with physical events. The theory Examination of the transformation equa­ of relativity shows that the velocity of light is tions shows clearly that relativistic effects do the upper limit or maximum with not come into play unless velocities near that which any physical body can move since to of light are attained. We do not experience velocity exceed this velocity we would find ourselves such velocities in everyday life, but as man dealing with negative time or clocks running moved into Space such velocities must be ob­ backwards. tained if we wish to travel to another solar An interesting result of this time dilatation system within an individual's life span. "Doggone it! Are they THAT hard up for Space Cadets?'" 22 space journal �I EDITOR'S NOTE: Recent investigations in kinetic energy; or, in formula LE=Eri+E k. astronautics have resulted in a new concept But this is true only in a state of equilibrium; which may help relate the macrocosm to the for example, a satellite in orbit around Earth microcosm, with the tie between them being or one of its sister planets, the swinging time. pendulum of a clock, etc. But if we consider Briefly the idea is this: in basic physics we the total energy required to bring a mass into learn that the total energy of a mass is equal a new state of equilibrium, then this formula to the sum of its potential energy and its no longer holds true-according to the new concept of "displacement energy" or LiE. To illustrate, let us analyze the football quarterback who makes a "jump" pass. Be­ fore he leaps into the air, his body possesses potential energy. As he springs into the air, two things happen: time elapses and his potential energy is converted to kinetic ener­ gy. However, during the time he is moving upward, energy must also be expended to lift his energy needed to throw the ball. This, then, is the "displacement energy," and it must be accounted for in any computation of the total energy needed for such a pass. Thus the formula must now become: �E=E p +Ei. + LiE. The same holds true for launching a satellite into orbit around Earth, lunar probes, and interplanetary Space flights. Within the microcosm the concept of E may also have far reaching consequences. It may even impinge upon a unified concept of universal occurrences. In this respect, E seems comparable to Maxwell's "displace­ ment current," which explains, among other things, the action of a capacitor (condenser) in an electric circuit. Indeed, there is a striking similarity between the two concepts in that both involve the consideration of time as the essential determinant. The discovery and formulation of this im­ portant concept was made by Helmut Hoepp­ ner, formerly of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and now Senior Scientist for As­ tronautics at the Chrysler Corporation, and his co-worker at ABMA B. Spencer Isbell, also editor of SPACE Journal. Both Hoeppner and Isbell credit Professor Hermann Oberth with assistance and encouragement during their work on L'iE. -Mitchell R. Sharpe 23 space journal �design criteria for buildings on the moon By John S. Rinehart John 5. Rinehart, o physicist, received his Bachelor of Science degree from Northeast Mis­ souri State Teachers College in 1934, his Moster of Science degree from California Institute of Technology in 1937, and his doctorate from the State University of Iowa in 1940. He hos taught at Kansas Stole College, Wayne University, and Harvard University. A former associate director of the Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory, he has also worked for the Naval Ordnance Test Station ond the former New Mexico Experimental Range. He is presently a professor of mining engineering al the Colorado School of Mines and director of the Mining Research Laboratory. A member of Sigma Xi, the American Physical Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, he is the author of War Weapons for Air Warfare and The Behavior of Metals Under Impulsive loads. for his serv­ ices during World War 11, he was awarded o Presidential Certificate of Merit. During this revolution it turns exactly once on its own axis so that it always presents the same side to Earth (but the Sun illuminates all points on the Moon at some time during this revolu­ tion.) The Moon wobbles a bit so that actually we see about ¼ 59 percent of its surface. Its diameter is 2160 miles, approximately that of Earth, but its mass is only 1 /81 that of Earth; thus its density (pounds per cubic feet) is only 0.61 times that of Earth or about 280 pounds per cubic foot. From this we derive, from Newton's universal law of gravi­ tation, a most significant and important result, namely, that the gravitational attraction at the Man will, within the foreseeable future, con­ Moon's surface is only 0.165 (approximately struct permanent buildings on the Moon to serve as living quarters for Moon explorers, 1 /6) that on the surface of Earth. Thus on the surface of the Moon every object will weigh laboratories for astrophysical and astrochemi­ only 1/6 as much as on the surface of Earth. cal research, maintenance shops for the ve­ hicles of the Space traveler, stations for The mass of each object is, however, inde­ communication networks, and numerous other tinually keep the distinction between mass and structures. weight clearly in mind. built? 24 How are these buildings to be pendent of its location. In design one must con­ What are the basic design criteria? The environment of a building on the Moon How do they differ from those applicable to Earth-situated buildings? What special facil­ The Moon has no observable atmosphere. differs markedly from its environment on Earth. ities must be provided that are not needed on There is no haze, no clouds, no winds, no rain Earth? What are the environmental differences and hazards? What determines the material or snowstorms. The building is either bathed in intense sunshine or looks upon stark, black, we use? What problems must the architect and cold Space. It will be continuously plagued the construction engineer face? How are the by a great gnat-like rain of interplanetary materials to be transported? dust. The Moon is a large, essentially spherical body which moves in a slightly elliptical orbit had any, because of its small size and, hence, around Earth in accordance with well-estab­ low gravitational pull. The velocity of escape The Moon has lost its atmosphere, if it ever lished physical and astronomical laws: New­ from the Moon is quite low, 1 .5 miles per ton's laws of motion; Newton's universal second, as contrasted with 6.9 miles per gravitation law; and Kepler's laws. Its mean distance from Earth is 238,857 miles, and it second for that of Earth. The gravitational at­ takes 27.3 days to revolve once about Earth. hold to it the nitrogen and oxygen molecules space journal traction of Earth is strong enough to grip and �This is not the They probably do not present a health hazard case on the Moon. The thermal velocities of but they may be sufficiently abundant to dis­ the gas molecules are sufficiently high that if color glass or plastic after long exposure. that form our atmosphere. gas molecules were ever present, they would It is also not possible to define accurately long since have wandered off into Space. A enough the nature and distribution of meteoric few molecules of heavy gases such as carbon matter to estimate it as a potential hazard dioxide, krypton, and xenon may have re­ to lunar structures. Extraterrestrial material mained behind or may be seeping out from exists in three forms: the most abundant by far the Moon's interior but these are not signifi­ is interplanetary dust, the dust which forms Thus the atmospheric pressure is zero, the zodiacal light, a faint band of light seen cant. and any building constructed there must be extending from the Sun at the end of twilight; internally pressurized with an atmosphere ,n the next is debris from comets, which, when which human beings can survive. they streak through our atmosphere produce The Moon's surface, unshielded by an ab­ intensely luminous trails, called meteors, sorbing atmosphere, con feel the full force of and, lastly, the meteorites, probably great the Sun's rays and become extremely hot on masses of stone and iron and fragments of one side while the other side will quickly hove planets which once resided between Mars and radiated its heat into Space and become ex­ Jupiter in our solar system. The interplanetary Day and night on the Moon dust ranges in size from 1 to 300 microns ceedingly cold. ore each about two weeks long. in diameter; meteors are fragile, porous bodies The temperatures on the surface of the of low-gross density; and meteorites are solid The velocity with Moon have been carefully measured, using a chunks of iron and stone. telescope equipped with a vacuum thermo­ which any of these might strike the Moon couple. On one occasion this was done during ranges from 1.5 miles per second to about an eclipse and it was found that the surface 44 miles per second. There will be no atmos­ of the Moon cools very quickly, reaching a low phere to check its velocity as is the case with temperature in 20 or 30 minutes after the Sun Earth, stops shining. The temperature at lunar mid­ the meteors are rendered impotent. day is 214 ° F; at sunset-32 ° ° F; and at where the interplanetary dust and The fall of a meteorite is a relatively rar"' F. It is possible to guess the event: about five per day reach Earth. Inter­ sort of temperature environment, maximum planetary dust is by far more abundant in of changes in temperature, any structure placed Space with the abundance of this dust in the vicinity of the Moon being about 5 x 10-21 on the Moon will be subjected to. Any structure grams per cubic centimeter. The Moon sweeps placed there must be able to withstand these up this material at the rate of 110 tons in extreme temperatures and especially the tre­ a 24-hour period. midnight -243 and m1n1mum temperatures and rates mendous temperature gradients. Thus the chance of a large building being The ultraviolet radiation, normally absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, will be sufficiently in­ tense to render panes of glass or plastic use­ less as windows. Thus, shutters for such windows must be provided. struck by a meteorite or a meteor is negligible, one hit in perhaps several thousand years. lnterplanentary dust is the real hazard, and we do not know how great it is. The particles ore small; and even though of great velocity, The Moon is continually bombarded by they could be easily warded off with an um­ particulate matter: cosmic rays, charged par­ brella-like shield. The best estimate is that ticles, and meteoric particles. Not much is about three or four particles, with diameters known about the rote of influx of cosmic rays ranging from 0.0002 to 0.0004 inches, would Ill strike each square yard of exposed surface indicate that they are considerably more abundant in space than we have thought. per day. A meteoric shield must be a part of any structure built on the Moon. although recent records from Explorer 25 space journal �- Scale model of a Moon building designed and built by the Wonder Building Corporation of America, as a permanent structure for our Moon explorers. The plastic bubble-type ob servolory in the foreground is protected from ultraviolet radi­ ation by sliding metal doors. The overhead structure is a meteorite shield to protect the building proper. The dome in the center of the barrier is a traffic control tower. The proposed building would be 340 feet long, 160 feet wide, and 65 feel high. From a practical viewpoint, the exact nature of the surface of the Moon is our greatest unknown. On a grand scale we know that the Moon's surface is covered with large and deep craters, huge mountain ranges, and vast flat areas. But we can not look at the Moon in the intimate detail needed to provide us with realistic design data for construction. Resolu­ tion with our best telescopes is about one mile. Opinion is now divided as to the nature of the Moon's landscape. At an Air Force sym­ posium on this subject in April 1958, three eminent astronomers summarized their variant ideas: 1. The maria (large dark flat areas) are almost certainly covered with lava and will make flrm landing spots for Earth's space­ ships. 2. The rock has turned slowly to dust by bombardment of rays and particles from the Sun and Space. The dust, kept stirred up by the same agents that formed it, has flowed like a slow liquid into the Moon's low places so the 26 space journal maria are not filled with lava, but with dust perhaps several miles deep. Dust near the surface may be as fluffy as baby powder. Unwary ships might disappear in dry quick­ sand. 3. Although the Moon may have plenty of dust, its surface has been solidified. There may be a thin layer like dust on a grand piano, but the underlying material, cemented to­ gether (not stirred up) by bombardment from Space, is probably "crunchy" and strong enough to support air alighting spaceships. With this lack of knowledge and great divergence of opinion, we can only design for the worst condition: a sea of dust upon which we must float our structures. Without defining the specific function of the building we know that it must provide for the following: 1. Living quarters, including rooms for sleeping, cooking, eating and recrea­ tion. 2. Physics, chemistry, and biological laboratories. �become important in design of the heating, 3. A control tower for communication, studies, power, water, sewage, and ventilating system. tions, traffic control, etc. cause man will be able to lift himself with l /6 meteorological servations, earth obobservaastronomical Ramps and stairs can be much steeper be­ 4. Air conditioning, heating, power and the effort required on Earth. A crane designed refrigeration plants, oxygen produc­ for a one ton load on Earth can be lift at least tion units, extreme-temperature regu­ six tons on the Moon. We must, on the other lating devices, water supply and sew­ hand, be careful with our elevators for here age disposal plants. we are accelerating and decelarating masses. 5. A machine shop and equipment main­ No consideration need be given wind or tenance area. Further, we know that snow loads since they will not exist. Our major the structure must be built as on in­ stresses now come from the artificial atmos­ tegral floatable unit. phere contained within the hermetically sealed We assume the following: (1) that the loca­ tion of the building on the Moon will be fixed; (2) that the building will be constructed from materials brought from Earth; (3) that the building will provide the functions listed above; building. Normal atmospheric pressure, 14.7 pounds per square inch, is a realistic figure to use for design purposes; 1 0 pounds per square inch would be sufficient. The problem is not unlike that enco-untered by the designers of high-flying aircraft except perhaps in one and (4) that it will be a permanent-type build­ respect which could be significant. On the ing in the sense that it will be occupied on a Moon we can play the gravitational forces continuing basis for several years. against the air pressure forces, achieving some A Moon building presents its own peculiar problems, and first is the matter of gravity. The force of gravity on the Moon is approxi­ mately l 6 that of Earth. This means that the deflection of a cantilever beam or any other load-supporting beam or column will be only l /6 as great as it would be on Earth. Changes in gravity will not affect the strength proper­ ties of the materials. For design purposes we can, in static situations only, replace the gravity of 32 feet per second which repeatedly appears in our strength of materials formulas by 116 its value, say five feet per second. A whole new field of design is opened up. It is as if we hod an exceedingly high-strength, lightweight construction material. We must, however, be wary of any dyomic situation. We do not change the mass of our material by transporting it to the Moon. It would be just as difficult to accelerate a car kind of equilibrium which may gain us an ad­ vantage. This is a matter that needs look­ ing into. Broad expanses of curved structures can be used, but we must tie the whole to­ gether with rods or similar means so that it does not explode. Rapid, intense heating and sudden, severe cooling present difficult but certainly solvable design problems. The parts of the structure be­ coming shaded will immediately become very cold, while those in the Sun will remain heated to a high temperature. During the lunar day, when the Sun is upon the structure, devices must be provided to regulate the influx and efflux of heat. These should be tied together to the heating and ventilating systems. But we must also be prepared to be without our principal energy source, the Sun, for two weeks at a time. This means providing energy storage facilities of no mean proportion. on the Moon as it is on Earth. Thus, designs The potential hazard from cosmic rays, involving vibratory or rotary motion must con­ while still one of the big unknowns, is proba­ form to the normal Earth pattern. An electric bly not great enough to warrant modifying generator designed for Moon use would not building practices. Eventually the living quar­ appear substantially different from an earthly ters may be lined with thin sheets of lead. one. The bombardment by meteoric matter is Reduction in gravity will influence the con­ serious but can be dealt with. The best ap­ vective flow of air and the rate of flow of proach is to use the scheme long in use by liquids downhill. These changes are likely to tent dwellers to protect themselves from the 27 space journal �fury of rainstorms; o canvas canopy covering, need not be built to withstand the tumultuous placed above and separated some distance forces exerted by a watery ocean. The dust on from the roof of the lent, which dulls the force the Moon is as calm as o mild pond. of the impact of the raindrops and diverts the According to Archimedes' principle o body material away from the roof of the tent. On the immersed in o fluid is woter buoyed up by a Moon, the conopy must be of o metal, with a force equol to the weight of the fluid it dis­ thickness sufficient to stop meteoritic dust. A places. A 10,000-ton ship, for example, hos 1 /32-inch thick aluminum shield should be 320,000 cubic feet immersed when it is float­ sufficient. We cannot hope to protect against chance encounters with large meteoric bodies ing. Now, how will the dust oceon oct in this respect? We ore sofe in concluding that it will anymore than o canvas shield protects oginst act os o fluid of low density: for design pur­ large hailstones. Provision should be mode for replacing sections of the shield as they poses, obout Finally, we ore concerned with foundations for the building and here is the greatest 30 pound per cubic foot. Thus the lower port There seems to be but little else the volume, V, so covered being given by V (ff1 ) Totol weight of building (pounds) 30 to do but lo design the building as o structure which floats in a stationary ocean of dust, The dust will tend to support the lower floor anchored in place by large, heavy blocks or hull. At o 6.6-foot depth, the pressure act­ suspended by long cables from the body of ing on the floor will be just equol to atmos­ the structure. In many ways its construction pheric pressure. If the hull is embedded to will resemble that of a ship at anchor, o freely­ depths greater thon this it must be designed flooting, self-contained t I times the density of water or of our building will be covered with dust, become damaged. difficulty. 0.5 unit. The building need not be streamlined. Fortunately, olso, it so os not to be crushed by the weight of the dust. Cutowoy view of the ,nteroor of the Moon building shows c omportmenls for reseorch, liv,ng quorlers, observotoroes, etc The enlronce ,s of the right end of the building where there is on arr Ioele Pressure doors separate the ma,n oreos from eoch other and prevent loss of internal oir pressure in cose of o puncture of the overhead sh,eld ond bu,/ding by meteors eruov ANO READING C.OMPA.R.TMENT ME.5S HALL SHOPS LAB. LIVING QUARTERS LAB E.MERGE.I\IC.Y OXYGEN 28 space journal J I �Heres a full scientific report on ·space flight-its past, present . . . and future! Since the building is floating, weight must be fairly uniformly distributed if it is not to topple over or settle unevenly. If the Moon's surface proves to be suffi­ ciently solid, it will provide normal support for the building and may be used as foundation blocks. There is no one building uniquely qualified for placement on the Moon. Design require­ ments allow as well as demand a diversity of structural types, proportions, materials and SPACE FLICHT forms. The Buck Rogers portable and infla­ table plastic balloon house is o perfectly practical type of temporary housing. Permanent housing must be fabricated from more durable materials. Aluminum suggests it­ self immediately because of its high strength, Satellites, Spaceships, Space Station and Space Travel low weight, and ease of fabrication. Aluminum also provides a good reflecting surface which Bv CARSBIE C. ADAMS aids in cooling problems. President, National Research and Development Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia The basic elements of the Wonder Build­ ing Corporation of America's "Truss-Skin" NOW-the exciting and factual account of what is involved in space flight -and how our scientists and engineers are bringing us into this new era-is given by ex­ perts. roof system ore well suited for construction of Moon buildings because of its great flexibility and versatility. Some details hove neces­ sarily been modified, including the develop­ ment of means for hermetically sealing the structures. The basic scientific information needed to complete first designs of functional and at­ tractive buildings for use on the Moon ore at hand. Our task has been the very specific one ) of taking these scientific guide lines and pro­ From man's earliest skyward thoughts to today's ACTUAL 7>/cms for Jl,iaht in spare . . . the men, discoveries, and lechnologlral advances responsible are now brought berore you In a striking review. The treatment is soundly technical, fully annotated, and fasci­ nating In Its portrayal or far-reaching concepts and the growth or the means or thelr realization. Here Is an Integrated picture or the ways In which the many fields that lend their knO\\'ledge to astronautics are working together to make spaee flight a reality. You learn about the <'Ontrlbullons made by: ACT NOW Keep up with the fast changing and swiftly moving field of space l l and space science. Fill out the enclosed post-paid card and become a regular reader of SPACE Journal. -material, -space medicine -<hemistry -and olher fields -astrophysics ducing a practical model. -<ommunications -geophyucs -psychology Dr. Wernher von Braun says of the book in his preface, "I am certain that il will soon attain the stature or one of the few great classics on this fasrinal!n� and many-faceted subject." It thoroughly covers the theories, methods, equipment. and pivotal scientitlc and human factors­ for everyone with either a Cun<'­ lional or general interest in any aspect or the development of pracllcal space fl lght. :J.,,ee :Je,,-day Gxaminalion ----,I r------------------ 1 I I I I I I I I McGraw-Hill Book Co., 327 W. 41st St., N.Y.C., Dept. SJ-59-1 Semi me .\<la111,· 81'.\('E FLl(:IIT tor l(J dU,\'.'\. CXltolllli.H 1011 un 8JJ 1)10\lll. fn Ill cl,1\:-, I \\ill ,emit $Li .iO, plW! ft•\\ c·t.•nls th•lheo. or rc1u111 book 1,0!-o.tpai tl. f\\e oa� clt-lht·r,· it ,ou rt.•111h ,, Ith thh (.'OUl)Orl-!-Ulltl' ll'tllrll vrl\ii��\·' Cit, · ... Zone I I ..... ....... I I State, . .. .. . .. I . ...... I �--------------------------� For 1.11-fce, 011t,l<lt.> l '.� .. wil1e �kl:1a\\ 11111 1111·1. X. Y l'o ilioo :<J-5!1•1 29 space journal : �--METEORITES GLOBAL REPORTING * Russia Soviet cosmic ray studies are being pursued at a new Pamira Mountains scientific center in Central Asia. The center is equipped with a 70-ton electromagnet, a cloud chamber, an ionization hodoscope, and automatic control equipment. When the apparatus is assembled, Soviet scientists will be able to detect the flux of cosmic particles over a wide area. Studies of nuclear interac­ * tions at energies of 50-billion electron volts ore going on, too. A Soviet satellite for relaying TV broadcasts appears to be in the planning stages, with scientists anxious to carry out preliminary tests of both the rocket vehicle and the broadcast relay apparatus. The decision to push ahead with such a pion was mode lost January by the TV section of the USSR Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Technology and Electrical Communications. It is claimed that a steady reception would be assured throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. Thus, the TV satellite would give the Russians on "electronic foot" in the door of countries inhabited by * some 2.2 billion persons. The Moscow City Council is sponsoring a contest among Soviet sculptors for the design of a monument in commemoration of the launchin g of Sputnik I. Many models and designs hove been submitted and ore currently on view in Moscow for public reaction. Visitors to the ex­ hibition ore asked to write their comments on v arious designs as on aid to the panel of judges that will make the final selection. * Great Britain A Space medicine symposium, organized by the British Interplanetary Society and the Royal Air Force, Institute of Aviation Medicine, was held on 16 October 1958. The subjects discussed included the effects of conditions Ii kely to be encountered in Space (excessive ac­ * celeration, weightlessness, radiation, temperature extremes, etc.) and means for their mitigation, food supplies, psychology, current research pro grams, etc. The new British rocket testing center "Spadea dam" is now under construction near Carlisle, Cumberland. The project, which includes a complete settlement with restaurants, recreation halls, stores, hospital, fire house, is being erected with g overnment funds. After completion it will be mode available to the rocket and missile divisions of Rolls Royce and de Hovillond. * FRANCE The French atomic scientist C.-N. Mortin hos come to the conclusion that the Russian Sput­ niks were not launched from the Caspian Sea a reo but from the Ukraine. He reports his reasons in 30 Les Satellites Artificiels. space journal • �* United States The United States Air Force recently disclosed that it has been recovering recorded scien­ tific information from outer space with some of its Thor and Atlas missile flights that carry op­ erational nose cones. The nose cone, developed by General Electric, is equipped with a "messenger" that records data during flight. Before the nose cone returns to Earth, the "messenger" is ejected from it by a small jato unit. The "messenger" itself is a small plastic sphere 18 inches in diameter. It contains a tape recorder, a junction box, a battery pack, dye markers, and a sofar sounding bomb. The plastic is strong enough to protect the instruments yet light enough to allow the * "messenger" to float in water. 4 A four-man experimental Space station, launched by an Atlas missile and orbiting 400 miles above Earth, has been proposed by the Convair Division of General Dynamics Corporation. According to the proposal which the firm says could be a reality within five years from the starting date, an Atlas without nose cone or associated weapons gear would be fired into orbit. The shell would be equipped as a Space station. Escape gliders are fastened to the back for return to Earth. * United Nations The abolition of national claims to the Moon and the planets of the Solar System is expected to be a major issue on the provisional agenda of the United Nations Assembly. Secretary General Dag Hammarshkjold voicing the proposals of the United States and Russia has called for inter­ national agreement which would rule that outer Space should be a community affair with individual power claims to celestial bodies illegal. 31 space journal �INT 0 SPACE The Moon has beckoned for ten thousand years To tribes and generations of mankind; And now this world is ringing loud with cheers As men set out, another world to find. The Greeks before us watched the stars, and dreamed Of travellers beyond this earthly sphere; They gazed enraptured ot the Moon, which seemed To beckon-and which filled their souls with fear. The Middle Ages came and passed, devoid Of any hope, beyond the realm of dreams That men could ever travel in the void Through which the Moon sends down its golden beams. For space flight once was just a prayer, but now We stand upon the verge of knowing how. by Wade Wellman "Through science we seek to owoken man to his philosophical significance in the setting of the Universe. This activity of science hos never been more dominant than ii is today. for, whereas the men of yesterday were interested in extending their frontiers merely over the face of the Earth, we ore today extending our fron• tiers into Outer Space, thinking not of one world but of many." ANDREW C. IVY "I believe that the time hos arrived for medical investigation of the problems of manned Rocket flight, for it will not be the engineering problems but rather the limits of the human frame that will make the final decision as to whether manned Space flight will eventually become a Reality." WERNHER von BRAUN �dynamics of life in the universe By John Hutley John Hulley was barn in Florida and edu• cated in Europe and the United States, gradu• ating mo9no cum laude from Harvard in 19AA. A veteran of World War II, he has worked far the Office al Strategic Services as a historian and was chief of the European Regional Stoll in the Washington headquarters of the Marshall Pion. Al present he lives in Washington, D. C. where he is doing original research into Space philosophy from the ecological approach. The preceding article (Space Journal, Sum• mer, 1958) described human activity from on ecological aspect: seeking expansion and survival, humans may carry life from planet to planet. Illustrations were taken from na­ ture os we observe it on Eorth 's surface. The next step is to examine the hypothesis from the point of view of nature os we observe it in the Universe around us. At this level, the interacting forces ore simpler ond more fundamental. During most of recorded history, men have gazed upon the heavens with a mixture of wonder and foreboding. In the heavens they personified forces which could give, alter or remove life. These personi.ficotions represented a view of reality which approximated the truth. One important error, however, was the shortness of time-concepts; the end of the world hos been anticipated on specific dotes which turned out to be incorrect. In recent centuries, the pendulum hos swung the other way. The extreme view was adopted that the present order of things is eternal. The first telescopes revealed only stable revolutions in our planetary system. Discarding historical beliefs, early scientists substituted a relaxing view of invariable and perpetual motions in a calm Universe. Today we have bigger telescopes, as well as spectroscopes and radiotelescopes, sup­ plemented by increasing microscopic observa­ tions and a growing kn0wledge of Earth's history. The application of physical sciences takes us out of static analysis and introduces us to the dynamics of the Universe. In the words of C. Payne-Goposchkin, Ten years ago in our hypotheses of cosmic evolution we were thinking in terms of gravitation and light pressure.••. Tomor­ row we may contemplate a galaxy that ts essentially a gravitating, turbulent electromagnet. (Scientific American, September, 19 53) Modern astronomy is approaching a, middle position between the extreme views of earlier times. We live in a cosmos, the forces of which can indeed create, change or remove life. All bodies in the Universe-stars, comets, planets, asteroids, meteors, cosmic clouds and dust-are composed of the same atoms; all are radiant, but in different degrees. Stars rep­ resent the highest degree of atomic activity. Nuclear fusion occurs at temperatures ranging from thousands to millions of degrees. This process transforms an original supply of hydro­ gen into other types of atoms. In their forma­ tive stages, stars may cast off the aggregations of matter which form the lesser bf>dies of the Universe. While the degree of stellar radiation varies, it is always intense. On smaller bodies, atomic activity is sub­ stantially below the level of nuclear fusion. On their surfaces, the relative coolness permits 33 space journal �the stability of atomic structure. Under certain limited conditions, a planetary surface may support processes which cannot occur in the nuclear furnace of a star. With the right combinat· ion of atoms, with sufficient gravity to retain atmosphere, and under the stimulus of stellar radiation, complex transformations and activities may develop on the planetary surface. Chemists have long since shown how the more complex inorganic compounds arise from simpler ones. In recent years, American scien­ tists have also shown how molecules essential te organic life may develop. They have at­ tempted to simulate the conditions and stimuli occurring on our planet several hundred million years ago. At that time, the surface probably consisted of oceans of the simpler atoms. Without plants, there could be no oxygen or ozone shield. Consequently stellar rays would beat directly upon the oceans. The resulting reactions have been partly reproduced in the laboratory, with various groups of atoms and electrical stimuli. The product was amino acids. These are key acids necessary to the build-up of proteins, which in turn ore essential to organic life. What has particularly interested scientists is the fact that varying combinations of atoms under varying stimuli produced amino acids. The tendency to evolve molecules essential for the life process occurs in varying con­ ditions. Together with other finds, these experiments narrow the gap between chemistry and biology. The bridge between the two has not yet been found, but the continuing progress sustains scientific opinion that it exists: life naturally evolves in appropriate situations. So far as we can observe, the evolutionary process may be taking place on at least one other of the planets in our solar system. Ob­ serving the uniformity of the Universe and the commonness of our Sun, leading astronom­ ers today infer that similar processes are occur­ ring on a proportionate number of the bil­ lions of planets estimated to be in our galaxy. On the basis of our present understanding of Earthly evolution, it appears that plant life must come first, because it depends direct- 34 space journal ly on Solar radiation. Once it appears, it discharges oxygen. The resulting build-up of atmosphere absorbs or scatters back about 30 percent of the Solar energy, including particularly the ultraviolet. This protection both preserves life and slows down the rate of transformation at the planetary surface. The evolution of species occurs through genetic mutations. These may be stimulated by residual radioactivity at the surface; by such radiation as pierces the atmosphere; by thermal, chemical and unknown forces, inter­ nal or external. Experiments have shown that mutations are induced by such stimuli. Radiation from stars like our Sun changes susbtantially. In the long run it rises steadily. Medium-term fluctuations raise or lower its intensity. These changes in stellar radiation not only determine whether life will evolve, but also the rate of duration of its evolution. The long-run trend determines how long a planetary surface will be favorable to organic life. According to E. J. Oepik (Scientific American, June, 1958), Solar radiation be­ came sufficiently intense for continuous life on Earth about 750 million years ago. Prior to that date, medium-term fluctuations may hove stimulated the origin of life several separate times before continuous life became possible. About one billion years in the future, similar discontinuities may result from fluctuations around the long-term trend toward excessive radiation. Fifty million miles further from our Sun, Mars now receives much less radiation. Ob­ servations indicate that only primitive forms of life, such as algae, lichens and fungi, have developed on its surface thus far. Provided the water shortage is not prohibitive, it should become more favorable as increasing radia­ tion makes Earth less so. Conceivably the ice-laden surfaces of Jupi­ ter and the further planets may in turn become more hospitable to such life as can adapt to their gravity. At some point, however, the long­ run curve of solar radiation will begin to rise sharply. Our Sun's expansion will reach explosive proportions, and lif�, y,,ill no longer be possible in this planetary system. During the hundreds of millions of years that the long-term trend favors life on a partic- ��ular planet, the medium-term cycle markedly hod acted as barriers to its earlier ver­ affects it. Oepik attributes Earth's 250-million sions. (Scientific Monthly, Moy, 19 57) year recurrence of Ice Ages to periodic de­ Mobility is essential to this process. The clines in Solar radiation. During the six mil­ lion years of an Ice Age, the ice cap may advance and recede. Such glaciations as doily weather. As new species evolve, capable of utilizing environmental forms of energy well as other crustal disturbances select those more effectively than others, species which can adapt to them. through migration. Plants ore as migrant as they expand The evolution of new forms may also be animals in the long run; the seeds of most affected by fluctuations in radiation. Paleon­ botanical species ore adopted to transport tology divides the history of life on Earth by wind or water, on the fur or feathers of into a series of ages. Ages are characterized animals and birds as well as in their intestines. by the prolonged stability of their various Over periods of time, continuing inter­ species; the rate of evolution is slight. Shorter change of species permits those best adopted intervening periods separate the ages; during for any locality to displace those less adopted. these, the extinction of old species and muta­ The result is the development of interdepend­ tion of new ones apparently occur at a massive ent ecological communities which take maxi­ rate. mum advantage of the solar and other energy Changes of temperature and radiation may account for these simultaneous extinc­ tions and mutations. continuing process. The origin, rate, direction and possible conclusion of evolution are forms of interaction between variable stellar radia­ tion and planetary enviroment. The tendency of evolution is to absorb on increasing amount of Solar energy through the activity of increasingly complex forms of life. available in any particular climatic region. Occasional natural calamities may denude Elemental sensitivity to radiation is thus a Simple forms, like algae, utilize Solar energy directly. A fuller use is achieved by interdependent organisms. Plants, insects, birds and other animals are able to absorb more energy by specialization and exchange. Through mutation, these complex interde­ pendent forms evolve. In the words of H. J. Muller, whole areas. Migration permits species to sur­ vive such events and subsequently to revitalize those areas. Land which hos been laid bore by fire, flood or other local catastrophe re­ ceives solar energy only to dissipate it into Space. Gradually the seeds of cru�e plant forms, borne by wind, birds or other carriers, take root. Certain types of insect life migrate into the area, attracted by the plants. When they have adequately developed the top-so-ii, more advanced plants move in, displacing the previous inhabitants and making possible the arrival of higher types of animal life. Thus, over a century or two, the area progresses to what ecologists coll a "climax" community­ a close-knit and delicately balanced system of plants, insects and animals. Living matter, unlike non-living, is by rea­ son of its doubling and redoubling al­ 36 environment varies with seasons, latitudes and Oce0<1s bar mig�ation of most land species other than man. Until times, the ways tending to expand, not like a gos separate that becomes more dilute and feebler varying in their degree of in the process, but with increase of its energy-utiHzation. As a general rule, larger moss and no relenting of its pressure out­ areas developed more advanced forms of life ward and because they afforded greater opportunity crevices. In fact, the pressure of the liv­ for variation and selection. In the Americas ing matter tends to increase with its ex­ and in Australia, species were fewer and often and into diverse corners continents modern supported communities adoption and pansion, since at the same time, by more primitive than those of the Afro-Eurasian means of its mutations, it is trying out all land moss. They were still sparser on islands. sorts of new versions of itself and per­ About a million years ago our highly-spe­ petuating and sending furthest forward cialized form of life evolved on the large con­ Physically weak and dependent on those that con expand the fastest and tinent. that con enter regions and situations that other species for the conversion of space journal Solar �energy, man has an intelligence which per­ mits the use of tools. During 99 percent of the period from then till now, our ancestors ex­ perimented with stones, sharpening them for use in catching and processing other animals; their societies receded and advanced in the face of the cyclical glaciations of the present Ice Age. Then about 10,000 years ago, they developed carpentry. They began to ex­ ploit the environment, and gradually became the most mobile of species. During the last five centuries, men have overcome the ocean barrier. As they crossed the seas with increasing frequency, our fore­ fathers carried other forms of life. In part this process was intentional: they took their favorite trees, flowers and pets, as well as the plants and animals they wanted to consume. Probably to a greater extent, it was unintentional: seeds, insects and sometimes even larger forms of life chanced to accompany the voyagers. Dar­ win, among others, noted the beneficent effects of human mobility in advancing the levels of organic life on areas previously cut off from one another. Transoceanic mobility was a big step when it occurred. But it has become evident that human powers far exceed this accomplish­ ment. Men explore the highest mountains, descend to the oceans' depths, balloon into the atmosphere. The development of aerial Aight and the first probings of outer Space have led to preliminary experiments in the direction of interplanetary exploration. There seems to be no limit to our mobility so long as environments at both ends of the trip are hospitable. To expand our efficiency we have exploited other organic life and reduced the net absorp­ tion of Solar energy. But the cost is small com­ pared to the possible gains. The achievement of interplanetary mobility would make it possi­ ble to expand wherever the temporary condi­ tions in a variable Universe permit. Here on Earth, we are familiar wit-h minor variations and disturbances. Atmospheric changes give us cloudy or clear skies, wind, rain, snow, hail, lightning and the like. We adapt to these. The tilt of our planet's axis gives us seasons, and we adapt to these. Occasional disturbances include local hur­ ricanes, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes. Photograph by Dr. V. Ben Meen CHUBB CRATER FROM THE AIR-The crater, perfectly round and more than two miles across al the rim, is an unmistakable landmark from the air. It was explored and proved to be of meteoritic origin by a Notional Geographic .Society-Royal Ontario Museum expedition during July and August, 1951. Our mobility permits us to min1m1ze losses and afterwards to restore life to demand areas. On a larger scale the cosmos offers many hazards, as well as stimuli, to planetary life. These occur at • a leisurely pace, spanning millions of years. But they are correspondingly much greater, and sometimes destructive to celestial bodies. Long as are the time-periods, they are only fractions of that needed for the evolution of advanced life. Consequently an effective organic response must include suffi­ cient specialization and mobility to adapt to them. In addition to the cycles of Solar radiation, other events occur. As yet we know too little to predict them all; but the time spans between major events appear to be much longer than between minor ones. Some of the hazards of the Universe are relatively small-useful as reminders that they do exist. Perhaps a few thousand meteors strike our atmosphere each day. Occasionally one is large enough to come down to the surface and even more infrequent ones are 37 space journal �A National Geographic Society-Royal Ontario Museum Expedition under the direction of Dr. Vidor Ben Meen, Museum geologist, in 1951 probed the mysterious crater daily for four weeks and concluded that it was formed by the crash of a meteor some 30 to 150 centuries ago. Frederick Chubb (above, left), pro$tpecfor and explorer who first spotted the crater, and Dr. Meen (right) describe their field procedure to a visiting scientist, Dr. I. W. Jones, chief of the Geological Surveys Branch of the Quebec Dep artment of Mines. large enough to mark the surface. Canyon Dioblo in Arizona is ¾-ths of a mile across and 600 feet deep. Chubb Crater in Canada is bigger. Other craters may have been formed and subsequently erased by wind, rain and organic life. The 30,000 craters on the earthward side of the Moon may illustrate what our planet would look like without these erosive forces. Asteroids are much fewer and less likely to collide with our planet. On the other hand, their size-up to 400 miles in diameter­ would end life over a substantial area. Comets range from 4 to 20 times Earth's diameter; but they are so thin that collision would or­ dinarily have little effect. Collisions between planets or other large objects may occur. The asteroid belt, the 38 space journal meteors and the bodies reflecting zodiacal light are all thought to be remnants of a planet which used to circle at one remove from us, between Mars and Jupiter. We do not yet know the cause of its break-up; it hos tentatively been attributed to collision. Another possible type of planetary dis­ turbance is a shift of axis while remaining in orbit. Magnetic analysis of ancient rocks in­ dicates that Earth's polarization has been at various times opposite and perpendicular to its present direction. The location of ice­ cap remnants below, and on, the present equator may be interpretec' in support of what Gold and Hoyle call "polar toppling." However, there is no agreement yet on the evidence or on the internal or external forces which might cause such shifts. �On a water-dominated planet like ours, polar toppling would induce continental floods. A Great Flood, the story of which is told in most ancient sacred/epic works, perhaps really happened. As those oral traditions indicate, however, partial survival of animal life is likely, especially if preparatory measures have been taken. The chance of collision between stars of different galaxies seems to be greater than it is between stars of the same galaxy. Galaxies are quadrillions of miles across, and move at thousands of miles per second. In con­ sequence, their paths occasionally intersect. Members of the Coma metagalaxy, for in­ stance, are sufficiently close together that in­ tersection of two or more of its galaxies must occur every 150 million years on the average. Several galactic intersections are currently under observation (a most striking one at NGC 5128). But they are too far away for us to ascertain much about them, except that they are the loudest transmitters of radio noise in the Universe. Stars are so widely spaced that galaxies probably pass through one another with only a few actual collisions. Near misses might affect stars and their planets in various ways. Such effects could stimulate life on some, retard or destroy it on others. These are the types of turbulence which Comparison of the enlarged view of the Moon's crater Copernicus indicates striking similarities to craters on Earth. © National Geographic Society �·::es-- Locking the Earth's dense atmospheric protection, the Moon hos been scarred by a perpetual deluge of meteorites. scientists are investigating today. Natural simultaneously, conditions, stimuli, events disrupt the courses of celestial bodies, planets just as hurricanes and other phenomena oc­ disturbances casionally overwhelm localities on Earth. liv­ ing organisms must be especially sensitive to will vary. Some variations will encourage the growth of advanced forms of life. Others will such events. not. Some areas may be relatively rich, others The variable character of the Universe probably makes the advancement of evolution and intervening time periods relatively barren in the evolution of plant and animal communities. size, age and radiation. Their planets may The evidence of this planet suggests that hundreds of miltions of years are required vary in size, composition and distance fr<>m to reach our level. Over so long a period different on different planets. 40 their suns. If evolution proceeds on billions of space journal Stars vary in �environmental changes may exceed favorable limits. Radiation is a principal determinant. A planet now well-suited for life may, in a preceding age, have undergone an excessive drop or increase in radiation. Fire or ice may have left only primeval organisms to take ad­ vantage of the intervening favorable period. Other hazards may have had similar effects. More often than not, the evolution of life on a planet may be interrupted before it reaches advanced stages. This conclusion par­ allels biological observations here. Nature's lavish method is to initiate far more life than need ever reach maturity. On the other hand, some planets may sup­ port a more luxuriant variety of life than has evolved on Earth. These would offer species which could advantageously be transferred to less developed planets. Somewhere, too, beings may hove evolved at least as complex and as mobile as ourselves. Possible relation­ ships between such beings from different planets stretch our imagination (and may stretch theirs also). Among planets, differences would probably be much greater than those which our ances­ tors discovered between the continents and islands of Earth. The natural remedy is the some. Mobility allows life to recede, advance and adapt to changing conditions. Through mobility, it can strive for optimum development in every area where conditions ore currently favorable. Migrant life con revitalize areas denuded by turbulence. It can seek opportunities on planets just entering favorable periods. It can explore the attendant bodies around new stars. In the earlier stages of evolution, galac­ tic intersection makes the future of an in­ dividual planet uncertain; but to an advanced and agile community, it offers a rare op­ portunity for intergalactic migration. If time, wisdom and circumstances are ade­ quate, we on Earth may become mobile in Space. Seeking expansion, our species is fully involved in the organic response to the chal­ lenges of the environment. We are part of the Universe. We shore the natural instinct to en­ large the domain of present as well as of future generations. Like those who went before us, we probe new frontiers. We are explorers, pioneers. AT LAST -The Complete International Story of ROCKETRY AND SPACE EXPLORATION By Andrew G. Haley President, International Astronautical Federation HERE IS the whole exciting story of modern rocketry from its earliest beginnings through World War II, right up to today's launchings of missiles and satellites. Here are the famous men and milestones in the development of rocketry . . . facts on rocket production in the U. S. and abroad, and a glimpse of the fantastic future of Man's conquest of space. How Rockets Work This huge book (almost a foot high!) tells you the complete history of rocketry-its origin, the "back­ yard" rocketeers of the 30's--the German V-2, and World War II's contribution. With 170 dramatic il­ lustrations and authoritative text, it explains in simple, nontechnical terms exactly how rockets operate. Describes the Atlas, Titan, Thor, Nike, X-15, rocket airplane of the future, the Sputnik, the Vanguard, and the Explorers. A Glimpse of the Future This u1,-to-the-minute book looks ahead to rockels propelled by ions, nuclear energy, and even light itself; to manned satellites and space craft; and to the in­ credible explorations of the universe that now appear within reach. Examine it Free for 10 Days Simply mail coupon to examine book for 10 days-F'REE. If not delighted with the book, return it; owe nothing. Other­ wise, send only $6.75 (or easy installments, if you wish). D. Von Nostrand Co., De1,t. 401, 120 Alex­ ander St., Princeton, N. J. (Est. 1848). -------------------� D. V•n Nestrand Company, Inc., Dept. 401, 120 Alexander Street, ,rinceton, New Jersey Send me-for 10 days' FREE examination­ Rocketry And Space Exploration. If not tle­ lighted, [ will ret,urn book; owe nothing. Other­ wise, I will remit $1.75, plus small shipping cost, and 52.60 a month for 2 months. Nome _________________ PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY Addres>----------------- □ City ______ Zone_ State______ SA VE-Check box if enclosing full pay­ ment ($6.75) with this coupon. Then WE will pay all shipping costs. Same returnfor-:refund privilege applies. In Canada, Address D. Von Nostrand Company Ltd. 25 Hollinger Rood, Toronto 16, Canada (Price slightly higher) -------------------· 41 space journal �radiation• 1n space travel BY What, effects of stages of tions ore JAN S. then, are the actual limitatic,ns and this radiation? As with the beginning many undertakings, certain Gssump­ sometimes necessary. Here we must PAUL A Geiger Counter used in connection with radiation ex­ periments conducted by the Explorer earth satellites. Jan S. Paul wos born in lowo ond lives in Colifornio. She specialized in nuclear engineer• ing when much of the free World hod never heord of the field. She ocquired her Ph.D. from She served with Phoenix University in Italy. the British ond toter the U.S. forces during World Wor II, ond with the Air force Public lnformollon Office in Korea. Dr. Poul is now specializing in radiation pathology and is en• gaged in teaching ond reseorch. With the confirmation of the presence of bands of dangerous radiation in Space, the concern over the effects of such radiation on man and materials ceased to be the sole con­ cern of nuclear scientists, and became a part of the Space and rocket engineer's thinking as well. What is the significance of all this? First of all it should not be assumed that such find­ ings will prevent, or even appreciably slow down the research now going on; we may still travel to the Moon and beyond in due time. The basic problem of keeping radiation inside a reactor is much the same as that of keeping it out of a Space ship. Therefore, with many of these basic problems already solved, the direction from here will be pri­ marily in adaption and modification. assume that this radiation is the same basic type with which we are familiar on Earth and that the same basic irradiation principles are true. The National Committee on Radiation Exposure has set the permissible radiation dose at 15 roentgens per year, or 0.3 rotent­ gens per week, based on the curie system of measurement in which radioactivity undergoes 3.700 x l 0 10 disintegrations per second. In such case, 15 roentgens is the maximum safety factor for which Space engineers must plan, design, and build. But just what happens to the human organism beyond that limit? Experiments, conducted for the most part on animals, have brought to light the following facts: An excess overall total dose of l 000 roet­ gen will produce a shortening of average life expectancy by five years. An excess dose of l 00 to l 000 roentgens causes a marked decrease in the weight of the spleen and thymus. �The kidneys are affected by excess doses of l 00 to 500 roetgens; and an excess dose of 50 to 300 roentgens was found to affect the sex organs. However, only one organ, the eye, need ever cause immediate concern. It was found that a dose of l 2 .5 roentgens-less than one year's total exposure if directed only at the eyes-could cause tendencies toward cata­ racts. But let us note carefully two words­ could and tendencies. What this means is that for certain persons 1 2 .5 roentgens of radia­ tion on the eyes could be dangerously harm­ ful, just as for some, the sting of a bee or the bite of a spider may prove deadly, while for others the effect would be simply uncom­ fortable. The obvious conclusion appears to be that Space engineers will work out protective ratios to take care of the overall exposure and to keep the dosage below the l 5 roentgen level. Perhaps leaded glass goggles will be the vogue for all Space travelers. Regardless of the technicalities, one fact remains: man will travel through Space safely. These bands of radiation may call for changes in ideas and designs in Space gear; but they will neither halt, nor slow down to any appreciable ex­ tent, man's conquest of Space. foRME.R A.E.C. (MAIRMAN L•EWIS STRAUSS ONCE STATED,'' TM ERE AR'E. THRE E KINDS OF PM VSICISTS; THEO�ETICAL, APPLIED, AND POLITICAL�' THE NAME OF E.OWAR.P TELLE� STANDS OUT IN ALL CAT.A60RIES. As AN EXAMPLE-MIS PORE RESEARCH IN STELLAR FUSION WAS LATER APPLIED IN PE.VELOPIN6 TME MVt>RO<iEN 80MB. TELLER. THEN M A D TO OEFENI> TME DECISION TO MAKE. THE BOMB AGAINST MANY OF MIS SCIENTIFIC. COLLEAGUES LIU> BY ROBERT OPPENHEIMER AND A L ASl<iE SEGMENT OF THE PUBLIC. TELLER, OF <.OUR�E., OID NONE OF THIS SINGLE MANt>ED, BUT HIS L£APERSHIP WON MIM THE UNOFFICIAL TITLE� FATHER OF THE l-f-8oM8': EVEN BEFORE THAT,HE WAS INFLUENTIAL IN PERSUADING &INSTEIN TO WR.ITE HIS NOW-FAMOUS LETTER. TO F.D.R. ,. THAT INITIATED MANHAT TAN PROJEC T' ANO TME ATOMIC AGE. ITELLER. ORN �o YEARS A<:ro 1N HUNGARY, FLED STRIFE TO�N A ND ANTI-SEMITIC EUROPE WHEN THE NAZI THREAT LOOMED. 1-41S STRON6 PEVOTION TO MIS ADOPTED COUNTRY IS EVIDENCED BY HIS M16MLV VOCAL COHCERN OVER RUSSIAN PROGRESS IN SC.IENCE. �E MAS BEEN TIRELESS IN HIS EFFORT TO AWAl(EN TME U.c;. �LLER WORKED E)(TE.NSIVELV WITH THE LATE ENRICO FERMI AT CHtc.AGO'S INSTITUTE FOR NUCLEA� STUDIES. AT PRESENT HE IS CARRYING ON RESEARCH AT CAL-TECH. * * * 43 space journal �project star By Helmut Hoeppner and B. Spencer lsbefl Editor's Nole: Helmut Hoeppner (left) wos born in Ue<kueb, Turkey, in 1911 ond attended the Technical Academy, Chemnitz, Germany, ond the Technical University, Dresden. After groduolion, he worked for the Klemm Aircraft Company in Stuttgart, Germany. He served a short tour in the German Luftwaffe and then became an associate of Dr. Wernher von Broun ot Peene­ munde, where he worked on the development of the V-2 ond other rockets. He become on engineer for the Messerschmitt Aircraft Company, Augsburg, ond helped to develop lhe ME-163 and ME-262 jet aircraft. From 1951 to 1954, he wos employed by the International Business Machine Corporation in Stuttgart. In 1954, at the sug­ gestion of Dr. Wolter Dornberger, he come to America as on aeronautical engineer for the Bell Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo, New York. In 1956, he joined his former co-workers ot Peenemunde at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. He is presently a Senior Scientist for Astronautics with the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, Michi­ gan. A member of the Germon Rocket Society, the British Interplanetary Society, ond the Ameri­ can Rocket Society, he hos published many articles ond reports in the field of astronautics. B. Spencer Isbell (right) is a native of Bir­ mingham, Alabama, and attended the University of Alobomo, where he majored in both mechani­ cal and aeronautical engineering. Since 1951 ho hos been employed as on Aeronautical Engi­ neer ot Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama. He presently serves on the technical staff Office of Director, Develop111ent Operations Di­ vision, Army Ballistic Missile Agency. He is a member of the American Rocket Society, the British Interplanetary Society, the American As­ sociation for the Advancement of Science, ond the American Astronautical Society. He is on the editorial staff of Astronautical Sciences Review and is editor of SPACE Journal. First Interstellar Voyage by Earthmen Interstellar Space travel will be feasible as soon as man has mastered travel between the planets of our own Solar System. Contrary to the present contention by many astronauts that man's technology will require hundreds, and even thousands, of years to carry him beyond our planets, he can extend his explorations to the stars within a few years after he reaches Mars. If man's past history on Earth is any indication of future events, there is little doubt that he will find the justification and soar past Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and 44 space journal This is on introduction lo a series of articles on interstellar Space travel which SPACE in periodically appear will Journal. The authors confined this presen­ tation to a discussion of the project's concept, assumptions, ond design ap­ proach. A more detailed explanation of the system, design, and performance will be given in future installments of the series. Pluto to one of the Sun's nearest neighbors within the family of stars we know as our galaxy. Today, it is anyone's guess what motiva­ tion will provoke Earthmen to venture beyond the vastness of their own Solar System. Per­ haps John Hulley 1 has found the key to the answer in his ecological approach to a defini­ tion of the role of humanity. Hulley postulates that the primary purpose of the Homosopiens is to carry life from planet to planet. Dr. Philip N. Shockey suggests other possible mo­ tives in this issue of SPACE Journal. The rea­ son may evolve as a by-product of inter­ planetary travel. Exploration of our own Solar System is certain to solve many of today's mysteries. The newfound knowledge could reveal previously unknown dangers to life in this Solar System-triggering one of man's oldest prime movers, self-preservation. As strange as it may seem, astronomers know more in some respects about distant stars than they do about the planets in our own Solar System. The planets ore visible only in the reflected light of the Sun. Stars, on the other hand, shine in their own light, permitting astronomers to learn much about them through spectroscopes and other equip­ ment. An example of this advanced knowl­ edge of the stars is that, by comparison, our Sun is a third magnitude star. There ore 1 The Purpose Of Mon In The Universe", SPACE Journal, summer issue, 1958. �. •· , . • • . ·. ... ... ·. ·, • • • ·♦ ,:. : + • .. . ,- EARTH • -;.,.t" e· � ..· NOTE: FULL SOLAR SYSTEMS NOT SHOW ��It REASONS OF CLARITY AN� ANETS ARE NOT TO SCALE. �billions of stars in the Universe radiating more energy than our Sun. And, too, other stars have many more planets orbiting around them than does our Sun. As the destination solar system for this study, we have selected our Sun's closest neighbor-Proxima Centauri. With this selec­ tion, we assume the existence of a planet "X" orbiting about Proxima Centauri with environ­ mental conditions (gravity, atmosphere, and celestial mechanics) similar to those of Earth. Since the first interstellar Space pioneers will face many circumstances beyond our pres­ ent capacity to foresee, planet "X" could be one hundred million years younger than Earth. Aside from the probability that planet "X" would not be the same age as Earth, the prospect of visiting a planet in an evolutionary stage of development so different from Earth as we know it is of such interest that it could be added to any primary objective Project Star might have. A glance at the illustration on the opposite page will help the reader to appreciate two considerations important to the concept of Project Star. It is apparent that the distance covered by our projected journey is small in relation to distances involved in our Solar System and the Universe as a whole. But, the distance of Proxima Centauri from our Sun and planet seems enormous, indeed, when compared to the interplanetary distances to Venus or Mars. This second consideration should bring to mind the often-published times ( 146 days to Venus, 260 days to Mars) needed for such trips. These time estimates are based on the planet's closest approach to Earth (34.5 million miles for Mars and 25 million miles for Venus) and the speeds attainable from existing or proven designs for propulsion power. The major obstacle to interstellar Space travel, and Project Star, is time and man's limited life span. Before this or any inter­ stellar voyage can be undertaken, a power­ plant must be designed and developed which will propel Space ships at a speed close to that of light (about 186,300 miles per second). At least one distinguished missile and Space expert, Dr. Eugen Sanger, director of the Institute of Jet Propulsion Physics at the Tech­ nical University of Stuttgart, Germany, has 46 space journal predicted that man may be traveling at 670 million miles an hour (almost the speed of light) within the next 50 years. It is not within the scope of this article to discuss either the feasibility of photon (light) propulsion or traveling at or near the speed of light. The design feasibility and relativistic effects will be discussed in future articles of this series and by other contributors to SPACE Journal. The important thing here is to make it clear to the reader that Project Star must be based upon such an extreme assumption. The considerations necessary to Space ship design are relative to both the environmental conditions through which the ship will move and the transportation system. It is logical, therefore, to approach the problems of inter­ stellar travel by considering simultaneously the conditions encountered and the concept of the system. The interstellar Space ship must travel through the Earth's atmosphere and gravita­ tional field, the near vacuum and practically gravity-free conditions beyond the sensible atmosphere, and, finally, descend through the atmosphere and gravitational field of the destination planet. Since we have assumed planet "X" to be 1 00 million years younger than Earth, and we know that Earth's atmos­ phere was more dense at that time, we can assume that planet "X" has a very dense atmosphere. This means that we will have three distinctly different environmental con­ ditions to move through. With this in mind, we can divide the transportaton system into three phases: first, the placement of units into an orbit around Earth; second, the long jour­ ney from the Earth's orbit to an orbit around planet "X"; and third, the placement of units to planet "X". The phases are of course re­ versed for the return trip to Earth. Consider for a moment the complexity 0f the four-dimensional planning necessary for efficient and economical Space travel by an analogy to Earthbound transportation systems which involve only two-dimensional planning. Airplane arrivals and departures are impor­ tant to the operation of our airlines today. But whereas the airplane leaves one stationary airfield and arrives at a second airfield, also stationary; the Space ship departs from � planet or Space satellite which is moving and must meet another planet or orbiting body �PLANET "X" LANDING AND TAKE-OFF VEHICLE ASTRA-d... -001 A ------- --------- ------------------- --- K J 3rd STAGE (RETURN) M F -· K L ----­ -- ----------- ---------, J ---- --- -- -- - - ---- -- --- 2nd STAGE 1st STAGE OXIDlllll DECELERATION STAGE AND LAUNCHING PLATFORM H '"'--...., • CROSS SECTION OF RING CONTAINERS CJ FUEL AND OXIDIZER TANKS A-DETACHABLE NOSE CONE 8-RE-ENTRY NOSE CONE c-CONTROL ROOM D-CREW QUARTERS E-ELEVATOR ENTRANCE F-ENGINE ACCESS TUNNEL G-ELEVATOR SHAFT H-TELESCOPING ELEVATOR SECTION I-ELEVATOR EXIT J-CONVENTIONAL ROCKET ENGINES K-COMBINATION TURBO-RAM JET ENGINES L-FINS/OUTRIGGERS M-WINGS/OUTRIGGERS 47 space journal �Veloc1ty Distribution Curve for Project Star CONSTANT LIGHT SPEE0 \..7 J -t-----�---.,C.---+--� i--------1---�� /c . PLANET 'X' EARTH O 5 YEAR---+ot--------◄.I YEA-S-------..o---0 rnM which is also moving. If for one reason or an­ other an airplane is off schedule, its passen­ gers may be delayed for several hours. Should Space ships for any reason be off schedule, the loss of time for some voyages would amount to years. Suppose, for example, on our return tr-ip from planet "X" to Earth, the Space ship foils to reach Earth's orbit at the calculated time. Earth would have moved on in its path around the Sun. The Space ship could chase ofter Earth and overtake it, pro­ vided there were sufficient propellant avail­ able. If not, the Space ship must "coast" in an orbit near to the Earth's orbit around the Sun until Earth and Space ship have caught up with each other. The loss of time could be more than one year. The vehicle design and system concept for Project Star are based on the three phases of the journey and a four-dimensional planning system already mentioned. For optimum effi­ ciency and economy, the four-dimensional timing system requires that certain units (pro­ pulsion stages, fuel containers, servicing units, etc.) be preplaced into their appropriate positions (orbits) along the way. The pre­ placed units become, in effect, satellites or "Space stations." They are also functional parts of the transportation system and ore assembled in orbit entirely from components (empty containers, instrument comportments, and attachment devices) of the Space vehicles required for the three phases of the journey. This means that a compromise in vehicle design is made to permit the dual purpose and economy. But the compromise in vehicle de­ sign is held to a minimum by optimizing design features, for example, the outrigged engines and staging principle, where the engine propellants ore o/ways burned first 48 journal Sl!)ace r from the lowest containers, even when upper stage engines are operating. This design prin­ ciple is incorporated into all configurations used in Project Star. And once this system of preplacing components into their appropriate orbit of departure and return is established, it becomes a perpetual thing-on optimum sys­ tem for repeated voyages into Space. Just out of the sensible atmosphere (at about 300 miles above the Earth's surface) o satellite hos an orbital velocity of about 17,000 m.p.h. to escape the Earth's gravita­ tional field from that orbit requires a com­ parative velocity of 24,000 m.p.h. The differ­ ence between the obital velocity and escape velocity is 7,000 m.p.h. The difference must be added in the same direction the satellite is moving in it's orbit to toke advantage of it's Earth hos a velocity of orbital velocity. about 64,000 m.p.h. in its orbit around the Sun. To escape the Solar System from the vicinity of the Earth's orbit requires a com­ parative velocity of 92,000 m.p.h. Again, the difference (28,000 m.p.h. between the Earth's orbital velocity and the Solar System's escape velocity must be applied in the some direction the Earth is moving in it's orbit to toke advantage of the orbital velocity. There­ fore, starting from a 300 mile orbit around Earth and applying additional velocity in two steps (first, to escape Earth; second, escape the Sun), we need in addition to the two orbital velocities a total comparative velocity 28,000). When of 35,000 m.p.h. (7,000 both velocity differences are combined into one step instead of the two separate steps described above, only one energy displace­ ment is involved and the additional compara­ tive velocity necessary is 29,000 m.p.h. Solar system escape velocity should be + �attainable within o decode by conventional Centouri. chemically propelled powerplonts. In fact, assembled in the orbit around Earth and will we hove selected the chemical rocket engine propel the outer Space ship to and at a as the power source for the first phase of velocity approaching the speed of light. Project Chemical propulsion is con­ photon-propelled phase will accelerate for sidered superior for this application because half o year at the rote of two G's which is it furnishes o great amount of thrust quickly. only one G more than the acceleration man The chemical endures in his normal course of living on the Star. propulsion system or "Earth booster stage" will be used to pre-place units needed for the second, third, and return phases of the journey into on orbit around Earth. The booster will be recovered and used eventually to transport the Space cabin units and the interstellar passengers into the Earth orbit. The second and long phase of the journey will cover the 25 trillion miles from Earth's orbit to planet "X" 's orbit around Proximo A photon propulsion system will be The surface of Earth. After acceleration at two G's for six months, the Space ship will hove almost reached the speed of light and will cruise at that velocity for about four years and five weeks. There­ after, the ship will decelerate at the rote of two G's for another six months until it has reached the destination planets orbit around Proxima Centouri. The photon propulsion system will be left Interstellar Return Configuration in orbit aroond planet "X". Earthmen are attaching photon thrust unit and re• moving aerodynamic nose cone in preparation for the long outer Space phase of the journey back lo an orbit around Earth. 49 space journal �in an orbit around planet "X" to be picked up again on the return trip through the long phase of outer Space. After the disconnection of the photon unit and other preparations for atmospheric re-entry, the third and last phase of the journey to planet "X" is undertaken. Since the atmosphere of planet "X" is denser than that of Earth, the choice of a third and different type of propulsion power is neces­ sary. The dense atmosphere would enhance the operational efficiency of an air-breathing type of propulsion. A turbo-ramjet powerplant in combination with conventional chemical rockets seems to be ideal for this third phase of our journey. The rockets would be used for the initial port of the descent, until the ship reached the sensible atmosphere of the planet. Whereupon the turbo-ramjet engines would take over. Unlike the ballistic-type trajectory or path of ascent that characterized the first phase of our journey from Earth to See the Stars, Moon, Planets Close Up! 3" ASTRONOMICAL REFLECTING TELESCOPE the orbit around Earth, the approach to a land­ ing on planet "X" must be a path of gentle spirals. The spiral approach is necessary to avoid disaster as a result of aerodynamic heating. By controlling the thrust of the six outrigged turbo-ramjets and with the aid of retro rockets, a final vertical landing can be made after the long, spiralling descent hos sufficiently slowed down the landing croft. The one-way trip to planet "X" will take a little over five years-barring any unforeseen circumstances and provided the scheduled timing for each phase is successfully accom­ published. With certain alterations in the system, the three phases of the journey will be reversed for the return trip to Earth. There­ fore, traveling even near the speed of light, the first interstellar Space trip will require at least ten years. In the event that planet "X" is in a stage of evolution younger than Earth, then the scene illustrated on the cover of this issue of SPACE Journal may well be what the interstellar Space pioneers will first see when they arrive on planet "X". Future installments of this series will further discuss how Project Star may become a reality. 60 to 160 Power-Famous Mt. Palomar Type! An Unusual Buy! -, Assembled-Ready to use l You'll see the Rings of Saturn, the fascinating planet Mars, huge crators on the Moon, Star Clusters, Moons of Jupiter in detail. Galaxies! Equatorial mount will lock on both axes. Aluminized and over­ coated 3" diameter high-speed f/10 mirror. Telescope comes equipped with a 60X eye­ piece and a mounted Barlow Lens, giving you 60 to 160 power. An Optical Finder Telescope, always so es sential, is also included. Sturdy, hardwood, portable tripod. Valuable STAR CHART and 272-page "Handbook of Heavens." Stock No. 85,050-HB. $29.95 Postpaid. 4-1 / 4" ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE! Up to 270 Power. With this scope you can see everything as above but with greater power plus will split finer stars. Mirror has twice the light gathering power. Mirror guaranteed to give theoretical limit of �esolution. Rack and pinion focusing, hardwood tripod, real equatorial mounting-only one adjustment follows stars! Aluminum tube. 6-power finder telescope. 2 standard size eyepieces and mounted Barlow lens give you powers of 40X, 90X, 120X, and 270X. Free handbook and Chart. Shipping weight 25 lbs. Stock No. 85,006-HB $74.50 f.o.b. We manufacture the Satellite Telescopes used al Moonwatch Stations throughoul America. Order by Stock Ha.-Send Chock or M.0.-Sotislottion or money bockl WRITE FOR FREE GIANT CATALOG-HB Over 1000 Optical Bargains We are Astronomical Telescope headquarters! 96 page cata­ log shows huge selection of Microscopes, 1:Sinoculars, Satellite Scopes, Solar Furnac es, Infrared Sniperscope� , Telescope Cameras, Camera Holder attachments. Magni­ fiers, Lenses, Prisms, etc., optical parts and accessories. EDMUND SCIENTIFIC CO., 50 space journal BARRINGTON, NEW JERSEY YOU <:,AVE ME OIJITE A START. I T�OUG.HT FOR A (10f1ENr IT WAS A BILL COLLECTOI\I �SPACE & FORTHCOMING Rev ewed Da vid by L Christen sen Ralph E. Jennings M. Raymond Conrad Swanson trip to the Goethe Festival in Colorado in 1949, Dr. Schweitzer has remained with his patients, books, and Bach. This most recent excursion reflects his profound nobility of spirit and "reverence for life." Peace Or Atomic War? By Albert Schweitzer. -Ralph E. Jennings 47 pages. New York: Henry Holt and Com­ pany. $1.50. Few men in contemporary civilization are as universally admired as Albert Schweitzer. Once Around the Sun. By Ronald Fraser. 160 pages. New York: Macmillan. $3.95. This little addition to his published works con Dr. Fraser's book succeeds admirably in do nothing but enhance his reputation. What is needed now, Dr. Schweitzer feels, is action national Geophysical Year is. This book ties its purpose: to explain just what the Inter­ on the part of all peoples, the United Nations, together all of the many facets of IGY activities and most important, negotiations ot, the high­ est level-the Summit. To quote President and shows the interrelationships between them. Eisenhower, Dr. Schweitzer calls for "a gigan­ way: he presents the known boundaries of tic leap into peace" and a new spirit of good sense and morality. This book cannot be ignored. It is a testament of conscience and of faith for today and tomorrow. In this hour of destiny, Albert Schweitzer, the most notable world citizen of our age, has sounded ao urgent call to end the nuclear-arms race. " ••. At this stage," he says, "we ha-ve the choice of two risks: the one lies in continuing the mad atomic arms-race, with its danger The author organizes his material in a neat geophyics and then explains how various IGY activities will either expand, refute, or prove them. While the average, interested layman thinks of the IGY in terms of Earth satellites, Dr. Fraser-and rightly so-devotes only 12 pages of his book to the rocket and satellite phase of the progr.am. In this way he illustrates that the most glamourous feature of the entire program is merely one link in the chain and of on unavoidable atomic war in the near future; the other in the renunciation of nuclear that it is neither more nor less important than weapons, and in the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union, and the peoples The book does not go into all of the details associated with them, will manage to live in peace. The first holds no hope of a prosperous future; the second does. We must risk the second.'' It will be significant to the reader to learn that this book is based upon three appeals broadcast from Oslo, Norway, on April 28, 29, any other. of each phase of the IGY. Reasonably, it could not. The book is broad in scope, and within the confines of 160 pages it manages to pre­ sent in a clear and readable manner the greatest scientific investigation man has ever undertaken. The fact that the book is so readable is due in no small part to the facility and 30, 1958. Except for a few brief visits to which the English scientists in general have Europe to raise money for his hospital in with their own language. Lambarene in French Equatorial Africa and o -M. Raymond 51 space journal �I_ Satellites, Rockets and Outer Space. By Willy Ley. 128 pages. New York: Signet Key Books, The New American library. $.35. It is hard to say whether this little paper­ back is a synopsis or an introduction to ley's Rockets, Missiles, and Space Travel. It appears to be both at once. like the Willy hope that (this book) will be of use to readers who are willing to take a little trouble to think about the subject," declares the author, "but who hove no great acquaintance with the background and physics which would be necessary for a more elaborate examination of our knowledge of things outside the Earth." longer work, the book is written in clear and Although little hos been changed from the simple language, and yet it covers a lot of material. The title almost sums up the con­ first edition, written as it was more than twenty years ago, the reader will find that the tents. In general the book brings some parts basic principles discussed by Dr. Woolley are of the earlier Rockets, Missiles, and Space ittst as important today as they were then. Chapter headings are: 1, Time and Longitude; II, The Solar System; Ill, Stellar Distances and Travel up to date. In addition it contains some excellent advice for youngsters who ore planning a career in astronautics-and even defines the word astronautics. Perhaps Magnitudes; IV, The Temperature of the Stars; its best feature is the author's neat summing up of flying saucer research and his convinc­ V, The Composition of the Stars; VI, The Ga­ laxy; VII, The World's Observatories. The last chapter, by the way, is not a tabulation of a ing dismissal of the saucers as being from great number of observatories, but centers Space. The two short chapters on Russian missiles and American missiles are interesting, attention on a few of those of historical in­ but technical flaws in describing American missiles tend to make the reader doubt the terest plus a short discussion of the Greenwich Observatory, and brief mention of Mt. Wilson, Palomar, and lick. validity of his data on Russian missiles. -C. D. Swanson Another excellent feature of the book is the section "Beyond the Satellites." It is particularly appropriate now since it is con­ cerned primarily with shooting a rocket to the Moon, the problems involved, and what we may expect to gain from such a shot. All in all the book is well worth its price; all the more so since it contains four excellent, full-color pictures of the Jupiter-( launching the first Explorer satellite, the 500,000-pound static test stand at the Army's White Sands Guided Missile Range, the Jupiter missile in flight, and pages. London: Souvenir Press ltd. 1958. First published in Moscow in 1955, this book has been revised to include limited data concerning the first Russian satellites. The English version is translated from an Italian translation of the original, which may ac­ count for some of the numerous technical errors. Although the Russian author prepared the the Redstone missile being fueled. -M. Raymond text under the supervision of a Professor at A Key to the Stars. By R. van der Riet Woolley. sented that is not already well known or the Soviet Academy of Science (V. V. Do­ 144 pages. New York: Philosophical library. $4.75. For a small book (5" X 7 ½" X ½ ") this volume contains a surprising amount of infor­ mation. Dr. Woolley, Astronomer Royal of England, writes as on authority, but in a smooth, flowing and readable manner of pres­ entation. The occasional use of the first person gives conversational flavor to the dis­ cussion of subject matter sometimes difficult to put across to new students of astronomy. 52 Sputnik Into Space. By M. Vassiliev. 147 space journal "I bronravov), there is very little information pre­ readily available to Space enthusiasts. The book does reveal, however, the deep-rooted Soviet devotion to rocketry, and its many Space travel aspects. The fact that the origi­ nal book and similar documentation was available for some time prior to the first Sputnik launching causes one to wonder why the event was not anticipated by the Free World to a greater degree. -D. L. Christenson �REACTION VOX POPULI originated In order to prevent delays, all reoction moil and manu­ scripts submitted to SPACE Journal must be addressed to SPACE Journal, P.O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alabama. Similarly all subscriptions or inquiries concerning sub­ scriptions must be addressed to SPACE Journal, P.O. Box 94, Noshvlle, Tenn. as terms with definite physical meaning) will confirm that.... In fact, I don't believe it is the best way­ and that Mr. Kumogai hos overlooked at least two conditions of lunar village life in his proposed plan. His designs show utilization of horizontal floorspace exactly as any architect Dear Editor, Upon reading the fall, 1958, issue of SPACE Journal, I noted that there was no part Ill to Dr. Stuhlinger's "Life on Other Stars." Is the series complete in two parts or are there more parts forthcoming in future issues? Takoma Park, Md. Ronald Chiabotta There is a third and concluding part to Dr. Stuhlinger's series. We hope to have it ready for the spring, 1959, issue. Needless to say, Dr. Stuhlinger has been very busy lately; but he has promised us the remainder of his series very soon. Editor. would consider it on Earth; but you'd virtually hove no upstairs or downstairs on the Moon. Stepping up on a choir two feet high on Earth is equivalent to stepping up to the next floor, 12 feet overhead, on the Moon. Thus it would be as easy, or easier, to enter a room upstairs as to walk into an adjoining room on the some floor. You con "stock" any deportment vertically as well as spread it horizontally on one floor. With that you'd probably hove romps extending upward in every room; they're as sensible as having a door to every room! Dear Editor, Mr. Kumagai has incorporated something atmosphere new in his village on the Moon, slanting floors inside the village dome-with only the Moon's in several buildings 18 degrees (comparable l /6 gravity. Air resistance to the human body to a 3 degree slope on Earth.) It's quite becomes a definitely noticoble factor when conceivable that the Moon's l 6 gravity will one wonts to drop down three or four floors to not give a man much of a feeling of "up" visit someone else's office. and "down"-to the extent that he might Secondly, there will be a pressure of one When (or even half on atmosphere) these factors ore considered, it have trouble standing up straight, actually seems that the villagers will hove considerable catching opportunity to enhance their sense of "up" and himself toppling over before he realized that he was off-balance. Of course, "down" he would topple slowly with plenty of time will be constantly practicing and developing to react; but that slow motion would be as their sense of balance to a degree known much harder to sense, perhaps not until he was on Earth only to tight-wire performers.... leaning over to quite a sharp angle. In han­ Berkeley, Calif. dling equipment, placing tools where they Reader Gibson has some interesting and relevant points. Added to those which Dr. Rinehart puts forth in his article in the current issue, our readers should get some idea of the complexity of the problem of building a structure of the Moon which will offer its occupants both comfort and some degree of orientation wouldn't roll off, even in such common tasks as eating, it could be rather irritating. Certainly, a sloping floor will enhance any­ one's sense of "up" and "down", and any actor who hos performed on Europe's sloping stages (where "upstage" and "downstage" without slanted floors; also, they Joe Gibson �3 space journal �akin to that which they knew on Earth. With Dr. Rinehart's basic design criteria and the Wonder Building Corporation's scale model, we have taken a positive step in solving the problem. Perhaps other readers, particularly architects, would like to add to our growing knowl­ edge of what must be done to place a village on the Moon. Editor. Dear Editor, . . . These photos show some in-school at­ tempts by early-grade students to model their impressions of Moon features. I hope you find them of interest... certainly serve as a stimulus to young­ sters with a latent interest or inclination for the sciences. Editor. Dear Editor, Let me thank you for the opportunity of reading your magazine. It is a great pleas­ ure to share the views and thoughts of our Space scientists about the physical and philo­ sophical aspects of coming Space travel. .•. I am one of those unfortunate individuals who is able to criticize the objectivity of an article like Dr. von Braun's ["The Acid Test", summer, 1958]-since I have recently come from Soviet Hungary. Between 1941 and today I had the opportunity to make com­ parisons between the German and Russian dictatorship and Western democracy. I might add perhaps some more explanation to Dr. von Braun's, because in our case none of the tyrannies were even our own, though we enjoyed a flowering-if not free-scientific life. I have to say frankly that after a certain time, under those circumstances, there is hardly any individual resistance. The will to survive, the old instinct for self-preservation takes over-up to a point. There was a saying in Hungary, at the beginning of the war, "Somebody is going to eat us. The German at least washes his teeth; the Russian does not." This attitude and the totalitarian state's This attitude and the totalitarian state's first­ preference policy toward science are the ex­ planation. The models were done in clay or salt-flour­ alum medium. They represent one project for the children in expressing their ideas about the Moon in order the better to understand it. Cockeysville, Md. Ruth K. Stroh Considering the fact that the models are made by third graders, we are surprised at their realism; and we wholeheartedly endorse the project. l□aginative proj­ ects such as this one used in conjunction with well-disciplined courses in the three R's can do much to reclaim Ameri­ can primary education from the Dark Ages into which it has fallen during the past 30 years. Such projects, too, must 54 space journal Naturally there is a breaking point, de­ pending upon a nation's pride, patience, and temperament, where something snaps and the nation just simply must kick out some of those teeth regardless of the consequences. That happened in Hungary but because of the lack of any help the only highly negative result was the new caution with which Russia read­ justed its grip individually to each satellites' tolerance level. That is why I agree with every word of "The Acid Test". I do hope that the Western world will make full use of the experience of people like us. Toronto, Canada Steven L. Simon �INFORMATION FREE BY ARNOLD E. HAGEN The following sources of free ond inexpensive moteriols ore mode ovoiloble to the reoders of SPACE Journal as o convenient service in ob taining worthwhile information concerning the astro-sciences ond other related topics. Students, teachers and porents will find mony of the listed items of extreme interest ond value. We ho pe thot this information will be both helpful ond informative. Send requests to the addresses listed below. Each company or institution represented in the column reserves the right to withdraw its offer whenever it sees fit. Civic orgonizotions, government agencies and industrial firms ore encouraged to submit ma­ terial for consideration for use in this column. Send moteriol to Arnold E. Hagen, "INFORMA­ TION FREE," P. 0. Box 703, Compton, Colifornio. SONIC BOOM-SOUND OF PROG­ RESS-This interesting booklet that is concerned with supersonic fighter aircraft that con 0y foster than the speed of sound in level 0ight should be a must for all scientifically minded people. Includes many ex­ cellent drawings showing shock waves created by airplanes flying at speeds foster than sound. North American Aviation, Inc., Dept. IF, International Airport, Los Angeles 45, California. THE EARTH AND STAR-Included in this 16-poge booklet ore the an­ swers to such questions as: How much does the Earth weigh? How fast does it spin? How fast does it move through Space? These answers and a wealth of additional fascinat­ ing information ore included in this timely booklet. Many photographs ond illustrations in color. SPACE TRAVEL & GUIDED MIS­ SILES-Mon hos envisioned travel through space for hundreds of years. Today it is rapidly approaching real­ ity. This 14-poge booklet explains clearly and factually how Space 0ight engineers base their research on scientific discoveries and precise mathematics. It also tells on exciting story of how scientists developed the guided missile, the world's most amazing weapon. Field Enterprises Educational Corp., Public Relations, Dept. 1 F, Merchan­ dise Mort Plaza, Chicago 54, Illinois. ASTRO MURALS-Send for this interesting catalog that tells you how you con bring the exciting wonders of outer Space right into your own home. These ore the first exploita­ tion of famous celestial phenomena for use as decorative wall covering in homes, schools, and institutions. For o sense of space and sheer na­ tural beauty with a classic timeless quality, these spectacular block and white murals ore unsurpassed. Astra Murals is the only company in the entire world selling celestial en­ largements exclusively. These "resis­ tone" treated murals ore exciting for use in dens, living and bedrooms. Astro Murals Inc., Dept IF, 231 W. 58 St., New York, N. Y. THE INVENTOR'S GUIDE-Informa­ tion on how to sell your unpotented ideas, useful gadgets-devices for cash or royalty. This interesting �booklet is looded with useful infor­ motion concerning unpotented inven­ tions. Inventor's Creotive Service, Dept IF, 354 South Spring Street, Los Angeles 13, Colifornio. CLOUD CLUES TO HELP MAKE WEATHER WORK FOR YOU-Just obout everyone wonts to be some­ thing of o weother forecaster, but you'll probably need all the help you con get in order to become your own reliable weather man. By leafing through this 15-poge booklet, you'll see the cloud sequences ond learn the different kinds of clouds that fol. low each other in a kind of weather pattern. Excellent photographs and illustrations in this fact-filled educa­ tional booklet. New Holand Machine Company, Dept IF, New Holland, Pennsylvonio. SHOULD YOU BE AN ATOMIC SCIENTIST?-This article, originally addressed to parents, first appeored os on advertisement in the Saturday Evening Post, Lodies' Home Journal ond Collier's,. Written by Dr. Law­ rence R. Hofstad, vice president in charge of the research staff of Gen­ eral Motors. Excellent material for educators, guidance workers and parents. New York life Insurance Company, Dept IF, 51 Madison Avenue, New York 10, N.Y. SOME FACTS ABOUT THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS-Send for o copy of this informative publication which gives detailed informotion about the world's largest library. It was created by and for Congress in 1800. Its usefulness today is extended not only to Congress but also, through many services, lo other government agen­ cies, to other libraries throughout the country and the world, ond to the generol public. Office of the Secretory, Dept IF, librory of Congress, Woshington 25, D.C. vary from time to time as copies of some of the publications become ex­ hausted and new ones ore added. For this reason individual booklets ore not listed in this notice. Excel­ lent material for educotionol and ref­ erence use. United Stoles Atomic Energy Com­ mission, Dept IF, Educational Services Branch, Washington 25, D.C. CAREERS IN SCIENCE-Information obout careers in science at the No­ tional Bureau of Standards. The No­ tional Bureou of Standards is o mojor laboratory of the Federal government. It is devoted to re­ search and development in the physi­ col sciences and provides the bosoc standards of physical measurements for government, science and industry. U.S. Deportment of Commerce, No­ tional Bureau of Standards, Dept IF, Washington 25, D.C. THE EYE OF THE INTERCEPTOR­ Since World Wor II, all-weather in­ terceptors hove become the backbone of our air defense. Their evolution hos been impressive. Read about the interceptor, its control system, and its armament. Also important facts about the job of the airborne ormo• ment-control system. GUIDED MISSILES FROM ENGI­ NEERING THROUGH PRODUCTION­ Interesting scientific booklet that tells about a new concept for on age-old weapon. Excellent material for Social Studies and Science classes. KEY MAN IN ELECTRONICS MANU­ FACTURING, THE ENGINEER-The engineer at Hughes Electronics Manu­ facturing Activity in El Segundo, Calif., is o special kind of man .. . with special abilities and special in­ terests. Read this interesting booklet and learn obout the oc:tuol service that these important men provide for the Notion's defense. THIS IS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COM­ PANY . • . ELECTRONIC RESEARCH . ..DEVELOPMENT .•.MANUFAC­ TURING-This 28 page booklet is on over-all panorama of Hughes-<>f the organization, people and octivities which hove built the company. To­ day, engaged exclusively in elec• lronics research, development and manufacturer, it is on acknowledged leader in airborne weapon systems and guided missiles for the Military ...ground systems for aircrofl sur­ veillance and control ••. and com­ ponents, instruments and systems for commercial and industrial electronics. Hughes Aircraft Company, Public Relations Department, Culver City, California. FREE MAILING SERVICE-to teach­ ers who request leaching aids, NAEC sends (to elementary teachers) o free copy of Aviation Education Bibli­ ography (Elementary School), pictures, and other teaching aids. Suitable teaching materials are sent also to secondary teachers. In addition Sky­ lights, the NAEC monthly fact sheet, is sent throughout the school year without charge to all teachers re­ questing it. To boys and girls who request pictures ond facts, NAEC sends free photographs, booklets, and Skylights. National Aviation Education Coun­ cil, 1025 Connecticut Ave. N W. Washington 6, D.C. THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE OF THE U.S. A.-This JO-page booklet in­ cludes brief answers to some com­ mon questions about copyright, o listing of important dates, o chart showing registration trends, as well as lists of copyright office publica­ tions and application forms. Copyright Office, Dept IF, The Li• brary of Congress, Washington 25, D.C. THE GYROSCOPE THROUGH THE AGES-The gyroscope is the oldest mechanism in the universe. It existed before any living thing could be found on the Earth's surface becouse the world itself is o gyroscope. learn more about this interesting subject by reading this 2B-poge booklet. Sperry Gyroscope Company, Dept IF, Division of Sperry Rand Corpora­ tion, Great Neck, l. l. New York. ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION -The Educational Branch of the Atomic Energy Commission distrib­ utes, upon request, in single copies, educational kits at the elementary, high school, college and teacher lev­ els. The items that go into these kits 56 space journal " ..and HE wonts to know how the Braves come out?" �C r 'r I I l OBJECTIVE: Cape Canaveral makes news-many failures Hnd a few successes. To the man in the street, the Space ,\ge is a competition of sputniks, a sports event with the solemn overtones of science. Survival Journal. com c� ing the> l..nowledge of the e\.perls interpreted for the la� man. The immediate and cager acceptance of SPACE Journal is indicative of its ultimately enormous audience - and the enormous potential of its market. A breakdown of SPACE Journal's paid subscriptions is as follows: Business and industry. 43..5%; ccllege ancl military, 12.2%; other students, 18%; libraries, 4.5%; teachers, 3.3%; non scientific professions, 4.3%, information and mco1a. ad\'crnsing writers, 3.6%; general, IO'L The military are engaged in a race for effective intercontinental ballistics, with subsec1uent unclear corollaries. The ultimate objective of the Space Age is survival - not merely from supersonic bombs and satellites but from the limitations of the earth planet. As an advertising medium, SPACE Journal's impact and readership cannot be gauged b� its still unJ..-nown net paid circulation. The spiraling population forecasts a ghetto civilization with insufficient food and depleted energ� sources. Our future mine fields ma) lie in asteroids, our central st,1tions operate on cosmic rays, our food supply and suburban developments depend on colonies on other planets. SPACE Journal advertisers include: Avco Research & Development Laboratory . Brown Engineering Company, Inc . . . Chrysler Corporation . . . Douglas Aircraft Company . . . Edmund Scientific Company . . . General Astro,uwtics Corporation . . . The Martin Company ortll American Aviation. Inc., Rocketdyne Division . . . D. Van ostrand Company, Inc. . . Precision E11gineering, Inc. . . . Reaction Motors, Tnc . . . . Reynolds Metals Company . . . RolJhins Aviation . . . Sperry Rand Corporation, Ford Instrument Compan11 Division . . . Thiokol Chemical Corporation, Redstone Division. Missiles are already a big business. costing over $3..5 billion, with a possible e\'entual $20 billion program. Toda� 22 industries, 3000 suppliers and 80,000 people arc involved. The need for information extends not onh to industry but to all the armed forces, the entire educational system. and the taxpayer who must foot the bill. Herein lies the field of SPACE SP ACE•J ournal published by Space Enterprises, Inc., Tuck Building, ashville, Tenn. AD\'£1\TISI'sG RLPRESE"ITATI\'ES: Hale Carey, 420 Lexington Avenue, DOUGLAS C. LANCE ew York Citv. ,I 1948 Highland Oaks Drive, Arc adia, California • Telephone Elgin 5-6769 �e e e e e THE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL - BY DR. PHILIP N. SHOCKEY DYNAMICS OF LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE - BY JOHN HULLEY RELATIVITY AND SPACE FUNDAMENTALS - BY JAMES P. GARDNER THE RADIATION HAZARD TO SPACE TRAVEL - BY DR. JAN S. PAUL DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS ON THE MOON - BY DR. JOHN S. RINEHART SURVIVAL IN SPACE - BY DR. SIEGFRIED J. GERATHEWOHL for on Uncreased Cover, Send 25c to Space Enterprises, Box 94, Nashville, Tenn. SPACE JOURNAL PROUDLY PRESENTS ARTIST HARRY LANGE'S PANORAMA OF EARTH'S FIRST INTERSTELLAR SPACE SHIP (DESIGNED BY ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERS HELMUT HOEPPNER AND B. SPENCER ISBELL) LANDING IN ANOTHER SOLAR SYSTEM. WITH A DEFT HAND AND PAINSTAKING CARE FOR AUTHENTIC DETAIL, LANGE HAS CAPTURED THE FASCINATING SCENE ENVISIONED BY DR. PHILIP SHOCKEY IN "THE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL" APPEARING IN THIS EDITION. DR. SHOCKEY SUGGESTS THE PROBABILITY THAT SHOULD EARTH MANS' FIRST INTERSTELLAR SPACE TRAVELERS FINO A PLANET WITH NEAR-EARTH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, THE PLANET WOULD NOT BE IN THE SAME EVOLUTIONARY STAGE AS EARTH. THIS RENDERING SHOWS THE DESTINATION PLANET IN ITS CRETACEOUS PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT. THE MONSTERS CREATED BY NATURE AND MAN STANO IN STARK CONTRAST. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource <i> Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 5, March-May 1959. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Von Braun Astronomical Society, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context vbas_space_journal_055_116 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Cold War Extraterrestrial radiation General relativity (Physics) Interstellar travel Life on other planets Lunar bases Outer space--Exploration Space vehicles Space race--United States--History--20th century Description An account of the resource This issue includes a statement announcing <i>Space Journal</i>'s termination of all connections with the U.S. military and with the Rocket City Astronomical Association. At the time, commander of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal Gen. John B. Medaris was concerned that the publishers and writers, all in the employ of ABMA, were using their government positions for personal gain through the magazine. Topics covered in the issue include the dangers and feasibility of space travel, designing buildings for life on the Moon, and the existence of life elsewhere in the universe. Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This item is digital only. The item was generously lent to UAH by the Von Braun Astronomical Society for digitization. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/7047/r01b01-03.pdf a202d641d9ee77e747d40d385a9b5056 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b01-03 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 1, Subseries B, Box 1, Folder 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Legal and court documents, 1810s Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Type The nature or genre of the resource Court documents Receipts Promissory notes Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodgers, John Henderson & McClung Wiley, Leroy M., 1794-1868 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1810-1819 Subject The topic of the resource Lawyers New York (N.Y.) Creek Indians--History Milledgeville (Ga.) Ball (dance party) https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/4/4200/spc_nick_000326_000326.pdf 51dac0ecdeb8071aa07a5b5ec8a2e70f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_nick_000326_000326 Title A name given to the resource "Summary of JCN Efficiency Reports." Description An account of the resource Written by John F. Roehm, this report covers a summary of reports of Colonel John C. Nickerson, Jr.'s efficiency from his former Battery Executive Officer and regimental basketball boach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roehm, John F. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Courts-martial and courts of inquiry--United States Defense information, Classified Intermediate-range ballistic missiles Jupiter missile Leaks (Disclosure of information) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers Box 1, Series 1, Folder 5 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_nick_2021_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/17/9451/Friday_November_10_2017_at_11_59_55_AM_default_288347a7.mp4 3b17d5e4dddc8f1ea0c68bf6afbdc406 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Oral History Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Oral History Collection Description An account of the resource The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Oral History Collection contains oral interviews with the men responsible for some of America's greatest achievements in outer space and the individuals who helped make UAH what it is now. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Friday__November_10__2017_at_11_59_55_AM_default_288347a7 MC_136_ Title A name given to the resource Oral History Interview With Dr. John Rogers Description An account of the resource Dr. John Rogers is from Kansas, and in Kansas, John loved to drive out into the prarie and find places where there had been homesteads. There, he would lay on the ground and look up at the stars at night. This all inspired him to get involved with the space station, and human factors engineering. John received his Bachelor's degree at Kansas State University, and then he received his Master's degree at The University of Arkansas. At this point, he took up a teaching job in Arkansas, and during that period of time, he recieved a National Science Foundation summer research fellowship at Florida State University. There, John did research on the effects of radiation on the human body. After leaving his teaching job, he went to the University of Mexico to pursue his Phd. While he was there, he was able to be a part of a summer program that pushed him towards his career. Since John did such a great job at the summer program, they kept him on as a consultant where he could work unlimited hours, and work any time he wanted to. The work that he did there included: examining human air and organizations, and considering what was the common factor/the emphasis in the atomic energy. After his job there, he started working at NASA in June of 1967. His job tasks there included: looking at the simulations and to look at the experimental design. He also had to try to make sure that they had solid statistics behind their results that were being detained. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rogers, John Stokes, Jack Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017-11 Subject The topic of the resource Space environment Astronautics--Human factors Space simulators Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .MP4 Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Video Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Oral History Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections Language A language of the resource EN Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2010-2019 Oral History https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/123/8257/r04a03-11.pdf e72cce4e930020db1e22159397145db0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04a03-11 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 4, Subseries A, Box 3, Folder 11 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Darwin, Mattie Relation A related resource r04a-210924 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rohr, Nancy M. Subject The topic of the resource Alabama–History–Huntsville, Madison County Darwin, Mattie History–Research Libraries Twentieth century Type The nature or genre of the resource Essays Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/123/8262/r04a03-06.pdf fff126751f7eb61bcba478ca5b52fd09 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries A: Huntsville History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04a03-06 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 4, Subseries A, Box 3, Folder 6 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Calhoun/Colhoun Family Relation A related resource r04a-210924 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rohr, Nancy M. Subject The topic of the resource Calhoun family Genealogy Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Family trees Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/207/14725/Birmingham_Post_Herald_1992_12_26_21.jpg 7eaaf0d44ef28ffdff3c03b0d0232d74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource RCEU Faith Based AIDS Responses in 1980s and 1990s Alabama Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Morgon Newquist Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Birmingham_Post_Herald_1992_12_26_21 Title A name given to the resource Frank Romanowicz Quote in the Birmingham Post Herald Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Birmingham post-herald Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource AIDS (Disease) Romanowicz, Frank AIDS (Disease)--History Social work with HIV-positive persons Agape House Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Birmingham Post-Herald, Newspapers.com, Ancestry.com (LLC) Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Romanowicz, Frank Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-12-26 Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspapers Clippings Description An account of the resource A quote from AIDS volunteer Frank Romanowicz about housing for people with AIDS in a 1992 issue of the Birmingham Post-Herald. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Birmingham (Ala.) https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10300/telesystforsatus-istagdeve_032107081755.pdf 4d8a7b786f9238c0be88768c05520cb8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context telesystforsatus-istagdeve_032107081755.pdf spc_stnv_000879 Title A name given to the resource "Telemetry system for Saturn S-I stage development." Description An account of the resource The telemetry system used on the Saturn S-I stage for the transmission of vehicle test data is described. Multiplex and modulationtechniques such as PAM/FM/FM, SS/FM and PGM are used in the system. The diverse data requirements for developing the eight-engineliquid-fueled stage necessitated the use of a combination of severalmodulation techniques to efficiently handle the data. A cursory comparisonis made of the merits of each technique. Physical and electricalrequirements and characteristics of the system are outlined. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rorex, James E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-02-14 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Saturn S-1 stage Saturn launch vehicles Telemetry Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 6, Folder 42 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000875_000899 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/16754 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/57/1704/spc_mcca_000100_web.pdf 01354ff97b832743108ac48e684d4733 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Christel W. Ludewig McCanless Collection Title A name given to the resource Christel W. Ludewig McCanless Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/17" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Christel W. Ludewig McCanless Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource Christel Ludewig McCanless was born in Germany in 1939. Her father, Hermann Ludewig, was one of the V-2 engineers at Peenemuende. Consequently, she grew up in Peenemuende until an air raid in 1943 destroyed their home. McCanless and her family moved to Trebbin, Germany, which became part of East Germany after World War II. In 1953, Ludewig accepted a job to work with Von Braun in Huntsville, Alabama and decided to flee East Germany with his family. McCanless continued school in the United States and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in English from the University of Montevallo and then graduated with a Masters in Library Science from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She served as the first full-time, professional librarian at UAH. After serving as the Library Director at UAH, she worked in the Huntsville Times newspaper library, the Huntsville Museum of Art’s Art Reference Library, and the Huntsville Museum of Art’s Education Resource Center. In addition, she consulted for the Alabama Library Exchange and created workshops on technology and library science. McCanless is the author of "Fabergé and His Works: An Annotated Bibliography of the First Century of His Art" and a co-author of "Fabergé Eggs: A Retrospective." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_mcca_000100 Title A name given to the resource Letter to George and Christel McCanless thanking them for their donation to "the University of Alabama at its Huntsville Campus." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rose, Frank Anthony, 1920-1991 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-07-30 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Rose, Frank Anthony, 1920-1991 McCanless, Christel Ludewig McCanless, George F., Jr. Fund raising University of Alabama University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Christel L. McCanless Collection Box 1, Folder 15 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_mcca_2020_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10376/Somecompappl_011608101417.pdf 5709d3c1ad437ae921eefd855f512a7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Somecompappl_011608101417.pdf spc_stnv_000830 Title A name given to the resource "Some computer applications in Saturn stage checkout." Description An account of the resource This paper discusses a number of interesting applications of digital computers in the checkout of individual Saturn stages and in the prelaunch checkout of the complete Saturn vehicle. It discusses the concepts of automation in Saturn checkout, the unique two-computer mode of operation at the launch site and the operations of the high speed data link connecting the two computers. Also discussed are the functions of the computer while propellants are loaded automatically on one of the stages; the functions of the display computer in the newest and largest Saturn display system, and operations and utilization of the Digital Events Evaluator, the main recording device utilized during stage checkout. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rosenthal, Max E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-04-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Test equipment Space vehicle checkout program Digital computers Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Design Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 21, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000825_000849 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17653 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/75/1532/spc_spac_000162_000165.pdf 27f8c5efc81d742c9a518696304b6f10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space City Collection Title A name given to the resource Space City Collection Description An account of the resource Space City was to be an outer space theme park fantasy based in Huntsville; it was to capitalize on space's growing popularity as putting man on the moon became closer and closer to reality. The park's construction began in January 1964. Though a popular idea with the residents, the park ran into various difficulties and was never opened to the public or even fully completed. Construction was abandoned, and the land was put up for auction on October 17, 1967. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/166">View the Space City Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_spac_000162_000165 Title A name given to the resource Leaftlet advertising the Ross Davis Electronic Band Organ. Description An account of the resource This advertisement includes equipment specifications and features for the electronic band organ. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ross R. Davis & Son Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Amusement parks--Equipment and supplies Band organ Type The nature or genre of the resource Leaflets Still Image Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Space City Collection Box 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_spac_2020_02 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection was generously loaned for digitization by Dustin Shannon. The collection is digital only. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/204/14604/Advertisement_for_quinine.jpg 1d0027b9328b355b7d9b2229e37a38ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HON 399 Research in London Title A name given to the resource HON 399 Research in London Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Advertisement for quinine treatments for malaria. Description An account of the resource An advertisement for two different quinine treatments for malaria; quinine bisulphate and quinine sulphate. Marketed as of "exceptional purity". Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ross, Ronald, Sir, 1857-1932 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Subject The topic of the resource Quinine Advertising Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The prevention of malaria / by Ronald Ross ; with contributions by L.O. Howard [and others], Wellcome Collection, M26603 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. “Roots of Imperial Botany: The Utilization of Wardian Cases and Botanic Gardens in Establishing British Economic Hegemony in the Victorian Era,” by Samuel Arnold, HON 399 Research in London, Spring 2024 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10566/S1VBsathigh_032608091902.pdf d16cf673e28d75697852d6016d5e4c65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context S1VBsathigh_032608091902.pdf spc_stnv_000678 Title A name given to the resource "S-IVB Saturn high energy upper stage and its development." Description An account of the resource The development of carrier rockets For manned space missions has been one of the major activities in the aerospace field during the past decade. The early space efforts were made possible by the existence of large ballistics missiles. It soon became obvious that the delivery of weapons and the launch of large spacecraft could not be combined into one operational system in an efficient way; therefore, a family of spacecraft boosters had to be created. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roth, L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn launch vehicles--Design and construction Liquid propellant rockets Saturn S-4 stage Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 20, Folder 15 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000675_000699 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17598 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10631/Roles-ivbapol_041508165617.pdf a98860961c9914729570ebf99938468b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Roles-ivbapol_041508165617.pdf spc_stnv_000671 Title A name given to the resource "The role of the S-IVB in the Apollo and past Apollo programs." Description An account of the resource Douglas Paper No. 4396.; Prepared by Ludwig Roth, Director, Saturn/Apollo Program Extension, Douglas Aircraft Company.; Presented to 16th Annual Conference of the Hermann Oberth Society. Discusses the role of the Apollo rocket after the Apollo program has concluded. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Roth, Ludwig Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-08-30 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Apollo project Saturn launch vehicles Saturn S-4B stage Workshop Apollo spacecraft Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Presentations Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000650_000674