12 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1269/spc_stnv_000126.pdf 6ae506a16e096751e498a546da7d59ed PDF Text Text COlMFXC DRAFT NOT FOR ASTRONAUT I C S RELEASE A N D JULY AERONAUTICS 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HER-23) Text Drafted by Science and T e c h n o l o a Division Library of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) Office of P o l i c y National Aeronautics and Space Admini s t r a t i o n Washington, D C 205 46 .. (For I n s e r t i o n i n Your ~ o l d e r ) ��J u l y 1: Eighth anniversary of NASA's l a r g e s t Center, Marshall Space F l i g h t Center MSFC s t a r t e d business J u l y 1, 1960, with 4,400 employees working i n f a c i. l i t i e s valued a t estimated $100 million. On e i g h t h anniversary MSFC had 6,500 employees. Plant value was estimated a t $400 m i l l i o n , w i t h r e a l p r o p e r t y values accounting f o r $140 m i l l i o n and c a p i t a l equipment f o r remaining $260 million. Achievements during f i r s t e i g h t y e a r s included development and successful f l i g h t of Saturn I, Saturn I B , and Saturn V launch v e h i c l e s . (MSFC Release 68-143) . . McDonnell Douglas Corp. received $9,666,800 NASA contract f o r 1 0 a d d i t i o n a l Improved ( ~ o n ~ - ~ a nDelta k ) launch v e h i c l e s f o r use i n v a r i e t y of launches, including TOS-E f o r ESSA i n August, INTELSAT I11 f o r ComSatCorp i n September, IDSCP/A f o r DOD i n May 1969, HEOS ( ~ i ~Eccentric h l ~ Orbiting S a t e l l i t e ) f o r ESRO i n l a t e 1968, and ISIS-A ( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lS a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric s t u d i e s ) i n l a t e 1968. North American Rockwell Corp. was awarded $6,968,038 c o n t r a c t extension f o r m a t e r i a l , f a c i l i t i e s , manpower, and equipment f o r XB-70 f l i g h t operations, and General E l e c t r i c Co. was awarded $1,957,323 extension f o r maintenance of XB-70 engines. Both extensions covered J u l y 1, 1968, through June 30, 1969. (NASARelease 68-116; FRC Release 19-68) . At signing i n Washington, D.C., of nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , President Johnson said: h he conclusion of t h i s t r e a t y encourages t h e hope t h a t o t h e r s t e p s may be t a k e n toward a peaceful world. And.. . I have described t h i s t r e a t y a s t h e most important i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement s i n c e t h e beginning of t h e nuclear age.... A f t e r long seasons of p a t i e n t and painstaking n e g o t i a t i o n , we have concluded j u s t within t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s , t h e l i m i t e d t e s t ban t r e a t y , t h e o u t e r space t r e a t y , t h e t r e a t y c r e a t i n g a nuclear-free zone i n L a t i n America. And t h e march of mankind i s toward t h e summit and not t h e chasm". Agreement had a l s o been reached between U. S. and U. S. S. R . , President Johnson announced, " t o e n t e r i n t h e n e a r e s t f u t u r e i n t o discussions on t h e l i m i t a t i o n and t h e reduction of both offensive s t r a t e g i c nuclear weapons d e l i v e r y systems and systems of defense a g a i n s t b a l l i s t i c missiles. " A t Moscow signing of t r e a t y , Soviet Premier Alexey N. Kosygin c a l l e d agreement a "major success f o r t h e cause of peace." He d i s closed contents of U.S.S.R. memorandum t o a l l n a t i o n s proposing a nine-point disarmament and arms c o n t r o l program and c a l l e d on 18-nation (PD , 6/8/68 ; Sherman, Geneva disarmament conference t o t a k e up proposal. W S t a r , 7/1/68, Al; UPI, 7/1/68; Grose, NYT, - 7/2/68, 1,2) . Sudden a f f i r m a t i v e response by U.S.S.R. t o President Johnson's longstanding o f f e r f o r d i s c u s s i o n of l i m i t i n g m i s s i l e s may have subs t a n t i a l meaning, s a i d W i l l i a m S. White i n Washington Post. "If �J u l y 1 (continued) t h i s should t u r n out t o be t h e case it would be i r o n i c , indeed. It would mean t h a t only a f t e r renouncing h i s o f f i c e had t h e President been a b l e t o convince t h e Russians. . t h a t t h i s country was honestly prepared t o make accommodations with Moscow, so long a s t h e y were r e a l i s t i c and enforceable accommodations t o reduce a p o s s i b i l i t y of nuclear holocaust t h a t s t i l l hangs over t h e world and w i l l so hang whatever may or may not happen i n t h e Vietnams." (W Post, 7/1/68, ~ 2 1 ) . . Resignation of D r . Mac C. Adams, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology, announced May 21, became e f f e c t i v e . He r e j o i n e d Avco Corp., where he had worked from 1955 t o 1965, a s Corporate Vice President and Deputy Group Executive of Government Products and Services Group. (E, 7/2/68, 63) . NASA . appointed M/G Daniel F. Callahan (USAF, Ret ) , Manager of F l o r i d a M i s s i l e Operations f o r Chrysler Corp., t o p o s i t i o n of Deputy D i r e c t o r of Administration, Kennedy Space Center, vacated i n October 1967 by F r e d e r i c M i l l e r , who had become Director of I n s t a l l a t i o n Support. (KSC Release KSC-331-68) . New subdivision of A i r Force Systems Command, A i r Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), became o p e r a t i o n a l a t Brooks AFB, Tex., a s f o c a l p o i n t f o r USAF R&D e f f o r t t o s a t i s f y technology needs i n human resources education, t r a i n i n g , and management. It would a l s o provide t e c h n i c a l and management a s s i s t a n c e i n support of s t u d i e s , analyses, development planning a c t i v i t i e s , a c q u i s i t i o n , t e s t evaluation, modification, o r operat i o n of aerospace systems and r e l a t e d equipment. (AFSC el ease 93.68) . Commenting on C-5 maiden f l i g h t , New York Times e d i t o r i a l noted: "Of t h e many t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances r e q u i r e d f o r y e s t e r d a y ' s a v i a t i o n breakthrough, t h e most important was t h e quantum l e a p i n j e t propulsion c a p a b i l i t i e s represented by t h e C-5's motors. The enormous s i z e of t h e new plane forced extraordinary use of l i g h t m e t a l s . . . t o keep down weight. It a l s o posed unprecedented manufacturing problems whose b r i l l i a n t l y successful s o l u t i o n was proved by y e s t e r d a y ' s pathbreaking flight. "But w i l l t h e a i r p o r t s of t h i s country--and t h e world, f o r t h a t matter--be capable of meeting t h e c h a l l e n g e s . . . ? " By 1978, "it may be commonplace f o r a few enormous planes landing minutes a p a r t t o deposit 5,000 o r 10,000 passengers on t h e ground almost simultaneously.. Now i s none t o o soon t o begin planning f o r handling such masses of people The v a s t s i z e of t h e g i a n t new planes ahead i s dwarfed only 7/1/68, by t h e enormity of t h e unprecedented problems t h e y pose. " (E, 30 .... �J u l y 2: USAF had a t t r i b u t e d March 3 reports of unidentified f l y i n g objects over e a s t e r n U.S., including 70 eyewitness accounts, t o r e e n t r y of booster rocket o r other launching components of Zond IV spacecraft launched by U.S.S.R. March 2 on apparently unsuccessful mission. Despite March f l u r r y , t h e r e had been a sharp decline i n UFO r e p o r t s ; they were reaching USAF a t t h e monthly r a t e of 1967. As of previous weekend, 156 UFO reports had been received since Jan. 1, 1968; 21were a t t r i b u t e d t o astronomical objects, 19 t o a i r c r a f t , 10 t o balloons, 8 t o s a t e l l i t e s , and 22 t o other known causes. There were 35 cases pending and 41 as yet unidentified. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 7/2/68, 1 ) . West Germany' s major aerospace companies--Me sserschmidt -Edlkow, Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke of Bremen, Hamberger Flugzeubau, and Dornier--formed subsidiary t o coordinate a l l long-range a i r c r a f t and space p r o j e c t s . They met under auspices of West German Government which had been urging g r e a t e r concentration of t h e n a t i o n ' s aerospace capacity. Experts termed t h e new organization nucleus of eventual merger of t h e four companies t o increase West German competition i n world markets ( ~ h a b e c o f f ,NYT, 7/3/68, 12) . - . NASA awarded contracts valued a t $579,000 t o Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. and $568,313 t o Northrop Systems Laboratories t o b u i l d and t e s t nonflight demonstration models f o r Orbiting Primate Experiment, a s continuation of preliminary conceptual design studies made during 1967. Research had been begun t o gain b e t t e r understanding of physiological changes anticipated i n long manned f l i g h t s . To assess e f f e c t s of weightlessness on r e l a t i v e l y high order mammal, NASA was studying experiment which might place two unrestrained rhesus monkeys i n o r b i t and r e t u r n them f o r d e t a i l e d examination a f t e r extended period t o i s o l a t e weightlessness a s a variable while maintaining a l l other f a c t o r s near normality. Post-flight examinations could r e v e a l changes r e s u l t i n g from absence of gravity. Orbiting Primate Experiment was p a r t of NASA's Human Factors Systems program t o provide technology required t o support man i n space during extended periods. (NASA Release 68-119) . Univ. of Virginia announced it would use $100,000 NASA grant t o finance construction of 40-in astrometric telescope a t i t s observatory south of C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , Va. Additional funding would come from e s t a t e of Leander McCormick, who provided funds f o r i t s 26-in telescope b u i l t i n 1882. (AP, W S t a r , 7/3/68, ~ 2 0 ) . U. S. patent No. 3,390,492 was issued t o General E l e c t r i c Co. engineer E d e n T. Myskowski f o r g l a s s deep-submergence module i n titanium a l l o y frame usable a s laboratory o r l i v i n g quarters on ocean f l o o r i n anchored �J u l y 2 (continued) or mobile form. Patent No. 3,390,853 was issued t o North American Rockwell Corp. mechanical engineer Raymond P. Wykes f o r i n f l a t a b l e drag balloon ( b a l l u t e ) which was released behind reentry vehicle o r lifting-body vehicle a t end of a cable which pulled spacecraf't's wings out from i t s body on reentry and slowed it down f o r landing. (Patent Off PIO; Jones, NYT, 7/6/68, 25) - . N. Whitney Matthews, Chief of GSFC1s Spacecraft Technology Div., died i n Alexandria, Va., a t age 52. Pioneer i n space research, he had been with NASA 10 yr and had helped see Goddard through planning stages. He had worked with Projects Vanguard, Ariel, and Echo and with number of Explorer programs. He had specialized i n e l e c t r o n i c and s o l i d - s t a t e instrumentation and control c i r c u i t r y . (W Post, 7/5/68, ~ 8 ) . In e d i t o r i a l c r i t i c a l of National Academy of Sciences June 25 r e p o r t on sonic boom, Washington Evening S t a r said: "There comes a time when t h e convenience of t h e few and t h e p r o f i t of t h e even fewer simply have t o be made secondary t o t h e s a n i t y of t h e many. That time i s a r r i v i n g i n t h e sonic boom business. There i s no imaginable excuse f o r unleashing t h e boom against defenseless c i t i z e n s . " (w 3-s t a r 7/2/68, 3) J u l y 3: President Johnson signed H.R. 15856, NASA FY 1969 Authorizat i o n Act, which had been designated P.L. 90-373 [see June 181. (NASA J . A& v11/71) . Washington Post e d i t o r i a l comented on complaints of s c i e n t i s t s about deceleration of Federal funding f o r R&D. Since Federal expenditures had r i s e n every year, t h e r e would not be "much l a y sympathy f o r s c i e n t i s t s who complain they a r e not g e t t i n g t h e i r annual increase of 15 per cent.... Rather than crying ' c r i s i s ' . . . s c i e n t i s t s ought t o accept an ongoing obligation t o help public o f f i c i a l s devise b e t t e r ways of deciding how t o support t h e l e v e l of science t h a t t h e national welfare requires." (W Post, 7/3/68) . Did it matter i n 1968, asked New York Times e d i t o r i a l , t h a t I t a l i a n astronomer Galileo a f t e r t h r e e centuries might be cleared of heresy by a commission authorized by t h e Pope? "His astronomical t h e o r i e s and discoveries have long since been accepted; i n a r e a l sense, it i s t h e s p i r i t of s c i e n t i f i c inquiry t h a t w i l l be ' r e t r i e d ' by t h e Vatican Tribunal. " it s t i l l matters i n 1968 t h a t t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s , t h e s c i e n t i s t s and t h e students be granted f u l l freedom of inquiry and "... �J u l y 3 (continued) p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n modern l i f e and government. That i s t h e meaning of Galileo, t h e i n d i v i d u a l and h e r e t i c , f o r today. I' (E, 6/3/68) . Aluminum Co. of America and Ocean Science and Engineering, I n c . , would i n v e s t more t h a n $5 m i l l i o n i n Alcoa Seaprobe p r o j e c t c a l l i n g f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of ship permitting search, science, and salvage work a t depths t o 6,000 f t and a b l e t o h o i s t t o surface loads weighing up t o 200 t o n s . Planned f o r launch by May 1970, v e s s e l would search t h e ocean f l o o r by lowering streamlined sensor, carrying side-looking sonar, a t end of long semirigid pipe. (W -9S t a r 7/3/68, ~ 2 ) . French government announced imminent s t a r t of new atomic t e s t s e r i e s i n t h e P a c i f i c amid i n d i c a t i o n s France would attempt her f i r s t explosion of hydrogen bomb i n l a t e summer o r e a r l y autumn. B u l l e t i n warned s h i p s t o avoid, u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e , danger zone around Mururoa A t o l l , about 750 m i southeast of T a h i t i . (E, 7/4/68, 1 ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced appointment of D r . Robert V. Meghreblian, Manager of JPL Space Sciences Div., t o newly-established p o s t of Deputy A s s i s t a n t Laboratory D i r e c t o r f o r Technical Divisions. D r . Donald P. Burcham, Deputy Manager of Space Sciences Div., would succeed him. (JPL el ease) . French Armed Forces Ministry announced successful t e s t i n g of two new long-range b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e s during p r e p a r a t i o n f o r P a c i f i c nuclear t e s t s e r i e s expected t o include French hydrogen bomb. F i r s t m i s s i l e , sea-to-ground, two-stage, remote-controlled rocket, would be used on F r a n c e ' s f i r s t nuclear submarine, which would e n t e r s e r v i c e i n e a r l y 1970. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 7/5/68, 13; W Post, 7/5/68, ~ 2 7 ) - J u l y 4-8: NASA launched 417-lb Explorer XXXVIII, Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE-A), from WTR by t h r e e - s t a g e Thrust-Augmented Delta booster i n f i r s t of two missions t o measure frequency, i n t e n s i t y , and source d i r e c t i o n of r a d i o s i g n a l s from s o l a r , g a l a c t i c , and e x t r a g a l a c t i c sources. Spacecraft entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t , where it was s p i n - s t a b i l i z e d with 3,656.1-mi (5,884-km) apogee, 397.7-mi (640-km) perigee, 157-min period, and 59.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . Apogee motor was f i r e d J u l y 7, p l a c i n g Explorer X X X V I I I i n t o planned n e a r - c i r c u l a r o r b i t with 3,652.3-mi (5,881-km) apogee, 3,641.2-mi (5,860-km) perigee, 224.4-min period, and 59.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . On J u l y 8, yo-yo despin mechanism reduced s p i n r a t e from 93 rpm t o 2.8 rpm. As primary o b j e c t i v e spac.ecraft would measure i n t e n s i t y and d i r e c t i o n of r a d i o s i g n a l s from cosmic sources �~ u l y4-8 (continued) i n 0.5- t o 10-mhz range, not normally observable from e a r t h . Secondary o b j e c t i v e s were t o p l a c e spacecraft i n t o c i r c u l a r o r b i t of about 3,728-mi (6,000-km) a l t i t u d e and t o o b t a i n u s e f u l d a t a during f i r s t 30 days i n o r b i t , f o r d e t a i l e d study of dynamic s p e c t r a and decay r a t e s of sporadic r a d i o b u r s t s . Spacecraft was expected t o provide f i r s t low-frequency r a d i o map of Milky Way and a d d i t i o n a l d a t a on low-frequency s i g n a l s from J u p i t e r and sun. Explorer X X X V I I I was equipped with unique antenna system c o n s i s t i n g of two antennas made o f , f o u r -$-in-dia booms which could be deployed up t o 750 f t each, t o form X-shaped array. Configuration was t o be g r a v i t y gradient s t a b i l i z , e d [see J u l y 221. Spacecraft was a l s o equipped with damper boom, d i p o l e antenna, and TV cameras t o monitor spacecraft p e r formance and determine source of r a d i o s i g n a l s monitored w i t h upper a r r a y . Radio Astronomy Explorer p r o j e c t was managed by Goddard Space F l i g h t Center under d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Space Science and Applications. GSFC constructed, designed, and t e s t e d s p a c e c r a f t and provided s c i e n t i f i c instrumentation. (NASA Pro j O f f ; NASA Release 68-109K; Schmeck, NYT, 6/29/68, 8; AP, W S t a r , 7/5/68; AP, -N Y Y T 7/5/68, 26; W p o s t 7 / 8 / 6 8 , A6; 7/9/68, AT J u l y 5: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos CCXXX from c e n t r a l launch s i t e a t Kapustin Yar. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 544 km (338 m i ) i perigee, 283 km (175.8 mi); period, 92.8 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 48.4 (UPI, NYT, 7/6/68; SBD, 7/10/68, 26; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68) . - . AEC1s High Energy Fhysics Advisory Panel r e p o r t i n Science decried recent cutbacks i n funds f o r high-energy physics--"one of main f r o n t s of sciencew--and recommended budget i n c r e a s e t o a v e r t d e c l i n e i n U.S. d f f o r t and construction of g i a n t bubble chamber at Brookhaven Laboratory and electron-positron storage r i n g a t Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC). Work on 200-bev a c c e l e r a t o r a t Weston, Ill. , should continue "at highest p r i o r i t y , " r e p o r t s t r e s s e d , and provision should be made t o finance j o i n t r e s e a r c h with U. S. S.R. using present most powerful a c c e l e r a t o r i n world at Serpukhov, near Moscow. Lack of approval of bubble chamber and SLAC storage r i n g i n 1968 and 1969 budgets meant "for t h e f i r s t time i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h i s f i e l d , U. S. p h y s i c i s t s w i l l be unable t o make use of some of t h e most modern means of r e s e a r c h . " Further, t h e r e was " c l e a r and present danger" t h a t U. S. would l o s e i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h i s fundamental f i e l d , "an ominous s t e p " toward s i t u a t i o n of 1930s, "when most of t h e major d i s c o v e r i e s i n fundamental science were made i n Europe. " (science, 7/5/68, 11-19; Sullivan, NYT, 7/7/68, 1.7 - �J u l y 5: JF'L s c i e n t i s t D r . Robert Nathan, who had devised method using computers t o improve spacecraft photos of moon and Mars, planned t o l i n k computers with e l e c t r o n microscopes t o photograph a s i n g l e atom. Within s i x months much of connection work should be done, he s a i d , and "with luck, we could be t a k i n g p i c t u r e s of atoms i n a year o r so. " ( ~ i g h t o n , Glendale News-Press, 7/5/68, 1 ) . NASA awarded 16-mo, $178,844 cost-plus-fixed-fee c o n t r a c t t o Lockheed M i s s i l e s & Space Co. f o r computer sof'tware required t o operate NASA/ RECON remote-console information r e t r i e v a l system. Consoles would be i n s t a l l e d a t f i e l d c e n t e r s and NASA. Hq. and l i n k e d t o c e n t r a l computer a t NASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y i n College Park, Md. They would provide real-time access t o NASA's worldwide c o l l e c t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l documents on aerospace. Users would need no s p e c i a l s k i l l . (NASARelease 68-118) . FCC r u l e d t h a t r a t e s charged t e l e v i s i o n networks f o r overseas s e r v i c e v i a s a t e l l i t e were not excessive and t h a t companies providing service-AT&T, RCA Communications, I n c . , ITT World Communications, I n c . , and Western Union International--were no longer r e q u i r e d t o place payments f o r s e r v i c e s i n d e f e r r e d c r e d i t fund. (AP,E,7/7/68, 1 0 ) . Danish government announced it had banned U. S. rocket f l i g h t s t o probe sunspot e f f e c t s a t high a l t i t u d e s over Greenland during 1968 because of popular apprehension which followed January c r a s h of nuclear-armed U W B-52 a i r c r a f t near Thule AFB. Disappointed s c i e n t i s t s noted 1968 was peak i n l l - y r sunspot cycle; 1969 would o f f e r hardly enough sunspots f o r study. ( C Trib, 7/6/68, 5) . Sonic booms from U W t e s t f l i g h t s were t h r e a t e n i n g p r e h i s t o r i c Indian c l i f f dwellings and n a t u r a l rock formations i n Arizona. Log kept a t Canyon de Chelly National Monument a t request of National Park Service had recorded 16 booms i n A p r i l 1967, 19 i n A p r i l 1968, and 20 i n May 1968. Booms dropped t o 9 i n June 1968. Natural Environment Panel, p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n Interagency A i r c r a f t Noise Abatement Program under DOT, planned t o p l a c e d a t a recorders a t f o u r n a t i o n a l parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Bryce, and Mesa Verde, t o e x t r a c t information on which t o base p l e a f o r "adjustment" from USAJ?. ( ~ l u m e n t h a l ,NYT 7/5/68, 1 1 ) -, . I n d i c a t i o n by West German Chancellor Kurt G. Kiesinger t h a t h i s government would seek U.S. guarantee a g a i n s t U.S.S.R. nuclear aggression before accepting n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y was confirmed by U.S. o f f i c i a l s . They s a i d West German request was based p a r t l y on f e a r NATO might �J u l y 5 (continued) expire before 25-yr t r e a t y , leaving Bonn exposed, and p a r t l y on West Germany's l a c k of confidence i n U.N. S e c u r i t y Council e f f i c a c y i n emergency. ( ~ h a b e c o f f ,NYT, 7/6/68, 1, 3) High q u a l i t y weather d a t a was moved from Suitland, Md., J u l y 5-12: by wire t o NIISAts Mojave, C a l i f . , r e l a y s t a t i o n from whence it was beamed, f o r f i r s t time, t o s t a t i o n s i n t h e Netherlands and West Germany v i a NASAt s ATS I11 Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e . Transmissions, including cloud maps, c h a r t s , and photo-mosaics, were received " i n good form," according t o Environmental Science Services Administration. WEFAX (weather Facsimile ~ x p e r i m e n)t proj e c t was p a r t of World Weather Watch program t o develop economical worldwide weather d a t a d i s t r i b u t i o n system. Further experiments scheduled f o r September included r e l a y v i a ATS I11 of weather d a t a t o more t h a n 150 Automatic P i c t u r e ~ransmis-) stations i n 30 countries. (ESSA Release ES 68-43, UPI, NYT, 7/19/68, 35; W S t a r , 7/24/68, ~ 1 4 ) July 6: Ninth Molniya I comsat, Molniya 1-9, was launched by U. S. S. R. t o "ensure t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e long-range system of. communication" and TV transmission t o f a r northern and f a r e a s t e r n U.S.S.R., accordi n g t o Tass. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 39,307 lun (24,422.3 mi) ; perigee, 882 km (548 mi); period, 11 h r 54 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 65O. Equipment, including instruments f o r transmission, command, and s a t e l l i t e operation, was functioning normally. (AP, E,7/9/68, SBD, 7/10/68, 26; GSFC SSR, 7/31/68) 6; - .. - . Japanese astronomer Minori Honda of Kurashiki Astronomical Observatory, Okayama, discovered new comet south of Capella i n Auriga c o n s t e l l a t i o n . Tokyo Astronomical Observatory s a i d J u l y 1 4 discovery had been confirmed by t h r e e American observatories. comet-was named ~ o n d aComet No. 6. (AP, C Trib, 7/15/68) . DOD r e l e a s e d A p r i l 24 testimony before Senate Committee on Armed S e r v i c e s ' Preparedness I n v e s t i g a t i n g Subcommittee. D r . John S. F o s t e r , Jr. D i r e c t o r of Defense Research and Engineering, had s a i d F-111A wings had broken o f f during Jan. 23 ground test--under l o a d g r e a t e r t h a n expected i n f l i g h t but l e s s t h a n s t i p u l a t e d 5%-overload s a f e t y margin--before i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o Vietnam combat, where a i r c r a f t had operated under protective restrictions. On previous day, J o i n t Chiefs of S t a f f Chairman Gen. E a r l G. Wheeler (USA), when asked i f he had become apprehensive about U. S. s u r v i v a l , �J u l y 6 (continued) capacity i f t r e n d s of some U.S. p o l i c i e s continued, had r e p l i e d affimatively: I submit. . t h e y do not n e c e s s a r i l y have t o continue because] t h e s e t r e n d s a r e not i r r e v e r s i b l e . " Gen. Wheeler and o t h e r J o i n t Chiefs had been anxious t o proceed with new ICBM development and deployment of F-12 f o r c e p l u s f u l l m i s s i l e i n t e r c e p t i o n system, none of which had been included i n FY 1969 DOD budget. General Dynamics President Frank W. Davis l a t e r termed t y p e of ground t e s t i n g which r e p o r t e d l y broke wings o f f USKF F-11U "normal." T e s t s , he i n d i c a t e d , were made t o determine s t r e s s l i m i t a t i o n s . "We 've had no f a i l u r e s . a t s t r e s s simulation t o be expected i n combat." T r a n s c r i p t ; Kelly, W S t a r , 7/7/68, A3; AP, W Post, 7/7/68, A22; 7 8/68, A.15; Corddry, B Sun, 7/7/68, 1 ) ...[ "... . .. - . Washington Evening S t a r e d i t o r i a l p r a i s e d USAF C-5 Galaxy j e t a i r c r a f t 'According t o Tom [T.R. ] and i t s "impressive l1 c i v i l i a n p o t e n t i a l : May, Lockheed's p r e s i d e n t , a l l t h e experimental evidence i n d i c a t e s t h e r e a r e v i r t u a l l y no engineering l i m i t a t i o n s t o b u i l d i n g s t r i k i n g l y l a r g e r C-5s t h a n t h o s e scheduled," but i t s c o m e r c i a l use would cause " I f t h e Galaxy i s t o become a passenger and baggage congestion. commercial plane, then, a t t h e most, only a t h i r d of i t s space should Although [ ~ a y be f o r passengers; t h e r e s t should be f o r cargo. i s ] confident t h a t bigger and bigger C-5s can be made, he doubts t h a t t h e world i s ready f o r them. We doubt it, t o o . " (W 7-S t a r 7/6/68) . .. Melbourne, F l a . , engineer Duane Brown had applied f o r p a t e n t J u l y 7: on Survey S a t e l l i t e (SURSAT) system of f o u r low-cost s a t e l l i t e s which would enable surveyors t o p l o t boundaries, r o u t e highways, make maps, and monitor e a r t h ' s c r u s t t o accuracies of a few inches. System included r e g i o n a l center f o r processing survey d a t a and p o r t a b l e r e c e i v i n g and recording u n i t s f o r f i e l d use and could be o p e r a t i o n a l by mid-1970s, Brown said. (WI, W -9S t a r 7/7/68, ~ 7 ) , . Successful t e s t - f i r i n g of Phoebus 2A, world's most powerful r e a c t o r , June 26 might have been c a t a l y s t needed t o b r i n g DOD i n t o p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h NASA and AEC i n development of nuclear energy f o r space propulsion, Frank Macomber wrote i n San Diego Union. Not only was USAF becoming i n t e r e s t e d i n m i l i t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r nuclear engine, so were s c i e n t i s t s and engineers representing aerospace industry. Phoebus f i r i n g would be followed i n f a l l by f i r s t t e s t of smaller NERVA XE-1 nuclear engine. Both were v i t a l phases of NASA-AEC Rover program. (SD Union, 7/7/68, 1 2 ) �J u l y 7: Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. announced plans f o r new Guppy, 4,000-lb, low-cost , undersea research vehicle t o be t e t h e r e d t o surface ship by e l e c t r i c cable and capable of carrying two men t o 2,000-ft depth f o r up t o 48 hr. Spherical g l a s s f i b e r and s t e e l vehicle would be economical enough f o r c a p i t a l investment r a t h e r than l e a s i n g arrangement. F i r s t vehicle would be completed i n March 1969. (E, 7/8/68, 66) . France began 1968 nuclear t e s t s e r i e s with detonation of conventional atomic warhead over Mururoa A t o l l i n t h e Pacific. Device was f i r e d t o t e s t complex measuring instruments i n s t a l l e d f o r t e s t s scheduled t o culminate i n explosion of France ' s f i r s t hydrogen bomb. (UPI, N f l , 7/7/68, 7; W Post, 7/8/68, A121 - J u l y 8: D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. , Special Consultant t o NASA Admini s t r a t o r , had been elected t o board of t r u s t e e s of Aerospace Corp. ( ~ e r o s p a c eRelease ; SBD, 7/8/68, 10) . Approximately 36 Soviet A i r Force f l i g h t s involving more than 85 bombers had been i d e n t i f i e d o f f t h e northern coasts of North America during f i r s t h a l f of 1968, s i x times t h e scale of operations reported during l a s t h a l f of 1967,according t o Charles W. Corddry i n Baltimore Sun. I n a l l these expeditions, sources reported, Soviet a i r c r a f t had cruised over i n t e r n a t i o n a l waters giving no evidence of h o s t i l e i n t e n t . DOD reportedly considered f l i g h t s routine. ( B -3Sun 6/9/68, 1) . In joint communique, D r . Donald F. Hornig, Special Assistant t o t h e President f o r Science and Technology, and Alexandru Birlandeanu, member of Romanian Politburo touring U.S. s c i e n t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , announced agreement whereby Romania would broaden s c i e n t i f i c and technological t i e s with U.S., including exchange of s c i e n t i s t s and possible collaboration i n atomic energy f i e l d . Romania had asked U.S. f o r t e c h n i c a l and f i n a n c i a l a i d toward construction of i t s f i r s t nuclear power plant by 1973. NYT, 7/9/68, 1) - rose, . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on June 21 emergency meeting of s c i e n t i s t s t o p r o t e s t cuts i n Federal support f o r basic research: "...deep slashes i n basic research funds a r e l i k e l y t o be extremely c o s t l y i n t h e years ahead. The fundamental lesson of t h e h i s t o r y of science i s t h a t basic research i s t h e indispensable seed bed f o r a l l f u t u r e technology, t h e ultimate source of t h e new wealth and o f t h e improved capacity t o save l i v e s t h a t f u t u r e technology could bring Those i n Congress and t h e Executive Branch who .... �J u l y 8 (continued) a r e now applying t h e axe t o Government spending would be wise t o proceed a s g e n t l y a s p o s s i b l e i n t h i s small a r e a t h a t i s so e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e . " (E, 7/8/68, 36) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t D r . George E. Mueller addressed j o i n t meeting of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astron a u t i c s (AN) and Canadian Aeronautics and Space I n s t i t u t e (CASI) i n Montreal: Systems engineering concept applied t o management "was pioneered and developed i n aerospace programs and i s being i n c r e a s i n g l y applied a s a powerful t o o l i n t h e management of o t h e r major e n t e r p r i s e s . " I n NASA most extensive a p p l i c a t i o n was i n Apollo program. F a c t o r s unique t o manned space f l i g h t had contributed t o management approach, including "sheer s i z e of Apollo program, l a r g e r i n . . . l e a d time, money, organization and technological development t h a n any previous program." S p e c i a l f e a t u r e was high r e l i a b i l i t y and s a f e t y required. And space program had been executed under s c r u t i n y of p r e s s , public, Congress, and s c i e n t i f i c community. Weight and volume budgeting were c r i t i c a l . High c o s t of f l i g h t t e s t i n g space v e h i c l e s made maximum ground t e s t i n g necessary,_ a s w e l l a s a l l - u p (concurrent r a t h e r t h a n s e q u e n t i a l ) f l i g h t t e s t i n g . Vehicle was a s complete a s p r a c t i c a b l e f o r each f l i g h t , t o o b t a i n maximum i n f o r mation from minimum number of f l i g h t s and provide e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e system readiness. Open-ended mission concept was used t o accomplish a s many f l i g h t o b j e c t i v e s p e r v e h i c l e a s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h s a f e t y and mission success. Review of s t a t u s throughout mission determined l e n g t h of mission. Redundant, o r a l t e r n a t e , means of o p e r a t i o n reduced a b i l i t y of s i n g l e f a i l u r e t o endanger crew o r mission. Prime design consideration i n a l l manned space f l i g h t s was s a f e t y . (~ext; UPI, H Chron, 7/10/68) . NASA board i n v e s t i g a t i n g f a t a l accident a t North American Rockwell Corp. ' s , Downey, C a l i f . , p l a n t Oct. 5, 1967, had found t h a t l a b o r a t o r y employees had ignored important s a f e t y procedures. "Most probable cause" of explosion which had k i l l e d two workmen and i n j u r e d 11 was, " f r i c t i o n a l o r impact f o r c e c r e a t e d while barium-Freon TF s l u r r y was being t r a n s f e r r e d from a l a b o r a t o r y container t o a shipping c o n t a i n e r . " Although IWR had i s s u e d s a f e t y i n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r i n g barium--used i n NASA. sounding rocket experiments--be handled only under dry argon atmosphere, it had been washed and sieved i n open a i r . Board recommended f u l l r e c o g n i t i o n of chemical hazards of combining metals and chemicals such a s Freon TF and upgrading of precautions, manuals, and procedures. NAR had a l t e r e d procedures, would process barium only under remote control. (NASA Release 68-122; AP, NYT, 7/9/68, 27) �J u l y 8: Inauguration of d i r e c t a i r s e r v i c e between New York and Moscow had been s e t f o r "on o r a f t e r J u l y 15" by l e t t e r s between U.S. Moscow Embassy and U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry. Soviet a i r l i n e Aeroflot announced 11-62 j e t a i r c r a f t service would s t a r t from Moscow J u l y 15. U.S. c a r r i e r Pan American World Airways expected t o s t a r t Boeing 707 s e r v i c e from New York same date. B i l a t e r a l a i r agreement of Nov. 4, 1966, had s t i p u l a t e d once-weekly r e t u r n f l i g h t s over 4,700-mi route. May 6, 1968, agreement added intermediate stop a t Montreal, Copenhagen, Stockholm, o r London, with c a r r i e r s having option t o change i n t e r mediate p o i n t a t six-month i n t e r v a l s . Fares had been s e t a t $1,109 f i r s t c l a s s r e t u r n , $730 economy r e t u r n , with $429 economy one way during peak swnmer season. (CAB Docket 6489; S t a t e Dept Release 94; AP, NYT, 7/9/68, 65; Ward, B Sun, 7/9/68, 1; AP, W Post, 7/9/68, ~ 1 5 ) - J u l y 8-9: Two major s o l a r f l a r e s were detected within 25-hr i n t e r v a l by U. S. Space Disturbance Forecast Center s c i e n t i s t s i n Boulder, Colo. F i r s t had i n t e r f e r e d with short-wave transmissions worldwide, according t o ESSA Chief of Forecast Services, Robert Doeker; second had seemed weaker although no f i r m r e p o r t s on d i s r u p t i o n s had been received. S c i e n t i s t s were watching f o r e f f e c t of cloud of e l e c t r o n s spawned by f i r s t s o l a r flare, b i g e s t and b r i g h t e s t since 1966. (AP, LA Her-Exam, 7/10/68; AP, NYT, 7/10 68, 17) - 7 J u l y 9: B r i t i s h p h y s i c i s t Samuel Tolansky, appointed a s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r Apollo program, had p r e d i c t e d discovery of i n d u s t r i a l diamonds among 40 l b of matter Apollo spacecraft would b r i n g back from moon. Theory was based on supposition t h a t l u n a r c r a t e r s had been caused by meteor impact o r volcanic eruptions producing shock waves. "You can c r e a t e diamonds by passing a shock wave through carbon," he s a i d . Pasadena Independent, "And t h e r e has t o be carbon on t h e moon. " (MA, 7/9/68> . Lockheed M i s s i l e s & Space Co. s c i e n t i s t s were studying use of small charcoal beds t o remove contaminants i n space capsules where p o l l u t i o n hazards had been found t o be "more s e r i o u s t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e man on t h e s t r e e t . " Studies had i s o l a t e d 150 contaminants, most of which could be extremely t o x i c . (WSJ, 7/9/68, 23) . President Johnson t r a n s m i t t e d "Treaty on t h e Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons " t o Senate f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n and u r g e n t l y recommended t h a t Senate h he t r e a t y , l' he "move s w i f t l y " t o enhance U. S. and world s e c u r i t y . s a i d , "does more t h a n j u s t p r o h i b i t t h e spread of nuclear weapons. It would a l s o promote t h e f u r t h e r development of nuclear energy f o r peaceful �J u l y 9 (continued) purposes under safeguards.'' Treaty had been passed by U.N. General Assembly June 1 2 and opened f o r s i g n a t u r e J u l y 1. (PD, 7/15/68, 1090-2) . With Senate Foreign Relations Committee scheduled t o open hearings on n u c l e a r n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y J u l y 10, none of t h e seven "threshhold nations, 'I nonnuclear a s y e t but capable o f producing atomic weapons, had signed, s a i d Washington P o s t ' s Chalmers M. Roberts. West Germany was hedging. There had been "vague t a l k " of a d d i t i o n a l U. S. guarantee although President Johnson, a t German r e q u e s t , had repeated U. S commitment t o honor it s o b l i g a t i o n s under e x i s t i n g NATO a l l i a n c e ; Japan was waiting outcome of i t s J u l y 7 e l e c t i o n s ; I n d i a had s a i d i n A p r i l it would not sign; I s r a e l was expected t o s i g n now t h a t i t s enemies, Egypt, Syria, and I r a q had signed; Sweden's signing would be delayed by summer holidays u n t i l August; and Switzerland would seek more inform'ation. It was b e l i e v e d she would p r e f e r t o see West Germany and I t a l y s i g n f i r s t ; Canadian s i g n a t u r e was expected s h o r t l y . Thus f a r 62 n a t i o n s had signed t r e a t y , including 3 of 5 nuclear powers, U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R.; Communist China and France would not sign. I t a l y , Belgium, t h e Netherlands, and Luxembourg had i s s u e d statement saying t h e y would s i g n soon. Spain and South A f r i c a had y e t t o sign; P a k i s t a n had been key organizer of conference of nonnuclear n a t i o n s t o open i n Geneva Aug. 29 t o consider t r e a t y ' s implications. B r a z i l w a s opposed t o t r e a t y on grounds it would impede i t s peaceful use of nuclear explosives and Argentina would not s i g n without B r a z i l . Treaty would become e f f e c t i v e with s i g n a t u r e of t h r e e nuclear powers and r a t i f i c a t i o n by 40 o t h e r nations. ( ~ o b e r t s ,W Post, 7/9/68, 1 ) . . Fixed-wing SST design aerodynamically s i m i l a r t o one unsuccessfully submitted t o USAF by Boeing i n 1957 XB-70 competition but f e a t u r i n g more titanium, new f l i g h t c o n t r o l system, and more powerful turboj e t s was presented t o customer a i r l i n e s a t FAA SST program b r i e f i n g . Model was undergoing wind-tunnel t e s t s t o determine i t s a b i l i t y t o exceed mach 1 without p e r c e p t i b l e sonic boom. (~off'man,W Post, 7/9/68, 1 ) �NASA issued Apollo S t a t u s Summary: Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e July 10: was undergoing propulsion subsystem checks a t Launch Complex 34. Apollo 7 spacecraft was being prepared f o r unmanned a l t i t u d e chamber t e s t s a t 210,000 f t f o r 1 5 h r . I f successful, manned t e s t s might be scheduled t o begin J u l y 15 with Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., Donn F. E i s e l e , and R. Walter Cunningham i n command module. I n ~~ollo/~atu 503 r n program, combined systems t e s t s would continue through mid-July on Lunar Module 3. On J u l y 8 and 9, nine a s t r o n a u t s had taken p a r t i n l i f e support t r a i n i n g f o r a i r c r a f t p i l o t s a t P e r r i n AFB, Tex. They were second astronaut group t o a t t e n d t h e USAF course. Vibration t e s t i n g of e n t i r e Apollo spacecraft s t a c k assembled i n launch configuration was continuing a t MSC. Doctors and engineers from MSC would p a r t i c i p a t e i n Third Annual Meeting of Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation a t Houston, J u l y 16-17. I n Apollo spacecraft loading t e s t s , drogue parachutes would be t e s t e d within s e v e r a l days a t Naval A i r F a c i l i t y , Calif., with 13,000-lb t e s t v e h i c l e dropped from a i r c r a f t a t 46,000-ft a l t i t u d e , subjecting parachutes t o "ultimate loads" i n r e e f e d condition before t h e y opened f u l l y . Drop, a r e p e a t of previous t e s t which f a i l e d , was t o complete v e r i f i c a t i o n t e s t s e r i e s which had begun i n 1967. Last of seven b o i l e r p l a t e v e r i f i c a t i o n t e s t s of modified e a r t h landing system had been successf u l l y completed J u l y 3. Only one of two drogue parachutes and two of t h r e e main parachutes had been deployed t o simulate a "worst case" of h i g h - a l t i t u d e abort condition. ( ~ e x t ) . Cosmos CCXXXI was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome by U.S. S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 391-km (243-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 89.6min period, and 64.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment functioned normally and s p a c e c r a f t reentered J u l y 18. ( ~ 1 W, mr, 7/11/68, A5; UPI, NYT, 7/12/68, 7; E,7/12/68, 41; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68, 7/31/68) - - . Soviet S t a l i n P r i z e p h y s i c i s t Prof. Andrey D. Sakharov, c o n t r i b u t o r t o development of U.S.S.R. hydrogen bomb, had i s s u e d p l e a f o r f u l l cooperation, and worldwide i n t e l l e c t u a l freedom, U.S.-U.S.S.R. r e j e c t i o n of "demagogic myths, " i n unpublished essay e n t i t l e d �Jul 10 (continued) *ughts About Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and I n t e l l e c t u a l Freedom," which was circulating i n Moscow. Expressing f e a r t h a t world was on t h e brink of d i s a s t e r , he urged worldwide implementat i o n of s c i e n t i f i c method and freedom of thought i n p o l i t i c s , economic planning and management, education, a r t s , and m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s and denounced Soviet censorship. "The salvation of mankind requires i n t e l l e c t u a l freedom--freedom t o obtain and d i s t r i b u t e information, freedom f o r unprejudiced and unfearing debate, and freedom from intimidation by officialdom. Such freedom of thought i s t h e only guarantee against an i n f e c t i o n of mankind by mass myths which...can be transformed i n t o bloody d i c t a t o r s h i p . I n t e l l e c t u a l freedom i s t h e only guarantee of a scientific-democratic approach t o p o l i t i c s , economic development and culture. I' ( ~ n d esron, -3NYT 7/W68, 1 ) . DOD formally ordered work stoppage on F-111B (USN version) development work being conducted by General Dynamics Corp. Action followed Congressional cuts of $460 million i n program. ( ~ e n e r a Dynamics l PIO; SBD, 7/11/68, 30) . Chrysler Corp. engineers and technicians s t a t i c - f i r e d Saturn I B booster i n 35-sec run a t East Test Area, MSFC. Booster was scheduled f o r l t a r , 7/17/68, 1) rull-duration, 2$--min run J u l y 25. ( ~ a r s h a l S . Sen. , Eugene J. McCarthy (D-Minn. ) candidate f o r Democratic nomination f o r President, i n p o s i t i o n paper urged t h a t U. S. delay deployment of Sentinel ABM system and Poseidon and Minuteman I11 m i s s i l e s t o f a c i l i t a t e agreement with U.S.S.R. on defensive and offensive armament l i m i t a t i o n . Delay would not jeopardize U.S. security, he said, since n e i t h e r Chinese nuclear t h r e a t nor Soviet ABM development i s "moving ahead perceptibly.t' Paper was prepared by Harvard Univ. chemistry professor D r . George B. Kistiakowsky and MIT Provost D r . Jerome B. Wiesner. ex%; Kenworthy, NYT, 7/11/68, 25 ; 7/11/68, ~8439-42) - g, J u l y 10-12: Hearings were held by Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Senate members of J o i n t Committee on Atomic Energy on U.S. r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y . Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk affirmed t r e a t y would bind U.S. t o no more atomic defense action than already s e t f o r t h i n e x i s t i n g t r e a t i e s and by membership i n U.N. Security Council. Gen. E a r l G. Wheeler, Chairman, J o i n t Chiefs of S t a f f , and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze i n j o i n t testimony s a i d U. S. would give up nothing under terms of t r e a t y but would benefit from major �J u l y 10-12 (continued) s t e p t o reduce t e n s i o n s . They assured Committee t h a t U.S. planned no s p e c i a l agreement with West Germany t o guarantee i t s p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t AP, NYT, 7/11/68, 16; Roberts W Post, 7/11/68, nuclear invasion. 68, T ~ h e r m a n ,W S t a r , 7/12/6A l l ; UPI, NYT, - - J u l y 11: USAF s u c c e s s f u l l y launched OV 1-17 and OV 1-16 r e s e a r c h s a t e l l i t e s pickaback from Vandenberg AFB by Atlas-F booster. OV 1-15 e n t e r e d o r b i t w i t h 1307b.4-mi (1,729-km) apogee, 93.8-mi (151-km) perigee, 103.8-min period, and 89.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . OV 1-16 nicknamed "Cannonball, " was 600-lb, 23-in-dia Low A l t i t u d e Density S a t e l l i t e (LOADS)launched t o measure atmospheric d e n s i t y between 90- and 110-mi a l t i t u d e s f o r 25-30 days. Densest s a t e l l i t e U.S. had o r b i t e d , OV 1-16 had 162-lb-per-cu-ft d e n s i t y , which enabled it t o o r b i t c l o s e r t o e a r t h t h a n any previous spacecraft. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 315.6 m i (508 km) ; perigee, 88.2 m i (142 km) ; period, 91 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 89.7O. OV 1-16 reentered Aug. 22. (~'~oolW e ,Post, 7/12/68, A 2 l ; SBD, 7/15168,44; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68, 8/31/68) . DOD d i r e c t i v e t h a t General Dynamics Corp. h a l t development of USN F-111B a i r c r a f t because of weight problem would not a f f e c t USAF1s F-11I.A program o r Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. development of Phoenix a i r - t o a i r m i s s i l e , which presumably would be i n s t a l l e d i n replacement a i r c r a f t , Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l reported. Of l 7 F-111B prototypes planned, 8 had been produced and 6 d e l i v e r e d (one of which had crashed). General Dynamics was u n c e r t a i n how many of remaining nine would be completed. USN had o r i g i n a l l y requested 30 a i r c r a f t . (FTSJ, 7/11/68, 29) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M. C l i f f o r d announced USN would proceed with c o n s t r u c t i o n of one of two advanced nuclear submarines advocated by V/A Hyman G. Rickover t o combat Soviet submarine t h r e a t . Authorizat i o n was f o r "super high-speed" version; "quiet" electric-powered c r a f t was s t i l l under consideration though i t s development had been stopped i n May. Congressional committees had supported.Adm. Rickover and urged development of both types. ale, NYT, 7/12/68, 1; Kelly, W S t a r , 7/12/68, ~ 5 ) J u l y 12: Last USN f l y i n g boat, SP-5B Martin Marlin, was formally r e t i r e d from a c t i v e s e r v i c e and turned over t o Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n a t ceremony a t U. S. Naval A i r S t a t i o n , Patuxent Md. A i r c r a f t would be placed i n proposed National Armed Forces Museum. (CR, - 7/18/68, ~ 6 6 7 1 ) , �J u l y 12: D r . Stephen B. Sweeney, governmental, administrat i o n professor a t Univ. of Pennsylvania's Wharton School and Executive Director Emeritus of Univ.'s F e l s I n s t i t u t e of Local and S t a t e Government, and D r . Harold Asher, manager of General E l e c t r i c Co.'s TEMPO s e c t i o n and former Deputy A s s i s t a n t Secretary of Defense, had been sworn i n a s c o n s u l t a n t s t o NASA Administrator James E. Webb. D r . Sweeny would s p e c i a l i z e i n u n i v e r s i t y a f f a i r s , public administration, and applicat i o n of science and technology t o urban problems. D r . Asher would review and znalyze NASA' s systems f o r resource management. (NASA Release 68-124; AP, - 7/15/68, Alg) J u l y 13: USAF C-5 Galaxy j e t a i r c r a f t , flown by Lockheed-Georgia Co. t e s t p i l o t Walter E. Hensleigh, completed successful 2-hr 44-min second f l i g h t with t a k e o f f weight of 520,000-lb--believed t o , be 1 0 t o n s heavier t h a t any previous a i r c r a f t t a k e o f f weight. During ascent t o 1,000 ft, crew cut each of f o u r GE TF39 engines i n d i v i d u a l l y and r e s t a r t e d them i n a i r . Auxiliary u n i t s a l s o underwent c u t - r e s t a r t checks. (AP, W -3S t a r 7/14/68, 1 4 ) . FB-11lA, bomber v e r s i o n of F-111, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed 30-min maiden f l i g h t from Carswell AYB, Tex., reaching 20,000-ft a l t i t u d e and up t o 660 mph, DOD announced. Equipped with advanced avionics, including onboard computers enabling p i l o t s t o a l t e r missions i n f l i g h t automatically, FB-lllA's design incorporated b a s i c f u s e l a g e of USAT F-11lA t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r r e c e n t l y grounded a f t e r t h r e e crashes i n Southesst Asia. (DODRelease 652-68; AP, W S t a r , 7/14/68, A2; AP, W Post, 7/14/68, ~ 5 ) . Team of NASA and Max Planck I n s t i t u t e s c i e n t i s t s completed 28-day t o u r of Argentina, Chile, Netherlands A n t i l l e s , Peru, and Venezuela, where t h e y had explored p o t e n t i a l s i t e s f o r o p t i c a l observation of higha l t i t u d e ionized cloud experiment proposed a s cooperative p r o j e c t of German Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research and NASA. Release of barium vapor a t 12,000- t o 20,000-ft a l t i t u d e s by Scout rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n was being considered. Barium cloud would be v i s i b l e from l a r g e a r e a of Western Hemisphere. (NASA Release 68-121) J u l y 14: U.S. and U.S. S.R. had exchanged p r i v a t e messages which r a i s e d hope i n i t i a l t a l k s on l i m i t i n g nuclear m i s s i l e s would begin i n few weeks, according t o Geneva sources quoted by Washington P o s t ' s Murrey Marder. Possible o b s t a c l e was Warsaw meeting of .U. S. S. R. and Eastern European o f f i c i a l s over ~ z e c h o s l o v a k i a nadvance towaid l i b e r a l i z a t i o n . U.S.-U.S.S.R. accord on nuclear m i s s i l e production �J u l y 1 4 (continued) presumably would i n t e r a c t on Soviet s t r e n g t h i n Eastern Europe weakening it a s East-West t e n s i o n subsided. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey A. Gromyko and Premier Alexey N. Kosygin, i n r e c e n t speeches, had implied t h a t secure Soviet v e r s i o n of s t a t u s quo i n Eastern Europe was a c r i t i c a l p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r f u r t h e r reduction of i n t e r n s t i o n a l tension. (W Post, 7/15/68, Al) . George Alexander reviewed i n Washington Post E r i k Bergaust's Murder on Pad 34, s t o r y of Jan. q ,1967, Apollo f i r e . Book was "charact e r i z e d by sloppy e r r o r s of omission and c o m i s s i o n , innuendo and p o i n t l e s s n e s s , " Alexander said. "It was good fortune, nothing e l s e , t h a t t h e various mechanical flaws and human f a u l t s t h a t occurred i n the Mercury and Gemini programs d i d not coincide...as t h e y d i d i n s i d e Apollo-one. Foresight t r i e s t o prevent such coincidence, b u t . . . not a l l p o s s i b l e coincidence can be foreseen. ... Accidents...will happen. And t h e searching i n v e s t i g a t i o n conducted by t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration i n t o Apollo-one could f i n d no ~ook evidence t h a t t h e f a t a l f i r e was anything but an accident ." (World, W Post, 7/14/68, 4-5) ... President Johnson formally asked Senate t o r a t i f y space rescue J u l y 15: t r e a t y endorsed by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1967, and signed by 43 n a t i o n s A p r i l 22, terming it "another s t e p toward s t a b l e peace on t h i s t h r e a t e n e d e a r t h . " Astronaut a s s i s t a n c e and r e t u r n agreement looked "beyond t h e o l d d i v i s i o n s of h i s t o r y and ideology t o recognize t h e challenge of comon p e r i l and t h e b e n e f i t s of comon a c t i o n . . . . Our laws and t r e a t i e s must always keep pace with our science. But t h e value of t h i s Agreement goes beyond t h e p r o t e c t i o n it o f f e r s t o t h o s e who venture i n t o space. " It a l s o "helps p r o t e c t t h e peace of t h i s planet.. Surely two nations who a s p i r e t o t h e s t a r s can r e a l i z e t h e comon danger and a c t i n t h e common i n t e r e s t h e r e on e a r t h . " ( ~ e x t ;W post; 7/16/68, A9; Ap, W S t a r , 7/16/68, A8; Nordlinger, B ~ & 7 / 1 6 / 6 8 , 1) .. - . Harvard College Observatory s c i e n t i s t s D r . George R. Huguenin and D r . J. H. Taylor became f i r s t U.S. s c i e n t i s t s t o i d e n t i f y a new p u l s a r when t h e y discovered HP 1506 i n northern sky near L i t t l e Dipper. P u l s a r , s i m i l a r t o f o u r p u l s a r s discovered i n 1967 by U.K. s c i e n t i s t s , had p u l s e r a t e of onewery 0.7397 sec, e a c h - l a s t i n g 0.020 sec. Pulse r a t e of o t h e r f o u r p u l s a r s ranged from 0.25 t o 1 . 4 sec, with each pulse l a s t i n g 0.020 sec. Harvard s c i e n t i s t s used National Radio Astronomy Observatory antenna a t Green Bank, W. Va. ( ~ u l l i v a n , m, 7/19/68, 20) - �J u l y 15: NASA Administrator James E. Webb discussing implications of F Y 1969 budget reductions a t American Astronautical Society Symposium i n Denver, Colo., s a i d he did not f i n d public support f o r space program declining. Rather, "many people who i n t h e years following 1961 ascribed t o t h e space program a separate, s p e c i a l , t o p p r i o r i t y s t a t u s a r e now r e a l i z i n g , a s t h e n a t i o n a l leadership i n t h e space program has understood a l l along, t h a t t h e space program must be regarded a s only one of a number of e s s e n t i a l a c t i v i t i e s of high p r i o r i t y t o which t h e country must devote s u b s t a n t i a l resources.... The investments made i n NASA may w e l l add g r e a t l y t o t h e value of investments we w i l l have t o make i n t h e s e other fields " NASA was "very much i n business, and it w i l l s t a y i n business. We a r e accepting t h e challenge of t h e time and w i l l continue a h a r d - h i t t i n g , t e c h n i c a l l y sound program aimed a t t h e most important objectives of t h e f u t u r e . " But he described cutbacks a s w e l l a s elements of strength. "We a r e doing a l l we can t o avoid terminating completely such important a c t i v i t i e s a s t h e unmanned planetary exploratory program, but it i s not l i k e l y t h a t we w i l l be able t o proceed with t h e ~ i t a n l ~ a 1973 r s missions. " Saturn I Workshop would be delayed and, "for a number of y e a r s t o come, missions t o use t h e manned space f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t i e s developed i n t h e Apollo program w i l l be very l i m i t e d . " Reductions t o a budget already "sharply reduced w i l l have many very serious e f f e c t s on t h e U.S. p o s i t i o n i n aeronautics and space. They a r e only t h e most recent i n a s e r i e s of cutbacks and, i n e f f e c t , c o n s t i t u t e something l i k e f i n a l r a t i f i c a t i o n of a decision.. . t h a t t h e United S t a t e s w i l l not, a t t h i s time, t a k e t h e s t e p s necessary t o continue t h e advances of t h e recent years." Outlining NASA's program, Webb s a i d two flyby missions t o Mars i n 1969 were l a r g e l y paid f o r . "Even a t our reduced l e v e l s , I believe we can follow t h e 1969 missions with two o r b i t e r missions i n 1971, but w i l l probably have t o postpone f o r another year t h e s t a r t of work on t h e two Titan-launched o r b i t e r and lander missions which we had hoped t o f l y i n 1973." The 1969 missions "were i n i t i a t e d t h r e e o r more years ago. We a r e approaching t h e end of our approved f l i g h t programs. The number of new p r o j e c t s s t a r t e d each year has sharply dwindled since 1966 and we w i l l soon see years go by when we w i l l have very few f l i g h t s . We may see a gap of 2 years i n our manned f l i g h t program a f t e r t h e landing on t h e moon, and a second gap, equally long, a f t e r t h e Saturn I Workshop. "Perhaps t h e most fundamental decisions ahead l i e i n t h e f i e l d of l a r g e launch vehicles. Can we gap t h e production of Saturn V o r w i l l we have t o terminate i t ? " Question required reexamination of uses of T i t a n I11 and of possible development of new, l e s s c o s t l y launch vehicles. "Especially important" i n t h i s period was continuation of broad program of advanced research f o r f u t u r e n a t i o n a l needs, including broad u n i v e r s i t y program. ( ~ e x) t . �July 15 (continued) Sen. Gordon A l l o t t ( R - ~ o l o). a t U S meeting s a i d space program had created new yardstick of economics because of t h e expenditure of v a s t sums f o r new knowledge and experimentation. He s a i d t h e country should be c a r e f u l not t o confuse t h e economics of t h e market place with those of space. (CRY - 7/18/68, S8901; NASA LAR ~11/84a; Denver Post, 7/15/68 ) - - Martin Marietta Corp. planetary s c i e n t i s t Allan R. Barger, who was doing t h e o r e t i c a l work on balloon-b~rneVenus probe, t o l d AAS meeting U.S.S.R. data released a f t e r Oct. 18, 1967, Venus probe was i n c o r r e c t . Soviet report had s e t p l a n e t ' s surface temperature a t about 52OoF and surface pressure a t about 18 times t h a t on earth. Barger s a i d h i s conclusions, based on analysis of Soviet report and on data gathered by NASA' s Mariner V space probe a s it flew by Venus ' upper atmosphere, s e t planet ' s surf ace temperature a t about 8900F a n b p r e s s u r e - a t 100 o r more times t h a t on earth. ( ~ e n v e rPost, 7/15/68) . USAF's Arnold Engineering Development Center was with conducting research 5 million-w a r c heater t o determine temperature and pressure l i m i t a t ions of a b l a t i v e materials used t o prevent m i l i t a r y r e e n t r y vehicles from burning up on encountering e a r t h ' s atmosphere. M i l i t a r y r e e n t r y vehicles had t o withst and conditions similar t o high-speed r e e n t r y of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y vehicles on r e t u r n t o e a r t h , f a r more severe than those t o be met by lunar astronauts. Data had been produced f o r c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y agencies (AFSC Release 117.68) . . Food, land, and raw m a t e r i a l shortages might compel man t o e s t a b l i s h mining operations on other planets and t o grow food i n space s t a t i o n s , according t o D r . K. A. Ehricke, North American Rockwell Corp. s c i e n t i s t . He s a i d farms growing food i n chemicals could be establ i s h e d i n earth-orbiting s t a t i o n s f e r t i l i z e d by chemicals produced on Mars and other planets. (AP,G,7/15/68, 6 ) . France exploded nuclear device a t Mururoa A t o l l i n t h e P a c i f i c . Test was second i n 1968 s e r i e s believed designed t o perfect t r i g g e r f o r hydrogen bomb France planned t o explode i n 1968. F i r s t t e s t i n s e r i e s (~uly 7) had been protested by many countries concerned over increasing contamination of atmosphere. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 7/16/68, 7; UPI, W S t a r , 7/16/68) . Boyd C. Myers,II, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Operations, Office of Advanced Research and Technology, became NASA Deputy Assistant Administrator f o r Administration. (NASA Release 68-125;' JQ, NyT, 7/16/68, 7 ) �J u l y 15-16: Commercial a i r service between U. S. and U. S. S. R. was i n augurated with Moscow departure J u l y 15 of Ilyushin-62 a i r c r a f t belonging t o Soviet f l a g c a r r i e r Aeroflot. A i r c r a f t , carrying 97 Soviet o f f i c i a l s and commercial passengercjlanded a t Kennedy I n t e r nationa1Airpor-k i n New York J u l y 16, a f t e r 13-hr 17-min f l i g h t v i a Montreal (including 1 h r 35 min c i r c l i n g New York a r e a because of a i r t r a f f i c ) U. S. f l a g c a r r i e r , Pan American World Airways, f l e w two Boeing 707 a i r c r a f t from New York t o Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport v i a Copenhagen J u l y 16. F i r s t c a r r i e d U.S. o f f i c i a l s and p r e s s ; second c a r r i e d revenue passengers. (W-5S t a r 7/15/68, A l l ; 7 7/16/68, A7; Witkin,. NYP, 7/16/68, 1; Anderson, E,7/17/68, 28) . July16: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos CCXXXII i n t o o r b i t with 355-km (220.6-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 65.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . Spacecraft reentered J u l y 24. (UPI, E,. 7/17/68, 30; GSFC SSR, 7/31/68) . Maj. William J. Knight (usAF) p i l o t e d X-15 No. 1 t o 218,500-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,409 mph (mach 4.74) i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Objective of f l i g h t , exposure and s a t i s f a c t o r y r e t r a c t i o n of WTR experiment, was , n o t accomplished because abnormally low hydraulic pressure and severe v i b r a t i o n s prevented a i r c r a f t ' s reaching r e q u i r e d a l t i t u d e . (x-15 Proj o f f ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs dedicated new $3.5-million F l i g h t Control Research F a c i l i t y a t Langley Research Center. F a c i l i t y , connected t o LaRCfs d a t a a n a l y s i s and computation center, would be used f o r guidance and c o n t r o l research i n support of manned f l i g h t . During ceremony, Center's D i g i t a l Computer Complex Group received LaRC Group Achievement Award f o r "outstanding performance and dedicated e f f o r t s i n combining unique concepts i n computer organization and operati n g systems" c o n t r i b u t i n g t o "one of t h e most outstanding r e s e a r c h l e ~ computer i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n t h e United S t a t e s . " ( ~ a n ~Researcher, 7/26/68, 1, 4) . MSC o f f i c i a l s announced resignation of Astronaut John S. Bull (L/c&. , USN), t h i r d astronaut t o leave space program because of medical problem. D r . Charles A. Berry, MSC Chief of Medical Programs, t o l d news conference Astronaut B u l l had r a r e r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e f o r which t h e r e was no known cure and no medical name. It was charact e r i z e d by chronic sinus d i f f i c u l t e s , lung o b s t r u c t i o n , and s e n s i t i v i t y t o a s p i r i n (UPI, W Post, 7/17/68, A l l ) �Global warning system o p e r a t i o n a l since January was providing J u l y 16: a i r l i n e p i l o t s with a s much a s two months n o t i c e of r e e n t r y of spacec r a f t d e b r i s , which had been averaging one r e e n t r y a day. Chances of damage by fragment t o a i r c r a f t , while small, would increase with-operat i o n of SSTs a t 70,000- and 80,000-ft a l t i t u d e s . System, outgrowth of Volunteer F l i g h t Officer Network formed i n 1963, included more t h a n 38,000 f l i g h t crews a t t a c h e d t o 117 a i r l i n e s , which received r e e n t r y d a t a from NORAD computers v i a United A i r Lines comunications f a c i l i t i e s a t Denver, Colo. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 7/17/68, 27) . President Johnson informed Geneva disarmament conference t h a t agreement was expected "shortly" on time and place of U.S.-U.S.S.R. talks t o l i m i t nuclear m i s s i l e production. I n message read t o opening of new session of conference, President s a i d i f progress could be made on l i m i t i n g s t r a t e g i c d e l i v e r y systems, U.S. "would be prepared t o cons i d e r reduction of e x i s t i n g systems. " ( ~ e x t ;W Post, 7/17/68, A15; NyT, 7/17/68, 1 ) - J u l y 17: I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Nov. 15, 1967 X-15 accident by NASA board i n d i c a t e d t h a t p i l o t , Maj. Michael J. Adams (usAF) who d i e d i n crash, had s u f f e r e d d i s o r i e n t a t i o n and operated c o n t r o l s improperly. Mistaki n g r o l l i n d i c a t o r f o r heading i n d i c a t o r , he had increased heading e r r o r , causing a i r c r a f t t o s p i n uncontrollably at-mach 5 and 230,000-ft a l t i t u d e and t h e n t o go i n t o severe p i t c h o s c i l l a t i o n and d i s i n t e g r a t e Board requested t h a t Government r e p o r t a t a l t i t u d e above 60,000 ft on MH-96 c o n t r o l system experience and recornended use of telemetry f o r d i r e c t i o n a l readings by NASA X-15 ground c o n t r o l center, c a r e f u l checkout of experiments and equipment f o r next X-15 f l i g h t , i n c l u s i o n i n p i l o t p h y s i c a l examination of s p e c i a l t e s t s f o r tendency toward v e r t i g o , and development of a d d i t i o n a l methods t o maintain proper heading under b a l l i s t i c f l i g h t conditions. (FRC Release 20-68; NASA Release 68-126) . . James C. Elms, Director of NASA E l e c t r o n i c s Research Centel; discussed ce he NASA Biomedical Program i n Perspective" before Third Annual Meeting of Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation i n Houston. "Despite t h e r a p i d advance of biomedical techniques s i n c e World War 11, t h e main t h r u s t of t h e a c t i v i t i e s was d i r e c t e d toward studying s i c k i n d i v i d u a l s i n a normal environment. The manned space program has provided t h e opportunity f o r i n t e n s i v e c o n t r o l l e d study of a s e l e c t group of normal and healthy i n d i v i d u a l s i n an abnormal and s t r e s s f u l environment. By so doing, we have achieved a b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n of t h e range of normality of t h e h e a l t h y organism which, i n t u r n , i s u s e f u l i n t h e study and understanding of disease." �J u l y 17 (continued) I n t e r a c t i o n of space and medicine had l e d t o many medical applicat i o n s of aerospace hardware. Application of e l e c t r o n probe microanalyzer--used f o r chemical analyses of microelectronic c i r c u i t s - - t o study of r e d blood c e l l s had l e d t o unexpected clues i n study of blood cancer. System t o monitor h e a r t r a t e , r e s p i r a t i o n , and galvanic s k i n response was being considered f o r use i n measuring e f f i c i e n c y of d e n t a l anest h e t i c s on c h i l d r e n and i n t r a i n i n g t e a c h e r s f o r r e t a r d e d c h i l d r e n . Accomplishments of b i o e l e c t r o n i c s research i n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y e l e c t r o n i c s environment included remote measuring technique f o r eyep o i n t i n g d i r e c t i o n , meaningful measurement of a e r o s o l concentration and s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , and automatic t r a c k i n g system t o i d e n t i f y t h r e s h o l d s of ment a 1 a l e r t n e s s . ( ~ e x) t . Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a p h y s i c i s t D r . Edward T e l l e r , a t hearing on nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, urged Congress t o preserve option of giving nonnuclear a l l i e s c o n t r o l over "purely defensive" nuclear weapons systems. He was r e f e r r i n g , he s a i d , t o system t h a t could be exploded only over a n a t i o n ' s t e r r i t o r y , one involving "time-lock" of monthly i n s p e c t i o n by donor n a t i o n , and one which would be proof a g a i n s t tampering o r a n a l y s i s designed t o develop it i n t o offensive system. I n afternoon Arthur Larson, head of Educational Committee To Halt Atomic Weapons Spread, t e s t i f i e d he agreed with Sen. John 0. Pastore (D-R.1) t h a t proper time t o p r e s s f o r r e v i s i o n was when t h e o r e t i c a l system became r e a l i t y . ( ~ a f f r e ,W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 4 ; Sherman, W S t a r , 7/18/68, ~ 1 2 ) . U. K. , West Germany, I t a l y , and t h e Netherlands signed agreement t o cooperate i n $4.8-million p r o j e c t t o develop and produce advanced combat a i r c r a f t f o r t h e i r a i r forces. A i r c r a f t , scheduled t o e n t e r s e r v i c e i n 1975, would replace U.S. Lockheed F-104 S t a r f i g h t e r c u r r e n t l y being used. Orders f o r new a i r c r a f t were expected t o reach 1,000. (Reuters, B Sun, 7/18/68, 2) - July18: Cosmos C C X X X I I I was launched from P l e s e t s k Cosmodrome by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 1,505-km (935.2-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 101.9-min period, and 81. go i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. (SBD, - 7/22/68, 32; GSFC SSRy 7/31/68) - . Senate passed unanimously H.R. 17023, FY 1969 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations b i l l , including $4.008 b i l l i o n f o r NASA. T o t a l f o r NASA agreed with House-passed t o t a l , but Senate adopted �J u l y 18 (continued) committee amendments increasing funds f o r construction of f a c i l i t i e s by $12.95 million and decreasing R&D funds by same amount. As passed by Senate, b i l l provided $3.37 b i l l i o n f o r R&D $34.75 m i l l i o n f o r construction of f a c i l i t i e s , and $603.17 million f o r administrative operations. Senate requested conference with House on amendments (NASA. LAR ~ 1 1 1 7 6 ;-CR 3 S8910-38; SEE), 7/19/68, 71) , - . - . House Appropriations Committee cut $550.5 million from DOD FY 1969 appropriations, including $85 million from USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. C (J, 7/18/68; 7/19/68, 71) m, . Defense Communications Agency had declared operational eight s a t e l l i t e s added t o Defense S a t e l l i t e Communications System (DSCS)by successful June 1 3 launch from ETR, f i n a l launch of I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e (IDsCP) Project. Total of 24 s a t e l l i t e s were i n normal use, o r b i t i n g eastward i n 21,000-mi-altitude synchronous o r b i t . They would remain i n use u n t i l 1971. (DOD Release 668-68) . NASA. had completed t e s t s t o f i n d solution t o "longitudinal o s c i l l a t i o n s " of Saturn V booster which had occurred during April 4 Apollo 6 mission. Tests revealed t h a t n a t u r a l frequency of vehicle s t r u c t u r e and propulsion system frequency had coincided, multiplying amplitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s . Problem would be corrected by using accumulators, small gas reservoirs, i n 1 s t - s t a g e liquid-oxygen prevalves t o change propulsion system frequency. Minor modifications necessary t o allow helium i n j e c t i o n i n t o prevalves were being made on 1 s t stages of t h i r d and s i x t h Saturn Vs. (wASA Release 68-128; MSFC Release 68-158) . Ryan Vertifan, j e t V/STOL a i r c r a f t designated XV-5B by NASA, was undergoing f l i g h t t e s t s before delivery t o Ames Research Center f o r use i n aeronautical research programs. A i r c r a f t ' s counterr o t a t i n g fans submerged i n wings and driven by j e t exhaust, provided l i f t f o r v e r t i c a l takeoff, hovering, and v e r t i c a l landing. XV-5B was improved version of Ryan Aeronautical Co. research a i r c r a f t b u i l t f o r USA; modifications and renovations, a f t e r damage from October 1966 emergency landing a t Edwards AFB, were made under $1-million NASA contract. (ARC Astrogram, 7/18/68, 1) . With U. S. and U. S. S.R. ready t o discuss possible mutual r e s t r i c t i o n on production of s t r a t e g i c missiles, research and t e s t i n g of advanced spectrometer designed t o police agreement had been delayed because of congressional cuts i n DOD funds f o r Arms Control and Disarmament �J u l y 18 (continued) Agency program. Device, which analyzed missile c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from t h e i r exhaust t r a i l s a t launch s i t e s , had been developed a t cost of $574,000 a f t e r 1964 proposal by U. S. f o r missile agreement with Device could be manned by i n t e r n a t i o n a l inspectors positioned U.S.S.R. one mile from launch s i t e o r read by remote control through transmission czble already developed f o r a d d i t i o n a l $200,000. F i e l d t e s t i n g under simulated U.S.S.R. conditions had been postponed one year u n t i l summer 1969. ( ~ b e r d o r f e r ,W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 4 ) . The Security of Japan and Prospects f o r 1970, study produced f o r Japanese Defense Agency by Security Research Council, s a i d Japan had t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic resources t o produce uranium and plutonium bombs and I C H 4 producing c a p a b i l i t y similar t o t h a t of France. Japanese policy t o date had banned construction and importation of nuclear weapons. (W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 3 ) . Dr. Ernest H w r y Vestine, expert on geomagnetism who joined The RAND Corp. i n 1957 a f t e r 20 years with Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n , died i n Santa Monica, Calif., of heart a t t a c k a t age 62. He had been one of o r i g i n a t o r s of 1957-58 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year and had served a s consultant t o DOD, NASA, and Dept. of Commerce. He had been one of leaders of 1933 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Polar Year expedition, which established observatory t o measure e a r t h f s magnetic f i e l d . (W Post, 7/19/68, ~ 6 ) NASA t e s t p i l o t s Donald L. Mallick and Fitzhugh Fulton flew J u l y 19: XB-70A t o 42,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1.62 i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Purpose of f l i g h t was t o evaluate performance of v a r i e t y of speeds, check e x c i t e r vane function, determine ground e f f e c t s during low approach, and evaluate p i l o t proficiency during touch-and-go landing. (XB-70 Pro j o f f ) . Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart successfully completed checkout of Apollo spacecraft cabin f l i g h t equipment provisions under simulated mission conditions a t North American Rockwell Corp. ' s Downey, Calif. , f a c i l i t y . (NAR Skywriter, 7/26/68, 1) . Wdrogen-filled 600-ft-dia p l a s t i c balloon bearing card dated May 7, 1968, and words "National Center of Space Studies, Landes, France, Balloon Launching Center" landed i n cornfield near Portsmouth, Ohio. It was believed t o have been responsible f o r f l u r r y of unidentified f l y i n g object reports from south c e n t r a l Ohio previous night. (m, NyT, 7/20/68, 27) �J u l y 20: Senate by vote of 67 t o 3 passed H.R. 17903, FY 1969 public works and atomic energy appropriations b i l l , which included $36 m i l l i o n f o r NERVA and t o t a l of $68 million f o r space propulsion systems. Senate a l s o passed H.R. 13781, authorizing $15 million f o r sea-grant colleges and ocean exploration i n FY 1969 and another $15 million i n FY 1970. (NASA LAR -~ 1 1 / 7 ;7 CRY ~ 9 0 4 7 ,~9069-87) USN had awarded f i v e $1-million contracts f o r study of J u l y 21: F-111B replacement t o G r m a n A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., LTV Aerospace Corp., General Dynamics Corp., North American ~ o c k w e l l Corp., and McDonnell Douglas A i r c r a f t Corp. S u b s t i t u t e f o r F-111B, designated VFX-1, would have v e r t i c a l sweep wings and same j e t engine. USN had a l s o awarded $143.5 -million contract t o Newport News ( ~ a). Ship Building Co. f o r two nuclear-powered guided-missile f r i g a t e s , which would bring t o f i v e USN' s t o t a 1 atomic-powered escort vessels. (W Post, 7/21/68, KL) J u l y 22: P a r t i a l extension of Explorer XXXVIII1s antennas, delayed because of unexpected spacecraft o s c i l l a t i o n s and ground computer f a i l u r e , was successfully conducted by NASA a f t e r s e r i e s of complex maneuvers which permitted successful gravity-gradient capture and three-axis s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Antenna a r r a y l s four booms would be held a t planned 455-ft length f o r a t l e a s t two weeks while data was collected and then, i f spacecraft performed s a t i ~ f a c t b r i l ~antennas , would be extended t o f u l l 750-ft length. Damper boom was deployed, experiments were turned on, and a l l spacecraft support systems were functioning normally. Dipole antenna was deployed J u l y 23 and s a t e l l i t e was declared f u l l y operational. Spacecraft had been launched (NASA Proj o f f ; NASA Releases 68-123, 68-132; W Post, J u l y 4. 7/18/68, ~ 2 1 ) . Explorer XXXV (IMP-E), s i x t h spacecraft i n Interplanetary Explorer s e r i e s , completed one year of operation i n lunar o r b i t . Seven of eight onboard experiments and a l l spacecraft systems were 10% operational. Eighth experiment had 576 degradation i n performance. Since J u l y 19, 1967, launch, s a t e l l i t e had shown t h a t p o s i t i v e ions from s o l a r wind crashed d i r e c t l y i n t o lunar surface and had v e r i f i e d existence of s o l a r wind void d i r e c t l y behind moon, enabling s c i e n t i s t s t o deduce information on moon ' s e l e c t r i c a l conductivity and i n t e r n a l temperature. (NASA Proj o f f ) . Despite sharp budget cuts NASA was not contemplating layoff of Civil Service Commission personnel, columnist J e r r y Kluttz reported i n �J u l y 22 (continued) Washington Post. As Government agencies searched f o r ways t o meet c u t s ordered by Congress, NASA appeared t o be only major agency with no problem of excess employees. But because of "big money problems," NASA hoped t o save d o l l a r s by abolishing half of i t s currently vacant positions, possibly making some "selective" l a y o f f s a t MSFC and GSFC, and continuing major cutbacks i n contractor personnel. NASA would reprogram i t s a c t i v i t i e s and t r a n s f e r f'unds t o finance CSC positions. (W Post, 7/22/68, ~ 2 0 ) . I n Project Cold Flare, j o i n t NASA-FAA-UW program t o assess radiol o g i c a l e f f e c t s of s o l a r a c t i v i t y on f u t u r e SST passengers and crews, radiation-measuring f l i g h t s were being flown from Eielson AFB, Alaska, near North Pole, where s o l a r and g a l a c t i c charged p a r t i c l e s were normally concentrated, t o gather data on radiological phenomena during s o l a r f l a r e s . ( 9 7/22/68, 61) . Michael Getler i n American Aviation saw SST program "eminently worthy of c r i t i c i s m " but, more important, "eminently worthy of success " Thus f a r it had come t o " f u l l c i r c l e : from basic design t o advanced concept back t o even more basic design." These events, he said, should be regarded objectively, with an eye toward learning lessons applicable t o f u t u r e large-scale Government-industry-commercial under"The SST a l s o should teach takings involving advanced technology. us a lesson about aviation technology, one which reminds us t h a t aerodynamics i s s t i l l t h e name of t h e game. There was great concern about t h e engine and materials problems i n t h e SST, but those two areas have come along very well and t h e c u l p r i t i s proving t o be b a s i c aerodynamics. " ( ~ Av, m 7/22/68, 60) . A r t h r i t i c growth on spine of Astronaut Michael Collins J u l y 22-23: (Maj , u W ) , scheduled t o p i l o t command module on t h i r d manned Apollo mission e a r l y i n 1969, had l e d t o h i s being grounded. USAF surgeons successfully removed bone spur from near base of h i s neck but speculated convalesence might take up t o four months. MSC o f f i c i a l s declined conjecture on h i s f u t u r e f l i g h t s t a t u s . Collins was member of t h i r d group of astronauts selected i n 1963 and had p i l o t e d two-man Gemini mission J u l y 18-21, 1966, d ~ i n g which he had performed two space walks. (AP,W S t a r , 7/23/68, ~ 4 W; Post, 7/23/68, A5; 7/24/68) . �July 23: Senate passed H.R. 18188, Dept. of Transportation appropriations b i l l by vote of 82 t o 2 a f t e r approving addition of $153 million f o r Federal Aviation Administration t o h i r e 3,627 a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l e r s t o r e l i e v e congestion a t n a t i o n t s busiest a i r p o r t s . (CR, ~9226-47; AP, W S t a r , 7/24/68, ~ 2 1 ) - - . Guidance and control equipment used during Gemini X I r e e n t r y Sept. 15, 1966, was being f l i g h t - t e s t e d a t NASA Wallops S t a t i o n t o s e t up system performance requirements f o r automated landing f o r V/STOL a i r c r a f t . Tests were p a r t of long-range NASA research program t o develop all-weather aviation electronics systems f o r V/STOL a i r c r & f t . (ERC Release 68-12; WS Release 68-14; Marshall S t a r , 8/14/68, 2) - NASA launched s e r i e s of 11 sounding rockets from NASA J u l y 23-24: Wallops S t a t i o n between 8:19 pm J u l y 23 and 5:55 pm J u l y 24 t o gather upper atmosphere data f o r weather research. Carried on s i x Nike-Apache and f i v e Nike-Cajun sounding rockets, experiments included: two Univ. of Colorado experiments t o obtain v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e of n i t r i c acid density, with two spheres t o measure d a i l y density change; four payloads instrumented by GCA Corp. and Univ. of I l l i n o i s t o measure e l e c t r o n and ion density and s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n ionosphere; t h r e e j o i n t GSFC-Univ. of Michigan grenade launches t o obtain temperature, pressure, and wind data; and two Univ. of Michigan payloads t o measure ambient a i r density by tracking two small spheres a s they f e l l from d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e s . Experiments were expected t o y i e l d new information about i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of ionosphere and n e u t r a l atmosphere between 30- and 70-mi a l t i t u d e s (NASA Release 68-134; WS Release 68-15) . J u l y 24: ComSatCorp reported $3.3 million net income (33 cents per share) f o r f i r s t half of 1968, of which $1.5 m i l l i o n (15 cents per share) was i n second quarter. Earnings f o r f i r s t half of 1967 were $2 million (21 cents per share) and f o r second quarter of 1967, $859,000 (9 cents per share). ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-35) . IBM p h y s i c i s t s D r . Peter P. Sorokin and J. I?. Lankard had designed and b u i l t pulsed l a s e r which produced 100,000-w b u r s t s of l i g h t l a s t i n g 2.5 millionths of a second and varing i n color according t o commercial l i q u i d dye used. It could be b u i l t i n home workshop with materials worth $25 t o $50. By changing type of dye used, thereby s e l e c t i n g new molecule, l i g h t of new frequency was produced, �J u l y 24 (continued) enabling s c i e n t i s t s t o i n v e s t i g a t e e n e r g e t i c p r o p e r t i e s of molecules and atoms. D r . Sorokin had s a i d he considered l a s e r ' s s e l e c t i v i t y more important, s c i e n t i f i c a l l y , t h a n i t s cheapness and s i m p l i c i t y of construction. (stevens, NYT, 7/26/68, 55) . Joint Committee on Atomic Energy s a i d no v a l i d reason had been o f f e r e d f o r DOD's May 28 h a l t i n spending f o r q u i e t e l e c t r i c d r i v e submarine a d urged t h a t a l l r e s t r a i n t s on i t s design and construction be r e moved. Recommendation accompanied r e l e a s e of June 2 1 t e s t i m o n y i n which V/A Hyman G. Rickover s t r o n g l y supported submarine and c r i t i r ran script; c'ized DOD f o r delaying i t s development [ s e e J u l y 111. Ap, NyT, 7/28/68, 54) J u l y 25 : NASA was e n t e r i n g competitive n e g o t i a t i o n s with Informatics Inc., and Leasco Systems and Research Corp. f o r one-year, $&-million c o n t r a c t with two one-year options f o r operation of i t s S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y a t College Park, Md. (NASA Release 68-133) J u l y 26: NASA Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from WSMR c a r r i e d Columbia Radiation Laboratory experiment t o 88.3-mi (142-km) a l t i t u d e t o examine x-ray p o l a r i z a t i o n of Sco XR-1 i n 10- t o 25-kev region with x-ray polarimeter. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Experiment worked a s expected, but some counter o r e l e c t r o n i c f a i l u r e , o r both, occurred during e a r l y p a r t of f l i g h t . (NASA Rpt SRL) . U W - sponsored u n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g object (UFO) i n v e s t i g a t i o n by Univ. of Colorado concluded A p r i l 30 had become "mired i n controversy'' s a i d Science. I t s D i r e c t o r , D r . Edward U. Condon, had refused t o d i s c u s s s i t u a t i o n and c r i t i c s were saying p r o j e c t was "biased and l e s s t h a n d i l i g e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . " Chief t a r g e t s f o r c r i t i c i s m were D r . Condon and p r o j e c t coordinator Robert J. Low, while "most s u b s t a n t i a l " c r i t i c s were James E. MacDonald, Univ. of Arizona s e n i o r p h y s i c i s t , and Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek, USAF's chief UFO consultant, who f e a r e d D r . Condon would recommend a g a i n s t f u r t h e r s e r i o u s UFO study. D r . Condon's supporters had noted c r i t i c i s m was based on newspaper quotes, on h i s d e l i g h t i n humorous UFO anecdotes, statements from p r o j e c t members who had been f i r e d , and memo w r i t t e n by a subordinate before p r o j e c t began. They d i d not f i n d evidence convincing, Science said. ( ~ o f f e y ,Science, 7/26/68, 339-42) �J u l y 26: USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories s c i e n t i s t s John W. S a l i s b u r y and Graham R. Hunt reported i n Science t h e y had found hypothesis of p a r t i c l e s i z e c o n t r o l of albedo incompatible with hypothesis of abundant l i m o n i t e on Mars. Their observations i n d i c a t e d t h a t proposal t h a t p o l a r i m e t r i c , spectrometric, c o l o r , and albedo measurements of l i g h t and dark a r e a s on Mars proved l i m o n i t e was major s o i l c o n s t i t u e n t was i r r e c o n c i l a b l e with proposal t h a t v a r i a t i o n s i n s i z e of p a r t i c l e could be responsib l e f o r albedo d i f f e r e n c e between l i g h t and dark areas. They showed r e l a t i v e albedo was reversed from blue t o r e d f o r l i m o n i t e samples with d i f f e r e n t - s i z e d p a r t i c l e s . Observations of Mars revealed no blue-red albedo r e v e r s a l between a r e a s . Although gvidence was i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r choice between hypotheses, t h e y believed Mars s o i l was most l i k e l y , f o r g e o l o g i c a l reasons, t o be composed of s i l i c a t e s s t a i n e d o r coated with f e r r i c oxides. (science, 7/26/68, 365-6) F i r s t t r a n s a t l a n t i c a i r c r a f t crossing had been made by USN NC-4 f l y i n g boat i n May 1919, Univ. of North Carolina professor Joseph L. Morrison, biographer of S e c r e t a r y of t h e Navy Josephus Daniels, s a i d i n l e t t e r t o t h e e d i t o r of Time. He pointed out six-man crew under C d r . Albert Cushing Read (USN) had crossed between Newfoundland and Lisbon v i a Azores one month before Britons John Alcock and A. W. Brown made nonstop Newfoundland-Ireland crossing i n Vickers Vimy bomber which J u l y 1 2 Time had c a l l e d f i r s t crossing. ( ~ i m e ,7/26/68, 8 ) J u l y 2': Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d MIT payload t o 84.1-mi (135.3-km) a l t i t u d e t o o b t a i n d a t a on c e l e s t i a l l o c a t i o n s and energy s p e c t r a of d i s c r e t e x-ray sources i n t h r e e regions and t o search f o r weak, undiscovered x-ray sources using p r o p o r t i o n a l counters. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.~ex.) , Chairman of Senate Aeronautical and Space Science Committee, i n s e r t e d i n t o Congressional Record h i s r e p o r t "Legislative History of Space Nuclear Propulsion f o r F i s c a l Year 1969" which confirmed "the continued vigorous support of t h e Congress f o r t h i s space r e s e a r c h and development a c t i v i t y " and t h a t "appropriate agencies should proceed with t h e development of t h e NERVA-1 nuclear rocket engine." F i n a l Congressional a c t i o n on AEC and NASA FY 1969 a u t h o r i z a t i o n s s t r o n g l y supported nuclear prop u l s i o n development. NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n had been $55 m i l l i o n f o r Nuclear Rockets Program. J o i n t Committee on Atomic Energy had recommended $69 m i l l i o n f o r AEC Nuclear Space Propulsion Systems and s t r o n g l y recommended program proceed. AEC had requested $72 m i l l i o n f o r P r o j e c t Rover, including $49 m i l l i o n f o r development of NERVA I �J u l y 27 (continued) rocket engine. F i n a l a c t i o n of both Senate and House Appropriations Committees on Independent Offices b i l l and AEC a p p r o p r i a t i o n s b i l l had supported space nuclear propulsion and NERVA rocket engine development, r e s t o r i n g funds cut by House e a r l i e r . It was c l e a r , s a i d Sen. Anderson, " t h a t t h e view of t h e Congress i s t h a t t h e Nuclear Rockets Program f o r f i s c a l year 1969 i s one of t h e most important and h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y programs i n NASA and should move forward a s planned The amount f i n a l l y appropriated f o r NASA R&D f o r FY 1969 would not be l e s s t h a n $3.3703 b i l l i o n , including $55 m i l l i o n f o r t h e Nuclear Rockets Program. "The conference committee on t h e AEC appropriations.;.agreed t o $53 m i l l i o n on t h e AEC' s program i n Reactor Development--Space prop u l s i o n Systems, a f i g u r e more t h a n halfway between t h e House lower f i g u r e [$31 m i l l i o n ] and t h e Senate higher f i g u r e [$68 m i l l i o n ] . " (CR, - 7 / q / 6 8 , S9.582-4; NASA U R ~11181) ...." . U.S. was completing s e c r e t arms-control s t u d i e s i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t a l k s w i t h U.S.S.R. on curbing nuclear m i s s i l e r a c e , Seymore Topping r e p o r t e d i n New York Times. Optimism on both s i d e s was generated by acceptance of need t o &void competitive scramble f o r ABM systems which might c o s t each government $40 b i l l i o n i n resources needed f o r domestic programs and f o r e i g n a i d . Agreement would r e q u i r e some method of mutual o n s i t e inspection, p o s s i b l y t h r o u h e x i s t i n g systems of s a t e l l i t e s over each (E, 7$27/68, 1 ) others t e r r i t o r y . . Army E l e c t r o n i c s Command had produced new battery-operated nuclear clock which would g a i n o r l o s e only one second every 3,000 yr. It would be used by USA, NASA, USAF, and USN p r i m a r i l y i n a v i a t i o n - e l e c t r o n i c systems and had p o t e n t i a l use i n U.S., U.K., Canadian, and A u s t r a l i a n d i g i t a l communications systems. (AP, E,7/28/68, 30) J u l y 28: JPL astronomers D r . Richard M. Goldstein and D r . Shalhav Zohar had l o c a t e d and mapped t h r e e rugged s e c t o r s on northwest f a c e of Venus using Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n ' s 210-ft antenna. Beta, most c l e a r l y defined, appeared roughly c i r c u l a r with 150-mi d i a and 17,000-sq-mi area. Two o t h e r i r r e g u l a r f e a t u r e s almost a s l a r g e had appeared on r a d a r map which covered t r i a n g u l a r a r e a of estimated 160,000 sq m i , equal t o a r e a of northeastern U. S. D r . Goldstein i n c l i n e d t o t h e o r y t h a t prominences were mountains, but he had not y e t been a b l e t o measure "We know t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e permanent," he s a i d , "bet h e i r heights. cause t h e y have appeared on a l l our t e s t s " f o r p a s t s i x y e a r s . (JPL Release BB-483) . German s c i e n t i s t D r . Otto Hahn, who had won 1944 Nobel P r i z e f o r chemistry f o r h i s 1938 discovery of nuclear f i s s i o n , died a t Goettingen, Germany, �J u l y 28 (continued) of h e a r t f a i l u r e a t age 89. He had been c o n s i s t e n t opponent of use of atomic weapons, urging s c i e n t i s t s t o concentrate on peaceful uses of nuclear energy. (UPI, W Post, 7/29/68, ~ 4 ) J u l y 28-August 3: A u s t r a l i a n astronomers using M i l l s Cross antenna a r r a y a t Univ. of Sydney had detected f i r s t two p u l s a r s t o be found i n southern sky. They brought t o nine t o t a l p u l s a r s discovered t o date. Their p u l s e r a t e of once every 0.56 and 1.96 sec, r e s p e c t i v e l y , was s i m i l a r t o a l l o t h e r s , which ranged between 0.25 and 2 sec. Cornell Univ. astronomer, D r . Yervent Terzian, had observed t h a t two-second pulse r a t e made it appear u n l i k e l y t h a t p u l s a t i n g neutron s t a r s could account f o r t h e s i g n a l s . Calculations i n d i c a t e d t h a t , i f t h e y were quivering, o r "ringing" l i k e a b e l l , it should be a t much s h o r t e r i n t e r v a l s t h a n t h o s e observed. Pulse r a t e s were more compatible, he s a i d , with proposal t h a t t h e y emanated from white dwarfs, "cinders" of s t a r s t h a t had consumed t h e i r nuclear f u e l but were l a r g e r and l e s s dense t h a n neutron s t a r s . ( s u l l i v a n , NYT, 8/8/68, 30) - J u l y 29: Aviation Week reported t h a t a n t i c i p a t e d $100-million cut i n FY 1969 funding could h a l t c o n t r a c t o r s r work on USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)i n September, with slippage of f l i g h t schedule i n t o 1972. Boeing Co. was working on new launch v e h i c l e a t NASA's Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y under P r o j e c t Scrimp. Booster would be v e h i c l e 75 ft i n d i a and 80 f t high and use TRW engine based on Boeing l u n a r module ascent engine experience, with 2-million-lb o p e r a t i o n a l thrust--although " US& had not decided t o abandon T i t a n III-M a s launch v e h i c l e . (AV W k 37/29/68) . House passed H.R. 18785, m i l i t a r y construction appropriations b i l l f o r FY 1969, which included $263.3 m i l l i o n f o r S e n t i n e l AIN f a c i l i t i e s . It had r e j e c t e d by v o t e of 106 t o 37 a motion t o d e l e t e m i s s i l e funds. (CR, - q710-35; Crowther, B Sun, 7120168, A5; AP, NYT, 7/30/68, 62) - . Aviation - Week reported t h a t DOD concern over advanced U.S.S.R. t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r s 1see June 101- - p a r t i c u l a r l y new Soviet mach 2.8 MiG-23 oxba bat ) might r e s u l t i n approval of long-delayed USAF and USN p r o j e c t s including USN VFX-1 and follow-on VXF-2 i n t e r c e p t o r s f o r f l e e t defense, USAF FX air s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r , and u~AF/Lockheed F-12 i n t e r c e p t o r . USAF o r i g i n a l l y had wanted next-generation c o n t i n e n t a l defense i n t e r c e p t o r f o r c e composed e n t i r e l y of F-12s but would accept mixed f o r c e of F-12s and modified Convair F-106 i n t e r c e p t o r s designat'ed F-106X. F a s t e r , longer-range F-12 would be used t o i n t e r c e p t enemy bombers well -- �J u l y 29 (continued) beyond U.S. shores; F-106Xs would be used t o i n t e r c e p t and d i v e r t bombers which survived F-12 screen. (AV Wk, 7/29/68) . Panel of s c i e n t i s t s t e s t i f i e d before House Committee on Science and Astronautics symposium on u n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g o b j e c t s (UF0s) i n unanimous support of f u r t h e r , more d e t a i l e d UFO research. Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek s a i d U.S. should seek U.N. cooperation i n s e t t i n g up " i n t e r n a t i o n a l c l e a r i n g house" f o r s c i e n t i f i c a l l y - r e s p e c t a b l e UFO r e p o r t s because t h e r e was almost a t o t a l l a c k of q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a about t h e phenomenon. Cornell Univ. exobiologist D r . Carl Sagan t o l d Committee it was not inconceivable t h a t t h e r e were o t h e r p l a n e t s with c i v i l i z a t i o n s and technologies more advanced t h a n e a r t h ' s , but he cautioned a g a i n s t a widespread UFO i n v e s t i g a t i o n program which would r e q u i r e "some harder evidence t h a n i s now p r e s e n t , " t h u s being expensive. Computer Science Corp. mathematician and c e l e s t i a l mechanics s p e c i a l i s t , D r . Robert L. Baker, Jr., revealed space-based sensor system operated from Colorado Springs A i r Defense Command Hq. had received s e v e r a l anomalous UFO alarms t h a t had not been explained by n a t u r a l phenomena, equipment i n t e r f e r e n c e o r malfunction, o r man-made space o b j e c t s . D r . James A. Harder, Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkley engineer, suggested t h a t power which permitted UFOs t o undertake t h e i r r e p o r t e d l y i n c r e d i b l e maneuverings might depend on a t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e "second g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d " i n t e r a c t i n g with e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d i n a manner corresponding t o r e a c t i o n between conventional e l e c t r i c a l motors and generators. Panel, which D r . Sagan s a i d was "plagued by a shortage of t h o s e who d i s b e l i e v e " i n UFO phenomena, a l s o included Univ. of I l l i n o i s s o c i o l o g i s t , D r . Robert L. Hall, and Univ. of Arizona meteorologist, D r . James E. McDonald. ransc script; Lyons, NYT, 7/30/68, 10; Lannan, W S t a r , 7/30/68, ~ 3 ) - . DOD announced one-year appointment of D r . John C. F i s h e r , Manager of Programs and Systems, General E l e c t r i c Research and Development Center, a s USAF Chief S c i e n t i s t , e f f e c t i v e Aug. 1. He would succeed D r . Robert H. Cannon, Jr., who would r e t u r n t o Stanford Univ. a s professor of aeron a u t i c s and a s t r o n a u t i c s . (DOD Release 702-68) . NASA had extended, f o r $29,130,524, one-year contract with Trans World A i r l i n e s , Inc., f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n support s e r v i c e s a t KSC, bringing t o t a l of cost-plus-award-fee contract t o $101,017,194. (KSC Release KSC-364-68) �J u l y 30 : U. S. S. R. launched Cosmos CCXXXIV from Baikonur Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 295-km (183.3-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.2-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 51.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. S a t e l l i t e r e p o r t e d l y softlanded i n i t s home t e r r i t o r y Aug. 5. (GSFC SSRy 7/31/68; 8/15/68; 7/31/68> 129; E y 7/31/68, 3; 8/7/68) - sy . NASA announced a d d i t i o n of $35,048,000 t o c o n t r a c t with General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r continuation of design, f a b r i c a t i o n , and t e s t i n g of f o u r remaini n g B i o s a t e l l i t e spacecraft, a s s o c i a t e d experiment hardware, and aerospace ground equipment --bringing t o t a l value of contract t o $136,662,157. (NASA Release 68-136) . Cone-shaped instrumented payload of French Veronique rocket r e l e a s e d a t 1 1 4 - m i a l t i t u d e f e l l i n t o A t l a n t i c 164 m i o f f French Guiana and was swept away by c u r r e n t s , French National Space Center announced. ( ~ e uetr s , W Post, 7/31/68, ~14) . NASA announced t h a t Bernhardt L. Dorman had resigned a s A s s i s t a n t Admini s t r a t o r f o r I n d u s t r y A f f a i r s t o r e t u r n t o Aerojet General Corp. He would be succeeded Aug. 5 by P h i l i p N. Whittaker, Vice President of IBM Federal Systems Div. (NASA Release 68-137) .U W Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization i s s u e d Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. $2-million i n i t i a l increment t o $4,131,785 cost -plus-f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e technology and observables program. (DODRelease 706-68) NASA i s s u e d Apollo S t a t u s Surmnary: Apollo 7 prime crew, J u l y 31: Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., Donn F. E i s e l e , and R. Walter Cunningham, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed nine-hour t e s t i n spacecrart i n KSC a l t i t u d e chamber J u l y 26 a t 226,000-ft simulated a l t i t u d e , with cabin p r e s s u r i z e d f i r s t with 6% oxygen and 4% nitrogen, t h e n with 10% oxygen a t 5 p s i , normal o r b i t a l atmosphere. Astronauts Thomas P. S t a f f o r d , John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan had completed s u c c e s s f u l manned a l t i t u d e t e s t i n KSC chamber J u l y 29 with cabin p r e s s u r i z e d with 60140 mixture a t s t a r t and oxygen t o r e p l e n i s h atmosphere during t e s t . Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e s t a g e s were mated a t Complex 34 with sequence malfunction t e s t s scheduled f o r Aug. 1. Propellant u t i l i z a t i o n system modifications had been completed on 2nd stage. In ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u 503 r n program, Lunar Module 3 ascent and descent s t a g e s were being modified t o c o r r e c t r a d a r lock-on problem i n �J u l y 31 (continued) rendezvous radar subsystem. Saturn V launch vehicle 1 s t and 2nd stages were mated, with pogo suppressor modification k i t s on 1 s t stage being v e r i f i e d . Third stage propulsion subsystem checks were i n progress. Engine l e a k checks would be conducted on stage during week. I n ~ ~ o l l o / Saturn 504 program, launch vehicle 2nd stage was undergoing augmented spark i g n i t e r propellant feed l i n e modifications. Six-minute captive f i r i n g of f i f t h Saturn V 2nd stage, postponed because of d i f f i c u l t i e s with l i q u i d hydrogen vent valve, had been rescheduled f o r Aug. 1 a t Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y . Twelfth Saturn I B booster stage was scheduled t o leave MSFC f o r Michoud As'sembly F a c i l i t y Aug. 6 f o r p o s t - s t a t i c checks and storage. I n South A t l a n t i c Anomaly Probe, computer analysis had confirmed r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s presented no hazard t o low-altitude manned Apollo o r b i ta 1 f l i g h t s ( ~ e x)t . . Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Maryland and Johns Hopkins Univ, experiments t o 186-mi (300-km) a l t i t u d e t o i n v e s t i g a t e r o l e of electrons i n producing day airglow. Rocket and instrumentation--which included five-wavelength f i l t e r - w h e e l photometer with s p e c i a l sunshade, 3- t o 800-ev e l e c t r o n spectrometer, and electron retarding-potential analyzer--performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Data c o r r e l a t i n g ionospheric electron density d i s t r i b u t i o n with day airglow emissions i n ionosphere were obtained. (NASA Rpt sRL) . NASA announced award of $31,270,300 contract t o General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r continuance of general support services a t Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y through September 1969, bringing t o t a l value of b a s i c contract t o $190,810,713. (MSFC Release 68-170) . Dr. Henry J. Reid, former Director and Senior S t a f f Associate a t NASA Langley Research Center died i n Gloucester, Va., a f t e r heart a t t a c k a t age 72. He had become LaRC Director i n 1926 and r e t i r e d i n June (AP, W Post, 8/1/68, ~10) 1961, a f t e r 34 yr continous service. Data scored U.S. complacency i n Ralph Kinney Bennett i n During July: year which might "see some of t h e g r e a t e s t Soviet space spectaculars of t h e decade." I n U.S., he said, e a r l y glamour of space race had faded and NASA p r o j e c t s were neither as ambitious nor a s well-funded a s t h e y once were. I n contrast, he noted, U.S.S.R. showed signs of "a new spurt of a c t i v i t y , new t e c h n i c a l accomplishments above our �During J u l y ( continued) p l a n e t , an accelerated a s s a u l t on t h e moon and dark rumblings of advanckd m i l i t a r y uses of t h e threshold of space. The time f o r a Soviet resurgence could hardly be b e t t e r . "...Soviets a r e badly i n need of a great techno-propaganda f e a t Soviet hold t o r e a s s e r t t h e i r influence on world public opinion on European s a t e l l i t e nations had shown evidence of advanced erosion. Their p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e s t of t h e communist world i s no longer c l e a r l y defined. " Soviets were spending estimated $9 b i l l i o n a year on space and half t h a t sum went toward m i l i t a r y applications of space technology. "There i s an American a t t i t u d e . . .of waiti'ng u n t i l you get burnt before you shed complacency. When Sputnik I burnt us, we came back with a vengeance. Now complacency has s e t i n again. Perhaps we w i l l f e e l t h e f i r e from t h e Soviets i n space before t h i s year i s out and r e a c t accordingly. But i n space technology. it ' s a tough way t o play t h e b a l l game. " ( ~ a t a ,7/68) .... .. �PROVISIONAL INDEX--JULY 1968 MS. See American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society. ARM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system. Accelerator, 197 Accident, 202 a i r c r a f t , 213 s p a c e c r a f t , 209 Adams, D r . Mac C. 193 Adams, Maj. Michael J. ( u r n ) , 213 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aerobee 150 M I (sounding r o c k e t ) , 220, 221 Aeroflot 212 Aero j e t General Corp. 225 Aeronautics, 200, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, 224 Aerospace Corp. , 201 Agreement, 192, 2l.3, 214 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 221 A i r Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), 193 A i r Force Systems Command (AFsc), 193 A i r c r a f t , 193, 194, 199-201, 203, 204, 206-208, 214, 216, 217, 221 A i r p o r t s , 193, 21.9 Alcock, John, 221 Alexander, George, 209 Aluminum Co. of America, 196 Alexandria, Va., 195 A l l o t t , Sen. Gordon, 211 American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society (US), 210, 211 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 202 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T) 198 Anniversary, 192 Ames Research Center (ARC), 215 Anderson, Sen. Clinton I?. , 221 Antenna, 197, 217, 223 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABM)system, 206, 222, 223 Apollo (program), 202-205, 218, 225-226 Apollo 6 (AS-502) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 215 Apollo 7 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 204-205 ARC. SeeAmes R e s e a r c h c e n t e r . Argentina, 204, 208 A r i e l (program), 195 Arizona, 198 Arizona, Univ. o f , 224 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 215 -216 Army E l e c t r o n i c s Command, 222 Arnold Engineering Development Center, 211 , , , , �Asher, D r . Harold, 208 Association f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 205, 213 Astronaut, 205, 209, 218, 225, 226 Astronomy, 194, 197, 199, 209, 223 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 225 Atlas-F ( b o o s t e r ) , 207 Atom, 198 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) , 200, 221-222 High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, 197 ATS 111 ( ~ ~ ~ l iiocn sa Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) 199 Auriga ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 199 A u s t r a l i a , 222, 223 Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT), 199 Avco Corp., 193 B-52 ( s t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 198 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 205, 225 Baker, D r . Robert L. Jr. 224 Balloon, 2l1, 216 Barger, Allan R., 2 l 1 Barium, 202, 208 Beggs, James M., 212 Belgium, 204 Bennett, Ralph Kinney, 226 Bergaust, Erik, 209 Berry, D r . Charles A., 212 Birlandeanu, Alexandru, 201 Boeing Co. 223 Boeing 707 ( j e t a i r c r a f t ) , 212 B r a z i l , 204 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 197 Brooks AFB, Tex., 193 Brown, A. W., 221 Brown, Duane, 200 Bryce National Park, 198 Bubble chamber, 197 Bull, ~1cd.r.John S. (USN) 212 Burchm, D r . Donald P. 196 C-5 (Galaxy) (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 193, 200 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of a t Berkeley, 224 Callahan, M/G Daniel F. (usAF, Ret. ), 193 Canada, 204, 222 Canadian Aeronautics and Space I n s t i t u t e (CASI) 202 Cannon, D r . Robert H., 224 Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 198 Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n , 216 , , , , , , , (ii) �Carswell AFB, Tex., 208 Cernan, LCdr. Eugene M. (USN) , 225 Charlottesville, Va., 194 Chile, 208 China, Communist, 204 Chrysler Corp., 193 Civil Service Commission, 217 Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark M., 207 Cold Flare, Project, 218 College Park, Md., 198 Collins, Maj Michael (UW) , 218 Colorado, Univ. of, 219, 220 Colunbia Radiation Laboratory, 220 Comet, 199 Communications satellite, 192, 199, 215 Communications Satellite Corp. ( ~ o m ~~orp) a t , 192, 219 Computer, 198, 212 Computer Science Corp. , 224 Condon, Dr. Edward U. , 220 Congress, 201, 206, 207, 218 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 206, 220, 221 Congress, House of Representatives bills passed, 223 Committee on Appropriations, 215, 222 Committee on Science and Astronautics, 224 Congress, Senate, 203, 209 bills passed, 214-215, 217, 219 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 221 Committee on Appropriations, 222 Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Preparedness Investigating, 199 Committee on Foreign Relations, 204, 206, 214 Copenhagen, Denmark, 212 Corddry, Charles, 201 Cornell Univ., 223, 224 Cosmos CCXXX (u.S.S.R. satellite), 197 Cosmos CCXXXI, 205 Cosmos CCXXXII, 212 Cosmos CCXXXIII, 214 Cosmos CCXXXIV, 225 Cunningham, R. Walter, 205, 226 Czechoslovakia, 208 Davis, Frank W., 200 Defense Communications Agency, 215 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 192, 199, 201, 207, 215, 220, 224 . (iii) �Denmark, 198 Denver, Colo. 210 Diamonds, i n d u s t r i a l , 203 Disarmament, 192, 213, 222 Doeker, Robert, 203 Dorman, B ~ r n h a r d tL., 226 Dornier, 194 DOT. See Transportation, Dept. of. Downey, Calif., 216 Echo (program), 195 Educational Committee To Halt Atomic Weapons Spread, 214 Edwards AFB, Calif. 212, 215, 216 Egypt, 204 Ehricke, D r . K. A., 211 Eielson AFB, Alaska, 218 E i s e l e , Maj. Donn F. (usAF) 205, 226 Electronics Research Center (ERC) (NASA), 213 Elms, James C., 213 Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) , 192 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 192 ERC. See Electronics Research Center. Explorer X;rMV (IMP-E), 217 Explorer XXXVIII ( ~ a d i oAstronomy Explorer RAE-A) 196-197, F-12 (interceptor a i r c r a f t ) , 200, 223 F-104 ( ~ t a ri g f h t e r ) ( a i r c r a f t ) 214 F-106 ( i n t e r c e p t o r a i r c r a f t ) , 223 F-106X, 223 F-11lA (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 199-200, 207, 208 F-111B, 206, 207, 217 FB-11lA (supersonic bomber), 208 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 204, 218, 219 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 198 Fisher, D r . John C. , 224 Foster, D r . John S., Jr., 199 France, 196, 201, 211, 216 French Guiana, 225 Freon TF, 202 Fulton, Fitzhugh, 216 GCA Corp. 219 Gemini (program), 209 Gemini X ( f l i g h t ) , 218 Gemini X I ( f l i g h t ) , 219 General Dynamics Corp , 206, 217 General E l e c t r i c Co. , 192, 225, 226 Geneva, Switzerland, 192, 213 , , , , , , , . 217 �Germany, West, 194, 198-199, 207, 208, 214 G e t l e r , Michael, 218 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC) , 195, 197, 218, 2l9 Goldstein, D r . Richard M. 222 Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n , 222 Grants, 194 Green Bank, W. Va., 209 Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A. (u.S.S.R.), 209 Grwnman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., 217 Guppy (undersea research v e h i c l e ) , 201 Hahn, D r . Otto, 222 Hall, D r . Robert L. 224 Hamburger Flugzeugbau, 194 Harder, D r . James A. 224 Harvard College Observatory, 209 Harvard Univ. 206 Hensleigh, Walter E . , 208 mOS ( ~ i g h l yEccentric Orbiting s a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Honda Comet No. 6, 199 Honda, Minori, 199 Hornig, D r . Donald 3'. 201 Housing and Urban Development, Dept of (HID), 214 Houston, Tex., 205 HP 1506 ( p u l s a r ) , 209 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 207 Huguenin, D r . George R . , 209 Hunt, Graham R. 221 Hydrogen bomb, 196, 201, 2 l 1 Hynek, D r . J. Allen, 220, 224 IDSCP. See I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e P r o j e c t I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 2x9, 224 Ilyushin-62 (u. S. S. R. a i r l i n e r ) , 212 I n d i a , 204 Informatics Inc. 220 Information r e t r i e v a l , 198 I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e P r o j e c t (IDSCP) 215 INTELSAT I11 (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Interagency A i r c r a f t Noise Abatement Program, 198 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp. (IBM) 219 Federal Systems Div. 225 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 197, 201 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, space, 208 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year, 216 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Polar Year, 216 Ionosphere, 192, 219 , , , , , . , , , , , , . �I r a q , 204ISIS-A ( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lS a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric s t u d i e s ) , 192 I s r a e l , 204 I t a l y , 204, 214 I T T World Communications, Inc., 198 5-2 (rocket engine), 205 Japan, 199, 204, 216 Japanese Defense Agency, 216 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,196, 198, 222 Johns Hopkins Univ., 226 Johnson, President Lyndon B. 192, 195, 203, 204, 209, 213 J u p i t e r (planet ) , 197 Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 197 Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 212 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 193, 224, 225 Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (west ~ e r m a n ~ 198 ), Kluttz , J e r r y , 217 -218 Knight, Maj W i l l i a m J. (USAF), 212 Kosygin, Premier Alexey N. (u. S. S. R. ), 192 Kurashiki Astronomical Observatory, 199 Landes, France, 216 Langley Research Center ( L ~ R C , ) 226 D i g i t a l Computer Complex Group, 212 F l i g h t Control Research F a c i l i t y , 212 Lankard, J. P., 219 Larson, Arthur, 214 Laser, 219-220 Launch Complex 34, 204, 225 Leasco Systems and Research Corp., 220 L i t t l e Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 209 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp., 214, 226 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 194, 203 Low, Robert J. 220 LTy Aerospace Corp. 217 Lunar Module (LM) , 225-226 Luxembourg, 204 McCarthy, Sen. Eugene J., 206 Macomber, Frank, 200 McCormick, Leander, 194 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USCIF), 216 MacDonald, D r . James E. 220, 224 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 192, 217 Magnetic f i e l d , 216 Mallick, Donald L. , 216 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 215, 223 , . , , , �Manned space f l i g h t , 194, 225-226 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 212, 218 Marder, Murrey, 208 Mariner V probe), 211 -n'et ) 198, 210, 211, 221 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 192, 2l8 Martin Marietta Corp. 211 Maryland, Univ. o f , 226 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MIT) 221 Matthews, N. Whitney, 195 Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , 208 May, T. R., 200 Melbourne, F l a . , 200 Mercury (program), 209 Mesa Verde National Park, 198 Messerschmitt -B'dlkow, 194 Meteorology, 199 Michigan, Univ. o f , 219 Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 223, 226 MiG-23 (Foxbat ) (u. S. S. R. f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) 223 Milky Way ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 197 M i l l e r , F r e d e r i c , 193 Minut eman I11 ( m i s s i l e ) 206 M i s s i l e , 192, 206, 207 M i s s i s s i p p i Test F a c i l i t y , 226 MIT. See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. Mojave, C a l i f . 199 Molniya 1-9 (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 199 Montreal, Canada, 202, 212 Moon, 198, 203, 217 Morrison, Prof. Joseph L., 221 MOSCOW, u.s.s.R., 19.2, 212 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. Mueller, D r . George E. 202 Murder on Pad 34, 209 Mururoa A t o l l , 196, 201, 211 W e r s , Boyd C. 11, 211 Myskowski, Edwin T. 194 NASA Off i c e of Space F l i g h t and Applications (OSSA) 197 NASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y , 198, 220 Nathan, D r . Robert, 198 National Academy of Sciences (ws), 195 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anniversary, 192 enu us , , , , , , , , , (vii) �National Aeronautics and Space Administration (continued) award, 212 budget, 195, 214-215, 217, 221-222 c o n t r a c t , 192, 194, 220, 224-226 cooperation, 200, 218 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 208 employment, 192, 217-218 g r a n t , 194 launch s a t e l l i t e 196-197 sounding r o c k e t , 219-221, 226 personnel, 193, 195, 196, 201, 208, 211, 225, 226 program, 210 Apollo, 202-205, 218, 225-226 Human Factors Systems, 194 NERVA, 201, 221-222 space biology, 213-214 t e s t , 225 National Armed Forces Museum (proposed), 207 National Park Service, 198 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 209 Natural Environment Panel, 198 Naval A i r F a c i l i t y , C a l i f . 205 NC-4 ( f l y i n g b o a t ) , 221 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. NERVA XE-1 (nuclear engine), 200 Netherlands, 199, 204, 214 New York, N. Y., 212 Newport News ( ~ a). Ship Building Co. 217 Nike-Apache (sounding rocket ) 219 Nike-Cajun (sounding r o c k e t ) , 219 Nike -Tomahawk ( sounding rocket ) 226 Nitze, Paul H. 206 North American Rockwell Corp. 192, 202, 211, 216, 217 North A t l a n t i c Treaty Organization (NATO), 198-199 North Carolina, Univ. of, 221 North Pole, 218 Northrop Systems Laboratories, 194 Northwe s t e r n Univ. 224 Nuclear clock, 222 Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERvA), 201, 217 2"dl-222 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 192, 198, 203-204, 206-207, 21fl Nuclear r e a c t o r , 200 Nuclear submarine, 196, 207, 220 Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc., 196 , , , , , , , , ( v i i i) �Oceanography, 196, 217 Orbiting Primate Experiment, 194 OV 1-15 (research satellite), 207 OV 1-16, 207 Pacific Ocean, 196, 201, 211 Pakistan, 204 Pan American World Airways, Inc., 212 Parachute, 205 Pastore, Sen. John O., 214 Patents, 194-195,200 Pennsylvania, Univ. of, 208 Perrin AFB, Tex., 205 Peru, 208 Phoebus 2A (nuclear reactor), 200 Phoenix (missile) , 207 Physics, 19'7 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, U. S.S.R. , 214 Portsmouth, Ohio, 216 Poseidon (missile), 206 Press comment Apollo AS-204 accident, 209 C-5 aircraft, 193, 200 disarmament, 192-193, 208 National Academy of Sciences, 195 research and development, 195, 201 SST, 218 Press conference, 212 Pulsar, 209, 223 Radiation, 218 Radio signal, 196-197 RAND Corp. , The, 216 RCA Communications, Inc. , 198 Read, Cdr. Albert Cushing (USN), 221 Reentry, 211, 213 Reid, Dr. Henry J. , 226 Research and development, 195, 201-202, 215 Rickover, m a n G. (USN), 207, 220 Roberts, Chalmers M. , 204 Romania, 201 Rover (program), 200 Rusk, Secretary of State Dean, 206 Ryan Aeronautical Co. , 215 Sagan, Dr. Carl, 224 Sakharov, Prof. Andrey D., 205 Salisbury, John W., 221 VIA �Santa Monica, C a l i f . , 216 Saturn I ( b o o s t e r ) , 192 Saturn I Workshop ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 210 Saturn I B (uprated Saturn I) ( b o o s t e r ) , 192, 225 Saturn V, 192, 210, 215, 226 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN) 205, 226 Schweickart, Russell L., 216 S c i e n t i s t s , 195, 201 S c o t t , L/C David R. (USAF), 216 Scout ( sounding rocket ) 208 Scrimp, P r o j e c t , 223 Seamans, D r . Robert C . , Jr,, 201 The S e c u r i t y of Japan and Prospects f o r 1970 (study), 216 S e c u r i t y Research Council, 216 S e n t i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 206, 223 Serpukov, U. S. S. R. 197 Smit hsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , 207 S o l a r f l a r e , 203 Sonic boom, 195, 198, 204 Sorokin, D r . P e t e r P., 219-220 Sounding r o c k e t , 202, 219-221 South A f r i c a , 204 SP-5B artin in ~ a r l i n )( f l y i n g boat ) 207 Space biology, 194, 203, 213-214 Space Disturbance Forecast Center, 203 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 210 Space r a c e , 226-227 Space rescue t r e a t y , 209 Spacecraft d e b r i s , 213 Spain, 204 Spectrometer, 215-216 S t a f f o r d , Maj. Thomas P. (usAF), 255 Stanford Linear Accelerator (sLAc) 197 Stanford Univ. 224 S u i t l a n d , Md., 199 sun, 197 Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., 201 Sunspots 198 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 204, 213, 218 Survey S a t e l l i t e ( SURSAT ) 200 Sweden, 204 Sweeney, D r . Stephen B. 208 Switzerland, 204 Sydney, Univ. o f , 223 S y r i a , 204 , , , , , , , , , �Taylor, D r . J. H. , 209 Telescope, 194 Television, 198, 199 T e l l e r , D r . Edward, 214 Terzian, D r . Yervent, 223 Thrust -Augmented Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 196 Thule AFB, Greenland, 198 T i t a n I11 ( b o o s t e r ) , 210 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, 199 Tolansky, Samuel, 203 Topping, Seymore, 222 TOS-E ( ~ i rso Operational S a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Trans World A i r l i n e s , Inc. , 224 Transportation, Dept. of (DOT), 198, 219 Unidentified f l y i n g object (UFO), 194, 216, 220, 224 United A i r Lines, 213 United Kingdom (u. K. ) , 204, 214, 222 United Nations (u.N. ) , 224 S e c u r i t y Council, 199, 206 General Assembly, 204, 209 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 194, 210 Uranium, 216 USAF Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization, 225 U.S. A i r Force (usAF), 212, 222 a i r c r a f t , 193, 198-200, 204, 207, 208, 214, 223 c o n t r a c t , 225 cooperat ion, 200, 218 launch s a t e l l i t e , 207 MOL, 215, 223 nuclear propulsion, 200 organization, 193 personnel, 224 r e s e a r c h and development, 193, 2ll, 221 t e s t , 198, 200 t r a i n i n g , 205 ~ O s 194, , 200 U.S. Army- (USA), 222 U. S. N a v y (USN) 206, 207, 21'7, 22l, 222 U. S. S. R. (union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s,) 194 agreement, 192, 203, 206, 208-209, 213, 215-216, a i r c r a f t , 201, 203, 212, 223 a i r l i n e s , 203, 212 communications s a t e l l i t e , 199 cooperation, 197 , 222 �U. S. S. R. (Union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s )(continued) launch s a t e l l i te Cosmos, 19, 205, 212, 214, 225 ~ o l n i ~ 1-9, a 199. nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y , 192, 198, 204 science and technology, 205-206, 211 space program, 226-227 submarine 207 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 207 Vanguard ( ~ r o ~ r a m 195 ), Venezuela, 208 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 211, 222 Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke, 194 Veronique (sounding rocket), 226 Vestine, D r . Ernest Harry, 216 VFX-1 ( i n t e r c e p t o r a i r c r a f t ) , 217, 223 VFX-2, 223 Virginia, Univ. o f , 194 V/STOL a i r c r a f t , 2.19 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 208, 219 Warsaw, Poland, 208 Washington, D. C. 192 Webb, James E. 208, 210 WEFAX (weather Facsimile Experiment ) 199 Weightlessness 194 Western Test Range (WTR) 196, 212 We s t e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l 198 Weston, Ill., 197 Wheeler, Gen. E a r l G. (USA), 199 White Sands Missile Range (w), 220, 221 White, W i l l i a m S., 192 Whittaker, P h i l i p N. , 226 Wiesner, D r . Jerome B., 206 World Weather Watch, 199 See White Sands Missile Range. WSMR. Wykes, Raymond P., 195 XV-5B (V/STOL a i r c r a f t ) , 215 X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 213 XB-70 (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 192, 204 XB-70A, 216 Y zllowst one National Park, 198 Yosemite National Park, 198 Young, C d r John W. (US?), 225 Zohar, D r . Shalhav, 222 Zond N (u. S. S. R. space probe), 194 , , , , , , , . ( x i i) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000126 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics July 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 27, Folder 38 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17925 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1268/spc_stnv_000125.pdf 77f76bdbb0d04dd4dcda25ca835791f6 PDF Text Text �J U L Y 1 9 6 9 �July 1: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family flew from New York f o r nine-day tour of U.S.S.R. I n s t i t u t e f o r Soviet-American Relations i n Moscow had extended i n v i t a t i o n through Soviet h b a s s y i n Washington, D.C. I t i n e r a r y included Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, and Crimea. (W Post, 7/1/69, A15; AP, W S t a r , 7/1/69, A4) PrelimFnary investigation had revealed l e a k i n small f u e l l i n e on Saturn V 1 s t stage (s-IC-11) No. 3 engine had caused June 26 f i r e , MSFC announced. B a r d had been convened t o conduct f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and recommend preventive measures. Stage's No. 3 and No. 5 engines would be replaced; other t h r e e engines received minor'damage and would be repaired i n place. Accident would n o t a f f e c t launch preparations f o r ApoUo U mission; inspection of Apollo U vehicle SA-506 had confirmed t h a t its high-pressure fuel l i n e s were i n good condition. (MSFCRelease 69-156) North American Rockwell Corp. consolidated i t s Rocketdyne Div. and Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div. i n t o new Power Systems Divs. headed by Jay D. Wethe, Vice President of Aerospace and Systems Group. (NAR Release N-14) U.K. Defense Ministry said it had t r a n s f e r r e d i t s nuclear s t r i k e force from delta-wing bombers t o P o l a r i s submarines. Seven eventually would be brought i n t o service. ( ~ e u t e r s ,3 Sun, 7/2/69, ~ 2 ) July 2 : European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) attempt t o place I t a l i a n ELDO F-8 spacecraft i n t o polar o r b i t from Woomera Rocket Range f a i l e d when West German 3rd stage of Europa booster rna.lflmctioned. U.K. 1 s t stage and French 2nd stage performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (2, 7/16/69, 14; AP, W Star, 7/3/69, ~ 3 ) ' Preliminary countdown demonstration t e s t (QDDT) for J u l y 16 Apollo 11 launch was successfully completed at KSC. Except f o r 3-hr 18-min hold during which technicians repaired leaky f u e l valve, 53-day t e s t had run smoothly. (AP, 3 Sun, 7/3/69, ~ 4 ) Unofficial Communist sources said U.S.S.R. would launch unmanned Luna spacecraft July 10, which would attempt t o scoop up lunar sample and r e t u r n it t o e a r t h , Associated Press reported. Sources s a i d launch would be t h i r d attempt t o conduct successful mission; f i r s t had reportedly exploded on launch pad a t Baikonur in e a r l y A p r i l , and second had exploded i n f l i g h t June 14, when 2nd stage i g n i t e d . One source s a i d Soviet space o f f i c i a l s were "very disturbed over the success of the American ApoUo program. Losing t h e moon r a c e will be a t e r r i b l e blow t o them." (B Sun, 7/3/69, ~ l ) �Cosmonauts Gherman S, Titov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, and Georgy J u l y 2: T. Deregovy were among Soyiet o f f i c i a l s who met Astronaut Frank Borman and family on a r r i v a l at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport at s t a r t of nineday U.S.S.R. v i s i t . Asked i f S o v i e t cosnionaut might visit U.S., Bom)an said; " I ' m sure t h a t will be discusced. Cooperation i n space a c t i v i t i e s i s an important aspect of t h e space program. " Bomans breakfasted i n Moscow and returned t o a i r p o r t f o r flight t o Leningrad. Schedule called f o r v i s i t t o Vzyozdni Gomdok--Star City--where cosmonauts l i v e d and t o space comunicat ions c e n t e r i n Crimea; nothing i n program indicated v i s i t t o U.S.S.R. launching center at Bsikonur i n Kazakhstan. (AP, W -9S t a r 7/2/69, ~ 1 4 ) Time-Life , Inc. , w o u l d pay minhum of $400,000 f o r exclusive book r i g h t s o f l u n a r landing s t o r y t o combine established by NASA astronauts i n 1959, Don Kirkman s a i d i n Washington Daily Mews. Money would be split equally i n t o 60 shares f o r 52 active astronauts and widows o f eight deceased. (W News, 7 / 2 / 6 9 , 7) NASA announced award t o Bendiq Field Engineering Corp. of $30 million, one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract extension f o r operation and maintenance of major portion of Manned Space F l i g h t Network. Extension was t h i r d exercised under option and brought t o t a l funding t o $139,215,832. (NASA Release 69-100) 3: ApoUo ll booster, spacecraft, and Astronauts N e i l A. Armstrong, M i c h e l CoUips, and Edwin E. Aldrin, J r , , completed f i n a l countdown r e h e a r s a l t e s t . Astronauts achieved simulated liftoff a t 9 : 3 2 am EDT-exad, time aT scheduled J u l y 16 launch. Final countdown f o r manned lunar landing mission would begin July 10. (AP, B 9,7/4/69, Al0) July Apollo 11 astronauts would leave three items on lunar surface t o commemorate landing, NASA announced. S i l i c o n disc; 1%-in-dia, would carry statements by Presidents Eisenhower , Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon; messages of goodwill frorh leaders of 73 countries; l i s t of l e a d e r s of Congress and members of four Congressional committees responsible f o r NASA I e g i s h t i o n ; and names of NASA's t o p management, p a s t and present. Statements, messages, and names had been etched on d i s c by process used t o make microminiature e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t s . Each message had been reduced 200 times, t o b a r e l y v i s i b l e dot. Twee- by five-foot nylon American f l a g with tubing along t o p edge would be erected on eight-foot aLwlinum staff on airless moon. Two o t h e r U.S. flags and f l a g s f'rorn 136 nations and 50 U.S. s t a t e s would be carried t o mon and returned t o earth. Plaque on LM descent stage �July 3 (continued) would bear i m ~ e sof two hemispheres of e a r t h and i n s c r i p t i o n , "1,Lere men from t h e p l a n e t e a r t h first s e t foot upon t h e moon July 1969, A.11. We came i n peace f o r all mankind." It would bear names of Apollo 11 crew-Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong, Edwin P;. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins-and President Nixon. (NASA Releases 69-03E, 69-83F, 69-838) . A t Leningrad news conf csence during U. S. S R. t o u r , Astronaut Frank Borrnan s a i d he hoped U . S . and Soviet spacemen would fly t o g e t h e r i n J o i n t mission by mid-1:YIOs. (Neuters, W ]Post, 7/4/69, ~ 3 ) E d i t o r i a l in W ~ s h i n ~ t 0l'ost n e n t i t l e d "Our Man on the Moon" c r i t i c i z e d White IJouse decision t o l e a v e on moon plaque on Apollo 11 LM descent s t a g e with s i g n a t u r e of President Nixon: "The proposed plaque would s t a t e $hat ' w e came in peace f o r a l l mankind.' That message, t o g e t h e r with the names of t h e t h r e e brave men who made t h e , voyage would seem t o us t o be enough." E d i t o r i a J erroneously c i t e d A p r i l 1968 a r t i c l e by KASA 1Iistorian Eugene M. Emme, " H i s t o r i c a l Perspectives on Apollo," saying t h a t nowhere did Mr. Nixon's name appear. Name d i d appear with reference t o post-Sputnik statements i n October 1957 and t o promises of l u n a r landing by 19/1 i n 1960 e l e c t i o n campaign. (W post, 7 / 3 / 6 9 , A14; Journ of Spacecraft and Rockets, 4/68, 369-01) A p o l l o l l might s i g n a l end t o KSC area's economic boom, Wall S t r e e t Journal - said. NASA had announced s l a c k i n Apollo launchings and cut, i n KSC employment from 23,500 t o 18,500 persons. Brevard Counts (site of k c ) housihg construction had f L l e n some 4@, from 3,k38 u n i t s i n 1967 t o 2,080 i n 1968,and was currently down another 4%. Amount of money drawn against checking account d e p o s i t s i n county r o s e only 1% in f i r s t five months of 1969, c o n t r a s t i n g with 17% rise f o r a l l of F l o r i d a . (Prugh, WSJ, 7/3/69, 28) Message f'roq President Nixon was read at opening of s m e r session of 18-nat ion Disarmament Commit t e e i n Geneva; 'I. draft agreements have . been submitted by the United S t a t e s and by t h e Soviet Union t o prevent an arms race on the seabeds. Although d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t , it should not prove beyond our a b i l i t y t o find cornan ground s o t h s t a r e a l i s t i c agreement may be achieved t h a t enhances t h e securi$y of a l l countries. ... Our g o a l should be t o present a sound seabed arms c o n t r o l measure t o the 24th General Assembly of t h e United Nations. " (E, 7/7/69, 929-30) .. �A t P a r i s press conference Sud-Aviation President Henri Ziegler July 3: denied r e p o r t s t h a t France was dropplng Concorde supersonic transport project f o r economic reasons. Milan aerodynamic system developed f o r Mirage supersonic fighter-bomber was being t e s t e d on French prototype. It consisted of two s m a l l nose wings which shortened t a k e o f f and landing runs and r e t r a c t e d i n f l i g h t t o reduce r e s i s t a n c e . (=, 7/,5/69, a 28 -B) NASA o f f i c i a l s ordered technicians t o r e p a i n t Saturn V 3rd s t a g e a f t e r they discovered o l d coating had begun t o peel. Thermal p a i n t would h e l p protect super-cold hydrogen fuels from sun's h e a t . Repainting of stage, scheduled t o boost manned Apollo U spacecraft toward moon July 16, would not a f f e c t launch date. (AP, W S t a r J 7/5/69, ~ 1 3 ) A t U.S. k b a s s y Independence Day Pasty i n Moscow, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Forman signed autographs with Cosmonauts Ghehan S. Titov, Georgy T. Beregovoy, and Konstantin P. Feoktistov. Among 1,000 persons attending reception given by U.S. Ambassador Jacob D. Beam were V 4 s . U y V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S.R. F i r s t Deputy Foreign Minister, and Mfkhail P. Georgadze, Secretary of t h e Presidium of t h e Supreme They were highest ranking Soviet o f f i c i a l s t o a t t e n d annual July 4 -reception since 1964 attendance of Nikita S. Khrushchev as head of government and C o m i s t Party, ( c l a r i t y , E,7/5/69, 28; AP, B 2, 7 / 5 / 6 9 , A21 Soviet. . Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, addressed Independence Day celebrat ion at Dearborn, Mich. : "For untold m i l l i o n s of years t h e human animal was chained t o t h e earth. S W y y e a r s ago he found a way of soaring i n t o its atmsghere. Ten years ago he learned t o break t h e chains of p a v i t y and t o soar out i n t o space. This month the first man w i l l set foot on another world. Later t h i s month two spacecrafi w i U reach Mars and send back new information about t h a t Planet. Americans w i l l have no reason t o be ashamed of t h e i r nation on those days. Is it worth while? Is it worth while t o l i f t the spirits of m i n i o n s of human beings? If n o t , what e l s e i s w o ~ h whiLe,?" Developing l u n a r landing t ethnology was r e l a t i v e l y easy, "The laws of nature which made it possible have been well known for a long ... t h e . The engineering skills required were a v a i l a b l e and. were b r i l l i a n t l y organized. Hundreds of thousands of Americans worked together t o make this dream come t r u e . They had f a i t h and t h e y had hope. �Ctdy 4 ( ~ t ~ i ~ u e d ) The prubler& of our c l t l e s and the ither social p-oblems which besct ,us are not LaJ.l ihat'ensy. Tn t h i s area human beings are not w6rking t o ~ ~ b h but e r are In conflict. We find that we do not yet lmow the co.1rac uII these ~ r b u b i e snor do we yet have t h e mechanisms for' c u r i n @ them. l,Icnce we must study, we. m G s t experiment, we must t r y a n d we w l U o f t e n railr... And we shaLl learn from our faiiures. ( ~ e x tCli ; 5 *[/:13/6(), ~~415-7)' , ' , Analysis of 11tna.r surface would provide key to e a r t h 1r, history. by lkdicat$qg whether moon-Is origin was, catastrophic or -noncatastrophic, Pr; 11. Alf'vdn and Dr. G. Arrhenius of Univ. of California at San Diego said in Science , ~adiome6ricdating o f igneous lunar rocks,might nrovide '. information on the of' their s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . If catastr&hic . B l t e f i j t i v e was correct, rocks should date to .less t h ~ n4; 5 eons ,minhnum age of moo'n, and predominant age should-be approx'imate$y 0.7 +on, w i t h m a j o r . s u r f a c e ahd s u b s ~ f a c efeatures less than O,7 eoh. I f noncatastrsphic alternq%iveproved correct, predotninant age of . i u n q rpcks. should exceed b . eons, at least, since it was likely moon -predate-desFth;' (science,'7/4/69, 11-7) . Jhpmese freigmer 'hrd'bein hit. by wreckage of Soviet spackcraft, ~a~&ese'diplohats reported to five Western d e f e g a t i h s on .legal sUbaemmi$tee of U.N. C o m a i t t e e on Outer Space meeting in ~enkva. ; T h e 5 dnmsge .to D a i (=hi m i n e i while outside territorial waters . and near Siberian coast had p r w i b u s l y been a t t r i b u t e d t o --identi. f i d .ob.1cct. . It was 'beliebed to be first authenticated case of io&estjial d-ge k a i s k a by falling objects. (Harniltah, . . :7/5%69,' 28) e, a '. A p o D 1l Astronauts N e i l A. ~ r i e t r o h(com&der), ~ ~dwin-~. held.pGess conference at MSC. A s t r o n a u t s ,were seated .50: ft.f'rom' ne+rebt newsmesl. h d were partially enclosed Fn plastic booth as ;>art of g&an to limi*. '&ewt$ c o n t a c t s . during'21 days' ir&ediatel$: preceding Colllns,told hres's that .flight:arPd prevent-dwefoprnent of ilJness. A-om CM viewpoint, Apollo h should n o t be very d i i y e r e n t A.om previous. manned Apollo missions. Only major differences .would be . i n c l u s i o n Q? sleep period , i n h i s one -day.so10 flight aro,,lhdmoon, in CM and p6ss1biiity of different CSM/LM ,reDdezmus 'seq&n.:es h c e .'yould be s t a t i o n a r y op lunar surf ace. Collins s a i d 'h.-- d i d 'not.. . f e e l : "slighiest b i t ' frustrated" @out goih& t - o moon & h u t 1gndir.g . . oh 'itt .' "I 'rh mirig 99;9. .. bercent df t h e ' &.y there, ~d chat suits me ,: Jr. (LM p q t ) , a@d Michael ~ o l l i q s(CM. ' , , . �July 5 (cuntll~ued) flne. " LM fliellt plan would pick up where Apollo 10 left off with pkGsing maneuver, Aldrln explained, There would be number of "firsts" : " t h e ult i1m.te te:;i;, " actual touchdown; 1 / (~ ; environment ; new thermal conditlolis; two-man KVA on l u n a r surface; sleeping i n LM on moon; star s i g h t - . iq: teel~il.iquew i t h alignment telescope on l u n a r surface ; and powered Q S C P ~from ~ tnooli with seven-minute engine burn. One of important early ' a c t i . v l t i c s a f t e r c x i t i n c from LM on moon would be determining b e s t pace for wvhc a b u t : " .there have been several d i f f e r e n t techniques elnployeci 111 t h e partial zero g r a v i t y training. And, it looks l i k e you It a l s o looks as though call rmlk conventionally one foot after another. you can do G two-footed hop--Kangaroo style. " I n trainingl i n aircraft flown a t 1/6 g, ."a f a i r l y r a p i d pace" appeared q u i t e easy t o perform, "It looks l i k e we shouldn't have t o p much d i f f i c u l t y i n moving a t somet h i n g like 6 , 8, o r 10 miles per hour." I n response t o question on procedures during descent, Armstrong s a i d crew would use "somewhat hybrid methods of manual and automatic, The predicted method a t t h i s p o i n t , although we have a g r e a t d e a l of f l e x i b i l i t y and choice, based on t h e s i t u a t i o n a t t h e time, would be t o m a l n t a i n manual c o n t r o l of a t t i t h d e and automatic c o n t r o l of t h r o t t l e through t h e f i n a l descent from an a t i t u d e of somewhere between 503 and 1000 f e e t urrtil such time as the automatic t h r o t t l e r a t e d descent was unsatisfactory, at which time w e ' l l go f u l l manual on t h e t h r o t t l e . , . f l y i n g it i n a manner l i k e a normal VTOL machine . would be flown." N and LM had been s e l e c t e d a s "representative of Code names f o r C t h e flight, t h e n a t i o n ' s hope," Armstrong revealed. L! would be c a l l e d "Eagle" for U. S n a t i o n a l emblem, and CM would be c a l l e d "Columbia" f o r U . S . symbol) s t a t u e on t o p of Capitol, and J u l e s Verne's f i c t i o n a l spacecraft, "Columbiad, " which flew t o moon 100 y r s ago. ransc script ; OtT091e, W Post, 7/6/69, U ) .. . . Bopny, pig-tailed monkey launched on b a r d NASA B i o s a t e l l i t e 111 Juqe 29, was showing marked decxease in i n t e r e s t and efficiency. s Although he was s t i l l i n s a t i s f a c t o r y physical condition, Bonny vas becoming much l e s s energetic and w a s consuming l e s s food and water. ( M , W Star, 7/5/69, A3; w Post, 7/5/69, ~ 6 ) ,ApoD '10 commander Thomas P, Stafford received Flying Tiger P i l o t Trophy, presented every two years by Flying Tigers, group of World War I1 veterans. Trophy was presented during q t h reunion i n Ojai, C e l i f . . (AP, W -Star, 7/7/69, ~ 2 ) ', ��July 7 (continued) a c r o s s t h e skies. " U. S. S.R. would continue t o put g r e a t s t r e s s on space and move ahead s t e a d i l y . " . . . t h e r e ' s always t h e danger t h a t we may f e e l we can r e l a x now--having a t t a i n e d t h e lunar god--and perhaps slack off. .i f \(re were not t o s t a r t new programs now, I t h i n k t h e s i t u a t i o n might well reverse and the Soviets might once again develop superior technol o g i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i n space." Space technology could a f f e c t future defence posture. " . . . i n t h e p a s t , wherever man has flown f a r t h e r and higher and f a s t e r , wherever he has developed new c a p a b i l i t y t o observe from h i g h e r a r e a s , t o c a r r y out opexations i n new media, t h i s has had a major e f f e c t on t h e equations of i n t e r n a t i o n a l power. We're q u i t e confident that t h i s w i l l probably be t r u e again i n space." Application of space t o defense area was D O D t s job. "We do not consider Apollo a p p l i c a t i o n s as any kind of s u b s t i t u t e f o r MOL." Journey of man t o another s o l a r system w a s "completely out of t h e realm of p o s s i b i l i t y " for next generation; '"but i n t h e more d i s t a n t f u t u r e , i f .it were ever p o s s i b l e . . . t o c o n t r o l t h e energy of nuclear . fusion and adapt it in some e f f i c i e n t way t o t h e propulsion of spacecraf't, it might be p o s s i b l e t o t h i n k J,n terms of longer voyages t o another staz." FqdamentaJ. brealdhrough would have t o be made. Chance t h a t l i f e existed i n o t h e r s o l a r systems seemed "absolutely 103 per cent. " (US N e w s , 7/7/69) .. . White House announced President Nixon had canceled plans t o dine with Apollo ll astronauts July 15, eve of launch. MSC Director of Research and Medical Operations, D r . Charles A. Berry, had expressed concern t h a t crew m i g h t catch earthly i l l n e s s from President, which could comp1icat;e lunar landing mission. (AP, B Sun, 7/8/69) Apollo I l lunar samples wouLd not be f i r s t moon material t o reach earth and t o undergo s c i e n t i f i c examination, Los Angeles Times quoted D r . Dean R. Chapman, Chief of ARC Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., as saying in interview, Tekites--molten pieces of lunar surface i n form of chunks of black glass--had f a l l e n t o earth when meteorites s t r u c k moon w i t h tremendous force. Most recent t e k t i t e shower had occurred 700,000 yrs ago. While t e k t i t e s r o r i g i n was matter of s c i e n t i f i c dispute, Dr. Chapman believed most commonly held theory-l u n a r o r i g i n . I n working out shower's t r a j e c t o r y , he had determined t e k t i t e s came from Tycho c r a t e r on moon s southern hemisphere. He believed Tycho t o be 700,030 y r s o l d and t h a t c r u s t s of e a r t h and of moon were i n t a a t e l y r e l a t e d . ( ~ e t z e ,LA Times, 7/7/69) - �~ewsweek's431d space age cover s t o r y since October 1957 contained JuJy ' l : comments from "opinion makers" on Apollo l l mission. D r . Robert Jastrow, Director of NASAt s Coddard I n s t i t u t e f o r Space Studies, said s c i e n t i f i c basis f o r mission was t o discover secret of earth ' s past through study of lunarr rocks. Resolution of "cold moon" versus "hot moon" theory controversy- -whether moon e i t h e r was formed cold, or cooled off s h o r t l y after its b i r t h , o r was l i k e e a r t h molten o r partly molten inside with volcanic surface--"may r i d e with Apollo ll." Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, t h e Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, said: "A society t h a t can resolve t o conquer space ; t o put man i n a place where i n ages past it was considered only God could reach; t o appropriate vast b i l l i o n s ; t o systematically s e t about t o discover the necessary s c i e n t i f i c knowledge; t h a t society deserves both acclaim and our contempt. ,acclaim f o r achievement and contempt f o r bizarre s0cia.l values. For though it has the capacity t o meet extraordinary challenges, it has f a i l e d t o use i t s ability t o r i d i t s e l f of the scourges of racism, poverty and war, a l l of which were b r u t a l l y scarring t h e nation even as it mobilized -for t h e a s s a u l t on t h e solar system. " Anthropologist D r . Margaret Mead said: . "This can be a firit s t e p , not i n t o space alone, but i n t o t h e disciplined and courageous use of enhanced human powers f o r man, enobled as he i s today, as t h e f i r s t men step on the moon. " Philosopher Lewis Mmford said : "Space exploration. i s s t r i c t l y a m i l i t a r y by-product ; and without pressure from t h e Pentagon and t h e Kremlin it would never have found a place i n any national budget. " Best hope was "that t h i s colossal perversion of energy, thought and other precious human resources may awaken a spontaneous collective reaction s u f f i c i e n t t o bring us down t o e a r t h again. Any square mile of inhabited e a r t h has more significance for man's Rrture tham all t h e planets in our solar system. " (~ewsweek, 6/7/69, 3 , 60-1) . .. Original equipment o f f ield-sequential color TV system which would be used by Apollo 11 t o transmit pictures from moon [ s e e April 51 was presented t o Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n by inventor D r . Peter C. Goldmark, President of CBS Laboratories. Apollo 11 would c a r r y three-pound miniaturization of system i n Westinghouse camera. (Schaden, W S t a r , 7/8/69, ~ 1 ) * DOD announced award of $356,713,045 f ixed-price contract t o KcDonnell Douglas Corp. f o r ~ - Phantom b I1 high-performance J e t fighter a i r c r a f t f o r USN and USAF use. (DOD Release 568-69; AP, W Post, 7/8/69, ~ 1 5 ) �July 7-8 : NASA terminated Biosat e U i t e 111 mission t o determine long-term e f f e c t s of weightlessness on living organisms when Bonny, p i g - t a i l e d monkey on board, registered extremely low metabolic s t a t e and refused t o d r i n k water a f t e r receiving 10 emergency water commands. Spacecraft had been scheduled t o remain i n o r b i t 30 days after h u n c h June 29, but monkey's condition--as indicated by s t e a d i l y lowering body temperature, reduced heart r a t e , shallow breathing, substantial periods of sleep during day, and general sluggishness--had declined s t e a d i l y for several days, Spacecraft separated and parachute deployed successfully , but space c r a f t reentered 100 m i downrange f'rom expected point and recovery a i r c r a f t was unable t o r e t r i e v e it in midair as planned. Capsule w a s recovered from Pacific o f f coast of Kauai a t 7:36 pm EDT, minutes a f t e r splashdown, and flown t o Hickam AFB, Hawaii, laboratories, where monkey. was removed from capsule immediately and given h t e n s i v e care. Without p r i o r warning from changes i n physiological parameters being recorded, Bonny died suddenly at 6 :04 am EDT July 8. Autopsy performed s h o r t l y after death suggested d e t e r i o r a t i o n in health had been caused by heart f a i l u r e brought about by weightlessness and lower-than-normal body temperature. Detailed analyses of data would be made during next s i x months and formal report would be issued after Jan. 1, lg(0, Despite curtailed length of mission, experimenters expected s i g n i f i c a n t results. (NASA Proj Off; ARC Astrogram, 7/17/69, 1) J u l y 8: Rep. John V. Tunney (D-calif.) intr0ducedH.J.R. 810, "designating the day which man lands on the moon, and t h e anniversary of t h a t day each year t h e r e a f l e r as a national holiday t o be known a s 'Space Exploration Day. I!' Resolution was referred t o House Judiciary Committee, ( C R , ' ' 7/8/69, ~ 5 7 2 5 CBS Enterprises Inc. announced f i r s t agreement f o r r e g u l a r s a t e l l i t e transmission of news s t o r i e s had been reached with CBS Newsfilm subscribers in Australia and Japan. It would eventually lead t o d a i l y , i n s t ant aneous, a t ercont i n e n t a l transmission of TV news by s a t e l l i t e , company said. (CBS Enterprises Release, 7/8/69) Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman met i n Moscow with Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Acadew of Sciences, and spent 40 min with 'u.s.s.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny i n t a l k which Bonnan s a i d was "encouraging and beneficial" i n efforts t o achieve U. S. -U. S. S. R , . cooperation i n space. (AP, W Post, 7/10/69, A23) July 9 : - ��+ July 9 (continued) behind in c h i l d support payments , i n e r t i a l navigation systems that were standard equipment on new 360- t o 400-passenger Boeing 747, and therma.1 mapper developed f o r s a t e l l i t e s , being used t o seek o i l formations, diagnose cause of sinking a i r p o r t runways, and find sources of water pollution. Other space age spinoffs were p l a s t i c r e s i n marketed a s commercial laminates, adhesives , and coatings ; devices t o monitor i n t e r n a l s t r e s s i n dams during e a r t h tremors; data-processing 9 techniques t o record t r a i n t r a f f i c and t o match power-generating c a p a c i t i e s t o demand; electromagnetic hammer t h a t smoothed and shaped metal without weakening it ; and luminous devices f o r a i r c r a f t e x i t signs, map reading, and gun s i t e s . Medicine w a s benefiting from miniaturized electronic devices i n cardiac pacemakers; remote-handling and manipulation equipment t h a t had improved pmsthet i c devices l i k e a r t i f i c i a l limbs; space-helmet-like hoods t o measure oxygen consumption while p a t i e n t exercised; computer t o provide sharper x-ray photos; liquid-cooled s u i t s t o lower temperatures ; " sequenced-pulsation pressure s u i t " f o r possible use in a s s i s t i n g c i r c u l a t i o n i n heart p a t i e n t s ; and small battery-powered devices t o transmit physiological data from a r m s of as many as 64 p a t i e n t s t o single nurse at monitor console. (!Fanner, 7/9/69) . z, . MSFC announced it would exercise option i n existing contract with Computer Sciences Corp. t o allow continued computer support services through June 30, 1970, a t cost of $6,081,887. (MSFC Release 69-157) U . S . S , R . launched Cosmos CCA-omPlesetskintoorbitwith ( ~ 1 . 3 - m i )apogee, 208-Ian ((129.2-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered July 15. (GSFC -9SSR 7/15/69; E,7/15/69, 5 ) Jul 10 . ApoUo ll countdown began a t a t 9:32 am EDT July 16. . Four-stage KSC a t 8:00 pm EDT in preparation f o r launch p pol lo ll Status R p t ) Pacemaker rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n carried 58-lb instrumented payload t o 65,000-ft a l t i t u d e and reentered atmosphere at 7,000 mph. Primary objective was t o evaluate performance of carbon phenolic, synthetic resin, a s a b l a t i v e material. Secondary objective was t o evaluate performance of low-density a b l a t i v e materials--pyronne foam, polymer blend, and phenolic nylon--for'possible use on manned lifting-body reentry vehicles. (WS Relzase 69-12; WS PIO) . �J u l y 10: American Academy of Achievement presented 1969 Cold P l a t e a an o f ~chievement'I Awards t o D r . William 11, Pickering, JPL Director, and t o A 110 8 ~ s t r o n a u t sWilliam A. Anders and rank- or man. (LA k e r - ~ x m , 6 1 % 6/21/69, 30) ' (D- la.), f o r himself and Sen. Edward J. Cuerney (R-E'la.), introduced S . J . R . 133 "to redesignate t h e a r e a i n t h e s t a t e of Florida known as Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral," Measure w a s referred t o Senate Committee on I n t e r i o r and Insular Affairs. (CR, 7/10/69, S7813 , Sen. Spessard L. llolland , National Geographic Society cartographer and "backyard stargazer David Moore w a s one of few amateur astronomers selected by ,NASA t o t' help nearly 200 professionals who had volunteered t o attempt s i g h t i n g ~of Apollo 11 spacecrart, Washington Evening Star said. Through telescope in yard of his Wheaton, Md., home he would watch for "small brilliant flashes when rocket engines a r e turned on o r 'burnedf or.. .when waste water i s edected from the spacecraft. " I n eJection, mte r f'roze . i n s t a n t l y and r e s u l t a n t i c e crystals flared in s u n l i g h t . NASA had credited Moore with one of few sightings of earthbound Apollo 10. ( ~ a d c l i f f e ,W S t a r , 7/10/69, ~ 2 ) - C water shortage were "two i l l u s t r a t i o n s of man's efficiency in achieving t h e t h r u s of l i f e and man's i n e f f i ciency i n not achievFng $he necessities of l i f e , " Drew Peasson s a i d i n Washington Post, "At Cape Kennedy, the United States i s about t o launch the most c a r e r u l l y rehearsed, most expensive, most unnecessary project of t h i s century by which man w i l l reach a piece of drab, radioa c t i v e , lava-like real e s t a t e hitherto romsntic because of distance-t h e moon. The launching w l U succeed because a vast amount of money and the best scientific byains i n America over a period of seven years have been lavished on t h i s moon shot, Meanwhile, up the A t l a n t i c Coast, the Capital which voted t h e $20 b i l l i o n t o reach t h e moon i s desperately short of the second essential t o man's life--water--all because of l a c k of planning, lack of foresight, and l a c k of money--the same ingredients which have put t h e moon shot on the verge of success." (W b s t , i'/10/69, FU) , Apollo U and current nationwide ' Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A, Armstrong, Michael Collins, and ~dwi; E. f i d r i n , Jr underwent l a s t m J o r p r e f l i g h t medical examinst i o n at KSC f o r July 1 6 launch. (Apollo Status Rpt ; July 11: ., �U: A t Cape Kennedypress conference, Apollo 8 A s t r o n a u t Frank Bormm termed " t o t d l y ridiculous " cancellation of President Nixon ' s dinner with Apollo 11 crew on eve of launch t o avoid contaminating crew with president ial germs. Ire had delivered i n v i t a t i o n t o dinner t o White House and President Aixon had accepted when MSC Medical Director, D r . Charles A . Berrs crLt icized dinner [see July 71, Barman said h i s talks with U.S.S.R. o f f i c i a l s during recent t o u r had l e f t him convinced they planned lunar landing soon but, "from t h e people on t h e subways t o their president, a l l I heard was t h a t t h e y a r e wishing success f o r Apollo 11." (&eider, W Post, 7/13/69, Ah) NAS published Plan f o r U.S, P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e Global Atmospheric Research Program. It recommended five-year e f f o r t including P a c i f i c t e s t of global weather observing system and l a r g e -scale atmospheric study i n 193, s e r i e s of smaU regional s t u d i e s beginning i n 1969 or 1 4 0 , and experiments t o improve numerical models of atmosphere f o r computer forecasting, with continued development of computer 100 t h e s f a s t e r t h a n c u r r e n t l y available. T o t a l e f f o r t would r e q u i r e . 1 0 yrs, with plans f o r second portion t o be based on information gained during first 5 y r s . Report, prepared by NRC committee, said developments i n computers and s a t e l l i t e s had made it p o s s i b l e " t o advance toward t h e goal of accurate two-week f o r e c a s t s and, eventually, toward i n t e l l i g e n t modificat i o n of t h e weather. " Use of s a t e l l i t e s such a s Nimbus 111, launched A p r i l 14, and expansion of o t h e r observing systems made it t e c h n i c a l l y a i d e c ~ n & n i c a l l ~ ~ ~ o s s i bt ol e provide adequate g l o b a l observations f o r long-range forecasts. Recommended t e s t of global observing system would require 2 satellites with advanced instrumentation, nearly 1,000 balloons, and 135 instrdnent ed buoys. Simultaneous cloud-cluster study would r e q u i r e 1 2 a d d i t i o n a l a i r c r a f t , several ground s t a t i o n s ; and computer f a c w t y . P a r t i c i p a t i n g Government agencies would be responsible for determining p r o e m costs. ( ~ e x t ; NRC el ease) - - , NASA and USAF announced cooperative f l i g h t t e s t program using two USAF YF'-12A a i r c r a f t and spares, ground equipment, maintenance personnel, and .base support a t Edwards AFB, C a l i f . X U A would budget f o r and f m d $10 million f o r program through FY 1974. About $4 m i o n had been made a v a i l a b l e by completion of X-15 and XB-70 f l i g h t programs. USAF purpose In two-part program was t o provide USAF with a d d i t i o n a l data on a i r c r a f t ' s operational f a c t o r s , procedures, l i m i t a t ions, and p o s s i b l e bomber penetrat i o n t a c t i c s . NASA would seek data on a l t i t u d e - h o l d at supersonic speeds, boundary l a y e r noise, heat t r a n s f e r under high speed, airframe-propulsion system i n t e r a c t i o n s and o t h e r performance and handling c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . (DODRelease 581-6$13 �July 11: MSE'C issued RFPs f o r design, development, t e s t , and d e l i v e r y of four f l i g h t models of manned lunar roving vehicle. Four-wheeled, 400-lb v e h i c l e would be c a r r i e d t o moon on board LM i n 1911, t o t r a n s p o r t astronauts, t o o l s , lunar samples, and o t h e r equipment and experiments. (NASA Special el ease) . Emperor U.S. Ilaile S e l a s s i e of Ethiopia toured MSC during five-day v i s i t t o ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/10/69, A 2 3 ; ApoLlo S t a t u s Rpt; NASA PAO) NASA program of returning man f r o m l u n a r landing was based on conclusion t h e r e was no r i s k , Stanford Univ. g e n e t i c i s t D r . Joshua Lederberg s a i d i n Washine;ton Post. "We could not mount an e f f e c t i v e quarantine against a s e a l p e r i l o f global i n f e c t i o n unless we were prepared t o s a c r i f i c e the astronaut, which i s unthinkable. " Arguments f o r zero r i s k were "quite persuasive"--lack of atmosphere on moon, "an absolutely necessary condition f o r l i f e t o f l o u r i s h , " and f a c t t h a t earth had experiepced lunar material samples from secondary meteorites. Main purpose of quarantine was "to protect t h e samples from earthly contaminat ion - -not a l t o g e t her succe ssflilly, in view of t h e e f i a l a t ions from t h e landing rocket and from t h e astronauts' space s u i t s , It was then reasonable t o add on whatever a d d i t i o n a l precautions against back-contamination were possible without impeding t h e mission." Project had helped show lunar arrangements would be "quite inappropriate t o a real risk, for example a sample return from Mars." For Mars program, "we must l e a r n a g r e a t d e a l more by instrumented observations l e f t t h e r e , before w e can begin t o design t h e precautions needed f o r samples, o r men, returned t o e a r t h . " (W Post, 7/12/69, ~ 1 5 ) July 12: " ~ o o rPeople ' s campaign" Director, t h e Rev. Hosea W i l l i a m of Southern C h r i s t i a n Leadership Conference, s a i d "hungry" people fYom f i v e southern s t a t e s would demonst r a t e a t Cape Kennedy J u l y 15 on eve of Apollo l l launch and would t r y t o g e t "as close as possible1' t o launch s i t e with mules and wagons. "We're not against t h i n g s l i k e t h e space shot, but t h e r e l s been a miscalculation i n p r i o r i t i e s . " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/13/69, ~ 5 ) . NASA said Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin had r e j e c t e d U.S. i n v i t a t i o n t o watch Apollo U launch. U. S. S. R. o r i g i n a l l y had accepted, but Soviet Embassy in WashingLon s a i d Dobrynin would be out of country. (AP, W S t a r , 7/13/69, Ag) �USH reported eight-ship Soviet Naval f l e e t was heading south July 12: 25 m i east-southeast of Miami, Fla. , on course t h a t could provide view of Apollo S1 launch. U.S. carrier a i r c r a f t and destroyer escort Cary shadowed squadron, o f f i c i a l l y enroute t o Havana f o r July 26 commemorat ion of Cuban revolution. oma an, W Post, 7/12/69,~1; AP, W Post, 7/13/69, AS) July 13: U.S.S.R. launched L u n a X V unmanned spacecraft from Baikonur irrto selenocentric o r b i t t o conduct "further s c i e n t i f i c studies of the moon and near lunar space, " Tass announced, Spacecraft was expected t o reach moon l a t e July 16--scheduled date of launch of NASA's Apollo llmanned lunar l a n d i n g mission. There was speculation t h k t Luna XV w a s Soviet attempt t o land spacecratt on moon and return . it t o earth with sample of Lunar s o i l before U,S. did. (W Post, 7/14/69, Al; SBD, 7/18/69, 22; B Sun, 7/14/69, Al; GSFC 5-715/69) -- Washington Sunday S t a r published Associated Press interview w i t h Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director o f Medical Research and Operations: While 4,514 hrs of weightlessness endured by U. S. astronauts i n space had produced no serious medical problems, on moon "we w i l l be placing men i n a n e n t i r e l y new environment." After four days of weightlessness, they would s t e p onto surface where gravity f i e l d was 1/6 t h a t of earth. A t blission Control Center i n Houston, D r . Berry would be watching Apollo ll astronauts' heart r a t e , oxygen consmption, and temperature of water t h a t cooled spacesuits. Preflight physicals had enabled doctors t o draw metabolic p r o f i l e of each astronaut, including work capacity on e a r t h a t various heart r a t e s , oxygen consumption, and body heat generated, "We know the heat product ion l e v e l which t h e portable l i f e support system can handle without being overburdened. I f it reaches t h a t point f o r f i v e minutes, we w i l l t e l l t h e astronauts t o stop and r e s t . " Because of spacesuits ' bulk astronauts would s t a r t with simple t a s k s and work up t o tougher ones. Excitement could a f f e c t a b i l i t y t o sleep i n four-hour r e s t period planned before lunar w a l k . "We might have t o make a real-time decision on whether t o give them a sleeping p i l l o r perhaps a stimulant. " Apollo had taught one "amazing medical f a c t - - t h a t t h e l o s s of red blood c e l l mass apparently i s caused by a pure oxygen atmosphere. Results of using mixed nitrogen-and-oxygen atmosphere i n spacecrart since January 1967 Apollo f i r e had indicated nitrogen apparently protected c e l l s . ened edict, AP, W S t a r , 7/13/69, ~ 9 ) �J u l y 13: From summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo near Rome, Fope Pad. V I asked Christians worldwide t o pray f o r Apollo U astronauts and s a i d mission showed man was a "giant. " (AP, B 7/14/69, ~ 5 ) A t White House religious service t h e Rev. Paul H. A. Noren of Mount Olivet Church i n Minneapolis l e d 300 people in prayer. "We ask Thy divine protection f o r our space pioneers who w i l l soon make f o o t p r i n t s on t h e moon." (A?, E,7/14/69, 23) Sun, New York Times e d i t o r i a l : "This i s t h e week of t h e moon. The countdown i s on a t Cape Kennedy and, i f a l l goes well, a week from today a manned vehicle wifi f o r t h e - f i r s t time a l i g h t on another c e l e s t i a l bbdy. .all mankind w i l l share i n t h e exhilaration of discovery. Ever since man evolved he has been exploring, extending h i s domain over all parts of h i s planet. Now t h a t i n s a t i a b l e c u r i o s i t y i s bursting i t s t e r r e s t r i a l bounds t o provide our first personal knowledge of the nearest neighbor in t h e cosmos. It i s an inspiring adventure, a testimony not only t o man's imagination i n amassing knowledge of nature, but t o h i s courage, h i s perseverance and h i s indominable s p i r i t . " (E, 7/13/69) .. , I n Washington Evening Star W i l l i a m Hines said: "...Space Administrator Thomas 0 . Paine was dead right when he acclaimed Project Apollo as 'a triumph of t h e squares.'" While word "square" was i n disrepwte, "you w i l l f i n d no umbrage taken by the clean-cut s t a r s of t h i s week's cosmic drama i f you called them squares. They are, and probably proud of it. There was no f i g h t from Neil Axmstrong when Congress t o l d h i m t o p l a n t an American flag on the surface o f t h e moon.... The Apollo program i s not only run by squares, but f o r squares, as well; i t s t h r i l l s and g l o r i e s appeal t o t h e vast majority of Americans who, a t t h e bottom, a r e just a s s uare a s any Armstrong on Earth--Jack o r N e i l o r any o t h e r , " (w -Star 3 7/13 69, ~ 2 ) 3 Wing of Lockheed C-5A s t a t i c t e s t specimen cracked during s t r e s s t e s t s a t point below a i r c r a f t ' s contract specifications but above % t s design l i m i t . U W l a t e r s a i d cause of crack was overloading of wing area where spar a t t a c h e d t o 1 o w e r . r e a r beam cap; it would not require extensive redesign. It was f i r s t major performance f a i l u r e reported f o r C-5A. Contractor was plannin modification and r e t e s t i n g of s t a t i c specimen. (VW Memo 8/18f69; W Post, 7/15/69, ~ 2 ) ' Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., appeared i n nationally televised press conference. Interview with four newsmen was conducted over closed-circuit TV, with astronauts a t KSC and press 15 m i away. TV cameramen allowed i n auditorium with crew had undergone thorough medical examinations. J u l y 14 : �-J u l y 1 4 (continued) Armstrong, mission commander, said t h a t a f t e r decade of planning and hard work astronauts were " w i l l i n g and ready t o attempt t o achieve our n a t i o n a l goal. This i s possible because very many Americans across t h e nation have dedicated themselves t o quality c r m m a n s h i p a d ingenuity. " I n response t o question on a s t r o n a u t s t a t t i t u d e s toward mission, Armstrong s a i d fear was not unknown, but added: "Fear i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a r t i c u l a r l y of a knowledge t h a t t h e r e may be somethiag t h a t you haven't thought of and f e e l t h a t you might be unable t o cope with. I t h i n k our t r a i n i n g and a l L t h e work that goes i n t o t h e preparation f o r a f l i g h t does everything it can towards erasing those kinds of p o s s i b i l i t i e s m d I would say that as a crew we...have no f e a r of launching out on t h i s expedition. " ( ~ i l f o r d ,E,7/15/69, 1, 20) Chances of U.S.S.R. ' s Luna XV successAiLly returning t o e a r t h with l u n a r sample were small because of complexity of operations required, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space Flight, D r . George E. Mueller, t o l d KSC Center Directors' Briefing. Landing, deploying equipment, c o l l e c t i n g and s t o r i n g samples, and then lifting off "are not simple t h i n g s t o do...and doing it remotely i s more d i f f i c u l t than doing it with men i n space. I don't t h i n k by any means impossible, b u t . . . t h e a b l e t o carry it out on t h e first mission a r e chances of be* r e l a t i v e l y low compared ; t o t h e kind of p r o b a b i l i t y that we would a s s o c i a t e with our own landings. " If Luna XV were a b l e t o successfully r e t r i e v e lunar sample, f e a t w o u l d be "significant technological s t e p and one t h a t r e p r e s e n t s a considerable degree of prestige, " he said, but "each country [u.S. and U. S. S. R. ] will o b t a i s its proper share af c r e d i t . The f i r s t . s m p l e returned i f it were possible t o do so and the f i r s t man landing on t h e moon a r e significant events, each i n their own r i g h t , and a r e - t o be t r e a t e d a s such. " ransc script) .. . IAF announced officiaJ. endorsement of absolute world's records f o r ' Dec. 2l-27, 1968, Apollo 8 mission's 10 lunar o r b i t s : a l t i t u d e , Z34,672.5 m i ; g r e a t e s t mass l i f t e d i n t o earth o r b i t , 282,197 l b s ; t o t a l time in space f o r an astronaut, James A. LoveU,-+., 572 hrs 1 0 min 1 6 secs. ApoUo 8 world c l a s s records: duration of l u n a r secs; duration in l u n a r o r b- i t. , X) h r s mission, 146 hrs 59 & 4 9 14 min 13.2 secs. To obtain IAF c e r t i f i c a t i o n of Apollo U, crew would be given t o r n halves of four $1b i l l s f o r comparison with other halves on r e t u r n as proof same men returned as took off. NAll would submit claim f o r absolute world record f o r extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA) f o r successful Apollo ll mission. (AP, NYT, 7/15/69,20) �July 14 : New York Post published r e s u l t s of Louis I-Iarris p o l l which showed American people favored manned lunar l a d i n g by 5l$ t o 4$. I n February po31 public opinion had been opposed by 4% t o 3%. 1Iarris a t t r i b u t e d change t o f e e l i n g " i f we have gone this far, we ought t o f i n i s h t h e job. " He s a i d 5% of 1,607 a d u l t s p o l l e d *om June 1 6 t o 22 were opposed t o annual $4-billion o u t l a y f o r space program, while 3% favored i t - - l i t t l e change from 5% f o r t o 34% against i n February. React ion t o Apollo 10 f l i g h t had been g e n e r a l l y favorable (E, 7/15/69, 20) . ' . Expectation of one rnjllion t o u r i s t s t o witness Apollo I l launch had l e d t o extraordinary precautions a t Cocoa Beach, Fla., Washing-ton Post said. Tank t r u c k would be stationed a t City Hall t o f u e l police c a r s ; a i r b o a t s would stand by t o r u s h c a s u a l t i e s t o h o s p i t a l i f ambulances could not penetrate automobile t r a f f i c ; and o f f i c i a l s were concerned with scores of aircraft c i r c l i n g overhead t o glimpse spacecraft. ( ~ r i e d e r ,W Post, 7/14/69, Al) . Washington Evening S t a r s p e c i a l supplement, "voyage t o the Moon, " commented: " ~ a n g i n gi n the sky, a t t r a c t i n g man' s a t t e n t i o n f o r untold generations, t h e moon has been the reputed home of gods and goddesses of a l l r e l i g i o n s , primitive and modern. If a l l t h e s e d e i t i e s l i v e d t h e r e a t any one time, the reasons for i t s b a t t l e scarred appearance woulcl be obvious. But assuming t h a t . n o n e did t h a t pock-marked f a c e s t i l l poses more questions than it answers." ... (w st=, 7/14/69) . Aerospace Systems Laboratory had been established a t Princeton Univ. t o i n v e s t i g a t e U. S. space program and other broad a r e a s of applied research, including trahsport'ation systems, New York Times sgid. Project was a s s i s t e d by NASA and o t h e r Federal agency grants. (E, 7/14/69, '?3! . NASA announced availability of 16-in-dia globe of moon prepared by USAF Aeronautical C h m and Information Center *om NASA-photbs made by L u n a r Orbiter s e r i e s . Lowell Observatory, Ariz.; prepared art work with exaggerated color tones showing lunar landscape bathed i n morning sunlight and l a r g e Ring P l a i n s , o r explosive c r a t e r s , on far side. One globe had been p r e s e n t e d t o President Nixon by Apollo 1 0 astronauts . (NASA Release 6 9 - 8 3 ~ ) - . Harold W. Adams, Deputy t o Vice President-Chief Engineer of Doughs received A I M Aircraft Design Award of c i t a t i o n and $500 honorarium a t AIAA A i r c r a f t Design and Operations Meeting i n Aircraf't Co,, �July 24 (continued) Los Angeles . Citation read: "In recognit ion of your out s t anding contributions t o t h e s a f e t y and economic p r a c t i c a l i t y of commercial a i r transportation during t h e p s s t 38 years by development of a i r c r a f t design principles f o r high r e l i a b i l i t y and ease of maintenance. " Adams w a s s p e c i a l i s t i n e l e c t r i c and hydraulic systems. (AM Release, 7/9/69) Oceanographer Jacques Piccard cast off in 48-ft research subnarine from West Palm Beach, Fla., f o r reheaxsal of 1,500-mi Gulf Stream Drift t o study ocean depths. [ s e e April 71, If four-to-five-day trial run was successful, team would remain submerged f o r 30 days and drift t o Boston. (UPI, W S t a r ; 7/14/69, A10) - July 1 5 : President Nixon sent telegram t o Apollo ll astronauts : ''On t h e eve of your epic mission, I want you t o know t h a t my hopes and my prayers--and those of all ~ m e r i c a ; s - - ~ owith you. Years of study and planning and experiment and hard work on t h e part of thousands have l e d t o t h i s unique moment i n the story of mankind; it i s now your moment and from t h e depths of your minds and hearts and spirits w i l l come t h e triumph a l l men will share. I look forward t o greeting you on your return. U n t i l then, b o w that all t h a t i s best in the s p i r i t of mankind w i l l be with you during your mission and when you r e t u r n t o earth. " President a l s o telephoned Apollo 11 astronauts: "...as you l i f t o f f t o t h e moon, you lift t h e s p i r i t s of the American people as w e l l a s t h e world You carry with you a f e e l i n g of ood w i l l i n t h i s greatest adventure man has ever taken.. (PD, 7$21/69, 9 9 ) .... .." F i r s t notables t o a r r i v e a t Cape Kennedy on eve of Apollo l l launch included former President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, t h e Rev, Ralph D. Abernathy. Johnsons arrived h miLitary a i r c r a f t assigned by President Nixon, t o a t t e n d luncheon honoring James E. Webb, former NASA Administrator. Abernathy l e d 25 poor southern families t o p r o t e s t Federal funding p r i o r i t i e s . NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0 . Paine, met gxoup of 150 poor people outside KSC gate where Abernathy requested 40 VIP passes t o launch, asked D r . Paine t o join f i g h t against poverty, and urged NASA technology be converted t o finding new ways t o feed poor. D r . Paine agreed t o admit members of group t o launch and pledged t o do what he could t o adapt space-developed food concentrates t o aid undernourished. "It w i l l be a l o t harder to s ~ l v et h e problems of hunger and poverty than it i s t o send men t o t h e moon." But, "if �July 15 (continued) It were p o s s i b l e f o r us not t o push t h a t button tomorrow and solve t h e problems you a r e talking about, we would not push the button. " He s a i d space program and science could be used t o h e l p solve poverty problems. "I want you t o h i t c h your wagon t o our rocket and t e l l t h e people t h e NASA program i s an exarnple of what t h i s country can do. " The poor people said they would pray f o r Apollo ll astronauts. By evening 500,000 t o u r i s t s had a r r i v e d i n Brevard County, s i t e of KSC, with t o t a l one m i l l i o n expected by early morning. A i r t r a f f i c Iiad quadrupled, with 1 0 l o c a l a i r f i e l d s handling over 1,200 small aircraft, and 2C10 p r i v a t e j e t s . A i r c r a f t were t o bring Vice President . S p i r o T. Aepew, over 200 Congressmen, 60 ambassadors, 19 governors, 40 mayors, and o t h e r public figures J u l y 16. More than 1,000 police s t r w g l e d t o c o n t r o l road t r a f f i c , and hordes s e t t l e d t o s l e e p on beaches from which they could see illuminated spacecraf't on launch pad. ( ~ e i n r a u b ,NYT, - 7/16/69, 22; Greider, W Post, 7/16/69) . - - Proximity of probable d a t e of lunm landing t o b t e of arrival of Mariner VT and VII cameras near Mars surface would provide U.S. TV viewers with %uble=ace f e a t u r e , " NASA said. Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Tracking and Data Acquisition, c r e d i t e d feat t o advances i n e l e c t r o n i c s through which streams of s i g n a l s could be returned from moon and from Mars i n t o tracking centers and switching p o i n t s on e a r t h , thence v i a comsats i n t o TV networks throughout globe. Apollo L L mission would include e i g h t color t e l e c a s t s k-om spacecraft. Lunar t e l e c a s t s would be black and white since LM would l a c k power f o r color TV. Mars t e l e c a s t s from Mariner V I would produce 50 photos; Mariner V I I would e s o l u t i o n from closeup would be 900 f t ; it had been d e l i v e r 91, B ~ rX 2 m i i n 1955 Mariner N photos and was 100 m i by b e s t o p t i c a l means from e a r t h . ( M A S A ~ e z a s e69-831) Europeans were "as excited as Inany AmericasM about Apollo U- launch, New Yoxk Times reported. kt "only t h e sharpest observer of the Soviet news media could guess, as he went t o bed t o n i g h t , t h a t Americans will t r y t o send men t o t h e moon tomorrow," according t o Baltimore Sun. Last mention of Apallo 1l i n Soviet p r e s s had been July 9 meeting of President Nikolay V. Podgorny with Astronaut Frank Borman. I n U.K., BBC and c o m e r c i a l TV were planning extensive Apollo L1 coverage, soae l i v e via comsat. B r i t i s h newspapers were competing with s p e c i a l space suppleaent s and guides Except ions t o generally "adulatory" reportage was The Times of London a r t i c l e in which philosopher Lord 3ussell had said: e en w i l l not be content t o land upon the moon and t r y to make it habitable. They wlll land simultaneously from Russia and t h e United S t a t e s , each party, complete with H-bombs and each i n t e n t upon exterminating t h e other. " . �July 15 (continued) American hhnbassy i n Warsaw was packed every day with Poles viewing space films. Spain's Evening Daily Pueblo had sponsored contest t o send 25 readers t o ApoUo ll launch. Ln France 22-page space supplement issued by France-Soir had sold 1.5 m i n i o n copies a t $1each. Bild Zeitung in?ermany had noted seven out of fifty s e v e n Apollo supervisors were of Gcrmn origin. Austrian press had lionized D r . Wernher von Braun during recent v i s i t t o Salzburg. Volume of Western European newspaper space devoted t o lunar landing mission r i v a l e d t h a t i n . U.S., New York Tim% said, and "the whole s t o r y of t h e moorh e f f o r t i s improving t h e 'prestige' of t h e United States. .. . But ...respect voiced by individuals i s orten f o r America's technological power, not h e r humanity o r c i v i l i z a t i o n . " ( ~ e w i s ,NYT, 7/16/69, 20; B -2Sun 7/16/63, A9, M i l l s , ~ 9 ) - . Across U.S. on eve of Apollo ll launch, newspaper e d i t o r i a l s commented on lunar landing mission: - " I t i s with an almost breathless sense Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: of awe t h a t w e await tomorrow's blast-off from Cape Kennedy--the launching of t h e e space explorers on t h e most ambitious and fearsome adventure i n a l l human h i s t o r y . Mere words cannot capture the immensity o f t h e flight of Apollo 11. Quite l i t e r a l l y , man w i l l be attempting a f i n d break of t h e chains which have bound him t o t h i s earth." (LA Her-Exam_, 7/15/69) Mewport News, Va., Times-Herald: "Now, t h i s triumph of human . courage and knowledge stands poised on the threshold of accomplishment. For a few f l e e t i n g moments, t h e a t t e n t ion of t h e world w i l l follow the Eagle as it f e r r i e s i t s two astronawts toward a destiny until now only dreaned of i n our history. Then, most probably, our a t t e n t i o n will f i l t e r back t o t h e pressing problems on earth. " ( ~ i m e s - ~ e r a l d7/15/69) , Milwaukee Journal: "ApoUo 11 i s providing insight i n t o t h e meaning of life and t h e impe%tives of human society. It i s forcing us t o face the grlm paradox of exploiting human reason and t h e marvels of machinery t o soar i n t o t h e majesty of space w h i l e the world becomes fragmented i n t o selfish national sovereignties--some armed, some arming, with t h e hideous capacity t o end l i f e i t s e l f . " ( ~ i l w a u k e eJournal, 7/15/69) Denver Post : h he Soviet attempt t o send an unmanned spaceship t o t h e moon i n advance of ApoUo 11 i s a bold bid t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o Soviet space prowess. But even i f it succeeds...in mechanically scooping up samples of t h e moon and r e t u r n i n g ' t o earth, t h e Soviet project w i l l not overshadow the American mission. Instead, t h e Soviet f l i g h t will serve t o underscore t h e expensive duplication of e f f o r t created by t h e space race. If t h e Russians and Americans had cooperated, r a t h e r than competed, t h e r i s k s and the costs involved in landing a man on t h e moon would have been far l e s s . " ( ~ e n v e rPost, 7/15/69) �July l5 (continued) Washingtop Eveninf: S t a r : Soviet Luna XV seemed strangely timed. During their'Moscow discussions on sgace cooperation, U.S.S.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny had not given Astronaut R a n k Borman, " s l i g h t e s t h i n t t h a t t h e Kremlin was planning t o send an unmanned spacecraft t o t h e moon t o coincide w i t 1 1 the historjr-making Apollo, L L American mission. " Was it r e a l l y possible "to work together i n space exploration with a country t h a t seems t o bc playing t r i c k s with ours a t a moment when we are engaged in a histor:lc ei'fort t o land men on t h e moon?" (W -)S t a r 7/15/69, ~ 2 ) . Sari Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto urged San Franciscans t o fly U.S. flag from Apollo l l b l a s t o f f t o splashdown and t o sound every b e l l siren, and whlstle i n city a t splashdown. (AP, W Post, 7/17/69, ~~j . NASA awarded General E l e c t r i c Co. ' s Aircraft Engine Group $18.7-million, fixed-price contract with performance-award provision t o construct and t e s t two experimental quiet jet a i r c r a f t engines. To cut development costs, CP-6 and TF-39 engines,developed f o r DC-10 and C-5A a i r c r a f t would be used a s core of new engine. Enghes would produce 4,933-1b t h r u s t a t c r u i s e and 22,030-lb thrust f o r takeoff. Work was parti of (1AR!T s .' Quiet Engine Research Program t o develop turbofan e n g h e with noise level 15-20 db below present e n g b e s . Contract would be managed by LeRC. (NASA Release 69-103) July 16-24: Apollo U (AS-TOG)manned lwar landing mission flown by NASA achieved eight-year national goal s e t by President Kennedy May 25, 3.961. On July 20, spacecrafi's LM--Eagle--landed on lunar surface and f i r s t man stepped out onto moon. Two astronauts performed assigned t a s k s on lunar surface before reentering LM t o lif't off from moon, redock with CSM, and r e t u r n s a f e l y t o earth. July16-19: Mission began a t 9:32 am J u l y 1 6 , when spacec r a f t was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by Saturn V booster. L i f t o f f was relayed l i v e on TV t o 33 countries on 6 continent s , watched by estimated 25 million TV viewers i n U. S. , and heard on radio by millions of listeners. Launch events occurred as planned and spscecrafl carried Astronauts Neil A. h s t r o n g (commander ) , Michael Collins ((24 p i l o t ) , and Edwin E Aldrin, Jr. (LM p i l o t ) i n t o c i r c u l a r parking orbit with U8.5 - m i (19.7 -km) a l t i t u d e . A f t ex post i n s e r t i o n checkout CSM separated fram Saturn V 3rd stage (s-IVB) . , �July 16-13 (continued) and LV, code-named E l e . Crew successrully transposed CSM and docked with LM, ejected CS$!=IN h r n S-ZVB, and conducted f i x s t SPS burn. Successful propellant dump provided impulse t o S-IV3 f o r slingshot maneuver t o earth-escape velocity. Translunar i n j e c t i o n maneuver was so accurate t h a t f i r s t midcourse correction was not required. Midcourse correction No. 2, a t 26:45 GET, was so accurate t h a t t h i r d and f o u r t h maneuvers were not necessary. Crew conducted two unscheduled color TV broadcasts--for 16 min beginning a t 10:32 GEX (taped f o r U:26 GET transmission) and f o r 50 min beginning a t 30:28 GET--and one scheduled 36-min t r a s m i s s i o n beginning a t 33:59 SET. Broadcasts were very clear and showed earth, onboard computer keyboard, and crew. At 55:03 GET (4:40 pm EDT July 18) crew began %-rain color TV transmission with excellent p i c t u r e . resolution, coverage, and general quality. Viewers i n North America, South America, Japan, and Western Europe saw l i v e pictures of CSM and UUI i n t e r i o r s , CSM exterior, and e a r t h and watched crew removing probe and drogue, opening spacecraft tunnel hatch, preparing food, and housekeeping L!. A o l l o I l passed i n t o moon's sphere of influence a t 61:40 GET, 214,5 6.8 m i 345,205.8 km) from e a r t h , t r a v e l i n g a t 2,990 f p s r e l a t i v e t o earth. Spacecraft entered lunar o r b i t with 194.3-mi (312.6-krn) apolune and 70.5-mi (ll3.4-km) perilune a t 75 :56 GET (1: 28 pm EDT July 19) a f t e r f i r s t SF'S burn. During second lunar o r b i t , l i v e color TV transmission showed spectacular views of l u n a r surface and approach path t o S i t e 2. Armstrong pointed out lunar landmarks and described unexplained glow near c r a t e r Aristarchus which some s c i e n t i s t s believed t o be volcanic a c t i v i t y . Second SPS burn circularized o r b i t wlth 7 5 . 6 m i (121.6 -w) apolune and 61.9-mi (99.6-km) perilune. Aldrin transferred t o IN f o r two-hour housekeeping, voice and telemetry t e s t , and oxygenpurge-system check. July 20-21: Armstrong a d Aldrin reentered LV a t 95 :20 GET and checked out a31 systems before firing SM reaction-control-system thrusters t o separate CSM and LM on far side of moon. LM descentpropulsion-system engine propelled LM t o within 9.8 m i (15.8 km) of lunar surface. Because LM-powered descent maneuver--initiated a t perilune of descent orbit--was about 4 . 6 m i (7.4 h)downrange from planned position, landing w i n t was a l s o shifted downrange. During f i n a l approach phase, crew noted t h a t landing point t o which spacecraft was heading was i n center of l a r g e , r u s e d c r a t e r with 5- t o 10-ft-dia boulders. Consequently crew f l e w past c r a t e r t o mre suitable touchdown h �20-21 (continued) -July ',point by c o n t r o l l i n g ' ' , a t t i t u d e manually and adjusting descent r a t e and h o r i z o n t a l v e l a c i t y . O f f i c i a l s l a t e r a t t r i b u t e d change i n course t o malfunction i n onboard radar and subsequent critical overload of computer, which caused warning alarms and could have aborted misslon. LM landed on moon at 102:46 GET (4:18 pa JDT July 2C)) i n Sea of Tranquility, 20,800 f t west and 4,000-5,000 f t south of c e n t e r of planned landing e l l i p s e . Landing-point coordinates were approximately 23.5% and 0.64% and site a l t i t u d e w a s approximately 8,600 ft below moon's mean radius. h s t r o n g reported : "Iiouston, Tranquility Base here- - t h e Eagle has landed." Mission Control replied: " ~ o g e r , Tranquility. We copy you on t h e grou,nd. You got a bunch of guys about t o turn blue. We a r e breathing again. Thanks a l o t . " Armstrong s a i d landing area contained numerous boulders up t o two f e e t i n diameter, some apparently fractured by LM engine exhaust, and surface color varied from very l i g h t t o dark gray: Crew immediately adapted t o one-sixth (earth) g r a r t t y i n LM and moved with ease. About t w o hours a f t e r landing astronauts requested and were granted permission t o perform extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s (EVA) on moon s surf ace before s l e e p period--about h r s e a r l i e r than o r i g i n a l l y scheduled. After postlanding checks, Armstrong opened LM hatch, descended LM ladder, and deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA) containing camera, which recorded h i s descent t o l u n a r surface. Aldrin remained i n s i d e LM and recorded Armstrong's descent with 16- rim Maurer camera. Armstrong took man's first step on moon a t 109:24 GET ( 1 0 : ~pm~ EDT J u l y 20. Some 600 m i l l i o n viewers on earth--one-fifth of world population--watched l i v e J!V! transmission and heard him describe f e a t as "one small s t e p f o r a man--one g i a n t leap f o r mankind. " Collins, o r b i t i n g moon alone i n CSM, was unable t o see landing and subsequent EVA because CSM was not equipped t o receive TV t r a n s mission. Armstrong s a i d moon had "stark beauty a l l its own" like d e s e r t . i n southwestern U.S. Lwar surface was "fine and powdery" and could be kicked up loosely. "It adheres like powdered charco al...but I only go sink] i n a small f r a c t i o n of an inch. I can see my f o o t p r i n t in the moon l i k e f i n e grainy p a r t i c l e s , " Armstrong checked LM e x t e r i o r and reported penetration of LM footpads i n t o lunar surface w a s t h r e e t o four inches and that s t r u t collapse was minim& Blast of descent engine had not formed c r a t e r i n swface and about one f o o t of clearance remained between engine b e l l and l u n a r surface. He reported only problem was seeing h i s footing i n darkness of &M shadqw. Ke emplaced microdot containing messages f ~ o mworld l e a d e r s , c o l l e c t e d contingacy �July 20-22- ( continued) sample of lunar s o i l neat. LM ladder, a d reported t h a t , although surface consisted of s o f t loose material, material s i x o r eight inches under surface was very hard and cohesive. Rocks were very slippery, apparently because v e s i c l e s (pores) were f i l l e d with powdery surface material. Armstrong photographed Aldrin's descent t o lwar surface a t U:l5 prn EDT and astronauts unveiled plaque mounted on s t r u t behind ladder and read i t s i n s c r i p t i o n t o t h e i r worldwide TV audience: "Here men from t h e planet earth f i r s t set foot on t h e moon July 1969, A.D. W e came i n peace f o r a U mankind." Armstrong then removed !t'V camera from MESA, obtained panorama, and placed camera on t r i p o d 40 f t fYom LM t o view subsequent EVA. Aldrin experimented t o assess man's mobility on moon by walking, running, leaping, and doing two-footed kangaroo hops between LM and camera. He indicated some d i f f i c u l t y i n maintaining balance but said t h a t h i s a g i l i t y was b e t t e r than expected and t h a t he was a b l e t o move with great ease. Mass of backpack affected i n e r t i a and caused " s l i g h t tendency..,to tip backwards. If I ' m about t o l o s e my balance i n one d i r e c t i o n , recovery i s q u i t e n a t u r a l and easy, You've just got t o be c a r e f u l leaning i n t h e d i r e c t i o n you w a n t t o go in." Aldr i n deployed s o l a r wind composition exper b e n t i n sunlight north of LM and joined Armstrong i n e r e c t i n g three- by five-foot American f h g on eight-foot alumFnm staff. Astronauts saluted flag and t h e n t a l k e d by radiotelephone with President Nixon at White House i n what President c a l l e d 'host h i s t o r i c telephone c a l l ever made f'rom the White House." President said: "Because of what you have done t h e heavens have become a part of man ' s world. As you t a l k t o u s frm t h e Sea of Tranquility, it i n s p i r e s us t o redouble our e f f o r t s t o bring peace and t r a n q u i l i t y t o e e r t h . For one p r i c e l e s s moment i n t h e whole h i s t o r y of man a l l t h e people on t h i s e a r t h a r e t r u l y one--one i n t h e i r p r i d e i n what you have done and one in our prayers t h a t you will r e t u r n s a f e l y t o e a r t h . " Astronauts saluted President and expressed honor and p r i v i l e g e of representing U.S. and world on moon. ~ o ni th i n g EVA, Armst rong collected bulk sample of assorted surface m a t e r i a l and selected rock chunks, inspected LM, deployed passive seismic experiment package and l a s e r ranging r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r , and c o l l e c t e d two core samples and 20 l b s of d i s c r e t e l y s e l e c t e d material. Throughout EVA conthuous black-and-white coverage of crew a c t i v i t y provided l i v e document at ion, with telemetered d a t a and voice comments Lunar surface photography included both s t i l l and sequence coverage using Hasselblad, Maurer data-acquisition, and Apollo lunar surface close-up cameras. Astronauts completed EVA, t r a n s f e r r e d fjlm and samples t o M, reentered LM, and jettisoned equipment a c c o r d h g t o plan, closing hatch by =:39 GZT ( 1 : a~ m EDT July 21). Armstrong and Aldrin r e s t e d i n s i d e LM seven hours and checked out systems. . ����J u l y ZO-21 (continued) At124:22GET(~:54pmJuly2l)IMsuccessfullyliftedoffrnoon, a f t e r 21 h r s 3G min on lunar surface. ALL l u n a r ascent and rendezvous maneuvers were nominal. Eagle reported t o M3.sslon Control: "Eagle i s back i n o r b i t , having l e f t TranquiLity Base, and leaving behind a r e p l i c a from our Apollo U patch with an oLive.branch." LM docked with CSM a t 128: 03 GET. Crew t r a n s f e r r e d with s a ~ p l e sand f i l m t o CSM, and LM ascent stage was j e t t i s o n e d i n t o l u n a r o r b i t . SM reaction-controlsystem scparat ion maneuver placed CSM i n t o o r b i t with 72.0 m i (115.9-km) apolune and 63.0-mi ( 1 0 1 . 4 - h ) perilune, where crew r e s t e d and prepared f o r r e t u r n t o earth. J i l 22-24: Crew f i r e d SPS engine at 135 :24 GET (12: 55 am EM! i n j e c t i n g CSM i n t o t r a n s e a r t h t r a j e c t o r y a f t e r 59 h r s 28 m i n July (30 r e v o l u t i o n s ) i n l u n a r o r b i t . Midcourse correction No. 5 , a t 150: 30 GET, was so accurate t h a t s i x t h and seventh c o r r e c t i o n s were not necessary. During 18-min color TV traqsmission, crew demonstrated weightlessness of food and water and showed scenes of noon and e a r t h . Aldrin showed in-space p r e p a a t i o n of ham sandwlch and Collins showed viewers how t o drink water from teaspoon and from water gun. F i n a l , l e - m i n broadcast a t 171 :32 GET sent message of appreciation f h m each a s t r o n a u t t o all who helped make Apollo 11mission possible. CM, code-named Columbia, separated from SM on schedule a t 194 :49 GET. Because of d e t e r i o r a t i n g weather i n nominal landing a r e a , splashdown point was moved 247 ;4 mi downrange, where weather was excellent. Parachute deployment and other r e e n t r y events occurred as planned. Apollo ll splashed down i n mid-Pacif i c a t l 2 : 5 l pm EDT July 24, 15 m i from recovery ship U.S.S. Hornet, 195 hrs 19 min after launch. Swimmers attached f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r and seven-man r a f t t o spacecraft and h e l i c o p t e r dropped b i o l o g i c a l i s o l a t i o n garments, which were donned by a s t r o n a u t s i n s i d e CM and by one swimmer. Two o t h e r swimaers moved upwind of CM on another l a r g e raft. Postlanding v e n t i l a t i o n was turned o f f and CM powered down, and astronauts climbed out and helped swimmer close hatch. Swimmer t h a n decontawinated all garments , hatch area, f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r , and area around postlanding vent valves with Betadine d i s i n f e c t a n t . Helicopter carried astronauts t o recovery ship, where t h e y entered 32-ft-long mobile quarantine f a c i l i t y (M*) with recovery physician and technician. They were congratulated by President Nixon and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0, Paine, who were on board ship. Crew, physician, and technician remained i n s i d e MQF untFl it was d e l i v e r e d t o Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) i n Houston July 27. CM was r e t r i e v e d , placed i n d o l l y on h o d recovery ship, moved t o MW, and mated t o t r a n s f e r tunnel. From i n s i d e MQF/CM containmentenvelope, MQF engineer removed lunar samples and equipaent through decontamination lock and CM was sealed u n t i l d e l i v e r y t o LRL. Sample ' d- �J u l y 22-24 (continued) -r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r s , film, and o t h e r d a t a were flown t o Johnston Island and t o liouston f o r t r a n s p o r t t o LRL. Primary Apollo ll mission objective- - t o perform rnarlncd landing on moon cmd return--and a l l d e t a i l e d t e s t objectives were achieved. A l l launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed according t o plan, with F l i g h t crew performance was out only minor, currec1;ed discrepancies standing; all t h r e e crew members remained i n excellent health and t h e i r p r e v a i l i n g good s p i r i t s nnd proficiency were msjor f a c t o r s i n m i s s i o n ' s success. Accomplishments Lncluded first rnmned l u n a r landing and r e t u r n ; first lunar surface EVA; f i r s t seismometer, l a s e r r e f l e c t o r , and s o l a r wlnd experiment deployed on moon; f i r s t lunar s o i l samples returned t o e a r t h ; l a r g e s t U.S. payload ever placed i n t o l u n a r o r b i t .(72,037.6 lbs a t l u n a r o r b i t i n s e r t i o n ) ; a c q u i s i t i o n of numerous v i s u a l observations, photos, and TV transmissions of s c i e n t i f i c and engineering s i g n i f i c a n c e ; a d f b s t operational use of M 8 and LRL. Apollo 11 w a s eighth Apollo mission t o date, f i f t h manned Apollo mission, and f i r s t manned lunar landing mission. Mission acquired major q u a n t i t i e s of data for subsequent Apollo f l i g h t s . Fir& manned Apollo mission, Apo110 7 (0ct. U-22, 19";8), had v e r i f i e d operation of spacecraft f o r lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar o r b i t a l mission, Apollo 8 ( ~ e c ,21-27, 1%8), had proved c a p a b i l i t y o f Apollo spacecraft and hardware t o o p e r a t e out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e and r e t u r n through e a r t h 1s atmosphere. ApoUo 9 arch 3-13, 1959) had proved c a p a b i l i t y of LMto operate fn space under manned conditions, Apollo 10 (May 18-26, 1959) had successfully operated complete ApoUo spacecraft on l u n a r o r b i t a l mission and had provided major q u a n t i t i e s of s c i e n t i f i c and t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r Apallo ll. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Spsce Flight; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n w a s managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Trackin and Data Acquisition. 7 16-25/69; W Post, 7/16-25/69; (NRSA Proj O f f ; NASA Release 69-83K; 10E) W -S t a r , 7/16-25/69; B 7/16-25/69; m), . -- Sun-, U.S.S.R.'s L m a XV (launched July 13) entered lunar o r b i t at J u l y 16: 3:00 pm Bsikonur t G W 0 am EDT) with a l l systems functioning normally, Tass announced. S i r Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K,'s J o 3 r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , s a i d spacecrart w a s transmitting telemetry data but no photographic signals. (SEX, 7/18/69, 22; AP, W Star, 7/17/69, ~ 1 ) �I n Cape Kennedy interview before A ~ o l l ol l l a u n c h , Vice President Spiro T. A g n e w said, " I t is my individual f e e l i n g t h a t we should a r t i c u l a t e 3. simple, ambitious, optimistic goal of a manned f l i g h t t o Mars by t h e end of t h i s century. Whether we say it o r not, someone's going t o do it." After l i f i o f f , Vice R e s i d e n t t o l d NASA launching team, ",..all t h e time I was out t h e r e I couldn't help thinking of you, t h e people i n here and all over NASA who have done such a b r i l l i a n t job in p u t t i n g together t h e combined e f f o r t behind those t h r e e gentlemen who are o f f on this . h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n . . . . 1: b i t t h e b u l l e t f o r you today a s far as Mars i s concerned. But on t h e other hand. I may be a voice i n t h e wilderness. I n Washington, 1). C. , Senate Majority l e a d e r Michael J. Mansfield (D-lrknt. ) t o l d press, "I think we have a l o t of problems here on e a r t h t h a t we must f a c e up t o and when we s e t t l e those we ought t o consider future space ventures." Senate Majority Whip Edward M. Kennedy (D- ass.) s a i d , "The Apollo program i s f o r landing a man on the moon and explorat i o n and should take another one t o two years. I think a f t e r that t h e space program ought t o f i t i n t o our other n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s " (witkin, NYT, 7/17/69, 1; Transcript of Agnew statement t o I4k.A launch crew; Unna, m o s t , 7/17/69, KL) J u l y 16: , .. . . A t White House, President Nixon proclaimed July 21 National Day of P a r t i c i pation. "Apollo l l i s on i t s way t o the moon.... Never before has man embarked on so epic an adventure. . A s t h e astronauts go. . w e on e a r t h w i J l want, as one: people, t o be 'with them i n s p i r i t . .and t o support them with prayers t h z t a l l w i l l go well." A l l Executive departments and Government agencies would be closed and U.S. f l a g would be displayed on public buildings. With many members at Cape Kennedy, Senate and House met b r i e f l y and conducted only r o u t i n e business. Congressional Record was f i l l e d with comments on Apollo ll and @shes , f o r Godspeed t o astronauts. (E, 7 1 ~ 1 6 9 ,997-8; 7/16/69) .. . . z, . During C I S TV interview a t Cape Kennedy following Apollo 11 launch, former President Lyndon B. Johnson said, "If our i n d u s t r i a l people, t h e s e great managers of industry, t h e Laboring people of t h e country, t h e government, t h e s c i e n t i s t s , all. with t h e help of t h e Congress, can get together and do a job l i k e t h i s t h e r e 's j u s t nothing we c a n ' t do. " To world' s i l l s , "we must apply some of t h e g r e a t t d e n t t h a t we've applied t o space." There wasn't "a s i n g l e thing that our country does, t h a t our government does, t h a t our people do, t h a t has g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l f o r peace than t h e space e f f o r t . " (UPI, E , 7/17/69, 20) . Between 750,000 and 1 million persons crowded Brevard County, F l a . , t o witness launch of Apollo U, including 5,000 d i g n i t a r i e s headed by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and former President Lyndon B. Johnson. �July 1 6 (continued) The Rev. RaLph D. Abernathy and 40 representatives of Poor People s Caapaign watched launch fYom bleacher s e a t s with 10,000 guests including f a m i l i e s of Apollo program personnel, while other repres e n t a t i v e s marched outside KSC. P a r i s Match had brought 105 European businessmen. Sone 3,100 press members were a t s p e c i a l stand. A s Apollo spacecraft l i f t e d f Y o m launch pad t h e r e w a s some applause, but most s p e c t a t o r s s t a r e d i n s i l e n c e u n t i l Saturn V rocket disappeared overhead, M ' t e m r d s many were caught i n monumental t r a f f i c jams. Banana River, f i v e miles south of Launch Complex 39, was clogged with s e v e r a l thousand boats r e g i s t e r e d from New England t o Texas. w post, 7/17/69, m; ~ e i n r a u b ,E, 7/17/69, 21, Lyons, E, 7 . Apollo L-l launch brought mood of ' r e f l e c t i o n across at ion, New York Times s a i d , Dawn was breaking i n western U . S . when b l a s t o f f occurred. Workers i n San Frarlcisco's open air f i s h markets stood i n s i l e n c e t o hear r a d i o r e p o r t . I n San Diego motorists crossing U.S.-Mexican border l i s t e n e d t o countdown on c a r radios. I n mid-America, c l a s s e s were postponed at A i r Force Acaderqy i n Colorado Springs, Colo., while cadets watched launch on TV. Cowhands at northern Wyoning ranch, inaccessible t o r a d i o o r TV, i n t e r r u p t e d work t o honor ApoUo U. Ranch owner D r . W e i g h Thorn I1 said, "We f e e l so close t o t h e moon shot out here, because we're so close t o the stars and sky." b BUoxi, Miss., harbor fishermen psused on wharf t o hear countdown. In Tennessee, tobacco farmers l i s t e n e d t o t r a n s i s t o r radios i n fields, Washington, D. C. , school teacher said, "The astronauts didn 't just go t o the moon. KU our minds went t o t h e moon and i n t e l l e c t u a l l y man' s horizons have jumped l e a p s and bounds beyond t h e h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n they've always been confined t o . " (F'osburgh, E , 7/17/69, 1) Worldwide audience focused on Apollo ll lamzh: A t summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, Pope Paul V I asked f o r prayers f o r U.S. astronauts a few hours before launch of Apollo 11. U.S.S.R. r a d i o and TV gave factual. a c c o m t s of Apollo 1l launch but maintained third day of s i l e n c e on Luna XV. Major Soviet news program a t 8: 30 pa Moscow time showed t a p e of Apollo U l i f t o f f taken from l i v e cornsat coverage. Public i n t e r e s t i n ApoUo 33 was high. I n U. K. TV viewers saw launch v i a t r a n s a t l a n t i c s a t e l l i t e . BBC scheduled l i v e coverage t h o u @ July 24 splashdown and would r e l a y broadcasts t o continent by cable: London newspapers frontpaged Apollo ll. Daily Express headljlle read, "Ho Hum--Anyone f o r t h e Moon �July 16 (continued) Today?" over report on relaxed a s t r o n a d s . - ~ o l i s h Aewers - ~ ~ saw launch v i a 45-min transmission d i r e c t l y *om Cape Kennedy. Hundreds of Germans and Americans crowded i n t o Apollo ll exhibit i n Mannheim, Germany, department store. Swedish TV viewers were advised by s t a t e broadcasting company n o t t o turn off s e t s Sunday night--so they could be awakened for scheduled moon landing Monday. Hippies i n I r a n held m i l k and honey p&y in Teheran restaurant t o t o a s t astronauts In Egypt, Moslem world's leamoon expert, Sheikh Ahmand Haredi said, "The Koran urges Moslems t o look up from t h e i r e a r t h l y abode t o what l i e s behind the moon and stars." Japanese department s t o r e s featured models of ApoUo command module. In Greece, Aspis-Pronoia insurance company issued f i r s t outerspace l i f e insurance policy, t o cover Apollo U crew a t $10,000 each. I n Spain people called event most i n t e r e s t f n g since Colmbus U s covered Amer.i ca. I s r a e l ' s s t a t e radio broadcast i n Hebrew from Cape Kennedy while I s r a e l i s stood around TV s e t s and portable radios i n s t r e e t s . U . S . Enbassy in Tel Aviv and U. S. .consulate .. in Jerusalem opened Apollo l l i n f o h a t ion o f f i c e s Apollo 11 reaction was "generally t e p i d " i n Lagos, Nigeria. Radio Nigeria reported launch seven minutes i n t o i t s am newscast. Later it became number one newscast item. Most of Latin America missed launch on TV because of failure of I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 P-2 June 29. Latin American newspapers and TV correspondents t r a v e l e d t o U.S. t o cover launch and were repol-ted t o be outraged by absence of TV coverage in t h e i r countries. I n Colombia, . . .town s q k i e s . govemerrt asked TV manufacturers t o pu-k s e t s i n all ~ off t o watch lunar landing. Bogota students would have J & 21 ( r a ~ 7/17/69, ~, a,22; C W i b , 7/17/69) . . . Harry F. Guggenheim s a i d in Washington Evening Star a r t i c l e t h a t rocket expert D r . Robert H. Goddard "was t o t h e moon rocket what t h e Wright brothers were t o the airplane. " Guggenheim, administrator of Daniel Guggenheim Fund f o r the Promotion of Aeronautics during p;riod it helped support D r . Goddard's research, t r a c e d career of "Father of modern rocketry" from early experiments i n 1 9 8 . Among Goddard' s inventions were: f i r s t l i q u i d - f u e l rocket, first smokeless powder rocket, and f i r s t p r a c t i c a l automatic steering device f o r rockets It was no wonder American Rocket Society had conceded t o Goddard, "the almost single-handed development of rocketry 'from a vague dream . �July 16 (continued) t o one of t h e most significant branches of modern engineering. ' " He had l e f t "testimony t o the power of one s o l i t a r y individual t o e f f e c t change and t o transform the future." While D r . Goddard had died without fame which had accrued t o Wright brothers i n t h e i r l i f e t i m e , "he died s t i l l believing t h a t man would one day s h a t t e r t h e f e t t e r s of Earth's g r a v i t y and s t r i d e majestically i n t o t h e ' v a s t rea.hesmof space. I wish he were here now t o share t h i s moment. It belongs t o him." (Q, W S t = , 7/16/69, U S ) . A s part ' of NASA and Washington National Gallery o f A r t program, Eyewitness t o Space, group of a r t i s t s attended Apollo ll, launch t o paint f a c e t s of mission. Program originated i n 1963 when a r t i s t s were invited t o cover Mercury 9 mission. h o n g t h o s e commissioned t o record Apollo I I were Peter Hurd, Robert Rauschenberg, L a m a Dodd, and James B. Wyeth. Since program started, 25 a r t i s t s had produced more than 500 sketches and paintin W Post, 7/13/69, CI; . u f k s , E, 7/15/69, 33; W . Apollo 11was producing noticeable e f f e c t on business and consumer products, Washineon Post said. Snoopy the Astronaut d o l l s were s e l l i n g out; s a l e s of color V !l s e t s had r i s e n in some s t o r e s ; and s a l e s of "moon maps and globes, as well a s t o y rocket ships and lunar exploration vehicles had a l s o l i f t e d s m a r d . " Two Washington, D.C., department s t o r e s were offering Japanese telescopes ranging f'rorn $19.99 t o $1,000.00. One t o y store manager s a i d s a l e s of space-related toys had jumped 7% or 8% i n two months. Rockets propelled by s o l i d f u e l i n s e r t s sold f o r $1.50 t o $5.00 complete with recovery parachute. One Washington s t o r e had sold out supply of $10 space s u i t s . Demand f o r r e n t a l of color !t'V s e t s in Washington a r e a had been " t e r r i f ig" according t o area dealer. , (Cushing , W Post, 7/16/69, DU) . NAS announced formation of Universities Space Research Assn. (US%) --national consortium of 48 universities--to f o s t e r cooperation among u n i v e r s i t i e s , other research organizations, and Government f o r advancement of space researcbj [see Jan. -lo,]. It would a c q h e , plan, construct, and operate l a b o r a t o r i e s and otber f az'iliti e s f o r R%D and education in space science and technology and had submitted proposal t o NASA f o r management of Lunas Science I n s t i t u t e i n Houston, Tex. Existing contract between NASA and NAS would e x p h e in autumn. U n i v . of California a t San Diego Vice Chancellor of Graduate Studies and Research, D r . Fkederick T, Wall, wasChairman of Board of Trustees. (NAS ele ease) �July 16 : U. S. newspaper e d i t o r i a l s hailed Apollo U launch. Miami News : "All America, represented by three lonely men i n space, i s on its way t o t h e moon. I n fact, t h i s i s a people's e f f o r t , arousing the i n t e r e s t and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a l l t h e people of t h i s country, This i s evidenced by t h e more than one &ion persons on hand a t Cape Kennedy f o r t h e s t a r t of the moon voyage and by t h e many millions who join in t h e adventure by television. Today's magnificent launch, and t h e elan s t i r r e d i n our people by it, makes t h i s one of America s most splendid hours. " id News, 7/16/69, A16) Washington Evening S t a r : countdown which culminated i n A 0110ll l i f t o f f , "regardless of NASA's o f f i c i a l records," had begun, L when prlmit i v e maii. first looked up imto t h e.- night $9t o gaze a t t h e mb'on', and t o f e e l t h e f i r s t s t i r r i n g s of wonder. " (W 7/16/69, A22) Huntsville Times: Manhattan ~ m t had climaxed with July 16, . 1945, explosion of world's f i r s t successful a t d c bomb. "Men, it seems, can only pray that t h e consequences of the quest of t h e planets may be better t h a n those born i n t h e i r r e v e r s i b l e explosion on a New Mexico desert 24 years ago. " ( ~ u n s t f l eTimes, 7/16/69) Chicago Sun-Times : "Man has always looked upward t o t h e s t a r s , f i r s t i n f e a r and awe, then in need t o know. Today t h e first great s t e p t o t h e firmament wiLl be taken. If it i s successful man w i l l stand on t h e threshold of outer space--and standing t h e r e will reach outward. " (C Sun-Times, 7/16/69) - ... + E%-&r Gvenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, Sweden welcomed ApolJo ll launch: "One of t h e g r e a t e s t adventures of human history begins today.. Studies of t h e moon w i l l t o a great degree enrich our knowledge of both t h e earth and space. Among other things it w i l l be possible t o make comparisons which will propel science by leaps in various d i s c i p l i n e s While w e can predict much t h a t may result from conquest of t h e moon, there w i l l i n s U likelihood be many r e s u l t s which we cannot even imagine now. All great discoveries and bold undertakings have brought advances which no one could have foreseen *om t h e outset." Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden: "There i s an i r r a t i o n a l element Fn these f e a t s of discovery which fortunately dominates t h e prosaic calculation of gains. Then one can regret t h a t man's fantasy seems incapable of being f i r e d f o r such a tremendous task as eliminating starvation fYom our earth, o r f o r bringing peace t o Biafra or for eliminating the U.S. Negro ghettos.... Three men w i l l be l i f t e d t o world acclaim today on " t h e c r e s t of mankind ' s greatest ever coordinated e f f o r t . ( ~ m h b a s s y , Stockholm) .. .... ... �White House announced ApoUo 11 crew on way tomoon was carrying July 17: Soviet cornmemorat ive medals brought back t o U. S , by Astronaut Frank Borman, who had received then from widows of Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M. Komarov during h i s Moscow v i s i t . Apollo 11 also c a r r i e d ApoUo 204 crew patch and commemorative medals struck f o r . f a m i l i e s of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee before astronauts died in Jan, 27, 1967, f i r e . President Nixon said, "The names of Gagarin and Komarov, of Grissom, White, and Chaffee, share the bonors we pray wiJl come t o Armstrong, AldrFn, and Collins. I n recognizing t h e dedication and s a c r i f i c e of b ~ mene of d i f f e r e n t nations, we underscore an example we hope t o s e t : t h a t i f men can reach t h e moon, men can reach agreement. " (m),7/21/69, 999 > 'Aerospace industry was having i t s greatest week i n h i s t o r y with Apollo U launch, s a i d New York Times, but aerospace stocks remained i n doldrums. Wall S t r e e t was "bearish about t h e industry and, from an investment standpoint, unenthusiastic about space, " Security analysts interviewed agreed Apollo U would have l i t t l e e f f e c t on long-depressed stocks, which commenced decline in 1968; many were s e l l i n g near lows f o r year. Aerospace industry was chief beneficiary of space program funds, but l a r g e s t portion of $34 b i l l i o n spent since 1950 had been allocated before " r e a l l y spectacular shots" occurred. While Apollo program had been "tremendous boon t o the aerospace industry and t o t h e advancement of technology, " it represented s m a l l part of total industry revenues and outlook was f o r f u r t h e r decline. ( ~ m e r E , ,7/17/69, 6 3 ) ApoLlo 11 launch continued t o draw wide e d i t o r i a l comment i n foreign and n a t i o n a l press. New York Times : "One could hardly watch t h e magnificent spectacle of t h e l i f t o f f , l e t alone contemplate t h e feats of human ingenuity t h a t made it possible, a s well a s t h e courage and s k i l l of t h e f l y e r s , without The temptation i s some r e f l e c t i o n upon t h e meaning of this event.... strong t o f a l l back upon lyricism. The poetry of t h e t h i n g has yet t o Find i t s expression i n any of t h e earnest, p r o f i c i e n t Americans who have ventured away from t h e Earth; y e t , the' stunning beauty of man's most marvelous creation, as it rose i n i t s majesty toward the unknown, toward t h e future, could be matched only by t h e profound sense of having been preserrt a t an end t o something and therefore necessarily a t a beginning." (wicker, E,7/17/69) . Chicago Tribune: "The Apollo 11b l a s t o f f was as b e a u t i f u l a one a s we 've seen. It displayed every b i t of t h e precision a n d ' t h e c a r e f u l planning which we have come t o ,expect from NASA." One of most " s a t i s f y ing" things w a s t h a t , " l i k e our e a r l i e r launchings, it took place within �July 17 (continued) the s i g h t of anybody who wanted t o go t h e Florida coast t o watch it, and was broadcast l i v e t o courrtless millions more in every corner of t h e world. People will not fail t o contrast t h i s with t h e secrecy of Russia's unmanned Luqa 15, which may reach t h e moon today on a myster i o u s mission of i t s own. " ( C Trib, 7/17/69) Christian Science Monitor: "And although it i s an American moonc r a f t , bearing American men. the venture i s , i n t h e best sense, a universal one. It i s t h e r e s u l t of American technology p u t t i n g t o use t h e knowledge, techniques and discoveries i n which aJ3, nations and races have participated. all nations and peoples are taking part. " (E, 1/17/69) . S e a t t l e Times: "The space program has yielded Fmmense new resources i n . . . s c i e n t i f i c and technological advances which...make t h e program worth while even beyond t h e explorations and discoveries--and national pride-offered by t h e ventures irrto outer space. It s t r i k e s us, therefore, that the time i s a t hand f o r these so-called by-products of t h e space . program, which hold such promise f o r u t i l i z a t i o n i n behalf of mankind, t o be put t o work f o r t h a t purpose. " (S Times, 7/17/69) Bulgarian Telegraph ~ g e n c ~ i r e p o rcarried t in Bulgarian newspapers Rabotnichesko Delo, Narodna Mladezh, Trud, and Kooperativno Celo commented: " I n the coming days a l l humanity will follow t h i s flight with i n t e r e s t and tension. .And surely t h e r e i s no one on our o l d planet who will not ask himself t h i s quest ion: 'Will it succeed? " ( ~ Embassy, m of i a ) .. . .. - July 18: I n r e s p o n s e t o telephone inquiry by Astronaut Frank Borman, Mstislav V. Kddysh, President of Soviet Academy o f Sc'iences, .sent telegram guaranteeing t h a t LULL&XV, o r b i t i n g moon, would not i n t e r f e r e with Apollo 11 mission and assuring.&rman t h a t he would be n o t i f i e d of any changes in spacecraf't's course. Under 1967 U.N. Outer space Treaty, U. S. and U. S. S.R. were bound t o furnish each other t h i s kind of data. ( ~ i l f o r d ,E,7/19/69, 1) ' Apollo passive seismic experiment, part of extravehicular a c t i v i t y t o be performed by Apollo U- astronauts on moon, was hescribed i n Science as "the most exciting experiment i n seismology. " Dr. G. Latham and D r . M. Ewing of Columbia Univ.'s Lmont-Doherty Geol o g i c a l Observatory, D r . F. Press of MIT, and D r . G. Sutton of Univ. of Hawaii explained objective was t o detect naturally occurring s e i d c events on lunar surface through e a r l y Apollo scient if i c experiment package ( ~ S E P )planted on moon. Package weighed 105 lbs and \-odd transmit data t o earth one year (ox �July 18 (continued) maximum two years), during lunar days because i t s solar c e l l panels required U u m i n a t i o n t o provide power. Complete Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) , containing a t l e a s t t h r e e additional experiments for measurements of s o l a r wind and magnetic f i e l d , would be included on ~ ~ o l l1o2 'for day and night operation. I n Apollo 11 experiment astronaut would remove instrument from LM t o smoothest a r e a w i t h h 6 .'6-9.8 ft (20-30 m) o f LM,,_ unfold solar panels adjust package l e v e l t o within 5 O , o r i e n t it i n azimuth f o r rn&-Lrnum illumination of s o l a r panels, and a h antenna toward earth. MSC would issue commands t o uncage and l e v e l seismometers and s e l e c t proper gain. Expected sources of lunar seismic a c t i v i t y included several hundred monthly moonquakes, thermal s t r e s s e s produced by rapid temperature v a r i a t i o n s a t surface; t i d a l s t r e s s e s exerted by earkh and sun; and meteoroid Impacts. By end of Apollo program, s c i e n t i s t s hoped t o have achieved crude curves of t r a v e l time f o r body and surface waves and beginning of seismicity map of moon. During post -Apoll.o period, seismologists wanted t o achieve wider d i s t r i b u t i o n of detectors t o map seismically a c t i v e b e l t s i n greater detail; study mechmisms of energy release; lower minimum detectable ground motion of individual seismometer; and improve performance of long-period seismometer systems a t ultrabng-period end of spectrum f o r recording surface waves from moonquakes free o s c i l l a t i o n s o f moon, and lunar t i d e s . (science, 7/18/69, 241-501 White House confirmed President Nixon would talk with ApoUo U. astronauts over two-way TV hook-up a s they f i r s t s e t foot on moon. Nixon and Astronauts N e i l A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., would be v i s i b l e on s p l i t screen t o e a r t h viewers. President could wat-ch on White House TV, but astronauts would have no view of him. President Nixon planned t o spend evening of July 20 watching Apollo U progress on TV with former Astronaut Frank Borman, White House l i a i s o n with NASA. ( ~ y o n s , w Post, 7/19/69, ~ 9 ) ApoUo 10 mission (May 18-26), first lunar o r b i t a l mission with complete Apollo s p a c e c r a n , was adjudged successful by NASA. Mission had achieved a l l objectives; systems had performed according t o plan with only minor anomalies and crew had acquired major q u a n t i t i e s of photographic t r a i n i n g materials for subsequent Apollo missions. (NASA Proj O f f ) I z v e s t i a gave f i r s t U.S.S.R. report of President Nixon's July 17 annoncement t h a t medals of two dead Soviet cosmonauts would be placed on moon Factual account of mission c a r r i e d no comment. �July 18: Pride Inc. operations director Marion Barry c a l l e d on black c o m i t y t o work during July 2l National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n declared by President Nixon in honor of Apollo ll lunar landing. During Washington press conference he said, "Why should blacks r e j o i c e when two white Americans land on the moon when white America's money and technology have not even reached" t h e inner c i t y ? "Why should blacks celebrate Monday. . .when President Nixon d i d n ' t f e e l t h a t D r . Martin Luther King's assassination deserved t o be observed?" ( p a , W post, 7/19/69, ~ 9 ) Richmond, V a . , News Leader e d i t o r i a l approved Vice President Splro T . . Agnewt s calling f o r f l i g h t t o Mars by end of century [see July 161 : "one day, man wiU go beyond the planets, to other s o l a s systems; r i g h t now...that i s not within our technological reach. But Mars i s , . and so are t h e other planets. The moon i s in e a r t h ' s , and man's, own crib. Plans and commitments should be made--now--for man t o take grown-up s t r i d e s i n t h e r e a l world of space, " (R News-Lead-, 7/18/69) After four years of "running a t t o p speed, " MSC had f a i l e d t o turn Houston, Tex., into "science c i t y , I' said Thomas G. Plate i n Science. Houston area, as l a r g e s t petrochemical industry area i n U.S., was "going i t s own booming way" while 4,600 NASA people and 9,000 employees of 125 private firms workhg on NASA business i n a r e a helped to shape space 8ge community a t 14SC. "The i n j e c t ion of $140 million a year i n NASA money and t h e impact on t h e l i f e of t h e area of WSA workers--some 2500 of them R&D s c i e n t i s t s and engineers-and of t h e 9300 employees of high-technology firms serving MSC has so far had surprisingly l i t t l e e f f e c t . B u t meanwhile t h e space community has developed its own s p e c i a l character with i t s owxi s t y l e of l i f e and i t s own special goals." (science, 7/18/69, 265-9) ... ComSatCorp reported second quarter earnings of $1,46,000 (20 cents per share) ; earnings had been $1,506,000 (15 cents per share) in similar 1958 period. Earnings for f i r s t six months of 1959 t o t a l e d $3,501,000 (35 cents per share) and $3,405,000 (33 cents per share) i n 1968. ( ~ & a t ~ o r pRelease 69-43) Montreal, Canada, Gazette commented on ApoLlo ILL mission: m d o n Johnson, more than any other man, i s responsible f o r meeting t h e moon-shot deadline this week.. ( ~ Consul, m hntreal) J?ly 19: .." �July 19: P i t t s f i e l d , Mass,, Berkshire Eagle e d i t o r i a l said: "It s u b t r a c t s nothing from t h e extraordinary human and t e c h n i c a l achievement represented by Apollo ll t o say t h a t t h e projected l u n a r landing i s an occasion not only f o r awe and pride but a l s o f o r a thoughtful reappraisal 6f our whole approach t o t h e new f,xonti e r of space. " ( B Eagle, - 7/19/69) "We have entered a new era, " D r . Thomas 0. P a h e , NASA Administrator, t o l d press i n Houston following Apollo l l l u n a r landing. "The significance of t b e t r i p i s t h a t mankind i s going t o establish places of abode outside of h i s planet earth. 'I In telephone c a l l t o White House, D r . Paine had t o l d President Nixon, " I t i s my honor on behalf of t h e e n t i r e NASA team t o report t o you t h a t t h e Eagle has landed on t h e Sea of Tranquility and our astronauts a r e safe and looking forward t o s t a r t i n g the explorat-ion of t h e moon. " Dr. Paine s a i d IYesident had 'spoken with "excitement and awe in h i s voice " and mood was t h a t of "considerable tension relieved." NASA planned t e n t a t i v e s i x additional manned lunar missions over next few years. D r . Paine praised U.S.S.R.'s cooperation i n providing Luna XV information He a l s o s a i d i f Astronaut t o Astronaut Frank B o m n [ see July 181 Neil A . Armstrong,had not assumed manual control of LM t o s t e e r it from c r a t e r during lunar landing, "we might. .have had considerable d i f f i c u l t y . " ( ~ c ~ e h a nB,@, 7 / 2 1 / 6 9 , J u l y 20: , . . CBS presented interview with former President Lyndon B. Johnson which had been taped July 5. President Johnson credited space program with sparking "revolution of t h e 60s" and said, "We c a n ' t discard space. We're just beginning. " U. S. had enough money, "to do all t h e t h i n g s w e need t o do" i n spsce, education, and health. ''What we must 'have i s , t h e determination t o do it. " He s a i d his last act as president had been t o send A o l l o 8 photos of earth t o 186 leaders of foreign governments. (W Post, hA71 Astronaut Frank Sorman repeated Apollo 8 reading f'rom Genesis a t White House s e r r l c e attended by President and family, Vice presidefit, Cabinet members, Congressmen, and members of J o i n t Chiefs o f S t a f f , and of diplomatic corps. During sermon, D r . Paul S, Smith, President of Whittier College m d member of Religious Society of Friends, said: "1t was a philosopher. .who, two thousand years ago, f i r s t recounted a voyage t o t h e moon. Lucian called it The True History but confessed i n t h e preface t h a t he wrote 'of things which are not and never could have been. It was a p o l i t i c a l s a t i r i s t s precautionary. disclaset;, . because his r e a l subject was t h e s t u p i d i t y of human warfag, His lunar voyagers got caught up in internecine s t r i f e between t h e moonmen . �July 20 (continued) and the sunmen over t h e colonization of Venus! If t h e r e i s something i n s t r u c t i v e i n t h e thought, it may be the implication t h a t a f t e r two millenia of philosophy men are s t i l l f i g h t i n g over real e s t a t e and s t i l l dying i n t h e name of philosophical abstractions, but that a voyage t o t h e moon is' just as feasible (tho h somewhat more expensive) as a t r i t o T i m W u . " (Wiegers, W Post, j;$21/69, B1; 3 7/22/69, H6189-50 7 Hours before lunar landing attempt by Apollo 3 l Astronauts Neil. A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Pope Paul V I said a t C a s t e 1 Gondolfo, I t a l y : "In t h e ecstasy o f t h i s prophetic day, a r e a l triumph f o r means produced by man f o r t h e domination of the universe, we must not forget man's need t o dominate h b s e l f . Admiration, enthusiasm and passion for instruments , f o r t h e . products of man's hand, fascinate us, perhaps t o the point of madness.,.. This i s t h e danger: We must beware of t h i s worship. " (~chmick,B -3Sun 7 1 ~ 1 6 9 A4) , Tass announced t h a t Luna XV was still functioning normally i n lunar o r b i t with 109.4-km (68-m-me, 16.1-Eon (10-mi)perilune, 1-hr 54-min period, and 127' inclination. S i r Bernard Lovell, Director of U, K. ' s JodrelL . - . . Ba.nk ExperhentaL Station, s a i d Luna XV had conducted two midcourse corrections and speculated t h a t spacecrart was prepar' e i t h e r t o land o r t o observe ApoUo 1l landing. (AP, B Sun, July 20-21: White House was flooded with congratulatory cables and telephone c U s on Apollo U landing, from beads o f s t a t e throughout world. Washington Post estimated h a l f b i l l i o n persons had watched lunar touchdown on worldwide TV, and NBC said 123 million i n U.S. saw it, mostly i n t h e i r own homes. But 35,000 baseball fans i n New York had learned of landing's success when words "They're on t h e moon" flashed on scoreboard a t Yankee Stadium. I n New York's Harlem, many of 50,000 attending s o 3 music festival booed lunar L a n a . announcement. A t massive "Moon In" a t Central Park, e n t h u s i a s t i c crowd of young people watched landing on huge outdoor TV screen i n steady downpour and bought "lunar dogs, " "ApoUo rock candy, " and "moon picnic " boxes Composer and band leader Duke Ellington made singing debut with "Moon aid en," song he wrote t o celebrate Apollo l l success, taped f o r ABC. New York Times sold out 950,000 copies of July 21 issue announcing lunar landing and announced it would reprint e n t i r e edition July 24 as souvenir. Special Florida Times-Union e d i t ion . �J u l y 20-21 (continued) datelined "Moonday, July 21" sold out in Jackson within two hours. Estimated 8,000 Western E l e c t r i c Co. employees l e f t work or f a i l e d t o show up i n protest against being denied access t o !CV o r radios on Job during lunar landing. Des Moines, Iowa, TV.stations received some complaints from viewers over absence of regular programs; Crime r a t e f e l l i n Los Angeles, while in Savannah, Ga., 17 prisoners sawed t h e i r way out of Chatham County prison branch while guards watched Apollo 11 on TV. A t MSC, Houston Welfare Rights Organization members demonstrated around display of LM, calling o n U. S. t o s e t new oal--elimination of poverty. (AP, B Sun; 7/22/69; W Post, 7/21/69; 7 22/69; Apollo U f i s s i o n Comentary, 7 / 2 1 / 6 9 ; ~ y ~ m 7 / 6 7 9 / ,r 1 / 6 9 ) 7 N i l l i o n s around world hailed Apollo 1l landing: Soviet Premier Alexsey Kosygin complimented U.S. on lunas landing and expressed i n t e r e s t in widening U. S -U.S S R. space cooperat ion during July 21 Moscow discussion with former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, who was ending Soviet visit. Soviet TV did not carry live coverage of Apollo lJ. lunar landing July 20; Tass announcement was read by newscaster and carried i n two-paragraph item on Pravda's f r o n t page. Evening paper, Izvestia accorded s t o r y more space and featured photo of astronauts on moon. On W ,Cosmonaut Konstarrtin P. Feoktistov described landing as "major landmark" and s a i d crew had coped " b r i l l i a n t l y " with mission. Georgy Petrov, Director of Soviet I n s t i t u t e f o r Cosmic Research, called Apollo I l "outstanding achi&ement" but s a i d more data per ruble could have been gathered by unmanned probes. Statue dedicated to Apollo ll astronauts was unveiled July 21 in s p o r t s stadium a t Cracow, Poland. I n U.K., Queen Elizabeth watched lunar landing on W ,then cabled President Nixon "warme s t congratulations. " Prime U , n i s t ,,Earold Wilson expressed " h e a r t f e l t r e l i e f . " A t J o d r e l l Bsnk Experfmental ,$tation astronomers applauded and director, S i r Bernard Lovell, s a i d that "the f u t u r e has been revolutionized. " David Threlfall collected $24,000 on fiveyear-old bet t h a t man would land on c e l e s t i a l body before 191. Betting shop had given him thousand-to-one odds [ see May 291 In Wollongong, Australia, l o c a l judge heard cases while watching Apollo 11 lunar landing on portable TV s e t , Czechoslovakia issued two postage stamps July 21 comme&rating . . - . --.. lunar landing, while record crowds a t U. S. Embassy exhibition tapered o f f a f t e r exhausting supply of ApoJlo giveaway materials. Five thousand Hungarians walked'thraugh American Embassy i n 'Budapest July 21, picking up USIA pamphlet Man on t h e Moon. . .. . �July 2 0 - 2 l ( continued) In Romania, bouquets were tossed through U.S. Embassy fence t o foot of flagpole and several Romanians reported l a r g e numbers of Bulgarians were crossing border t o watch l i v e TV coverage of Apollo 11. Cuban government decided not t o jam Voice of America broadcast of Apollo ll lunar landing, but in Algiers news was ignored except f o r announcement in government -controlled newspaper t h a t "the man i s on t h e moon. " I n Ghana, v i l l a g e chief l i s t e n i n g t o VOA broadcast feared a s t r o nauts might f a l l off moon if not caref'ul. I n Bangkok, fYeedom f o r 622 pardoned prisoners was delayed because l. guards r e f u s e d t o leave TV s e t s showing Apollo l Lunar landing s t o l e top play i n I s r a e l and Egypt, from accounts of t h e i r f i e r c e f i g h t i n g a t Suez Canal. In Singapore, girl born half hour a f t e r l u n a r landing was named Luna. In Pakistan, boy baby was named Apollo. P r h e Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and Indian Parliament gave standing ovation t o Apollo ILL astronauts at opening of day's business i n New Delhi July 21. In Japan, Emperor Kirohito called o f f customary daily s t r o l l and interrupted l k c h t o watch A p l l o 11 on TV. Iroquois Indians i n Brantford, Ontario, Canada, feared lunar landing might plunge e a r t h i n t o darkness and release monsters from earth's core. Their medicine man and chief, Joseph Logan, Jr., had said moon was sacred t o his people and "we a r e not supposed t o d i s t u r b her." In Taipei, Formosa, Nationalist China Parliament member Hsieh Jen-chao invited Apollo l l astronauts t o attend Moon F e s t i v a l honoring r a b b i t which Chinese legend said l i v e d on moon and could provide e t e r n a l life Same devout Muslims in Somalia refused t o believe ApoUo.11 lunar landing was r e a l i t y . Following radio, press, and word-of-mouth announcement, f $ s t ?'tght s broke out July 2 l i n Mogadiscio s t r e e t s between bel i e v e r s and disbelievers. Parents of baby boy born on lunar landing day broke with Muslim t r a d i t i o n and named c h i l d h s t m n g Abdurahmsn Osman I n Brussels workers i n radio and TV studios suspended s t r i k e during transmission of ApoUo ll mission film. I n B r a z j l several thousand persons cheered a s they witnessed t e l e vised 1uoa.r landing a t Museum of Modern A r t i n Rio de Janeiro while church b e l l s rang otrtside. In Santiago de Chile people rushed out of restaurants t o look a t moon, forgetting it was midafternoon when they learned of lunar landing. While r e s t of world focused on lunar landing, one quarter of world's population labored through s i x t h moon of Chinese l u n u year unaware of event. Approximately 800 million people in Communist China had heard no news of lunar landjag. Only deviation from " t o t a l blackout . . �July 20-21 (continued) on space exploration" w a s July 17 s t o r y o f Astronaut Frank Borman's v i s i t t o Moscow, reported by New China News Agency. (C Trib, 7/22/69; W Post, 7/a-22/69; W S t a r , 7/22/69; F,7/22/69; B ~un,-/21-22/69; Am Embassy, Prague, Bucharest, Brussels, Budapest, Mogadiscio) Press e d i t o r i a l s i n U.S. and around world underscored Apollo l l ' s landing on moon and man's f i r s t steps on another planet. St. Louis Post-Dispatch: "There i s no doubt t h a t t h e United S t a t e s should continue t o support a substantial spacefaring program. Anything e l s e would be a denial of t h e s c i e n t i f i c s p i r i t of the centuxy and t h e q u a l i t i e s t h a t have made America what it i s . E3ut i t s scope should be measured by findings and probabilities--and one other factor. Future spacefaring ought t o be a co-operative e f f o r t of all nations able t o with t h e benefits-to be shared by a l l . " ( s t . Louis P-D , 7/?0/_6?1 Washington Sunday S t a r : "A creature t h a t can stand where Armstrong and Aldrin stand tonight--that can, in the f'uture, move among t h e spheres and l i t e r a l l y explore new worlds. . . i s unlikely t o give up on t h e hard t a s k of perfecting himself and his l i f e i n h i s n a t u r a l envimnment on earth. The God who brought him thus f a r *om a blob of squirming protoplasm...is unlikely...to l e t man b l o w it all now. Here...must be t h e answer t o t h e national debate as t o whether we go ahead i n space, or whether we tend t o our k n i t t i n g a t home. We a r e bound t o do both.. , The progressive expansion of t h e physical and s p i r i t u a l domain of man inevitably w i l l i n t e n s i f y our determination and a b i l i t y , in concert with other nations, t o build a home world where hunger, f e a r and violence no longer have a place. " (W S t a r , 7/20/69, ~ 1 ) W i l l i a m Hines i n Washington Sunday S t a r : "One c&ot question t h e majesty of conception or magnitude of e f f o r t t h a t made Apollo 11 possible." But one could ask, "Is t h i s t r i p r e a l l y necessary?': One saw i n ApoUo, "that fundamental f a i l i n g called hubris, which got so many protagonists i n t o hot water i n t h e old Greek mythology. Hubris i n English i s usually taken t o mean p r i d e m arrogance; i n ancient Greek t h e word meant simple insolence. The Apo3J.o enthusiast r e j e c t s the concept of hubris; he says we go t o t h e moon not because we a r e arrogant, but because we are driven, and thereby i m p l i c i t l y r e j e c t s t h e concept of f'ree w i l l and s u b s t i t u t e s sappiness f o r sassiness. The majority asks, 'But if we d i d n ' t go, what?' and t h e minority responds,.._- 'If w- e didn't go, so what?'" (W -9S t a r . .7/20/69, ~ 2 ) Humorist Art Buchwald i n Washington Post : "Sometimes one g e t s t h e feeling t h a t t h e r i g h t hand germs i n t h e Government don't know what t h e l e f t h&d g e m s arePdoing. ?his was brought home t o me...when I read about t h e m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s t h a t were being spent t o see that t h e . I �July 20-21 (continued) astronauts d i d not bring back a s i n g l e germ from t h e moon. Unfortunately, across t h e page kom t h a t s t o r y was another t h a t t h e Army was going ahead with open a i r t e s t i n g of nerve gases and g e m warfare," (W Post, 7 / 2 0 / 6 9 , ~6) Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: "America ' s moon program has benefited a l l mankind. It has brought b e t t e r color t e l e v i s i o n , water p u r i f i c a t i o n at l e s s c o s t , new p a i n t s and p l a s t i c s , improved weather f o r e c a s t ~ n ~ , medicine, r e s p i r a t o r s , walkers f o r t h e handicapped, l a s e r surgery, world-wide communications, new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems, earthquake prediction system and s o l a r power.... The Mars goal should b r i n g b e n e f i t s t o all mankind even g r e a t e r t h a n t h e tremendous contributions of t h e moon program. " (LA Her-Exam, 7/20/69) Baltimore Sun: "...it i s s t i l l almost incredible t h a t i n t h e af'ternoon of a Sunday on e a r t h two humans found themselves within a vehicle r e s t i n g on t h e surface of t h e moon. Nothing could quite prepare one's mind f o r t h a t , o r f o r t h e subsequent moment of climax, the a c t u a l sekting of a human f o o t on t h e substance of our barren s a t e l l i t e . One of t h e mysteries t h a t had engaged t h e i n f i n i t e l y i n q u i s i t i v e mind of man i s now made tangible. Others remain beyond ourand upon it. " ( B -2Sun 7 / ~ / 6 9 A161 , Chicago Daily News : "These have been moments t o savor--moments i n which uncounted millions have s h a r e d , t h e immediacy of a turning point i n h i s t o r y . This time t h e r e was no lapse of weeks o r months, waiting f o r t h e event t o be confirmed. We were all there, bound t o g e t h e r by t h e miracle of communication t h a t intertwined all t h e other miracles of technology t h a t marked man's f i r s t s t e p on a c e l e s t i a l body." c Daily News, 7/21/69) Milwaukee Journal: " ~ u ~ e r l a t i v epale s before t h e ' magnificence of thrachievement. but how many years before t h e astounding performance of Armstrong and Aldrin will seem as primitive as the pioneering work of t h e Wright brothers?" (MJ, 7/21/69, 1 4 ) Cleveland Plain Dealer : "Man' s s t o r e o f . s c i e n t i f i c knowledge w i l l be v a s t l y enriched by t h e landing on t h e moon. I n no other s i n g l e event i n h i s t o r y has t h e r e been g r e a t e r opportunity t o unlock the mysteries of t h e universe. " ' ( p l a i n Dealer, 7/21/69) London Daily Sketch: "America's moon triumph o f f e r s t h i s old world ' s bic,kering and jealous people a parable of hope, " ( B -Sun 9 7/22/69,' Al) Montreal Star: h he deepest hope f o r a world starved f o r some form of symbolism, of an attempt a t harmony i n place of s e l f i s h n e s s and narrow nationalism, cane from the astronauts." CFOX Radio, Montreal, broadcast: "...Eliminate war? Yes! E l M n a t e poverty? Yes! But t h e exploration of space w i n help us, not impede us, i n reaching t h e s e goals. " ( ~ m Consul, ~ o n t r e a)l - a ... �July 20-21 (continued) A r b e t e t , Malmo Sweden (principal organ of Social Democratic party) : "No Soviet politician has ever before used such conciliatory tones toward t h e U.S.A. a s did Foreign Minister Gmmyko recently i n h i s speech before t h e Supreme Soviet This Russian position seems generally t o be based on fears of a confrontation with China.... One of the side e f f e c t s can be increased Russian i n t e r e s t i n broader s c i e n t i f i c cooperation i n space research. Nothing e l s e could be b e t t e r designed f o r global cooperation, since nothing e l s e gives us c l e a r e r testimony that we live in one world." (hEmbassy, ~ t o c k h o l m ) , ..,. U.S.S.R.'s Luna XV (launched July 13) had landed on moon a t 6:45 J u l y 21: pm Moscow time ( l l : ) and had ended i t s work, Tas s announced. . Spacecraft had "reached t h e moon's surface i n t h e preset areat' a f t e r 52 revolutions around moon and 86 communications sessions during which "the work of the new systems of the s t a t i o n was checked, t h e parameters of t h e t r a j e c t o r y of the movement were measured, and s c i e n t i f i c research was conducted." Tass said Luna XV had demonstrated c a p a b i l i t y t o land on various areas of lunar surface by changing selenocentric o r b i t and t h a t mission had yielded Fmportant data on spacecraft systems. S i r Bernard Lovell, JodreU 8ank Experimental S t a t ion Director, s a i d signals from spacecraft had ended suddenly and estimated c r a f t might have landed i n Sea o f ' Crises, about 500 m i from Sea of Tranquility. "If we d o n ' t get any more signals, we wlll assume it crashlanded. But we don1t make t h a t a s s m p t i o n a t the moment. " (~werkzman, NYT, - 7/22/69, 1, 29) . Univ. of Texas astronomers reported second unsuccessful attempt t o bounce l a s e r beam off r e f l e c t o r lef't on moon by Apollo ll astronauts. McDonald Observatory Director, D r . Harlan Smith, s a i d he expected eventual success. (AP, B 7/22/69, ~ 8 ) s, . Galabert International Astronautics Prize f o r 1969 was awarded i n Paris t o Apollo ll astronauts. Award of $4,000 was presented m u a l l y f o r nqtable contributions "to human progress f o r t h e advancement of a l l sciences and techniques associated with astronautics. " (AP, B -9 Sun 7/22/69, A81 . KUD Secretary George W. Romney addressed International Platform A s s n . in Washington, D.C. : "I do not progose t h a t we now abandon our e f f o r t s t o extend man's reach s t i l l further beyond our planet, any more than we abandoned our domestic goals while we were reaching f o r t h e moon. But I do believe t h e time has come f o r a revision--in �July 2L (continued) f a c t , a reversal--of our national p r i o r i t i e s . I believe t h a t in t h e decades ahead, t h e public i n t e r e s t and indeed our national survival require us t o assign our housing and urban goals a high p r i o r i t y - - a t l e a s t comparable t o the p r i o r i t y we gave our space- program i n the decade Just ending." (HUD News; Hutchens, W Star, 7/22/69, ~ 6 ) - South Korea dedicated i t s first super-highway, linking Seoul with Inchon. It was named Apollo i n honor of U. S moon landing. (AP, w Post, 7/23/69, ~ 5 ) . July 22: U.S.S.R. launchedtwounmanned s a t e U i t e s . Cosmos CCXC, launched from Ple s e t sk, entered o r b i t with 323-km (200.7 - m i ) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.b0 i n c l i n a t i o n and reentered July 29. f h m Baikonur entered o r b i t with apogee, 496-lrm (308.2-mij perigee, 7U. 0-min (GSFC E,7/ 31/69; E,7/28/69, 62; S c i e n t i s t s a t MSC,rnonitoring seismometers l e f t on lunar surface by Apollo ll astronauts, recorded f ive-minute tremor they s a i d could have been i n t e r n a l activity--moonquake--or meteoroid s t r i k e on surface. S c i e n t i s t s expressed concern t h a t seismometer was overheating, probably because of damage t o protective cover f r o m LM exhaust, and might not survive heat of lunar moon. ( ~ c ~ e h a nB, -9Sun 7/23/69, M ; Cohn, W Post, 7/24/69, n 5 ) S c i e n t i s t s a t Lick Observatory i n California unsuccessrully t r i e d . f o r third consecutive night t o bounce ruby l a s e r beams o f f r e f l e c t o r lef't on lunar surface by Apollo 11 astronauts. They admitted d i f f i c u l t y i n pinpointing r e f l e c t o r ' s exact l o c a t ion and speculated that it mi&% have been knocked down by LM exhaust during ascent. (AP, W -' ~tar7/23169, A7) , NASA announced revised plans f o r f i r s t o r b i t a l workshop, with 1 4 2 launch using f i r s t two stages of Satum V t o launch workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount together. Workshop would be o u t f i t t e d on ground and would a r r i v e i n 253-mi c i r c u l a r o r b i t equipped for immediate occupancy by astronauts and with A!TM attached. Program objectives remained same a s when NASA intended t o use Saturn IB 2nd stage a s lgl workshop: to pmvide environment i n which man could l i v e and work f o r extended periods i n space and t o study man's physiological and psychological responses and c a p a b i l i t i e s i n space. �July 22 (continued) ATM would permit man t o operate high-resolution astronomical telescopes i n space, f r e e from e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Saturn V hardware f'rom ApoUo program was availabie f o r revised plan. (NASA Release .69-105;Simons, W Post, 7/22/69, 'Al) . President Nixon addressed 2,000 American Field Service students from 60 countries on White House lam: " . . . i n t h e yearm2000 we wiU, on t h i s e a r t h , have v i s i t e d new worlds where t h e r e w i l l be a form of l i f e . I know t h l s w i l l happen, and I want t o t e l l you a s I look forward and dream about t h a t f i t u r e . t h i s i s t h e k i n d of world I w o u l d l i k e t o see and t h e kind of exploration of t h a t new world t h a t I know all Americans want. I hope t h a t when t h e next great venture i n t o space takes place t h a t it : tbe one i n which Americans will be joined by representatives of other countries." (PD, - 7/2i3/69, 1016-7) .. . U. K. radioastronomer S i r Bernard LoveU. t o l d press at U . K. ' s J o d r e l l Bamk Experimental Station, t h a t Apollo 1l and Luna XV increased hopes f o r U. S. -U. S. S.R. space cooperation because " t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time t h e United S t a t e s has been demonstratively superior i n a v i t a l p a r t of t h e space program. American approaches f o r collaboration may be received with sympathy i n the Soviet Union as they can no longer regard themselves as masters." (AP; B 2,7/23/69, ~ 4 ) .Wall S t r e e t Brokerage houses were watching e f f e c t of Apollo 11 success on stocks a s market resumed trading afTer J u l y 21 holiday. Some f i r m s believed lunar landing would generate enthusiasm, although i t s impact would be restrained by uncertainties over surtax extension, House committee vote t o cut o i l depletion allowance (major tax benefit. o f petroleum industry) and apparent s t andof f a t Vi&nam peace conference. ( ~ 1w , star, 7/22/69, ~ 7 ) . Washington Post s a i d it found i n t e l l e c t u a l s "deeply divided" on implicat i o n s of lunar landing. Univ. o f California physicist D r . Owen Chamberlain had s a i d achievement showed "mankind can be i n charge of h i s destiny, , W e should now come back and put our emghasis on t h e surface of t h e globett t o achieve peace, l e s s e n poverty, control overpopulation, and preserve our environment. Univ. of California physicist D r . Harold C. Urey s a i d i f some of space e f f o r t r e l i e b i l i t y rubbed o f f on industry, "spin-off" would be of l$ of enormous and space program would pay f o r it s e l f . Less than GNP was spent on space and if lessened t h e r e was no guarantee it would be spent on necessary domestic programs. . 4 . �July 22 (continued) H a n d Univ. biochemist D r . George Wald had said: "What should have been a great f l i g h t of the human s p i r i t comes t o us heavy with t h r e a t . Those almost miraculous guidance systems t h a t so uncannily f i n d t h e i r t a r g e t s , win they one day be guiding missiles t o find us?" D r . Wald wondered i f ApoUo U had opened new horizons f o r h i s students. "I am a f r a i d t h a t they see i n t h i s an exercise of t h e old and w e l l entrenched, an exercise i n great wealth and power, heavy wtth m i l i t a r y and p o l i t i c a l overtones. I am afYaid t h a t they f e e l a l i t t l e more trapped; a l i t t l e more disillusioned, a l i t t l e more desperate." Most overseas i n t e l l e c t u a l s tended t o concw.,with h i s t o r i a n Prof. Arnold 5 . Toynbee' s judgment, "If we a r e going t o go on behaving on e a r t h a s we have behaved.here so f a r , then a l a n d h g on t h e moon wLfL have t o be written off as Just one more shocking misuse of mankind's - slender surplus product, " But Oxford Univ. ' s Prof. A. J. Ayer had said, "I doubt i f Prof. Toynbee has any evidence t h a t men a r e being prevented i n any large numbers &om t u r n a . t h e i r minds t o meaningful p u r s u i t s by t h e p a r t which they play, o r t h e i n t e r e s t which they take, i n t h e exploration of space.. I think t h a t these s p a t i a l explorations,. .are i n t e l l e c tually stimulating, especially t o young people. I ) Italian professor Michele Federico Sciacca of Turin, Italy, felt "united S t a t e s would o f f e r proof of havhg achieved maturity if it were t o stop exploration of space, except f o r [unmanned] ships intended t o c a r r y out e s s e n t i a l s c i e n t i f i c research. " Mankind needed l e s s tech. . n i c a l achievement and more moral and r e l i g i o u s strength. (W Post, 7 / 2 2 / 6 9 , A141 .. Australian Civil Aviation Minister Reg-lnald Swartz s a i d passengers on t r a n s p a c i f i c Qantas A i r l i n e s f l i g h t would see Agollo ll reentry July 24 when command module would p a r a l l e l t h e i r a i r c r a f t f o r four minutes during descent near Gilbert &d E l l i c e Islands. ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/23/69, 3,456,387 to-Clyde A . Tolson, Associate Director of Federal Bureau o f Investigation, for e q u i p e n t t o operate emergency windows and e x i t s in aircraft and space vehicles. Without a c t ion of occupants , sensors would detect abnormal conditions and computer would weigh considerations before opening appropriate escape e x i t s . Patent No. 3,456,445 was issued t o Curtiss-Wright Corp. f o r improved version of astronaut maneuvering u n i t , Cap P i s t o l , intended t o propeU man outside space vehicle by capsules spaced along t a p e s t r i p and f i r e d by engine i n p i s t o l fashion. Inventors were Joseph F. Loprete, Max Beniele, and Richard E. Biehl. (pat O f f P I O ; Jones, E,7/26/69, 31) U . S . Patent Office issued patent No. �July 22: Goodyear Aerospace Corp. had invented U W P i l o t Airborne ~ e x e Device r ~ (PARD) t o keep ejecting J e t f i g h t e r p i l o t a l o f t and out o f range o f enemy ground f i r e until h i s midair r e t r i e v a l by rescue a i r c r a f t . Ballute (balloon-parachute) attached t o main parachute had burner .sus ended below and fueled fYom propane tank on p i l o t ' s back. A t 250gF hot a i r kept parachute above ground f o r 30 min. System could be operated automatically t o carry p i l o t 6,000 f't o r manually t o 10,000-ft hovering a l t i t u d e . (E, 7/22/69, 5 8 ) . National a . and i n t e r n a t i o n a l press continued comment on Apollo 11 lunar landing. Philadelphia Inquirer : " W i l l t h i s magnificent accomplishment serve a s i n s p i r a t i o n , urging Americans and all,-kind on t o a genuine 'giant leap' forward, not merely into t h e i n f i n i t e reaches o f space but i n t o the i n f i n i t e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of achievement on e a r t h where t h e space age has recorded many more f a i l u r e s t h a n successes 2' O r w i l . 1 the i n s p i r a t i o n be abandoned before t h e v e i l e d censure of those who seem t o suggest t h e solution of all human dilemmas l i e s i n turning away from space t o other p r i o r i t i e s ? " Cutbacks a t hour of triumph would be only waste of investment i n technology which c 0 3 d be help i n solving e a r t h problems. "This i s no time t o f a l t e r , our astronauts should come home t o a world and nation determined t o f u l f i l l t h e prophecy i n Commander Armstrong's words." (P Inq, 7/22/69) Washington Post: It was foolish ' t o l e a p from t h i s h i s t o r i c moment t o eager expectations of t h e day when men w i l l l i v e and work i n space, when colonies w i l l be established, food raised and i n d u s t r i a l products b u i l t on heavenly bodies other than t h e earth. These things will doubtless come i n t h e i r own good time. But t h i s , i s not t h e occasion on which t o make a new national commitment i n space that would keep N4SA1s program going a t t h e f r a n t i c pace which f u l f i l l e d President Kennedy's great promise f o r t h e moon. Now i s t h e occasion, r a t h e r , t o e s t a b l i s h a steady program of space development, one removed from the p o l i t i c a l debate over national p r i o r i t i e s , which will ensure that we e s t a b l i s h a -f i r- m base f o r---future while creg%_-- ~ e n e r a t-i.o .n. st..-o. -b g l d upon - .. - -ing a t home...a kind of society'which &ll allow t h & t o use t h e new opportunities opened up by t h e t h r e e new American heroes and the t e n s of thousands of other people who made t h e i r flight possible." (W Post, 7/22/69, ~ 2 4 ) . Handels Och Sjofartstidning, Gotebrg, Sweden: "This i s a small s t e p f o r a man, but a great one f o r hmanity. Neil Armst r o w ' s commentary when he stepped down onto t h e surface of t h e moon has every prospect of becoming one of those winged expressions which generations of school children will commit t o memory.... Now shofld be t h e time t o replace t h e extraordinarily costly space race w i t h cooperation between t h e Soviet and t h e U. S.A. " (Am Embassy, stockholm) ., - �July 22 (continued) .. Stockholm Expressen: "The 'moonshot ' . w a s Fmposing. E n t it a l s o gives a h o r r i b l e f e e l i n g t o t h i n k t h a t t h e U . S . A . can handle tremendous t e c h n i c a l problems with such ease while it i s considerably more d i f f i c u l t t o cope with those of a complicated s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l and human nature. 'I (Am Embassy, Stockholm) Canadian Montreal Star : he s c i e n t i f i c informat ion which r e s u l t s f'rom ApoUo 11 i s an e x t r a dividend Prom an e n t e r p r i s e which has produced i t s own b e n e f i t s f o r t h e hum% s p i r i t and, perhaps, for human s o l i d a r i t y . " ( ~ Consul, m Montreal) USAF launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB i n t o perigee, 101.3o r b i t with 5 32.5-mi A857 -loo) apogee, 488.4-mi (786 -la) . min period, and 99.8 i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC 7/31/69) ~ u l y23: s, NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, reached 68,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 2 during 22nd f l i g h t west of Rosamond, C a l i f . Purpose was t o obtain performance, s t a b i l i t y , and c o n t r o l data. (NASA Pm j o f f ) S c i e n t i s t s monitoring seismometer l e f t on lunar surface by Apollo J1 a s t r o nauts t o l d press a t MSC five-minute event recorded J u l y 22 was e i t h e r meteoroid s t r i k e o r moonquake similar t o mild C a l i f o r n i a earthquake recorded on East Coast. MIT geologist, D r . Frank Press, s a i d tremor would have magnitude of four o r f i v e according t o Richter s c a l e , on which major earthquake r e g i s t e r e d seven o r e i g h t , Seismic reading was strong i n d i c a t i o n that moon w a s layered with o u t e r crust and inner mantle l i k e earth and supported t h e o r i e s t h a t moon ms formed near o r t o r n from earth. Layering, he s a i d , "would imply t h a t a t one time t h e r e w a s enough heat so t h a t t h e - h e a v i e r rocks went t o t h e i n t e r i o r and t h e l i g h t e r ones t o t h e surface. (~cGehan,B Sun, 7/24/69, A l ; Lyons, E, 7/24/69, 1 ) . NASPL announced s e l e c t i o n of McDonneU Douglas Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp. s Space Div. t o conduct p a r a l l e l $ 2 . 9 - U o n , ll-mo design and planning s t u d i e s of 12-man earth o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n which could be developed by 1975 and have 10-yc l i f e t i m e . Companies would a l s o include conceptual design of 50-man space base composed of specialized modules assembled i n low earth o r b i t i n late 1970s and e a r l y 1980s t o serve as c e n t r a l i z e d s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t y i n orbit. A e r oj e t - General Corp. , General. E l e c t r i c Co. , and Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. had been s e l e c t e d f o r f i n a l competitive negotiation of contract t o �July 23 (continued) develop advanced o p t i c a l communications experiment, Companies would compete f o r one $5lmillion contract t o develop wideband iaser communications system t o be placed on board Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e ATS-F, scheduled f o r launch i n 142, f o r cormrmnications between s a t e l l i t e and transportable ground s t a t i o n . (NASA. Releases 69-108, 69-109) Canadian I s i s I Tnternat ional S a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric Studies (launched Jan. 30) was adjudged successful by NUA. Nine of t e n experiments were operational; ion mass spectrometer had been turned off a f t e r one week of operation, when it developed high-voltage problems, and since had been used only f o r short periods t o c o l l e c t engineering data. Lowfrequency receiver experiment kad been providing indlzect ion data, . thus compensating p a r t i a l l y f o r IMS l o s s . Onboard tape recorder was providing excellent topside ionograms of Antarctic area and other previously inaccessible areas. (NASA Proj off) N l - c o l o r lunar photos from Apollo ll, including one of man f i r s t s e t t i n g foot on moon, would be released by NKSA t o press sad TV four days af'ter splashdown, following two-day decontanination of fUm, NASA announced. Superintendent of Documents, GPO, was taking orders f r o x public f o r photos t o be f i l l e d i n l a t e August. Series of reproductions of paintings by American artists recording space program, "Eyewitness t o Space, " a l s o would be released. (NASA Release 69-035) Successrul Apollo l l mission was expected t o spur reservations on f i r s t lunar passenger f l i g h t , Washington krening.Star said. Before launch Pan American World A i r w a y s held 30,000 reservations and Trans World Airlines, 5,000. Pan Am spokesman s a i d rush began a f t e r film "2001: a Space Odyssey" was f i r s t shown i n 1968. In l e t t e r s acknowledging reservations, Pan Am was saying, "Starting date o f service i s not yet known. Equipment and route w i l l , probably, be subject t o government approvals. " TWA was saying, 'We will be i n contact with you again, a s soon a s technological advances develop t o t h e point where we can project departure dates." (W -' S t a r 7/23/69, ~ 7 ) I n Pravda Soviet Academician, Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, s a i d space research was developing in so many d i f f e r e n t directions t h a t r e a l i z a t i o n of future p r o j e c t s would require huge n a t e r i a l expenditure and concentrat ion of creative e f f o r t s of "countless highly q u a l i f i e d workers and s p e c i a l i s t s . " He said, "Not one individual country can a f f o r d the p r a c t i c a l implementation o f all t h e technically f e a s i b l e and worthw h i l e p r o j e c t s . " While s c i e n t i s t s had s a i d unmanned spacecraft �July 23 (continued) could not always be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r manned vehicles, " f l i g h t s by automatic s t a t i o n s have preceded and wiLl continue t o precede manned f l i g h t s . If H m f e e l i n g s and observations, "especially when something t u r n s up unexpectedly and unforeseen, cannot be completely replaced by automatic s t a t i o n s . " But unmanned probes would continue as pathfinders because t h e y were "cheaper, more simple and l e s s dangerous vehicles f o r research. " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/24/69, A15) . U.S. delegate t o U.N. William 8. Buff'm, responding t o Soviet t r i b u t e t o ApoUo lil astronauts by U.S.S.R. delegate Aleksey V. Zakharov, s a i d before Security Council he hoped " f r a t e r n a l s p i r i t " demonstrated by astronauts and cosmonauts would lead t o g r e a t e r cooperation on earth also. (E, 7/25/69, 31) . Ln his fourth reference t o Apollo Iil within week, Pope Paul V I s a i d a t summer palace, Castel Condolfo, Italy: "catholic faith, not only does not f e a r t h i s powerful confrontation of i t s humble doctrine with t h e wonderf'ul r i c h e s of modern s c i e n t i f i c thought, but it d e s i r e s it... because truth although diverse on various I e v e l s . . . i s one and because such a confrontation i s of mutua3, advantage t o f a i t h and t o study in every f i e l d , " (AP, W Post, 7/24/69, ~ 1 5 ) . Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R- la.), introduced for himself and Rep. William Chappell (D-c la.) H.J.R. 834 "to redesignate t h e a r e a i n t h e S t a t e of Florida known as Cape Kennedy a s 'Cape Canaveral.'" Measure was r e f e r r e d t o House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 7/23/69, ~6238) . Czechoslovakian Communist Party Central C a m i t t e e ' s weekly Tribuna s a i d l landing: "It would be premature today, t o try t o attempt of Apollo l a d e t a i l e d evaluation of t h e h i s t o r i c a l significance of t h i s a c t . Surely i t s influence w i l l be no smaller than t h a t of Columbus' t r a v e l s many centuries ago." (Am Embassy, Prague) . Space Business Daily e d i t o r i a l : "The space c o m i t y must not be asked t o stop, now t h a t they have attained t h e i r first major goal i n space, a d t o attempt t o provide a s e f f e c t i v e a leadership i n t h e s o c i a l sciences and f o r t h e domestic programs, as they have provided in t h e physical sciences and technology. Rather, it i s t i m e for t h e s o c i a l leaders of our country t o ... reexamine t h e i r own program, t o begin .. correcting t h e i r mistakes, and t o forge a management s t r u c t u r e from t h e i r fkagmented family t h a t will m o w them t o f'ully u t i l i z e t h e products of the space program. " (E, 7/23/69, 36) ' �July 24: President Nixon welcomed returning Apollo 1l astronauts aboard U. S S , Hornet : "I think I am t h e l u c k i e s t man i n t h e world. not only because I have t h e honor t o be President of t h e United States, but particularly because I have t h e p r i a e g e of speaking f o r so many i n welcoming you back to. earth. " Washington had received messages f'rom more than 100 foreign governments: "Emperors, Presidents, P r i m e Ministers, and Kings, have sent t h e most warm messages t h a t we have ever received. They represent over 2 b i l l i o n people on t h i s e a r t h , a l l of them who had t h e opportunity, through t e l e v i s i o n , t o see what you have done." Week of mission had been, "the greatest week i n the h i s t o r y of the world since t h e Creation, because a s a r e s u l t of what happened i n t h i s week, t h e world i s bigger, i n f i n i t e l y , and also, a s I am going t o f i n d on t h i s t r i p around t h e world..,as a r e s u l t of what you have done, t h e PD',-8/lj/fig;"i032-3) world has never been closer together be'fore. I' (- .. . A t MSC news conference following Apollo ll splashdown, D r . George E. MueUer, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , said : " .we now stand a t what i s undoubtedly t h e greatest decision point i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h i s planet. " Apollo 11 had proved ''that man i s no longer bound t o t h e lFmits of the planet on which f o r so long he has lived. We w i l l return t o t h e .. moon f i r s t i n November and then at regular i n t e r v a l s i n t h e coming year. But t h e s e t r i p s a r e only the f i r s t step. Will we press forward t o explore other p l a n e t s o r w i l l we deny t h e opportunity t o the future? To me, t h e choice i s clear. We must t a k e the next s t e p This i s t h e time f o r decision.... The knowledge possessed by men i s s u f f i c i e n t , t h e r e sources a r e adequate f o r the t a s k of carrying out t h i s next step, "In t h i s moment of mant s g r e a t e s t achievemerrt, it i s timely f o r us t o dedicate ourselves t o the unfinished work so nobly begotten by t h r e e of us. To resolve t h a t t h i s nation, under God, w i l l join with' all men in t h e pursuit of the destiny of mankind w i l l lead t o t h e m y t o the planets." I n answer t o questions, Dr. MueUer said next major step should be manned landing on Mars which would be possible "sometime after 1980. " L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (W) , Apollo Program Directol; t o l d press Apollo team was "strongest team t h a t ' s ever been assembled in t h e h i s t o r y of man. It has t h e strength of technical and engineering confidence, s c i e n t i f i c competence, and management competence t h a t ' s unexcelled, It has t h e dedication t h a t ' s necessary t o be able t o t a c k l e a n almost impossible job and bring it through" and an exciting f u t u r e i n lunar exploration. Second manned lunar l a n d i n g mission, Apollo 12, would be launched f r o m KSC Nov. 14 toward touchdown on S i t e 7 i n moon' s Ocean of Storms. Primary objective would be t o deploy Apollo l u n m surface experiment survey,mare area, and r e t u r n samples t o if W s o f t l a n d e d o n target, would be t o ... .... ... �July 24 (continued) examine Surveyor 111 spacecraft (launched April 17, 1967), which was r e s t i n g on moon n e w planned ApoJlo 1 2 touchdown point. Astronauts would have t w o periods for extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s (EVA), during which they would explore surface and conduct experiments f o r over t h r e e hours and walk f a r t h e r away from spacecraft than had ApoUo 11 crew. Maximum lunar s t a y time would be 28-32 hrs. Schedule c a l l e d f o r planning t o fly follow-on missions through Apollo 15 a t four-month i n t e r v a l s and missions a f t e r t h a t at five-month i n t e r v a l s . ( ~ r a n s c r i) ~ t USAF launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB by Thorad-Agena booster. O r b i t a l parameters : apogee, 136.1 m i (219 b); perigee, l10.6 m i (178 km); period, 88.4 m i n ; and inclination, 74.9 Satellite reentered Aug 23. (GSFC E,7/31/69; 8/31/69; InteraviaAirLetter 7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 5) . . , I n nationwide reaction t o safe return of Apollo J l astronauts, New York Stock Exchange went wild though stocks continued t o fall. Numbers on annunciator boards flapped in unison as message "New York Stock Exchange shares the world's joy at t h e safe r e t u r n of Apollo F r o m t h e moon--Astronauts Amstrong, Aldrin, and Collins--So proudly we hail you" appeared on t a p e and illuminated on screen. Along F i f t h Avenue church b e l l s rang. Hayden Planetarium suspended usual program t o throw "splashdown party" with champagne and l i v e color t e l e c a s t of Apollo ll recoveqr operations flashed on blackened dome. San Franciscans exploded firecrackers and threw ticker tape from windows, and 10-story-high figure "1l"was fashioned i n l i g h t e d windows a t MIT i n Boston. Des Moines, Iowa, rang Liberty B e l l reproduction f o r first t h e since i t s 1950 i n s t a l l a t i o n on S t a t e House .grounds. I n Astronaut Neil A . Armstrong's home town, Wapakoneta, Ohio, highschool band marched playing moon songs. Montclair, N.J., t h e a t e r marquee read, "Congratulations Buzz Aldrin--Montclairts MEQ on the Moon. " I n Hunstville, Ala. , MSFC Director, D r . Wernher von Braun, was hoisted on shoulders of four l o c a l councilmen while thousands a t MSFC s i t e cheered and waved banners saying "Huntsville i s Rocket City. " United Press International. s a i d city of Houston planned "Texas s i z e " celebration f o r Apollo ll astronauts Aug. 16, including tickertape parade and huge program in c i t y ' s Astrodome coliseum. (Sloan, Weinraub, Hicks, Borders, UPI, 7/25/69, 67, 29, 69, 31, 30; B 2,7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 45) m, �July 24: Trans World A i r l i n e s f l l e d first application with C i v i l Aeronautics Board f o r routes between e a r t h and moon. Airline said it bad received 1,200 reservations during f i n a l four days of Apollo ll mission. (TWA Release) Safe landing of ApolLo' 11 i n P a c i f i c made "splash applauded around t h e world, " New York Times said.' I n U. S. S. R, TV viewers had l i v e coverage for first time during mission a s Moscox TV s t a t i o n hooked i n t o Eastern Europe's l a t e r v i s i o n network f o r l i v e transmission of astronauts being deposited on c a r r i e r Hornet. Later s t a t ion devoted f i r s t two-thirds of f i n a l newscast t o Apollo U and announced t h a t Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent telegram t o President Nixon o f f e r i n g "our congratulations and best wishes t o t h e brave space p i l o t s . " Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh c a l l e d voyage . "a b i g contribution t o space exploration and M h e r progress of world science. " Cosmonauts sent message t o Apo11o 11 crew: "We, closely followed your f l i g h t . We wholeheartedly congratulate you on t h e complet i o n of your wonderful journey t o t h e moon and safe return t o e a r t h . " I n London Lloyds of London's Lutine B e l l t o l l e d twice f o r good news of splashdown of A l l o U. S i r Bernard Love=, J o d r e U Bank Experimental S t a t i o n Director, P said,o The successful conclusion of t h i s immense project marks t h e beginning of a new phase when man must concern himself with t h e g r e a t e s t issues of peaceful coexistence i n e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l space. " , Thunderstorm i n Paris drove many people o f f s t r e e t s at time of splashdown. On R i d e r a , b e l l s t o l l e d f o r f i v e minutes and ancient c a n o n bomed. Mayor Pascal Rossini of Ajaccio, Corsica, sent i n v i t a t i o n t o astronauts t o v i s i t Corsica during 1969 bicentennial of Napoleon's birth. In Warsaw crowd of 300 Poles broke i n t o applause a t U . S . Embassy. Over P a c i f i c on Qantas a i r l i n e r flying under Apollo reerrtry point, crew and 80 passengers saw space capsule reenter. In Canberra Prime Minister John Gorton i n v i t e d astronauts t o v i s i t Australia. Pope Paul V I sent telegram t o President Nixon with prayer "that t h i s immense achievement may f o s t e r peace and prosperity and s c i e n t i f i c and moral progress f o r a l l mankind." Other congratulatory messages were sent by President Giuseppe Saragat of Italy, President Agha Mohammand Yabya Khan of Pakistan, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan, President .Chung Hee Park of South Korea, U.N. Secretary General U Thant , President Gustav Heinemann of West Germany, and Prime Minister John Gorton of Australia. Collier, NYT, 7/25/69, 31; Mills, B Sun, 7/25/69, A6; AP, B Sun, .. - �July 24: More !t'V coverage of Apollo ll mission had been transmitted overseas via s a t e l l i t e s t o worldwide audience than of any previous event, CamSatCorp announced. More than 230 hrs of s a t e l l i t e time f o r 200 programs were transmitted durhg-nine-day mission. Previous record was 225 hrs, s e t by Mexico Summer Olympic Games during 18-d~y period i n October 1968. Broadcasters estimated t h a t TOO million persons were able t o watch TV broadcasts in more than 40 countries on 5 Release 69-46) - . During stop a t , Hickam AFB, enroute t o MSC flrom A 0110I J splashdown, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Barman said it wauld be helpful and hopef d " f o r U.S. and U.S.S.R. t o cooperate in space missions. He saw "indications" during M s tour of U. S . S . B . that Russians would be i n t e r e s t e d , but " t a l k i s cheap" and U.S.S.R. "is still supplying 85 per cent of t h e munitions t o North ~ i e t n a m . " He said U . S . had gone "95 per cent of the way" towards promoting cooperation. It was up t o U.S.S.R. t o do t h e r e s t . (UPI, NYT_, 7/26/69, 1 2 ) - . USAF promoted Apollo U Astronaut Michael Collins t o full colonel. In congratulatory message Gen. John P. McColmeU, A i r Force Chief of S t a f f , said A o l l o U mission was "indeed a momentous achievement" and pmmot i o n was token of appreciation for t h e p a r t you played." (UPI,E, 7/25/69, 28) . NASA Office of Space Science and Applications announced establishment of Earth Resources Research Data Facility a t MSG c o n t a m n g documentation from NASA and user agency investigators i n E a r t h Resources Survey Program over past three years. Information was available f o r examinat i o n in f a c u t y by a U W e r e s t e d persons. (NASA Ann) . . Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla. ) , introduced House J o i n t Resolution "providing for t h e establishment of.the Astronauts Memorial Commission t o cons t r u c t and e r e c t with k d s a memorial i n t h e John F. Kennedy Space Center...to honor and commemorate the men who serve a s astronauts 3.n the U.S. Space Program." Measure, co-sponsored by House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was referred t o Committee on House Administrat i o n . (g,7/24/69, H6293; NMA LAR VIII/U~) - July 25: NASA launch f r o m E T R of Intelsat-I11 F-5 f a i l e d t o reached planned synckronous o r b i t when 3rd stage of Delta booster malf'undioned. S a t e l l i t e entered low e a r t h o r b i t with 3,354.8-mi (5,399-lan) apogee, 167.2-mi (269-km) perigee, 146.7-min period, and 30.3' i n c l i n a t i o n instead of e l l i p t i c a l orbit wtth 23,000-mi (37,007-km)apogee and �July 25 (continued) 175-mi (281.6-km) perigee. Mission, o r i g i n a l l y scheduled f o r launch i n October 1969, had been rescheduled f o r J3y 17 t o replace I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 =which had stopped operating over Atlantic June 29. Launch had been delayed f o r various technical reasons. ( W A Release 69-119; SBD, 7/29/69, 6 5 ; GsFC SSR; 7/31/69) . Apollo I 2 recovery physician, D r . W i l l i a m R. Carpentier, reported from inside Mobjle Quarantine F a c i l i t y onboard U.S.S. Hornet t h a t astronauts had c a p l e t e d preliminary medical examination and were "fine." Astronaut Neil A, Armstrong's s l i g h t ear infection had disappeared and: all t h r e e astronauts were i n excellent condition. (wooten, E,7/26/69, 1) . Two . boxes of lunar samples *om ApoUo ll arrived a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n Houston, where they would be examined and used i n 7/26/69, 1) experiments. ( ~ i l f o r d ,NJC, . DU.S.S. r . Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, t o l d news conference aboard Hornet he expected U.S.S.R. t o l a n d men on moon w i t h i n 18 mos. "My guess i s i t ' l l be much sooner than most people think." He thought U. S ,S. R. had l o s t race '%by keeping t h e i r program so secret " U.S. had encouraged suggestions from s c i e n t i s t s throughout nonC o m i s t world, whue d e t a i l s of Soviet program were known only t o " m d l e l i t e . " Apollo U success would eventuaUy l e a d t o closer cooperation with U. S . S .R. i n space exploration. "I don't look f o r any early change i n t h e a t t i t u d e . . . b u t a steady i n t e r e s t on t h e i r part. 1 don't see j o i n t e f f o r t s but cooperation from t h e t o time. " ( ~ 1E , ,7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 30) . . President Nixon arrived a t Guam International Airport a r t e r f l i g h t from c a r r i e r Hornet, He said, "As I stand here and t h M of what happened today, t h e completion of that h i s t o r i c f l i g h t t o t h e moon and t h e landing on t h e moon, I can say that I am sure all of us--all of the American citizens around the world--are proud' today of what has (g, 8/4/69, 1033) happened . . . . I ' . Senate unanimously adopted S .B. 224, introduced by Sen. Michael J. Mansfield ( D - ~ o n t). f o r himself =d Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill. ), expressing g r a t i t u d e on behalf of Senate and of dl American people f o r "dedication, devotion, courage and e f f o r t of all associated with t h e A p l l o program and with t h e Apollo JI mission." ( C R , 7/25/69, sa575 . In telephone interview, evangelist and p r e s i d e n t i a l r e l i g i o u s adviser B i l l y Graham took i s s u e with July 24 statement of President Nixon i n welcoming Apollo 11 astronauts back t o earth. Grahaa t o l d UPI, "...as �July 25 (continued) a Christian, I would contend t h a t t h e r e h&e been three much much greater days" t h a n those of lunar l a n d h g and moon walk. They were fir s t Christmas, day on which Christ died, and f i r s t Easter. While he d i d not wish t o d e t r a c t from "magnificent achievement, I' he f e l t "President was speaking extemporaneously. And I ' v e found from years of speaking extemporaneously t h a t i n t h e excitement and emotion of a moment, you don't think through every statement you make. " Associated Press l a t e r quoted Graham as saying, "I know t h a t President Nixon agrees t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t single event in h i s t o r y was t h e coming of Christ "; he was sure President Nixon meant moon walk was probably man ' s g r e a t e s t accomplishment. (W Post, 7/26/69, A.10) , Plans f o r proposed $1-million Neil A. Amstrong Aerospace Museum at ApoUo l l astronaut's birthplace, Wapakoneta, Ohio, c a l l e d f o r completion in 1 9 0 , Ohio Historical Society Director Daniel R. Porter said. (UPI, w Post, 7/26/69, ~ 7 ) National and international press commented on successful completion of A ~ o l l o11 mission : Washinaon Post: "It has been eight days of triumph f o r America, eight days of triumph f o r mankind. Much more w i l l undoubtedly follow as-the s e c r e t s of space bow t o the advances of science. But it i s enough now--more than enough f o r an e n t i r e l i f e t i m e when you think about i t - - t o have seen t h e f i r s t men walk on t h e moon and then, l e s s tkan four days l a t e r , t o welcome them back home safely. " (W Post, 7/25/69) New York Times: "For t h e f i r s t time i n h i s t o r y , men have gone f'rom t h i s e a r t h to another c e l e s t i a l body, landed t h e r e and returned home, even bringing back with them e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l matter. Not since t h e hman race evolved has t h e r e been a comparable event, nor one so capable of lifting all mankind's horizons, dreams and aspirat i o n s , What was fantasy t o preceding generations i s now accomplished f a c t . The achievement w i l l . be remembered so long as c i v i l i z a t i o n survives 'I O f President Nixon' s round the world tour, ~ i m e ssaid: "The spectacular success of Apollo ll has v a s t l y increased good f e e l i n g towmd t h e United States tkroughout t h e world. The President obviously wants t o c a p i t a l i z e on it both f o r foreign and domestic p o l i t i c a l purposes." 7/25/69, 46) Cleveland, Ohio, P l a i n Dealer: Apollo ll mission "closes out one aspect of t h e exploration program but opens wide t h e door of what can be an almost endless journey Although t h e Apollo program i s not complete, t h e l u r e of Mars, 5 U i o n m i l e s away, grows i n bold a n t i c i the race has only j u s t begun.'' levelan and pation of t h e future. P l a i n Dealer, 7/ 25/69) 4. . (m, .... ... �July 25 (continued) Newport News, V a . , TFmes Herald: " A l l o f t h e money poured i n t o t h e space program would appear j u s t i f i e d i f one of the side products was t h e kind of cooperation [with U. S. S. R. ] now possible. " ( ~ e w p o r tNews Times Herald, 7 / 2 5 / 6 9 ) E l R a i E l Amm, Khartoum, Sudan: "America achieved a v i c t o r y f o r t h e human mind by sending the f i r s t man from the earth t o t h e moon.... 8ut America, t h e g r e a t power t h a t achieved t h i s astonishing big success, must stop doing things t h a t are far below these standards." ( ~ r nh b a s s y , martown) Somali News, Mogadiscio, Somali: "It i s t r u e t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e Apollo-Eleven i s e n t i r e l y American, but t h e message lef't behind on t h e moon f o r p o s t e r i t y by t h e astronauts. acknowledges t h e universal aspect of such a f e a t . We think...of those courageous astronauts not... as Americans but a s worthy reprelsentatives o f the human race on whose t o t a l achievement they r e l i e d i n carrying out t h e i r mighty and splendid mission. " (Am Bnbassy, ~ o ~ a d i s c o ) .. , Motion picture footage of Apollo ll lunar landing mission would be released f o r s a l e t o commercial producers a f t e r quarantine period, NASA announced. Two 600-f't, r o l l s would be made available i n i t i a l l y : one would include prelaunch, launch, and recovery operations; other would include a l l (NASA Release 69-83) usable onboard footage . July 26: Apollo ll astronauts, enclosed i n mobile quarantine f a c i l i t y m, a r r i v e d a t Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where they were greeted by 12,030 cheering people andMayor of Hor:olulu Frank F. Fasi. MQJ? was then transported t o a i r c r a f i which could carry it t o Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n Houston. A t LRL, s c i e n t i s t s opened first of two boxes of lunar sarnples and made preliminary examinations of samples i n one NYT, 7/27/69, 47, 1 ) box. (wooten, Wilford, - A t lunar landing celebration dinner i n Huntsville, A l a . , MSFC Director, D r . Wernher von Braun, said: "We worked together and together we accomplished our p a r t of t h e mission. The moon i s now accessible. And someday, because of t h e beginning t h a t we have made here, t h e planets and t h e s t z r s may belong t o mankind. T h i s reach toward t h e heavens, toward t h e s t a r s , can eventually loose t h e human race f r o m t h e c o n f h e s of t h i s earth and maybe even t h i s solar system and give it immortality i n t h e immense and never-ending reaches of space." For f i r s t time, " l i f e has l e f t i t s planetary cradle and t h e ultimate destiny of mankind i s no longer confbed. When the Mayflower landed on American shores t h e pilgrims did not envision t h e nation t h a t �July 26 (continued) would eventually evolve. either' can w e t r u l y say what w i l l eventually spring from t h e footprirvt s around Tranquility Base. " (T& ) A t s t a t e dinner i n Man,ila, Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos exchanged t o a s t s with President Nixon and commented on ApoUo ll: . " .we p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e celebration of t h i s achievement as m a n a s p i r e s f o r t h e s t a r s , the stars outside of t h i s world and t h e s t a r s within himself and within h i s spirit. It i s t h e hope of humanity, as it i s t h e hope of t h e R i l i p p i n e s , t h a t t h i s vision and this genius, t h i s courage and t h i s ingenuity s h a l l be u t i l i z e d f o r t h e solution of man's problems." (PD, - 8/4/69, 1036-7) .. ' New York Times interview quoted JPL Director, D r . William H. Pickering: "Now t h a t ApoUo has been accomplished, r a t h e r than s e t another ambit i o u s goal we should have a period of consolidation," during which "the balance should be increased toward unmanned e f f o r t . " There was talk of exploring universe, "but the solar system i s only a small p a r t and it ' s going t o be a long time before we venture out. We a r e making a v e r y l o c a l exploration." He believed s o l a r system exploration would pay off in understanding of history and evolution of solar system and, possibly, discovery of l i f e on another planet and i n s o c i a l benefits. ''The trouble with t h e s o c i a l world is t h a t we cannot agree on goals. We t a l k of weat her control. but control f o r whom? The farmer o r t h e sportsman or t h e businessman?" ( ~ e i n h o l d , NyT, 7 / r 1 / 6 9 , 47) .. Creation of U.lQ. Space I n s t i t u t e was urged by Columbia Univ. law professor Richard N. Gardner in New York Times. It would be "center f o r the cooperat i v e planning of space exploration i n which all U.N. members would be " U. S. and U. S. S. R. could divide r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s invited t o take f o r instrumented landings on d i f f e r e n t planets. There should be "United Nations Space S t a t ion" i n outer space manned by astronauts from aU U, N , nations and t r a i n e d a t U.N. Space I n s t i t u t e . It would gather informat i o n about s o l a r system and universe and be used f o r p r a c t i c a l earth 7/26/69, 24) applications. (x, J u l y 2( : Lamont Geological Observatory s c i e n t i s t D r . Gary Latham said i n Houston h i s team bad detected 1 4 "unusual seismic events" from seismometers left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. They believed walls of lunar c r a t e r s had been falling i n a s d i f f e r e n t p a r t s became h o t t e r than others during highest lunar temperatures and f e l t they might be observing "initial stages of t h e process by which f r e s h new c r a t e r s are transformed t o old." (W Post, 7/28/69, AS) �President Nixon toured Jakarta F a i r during Indonesian v i s i t . He o f f e r e d t o send Indonesian President Suharto and o t h e r world c h i e f s of s t a t e "a piece of t h e moon as a souvenb." I n evening a t s t a t e dinner i n Jakarta,President Suharto said: "I underline M r . h s t r o n g t s moment o u s enunciation, when he, as t h e f i r s t human being, put h i s f e e t on t h e moon, declaring: 'These a r e small human s t e p s which form a g r e a t leap t o mankind.' This l e a p has occurred i n the outer space, a very expansive space f u l l of mysteries, but it has not taken place in t h i s world o f ours, It i s t h e which seems t o be contracting and i s r e l a t i v e l y simpler.. t a s k of a l l nations i n t h i s world t o r e a l i z e peace and unity. " (E, 7/28/69, 18, PD, 8/4/69, 1043-6) July T ( : .. . Apollo U. f l i g h t was public r e l a t i o n s man's and r e p o r t e r ' s dream, James Clayton said in Washington Post. HAW had kept "very l i t t l e , if anything" from hundreds of U. S. and foreign press. More t h a n 3,500 s e t s of press c r e d e n t i a l s had been issued at MSC and Cape ~ e n n e d ~ Most . went t o Americans, but 55 foreign countries were represented, including Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania. There were I I l newsmen representing Japan among 800 foreign newsmen, s e v e r a l of whom had been waiting i n Houston since Apollo 1 0 f l i g h t May 18-26. Voice of America joined in t r a n s m i t t i n g news abroad. A t peak, Apollo ll s t o r y w a s going out i n 22 languages t o every world a r e a except some Communist countries. "!hen t h o s e had t h e r a d i o beams d i r e c t e d at them." (W Post, 7/27/69, B6) . Psychological, t e c h n i c a l , and p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s had combined t o enable U.S. t o win lunar landing race over U.S.S.R., s a i d Harry Schwartz in New York Times. Moscow had shown overconfidence i n underrating American c a p a b i l i t i e s , ignored l u n a r rendezvous technique adopted by U. S. , and purged ~ i k i t aS. Xhrmshchev, who had been " e n q o r e d of space exploit s and t h e propaganda t h e y gave him. " New Soviet l e a d e r s had change& p r i o r i t i e s t o concentrate on domestic problems. Since U. S. lunar l a d i n g , however, "two very d i f f e r e n t r e a c t ions are v i s i b l e i n t h e Soviet Union." S c i e n t i s t s , engineers, and many ordinary people were avercome with admiration. ideologists and Soviet propaganda managers were deeply unhappy, "and their r e g r e t t h a t it was not Soviet cosmonauts who went t o t h e moon i s s c a r c e l y 7/27/69) hidden. " (E, . Washington Sunday S t a r e d i t o r i a l said: "Apollo ll has c a s t a harsh l i g h t on l i f e on e a r t h , showing man's f a i l u r e s in sharp c o n t r a s t t o h i s breathtaking t e c h n i c a l achievements It i s a v i s i o n that should.,.be exploited as an incentive t o g e t t h e v i t a l l y needed jobs done on e a r t h . " kt, t h e U.S. could not withdraw from space. . �July 27 (continued) Tbe complete Apollo progrm...should be funded. Beyond t h a t , serious consideration should be given t o t h e establishment of p e m e n t manned s t a t i o n s on t h e moon so t h a t we may truly explore and perhaps exploit t h e new world t h a t we have already conquered. The manned orbiting s t a t i o n t h a t NASA h a s proposed should be provided t o t e s t t h e a b i l i t y of men t o l i v e and work for long period in weightlessness. And f a r more emphasis should be placed,..on unmanned probes of t h e planets." Minimum requirement should be enough momentum i n program t o prevent it from falling agart through disuse. Every effort should be made " t o e n l i s t the cooperation, t h e technical help, and t h e f i n a n c i a l support of any nation t h a t i s willing t o contribute t o t h e adventure that must, fi&Ay, be seen as t h e collective achievement of a l l mankhd. " (W S t a r , 7/27/69, El) , In Washington Sunday S t a r William Hines said: "Considering how very l i t t l e he had t o do with the whole enterprise, it i s remarkable how much p o l i t i c a l mileage Psesident Nixon got out of t h e f l i g h t of ApolZo ll. The plaque, the phone c a l l and t h e t r i p t o greet t h e returning heroes all were benefits Nixon inherited r a t h e r than earned. " O f f i c i a l NASA space age h i s t o r y This New Ocean, published there by GPO i n 1956, mentioned Nixon only once i n 648 pages hardly a s an aggressive champion of manned space f l i g h t . " Book said Nhon, as Vice President and a s p r e s i d e n t i a l candidate running against John F. Kennedy, had defended Eisenhower Administration's a t t i t u d e toward space which ruled out manned flights t o moon i n foreseeable future. "The new President ' s belated enthusiasm blurs memories of t h e alden days," Hines said. "Sut 'This New Ocean' remains, proving perhaps t h a t all goverment-sponsored' h i s t o r y books should be armed t o s e l f - d i s t r u c t whenever a change of & h i s t r a t i o n occurs. " (W S t a r , 7/27/69, ~ 4 ) J u l y 28: JPL engineers sent signals t o Mariner V I t o turn on TV camera and s c i e n t i f i c experiments t h a t would measure Mars surface and a i r temperatures Spacecraft (launched Feb 24 ) began tracking Mars and would begin taking first of 33 far-encounter pictures 7 1 , 5 0 0 mi from Mars e a r l y July 29. W - d i s c photos would be received a t JPL July 29. (AP, B S , 7 / ~ / 6 9 AS) , . . Geologists . a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press conference on Apollo 11_sa.nples and expressed suprise a t discovery of tiny glassl i k e c r y s t a l s i n lunar dust. Analyses had revealed samples were c r y s t a l l i n e , igneous, fragmented, s c o r i a t ious , and vesicular. They �July 28 (continued) confirmed theory based on Surveyor V data t h a t l u ~ a rm a t e r i a l contained t i t a n i m and indiceked presence of number of m i ~ e r a l s . Columbia Univ. s c i e n t i s t D r . Paul G a s t said, "The most e x c i t i n g discovery t o &ate has been t h a t of t h e glass. There i s something going on on the moon far d i f f e r e n t t h a n on the earth. " He s a i d s c i e n t i s t s speculated impact of meteoroids on moon had vaporized lunar material and caused it t o rain back on surface i n s m a l l drops which formed t i n y yellow, brown, and c l e a r pieces of g l a s s few t e n t h s of millimeter i n diameter. (~yons, NYT, 7/29/69, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 7/29/69, A l ) - - . U.S. a m l i e d t o Astronautic Cornnittee of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aeronautical ~ e d e & i i o n f o r s i x wcrld records based on Ar!oll.o 11 achievements : duration of s t a y on l u n a r surface cutside spacecrafb, Astronaut ,. .N e i l A. Armstrow, 2 hrs 2l min 1 5 secs; d G a t i o n ''in l&ar ' o r b i t , 59 hrs 27 mi* 55 secs; duration of s t a y Astronaut ~ i c h a e iCollins, ' on lunar surface, Astronauts Amstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. 21 hrs 36 min 16 secs; duration of s t a y on lunar surface i n s i d e spacecraft, Aldrin, 19 h r s 45 min 52 secs; g r e a t e s t mass landed on moon, Armstrong and Aldrin,7,211 kg (15,897 l b s ) ; g r e a t e s t mass l i f ' t e d i n t o lunar o r b i t f k o m lunar surface, Armstrong and Ndrin, 2,648 kg (5,837 ~ b s ) . Records would not be acknowledged o f f i c i a l l y u n t i l NASA presented confirming data and Federation o f f i c i a l s approved. (N~T, 7/29/69, 16) - , .At s t a t e banquet i n Bangkok, Thai King Bhumibol AduLyade j t o a s t e d President Nixon : "Lsst week ' s breathtaking achievement of Apollo 11 and i t s brave American crew cannot be measured s o l e l y i n s c i e n t i f i c terms, f o r it a l s o i n d i c a t e s man's a b i l i t y t o look beyond h i s ,earthbound problems and t o set h i s s i g h t s on new horizons i n quest of wider knowledge and deeper understanding of himself and h i s environment. " .(PD, 8/4/69, 1049-50) - -. Gloom and embarrassment over Apollo 11 success and crash of Luna XV on moon had caused c o n t r ~ v e r s yamong Soviet leaders, including; Communist Party Secretary Leonid I. - ~ r e z h n e vand President Nikolay V. Podgorny, a t July 21-23 meeting of Eastern European l e a d e r s i n Warsaw, Mew York Times said. Reports of e n t h u s i a s t i c public response t o Apollo f e a t across Eastern Europe had been i n t e r p r e t e d a s sign of lingering and l a t e n t sympathy f o r U.S. It was strongest i n technologically advanced East Germany and Czechoslovakia, but had been noted a s w e l l i n Poland, Hungary, and Romania. (~of'mmn,-NYT > 6/28/69, 7 ) �July 28: U.K. I s Royal Geogrt~phicelSociety awarded special gold medal-its f i r s t f o r space exploration--to Astromut N e i l A. Amstrong f o r leading Apollo I l mission. Other gold medalists included Capt. Roald Amundsen, f i r s t t o reach South Pole; A h . Robert E. Peary, f i r s t t o reach North Pole; Sir Edmund Hillmy, conqueror of M t . Everest; and S i r John Hunt, leader of Everest expedition.. (AP, W Star, 7/28/69, A5 . Senate Committee on W i n g and Currency favorably reported, w i t h amendments, S. J . R . 140, providing f o r s t r i k i n g of medals honoring U. S. a s t r o nauts who had flown in outer space. ( C R , 7/28/69, ~ 6 8 1 ) - . MSFC announced resignai;ion of M/G Ednund F. 0'Connor (USAF) , Director of I n d u s t r i a l Operations, effective J-dly 31. Gcn. OrConnor, on loan t o . NASA from USAF f o r past f i v e years, would become Vice Commander of Air Force Aeronautical Systems Div. H e would be succeeded by Lee B. James, Saturn V Manager, IULSFC. (MSFC Release 69-166) . USAF released A i r Force Review of t h e C-5A Program. Total cost of 120 Lockheed C-5A a i r c r a f t had increased from $3.369 b i l l i o n a t 1965 contract award t o current t o t a l $5.125 billion, overrun r Secretary of $1.756 b j l l i o n . A t DOD press conference ~ i Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr., c r i t i c i z e d " m b i g u i t i e s and deficiencies" i n o r i g b a l contract and Mated remaining 39 a i r c r a f t i n 120-plane package might not be purchased unless revisions were made in cont r a c t . ( ~ e x;t P h U i p s , W Post, 7/29/69, A 3 ) ' . II Mattino d e l Lunedi, Asmara, Ethiopia: "...today we not only admire, but exult. Because this 'a3most superhuman' exploit has been accomplished by a society wuch i s f r e e &d p l u r a l i s t i c , by a society which has no close and oppressive t r a d i t i o n s , by a society which has founded i t s p o l i t i c a l and constitutional s t r u c t u r e not on a t o t a l i t a r i a n ideology but on t h e democratic p u o s o p h y of t h e Declaration of Independence. It has been accomplished by a nation, t h e American nation, whose c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . , . i s t h e fusion of t h e spirit of precision and discipline with t h e s p i r i t of freedom.... T h i s i s t h e reason why w e today exult. Because we know t h a t the conquest of ApoUo-ll i s i n m Asmara) the service of man and not t o opress him. " ( ~ Consul, ... . Norrlandska Social-Demokraten, Boden, Sweden, e d i t o r i a l commented t h a t Russian press was surprisingly generous w i t h p r a i s e of men behind Apollo 11 and American space research i n general d u r i n g mission, but now press seemed t o fear landing migbt have increased respect f o r U.S. around t h e world. "It i s surely disturbing f o r Pravda and t h e �J u l y 28 (continued) Russian Party leaders t h a t t h e American conquest of t h e moon...witnessed by t h e greater part of the Communist world, crushed t h e ~ @ ho f t h e Communist systemts superiority." (Am Embassy, ~tockholm) . Within 76 h r s af%er ~ ~ o l 1 l1osplashdown, Bantam Books and New York Times published We Reach the Moon, 416-page paperback account of U. S. space program from 1961 through Apollo 1 1 ' s success. Early publication was yrs of planning. Book went t o press immediately effected by nearly after July 24 splashdown while aerospace reporter John Noble Wilford was completing text. Flnal copy was telexed t o Chicago p r i n t e r July 25, F i r s t printing co~rrprised375,000 copies. Hard c w e r e d i t i o n would be published by W. W. Norton & Co. i n September. (% 7/29/69, 16) F i r s t pictures of-Mars taken by NIISAts Mariner V1,launched July 29: Feb. 24 t o fly by Mars equator, were received a t JTL. Full-disc photos, taken- between 7'71,500 &d 450,000 m i from Mars, were flashed on screen every f i v e minutes. ,Although pictures were not as c l e a r as expected, they showed Mars a s dull, gray, egg-shaped body with crack in surface and bright spot--southern polar cap--with ragged edge. Better pictures were expected as spacecraft traveled closer t o Mrs. (AP, B Sun, 7 / 3 0 / 6 9 , Al; Laman, W Star, 7/30/69, ~ 3 ) , JPL radar readings which showed 8.3-mi a l t i t u d e variation i n Marst north equatorial zone and included corrected figures f o r Mars' ephemeris, o r o r b i t a l path, were expected t o ensure accuracy of W cameras aboard Mariners V1 and V I I , NASA said. Experimenters hoped t o obtain photos identifying objects 900 ft across a t close approach and p i c t u r e s were expected t o be 500 t h e s b e t t e r t h a n those taken t o date by earth-based telescope cameras. Readings were obtained a t NASA's Goldstone Trackbg Station i n California by team directed by D r . Richard Goldstein during p l a n e t ' s closest approach t o eazth ( ~ a r shad been within 45 million m i of e a r t h June 9). They would be of great i n t e r e s t t o astronomers because they showed t h a t areas which appeared l i g h t t o telescopes might be e i t h e r high o r low i n elevation. Optically dark areas appeared (NASA Release 69-131; t o be of medium elevation t o radar-scanners. JPL Release 530) �NASA released f i r s t photos taken by ApoUo ll astronauts on and near l u n a r surface, including four color s t i l l s and 16-mm film of UI descent. Film opened a s U4 swung low and curved s l i g h t l y over area pocked with c r a t e r s and rocks and showed dust being scattered by exhaust as LM touched down safely. It t h e n showed Astronaut Neil A . Amstrong as he descended ladder t o surface, took f i r s t s t e p on moon, and deployed initial equipment. Still photos showed closeup of brownish surface sprinkled with f o o t p r i n t s , s i l h o u e t t e s of LM and U.S. flag, Armstrong i n s i d e LM, and e a r t h with Europe, Africa, and Asia v i s i b l e . ( w i t k i n , NYT, - 7/30/69, 1; Cohn, W Post, 7/30/69, A l , A 3 ) J u l y 29; . LRL s c i e n t i s t s continued examining lunar samples and preparing them f o r experiments on l i v i n g organisms. Experiments, scheduled t o begin . J u l y 29, would be delayed one day t o r e p a i r cracked glove which permitted s c i e n t i s t s outside vacuum box t o handle o b j e c t s i n s i d e and t o allow more t h e f o r grinding samples t o uniform size. (AP, E,7130169, 19) .M A Wallops S t a t i o n announced award of 40-mo, $936,3ll contract t o Rice U n i v . t o i n v e s t i g a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between field-aligned currents and a u r o r a l p a r t i c l e fluxes and document and summarize findings and conclusions. Rice would construct and t e s t suitable f l i g h t and ground instrumentation f o r three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads; prepare and p r e f l i g h t - t e s t payloads; a n d acquire, record, reduce, analyze, a ~ publish d r e s u l t i n g magnetic and auroral pax-ticle data. (WS Release 69-14) . FCC, a t White House request, decided t o delay f o r 60 b y s decision on e stablishmant of dornestic comsat s y s t e m t o enable Nixon Administration t o study issues and make recomaendations. (A%, W Star, 7/29/69) . Rep. W i l l i a m G. Bray (R-1nd. ) introduced H. J. R. 844, providing for d i s t r i b u t i o n of lunar samples t o Governors of states. 50 (g, 7/29/69, . New York weathermen were being deluged with c a l l s blaming 10 days of r a i n and overcast weather in northeastern U. S. on Apollo U , Associated Press said,' WCES r a d i o news meteorologist Dr. Robert Harris had said, "WeJve had an abundance of c a l l s from & s o r t s of people who are a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n , through their Bible s t u d i e s , t h a t t h e Lord has taken t h e sun away from us. " (AP, B .Sun, - 7/30/69, ~ 6 ) �July 29: National Assn. of Government Employees president Kenneth T. Lyons t o l d House I n t e r s t a t e and Foreign Commerce Committee landing on moon would soon be s a f e r than landing a t most U. S. a i r p o r t s . "Do we have t o have NASA take over from t h e I?fi i n order' t o get a little sense i n t o our a i r p o r t and aircraft traf'fic management jumble?" ( ~ e n t l- e- ..y ,3 'Sun 7/29/69, A5) J u l y 30-31: NASA's Mariner V I , launched mission, approached Mars and completed about 111,400-mi a l t i t u d e , which showed W-shaped cloud, and seas, deserts, and Feb. 24 on M a s s equatorial. flyby 17 pictures of planet taken a t ragged edges of polar cap, c r a t e r s seen by Mariner IV i n 1965 - As spacecrafi neared and swung around Mars it took 24 close-up pictures *om aboizt 2,000 m i at closest point. Plctures were so sharply defined and d e t a i l e d t b s t they were shown l i v e oa TV instead of being refined and released l a t e r i n photographic prines as o r i g i nally planned. Pictures--enhanced by computers a t JPL-to ?l&r out s t a t i c , highlight images, adjust contrast and brightness, &kd e G g e r a t e features--were spectacular. They showed t h a t Mars was heavily cratered and looked very much l i k e moon. One photo showed 11-mi-dia c r a t e r closely resembling moon's Copernicus c r a t e r and diagonal d i t c h resembling lunar r i l l e . During closest approach onboard T\T cameras took 1 2 high-resolution and 1 2 medium-resolution pictures, stored some on board f o r l a t e r playback, and transmitted some immediately t o ground s t a t i o n s f o r conversion t o images a t JPL. Three of four onboard experiments--TV t o take pictures, W spectrometer t o i d e n t i f y and measure gases i n upper atmosphere, and inf'rared radiometer t o measure p l m e t ' s temperature- -functioned s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Only anomaly . was f a i l u r e i n cooling of one channel on inf'rared spectrometer, designed t o i d e n t i f y gases jn lower Martian atmosphere, which prevented proper acquisition of data. JPL controllers temporarily l o s t contact-with Msriner V I I , enroute t o Mars, at,6:00 pm EDT July 30, Engj~eers.speculated t h a t spacecraft had been t b r o w n out of alignment when struck by tiny micrometeoroid traveling a t 40 mps and had locked on planet Jupiter or another bright object. Contact with Mariner VII was regained seven hours later by s w i t c h h g fkom one antenna t o another and proper a t t i t u d e was restored by r o l l i n g spacecraround u n t i l it locked on s t a r Canopus. Although some of data being transmitted appeared t o be abnormal, flyby mission was s t i l l expected t o succeed. Mariner V I would continue taking pictures and play back recorded near-encourrter d a t a during f i n a l phase of mission. Data would be compared with data f'rom Mariner VI3 (launched March 27 ), which would ' �July 30-31 (continued) fly past Mars polar region Aug 4. (NASA Release 69-26.A; Sullivan, NYT, 8/1/69, 1; Auerbach, W Post, 8/1/69, Al; Lannm, W S t a r , 7/31/69, . AT - July 30: On arrival i n Saigon, Republic of Vietnam, President Nixon said: "I am happy t h a t t h e moon landing, which i n i t s universality s i g n i f i e s a symbolic drawing together of all mankind, has provided an occasion f o r me t o meet with President Thieu i n t h e c a p i t a l of h i s country." Later, a f t e r discussions with President Nixon, President Nguyen Van Thieu said, "The Vietnamese people fully concur i n t h e message of peace which t h e t h r e e brave American astronauts deposited on t h e moon f o r a l l mankind." (g, 8/4/69, 1051-4) . During Apollo I l celebration, c r e d i t should be given t o former NASA Administrator James E. Webb, "whose organizational s k i l l , vision and drive played a major p a r t i n i t s success," MIT Provost, Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, and MIT physicist Jer,rold Zacharias said i n l e t t e r t o New York Times. "There never w a s any question regarding the t e c h n i c a l f e a s i -. b i l i t y of a manned lunar landing. The r e d question was whether o r not w e could organize and manage so large and complex a program on t h e time schedule laid down by President Kennedy." Webb had organized, defended, and managed program, "and as t h e world celebrates t h i s great technical and human achievement we should a l s o honor t h e man who directed i t s accomplishment. " (E, 8/5/69, 32) . LRL s c i e n t i s t s began i n j e c t i n g pulvarized luaar samples i n t o s t e r i l e white mice i n attempt t o discover germs or chemicals hazardous t o hwnan beings. Mice, born by Caesarean section and raised i n s t e r i l e environment so t h a t they would be extremely sensittiye t o infection, would a l s o have samples mixed i n t h e i r food and sir. (UPI, W 9-S t a r 7/31/69, A5; Q, g, 7/30/69, . World Health Organization Director General, D r . M. G , Candau, and Dr. Karel Raska, Director of WHO'S Communicable Disease Div., said i n Houston t h a t Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had " i n i t i a t e d " plans f o r lunar receiving laboratory. Soviet delegates t o international conferences had discussed subject but no d e t a i l s were available. WHO o f f i c i a l s were i n Houston t o observe LRL at U.S. Government i n v i t a t i o n . (W P o s t , 7/31/69, A31 �., After two-hour inspection of TU-144 a t Moscow's Sherernetyeiro lnt ernational Airport, Pan American World Airways president Na jeeb E. Halaby s a i d S w i e t supersonic transport had l e f t group of U. S. aviation experts "very, very impressed." U,S,S.R. apparently had progressed f u r t h e r i n t e s t i n g than U. K. o r France with Concorde, and TU-144had reached 930 mph, breaking sound b a r r i e r several times. Concorde hoped t o reach mach 1 i n six months and U.S. SST was a t l e a s t f i v e years behLnd. Aeroflot planned t o pvk TU-14.4 i n service by 1973. Pan Am would review all information available before deciding whether t o order a i r c r a f t as hedge against competition. Halaby l i k e d TU-144' s design and advanced instrumentation and was impressed with amount of titanium used i n construction. Russians had t o l d him a i r c r d f t ' s noise l e v e l was low i n l a n d h g s and takeoffs. (NYT, 7/31/69, 58) July 30: Senate passed S . J . R . 140,providing f o r s t r i k i n g of medals honoring American astronauts who had flown i n outer space. (El, 7130169, ~8786) Subcornittee on Science, Research, md Developaent of IIouse Committee - on Science and ~ s t r o n a uics t p b l i s h e d science, Technology, and Public Policy During t h e Ninetieth Congress. Report covered 1955-1968, g i v i n g details behind 9k public laws passed which authorized, funded, o r otherwise affected R&D i n U. S. and 45 additional b i l l s on which Congress took l e g i s l a t i v e action. T t included major reviews of U.S. policy f o r science and technology by Organization f o r Economic Cbqperation and Development and by NSF f o r United Nations Educational, S c i e n t i f i c , and N t u r a l Organization. b t h reviews showed p l u r a l i s t i c nature of U,S. public policy f o r science, b u f i t up by laws, executive - policy as they*occure$. ( ~ e x t ) orders, and other expression$ .of , July 31: USA3 launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AF'B i n t o o r b i t with 333. l G m i ((536-lm)apogee, 238.9-mi (465 -1rm) perigee, 94.6-min period, and 75.0 inclination. (GSFCE,7/31/69; UPI, NYT, 8/1/69, 8) - . At s t a t e dinner i n New Delhi, India, Acting President Moharnmsd Hidaya t u l l a h exchanged t o a s t s with President Nixon a ~ congratulated d him: h he epic flight t o t h e moon agd back by three of yam- countrymen has arnazedthe world and marks a new stage in science andtechnology. On behalf of t h e Government and people of India, and myself, I cong r a t u l a t e you, and through you, the people of your country on t h i s h i s t o r i c occasion. We a r e g l a d . ,t o h o w t h a t you a r e sharing the knowledge you have gained with t h e rest of t h e world. It 8/4/69, 1056-9) .. 0, , �Sequence of f i v e color photos of Apollo U A s t r o n a u t s July 31: Neil A . Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Sr., performing extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s on lunar surface were released by NASA. Vivid sequence showed Aldrin descending ladder t o surface, walking near LM, posing near U. S. flag, deploying seismaneter, and walking, with Armstrong' s r e f l e c t ion v i s i b l e i n h i s visor. NASA a l s o released two-part 16-nm film which showed moon fadin@;away a s LM ascended and LMfs rendezvous with CSM i n lunar o r b i t . It a l s o showed Astronaut Michael Collins shaving i n s i d e CSM. (W Post, 8/1/69, A7; Witkin, NYT, 8/1/69, 16) Hans H. %us, Director of Executive Staff a t MSFC, and D r . George N. Constan, Director of Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , r e t i r e d a f t e r combined t o t a l of 5 1 yrs Government service. Maus, e x p e r t i n rocket development and production engineering, had received U S A ' s Exceptional Civilian Service Award and number of c i t a t i o n s f o r development of manufacturing methods, process autoaation, assembly, and tooling D r . Constan had served with USA at Milan, J o l i e t , concept developxent and Redstone Arsenals before h i s appointment t o Michoud i n 1961. (MSFC Release 69-167) . . Soviet Academician, D r . Anatoly A . Blagonravov, conceded that competition with U.S. S.R. might have been major f a c t o r i n U.S. determination t o reach moon and said t h a t i n space t h e r e was no way t o r e a l l y declare a winner, Space Business Daily reported. "I d o n ' t preclude t h e idea t h a t such a boosted prepsration Gf t h e Apollo project was i n some measure t h e r e s u l t of cornpetit ion with us. Basically a healthy competition i s no obstacle to success.... Science i s boundless i n i t s development and it cannot be compared t o a horse race--there i s no f i n i s h i n g l i n e . U . S , S . R . would The i n t e r e s t s of science are bound t o win anyway.. continue research .in "several major s c i e n t i f i c areas," make " e ~ e n s i v e use of automatic devices f o r exploring outer space," and 'pay "due a t t e n t ion" t o moon md t o both manned and unmanned missions. Cosmos, Zonh, and Proton spacecraft would continue t o be used f o r research and Soyuz spacecraft would be converted i n t o "modules of o r b i t a l space 7/31/69, laboratories designed f o r research i n lengthy flight. " (E, . ." ' 79) . Ms,-'s knowledge of Venus, Mars, and moon had been enormously enhanced by unmanned Mariner missions, New York Times e d i t o r i a l said. They were r e l a t i v e l y Fnexpensive and d i d not r i s k human l i v e s . "Neverthel e s s , American p o l i t i c a l leadership has been so obsessed with sending a man t o t h e moon t h a t unmanned probes of the planets became t h e stepchildren of t h e national space program. There were times &en even the continued existence o f the J e t Propulsion Laboratory--the �July 31 (continued) center for these unmanned flights--seemed i n doubt. Now, i n the new phase of American space exploration begun i n t h e wake of Apollo 1 1 ' s h i s t o r i c achievement, t h e major cost-benefit advantages of mariner type unmanned f l i g h t s . need t o be more rully appreciated by Washington policy makers, and even more intensively exploited than i n t h e p a s t , even as t h e manned exploration of the moon continues. " ( N J , 7/31/69, 32) . MOL cancellation "should a t most be a 'postponement,'" During July: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, formerly NASC Executive Secretary, said in Air ~ o r c e / s p a c eDigest. "contrary t o assertions made by people who should h o w b e t t e r , t h e MOL was not planned as a weapon system and would not have been a t h r e a t t o any other nation." MOL observations would be "as peaceful as those obtained on t h e NASA Gemini and Apollo f l i g h t . Men on board the spacecraft can be j u s t i f i e d by the contribut i o n s men make in matters of choice of observatlons, maintenance, and communication with e a r t h . " MOL would not duplicate NASA's ApoUo Applications program. "To try t o combine t h e A i r Force and NASA manned programs would waste much of the investments already made, would delay both programs, would increase the t o t a l cost over t h e long run, and would v i o l a t e the sound administrative p r i n c i p l e of having t h e experts do what they have been t r a i n e d t o do. Failure t o get a maximum return f r o m t h i s national-security system would seem t o be woefully short(AF/sD, 7 / 6 9 , 60-1) sighted and w a s t e f u l . " . American Embassy science attache i n New Delhi reported completion of India-U.S. project t o erect 48-in telescope a t Hyderadad. Project was s t a r t e d i n 1955 and completed j u s t before U. S. lunar landing. ( ~ ' ~ e i l l W. , Post, 8/31/69, ~ 5 ) �PROVISIONAL INDEX-JULY 1%9 , Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D. 246, 257, 2'70 Accident spacecraft, 238, 25 3 Adams Harold W. , 256 Adulyade j in^ Bhumibol ha iland) 30 2 Aeroflot, 308 289- a 0 Aero j e t -General Corp Aeronautics, 251, 254 Aerospace industry, 274 Aerospace Systems Laboratory, 256 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 269, 270, 271, 278 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e o f Aeronautics and Astmnautics. A i r Force Academy, 2j'O A i r Force R w i e w of the C-5A Program, 303 Air traffic control, 306 A i r c r a f t , 238, 241, 246, 251; 253, 254, 256-257, 260, 308 Airports, 306 Ajaccio, Corsica, 294 A l d r in, L/C E d w i n E , Js (uSAF) ,248 Apollo 11 mission exLravehicular a c t i v i t y , 243, 260, 262-263, 309 f l i g h t , 260-268 lwzar landing, 279, 290, 305 medical examinat ion, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome t o , 257, 292 plans f o r , 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284, 303, 308 , , , ., ' . . , tribute t o , 274, 293 Algiers, 281 Alioto, Mayor Joseph, 260 AISEP. See Apollo l u n a r surface experiment package. American Academy of Achievement, 250 American F i e l d Service, 286 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM) A i r c r a f t Design Award, 256-257 American Rocket Society, 271 hoes Research Center (ARC) Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., 245 Amundsen, Capt. Roald, 303 Anders, L/C William A. (US&?), 250 Animal experiments, space, 243, 247 Anniversary, 247 �Apollo (program), 238, 248, 254, 268, 2 4 , 301, 309 ApoUo 7 f l i g h t ) , 268 Apollo 8 f l i g h t ) , 268, 278 ApoUo 9 flight) 268, 272 Apollo 1 0 (flight , 243,. 250, 268, r / 6 ApolLo 1l ( f l i g h t achievement, 268, 280, 282-284, 292, 296-299 cornmemorative s t amps, 248, 280 cosmonaut medals, 274, 276 c r i t i c i s m , 252, m , 282 experiments laser, 268, 284, 235 seismic, 268, 275-276, 285, 289, 299 solar wind, 263, 268, 276 Eyewitness t o Space (art program), 272 implications o f , 246, 286-293 launch, 260-268 plans and preparations f o r , 238-243, 249-250, 252 medical aspects, 251, 253, 296 Nixon, President Richard M . , 263, 267, 269, 276, 292, 296-24 observance o f , 252-253, 256-258, 270 photographs, 268, 293, 298, 309 press comment, 246, 254, 256, 258-260, 270, 273-275, 277-279, 282-283 288, 290, 294, 24-298, 300-301 foreign, 258-259, 270-271, 273, 275, Zj"7, 200, 283-284, 288-289, 2 9 , 298 p r e s s conference, 242-245, 254-255, 278 , 292, 301-302 records, 302 religious aspects, 3 4 , 260, 279, 296, 297, 305 splashdown, 267 t r a c k i n g , 250, 268 TV broadcasts, 246, 258, 261-263, 267, 268 TV coverage, 260, 252, 294-295 U.S.S.R. and, 252-253, 270, 276, 280, 291, 29$, 302 Apollo 1 2 ( f l i g h t ) , 292-293 Apollo lunar surface experiment package (ALSEP), 276, 292 ApoTelescope Mount (AICM), 285-236 Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e (ATS ) 2 9 ARC. See Axes Research Center. . h i s t a r c h u s (moon c r a t e r ) , 261 Armstrong, N e i l A. , 288 A ~ Oll E mission O extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 243, 260, 262-263, 309 f l i g h t , 260-268 l u n a r landing, 279, 293, 305 1 I , (ii) �JULY 1969 Armstrong, Neil A. (continued) medical examination, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome to, 257, 292 plans for, 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284, 297, 303, 308 tribute to, 274, 293 Armstrong, Nefi A., Aerospace Museum, 3 7 Aspis-Pronoia insurance company; 271 Astronaut ApoUo U mission commemorative stamp, 245 extravehicular activity, 243, 260, 262-263, 268, 293 flight, 260-268 plans and preparations for, 238-239, 240-243, 249-250, 252 lunar landing, 262, 290, 305 medical aspects, 250, -253, 296 TV broadcast, 261, 263, 295 awards and honors, 243, 250, 284, 303, 308 contract, lunar Landin@; story, 239 goodwill tom, 238-241, 244, 247, 251 hazards, 252, 253 memorial, 280, 295, 297 Nixon, President, Richard M. dining with astronauts, plans for, 245, 251 messages and greetings from, 257, 276, 292, 296 press conference, 240, 242-293, 254-255 promotion, 295 record, 255, 302 tributes to, 274, 291, 292, 296 . White House liaison, 276, 278 Astronauts Memorial. Conrmission (proposed), 295 ATM. See ApoUo Telescope Mount. Atmosphere, 251 ATS-F ( ~ p p l i c aions t Technology sat ellite) , 290 Australia, 247, 280, 294 Austria, 259 Award, 243, 250, 256-257, 2a4, 303, 308 Ayer , Prof Alfred J. , 287 Back-contanination, 252 Baikonur, U.S.S.R., 238, 239, 253, 268, 285 B a l l u t e (balloon-parachute) , 288 . (iii) �W g k o k , Thailand, 244, 281, 302 Bantam Books, 304 W r y , Marion, 217 Beam, Ambassador Jacob D., 241 Bendix Field Engineering. Corp., 239 Eeniele, Max, 287 Berry, D r . Charles A . , 245, 251, 253 Biehl, Richard E., 287 B i l o x i , Miss., 270 B i o s a t e U i t e 111, 243, 247 Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 248 Boeing 747 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 249 Bogota, Colombia, 271 Bonny (space monkey), 243, 247 Soman, L/C Frank (w) award, 250 press conference, 251 v i s i t t o U.S.S.R., 238-241, 244, 247, 258, 260, 295 White House a c t i v i t i e s , 276, 278 &mtf ord, Canada, 281 Bray, Rep. William G., 305 Brazil, 281 Brevard County, FZa., 240 Brezhnev, Leonid I., 302 British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC), 3 0 Brussels, Belgium, 2a1 B u c h a d , A r t , 282-283 Budapest, Hungary, 280 Buffum, W i l L i a m B . , 291 maria, 8 5 C-5A (military cargo t r a n s p o d ) , 254, 260, 303 California, Unlv. o f , 286 San Diego, 272 C u e , Paul, 248 Camera, 246, 252 Canada, 293 Candau, D r . M. G., 307 Cap P i s t o l (astronaut maneuvering u n i t ) , 287 Cape Canavexal, Fla., 250, 291 Cape x e ~ e d y ,Fla., 250-252, 291, 300 Carpentier, D r . W i l l i e R. , 296 Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, 254, 270, 279,-291 CBS Laboratories, 246 CDDT See Countdown demonstration t e s t . CF-6 (turbofan engine), 250 . �JULY 1969 ' Chaffee, LCdr. Roger B. (uSN) , 274 Chamberlain, Dr. Owen, 286 Chapan, Dr. Dean R., 245 Chappell, Rep. William, 291 Chile, 281 China, Communist, 281-282, 284 China, Nationalist, 281 Civil Aeronautics Board, 294 Clayton, James, 300 CM. See Commandmodule. Collins, Col. Michael (USW) A~ollo ll mission . . flight, 260-268 medical examination, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome to, plans for, 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284,-303, 308 promotion, 295 tribute to, 274 Colombia, Zi'l Colorado Springs, Colo., 3 0 Columbia. See Commandmodule. Columbia Univ. , 275, 302 Command and service module (cSM), 251, 262, 267, 309 Command module (CM) (~olumbia), 242, 243, 261, 267, 271 Commerce, Dept. of, 2 7 Communications, 289-293 Communications satellite, 247, 285, 290, 305 Cammunications Sat e l l i t e Corp (cornsat ~ o r )p, m, 295 Computer, 249, 251 257, 292 . Computer Sciences Corp. , 249 Concorde (u.K. -~rance)supersonic transport, 231, 308 Congress, 239, 254, 278 Congress, House of Representatives, 259, 286 bills introduced, 247, 291, 295 Committee on House Administration, 295 Conunittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 305 Committee on Judiciazy, 247 Committee on Science a ~ Astronautics, d 295 Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, 248 Subconmittee on Science, Research, and Development, 308 �JULY 1 9 6 9 Congress, Senate, 250, 269 bills passed, 296, 308 Committee on Eanking and Currency, 303 Committee on I n t e r i o r and Insular Affairs, 250 Constan, D r . George N., 309 CopeMLicus (moon c r a t e r ) , 306 Cosmonaut, 239-241, 244, 276, 294, 300 Cosmos C C ~ (u.s. M S.R. s a t e l l i t e ) ,'249 Cosmos CCXC, 285 Countdown demonst r a t ion t e s t (CDDT), 238 Crimes, U. S. S.R., 238 CSM. See Command and service module. Cuba, 281 (Surtiss-Wright Corp. 287 Czechoslovakia, 280, 300, 302 Czechoslovakian Communist Party, 291 Dai Chi Chinei ( ~ a p a n e s ef r e i g h t e r ) , 242 D m a . W i l l i a m H. 289 ~ a n i h ~ u g ~ e n h ekuld ii f o r the Promotion of Aeronautics, 271 DC-10 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 260 Dearborn, Mich. 241 Defense, Dept . of (DOD) 245, 2G6, 303 Delta (booster), 295 Des Moines, Iowa, 293 Dirksen, Sen. Everett M., 296 Disarmament, 240 Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoly I?., 252 Docking, 261 DOD. SeeDefense, Dept. of. Dodd, Lamar, 272 DuBridge, Dr. Lee A. 241 Eagle. See Lunar module. Early Apollo s c i e n t i f i c experiment package (EASEP), 27'5 -276 Earth Resources Survey Program, 295 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 295 Edwards AFB, C a l i f . , 251 Egypt, 2-71 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 239 ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. ELDO F-8 (ELDO satellite), 238 Elizabeth 11, Queen of Great B r i t a i n , 280 Ellice Ielnnd, 287 Ellington, Duke, Z??g Erne, D r . Eugene M., 240 , . , , , ' �Ethiopia, 252, 303 Eupatoria, U. S.S.R. 244 Europa (booster ) 238 European Launcher Development Organization (EXDO), 238 Ewing, D r . Maurice, 2 7 5 . Exceptional Civilian S e m ice Award (USA), 309 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 245 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA), 243, 255, 260, 262, 263, 268, 293, 309 Eyewitness t o Space (NASA art program) 272 F-4 (Phantom 11) ( j e t f i g h t e r aircraft), 246 , , , Fasi, Mayor Frank F., 298 Federal Aviation A d m i n i s t rat ion (FW), 306 Federal Comunicat ions Commission (FCC), 305 Felver, Edward R., 248 Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 239, 241, 280 Flying Tiger P i l o t Trophy, 243 Flying Tigers, 243 France, 241, Zg, 308 Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 291, 295 Gagmin, Col. Y u r i A . (u,S.S.R. ), 244, Z74 G a l a b e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautics Prize, 284 Gandhi, Prime Minister, Mrs. I n d i r a (India), 281 Gardner, Prof. Richard N., 299 Gast, Dr. P a d , 302 General E l e c t r i c Co. Aircraft Engine Group, 280 Geneva, Switzerland, 2b0, 242 Georgadze, Mikhail P., 241 Gemasy, East, 302 Gernany, 'West, 238, 294 Ghana, 281 G i l b e r t Island, 287 Goiidard Institute f o r Space Studies, 246 Goddard, D r . Robert H., 271 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC) 244, 265 Goldmark, D r . P e t e r C. 246 Goldstein, D r . Richard, 304 Goldstone Tracking Station, 304 Goodyear Aerospace Gorp., 288 Gorton, Prime Minister John ( ~ u s t r a l i a ) ,294 , Graham, B i l l y , 295-24 Grant, 256 Greece, , ' 271 (vii) �iirgil Grissom, L/c I. (WAF), 274 Growko, A n d r e y A . , 284 . GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (NASA). Guam I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 296 Guerney, Sen. Edward J. 250 Guggenheim, Harry F. 271 Gulf Stream Drift, 257 Kaile Selassie, Emperor of B h i o p i a , 252 Halaby, ~aj ee6 E 308 Haredi, sheikh Ahmand, T/1 Harris, Louis, p o l l , 256 Harris, D r . Robert, 305 Harvard Univ., 287 Hayden Planetarium, 293 Heinemam, Ptesident Gustav (vest ~ermany) 294 Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 247, 295 Hiday-atdlah, Mohammad, 308 Hillary, S i r Edmund, 303 Hines, William, 254 Hirohito, Emperor ( ~ a p a n ) 281 "Historical Perspectives on ApoUo, " 2 b I-&-10 (lift --body vehicle), 289 Holland, Sen. Spessard L,, 250 Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Dept. of, 284 Houston, Tex. ,,258, r(2, r17, 293, 299, 300, 307 Houston Welfare Rights Organization, 280 Hsieh Sen-chao, 281 ' Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. 289-290 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 280 Hungary, 280, 302 Hunt, Sir John, 303 HutltsvilZe, M a . 293 Kurd, Peter, 27'2 Hyderabad, India, 310 ZMS. See Ion mass spectrometer. Inchon, South Korea, 285 Independence Day, 241 India, 281, 308 Indonesia, 244, 300 I n s t i t u t e f o r Soviet -American Relations, 238 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2 (communications s a t e l l i t e j* ,. 296 I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5, '295-296 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aeronautical Federation (I@) , 255, 302 bt ernat i o n a l cooperat ion, spsce 239, -240, - 247, - 259, 260, r ( 8 , 280, 286 288 , 295 295 , 2983 299 , , ., , , , , , (viii) , �, International Platform Assn. 284 Ion mass spectrometer (IMS), 290 Ira, q l Isis 1 (International S a t U t e f o r Ionospheric studies), 293 I s r a e l , 271 Italy, 238, 294 Jakarta, Indonesia, 244, 300 James, Lee B., 303 Japan, 252, 294, 300 Jastrow, D r . Robert, 246 Jerusalem, Israel, 271 J e t P r o p d s i o n Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) 250, 299, 301, 304, 306, 309 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental' Station (u.x.), 268, 279, 280, 284, 2a6, 294 Johnson, President Lyndon B. 239, 257, g o , q 8 Johnson4 Mrs. Lyndon B., 257 Johnston Island, 268 Jones, Robert J., 248 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( ~ a ~l e c h ) Kauai, Hawaii, 247 Kazakhstan, U. S,S. R. 239 : Keldysh, Mstislav V. , 247, ,275, 294 Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 269 Kennedy, President John F. 239, 260, 288 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) 239, 254, 255, 295 Khan, President Agha Mohammad Uahya (~akistan) 294 . IOuushchev, Premier Mikita (u. S..S. R. ) 241, 300 King, D r . Martin Luther, Zj"7 Kirkman, Don, 239 Kornarov, L/C V l a d i m i r M. (u. S S .R ) 244, 274 Korea, South, 285, 294 Korolev, S ergei 244 Kosygin, Premier Alexsey (u.s.s.R.), 280 EC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuznet sov, Vasily V 241 Lagos, Nigeria, 271 LaHore, Pakistan, 244 Laaont -Doherty Geological Observatory, 275, 299 Laser experiment, 284, 285 Latham, D r . Gary, 275, 299 Launch Complex 39, 260,. 267 Lederberg, D r . Joshua 252 Lenin, Vladimir I. 2f14 Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 2b , .m, , . , , , , . ., , ., , , �Lewis Research center' ( L ~ R C )(NASA), 260 Lick Observatory, 285 Lifting-body vehicle, 289 Lloyds of London, 294 I;M. See Lunar module. Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. ,' 254, 260, 303 Logan, Joseph, Jr., 281 Loprete, Joseph F, 237 Los Angeles, Calif., 280 h v e l l , Sir Bernard, 268, q 9 , 2a0, 284, 286, 294 LovelZ, Cap-t. James A , , Jr. (USN), 256 Lowell Observatory, Ariz., 256 Lucian, 278 Luna XV (u.S.S.R. lunar probe), 238, 255, 268, 275, 279, 286 . launch, 253 moon landing, 204, 302 p r e s s comment, 259-260 Lunar module ( ~ a g l e ) ,243, 258, 3 6 , 280, 309 moon landing, 243, 260-263, 278, 305 moon l i f t o f f , 267 plaque on, 239-240 Lunar Orbiter (program), 256 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (IIRL) 248, 267-268, 298, 301-302, 305 Lunar roving vehicle, 252 Lunar Science Institute, 272 L u t i n e B e l l , 294 Lyons, Kenneth T . , 306 . ~ c ~ o n n e l Gen. l, John P. (USAF) 295 McDonald Observatory, 284 McDonnell Douglas Cory. 246, 2a 9 Magnetic field, 276 Man of Achievement Award, 250 Man on the Moon (pan~hlet), 280 Management, 248 Manhattan Project, 27'3 Manila, Philippines, 244, 299 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 245, 310 W e d space f l i g h t , 245, 260-268, 291 Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) 239 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 242-243, 245, 252, 268, r ( 6 , 277, 235, 303 ~a.nnh& e We s t Germany, ,268 Mansf i e l d , Sen. Michael J. , 269, 296 , , , , , , ; Marcos, President Ferdhand E. ( ~ M l i p p i n e s ) ,299 �Mariner (program), 309-310 Mariner N Mars probe), 258 Mariner VI Mars probe) 258, 301, 304, 306 Mariner V I I (Mars probe j 238, 304, 306 Mars (planet); 241, 251, 252, 258, ri?, 283, 292, 297, 301, 304, 306, 309 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 238, 249, 252, 258, 303, 309 Massachusetts Institube of Technology (MIT) , 289 Materials technology, 249 Maurer camera, '262 Maus, Hans H. , 309 Mead, Dr. Margaret, 246 MESA. SeeModularized equipment stowage assembly. Meteorological satellite, 251 Meteorology, 251 Miami, Fla., 253 Michoud Assembly Facility, 309 Microminiaturization, 239 Minneapolis, Minn. , 254 Mirage ( ~ r e n c hsupersonic fighter-bomber), 241 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mobile quarantine facility (MV), 267, 268, 298 Modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA), 262-263 Mogadiscio, Somalia, 281, 293 MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Molniya 1-12 (communications satellite), a5 Monkey experiment, 243, 247 ~ontciair,N.J., 293 . Moon crater, 245, 261 globe, 256 landing, 241 manned anniversary, 247 cornmemorative s t amp, 248 criticism, 250 implications of, 286-287 U . S . , 242-241C, 256, 260-268, 304 cornemoration of, 239-240, 254 plans for, 252,. 254, 292-2543 U.S. S.R., 296 manned U.S.S.R., 284, 302 lunar orbit, record, 255, 302 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (I&), $6, 298, 301, 305, 307 I , �Moon (continued) lunar roving vehicle, 252 Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , 272 magnetic f i e l d , 276 o r i g i n , 242, 289 passenger flight t o , 293, 294 photographs, 246, 256, 263, 293, 305, 309 probe Luna XV, 253 seismic a c t i v i t y , 285, 289, 299 s o l a r wind, 263, 276 surface, 289 analysis o f , 242, 301-302 composition, 301-302 sample, 238, 245, 255, 263, 267-268, 292, 296, 298, 301-302, 305, 307 TV t e l e c a s t s from, 258, 262-263 "Moon In" ( c e n t r a l Park, New ~ o r k ) 279 " ~ o o nMaiden" (song), 279 Noore, David, 250 238, 239, 247 Moscow, U.S.S.R., Mt. Everest, 303 See Mobile quarantine f a c u i t y . MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Marshall Space ??light Center. MSFC. MueUer, D r . George E.', 255, 292 Mumford, Lewis, 246 See National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (CART), 260 NASA Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 258 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), ,295 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA) 268 See NationalAeronautics and Space ~ o h c i l . NASC. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 272 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) awards and honors, 2h3, 250, ,284, 303, 308 budget, 251 contract, 239, 249, 252, 260, 289, 305 cooperation, 251 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a , 239, 240, 247, 259, 260, 278, 280, 286, 288, 295, 296, 298, 299 c r i t i c i s m , 250, 252, 2'7'7 employment, 240, 277' f a c i l i t i e s , 295 , . ' , , �National Aeronautics and Space A d m b 5 s t rat ion (continued) launch Apollo ll, 260-268 s a t e l l i t e , 295-296 sounding rocket, 249 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 289 management, 248 personnel, 303, 309 programs Apollo, 238, 248, 254, 268, 297, 301, 309 art, 272 astronomy, 269, 27'7 manned space flight, 256, 292-293 Mariner, 244, 258, 306-301, 309-310 space biology, 243, 247, 253 space s t a t i o n , 285-286, 289 record spacecraft 255, 302 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC) 310 National Assn. of Government Employees, 306 National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n p pol lo ll f l i g h t ) , 269 National Geographic Society, 250 National Research Council (NRC), 251 New Delhi, India, 244, 281, 308 New York, N . Y . , 279 New York Stock Exchange, 286, 293 Nigeria, 271 Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket ) 305 Nimbus 111 (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) 251 Nixon, B e s i d e n t ~ i c h & dM. , 286 ~ ~ o l ll lof l i g h t , 239, - 240, 301 astronauts communications with, 257, 263, 276 dining with, $45, 251 tribute t o , 274, 292, 296 U.S.S. Hornet greeting, 267 messages t o , regarding, 294 moon plaque, 240 National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n , 269, 277 Asian tour, 244, 297, 299, 302, 308 Fnternational cooperation, space, 286 White House r e l i g i o u s service, 278-2j'g Noren, Rev. Paul H. A . , 254 , , , ' , (xiii) . , �North American Rockwell Corp. Aerospace and Systems Group, 238 Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div. 238 Power Systems Div., 238 Rocketdyne Div., 238 , Space Div., 289 North Pole, 303 Norton, W. W. & Co., 304 Novosibirsk, U. S. S. R . , 238 NRC. See National Research Council. See NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. OART. Ocean of S t o m s (moon), 292 Oceanography, 240, 244, 257 Orconnor, M/G Edmund F. (USAF), 303 Ohio H i s t o r i c a l Society, 297 Ojai, C a l i f . , 243 Organization f o r Economic Cooperation and Development, 308 Osman, Armstrong Abdurahnm, 281 Oxford Univ., 28'7 Pacemaker ( sounding rocket ) 249 Pacific Ocean, 247, 251 Paine, D r . Thomas O., 244-245, 254, 257-250, 267 Pakistan, 294 Pan American World Airways (Fan Am), 2 9 See P i l o t &borne Recovery Dedce. PARD. Paris, France, 241, 284, 294 Park, President Chung Hee (South ~ o r e a ) , 294 Paterrt 287 Paul VI, Pope, 254, a'0, r19, 291, 294 Pearson, Drew, 250 Peary, A h . Robert E. (USN), 303 Petrov, Georgy 280 Philippines, 2h, 299 P h U i p s , L/G Samuel C . (USAF), 292 Piccard, Jacques, 257 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 250, 299 P i l o t Airborne Recovery Device (PARD), 288 Plan f o r U.S. P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the Global Atmospheric Research Program, 251 P l a t e , Thomas G. , 277 ~ l e s e t s k ,u . s . s . ,'249, ~ 285 258, 260, 294, 302 Podgorny, President Nikolay V. (u.s.s.R.), Poland, 259, 271, 230, 302 Poor People's Campaign, 252, 267 Porter, Daniel R . , 297 Post Office Dept., 248 , , (xiv) �JULY 1969 Press, D r . Frank, 275 Press comment . Apollo U f l i g h t foreign, 258-259, r/O-Zj'l, 273, 275, 277, 280, 283-284; 288-289, 291, 298. moon plaque, 240 U . S . , 246, 256, 258, 259-2609 r(0, r13, r14-r15, 277, 3 9 , 282-2835 '288, -0, 24-298, 300-301 Mars, manned f l i g h t t o , Zi7 space r e s u l t s , 248-249, 272, 274, 291, 309 Press conference Apollo 33. f l i g h t , 242-245, 254-255, q 8 , 292 international cooperation, space, 240, 286, 295 l u n a r surface samples, 301-302 Mars, manned flight to, 269, 292 space program, n a t i o n a l 269, 278, 292-293, 299 supersonic transpork, 2 1 U.S.S.R. space program, 251, 296 Pride Inc., 277 Princeton Univ., 256 b Qantas A i r l i n e s , 287 Quiet Engine Research Program, 260 Radiometer, 306 Raska, D r . ILarel, 307 272 Rauschenberg, Robe*, Record spacecrafi, 255, 302 Redstone Arsenal, A h . 309 Religious S o c i e t y of Friends, 278 Rendezvous, 242, 300, 309 Rice Univ., 305 Rio de J a n e i r o , Brazil Museum of Modern A r t , 281 Romania, 281, 300, 302 Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urban ~evelopmentGeorge W., Rosamond, Calif., 289 Rossini, Mayor Pascal, 2gb Royal Geographical Society, 303 Russell, Bertrand A. W., Lord, 258 Saavedra, Albert, 248 Saigon, South Vietnam, 307 San Diego, Calif., 270 San Francisco, Calif., 260, 270 Santiago de Chile, 281 Saragat, President Guiseppe ( ~ t a l y ) ,294 , 284-285 �~ a t o ,Prime Minister Eisalru (~apan), 294 Saturn V (booster), 260, 268, 303 1st s t a g e (s-IC), 238 3rd s t a g e (s-IVB) 241, 248 Saturn V workshop ( q a c e c r a f t ) 285 -286 Savannah, Ca,, 280 Sciacca, Prof. Mlchele Federico, 287 Science, 309 Science, Technology, and Public Policy During t h e Ninetieth Congress, 308 Sea of Crises (moon), 284 Sea of T r a n q u i l i t y . (moon), 262, 267, 284, 299 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 2 9 Seismic experiment, 275-276, 285, 289, 299 Service propulsion system (SPS), 261 239 Sheremetyevo Airport, U. S.S.R. Singapore, 281 Smith, D r . Harlan, 284 Smith, Dr. Paul S. 278 Smithsonian h s t i t u t ion, 246 S o l a r wind experiment, 263, 276 ~ o m a l i a , 281, 298 Sounding rocket, 2bg South Pole, 303 Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( s a c ) , 246, ,252 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 247, 275, 294 Soviet lnst i t u t e f o r Cosmic Research, -280 Space biology, 243, 245, 247, 253 Space Exploration Day ( ~ r o ~ o s e d 247 ), Space l a w t r e a t y , 275 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 2b5 Space program, national, 244-245, 256, 260, 269, 278, ,282, 288, 304 Space race, 238, 259 286, 296, 300, 309 Space r e s u l t s , 248-229, 272, 275, 283, 286, 289 Space s t a t ion, 285 -286, 289-290, 299 Spacecrafi debris, 242 Spacecraft -lunar-module-adapt e r (SLA) psnels, 248 S p a h , T/1 Spectrometer, 306 SPS. See Service propulsion system. Stanford Univ. 252 Star C i t y , ( ~ z y o z d nGorodok, i U.S.S.R.), 239, 244 Submarine, missile-carrying, 238 Sud-Aviation, 241 Suez Canal, 281 , , , , ' , �, Suharto President (Indonesia), 300 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 241, 308. Surveyor 111 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 293 Surveyor V , 302 Sutton, D r . George, 275 Swartz , Reginald, 287 Sweden, 271, q 3 , 284, 288-289, 303-304 Taipei, Formosa, 281 Teharan, Iran, 271 T e k t i t e , 245 T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , 271 Television, 254, 258, 8 2 Apozlo U, 246, 260-262, 267, 294, 295 Tennessee, 270 Texas, Univ. of, 284 TF-39 (turbofan engine), 260 Thailand, 302 Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 294 This New Ocean, 301 Thorad-Agena (booster) , 293 Thorn, ~ r OeWeigh, . 11, 3 0 T h r e l f a S 1 , David, 280 Time-Life, Inc 239 Titov, L/C Gherman S. (u.s.s.R.), 239, 241 Tolson, Clyde A., 2a7 Toynbee, Prof. Arnold J . , 287' Tracking, 244, 250, 268 Trans World A i r l i n e s , 290, 294 TransporLation, 256 The True History, 278 Truszynski, Gerald M., 258 Tu-14.4 (u.s S. R. supersonic transport ) 308 Tunney, Rep. John V. 247 T u r i n , Italy, 287 " 2001: a Space Odyssey" (film) 290 Tycho (lunar c r a t e r ) , 245 Unidentified s a t e l l i t e , 289, 293, 308 United Kingdom (u.K.), 258, 303, 308 Defense U s t r y , 238 United Nations (u.N.) C o d t t e e on t h e Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 242 Disarmament C a n m i t t ee 240 General Assembly, 240 Secretary General, 294 , ., ' . , , , , �United Nations (continued) S e c u r i t y Council, 291 Space I n s t i t v k e (proposed), 299 United Nations Educational, S c i e n t i f i c , and Cultural Organization, 308 U n i v e r s i t i e s Space Re search Assn. (USRA) 27 2 Urey, D r . Harold C., 286' USAJ? Aeronautical C h a r t and Information Center, 256 U. S. A i r Force (uSAF), 295 aircraft, 246, 251, 254, 288, 303 cooperation, 251 launch s a t e l l i t e , 289, 293, 308 U.S. Army (USA), 283 U. S. Information Agency (usIA), 280 U S . Navy (USN), 246, 253 U.S. Patent Office, 287 U.S.S. Gary, 253 U.S.S. Hornet, 264, 292, 294, 296 U.S.S.R-on of S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,241 a i r c r a f t , 308 Apollo U f l i g h t , 252, 253, 270, 276, 280, 291, 294, 302 Brman, L/C Frank, v i s i t t o , 239-241, 244, 247, 251, 258, 260 cooperation,. space, 239, 24-0, 247, 259, 260, 278, 280, 286, 288, 295, 295, 298, 299 disarmament, 240 launch, 238 probe Luna XV, 253 sate l l i t e Cosmos, 249, 285 Molni I-ii 285 . probe L A , 259-260, 268, 275, 279', 280, 284, 286, 302 space program, 238, 245, 290-291, 2 9 , 300, 309 spacecraft debris, 242 supersonic transport, 308 Van Praagh, David, 244 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . 289, 293, 308 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 309 Verne, Jules, 243 Vietnam, North, 295 Voice of America (VOA) 281, 300 Von Braun, D r . Wernher,. 259, 298 Vostok 1 (u.S. S. R. spacecraft), 244 Vzyozdni Gorodok (Star city) (u. S. S . R. ) 239, 244 , , , , ( x v i i i) �Wald, D r . George, 287 Wall, D r . Frederick T., 272 Wallops Stat ion (NASA), 249, 305 Wapakoneta, Ohio, 293 Warsaw, Poland, 259, 29k, 302 Washington, D . C . , 238, 250, 269, 270, 284 Washington National G d l e r y of A r t , 2(2, We each t h e Moon, 304 Weather modification,. 251 Webb, James E . , 257 Weightlessness, 247, 253 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 310 West Palm Beach, Fla. 257 Western E l e c t r i c Co., 280 wethe, Jay D. 238 Wheaton, Md., 250 White, L/C Edward H. I1 (USAF) 274 White House, 240, 251, 263, 269, 274, 278, 3 9 , 286, Whittier CoUege, 278 Wiesner, D r . J e m m e B., 307 WFlford, John Noble, 304 Wwiams, Rev. Hosea, 252 Wilson, Prime Minister Harold (u.K. ) 280 Wing, aircraft, 254 Wollongong Australia,. 280 Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 238 . World Health Organization (WHO) Communicable Disease Div., 307 Wright brothers, 271, 283 Wyeth, James B., 272 X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 251 XB-70 (supersonic bomber), 251 YF-12A (reconnaissance a i r c r a f t ) 251 Yugoslavia, 300 Zacharias, J e r r o l d , 307 Zakharov, Aleksey V . , 291 Ziegler, Henri, 241 , , , , , , , 305 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000125 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics July 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 27 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource fr Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18215 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1264/spc_stnv_000121.pdf 7f318e13e693e729683f6aa694cc23cc PDF Text Text �N O V E M B E R 1968 �November 1: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLII from Haikonur Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 2,148-km (1,334.7-mi) apogee, 531-km (330-mi) p e r i g e e , 112.4-min period, and 62.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . (SBD, - 11/4/68, 12; GSFC SSR, 11/15/68) - November 2: President Johnson presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA's h i g h e s t award, t o r e c e n t l y r e t i r e d NASA Administrator James E. Webb a t ceremony i n Johnson City, Tex. He a l s o awarded c l u s t e r t o NASA Exceptional Service Medal held by Apollo 7 commander Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., and Exceptional Service Medals t o Apollo 7 Astronauts R. Walter Cunningham and Donn F. E i s e l e . President s a i d U.S. was "ready t o t a k e t h a t f i r s t g r e a t s t e p out i n t o t h e s o l a r system and on t o t h e surface of t h e n e a r e s t of t h e many mysterious worlds t h a t surround us i n space." Noting t h a t Apollo 7 had logged more t h a n 780 man-hours i n space--more t h a n had been logged " i n a l l Soviet manned f l i g h t s t o date1'--and had accomp l i s h e d 56 mission o b j e c t i v e s , a s many " i n t h i s one f l i g h t a s were accomplished i n t h e f i r s t f i v e manned f l i g h t s of t h e Gemini spacec r a f t , " he s a i d : "This i s not import ant a s e i t h e r a game o r a c o n t e s t . But it i s important because t h e United S t a t e s of America must be f i r s t i n technology i f it i s t o continue i t s p o s i t i o n i n t h e world. I b e l i e v e today, a s I d i d when we had our o r i g i n a l heari n g s t h a t c r e a t e d t h e Space Administration, t h a t t h e United S t a t e s must be f i r s t . " President read c 2 t a t i o n presenting Medal t o Webb f o r "outstanding l e a d e r s h i p of America's space program from 1 9 6 1 t h r o u g h 1969, More t h a n any o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l he deserves t h e c r e d i t f o r t h e g r e a t achievements of t h e United S t a t e s i n t h e f i r s t decade of space, and f o r helpi n g man t o reach outward toward t h e s t a r s . " should, i n my view, be Webb responded: "The c i t a t i o n and medal converted i n t o some kind of holographic substance so it could be d i vided i n t o thousands of p a r t s and each p a r t should r e a l l y go t o an outstanding person i n NASA, i n our s c i e n t i f i c group, working i n our u n i v e r s i t i e s , and i n t h e g r e a t i n d u s t r i a l organizations of t h i s country t h a t have r e a l l y done t h e work." ( ~ e x t ) ... ... ... . In Prague newspaper Mlaba Fronta, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences' astronomer D r . L. Krivsky s a i d "very dangerous" r a d i a t i o n from s o l a r r a d i o storm might have forced premature ending of U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz 111 mission Oct. 30, He implied, s a i d New York Times, t h a t U.S.S.R. had e i t h e r been unaware o r had f a i l e d t o consider r a d i o s t o m f o r e c a s t f o r l a t e October. (NYT, 11/3/68, 35) - �I3usiness Week commented on r e s u l t s of "two bad decisions November 2: by of t h e f e d e r a l government. " Boeing Co. was scrapping - agencies swing-wing concept on SST i n favor of fixed-wing and "word seeped out of t h e Pentagon t h a t a r e a l f i g h t has developed over whether t o cut back production of F-111." How were such mistakes t o be prevented i n f u t u r e ? "One lesson t h a t emerges. i s t h a t t h e government must l e a r n t o avoid premature commitment t o any huge-scale p r o j e c t Another l e s s o n i s t h a t i n such major decisions, an independent, techn o l o g i c a l l y competent judgment should be brought t o bear on t h e i s s u e . On t h e F-111, t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory Council did not even look a t t h e design f e a t u r e s of t h e a i r c r a f t . On t h e SST, a Special P r e s i d e n t i a l Advisory Committee was s e t up, but it was chaired by [ t h e n Secretary of Defense Robert S. ] McNamara and w a s dominated by t o p Administration o f f i c i a l s . Such changes i n procedures may not wipe out a l l mistakes, but t h e y could g r e a t l y reduce t h e chances of astronomically c o s t l y blunders. " (Bus Wk, 11/2/68) ... .. .... President Johnson r e l e a s e d Noise--Soundwithout Value, November 4: r e p o r t of Federal Council f o r Science and Technology t a s k f o r c e , and challenged i n d u s t r y , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and public a u t h o r i t i e s t o a t t a c k noise i n environment from many sources. He d i r e c t e d Federal departments and agencies t o undertake o r expand noise abatement programs. Among recommendations endorsed by President, r e p o r t s a i d NASA should complete s t u d i e s of community response t o a i r p o r t noise, i n a d d i t i o n t o W, DOT, and HUD s t u d i e s of e f f e c t s . NASA and DOT should continue a i r t r a n s p o r t noise abatement research. DOD and NASA should continue t o study and s e t standards f o r noise i n s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n s . DOT should develop sonic-boom- c o n t r o l standards. ( ~ e x;t PD, - 11/11/68, 1575-6) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on award of a l l 1968 Nobel P r i z e s i n science and medicine t o U.S. c i t i z e n s : " . . . t h e r e a r e r e a l and important r o o t s of American s c i e n t i f i c prowess which need t o be understood and f o s t e r e d so t h a t f u t u r e achievement may match o r e x c e l t h a t of t h e p a s t . This country's h o s p i t a l i t y t o refugees from p o l i t i c a l tyranny and t o t h o s e seeking t o b e t t e r themselves economic a l l y has brought r i c h rewards p a r t i c u l a r l y i n science and technology. The n a t i o n ' s huge investment i n education has permitted a b l e young people t o develop t h e i r t a l e n t s . Generous Government support of b a s i c r e s e a r c h has given t h e n a t i o n ' s s c i e n t i s t s t h e t o o l s and t h e m a t e r i a l s e c u r i t y needed f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e i r p o t e n t i a l excellence. The abundant r e t u r n s from t h e s e p o l i c i e s provide good reason f o r maintaining them so t h a t American science can continue t o flower." (NYT, 11/4/68, 46) - �November 5: Soviet Academy of Sciences President Mstislav V. Keldysh t o l d Moscow news conference Soyuz 111 spacecraft flowri by Cosmonaut Georgi T. Beregovoy Oct. 30 was intended only f o r e a r t h o r b i t . He s a i d U.S.S.R. might send animal on l u n a r mission before sending human t o a s c e r t a i n t h a t cosmic r a d i a t i o n was not t o o dangerous. (AP, B Sun, 11/6/68, ~ 2 ) - . USAF awarded separate $3,941,500 c o n t r a c t s t o Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp. and Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. f o r 20-mo competition t o develop new a t t a c k r a d a r system f o r ZF-15A (formerly FX) advanced a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . Awards were i n i t i a l obliga2;ions of c o n t r a c t s which would t o t a l $22 m i l l i o n during FY 1969 and FY 1970. Winner would be s e l e c t e d a f t e r f l i g h t t e s t s and evaluation of both radar prototypes. (ROD Release 1006-68; WSJ, 11/6/68, 13) - November 6: National Radio Astronow Observakory astronomers a t Green Bank, W. Va., d i s c l o s e d discovery of f i r s t p a i r of p u l s a r s , near Crab Nebula 6,000 l i g h t yr from e a r t h . Through a s s o c i a t i o n with t h e decayed s t a r , t h e y might provide clue a s t o p u l s a r s ' i d e n t i t y . ( ~ o h n , W Post, 11/7/68, ~ 4 ) . With t a s k of designing equipment f o r U.S. space program l a r g e l y over and because of c u t s i n NASA spending, hundreds of s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were l o s i n g t h e i r jobs o r g e t t i n g out "while t h e g e t t i n g i s good," s a i d P e t e r H. Prugh i n Wall S t r e e t Journal, ,Boeing Co. was l a y i n g o f f s e v e r a l hundred a t New Orleans and Cape Kennedy; i t s Huntsville work f o r c e was down from 4,600 i n 1966 t o 3,000, with more c u t s coming. Chrysler Corp. had cut employment a t New Orleans from 3,300 t o 1,500, while most of i t s 900 Cape Kennedy employees faced l a y o f f s o r s h i f t s t o o t h e r c i t i e s . Huntsville o f f i c e of Alabama S t a t e EmploymenC Service s a i d a r e a employment had declined 3,500 i n p a s t year with biggest drop i n aerospace f i e l d . Space s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were f i n d i n g even mundane jobs d i f f i c u l t t o l a n d because of t h e i r s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s and r e l a t i v e l y high s a l a r y demands. Exodus was worrying space experts, "who f r e t t h a t a new emphasis on U.S. space e f f o r t s o r new m i l i t a r y needs would leave compmies hard pressed t o f i l l t h e rows of desks being vacated 11/6/68, 1 ) now." (FISJ, . AFSC Commander, Gen. James Ferguson, addressing Fourth Biennial Guidance Test Symposium, Holloman U B , N.Mex., c i t e d m i s s i l e guidance needs and s a i d t h a t U. S. S.R. was 'horking night and day t o upset t h e s t a t u s quo. �November 6 (continued) There a r e a number o f p o s s i b l e advances o r even breakthroughs t h a t would give them decided advantages over us. We would be most unwise t o l e t them t a k e a l e a d i n technologythrough our l a c k of d e c i s i v e e f f o r t . We must, a t a l l times, maintain a t e c h n i c a l momentum i n o r d e r f o r our n a t i o n t o maintain adequate s t r e n g t h a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e spectrum of deterrence. It ( ~ e x) t . NASA announced appointment of D r . Mathias P. S i e b e l a s D i r e c t o r of Marshall Space F l i g h t Center's Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, r e p l a c i n g W. R. Kuers, who r e t i r e d Nov. 1. D r . S i e b e l had been Deputy D i r e c t o r of Laboratory since he went t o MSFC i n 1965. (MSFC Release 68-262) . Ham, an. f i r s t chimpanzee s u c c e s s f u l l y launched on space f l i g h t 31, 19611, was among f i v e g r e a t apes a t National Zoo who r e a c t e d p o s i t i v e l y t o t u b e r c u l o s i s t e s t s , according t o zoo v e t e r i n a r i a n , D r . Clinton W. Gray. Animals were under treatment and expected t o be f i t f o r e x h i b i t i n g again w i t h i n 60 t o 90 days. (schaden, W S t a r , 11/6/68, ~ 2 ) November 7: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from UASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 64.4-mi (103.6-km) a l t i t u d e t o d e t e r mine absolute v a l u e of gcasitive ion concentration i n D and E regions o f ionosphere. Quadmpole mass spectrometer f o r measuring r e l a t i v e abundance of p o s i t i v e ions malfunctioned and, consequently, launch of two supporting r o c k e t s was postponed. Vehicle performance and t r a j e c t o r y were good and experimental r e l a t e d events functioned w e l l and on time. (NASARpt sRL) . Leading Soviet space s c i e n t i s t , Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, had t o l d Univ. o f Tennessee Space I n s t i t u t e p r e s s conference Zond V mission was " d e f i n i t e ~ y "precursor of deep space probes, Aerospace Daily reported. U. S. S. R. would send spacecraft around p l a n e t s and bring them back. Spacecraft would r e l a y d a t a from space and a l s o r e t u r n with s c i e n t i f i c inforrnat ion. ( ~ e r oDaily, 11/7/68, 29) . ASIC Astrogram r e p o r t e d s u c c e s s f u l completion of f i r s t i n s e r i e s of s t u d i e s by Ames Biomedical Research Branch i n which primates had keen r e s t r a i n e d i n c h a i r s f o r 98 days t o provide i n f o m a t i o n on calcium metabolism and bone m i n e r a l i z a t i o n when normal weight load on bones was alkered a s i n weightlessness i n space. Results showed t h a t with a p p l i c a t i o n of weight loads on c e r t a i n bones l o s s of calcium �November 7 (continued) i n u r i n e was within normal l i m i t s ; without load, c o n t r o l animal's calcium l o s s was elevated and l a s t e d throughout experiment. X-rays showed normal bone mineralization i n vertebrae and bones of loaded p i g - t a i l e d monkey, while unloaded animal sustained mineral l o s s . Studies would determine methods f o r prevention of bone changes and improve s a f e t y and e f f i c i e n c y of manned space f l i g h t s . (ARC Astrogram, 11/7/68, 2) . NASA. r e l e a s e d Delta launch v e h i c l e f o r Nov. 8 launch of Pioneer D a f t e r completion of "corrective a c t i o n s " t o prevent r e p e t i t i o n of v e h i c l e ' s f i r s t f l i g h t f a i l u r e Sept 18. Delta No. 59, carrying INTELSAT 111-A (ITJTELSAT III/F-l) , had been destroyed s h o r t l y a f t e r l i e o f f when v e h i c l e began breaking up. (NASA Release 68-195) , U. S. S. R. celebraked 51st anniversary of Bolshevist Revolution i n Moscow with m i s s i l e d i s p l a y which included no new weapons. (AP, W S t a r , 11/7/68, ~ 3 ) - NASA's Pioneer IX (pioneer D ) , f o u r t h i n s e r i e s of f i v e November 8: s p a c e c r a f t designed t o provide continuing measurements over t h e s o l a r cycle a t widely separated p o i n t s i n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y space, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from ETR by Thrust-Augmented Improved ThorDelta (DSV-3E) booster i n t o o r b i t around t h e sun. O r b i t a l parameters: aphelion, 0.99 astronomical u n i t s (au) , o r 92.04 m i l l i o n m i (148.10 m i l l i o n lim) ; p e r i h e l i o n , 0.75 au, o r 69.71 m i l l i o n m i (112.19 m i l l i o n km) ; period, 297.55 days ; and i n c l i n a t i o n 0.09' Test and Training S a t e l l i t e TETR 11, c a r r i e d pickaback on 2nd s t a g e , was s u c c e s s f u l l y e j e c t e d a f t e r 3rd stage burnout and entered o r b i t around e a r t h with 587.2-mi (945-km) apogee, 231.8-mi (373-km) perigee, 97.9-min period, and 32.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . S-band transponder was operating properly. TETR I1 was follow-on t o TETR I (formerly designated TTS I; launched pickaback on Pioneer V I I I -Dee. 13, 1967), which was highly successful i n t e s t i n g Apollo communicat ions network. Primary mission o b j e c t i v e of 147-1b , drum- shaped Pioneer IX was t o c o l l e c t s c i e n t i f i c d a t a on electromagnetic and plasma p r o p e r t i e s of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y medium f o r period covering s i x o r more passages of s o l a r a c t i v i t y centers. As secondary mission, Pioneer IX would: ( 1 ) acquire d a t a when highly s i g n i f i c a n t s o l a r event occurred; ( 2 ) r e f i n e primary determinations of e a r t h and moon masses, t h e astronomical u n i t , and o s c u l a t i n g elements of e a r t h 1s o r b i t ; (3) provide synoptic study of s o l a r - i n t e r p l a n e t a r y - �November 8 ( continued) r e l a t i o n s ; and (4) provide t a r g e t f o r checkout of Manned Space F l i g h t Network equipment and t r a i n i n g of operations personnel by launching Test and Training S a t e l l i t e a s secondary payload. Pioneer I X separat i o n , boom deployment, and f i r s t s o l a r o r i e n t a t i o n occurred a s planned and a l l e i g h t experiments were operating properly and r e t u r n i n g good data. Pioneer V I (launched Dec. 16, 1965 ) , Pioneer V I I (launched Aug. 17, 1 9 6 6 ) x P i o n e e r V I I I (laurlched Dec. 16, 1967) were a l l successf u l and were continuing t o t r a n s m i t e x c e l l e n t d a t a . Pioneer program was managed by ARC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-192; UPI, W News, 11/8/68; W Post, 11/9/68, A10; AP, LA. Times, 11/9/68; Lannan, W -9S t a r 11/11-17; S 3 11/12/68, 46; GSFC, -2SSR 11/15/68 . American Nuclear S o c i e t y held panel s e s s i o n i n Washington, D . C . , on "The U. S. Space Program: Achievements and Objectives. " D r . Edward C. Welsh, NASC Executive Secretary, declared, "We must s t e p up t h e r a t e a t which we t a p t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l of nuclear i f we do not make energy f o r t h e space a c t i v i t i e s of tomorrow. g r e a t e r use of nuclear energy, we w i l l neglect our mission of l e a r n i n g r a p i d l y more and more about t h e s o l a r system i n which we l i v e and about t h e p l a n e t where we r e s i d e . I n t h e f i e l d of propulsion, chemical r o c k e t s , both l i q u i d and s o l i d , can be v a s t l y improved when combined w i t h t h e products of nuclear technology." Combining nuclear s t a g e w i t h Saturn V " w i l l g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t h a t r o c k e t ' s power of achievement. This i s not only an opportunity t o i n c r e a s e t h e t h r u s t o f t h e rocket but a l s o t o i n c r e a s e i t s e f f i c i e n c y . Not only w i l l we have t h e v a s t power of t h e atom a t our command, but it w i l l be compact, s e l f - c o n t a i n e d , long l i v e d , h i g h l y maneuverable, and v i r t u a l l y independent o f i t s surrounding environment. . . .The p a r t n e r s h i p of atomic energy and space seems, t h e r e f o r e , t o be an e n t i r e l y n a t u r a l one. Space missions can grow w i t h t h e i r g r e a t l y enhanced c a p a b i l i t i e s i n s t e a d of being c o n s t r a i n e d by a l a c k of them. Atomic energy w i l l enable t h e space e f f o r t t o reach f o r t h e i n f i n i t e . " ( ~ e x t ) ... NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs discussed " ~ e s e a r c hand Technology $or t h e Future": "The d i f f e r e n c e between success and f a i l u r e of [NASA]m i s s i o n s . . . l i e s i n our knowledge of t h e f l i g h t sciences and our s k i l l f o r applying t h i s knowledge t o t h e development and operation of space v e h i c l e s A n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of technology i s i t s m u l t i a p p l i c a b i l i t y ; an improvement i n guidance o r communication equipment, f o r example, may f i n d many u s e s i n space missions a s w e l l a s non-aerospace a p p l i c a t i o n s . ..., �November 8 (continued) A key t o making t h i s process productive, a s measured by t h e c r e a t i o n of new knowledge and techniques, i s a continuing research program, well planned and w e l l supported, t h a t has a good balance between t h e e f f o r t i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c and engineering d i s c i p l i n e s and i n t h e technologies needed t o explore t h e unknown. " ( ~ e x t ) D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC D i r e c t o r , said,I7The f i r s t p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f space e l e c t r i c power systems, which have been under development over t h e p a s t 10 years, may well be found i n our second generation o r b i t a l space s t a t ion program. Consistent with our present e s t i m a t e s of s t a t i o n i n i t i a l power requirements , and allowing f o r growth, a zirconium hydride r e a c t o r coupled with a thermoelectric conversion system i s being studied f o r a p p l i c a t i o n on such a space Sun, 11/14/68, ~ 1 0 ) s t a t i o n . " ( ~ e x t ;Reuters, B - . MSFC announced Boeing Co. had been issued $239,000 contract f o r 10-mo study defining two-stage d e r i v a t i v e of Saturn V launch vehicle. With 1 s t (s-IC) and 3rd (s-IVB) s t a g e s and instrument u n i t of Saturn V, v e h i c l e could place up t o 158,000 l b i n low e a r t h o r b i t . Vsrying number of 3'-1 engines i n S-IC could t a i l o r vehicle t o s p e c i f i c missions Five-engine configuration could put i n t o o r b i t Saturn I Workshop with a i r l o c k and multiple docking adapter, plus Apollo Telescope Mount and Apollo CSM and three-man crew. Three Saturn I B v e h i c l e s would be r e q u i r e d t o do same job. Vehicle could resupply space s t a t i o n s and could be used f o r synchronous o r b i t s and unmanned moon and p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t s a t major savings over three-stage Saturn V. Two-stage v e r s i o n was c a l l e d , "Intermediate 20." With Centaur 3rd stage, v e h i c l e could send about 15,000 l b t o J u p i t e r o r Saturn. MSFC a l s o had signed $22,826,736 contract modification with North American Rockwell Corp. ' s Rocketdyne Div. f o r continued production support of J - 2 engines used on Saturn I B and Saturn V boosters. Modif i c a t i o n s would improve engines' v e r s a t i l i t y . (MSFC Releases 68-264, 68-266) , MS-NRC Space Science Board issued Physics o f t h e Earth i n Space--A Program of Research: 1968-1975, r e p o r t of NASA-supported study by 31 ' s c i e n t i s t s a t 'Woods Hole, Mass, Aug. 11-24. Report, dated October and f o u r t h by Board t o provide guidance f o r USA's programs i n space physics, s a i d r e s u l t s of decade of research by a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s were "revolutionary; few of t h e concepts of t h e e a r l y 1950's have survived without major r e v i s i o n and t o t a l l y unexpected d i s c o v e r i e s have provided fundamentally new t h e o r e t i c a l challenges." And " r e s u l t s o f t o d a y ' s space research on t h e physics of t h e Earth i n space become t h e engineering design d a t a of tomorrow's c i v i l i a n �November 8 (continued) and defense a p p l i c a t i o n s programs, " Report defined program of s a t e l l i t e , space probe, and sounding rocket missions f o r concerted a t t a c k on questians of f'undamental p h y s i c a l mechanisms of sun-earth system, i n c o n t r a s t t o p a s t decade's e x p l o r a t o r y surveys. It emphasized coordinated i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , new experimental techniques, and major observation e f f o r t during 1974-1975 low s o l a r a c t i v i t y . Recommendations included continued NASA support f o r balloon, a i r c r a f t , and ground-based observations and of advanced development of spacecraft instruments; b e t t e r means of d a t a handling and adequate support f o r d a t a a n a l y s i s ; and r e s t o r a t i o n of NASA program of p r e d o c t o r a l t r a i n e e s h i p g r a n t s t o 1966 l e v e l . ( ~ e x)t . Astronomers reported i n Science conclusion n e i t h e r NASA's Mariner V (launched June 14, 1967, f o r flyby of planet enu us) nor U.S. S.R. ' s Venus I V (launched June 12, 1967) had reported atmospheric conditions near l e v e l of mean surface of p l a n e t . Von R. Eshleman and Gunnar Fjeldbo o f Stanford Univ., John D. Anderson and Arvydas Kliore of J e t Propulsion Laboratory, and Rolf B. Dyce of Cornell-Sydney Univ. Astronomy Center a t Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Ionospheric Observatory had made new determination of r a d i u s of p l a n e t , based on concurrent rangi n g from e a r t h t o Mariner V near encounter and t o surface of Venus. Extrapolations of measurements had given surface values f o r mid-latitudes of c l o s e t o 100 atmospheres pressure and Too0 K t e m p e ~ a t u r e (within loo0), r a t h e r t h a n Soviet values of 1 9 2 atmospheres and 544 f10' K. Soviet probe apparently was not designed t o work through such t h i c k atmosphere. Simple ambiguity (times two) i n Venus IV a l t i m e t e r reading could explain supposition t h a t probe reached Venus surface, "since t h i s would b r i n g a l l o t h e r d a t a i n t o e x c e l l e n t agreement. " (science, 11/8/68, 661-5) . At p r e s s conference, i n v e n t o r - s c i e n t i s t Stanford R. Ovshinsky described production of e l e c t r o n i c devices--including desktop computers; f l a t , t u b e l e s s TV s e t s t h a t could be hung on walls; and m i s s i l e guidance systems impervious t o d e s t r u c t i o n by man-made r a d i a t i o n . Devices were made of amorphous m a t e r i a l s whose e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s d i f f e r e d from t r a n s i s t o r m a t e r i a l s . Balance of energy f o r c e s within amorphous g l a s s e s was such t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n of voltage of r i g h t minimum s t r e n g t h made m a t e r i a l switch from i n s u l a t o r t o conductor. (stevens, -NYT 2 11/11/68, 1 ) . American Telephone & Telegraph Co. s a i d it had asked FCC t o authorize i t s a c q u i s i t i o n of 70 a d d i t i o n a l s a t e l l i t e communications c i r c u i t s from ComSatCorp. Purchase would boost AT&T c i r c u i t s t o 396. (WXJ, 11/8/68, 5 - �November 9: Apollo 7 commander Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., received from I t a l i a n Ambassador t o U.S. Egidio Ortona gold medallion award by Assn. of Man i n Space, group of I t a l i a n s c i e n t i s t s and j u r i s t s , a t Washington, D. C., p a r t y i n h i s honor. ( ~ i l l i n g t o n ,W S t a r , ll./11/68, - ~'7 November 10: On nationwide "Meet The Press" TV interview, Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr. , commented on NASA budget c u t s : "We've b u i l t up a f a n t a s t i c technology [ b u t ] t a l e n t e d people a r e s t a r t i n g t o leave.. We should l e t it be known t h a t we a r e i n t h i s f o r t h e f u t u r e , not j u s t one f l i g h t . " Cost of manned missions was j u s t i f i e d i n quest f o r knowledge not only outward, but earthward, too. Astron a u t s were "looking a t p o r t i o n s of t h e e a r t h t h a t had never been documented before. A crew can see something and respond t o it, on e a r t h o r t h e moon." Fellow Apollo 7 crewman R. Walter Cunningham s a i d never had U. S. S. R. crewmen "functioned i n t h e sane o p e r a t i o n a l conditions a s we. " U. S. S .R. was p u t t i n g fewer higher t r a i n e d persons i n o r b i t , "serving mainly a s b i o l o g i c a l specimens. " (AP, W Post, 11/11/68, A2; AP, B Sun, 11/11/68, A5) .. - . NASA announced it soon would begin s e r i e s of t e s t f l i g h t s a t LaRC of XC-142 t i l t - w i n g VTOL a i r c r a f t on l o a n from USAF, t o determine operat i o n a l problems i n a i r p o r t terminal a r e a s during poor v i s i b i l i t y . XC-142, f o r which Ling-Temco Vought, Inc., was prime c o n t r a c t o r , was p r o p e l l e r d r i v e n and powered by f o u r GE turboshaft engines. NASA a l s o was t e s t i n g Ryan Aeronautical Co.'s XB-5A, which it had modified a s XV-5B, and Hawker Siddeley P-1127 vectored j e t VTOL a i r c r a f t . (NASARelease 68-194) , I n Sunday New York Times Walter S u l l i v a n described "The Sun-Spot Menace t o Astronauts. " Apollo 7 and U.S.S.R. ' s Soyuz 111 served a s reminders t h a t sunspots were reaching t h e i r 11-yr peak. I f eruptions were p a r t i c u l a r l y severe, protons were hurled out a t almost speed of l i g h t . These could p e n e t r a t e spacecraft. While Apollo 7 a s t r o n a u t s were never i n danger, Soviet spacecraft placed i n o r b i t s reaching north beyond l a t i t u d e 51° might "nudge zonet' within which protons e j e c t e d by sun " r a i n f i e r c e l y on t h e atmosphere." Major f l a r e had occurred Oct. 30. I f a s t r o n a u t s had been i n o r b i t - - p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e y had been o u t s i d e spacecraft-t h e y could have been subjected t o hazardous r a d i a t i o n . Many warnings preceded t h i s event. For moon journey it should be p o s s i b l e t o postpone o r cut s h o r t f l i g h t i f sun looked ominous. I n any miscalcuiation, r a d i a t i o n exposure t o a s t r o n a u t s i n s i d e spacecraft would be severe only during most i n t e n s e o u t b u r s t s . However, on prolonged journeys t o o t h e r p l a n e t s t h e r e would be no escape. "It may t h e r e f o r e be necessary t o �November LO ( continued) design t h e spacecraf't so t h a t a p o r t i o n of i t s i n t e r i o r w i l l be shielded from such r a d i a t i o n . " (NYT, - 11/10/68, 7 ~ ) November 10-17: Zond V I automatic space s t a t i o n was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched by U.S.S.R. and placed on lunar t r a j e c t o r y from parking o r b i t of another s a t e l l i t e t o explore o u t e r space and t e s t spacecraft systems, Tass announced. A l l equipment was functioning normally. Speculation, l a t e r confirmed, was t h a t spacecraft would attempt t o c i r c l e moon on same r o u t e taken by Zond V Xept 15- 21. On Nov. 1 4 Tass announced t h a t Zond V I had c i r c l e d moon a t minimum d i s t a n c e of 2,420 km (1,533.8 mi) and had conducted s t u d i e s of physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of near l u n a r space before continuing i t s journey back t o e a r t h . Zond V I r e e n t e r e d and softlanded i n a predetermined a r e a i n Central Asia Nov. 17. Unlike Zond V, which had plunged d i r e c t l y through upper atmosphere, Zond V I skipped across o u t e r l a y e r s of atmosphere t o reduce i t s r e e n t r y speed and t h e n resumed i t s descent with aerodynamic forces. Announcing recovery, Tass s a i d Zond V I had f o r f i r s t time t e s t e d a "more complex and promising method of t h e r e t u r n of spacecraft from i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r i e s - - t h e method of c o n t r o l l e d descent with t h e use o f aerodynamical l i f t i n g f o r c e (aerodynamical q u a l i t y ) of t h e descending c r a f t . he braking of t h e descending apparatus i n t h e atmosphere ...was e f f e c t e d along a t r a j e c t o r y with two immersions i n t h e atmosphere. During t h e f i r s t immersion.. . t h e second cosmic speed.. [ l l km per sec, 24,607 mph] was reduced t o 7.6 kilometers a second (17,000 mph) through aerodynamical braking. I n doing so, t h e descending apparatus was o r i e n t e d through t h e onboard c o n t r o l system i n such a way t h a t i t , passing through t h e dense l a y e r s of t h e atmosphere, l e f t them and next continued along t h e b a l l i s t i c t r a j e c t o r y u n t i l t h e second immersion... [ i n which] t h e f u r t h e r lowering of t h e descending apparatus was a l s o e f f e c t e d along t h e t r a j e c t o r y o$ c o n t r o l l e d descent with t h e use of aerodynamical q u a l i t i e s which ensured i t s r e t u r n t o t h e Earth i n t h e pre-set d i s t r i c t . " Zond V I was s i x t h spacecraft i n Zond s e r i e s [see Sept. 15-21]. (AP, W S t a r , 11/11/68, 1; NYT, 11/15/68, 8 ; GSFC SSR, 11/15/68, 11/30/68; Winters, B Sun, q 1 9 / 6 8 , I; Kamm, ~ ~ , - / 1 9 / 6 8 , 1; SBD, 11/19/68, 71-2) . .. . . ... - November 11: Senate Democratic Leader Sen. Mike Mansfield ( D - ~ o n t). i n i n t e r v i e w s a i d Senate debate on r a t i f i c a t iofi of nuclear nonproliferat i o n t r e a t y could begin before P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon's �November 11 (continued) inauguration Jan. 20. He had asked speedy review by Foreign Relations Committee when Congress reconvened Jan. 3. (AP, W -S9 t a r 11/11/68, AT) November 12: NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, announced a t NASA Hq. news b r i e f i n g t h a t Apollo 8--carrying Commander Frank Borman, CM P i l o t James A. LoveLl, J r . , and LM P i l o t W i l l i a m A. Anders--would be launched from ETR Dec, 21 on open-ended l u n a r o r b i t a l mission of a t l e a s t s i x days. Spacecraft would c i r c l e moon 1 0 times a t 70-mi a l t i t u d e b e f o r e r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h . D r . Paine explained: "After a c a r e f u l and thorough examination of a l l of t h e systems and r i s k s involved, we have concluded t h a t we a r e now ready t o f l y t h e most advanced mission f o r our Apollo 8 launch i n December, t h e o r b i t around t h e moon.... "We have reached t h i s conclusion a f t e r a long s e r i e s of i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e s t a t u s of our program, t h e f l i g h t hardware, ground support equipment, s t a t u s o f our t r a i n i n g . " L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo Program Director, c i t e d two c a t e g o r i e s of new r i s k s with a l u n a r o r b i t a l mission: "In t h e one...the s p a c e c r a f t propulsion system must operate properly i n order t o propel t h e s p a c e c r a f t back out of l u n a r o r b i t and on i t s way back t o e a r t h . And t h e o t h e r category of r i s k s a r e those t h a t a r e inherent i n being some t h r e e days away from t h e e a r t h a s opposed to...between a h a l f an hour and t h r e e hours which t h e crew i s away from t h e e a r t h i n a low e a r t h o r b i t a l mission." Although increased r e l i a n c e would have t o be placed on dependability of l i f e support and e l e c t r i c power systems and mission would have t o t a k e on a d d i t i o n a l r i s k s , Gen. P h i l l i p s s a i d , h he progression of r i s k between t h e Apollo 7 mission which we have flown and t h e Apollo 8 mission which we have designed i s a normal progression o f r i s k s i n a l o g i c a l l y stepped development, f l i g h t t e s t program. " ransc script ; NASA Release 68-199; Schmeck, NYT 11/13/68, 1; OtToole, W Post, 11/13/68, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, l l m 6 8 , 1) - . Birni tgovernment i s h engineer Michael O'Bagan, manager of space and m i l i t a r y systems c o n t r a c t s dept. of Standard Telephone Cables Co., t o l d & Conservative P a r t y seminar i n London t h a t U.S. was " a c t u a l l y buying l a n d with mineral r i g h t s " i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a f t e r using s a t e l l i t e s t o discover i t s l o c a t i o n . Hawker Siddeley Group Ltd. s c i e n t i s t K. C. C. Pardoe s a i d c o u n t r i e s could use s a t e l l i t e s t o spy on r i v a l n a t i o n s ' crops and decide b e s t time f o r marketing. ( ~ e u i e r s ,W Post, 11/13/68, A25 ) �November 12: FAA issued 1968 e d i t i o n of S a t i o n a l Airport Plan, annual assessment of c i v i l airport; needs f o r commercial and p r i v a t e f l y i n g . U. S. would r e q u i r e 806 new a i r p o r t s--including 22 f o r a i r l i n e t r a f f i c and 748 f o r general aviation--during next f i v e years t o r e l i e v e congestion and accommodate growth. Plan included recommendation f o r 25 STOL p o r t s i n heavily congested a r e a s . (FAA. Release 68-74) . Office of S e c r e t a r y of Defense issued l i s t of LOO companies and subs i d i a r i e s awarded l a r g e s t d o l l a r volume of m i l i t a r y prime c o n t r a c t s of $10,000 o r more i n FY 1968. T o t a l of t h e s e was $26.2 b i l l i o n , over FY 1967. U. S. companies received $38.8 b i l l i o n , 1% l e s s than i n FY 1967. No. 1 on l i s t was General Dynamics Corp., F - l l l m a n u f a c t u r e r with $2.24 b i l l i o n i n c o n t r a c t s ; No. 2 , , Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp., $1.87 b i l l i o n ; No. 3, General E l e c t r i c Co., $1.49 b i l l i o n . McDonnell Douglas Corp. f e l l from f i r s t place i n 1967 t o f i f t h with $1.1b i l l i o n . ( ~ e x t ;Wilson, W Post, 11/19/68, D7; WSJ, - 11/19/68, 27) 1.s . New York S t a t e Supreme Court J u s t i c e Abraham N. Geller issued temporary order blocking s a l e of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory t o ED? Technology, Inc. , Washington, D. C. , f o r $25 million. Order had been requested by S t a t e Attorney General Louis J. Lefkowitz, who a l l e g e d a l t e r t i o n of Laboratory from p u b l i c purposes t o p r o f i t making organization would be a "major change detrimental t o t h e n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t , t o t h e q u a l i t y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e l a b o r a t o r y and t o t h e . . .public. " New York S t a t e had sought t o purchase f a c i l i t y but was r e p o r t e d l y unable t o match EDP Technology Inc. ' s o f f e r . (AP, E, 11/13/68, 11) November 12-14: Twelve nations attending Third European Space Conference i n Bonn decided t o work toward c r e a t i o n of s i n g l e European Space Aut h o r i t y , i n e f f o r t t o end dependence on U.S. space research. Committee was appointed t o d r a f t convention f o r new body encompassing 6-nation ELDO, 10-nation ESRO, and 12-nation CETS and functioning somewhat l i k e NASA. Member n a t i o n s would be f r e e t o choose programs they would support--which could mean small group would work on launchers a s w e l l a s working with number of other nations on space a p p l i c a t i o n s and research. Day preceding conference, EIlDO meeting had resolved, with B r i t a i n abstaining, t o proceed with launcher development on s c a l e designed t o hold down c o s t s . B r i t a i n had proposed European nations abandon p r o j e c t , r e l y on U.S. boosters, and concentrate on space a p p l i c a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y comunicat ions. B r i t a i n agreed, however, t o f u l f i l l commitment t o support launcher program u n t i l 1971. (W Post, 11/15/68, A2O; Greenberg, Science, 12/6/68, 1108-9) �November 13: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLIII from i n t o o r b i t w i t h 337-km (209.4-mi) apogee, 216-km 90-min period, and 65. bU i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment and s a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Nov. 18. (s& 11/14/68, 11/15/68; 11/30/68) P l e s e t s k Cosmodromone (134.2-mi) perigee, functioned normally 53; GSFC -3SSR . NASA announced it had assigned Astronauts Thomas P. S t a f f o r d , John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan a s prime crewmen f o r Apollo 1 0 mission, scheduled f o r second q u a r t e r of 1969 a s second manned f l i g h t of l u n a r module. Backup crew would be Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper, Donn F. E i s e l e , and Edgar D. Mitchell. F l i g h t crew support team was Astronauts Joseph H. Engle, James B. Irwin, and Charles M. Duke, Jr. Mission p r o b a b i l i t i e s ranged from e a r t h o r b i t a l operations t o l u n a r o r b i t a l f l i g h t , with separation and docking of command and s e r v i c e module and l u n a r module. (NI~SARelease 68-201; AP, W S t a r , 11/14/68, A7; W P o s t , 11/14/68, 812; AP, NYT, 11/14/68, 21; S e h l s t e d t , B -' Sun l l / l ~ l ) . WSA's HL-10 lif'ting-body v e h i c l e , flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t John S. Manke, completed f i r s t powered f l i g h t af'ter a i r launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t near Lancaster, Calif., t o demonstrate successful operation of XLR-11 rocket engine and t o i n v e s t i g a t e e f f e c t s of engine operation on b a s i c s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l of wingless v e h i c l e . Manke s a i d c r a f t climbed and maneuvered i n "marvelous f a s h i o n . " Increased performance expected i n successive f l i g h t s would simulate l i f t i n g - b o d y spacecraft during t e r m i n a l p o r t i o n of f l i g h t . Manke i g n i t e d two of four chambers i n HL-10's rocket engine and climbed from 35,000 t o 43,250 f't, reaching t o p speed of 610 mph (mach 0 . 8 ) during 184-sec engine burn. Eventually speeds of 1,000 mph and a l t i t u d e s t o 80,000 f t were expected. Oct. 23 HL-10 f l i g h t had ended with e a r l y shutdown of rocket engine. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-198; FRC Release 26-68; AP, B -3Sun 11/14/68, A10; LATNS, W Post, 11/14/68, ~ 2 2 ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Space Science and Applications, D r . John E. Naugle, addressed I n t e r n a t i o n a l Meeting of American Nuclear Society, Washington, D.C. I n p a s t decade NASA had developed "impressive c a p a b i l i t y " i n "competent and c r e a t i v e people who make up our government-university-industry team." It was "prepared t o accomplish any g o a l i n space e x p l o r a t i o n which t h e new administrat ion may e s t a b l i s h . " BASA f u t u r e included "broad, balanced, P l a n e t a r y Program" emphasizing Mars but examining o t h e r p l a n e t s l i k e Mercury and J u p i t e r ; major l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n program i n 1970s; astronomy program covering �November 1 3 (continued) o p t i c a l astronomy, x-ray and gamma r a y f i e l d s , and low-frequency r a d i o astronomy; and increased emphasis on space a p p l i c a t i o n s programs, with major e f f o r t s toward surveying e a r t h ' s resources from space and continui n g developments i n meteorology and communications. ( ~ e x) t . Dr. Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , D i r e c t o r of Lewis Research Center was announced a s winner of Rockefeller Public Service Award i n science category. He had supervised p l a n s f o r r o c k e t i n s t a l l a t i o n on Lunar O r b i t e r and Surveyor spacecraft. Leonard C. Meeker, S t a t e Dept. l e g a l a d v i s e r , won award i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r h i s work on 1967 space law treaty. (W P o s t , 11/14/68, ~ 7 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l , ''After t h e Lunar Landing, " s a i d f i r s t p r i o r i t y would -probably t o study of moon's surface and resources. "Beyond - go t h i s e x p l o r a t i o n , t h e moon--once a c c e s s i b l e t o men--will immediately become a l a b o r a t o r y world f o r expanding knowledge i n a s t r o n o w , physics, chemistry, geology and a host of o t h e r sciences. For both purposes. it w i l l be d e s i r a b l e t o c r e a t e one o r more permanent manned communities on t h e moon a s soon a s p o s s i b l e . . . A s t h e pioneers i n space, t h e United S t a t e s and t h e Soviet Union have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y now t o begin o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e v a s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l e f f o r t t h a t must f o l l o w t h e coming triumph of human courage and human ingenuity. And t h e United Nations, of course, i s t h e body whose f l a g must f l y over f u t u r e l u n a r s e t t l e m e n t s and whose. .i n s t i t u t i o n s must be harnessed t o t h e t a s k o f meeting t h e e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l problems ahead. " (E, 11/13/68, 40) .. . . . Purdue Univ. Prof. James E. E t z e l s a i d i n Evanston, I l l . , i n t e r v i e w t h a t technique f o r processing sewage sludge by bombarding it w i t h i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n from chemical e m i t t e r of gamma r a y s could save $1b i l l i o n a y e a r i f used by a l l U.S. c i t i e s . Process was pioneered by E t z e l and Gordon S. Born of Purdue i n cooperation with Jerome S t e i n , d i r e c t o r of R&D f o r Chicago S a n i t a r y D i s t r i c t . D i s t r i c t was giving t o p p r i o r i t y t o p l a n , which would c u t solid-waste-processing c o s t s by more t h a n h a l f . Treated sludge would be completely d i s i n f e c t e d , o d o r l e s s , and compressed t o 1 / 3 i t s volume under process which Prof. E t z e l s a i d "we t h i n k . . . r e p r e s e n t s t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t use of i s o t o p e s t h e Atomic Energy Commission has y e t seen." ( ~ a n d a l ,W S t a r , 11/14/68, ~ 5 ) - . US@ F-5 awarded $8.5 m i l l i o n a d d i t i o n t o c o n t r a c t with Northrop Corp. f o r aircraft. (E, 11/13/68, 7 ) �November 14: NASA announced it had authorized JPL t o proceed with cons t r u c t i o n of two Mariner spacecraft f o r 1971 Mars o r b i t with funds a l l o c a t e d under approved FY 1969 NASA appropriations b i l l . I n combined mission t o a s s i s t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g touchdown s i t e s f o r 1973 Mars l a n d e r mission, s p a c e c r a f t would be launched by Atlas-Centaur b o o s t e r s i n t o o r b i t around Mars t o examine Mars p o l a r cap, provide h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n coverage of s e l e c t e d a r e a s , and permit oblique views of broad a r e a s of Mars' surface and, possibly, i t s moons, Phobos and Deimos. Each s p a c e c r a f t would complete t r i p from e a r t h t o Mars i n s i x months, w i t h May 1971 launch and November 1971 a r r i v a l , and would o r b i t Mars f o r t h r e e months o r more. (NASA Release 68-196; B Sun, 11/14/68, A10; W Post, 11/14/68, ~ 1 6 ) - Washington Evening S t a r e d i t o r i a l commented on scheduled December launch of Apollo 8: " . . . t h i s promises t o be one Christmas when t h e thoughts o f a l l . . . w i l l contain more t h a n v i s i o n s of sugarplums, of laden stockings, o f g i f t s about t o be received and b i l l s about t o come due. It i s , i n f a c t , j u s t p o s s i b l e t h a t NASA w i l l succeed i n p u t t i n g t h a t missing i n g r e d i e n t back i n t o t h e yule season, and t h a t more prayers w i l l be o f f e r e d t h i s Christmas t h a n a t any time i n t h e p a s t 2,000 years. " (W -3S t a r 11/14/68, ~ 1 4 ) . At hearing of Congressional J o i n t Economic Committee's Subcommittee on Economy i n Government, A. E. F i t z g e r a l d , Deputy f o r Management Systems i n USAF f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e , s a i d u l t i m a t e cost t o DOD of 58 C-5A cargo a i r c r a f t might be "10C$ above t h e o r i g i n a l estimate" of $1.279 b i l l i o n f o r Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. airframes. General E l e c t r i c Co. estimate of $459 m i l l i o n f o r engines was not expected t o double, he s a i d . I n c r e a s e r e s u l t e d from r i s e i n manufacturing c o s t s , higher subcontracti n g p r i c e s , and r i s i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s , r a t h e r t h a n gross o r i g i n a l underestimate, although t h e r e was probably some o r i g i n a l underestimate on Lockheed's p a r t . F i t z g e r a l d s a i d DOD was weighing a l l f a c t o r s before deciding a c t i o n on o p t i o n f o r 62 a d d i t i o n a l C-5As which would expire B Sun, 11/14/68, Alp; AP, NYT, ll/14/68, 10; P o r t e r , - . Soviet a v i a t i o n e x p e r t s t o l d Pravda t h e y had s u c c e s s f u l l y t e s t e d "ornithopt e r , " a i r c r a f t which flew by waving i t s wings l i k e a b i r d . Craft was s a i d t o have "withstood a l l aerodynamic t e s t s " and t o have g r e a t e r l i f t i n g power t h a n o r d i n a r y a i r c r a f t . Fravda s a i d t e s t "opens-unheard of prosp e c t s . " (UPI, P Inq, 11/15/68) - �November 15: NASA Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from WSMR c a r r i e d Princeton Univ. Observatory experiment t o 108-mi (174-km) a l t i t u d e t o o b t a i n W r a d i a t i o n of b r i g h t s t a r i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n Cassiopeia, using g y r o - s t a b i l i z e d spectrograph, ACS, and recovery system. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . ACS s t a b i l i z e d rocket on t a r g e t a t s t a r . Spectra were obtained on t h r e e exposures and payload was recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. (NASA Rpt SRL) . MXII r e l e a s e d plans f o r l u n a r landing experiments. F i r s t U.S. a s t r o n a u t s t o l a n d on moon i n 1969 would place t h r e e s c i e n t i f i c experiments on l u n a r surface i n s t e a d of more complex Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) o r i g i n a l l y planned. Change was n e c e s s i t a t e d by u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n workload required t o deploy ALSEP by a s t r o n a u t s i n p r e s s u r i z e d s u i t s on moon's surface. Mission's primary o b j e c t i v e would be t o prove Apollo system by achieving successful moon landing and s a f e r e t u r n t o earth. During f i r s t landing, two a s t r o n a u t s would l e a v e s p a c e c r a f t f o r up t o t h r e e hours on moon's surface, making observations and photographing a r e a i n v i c i n i t y of landed s p a c e c r a f t , c o l l e c t i n g s o i l and rock samples, and deploying experiments. S c i e n t i f i c and medical d a t a would be obtained a t each of i n c r e a s i n g l y complex l e v e l s of a c t i v i t y on expenditure of a s t r o n a u t s ' energy, monitoring t h e i r a b i l i t y t o perform i n vacuum, extreme temperature, and 116 g r a v i t y f o r planning of longer, more complex missions. Experiments were (1)passive seismometer (self-contained 100-lb seismic s t a t i o n with earth-moon communications l i n k , designed t o l a s t up t o one y e a r ) , (2) 70-lb l a s e r ranging r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r , and ( 3 ) l - l b solar-wind-composition experiment. They would provide d a t a on i n t e r n a l a c t i v i t y of moon; d a t a t o improve measurement of earth-moon d i s t a n c e and f l u c t u a t i o n of e a r t h ' s r o t a t i o n r a t e and measurement of v a r i a t i o n s i n g r a v i t a t i o n a l constant G, a s w e l l a s t o t e s t t h e o r y of i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l d r i f t by d i r e c t measurements from d i f f e r e n t continents ; and would entrap noble gases (helium, neon, krypton, xenon) from s o l a r wind f o r analysis. I n second l u n a r landing mission, a s t r o n a u t s would deploy f u l l geophysical s t a t i o n o r ALSEP and conduct d e t a i l e d f i e l d geology i n v e s t i g a t i o n . (NASA Release 68-200) U. S. S. R. ' s Zond V automatic space s t a t i o n [see Sept. 15-21] had c a r r i e d f i r s t l i v i n g organisms--wine f l i e s , t u r t l e s , meal worms, p l a n t s , b a c t e r i a , and seeds--around moon and returned them s a f e l y t o e a r t h , Pravda announced. T u r t l e s had l o s t about 10% of t h e i r body weight but remained very a c t i v e and showed no l o s s of a p p e t i t e . Preliminary blood t e s t s i n d i c a t e d no s u b s t a n t i a l deviation from l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l animals, but a n a l y s i s of t e s t t u r t l e s 21 days a f t e r f l i g h t revealed excess glyco en and i r o n i n t h e i r l i v e r s . (AP, W S t a r , 11/15/68, A4; B Sun, 11116768, A.4) - - �November 15: NASA Honor Awards ceremony was h e l d a t Washington, D . C . , with D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, Acting Administraftor, making t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . Alexander H. Flax, A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force ( ~ e s e a r c hand ~ e v e l o ~ m e)n,t was guest speaker. Distinguished Service Medal, TJASA1s h i g h e s t honor, was presented t o S e c r e t a r y Flax; Edmond C. Buckley, former NASA Associate Administrat o r f o r Tracking and Data Acquisition; Paul G. Dembling, NASA General Counsel; and Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , D i r e c t o r of Lewis Research Center. NASA Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement Medal went t o LeRC's G. Mervin A u l t , Edmond E. Bisson, and John C. E w a r d ; JPL1s Richard M. Goldstein, Alan Rembawn, Lewis I). Kaplan, and Conway W. Snyder; MSFC' s Otto A. Hoberg and Hans H. Hosenthien; LaRC' s Mark R. Nichols; ARC'S W i l l i a m A. Page and John A. Parker. Exceptional Service Medal r e c i p i e n t s were : Ma,c C. Adms, Walter Boone, Richard L. Callaghan, Arnold W. F r u t k i n , A l f r e d S. Hodgson, Mildred V. Morris, Boyd C. Myers, Hq.; Robert M. Crane (posthumous), W i l l i a m R. S c h i n d l a r , Michael J. Vaccaro, ARC; Robert J. Darcey, Herman E. LaGow, Robert J. McCaffery, GSFC; P h i l i p Donely, Paul F. Fuhrmeister, Harry H. Hamilton, LaRC; Robert C. Duncan, E l e c t r o n i c s Research Center; Fred H. Felberg, Alvin R. Luedecke, JPL; Arthur Rudolph, MSFC; Hubert Ray S t a n l e y , Wallops S t a t ion. Group Achievement Award went t o Apollo 7 F l i g h t Operations Team, I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n Ships Team, Mariner Occultation Experiment Team, OGO P r o j e c t Team, Sonic Boom I n v e s t i g a t i n g Team, and .Surveyor . Team. (Program; M S C Release 68-267 ; Marshall S t a r , 11/13/68, 1; Pasadena Independent, 11/15/68 ; ARC Ast rogram, 1 1 m 6 8 , 1 ) . Dr. R. G. McIver, head of aeromedical r e s e a r c h a t Holloman AFB, N.Mex., s a i d t e s t s on chimpanzees had shown a s t r o n a u t experiencing sudden decompression o u t s i d e s p a c e c r a f t might l i v e a t l e a s t t h r e e minutes i n t o t a l vacuum, g i v i n g h i s companions time t o g e t him i n s i d e p r e s s u r i z e d cabin. S u r v i v a l of a s t r o n a u t s i n ruptured space cabin would depend on presence o f one man wearing space s u i t and t h u s a b l e t o p l a c e o t h e r crewmen i n s u i t s a f t e r t h e y l o s t consciousness. E a r l i e r , s c i e n t i s t s had p r e d i c t e d sudden d e a t h f o r a s t r o n a u t s experiencing space vacuum decompression. Revised e s t i m a t e s of l i f e expectancy were based on (A?, B Sun, simulated space capsule experiments with 150 chimps. 11/16/68, ~ 4 ) . Science e d i t o r i a l on NASA a d m i n i s t r a t i o n : "In terms o f numbers of d o l l a r s o r o f men, NASA has not been our l a r g e s t n a t i o n a l undertaking, but i n terms of complexity, r a t e of growth, and t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o p h i s t i Keeping a l l of [ i t s ] p a r t s - - o f t e n working c a t i o n it had been unique r i g h t a t t h e edge of t e c h n o l o g i c a l knowledge and c a p a c i t y - - f i n e l y .... �November 15 ( cont inued) tuned and i n c l o s e harmony has been an organization achievement o f high order....Ever s i n c e t h e space program began t o t a k e shape t h e r e has been t a l k of t e c h n o l o g i c a l spin-offs. It may t u r n out t h a t t h e most valuable spin-off of a l l w i l l be human r a t h e r t h a n t e c h n o l o g i c a l : b e t t e r knowledge of how t o plan, coordinate, and monitor t h e multitudinous and v a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s of t h e organizations required t o accomplish g r e a t s o c i a l undertakings. " ( ~ o l f l e ,Science, 11/15/68, 753) . I n Washington Post George C. Wilson s a i d Secretary of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d ' s o f f i c e had recommended cutback i n USAF1s order f o r FB-111, bomber v e r s i o n of TFX, from 253 t o 90, a saving of $1.5 b i l l i o n . While DOD was under pressure t o reduce spending by $3 b i l l i o n , s a i d Wilson, argument "goes t o t h e h e a r t of t h e s t r a t e g i c question of unmanned m i s s i l e s v s . manned bombers. " (W Post, 11/15/68, 1) . DIrnadf ti aU.N. r e s o l u t i o n approved by I t a l y , Japan, Yugoslavia, Pakistan, , B r a z i l , Argentina, Chile, and Mexico and c i r c u l a t e d t o members of Geneva Disarmament Conference s a i d nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y and i t s s e c u r i t y guarantee, a s signed by 80 c o u n t r i e s , were not good enough. It c a l l e d f o r f u r t h e r disarmament measures and t r a n s f e r s of n u c l e a r technology. Although r e s o l u t i o n d i d not d i r e c t l y challenge t r e a t y , it d i d t e n d t o r a i s e new o b s t a c l e s t o r a t i f i c a t i o n by some important c o u n t r i e s . U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R. had i n d i c a t e d opposit i o n t o t h e resolution. ( d e ~ n i s ,NYT, 11/17/68, 3) - . Formal establishment of Science and Public Policy S t u d i e s Group tempor a r i l y housed a t MIT became e f f e c t i v e . Designed a s focus of i n t e r e s t and information f o r s c h o l a r s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and government o f f i c i a l s engaged i n t e a c h i n g and research i n science and p u b l i c p o l i c y , group would organize symposia, a c t a s c l e a r i n g house f o r information, f a c i l i t a t e exchange o f experience and i d e a s f o r academic courses, and develop p r i o r i t i e s f o r science and p o l i t i c a l p o l i c y research. Any u n i v e r s i t y with a c t i v e teaching and r e s e a r c h program i n science and p u b l i c p o l i c y could become a f f i l i a t e . Some 50 had i n d i c a t e d i n t e r e s t . Funding f o r two-year period was from u n i v e r s i t y contribut i o n s and matching Sloan Foundation g r a n t . Prof. Eugene B. Skolnikoff of MIT would serve a s chairman. ( ~ r o ~u n~ n ) . Director Frank Drake of Cornell Univ. Radio Astronomy Observatory a t Arecibo, Fuerto Rico, t o l d meeting of Council f o r t h e Advancement of Science Writing a t Evanston, I l l . , t h a t p u l s a r discovered Nov. 1 4 near Crab Nebula was almost c e r t a i n l y a neutron s t a r . It was second discovery during week [ s e e Nov. 6 1 and was l o c a t e d by Arecibo r a d i o dish telescope. ( ~ a n d a l ,W Post, 11/16/68, A5; S u l l i v a n , NYT, 11/23/68, 31) �November 15: Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. President A. Carl Kotchian t o l d Tokyo p r e s s conference he hoped discussions under way between Japamese i n d u s t r y o f f i c i a l s would l e a d t o j o i n t space program t o produce booster rocket and space vehicle s u i t a b l e f o r Japan's general space requirements. (DJNs, W S t a r , 11/17/68, ~ 1 3 ) - . Edward Wenk, Jr., Executive Secretary of Marine Resources Council, t o l d new American Oceanic Organization i n Washington, D.C., "We a r e ready f o r t h e next s t e p i n Federal management of marine a f f a i r s - - c r e a t i o n of an independent c i v i l i a n operating agency." Chairman of new group, Rep. George E. Shipley (D-111. ) , member of House Appropriations Committee, s a i d , "I t h i n k t h a t we w i l l see t h e time t h a t t h i s country w i l l spend a s much i n oceanography a s we a r e spending i n t h e space program." ( ~ o r r i ~ a n W , Post, 11/17/68, ~ 1 ) November 16: U. S. S. R. ' s Proton IV, l a r g e s t unmanned s c i e n t i f i c s a t e l l i t e t o d a t e , was launched i n t o o r b i t with 472-km (293.3-mi) apogee, 248-km (154.1-mi) perigee, 91.7-min period, and 51.5' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e weighed 17 metric t o n s (37,478 l b ) , including 12.5-metric t o n (27,557.5l b ) s c i e n t i f i c payload t o continue s t u d i e s of cosmic rays. Equipment was functioning normally. (AP, W S t a r 11/17/68, A18; Kamm, NYT -9 11/17/68, 1; @, 11/19/68, 72-3; GSFC'SSR, - 11/30/68) . Apollo 8 prime crew--Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, J r . , and W i l l i a m A. Anders--held p r e s s conference a t MSC on Apollo 8 f l i g h t plan. Commander Borman explained t h a t an important f e a t u r e of mission's f l i g h t plan was establishment i n advance of decision p o i n t s when crew could decide whether t o continue mission a s planned o r return t o earth: . t h e f i r s t one [decision p o i n t ] w i l l be whether we commit t o t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n [from parking o r b i t ] o r not.... But even i f we do commit...we have r e g u l a r abort times along t h e course t o t h e moon, so t h a t we could--in case of a system problem s t o p a t any time and come back. Then we f i n a l l y reach a point where it would be s w i f t e r t o j u s t go on around t h e moon than it would be t o t r y t o a b o r t . The next great point i s before we burn l u n a r o r b i t i n j e c tion. ," Once i n lunar o r b i t crew would receive abort d a t a r e g u l a r l y and have o p t i o n t o r e t u r n t o e a r t h every two hours. "The mission, i f a l l works w e l l , w i l l be a r e l a t i v e l y simple one," Borman s a i d . "...we designed Apollo, we s a i d we were going t o t h e moon, and f i n a l l y when we g e t down t o examining t h e d e t a i l s and saying we a r e r e a l l y going, people s t a r t g e t t i n g a l i t t l e queasy about it. But I have no hesitancy about t h e hardware. " ( ~ r a n s c r i;~OIToole, t W Post, 11/17/68, ~ 8 ) ".. ... .. ... �U W launched experimental r e e n t r y v e h i c l e from Vandenberg November 16: AFB by A t l a s booster. (uPI, NYT, 11/18/68, 31) - November 11: Boeing Co. i n Washington, D . C . , p u b l i c l y displayed s c a l e model of new fixed-wing design f o r SST with downward-bent wings i n board toward f u s e l a g e and v e r t i c a l t a i l placed well forward of h o r i z o n t a l t a i l . SST Program Director M/G Jewel1 C. Maxwell s a i d i n interview, "I t h i n k we have a much g r e a t e r f e e l i n g of confidence than we have had i n some time. We now have a design i n hand t h a t seems a b l e t o do t h e job." Boeing would submit new design t o Government i n mid-January b u t , s a i d New York Times, "there i s some nervousness about t h e r e c e p t i v i t y of t h e new Congress f o r a budget request t h a t w i l l probably come c l o s e t o $300 m i l l i o n f o r t h e f i s c a l year ending June 1970." Current estimates of o v e r a l l SST cost were $1.5 b i l l i o n . To d a t e 26 a i r l i n e s had reserved d e l i v e r y p o s i t i o n s f o r 122 a i r c r a f t . (N~T, 11/18/68, 93) . I nsuccessor Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines s a i d speculation had begun on t o James E. Webb a s NASA Administrator. "The man who i s holding Webb's place on an ' a c t i n g t basis--Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, formerly of t h e General E l e c t r i c Company--is not regarded a s a candidate, More l i k e l y i s Bernard A. ( ~ e n n i)e Schriever, t h e ?%-yearo l d r e t i r e d A i r Force general who i s c h i e f l y responsible f o r today's m i s s i l e a r s e n a l . Had Vice President Humphrey won [ p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n ] , r e t i r e d astronaut John H. Glenn, J r . , t h e f i r s t American t o o r b i t t h e Earth, was a f a v o r i t e f o r t h e NASA post. But Glenn, c l o s e l y i d e n t i f i e d with Kennedy democrats, i s now out of place i n t h e Nixon o f f i c i a l family. " (W 9-S t a r 11/17/68, ~ 4 ) . I n New York Times Walter Sullivan s a i d nuclear s p e c i a l i s t s who met i n Stockholm during A p r i l and June a t i n v i t a t i o n of I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r Peace and Conflict Research had confirmed e f f e c t i v e n e s s of new method of d i s t i n g u i s h i n g man-made explosion from n a t u r a l earthquake a t thousands of miles by comparing magnitude of seismic event i n waves crossing earkh' s surface with magnitude of "body waves" from same event t h a t have passed through e a r t h ' s depths. Analysis by U.S., U.K., Canadian, and U.S.S.R. s c i e n t i s t s had shown s t r e n g t h of surface waves r e l a t e d t o body waves was c o n s i s t e n t l y l e s s i n bomb explosions t h a n i n earthquakes. ( 9 11/17/68, , 1) �November 18: Bullet fragment i n b r a i n of holdup victim Joseph Ba.rrios was s u c c e s s f u l l y repositioned i n t o b r a i n membrane by whirling p a t i e n t i n Ames Research Center c e n t r i f u g e , subjecting him t o f o r c e of 6 g. Fragment had moved from c r i t i c a l c e n t r a l v e n t r i c l e t o l a t e r a l v e n t r i c l e when doctors a t O'Connor Hospital i n San Jose, C a l i f . , somersaulted Barrios on r o t a t i n g c h a i r , but fragment could move again. Force of centrifuge--normally used by NASA f o r space research--imbedded fragment i n membrane of l e f t v e n t r i c l e , where it was expected t o remain s a f e l y encapuslated by s c a r t i s s u e . Dec. 16 x-rays showed fragment had not moved s i n c e c e n t r i f u g e treatment. Barrios was sent home from h o s p i t a l Dec. 17. ( ~ r o d y ,NYT, 11/21/68, 37; AP, W Post, 11/21/68, A3; ARC Astrogram, 12/8/68,; ARC Medical Services ranch) . Announcement was made t h a t Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., would receive K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy f o r distinguished achievement i n aeronautics a t annual Wright Brothers memorial banquet i n Beverly H i l l s , C a l i f . , Dec. 6. (UPI, W -S9 t a r 11/19/68, ~ 2 ) . Air Transport Assn. of America reported t o NASA Conference on Pavement Grooving & Traction Studies a t Langley Research Center t h a t 15- t o 19-mo use a t t h r e e major a i r p o r t s had convinced a i r l i n e s t h a t runway s u r f a c e grooving was "an e f f e c t i v e a i d i n overcoming hydroplaning" during wet landings. Grooving increased stopping c a p a b i l i t y of l a r g e turbine-powered a i r c r a f t on wet runways and those with standing water. A i r l i n e operation evaluation confirmed conclusion of NASA research and " d i s p e l l e d e a r l i e r f e a r s t h a t grooving might damage runways o r a i r c r a f t . " ( ~ e x;t NYT, 24/68, 84) 111 ,. U W denied d e c i s i o n had been made t o cut back o r cancel FB-111 product i o n [see Nov. 151, Wall S t r e e t Journal s a i d , but r e p o r t s p e r s i s t e d t h a t fewer t h a n 253 would be purchased because of t h e i r high cost and i n d i f f e r e n t performance. Aerospace Daily s a i d i t s sources reported recommended cutback of more t h a n 5% was " e s s e n t i a l l y accurate" and put f i g u r e a t "about 100" t o give USAF Unit Equipment f o r c e of 90 aircraft. (WSJ, - 11/18/68, 12; Aero Daily, 11/18/68) November 18-21: During Geneva conference of I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, D r . Boris B. Yegorov, only physician t o t r a v e l i n space (launched i n U. S. S. R. ' s Voskhod I Oct. 12, 1964), t o l d p r e s s conference he believed p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t s would be achieved by 1987. U. S.S.R. was experimenting with 8,- t o 10-volt e l e c t r i c a l shocks administered t o improve c i r c u l a t i o n and s t i m u l a t e muscles of a s t r o n a u t s t o enable them t o endure s t r a i n of r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h a f t e r prolonged period i n confined space �November 18- 21 ( cont inuedj' capsule. He claimed problem of weightlessness was same f o r short o r long f l i g h t s and urged immediate planning f o r f l i g h t s t o g a l a x i e s out s i d e s o l a r system. D r . Walton W. Jones, NASA Director of Biotechnology and Human Research, s a i d before I;PF conference U.S. could keep a s t r o n a u t s i n e a r t h o r b i t a year witbin 10 yr i f it would a l l o c a t e s u f f i c i e n t resources t o p r o j e c t . BRC experiments had shown r a t s subjected t o g r a v i t a t i o n a l p u l l 4.7 times above normal had increased l i f e expectancy. He s a i d a f t e r meeting t h a t NASA planned experiments w i t h r a t s a t zero g r a v i t a t i o n t o determine i f aging process was suspended while man was f r e e from g r a v i t a t i o n a l p u l l . D r . J. F. Kubis of Fordham Univ. emphasized importance of psychological f a c t o r s i n s e l e c t i n g space crews. On long f l i g h t , "lack of privacy, crowding, and continuous exposure t o i n t e r a c t i o n w i l l become sources of aggravating s t r e s s . " He recommended no more t h a n one i n crew with dominant p e r s o n a l i t y . Soviet s c i e n t i s t D r . N. N. Gurovsky t o l d conference condition of two dogs a f t e r 22-day o r b i t a l f l i g h t ( i n Cosmos CX Feb. 22-March 16, 1966) had aroused forbodings on e f f e c t of year-long f l i g h t s on a s t r o n a u t s , Loss o f calcium i n bones would make them prone t o breaking. Both dogs had developed l i v e r and i n t e s t i n a l ailments including edemas. Human beings could expect same e f f e c t s . E a r l i e r r e p o r t s had noted dogs s u f f e r e d muscular reduction, dehydration, and conf'usion i n adj u s t ing t o walking. Cal Tech Prof. F r i t z Zwicky s a i d apparently unexplained deaths each year could be due t o blows from meteors o r heavy nucleons i n cosmic r a y s . ( ~ a m i l t o n ,NYT, 11/20/68, 31; 11/21/68, 18; AP, B -3Sun 11/22/68, 1) - November 19: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey spent f i v e hours i n b r i e f i n g s a t KSC, ascending t o spacecraft l e v e l of Apollo 8 moon r o c k e t , performing simulated rendezvous and p r a c t i c i n g format ion f l y i n g i n s i d e mock spacecraft and lunching with NASA o f f i c i a l s and Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Eovell, J r . , and W i l l i s m A. Anders. During v i s i t he s a i d , "The space program has contributed g r e a t l y t o t h e s t r u c t u r e of our nation.. . . I have f e l t it has been underfunded a t times and we w i l l pay t h e p r i c e . I f e e l it i s a wise investment on t h e p a r t of Congress and t h e public. I ' l l do what I can a s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n and a former chairman of t h e space council t o see it i s funded." (KSC Release KSC-496-68; AP, W S t a r , 11/20/68, A8; AP, W Post, 11/20/68, C l ; Today, 11/20/68, 1 > - �November 19: Soviet Prof. Georgy I. Petrov i n I z v e s t i a s a i d successful recovery of Zond V I opened way "for c r e a t i o n of spacecraft a b l e t o g e t t o t h e moon, Mars, Venus and other p l a n e t s and r e t u r n t o e a r t h . " Such experiments, he s a i d , " w i l l allow us i n t h e near f u t u r e t o c r e a t e l o n g - l a s t i n g o r b i t a l s t a t i o n s , moon l a b o r a t o r i e s manned by s c i e n t i f i c personnel The passenger ships w i l l d i f f e r from t h e p r e s e n t s p a c e c r a f t , but now we a r e witnessing t h e i r b i r t h . " I n another d i s p a t c h Tass s a i d b a s i c problem of r e e n t r y by spacecraft a t "second cosmic speed," about 25,000 mph, had been solved by Zond V I . (UPI, W -3S t a r 11/20/68, ~ 1 1 ) .... . In answer t o queries [see Nov. 161 DOD issued statement on increased c o s t of C-5A, world's l a r g e s t a i r c r a f t . "At t h e beginning of t h i s program over t h r e e years ago, t h e A i r Force estimated t h a t t h e cost of development and production of t h e f i r s t 58 a i r p l a n e s would be $2.3 b i l l i o n . The corresponding estimate f o r t h e 120 a i r p l a n e s u l t i m a t e l y contemplated was $3.1 b i l l i o n . Current estimates, i n cluding economic e s c a l a t i o n and a l l o t h e r f a c t o r s , a r e $3.25 b i l l i o n and $4.3 b i l l i o n , i n d i c a t i n g increases of 41% and 3 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . " Additional c o s t s had r e s u l t e d from increased l a b o r and m a t e r i a l s c o s t s due t o Vietnam war and "unprecedented demand f o r c i v i l i a n a i r c r a f t t > i n t r o d u c t i o n of new technology; and modifications t o overcome t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . ( ~ e x t ;WSJ, 11/20/68, 2; AP, W Post, 11/20/68, A3; Kelly, W -' Star 1 1 / 2 m 8 , All) November 20: NASA Acting Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine i n speech b e f o r e AIA. Fall Conference i n Phoenix, Ariz., s a i d , "Today t h e United S t a t e s stand a t t h e crossroads. " I n FY 1969 NASA was o p e r a t i n g c l o s e t o "breakpoint" l e v e l . Below $ 4 - b i l l i o n budget l e v e l , NASA. could no longer "hold t o g e t h e r our hard-won capab i l i t i e s and u t i l i z e them e f f e c t i v e l y i n c r i t i c a l programs; some of them would have t o be dropped e n t i r e l y . " Budget above $4 b i l l i o n would "not only allow us t o . . c a r r y forward major programs, but might permit modest investments aimed a t reducing c o s t s of f u t u r e space a c t i v i t i e s . " Pointing t o "long-term r e s u l t s of t h e tremendous t ethnological effort mounted during World War 11" and " s t i l l being exploited today," D r . Paine urged t h a t a s "we t a c k l e grave s o c i a l i l l s , we've got t o continue t o forge ahead i n o t h e r a r e a s . We must worry about how we c r e a t e new wealth a s much a s we do about how we b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t e t o d a y ' s wealth. It would be an i n t e r n a t i o n a l tragedy i f America were t o t u r n back now from i t s forward t h r u s t i n space a t t h e end of an a s t o n i s h i n g l y productive f i r s t decade. " ( ~ e x) t ... ... . �November 20 ( cont inued) James M. Beggs, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology, discussed t h r e e major aerospace needs: increased a e r o n a u t i c a l research, low-cost boosters, and use of nuclear energy i n space. I n a i r c r a f t technology, NASA was " i n c r e a s i n g . . . e f f o r t by increases i n o l d and new a e r o n a u t i c a l d i s c i p l i n e s , i n V/STOL technology, and i n noise reduction. " Pressing need f o r boosters a s r e l i a b l e a s e x i s t i n g boosters but f a r more economical, "means a f r e s h approach t o t h e e n t i r e concept of boosters and a c r i t i c a l examination of each s t e p . . .from t h e drawing board t o t h e end of t h e boost operation. " NASA was recommending t h a t t h e WRVA engine development be continued with engine and s t a g e ready f o r a mission a s e a r l y a s 1977. "We a r e working with o t h e r NASA o f f i c e s i n studying p l a n e t a r y and o t h e r t y p e s of missions t h a t can use t h e high performance c a p a b i l i t y of a nuclear engine. We a r e a l s o working j o i n t l y with t h e AEC on nuclear e l e c t r i c power generation. " ( ~ e x t ) . I n BBC TV interview J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n D i r e c t o r , S i r Bernard Lovell, s a i d U.S. Apollo 8 plan f o r manned lunar o r b i t We 've reached t h e was "On a s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s . . .wasteful and s i l l y . . . s t a g e with automatic landings when i t ' s not necessary t o r i s k human l i f e t o g e t information about t h e moon. Within a few y e a r s t h i s i n format i o n could be obtained by automatic , unmanned instrument s . " S i r Bernard s a i d he was f u l l of admiration f o r p r o j e c t but added, t h e r e was "a dangerous element of deadline beating i n i t . " NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, commented, "The purpose i s not s c i e n t i f i c but t o t a k e an important s t e p i n developing t h e c a p a b i l i t y of landing men on t h e moon." I n telephone interview from Huntsville, Ala., he s a i d , "We a r e t a k i n g no undue r i s k s . " Apollo 8 crewman W i l l i a m A. Anders t o l d news conference a t KSC, "We a r e f l y i n g p r i m a r i l y an o p e r a t i o n a l mission and we s t r o n g l y f e e l t h a t a manned platform i n l u n a r o r b i t with t h e o p e r a t i o n a l equipment we have can add s i g n i f i c a n t b i t s and We t h i n k it w i l l be a r e a l p i e c e s t o s c i e n t i f i c knowledge boon f o r f u t u r e Apollo f l i g h t s t o have t h e photographic, navigat i o n , t r a c k i n g , mapping, and o t h e r knowledge w e ' l l b r i n g back." (AP, B Sun, 11/21/68, 1; NYT, 11/21/68, 19; OtToole, W Post, 2116 F ~ 3 ) . .... 111 . Survey by Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. of America predicted d e c l i n e i n aerospace i n d u s t r y employment from 1,431 m i l l i o n i n March t o 1,400 m i l l i o n by December because of continuing decline i n space program - 373 - �November 20 (continued) and l e v e l i n g off of employment requirements i n a i r c r a f t production and R&D programs. Employment was e x p e c t e d t o remain a t December l e v e l through March 1969. A i r c r a f t production and R&D employees were expected t o d e c l i n e from 854,000 t o 833,000, o r by 2.5%. M i s s i l e s and space employment was expected t o drop from 517,000 S c i e n t i s t s and engineers would continue t o t o 507,000, o r 1. form 16% of aerospace employment, with technicians making up 6~ o f aerospace i n d u s t r y employment. (AIAA Release 68-56) $. . Soviet t r a d e - union newspaper Trud s a i d mass production of powerful i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l rockets had s t a r t e d a t U. S. S. R. ' s " ~ o c k e tCity" because "the conquest of space i s expanding." Device made a t t h e u n i d e n t i f i e d c i t y " w i l l help our s c i e n t i s t s discover new mysteries NYT, 11/22/68, 22) of t h e universe f o r t h e good of man. " (UPI, - . GSFC awarded $3,127,001 one-year extension of cost -plus-award-fee c o n t r a c t t o F a i r c h i l d - H i l l e r Corp. f o r s c i e n t i f i c and engineering support s e r v i c e s a t GSFC. (GSFC Release G-53-68) November 21: Cosmos CCLIV was successfully launched by U.S.S.R. from P l e s e t sk Cosmodrome. S a t e l l i t e entered o r b i t with 332-Ian (286.3-mi) apogee, 210-km (130.5-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 65.4 i n c l i n a t i o n and r e e n t e r e d Nov. 29. (UPI, NYT, 11/22/68, 22; GSFC -9SSR 11/30/68; SBD, 12/2/68, 129) - - . NASA Aerobee 150A sounding rocket successfully launched from WSA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d 300-lb payload containing two white r a t s t o 101-mi (162.5-km) a l t i t u d e i n t h i r d of four experiments t o study r a t s ' behavior i n a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y f i e l d and determine minimum l e v e l of g r a v i t y needed by b i o l o g i c a l organisms during space f l i g h t . During f i v e minutes of f r e e f a l l , r a t s s e l e c t e d a r t i f i c a l g r a v i t y l e v e l s created through c e n t r i f u g a l a c t i o n by walking along t u n n e l runway i n extended arms of payload. Data on t h e i r p o s i t i o n and movement were telemetered t o ground s t a t i o n s Payload impacted 69 m i downrange i n t h e A t l a n t i c . (WS Release 68-21) . National Science Foundation r e l e a s e d Research and Development i n I n d u s t r y , 1966. T o t a l 1966 i n d u s t r i a l R&D expenditure was $15.5 b i l l i o n , with i n d u s t r y accounting f o r 70% of n a t i o n ' s R&D performance. Federal Government R&D performed i n i n d u s t r y reached $8.3 b i l l i o n , 5% of i n d u s t r i a l t o t a l . I n January 1967, 163, goo-3 q o f t o t a l - - i n d u s t r i a l s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were engaged i n �November 21 ( continued) R&D d i r e c t l y supported by Federal Government. I n 1966, NASA and DOD financed work of 8% of F&D s c i e n t i s t s and engineers employed by i n d u s t r y on Federal p r o j e c t s , with 54,000 working on NASA p r o j e c t s , an i n c r e a s e of 5% over 1963. DOD-financed s c i e n t i s t s and engineers decreased 23% i n same period. (~ext) . A Charles t awards dinner of National I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l Sciences i n New York, A. Lindbergh s a i d , "My hope t h a t a v i a t i o n would cause b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between our e a r t h ' s peoples gave way t o r e a l i z a , t i o n t h a t t h e a i r p l a n e ' s primary s i g n i f i c a n c e l a y i n i t s power of destruction. My f a s c i n a t i o n with t h e rocket a s a space-exploring vehicle has been replaced by my alarm a t i t s a b i l i t y t o wipe out our c i v i l i z a t i o n overnight." Lindbergh and h i s wife, Anne Morrow, received gold medals f o r "distinguished service t o humanity" f o r t h e i r work i n conservation. (UPI, W -S9 t a r 11/22/68> ~ 2 ) . .. . Washington Evening S t a r s a i d U.K. and A u s t r a l i a n governments had drawn up j o i n t plans f o r l a r g e s t t e l e s c o p e i n Southern Hemisphere, 150-in o p t i c a l t e l e s c o p e a t Siding Spring Mountain Observatory of A u s t r a l i a n National Univ. It would cost $10.5 million. (W -S t a r 11/21/68, ~ 6 ) 9 . ComSatCorp announced it had requested proposals f o r construction of two new e a r t h s t a t i o n s near Talkeetna, Alaska, and Apra Heights, Guam. (cornsat ~ o r pRelease 68-63) November 22: JPL announced i t s astronomers had determined a s t e r o i d I c a r u s was about h a l f mile i n diameter and r o t a t e d every $ h r from d a t a received during three-day s e r i e s of seven microwave probes. I c a r u s was clocked a t speeds from 36,000 mph t o 1,450 mph a t 4-million-mi d i s t a n c e - - c l o s e s t approach it had made t o e a r t h i n 19 y r . A 450,000-w t r a n s m i t t e r on 85-f't antenna a t Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n i n Mohave d e s e r t beamed radar waves a t 2,388-me frequency. Reflected echoes were received by 210-ft antenna 14 m i d i s t a n t . Average r a d a r round t r i p t o I c a r u s was 43 see. JPL r a d a r astronomer, D r . Richard M. Goldstein, s a i d i n d i c a t i o n s were t h a t I c a r u s was "rough, even jagged, and perhaps shaped l i k e a peach s t o n e . " Radar r e f l e c t i o n s were unable t o i n d i c a t e whether i t s s u r f a c e was stony o r m e t a l l i c . I f m e t a l l i c , D r . Goldstein s a i d , i t s r a d i u s might be a s small a s 300 m; i f s t o w , 600 m, which f i x e d I c a r u s ' diameter a t 600 t o 1,200 m, with 900 m a probable figure. (NASA Release 68-197; AP, W S t a r , 11/20/68, A8; Goldstein, Science, 11/22/68, 903-4) - �November 22: National Academy of Sciences issued The Mathematical Sciences: A Report. Before World War 11, U.S. was consumer of mathematics and mathematical t al-ent Now it was " u n i v e r s a l l y recognized a s t h e l e a d i n g producer of t h e s e . " Graduate education i n mathematical sciences a t major U. S. c e n t e r s " i s f a r superior t o t h a t i n a l l but two o r t h r e e c e n t e r s i n t h e r e s t of t h e world," but shortage of college t e a c h e r s was l i k e l y t o worsen before it improved. Report recommended continued and increased Federal support f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h including NASA programs, computer science, a p p l i e d mathematics, graduate apprenticeships, and f a c u l t y improvement. It p r o j e c t e d t h a t , by 1970, 41,000 s t u d e n t s would be majoring i n mathematics and 1,864,800 majoring i n o t h e r s u b j e c t s would be e n r o l l e d i n mathematics courses. ( ~ e x;t Schwart z, PJYT, 11/24/68, 74) . - . Dr. Donald F. Hornig, President Johnson's S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t f o r Science and Technology, would j o i n Eastman Kodak Co. i n "executive capacity" i n e a r l y January, Science reported. He would a l s o become p r o f e s s o r of chemistry a t Univ. of Rochester. (science, 11/22/68, 881) . U.S. and Romania signed agreements t o exchange information on peaceful u s e s o f atomic energy, s c i e n t i f i c delegations, and u n c l a s s i f i e d t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e and films. Romanian graduate students would be assigned t o U.S. l a b o r a t o r i e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s . ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 11/21/68, E l ; AP, NYT, 11/24/68, 43) - November 23: F i r s t Lady, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, and daughter, Mrs. Lynda Robb, p a i d t h e i r f i r s t v i s i t t o KSC and p a r t i c i p a t e d i n simulated moon landing i n l u n a r landing module r e p l i c a . P r e s e n t i n g model of Apollo Lunar Landing Module f o r d i s p l a y i n Lyndon B. Johnson P r e s i d e n t i a l Library, NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, s a i d model would bear plaque l i s t i n g "a few of t h e mqny c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o our space program of Lyndon B. Johnson-a s Senate Majority Leader, a s Chairman o f t h e Senate Aeronautics and Space Sciences Committee, a s Chairman of t h e National Aeronautics and Space Council when he was Vice President, and t h e n a s President o f t h e United S t a t e s . " D r . Paine t o l d Mrs. Johnson "we t r u s t t h a t t h i s model of t h e l u n a r landing module w i l l s i g n i f y t o t h e many v i s i t o r s t o t h e Lyndon B. Johnson P r e s i d e n t i a l Library t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s v i s i o n and l e a d e r s h i p t h a t has c a r r i e d t h i s n a t i o n outward i n t o t h e new ocean of space. " (KSC Release KSC-500-68; Shelton, W ?-S t a r 11/25/68, E3; B l a i r , NYT, 11/24/68, 41) - �December 24: Cornell Univ. s c i e n t i s t s reported p u l s a r l y i n g i n o r near Crab Nebula with f a s t e s t pulse r a t e of p u l s a r s discovered t h u s f a r was slowing pulse tempo a t r a t e of one p a r t i n 2,000 a year. Discovery was made with 1,000-ft-dia antenna a t Arecibo ( ~ u e r t o~ i c o )observatory. Walter S u l l i v a n i n New York Times s a i d discovery encouraged view t h a t astronomers "are p e n e t r a t i n g an e n t i r e new realm of physics . . . p hysics of superdense matter ( i n t h e form of so-called neutron s t a r s ) , magnetic f i e l d s f a r beyond anything observable i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and superpowerful gravity. " 11/25/68, 53) (s, . New York Times a r t i c l e s a i d a t l e a s t e i g h t nations, including U.S. and U.S.S.R., were building astronomical observatories i n Chile, which had been termed i d e a l s i t e because of i t s l a t i t u d e , n e a r 30° South. Association of U n i v e r s i t i e s f o r Research i n Astronomy, Enc (AURA), dependency of NSF , had invested $19 m i l l i o n t h u s f a r i n observatory a t Cerro Tololo a t Lat. 32'. Other groups i n v e s t i n g i n Chilean observatories were: European Southern Observatory (ESO), consortium of West Germany, France, Holland, Belgiwn, Sweden, and Denmark; and Soviet Astronomical Mission, which had one U.S.S.R. wide-field r e f l e c t i n g t e l e s c o p e of Schmitit type i n operation but intended t o b u i l d 100-in r e f l e c t o r . Main European instrument would be 140-in r e f l e c t o r . A 36-in t e l e scope a t U.S. observatory had already photographed powerful raye m i t t i n g s t a r whose existence had previously only been suspected. Main AURA, p r o j e c t , 158-in t e l e s c o p e , w o a d be a v a i l a b l e t o any q u a l i f i e d astronomer. (NZ, 11/24/68, 27 ) . . USAF launched experimental Advanced B a l l i s t i c Reentry System (ABRES) v e h i c l e from Vandenberg AFB. (AP, W Post, 11/25/68, 9) . I n New York Times, Reuters s a i d Nuclear Emergency Team (NET) of DOD Defense Atomic Support Agency based i n Albuquerque, N.M., could be enroute t o accident involving nuclear weapons anywhere i n world on two h o u r ' s n o t i c e . It could secure a r e a rescue personnel, minimize r a d i a t i o n hazards, and provide expert advice and a s s i s t a n c e . Each U.S. m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e had s e v e r a l 15-man NET teams capable of r e p o r t i n g t o NET Hq. within 30 min. (NYT, - 12/1/68, 144) November 25: Four f o r e i g n f i m s who handled a l l Argentine overseas telephone c a l l s and telecommunications, w i t h mult b i l l i o n - d o l l a r investment, had been n o t i f i e d by lower echelons of Argentine government t h a t i t s n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r ENTEL would be exclusive �November 25 (continued) i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r and would reserve a l l communications s a t e l l i t e channels f o r i t s e l f , Washington Evening S t a r reported. Argentina was t o l i n k up with ComSatCorp and INTELSAT on completion of e a r t h s t a t i o n a t Balcarce i n June. Firms--U.S.-based ITT World Comrnunicat i o n s Co.; Transradio, which had RCA. hookup; Western Telegraph of U.K. ; and I t a l c a b l e of Italy--had banded t o g e t h e r t o propose mixed government-carrier company t o own and operate Argentine e a r t h s t a t i o n . ( o f ~ e a r y W, -S 9 tar 11/25/68, ~ 1 5 ) . C-130 t r o o p and supply c a r r i e r , used a s pick-up a i r c r a f t f o r s a t e l l i t e s dropping s p e c i a l reconnaissance photos i n t o sea, had developed s e r i o u s wing cracks which would cost USAF $11m i l l i o n t o r e p a i r , Bob Horton r e p o r t e d i n Washington Evening S t a r . USAF had been r e i n f o r c i n g wings but would have t o b u i l d e n t i r e new wing on 400 C-130 models B through E t o ensure long s e r v i c e . Model C-130A was not a f f e c t e d . (W -2S t a r 11/25/68, ~ 3 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on NAS r e p o r t on s t a t u s and needs of American mathematics [ s e e Nov. 221 : . t h i s era--often c a l l e d t h e age of t h e computer--is r e a l l y t h e time of t h e most widespread and f r u i t f K l a p p l i c a t i o n of mathematics ever known. . . . I n t h i s p e r i o d of retrenchment i n Government expenditures, t h e National Academy r e p o r t c a l l s f o r increased Federal expenditures i n a i d of both r e s e a r c h and education i n mathematics.... The cost of supporti n g American mathematics i s so s l i g h t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s t h a t even t h e most economy-minded Congressman should be chary of using h i s ax." (NYT, - 11/25/68, 46) ".. . Harold T. Luskin, Director of Apollo Applications i n NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , d i e d i n Bethesda, Md., of r e s p i r a t o r y i l l n e s s . He had joined NASA i n March 1968 and had become Apollo Applications D i r e c t o r i n May. He was p a s t president of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics and had been associated with Douglas A i r c r a f t Co. f o r 20 yr and Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. f o r 9 yr. He had h e l d engineering and management p o s i t i o n s i n connection with Agena space v e h i c l e , USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory, X-3 supersonic (NASA Ann, 11/26/68; FJpnSL 11/27/68, r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t , and DC-8. C3; Marshall S t a r , 11/27/68, 1; W S t a r , 11/27/68, B4) - . Dr. Paul Allman S i p l e , p o l a r explorer and geographer who had accompanied Adm. Richard E. Byrd t o Antarctica and science a d v i s e r t o U. S. Army 1946-1963 and s i n c e 1967, died a t Arlington, Va., a t age 59. (nry~, 11/27/68, 47) �November 26: NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, t o l d National Space Club i n Washington, D.C., unique conditions i n space suggested use of o r b i t i n g space s t a t i o n s f o r c e r t a i n manufacturing processes. instance, l i q u i d f l o a t i n g i n a weightless environment, t a k e s t h e shape of a p e r f e c t sphere. Thus, it i s conceivable t h a t metal b a l l bearings could be manufactured i n space t o t o l e r a n c e s impossible on e a r t h , yet a t a c o s t , including t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , l e s s t h a n we can now achieve. Perfect bearings would reduce f r i c t i o n and noise l e v e l s t o t h e vanishing p o i n t . F r e e - f a l l c a s t i n g techniques could be u t i l i z e d t o c a s t l a r g e f l a w l e s s o p t i c a l blanks f o r t e l e s c o p e s and by proper combinations of spinning and e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o r c e s we should be able t o shape t h e surface a s w e l l . " S t a b l e foams f o r mixtures of l i q u i f i e d m a t e r i a l s and gases, impossible t o produce s a t i s f a c t o r i l y on e a r t h , could be produced i n weightlessness, r e s u l t i n g i n "a s t e e l foam almost a s l i g h t a s b a l s a wood with many of t h e p r o p e r t i e s of s o l i d s t e e l . " Composite m a t e r i a l s l i k e s t e e l of d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s and p r o p e r t i e s and g l a s s a l s o could be produced. (Text; Schmeck, NYT, 11/27/68, 48; S e h l s t e d t , B ->Sun 11/27/68, ~ 6 ) or - . NASA Associate Administrator, D r . Homer E. Mewell, t o l d annual convention of National Council f o r S o c i a l Studies a t GSFC, "...because of t h e l e n g t h of time between investment i n b a s i c s c i e n t i f i c research and important use of t h e r e s u l t s t h e r e o f , support by Congress and t h e p u b l i c of b a s i c r e s e a r c h i s h e s i t a t i n g and o f t e n o u t r i g h t s k e p t i c a l . The development and a p p l i c a t i o n of technology t o t h e quick s o l u t i o n of current problems i s b e t t e r understood and more r e a d i l y supported. Yet t h e f a c t i s t h a t technology t o be used i n t h e s o l u t i o n of a p r a c t i c a l problem r e s t s u l t i m a t e l y upon t h e r e s u l t s of b a s i c research performed y e a r s , and o f t e n many y e a r s , ago." Experience proved, he s a i d , " t h a t t h e e f f o r t t o s e l e c t t h e b a s i c r e s e a r c h t o support i n terms of p r e d i c t e d usefulness would over and over again preclude support of t h e research t h a t i n time would prove t o be t h e most valuable. 'I (Text) . NASA and Univ. of Texas dedicated world's t h i r d l a r g e s t t e l e s c o p e , 107-in, 150-ton instrument a t McDonald Observatory, Mount Locke, Tex. Observatory D i r e c t o r , D r . Harlan J. Smith, s a i d it had been booked a year i n advance. The $5-million observatory would emphasize s t u d i e s of moon and o t h e r Government s c i e n t i s t s hoped f o r information t o help them design planet s s p a c e c r a f t t o v i s i t p l a n e t s . '(UPI, NYT, 11/27/68, 26) . . French Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville announced France's 1969 atomic t e s t program would be canceled and c r e d i t s would be reduced f o r Concorde supersonic a i r c r a f t a s p a r t of a u s t e r i t y program t o save �November 26 ( continued) French f r a n c from devaluation. French contribution t o Concorde development would be cut by $12 million. It was not known how much d e l a y move might cause i n program, with f i r s t prototype scheduled t o f l y i n l a t e December. (AP, W S t a r , 11/26/68, 1; Loucheim, W Post, 11/27/68, Al; Tanner, TJYT, 11/27/68, 1 ) -- November 8: NASA awarded Allis-Chalmers $3,500,000 contract t o f l i g h t - q u a l i f y Multimission Fuel C e l l Assembly, an improved f u e l c e l l e l e c t r i c a l power system f o r Apollo Applications (AA) program. System had been developed under t h r e e previous NASA c o n t r a c t s since 1962. Allis-Chalmers would produce two assemblies f o r use i n q u a l i f i c a t i o n program and two f o r d e l i v e r y t o MSC. (NASA Procurement Off; MCS Roundup, 12/6/68, 1 ) . U.K. became f i r s t nuclear power t o r a t i f y nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y . A t Washington, D.C., ceremony, B r i t i s h Charge d ' a f f a i r e s Edward E. Tompkins handed instruments of r a t i f i c a t i o n t o Director William C. F o s t e r of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. (N~T, 11/28/68, 9) Soviet journal Aviat s i y a i KO sxnonavti k a (Aviat ion and Co smonaut ic s ) s a i d Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had concluded T'basis of a l i n k e d system f o r providing man with v i t a l n e c e s s i t i e s on board spaceship w i l l be t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of higher p l a n t s . S c i e n t i s t s believe t h a t a r t i f i c i a l s o i l could be used f a r space p l a n t growing. " Once s p a c e c r a f t lef't e a r t h g r a v i t a t i o n f i e l d , "plants w i l l be f i x e d i n s p e c i a l holders and sprayed with concentrated s o l u t i o n s containing a l l necessary substance. " (WI, NYT, 11/29/68, 22) . .. . USN's - Sealab 111 was c a r r i e d by barge t o San Clemente I s l a n d , C a l i f . It would be lowered 600 f t t o P a c i f i c Ocean bottom t o serve a s working and l i v i n g q u a r t e r s f o r f i v e teams of 8 t o 1 0 men s e t t i n g up underwater t r o l l e y l i n e , building dry and l i g h t e d hut on sea f l o o r , s t a r t i n g l o b s t e r farm, and t r a i n i n g porpoises and sea l i o n s t o f e t c h and carry. Sealab I I L , submerged t o t h r e e times depths of Sealab I and Sealab X I , was f i n a l experiment i n Sealab program. (AP, W S t a r , ll/28/68, ~ 3 6 ) - �November 28: NASA announced Mexican c i t i e s Gomez Palacios and Torreon had been saved from flooding i n wake of Hurricane Naomi when Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT) s t a t i o n a t Mexico City relayed d a t a from ESSA V I s a t e l l i t e i n d i c a t i n g weather was clearing. Mexican a u t h o r i t i e s t h u s were saved from opening dangerously f i l l e d dam which would have inundated t h e c i t i e s . (NASA Release 68-203; UPI, NYT, 12/1/68, 77) - . Canadian s c i e n t i s t I. A. Stewart, Operations Manager of National Research Council's Churchill Research Range, s a i d a t f i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aerospace Exposition i n Montreal he believed range, operated j o i n t l y by U. S. and Canada, could be converted f o r $1m i l l i o n t o accommodate s a t e l l i t e launching pad. Canada could t h u s r i s e t o ranks of space-age power, he said. Of more t h a n 200 on s t a f f , only one was from U.S. (CP, NYT, 12/1/68, 1 3 ) - November 29: U. S, S. R. launched Cosmos CCLV from P l e s e t sk Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 317-ian ( 1 ~ - m i ) apogee, 211-km (131.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . Spacecraft reentered Dec. 7. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/68; 12/15/68; SBD, 12/2/68, 129) - . MSFC announced it had requested proposals from 11 aerospace companies f o r six-month design and d e f i n i t i o n study f o r dual mode l u n a r roving v e h i c l e (LRV) capable of t r a n s p o r t i n g a s t r o n a u t s on l u n a r surface and of performing automated, long-range s c i e n t i f i c t r a v e r s e s across moon under remote c o n t r o l from e a r t h . Vehicle was t o permit manned s o r t i e s of up t o 6 m i from landed s p a c e c r a f t , with t o t a l round-trip of more t h a n 1 8 m i . A f t e r a s t r o nauts l e f t moon, LRV would be placed i n remote c o n t r o l mode f o r automated long-range (600 o r more mi) geological and geophysical t r i p s f o r one year. It would c o l l e c t up t o 200 l b l u n a r samples and measure t e r r a i n , t h e n rendezvous with manned spacecraft f o r r e t u r n o f samples t o e a r t h . (MSFCRelease 68-274; SBD, 12/3/68, 134; Marshall S t a r , 12/4/68, 1) - . FAA announced it had issued RPP f o r c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s of informat i o n on engineering, economic, and o p e r a t i o n a l aspects of proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n of a i r p o r t s on o f f shore water s i t e s , including f l o a t i n g a i r p o r t s and t h o s e t o be b u i l t on f i l l , p i l e s , polders, o r i n a r e a s p r o t e c t e d by dikes. (FAA Release 68-75; NYT, 12/2/68, 94) - . World's l a r g e s t vacuum telescope, scheduled f o r spring 1969 completion a t Sunspot, N.Mex,, could provide method of p r e d i c t i n g s o l a r f l a r e s , Associated Press s a i d . Housed i n 137-ft concrete needle atop mountain �November 29 (continued) r i d g e 4,000 f t above WSMR, a t Sacramento Peak Observatory, t e l e s c o p e was b r a i n c h i l d of U W astronomer D r . Richwd Dunn, who t o l d A.P, "Prediction of s o l a r f l a r e s would give us time t o warn a s t r o n a u t s working o u t s i d e t h e r a d i a t i o n shielding of a spacecraft t o t a k e cover and allow us t o p r e d i c t periods of radio communication i n t e r f e r e n c e . " P r o j e c t cost $3.5 million. (AP, NYT, 12/1/68, 65) - European Launcher Development Organization (EDO) attempt November 30: t o place 550-lb I t a l i a n ELDO F-7' i n t o p o l a r o r b i t f a i l e d when t e c h n i c i a n s l o s t contact with payload s h o r t l y af%er launch. S a t e l l i t e , launched f'rom Woomera Rocket Range by booster with U.K. Blue Streak 1 s t s t a g e , French Coralie 2nd stage, and West German A s t r i s 3rd stage, stopped t r a n s m i t t i n g a f t e r abbreviated seven-second 3rd stage burn and could not be tracked. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 12/1/68, 11) - I n A i r Force and Space Digest interview General E l e c t r i c During November: Co. Vice President Gerhard Neumann, head of GE A i r c r a f t Engine Group, s a i d postponement of e s s e n t i a l R&D during p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s had "mortgaged" n a t i o n ' s technological f u t u r e . He saw hazards i n current DOD c o n t r a c t i n g p o l i c i e s which kept i n d u s t r y from t a k i n g "reasonable r i s k s " because t h e y imposed implacable performance guarantees. He blamed parsimonious funding on Vietnam War requirements and urged l o s t ground be regained a s soon a s p r i o r i t i e s permitted. I n e r a of R&D a u s t e r i t y , Newnann advocated " l o t more" work i n advanced-engine r e s e a r c h by NASA. (AF/SD, 11/68, 58) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M. C l i f f o r d wrote i n A i r Force and Space ~ i ~ e s" t~ o t o o many years ago, t h e War and Navy Departments ;ere concerned almost exclusively with men and simple machines. Defense We now have i n d u s t r i e s were regarded a s mere munitions-makers.. a m i l i t a r y - i n d u s t r i a l team with unique resources of experience, engineering t a l e n t , management and problem-solving c a p a c i t i e s , [ it ] must be used t o help f i n d t h e answers t o complex domestic problems a s it has found t h e answers t o complex weapon systems. Those answers can be put t o good use by our c i t i e s and our s t a t e s , by our schools, by l a r g e and small businesses a l i k e . The nation w i l l be t h e b e t t e r and t h e stronger. " (AF/SD, 11/68, 7 6 - 7 ) ," .. I n A i r Force and Space Digest Capt. Gerald T. Rudolph (uSAF) of AFSC Space and M i s s i l e s Systems Organization scored l a c k of -progress in adopting systems technology t o solve "nation' s mounting s o c i a l �During November (continued) problems." He found two major reasons f o r l a g : "the p u b l i c does not e n t i r e l y understand [ i t ] , l a r g e l y because t h e aerospace i n d u s t r y has been unable t o define it adequately and explain how it i s used. And,..American s o c i e t y has always been r e l u c t a n t t o accept t h e kind of c e n t r a l i z e d a u t h o r i t y required t o implement systems s o l u t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e community and r e g i a n a l l e v e l s . " Every e f f o r t should be made, he s a i d , t o surmount o b s t a c l e s because "it i s t h e judgment of many experts t h a t systems technology w i l l prove t o be t h e most valuable p a r c e l of knowledge t o come o u t of present day space technology. " (AF/SD, 11/68, 79-81) . J. , S. & t z , Jr. i n A i r Force and Space Digest a r t i c l e "The Men Behind Soviet A i r c r a f t Design" mote: "Top Russian designers a r e exuberar~t r e a l i s t s ; and t h e y operate under a 'prototype' system of development t h a t i s probably t h e most competitive and t e c h n i c a l l y stimulating i n t h e world. This system i s s i m i l a r t o t h e one employed i n t h e United S t a t e s u n t i l t h e mid-1950s and t h e odds appear strong t h a t t h e U. S. w i l l r e t u r n t o such an approach i n t h e 1970s, r e j e c t i n g t h e strong dependence on 'systems a n a l y s i s ' and ' c o s t - e f f e c t i v e ness ' s t u d i e s t h a t characterized t h e 1960s. " (U/SD, 11/68, 62-7) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000121 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics November 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-12-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18012 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1263/spc_stnv_000120.pdf 2b01a3e3048aa7a2bf80e66c5e0d0a4f PDF Text Text 4'btSjL - "!$,\ &. .* isbJ,?&/";, ; p: OFsCje . '7 C-NT DRAFT &b. N O T F O R R E L E A S E A S T R O N A U T I C S A N D -.--. -- 0*.40. ".cL''" -.-c *. A E R O N A U T I C S OCTOBER 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIFNCE, TECHNOLOGY, AWD POLICY (m-23) Text Drafted by Science and Tecnnoiogy Division Library of Congress NASA ~istoricalDivision (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administ$at ion Washington, D. C. 20546 c. , 'echo;, / Q : ,. . �O C T O B E R 1 9 6 8 �October 1: NASA 1 0 t h Anniversary: National Space Club presented s p e c i a l award t o President Johnson a t White House c i t i n g h i s l e g i s l a t i v e and executive l e a d e r s h i p of n a t i o n a l space program and gave commemorative A t dinner Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.M~x.) dinner i n Washington, D.C. and Rep. George P. M i l l e r ( D - c a l i f . ) presented r e t i r i n g NASA Administ r a t o r James E. Webb award f o r h i s out standing contributions t o n a t i o n a l space e f f o r t . I n telegram t r i b u t e t o Webb, President Johnson s a i d , "The Nation i s i n h i s debt. He w i l l be deeply missed but g r a t e r u l l y remembered a s h i s dreams continue t o become r e a l i t y i n t h e years ahead. " Telegram from Vice President Hubert Humphrey s a i d , "The span of achievement which measures a decade of space progress i s one which should be a source of p r i d e t o a l l of us. Now a new decade beckons, w i t h new challenges, and new opportunities. And, such i s t h e nature o f t h e space age t h a t we dare not become complacent about our r a t e of progress o r t h e scope of our p a s t accomplishments. It i s unthinka b l e thab we would allow ourselves t o be surpassed i n technology by any o t h e r nation. I have never questioned t h a t space endeavors have contributed s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e strengthening and enrichment o f our whole s o c i e t y , through a teamwork approach by p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , our u n i v e r s i t i e s , and t h e Federal Government. By means of t h i s program we have v i t a l i z e d our economy, developed improved methods of management, stimulated our educational system, produced new goods and s e r v i c e s , added t o our s t o r e of s c i e n t i f i c knowledge, and b u t t r e s s e d our n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . " Telegram from Republican P r e s i d e n t i a l candidate Richard M. Nixon s a i d , "The space program must continue t o be one of our n a t i o n a l imperatives, and it must be supported a t a l e v e l a s s u r i n g e f f i c i e n t and steady progress." Anniversary ceremonies included open house and annual awards (NSC p r e s e n t a t i o n a t - ~ a r s h a l Space l F l i g h t Center Sept 28-29. Newsletter; Texts ; Marshall S t a r , 9/25/68, 4 ) . During i t s f i r s t 1 0 yr NASA had completed 234 major U. S. and i n t e r n a t i o n a l launches p l u s thousands of sounding rocket launches. O f t h e s e 234, 189 were launch vehicle successes and 174, spacecraft o r mission successes, with two missions s t i l l under evaluation. For t h e s e launches NASA had developed rockets ranging from 88,000-lb t h r u s t t o Saturn V with 7.5-million-lb t h r u s t capable of sending n e a r l y 100,000-lb payload t o moon. F i r s t phase of manned f l i g h t program, P r o j e c t Mercury, had begun seven days a f t e r NASA was e s t a b l i s h e d . Six manned Mercury f l i g h t s had proved man could go i n t o space and f u n c t i o n a s pilot-engineer-experimenter f o r up t o 34 h r weightless f l i g h t before r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h . Gemini program announced i n 1961 had demonstrated work could be performed i n o r b i t out s i d e s p a c e c r a f t i n more t h a n 1 2 h r extravehicular a c t i v i t y . �October 1 (continued) Gemini included 5 2 experiments, among them 17 s c i e n t i f i c - - i n astronomy, biology, geology, meteorology, and physics. Seven rendezvous techniques and nine dockings had been accomplished during Gemini. More t h a n 2,000 hr manned s p a c e f l i g h t experience gained through Mercury and Gemini had contributed heavily t o Apollo, including 16 f l i g h t s of unmanned Saturn launch v e h i c l e which had confirmed Apollo engineering concepts and q u a l i f i e d a l l systems f o r manned missions. Although Apollo f i r e on Jan. 27, 1967, had delayed manned missions, it had r e s u l t e d i n s a f e r s p a c e c r a f t and improved s u i t s f o r astronauts. Ahead were two manned missions f o r 1968; possibly f i v e f o r 1969, culminating i n landing of U. S. a s t r o n a u t s on moon. F a c i l i t i e s a t NASA i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n U. S. were worth more t h a n $2.5 b i l l i o n and peak 35,000 s t a f f included some of Nation's t o p s c i e n t i s t s . I n d u s t r i a l work f o r c e had peaked a t 400,000 and was dropping t o 200,000. NASA had e s t a b l i s h e d g l o b a l t r a c k i n g network capable of communicating with v e h i c l e s a s f a r away a s f a r s i d e of sun. I t s aeronautics program conducted R&D on noise abatement, f l i g h t s a f e t y , supersonic and hypersonic a i r c r a f t , l i f t ing-body v e h i c l e s , and V/STOL a i r c r a f t . NASA ' s t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances included development of new e l e c t r o n i c p a r t s , alloys,adhesives, l u b r i c a n t s , valves, and pumps, a s well a s progress i n minaturizat ion. More t h a n 2,500 t e c h n i c a l innovat ions applicable i n i n d u s t r y , medicine, and o t h e r nonaerospace a c t i v i t i e s had r e s u l t e d from 10 y r of NASA progress. I n C h r i s t i a n Science Monitor, Neal Stanford s a i d , "It i s . . . s c i e n c e s a t e l l i t e s and t h e new technology developed t h a t a r e counted on t o r e t u r n t o t h e tax-paying p u b l i c t h e dividends t h a t some say w i l l make space t h e b e s t investment man ever made. " ( ~ a r s h a l l S t a r , 9/25/68, 5; Wilford, NYT, 10/1/68; CSM, 10/5/68) - I n Washington Sunday S t a r s p e c i a l r e p o r t , "A Decade i n Space," John Lannan commented on NASA's 1 0 t h anniversary: " . . . t h e mace agency's r e a l promise f o r improving t h e general welfare of mankind a s s e t f o r t h i n t h e Space Act which brought it i n t o being has apparently been t o o slow i n being f u l f i l l e d . The f a c t t h a t t h e space investment i s only now s t a r t i n g t o pay o f f , and a t an increasi n g l y r a p i d pace, i s going unnoticed i n t h e g l a r e of present problems, p a s t mishaps and t h e imminence of t h e Apollo venture. Where NASA' s r e a l g o a l s l i e a r e i n t h e f u t u r e - - t h e near f u t u r e and t h e near e a r t h . Spin-off, t h e s e r e n d i p i t y of technology, has long been used a s a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e v a s t sums poured i n t o space, but l i t t l e beyond Teflon-coated f r y i n g pans have impinged on t h e tax-payer's mind." (W7-S t a r 9/29/68, Al) A �October 1 (continued) I n Space Digest a r t i c l e , Gen. James Ferguson, Commander of A i r Force Systems Command, described "A Decade of Cooperation--The M i l i t a r y NASA I n t e r f a c e . " MSCts FY 1969 "NASA support expenditures amounted t o m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s and thousands of man-years i n e f f o r t . The sums of money, and, more important, t h e human technological resources we a r e c u r r e n t l y expending on t h e n a t i o n ' s space programs a r e of g r e a t consequence s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e foundations of our f u t u r e b e n e f i t s . we a r e a c u t e l y aware t h a t t h e f a t e of f u t u r e generations l i e s i n space. . .It i s a sad commentary t o s t a t e t h a t technology has provi.d.ed u s with t h e means t o conduct wars. But it i s heartening t o r e a l i z e t h a t one day technology w i l l provide us with t h e means t o prevent wars. (space Digest, 10/68, 71-3) ... NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r DOD and Interagency A f f a i r s marks Jacob E. Smart wrote i n Space Digest, "The t e n t h anniversary t h e end of a decade of concerted e f f o r t across a broad f r o n t t o advance t h e n a t i o n ' s c a p a b i l i t i e s i n aeronautics and space. It has been a decade of accomplishment t h a t has few peers i n t h i s country's history. . t h e good working r e l a t i o n s h i p s . .between NASA and DOD have been of immeasurable b e n e f i t t o them both, and t h e n a t i o n ' s space e f f o r t i s t h e stronger f o r it. with t h e prospect of t i g h t e r budgets l i k e l y , t h e maintenance of such relationships--and t h e i r The need t o s t r e t c h improvement--assumes an increasing importan*. t h e appropriations d o l l a r s t o t h e maximum may be p a r t l y met by f r e s h e f f o r t s t o f i n d common ground where cooperation w i l l produce economies a s w e l l a s mutual b e n e f i t s . " 10168, 68-70) ... .. . ... pace, . Dr. Finn J. Larsen, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering, DOD, t e s t i f i e d before House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology: " I f our c i v i l a v i a t i o n i s t o continue i t s dramatic progress, t h e g r e a t e s t s i n g l e requirement i s t o accomplish complete system engineering. The . . . p l a m i n g must consider not only t h e a i r c r a f t i n f l i g h t a s a system, but a l s o t h e e n t i r e problem of moving people from d e s t i n a t i o n t o d e s t i n a t i o n u - - c a l l i n g f o r "planning and resources on a considerably l a r g e r s c a l e t h a n a r e now a v a i l a b l e . " NASA's r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r U.S. a e r o n a u t i c a l research "should continue." DOD had used NASA research, augmenting it f o r defense a s necessary, with "excellent coordination f o r many years. " M i l i t a r y F&D was s p e c i a l i z e d , but much was t r a n s f e r a b l e t o c i v i l a v i a t i o n . Long-term goals of smokeless combustors and s i l e n t a i r c r a f t would be of mutual b e n e f i t . SAGE a i r defense computer system had contributed t o FAA r a d a r beacon system and new n a t i o n a l standards. Much improved ... �October 1 (continued) a l t i m e t r y reporting came from DOD development f o r high-performance j e t a i r c r a f t . Common d i g i t i z e r was joint DOD-FAA p r o j e c t , a s was TPX-42 a i r p o r t t r a f f i c control f a c i l i t y . Some 30 p r o j e c t s f o r all-weather landing and 20 navigational programs had been sponsored i n recent years. Eleven a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s had p i l o t "hands-off" c a p a b i l i t y f o r blind landing. Microwave scanning-beam landing systems were i n t e s t ing. Collison avoidance, V/STOL, and cargo-handling R&D had c i v i l application. ( ~ e x) t , . Dr. Frank D. Drake, Director of Cornell Univ.'s Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory i n Puerto Rico, said he had detected f i r s t d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n t o radio signals from two pulsars. He t o l d radioastronomy seminar a t National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, W. Va., t h a t pulse r a t e could be explained only i f source were s t a r of extraordinary density spinning a t incredible speed- - such as neutron s t a r . I f c o r r e c t , findings would be f i r s t s c i e n t i f i c proof t h a t hypothetical neutron s t a r s a c t u a l l y existed. (wilford, NYT, 10/2/68; Lannan, W -S 9 tar 10/2/68, ~ 2 0 ) - . MIT physicist and radioastronomer D r . Bernard Burke and teams of scient i s t s using 140-ft "Big Dish" antenna a t National Radio Astronomy Observatory began f i r s t radioastronomy t e s t of Einstein's general theory of r e l a t i v i t y i n attempt t o discover g r a v i t y ' s e f f e c t on universe. Among t h r e e basic t e s t s proposed by Einstein t o t e s t h i s theory t o account f o r action of a l l bodies under g r a v i t a t i o n a l force was one t o measure bending of l i g h t from d i s t a n t source as it passed an energetic body l i k e t h e sun. D r . Burke's experiment, one of t h r e e recent t e s t s , measured signals from newly discovered quasars t o determine amount of bending they underwent i n passing t h e sun. I f l i g h t , i n form of quasar radiowaves, was bent, Einstein theory would receive added support; i f it was not bent a s much a s he predicted, o r i f astronomers were unable t o detect s i g n i f i c a n t bending, theory (NRAO Proj would remain i n t a c t u n t i l f u r t h e r proof was provided. Off; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/1/68, ~ 9 ) - . Mcost-plus-fixed-fee SFC announced it had selected RCA f o r negotiation of $5.1-million contract f o r l o g i s t i c s and engineering support f o r Saturn ground computer systems and associated equipment. Contract would cover Oct. 1, 1968, through June 30, 1970. (MSFC Release 68-231) . President Johnson announced resignation of Leonard H. Marks a s Director o f U. S. Information Agency i n time t o head U. S. delegation t o negotiate permanent arrangements f o r INTELSAT a t February 1969 conference i n Washington, D. C. (PD, 10/7/68, 1433; Halloran, W Post, 10/2/68, A8; AP, NYT, 10/2/68, 2 3 - �October 1: Arnold W. Frutkin, working since Feb. 1 a s Special Assistant t o NASA Associate Administrator, completed h i s temporary assignment and resumed h i s d u t i e s a s Assistant Administrator f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l A f f a i r s . (NASA PAO; NASAAnn, 10/2/68) . Lucius D. Battle, former Assistant Secretary of S t a t e f o r Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, became ComSatCorp Vice President f o r Corporate Relations. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-51; AP, W Post, 10/1/68, ~ 2 ) October 2: -mi) U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXLIV i n t o o r b i t with 158-lan apogee, 140-lan (87-mi) perigee, 87.4-min period, and 49.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered same day. (GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - S t u a r t Symington (D-MO.) s a i d on Senate f l o o r , "In t h e past t e n . Sen. years, money expended by t h e Defense Department f o r R&D has almost doubled, from $4 b . i l l i o n t o about $8 b i l l i o n . Yet since 1955, t h e United S t a t e s has not produced a single modern f i g h t e r ; i n f a c t , it has produced no combat plane except t h e TFX s e r i e s . The Navy version of t h a t plane has already been abandoned; and t h e A i r Force has once again found it necessary t o ground t h e i r version because of technical d i f f i c u l t i e s . " Despite " a l l those b i l l i o n s we have developed no a i r , superiority f i g h t e r capable of competing against a f i r s t - c l a s s a i r force such a s t h e Soviets possess today." He said U.S. was losing i t s lead on seas a s well because "our various Government branches produce arguments, whereas t h e Soviets produce t h e submarines." ( ~ e x t ;NY News, 1013168, 18) . Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.M~x.); Chairman of House Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, t o l d Senate, "Ten years from now NASA w i l l be celebrating i t s 20th anniversary. I hope that. t h e chairman of t h e Committee.. . a t t h a t time w i l l be able t o stand here and congratulate t h e agency and i t s people f o r 20 years of accomplishment and say t h a t t h e United S t a t e s i s s t i l l f i r s t i n space and i n aeronautics. But unless we a r e v i g i l a n t and supply t h e agency with t h e needed authorizations and appropr-iations, t h a t statement w i l l not be made. " (CR, - 1012/68, ~ 1 1 8 4 4 ) . N4SA awarded Chrysler Corp. ' s Space Div. $10,545,753 cost-plus-award-fee extension t o $77,877,486 contract f o r KSC support services. Extension, f o r J u l y 1 through Dec. 31, covered necessary manpower and material t o provide design and sustaining engineering, modification, t e s t i n g , refurbishing, and launch support of KSC-designed equipment and Saturn I B launch operations. (KSCRelease KSC-418-68) �MSFC announced it had awarded American Science and Engineering, October 2: Inc. , $5,413,000 addition t o contract f o r f i n a l design, fabrication, assembly, integration, t e s t qualification, and acceptance of prototype and f l i g h t u n i t x-ray spectrographic telescope, part of Apollo Telescope Mount. Award brought t o t a l value of contract t o $~1,617,471. (NASA Release 68-170; MSFC Release 68-234) October 3 : Aurorae (ESRO I) s a t e l l i t e , designed, developed, and constructed by European Space Research Organization under July 8, 1964, NASA-ESRO agreement, was successfully launched by NASA from WTR by four-stage Scout booster. Orbital parameters : apogee, 949.4 m i (1,528 km) ; perigee, 160.9 m i (259 l a ) ; period, 102.8 min; and inclination, 93.7'. Primary NASA mission objectives were t o place Aurorae i n t o planned o r b i t and provide tracking and telemetry support. The 185-lb cylindrical s a t e l l i t e carried eight experiments t o study aurora borealis (Northern ~ i g h t s )and other r e l a t e d phenomena of polar ionosphere, representing s i x different organizat i o n s from U.K., Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. A l l experiments were operating a s planned, and t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c objectives were being achieved. Aurorae was second successful ESRO s a t e l l i t e launched by NASA. IRIS -I, launched May 16 t o replace ESRO 11-A which had f a i l e d t o achieve o r b i t May 29, 1967, had entered planned o r b i t and conducted solar-astronomy and cosmic-ray studies. ESRO was responsible f o r experiment instrumentation, delivery of spacecraft t o launch s i t e , equipment and personnel necessary t o mate spacecraft, t o launch vehicle, and spacecraft t e s t i n g . NASA provided Scout launch vehicle, conducted launch operations, and supplied data and tracking acquisition support. (NASA Proj O f f ; NASA Release 68-158; AP, W Star, 10/4/68; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - - - . Cosmos CCXLV was launched by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 481-km (298. +mi) apogee, 2'72-km (169-mi) perigee, 92-min period, and 70.9' inclination. (GSFCSSR, 10/15/68) . NASA Deputy Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, presented NASA FY 1969 interim operating plan t o Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Although President Johnson had not yet signed appropriations b i l l , Bureau of t h e Budget had indicated NASA's share of $6 b i l l i o n expenditure reduction might amount t o $350 million. This meant limitat i o n of use of FY 1969 appropriations t o $3.85 b i l l i o n , D r . Paine said. "Our actions also have had t o be constrained by our current instructions within t h e Executive Branch t o hold expenditures t o a minimum i n 1970 a s well a s i n 1969, and t o be prepared f o r t h e eventuality of budgetary FY 1970 even more r e s t r i c t i v e than those i n F Y 1969. I limitations am personally convinced t h a t t h e nation's space program requires an we w i l l succeed i n increase i n funding i n FY 1970 and I am hopeful ... �October 3 (continued) e s t a b l i s h i n g- t h e need f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t increase. U n t i l t h i s d e c i s i o n i s made.. .we have no a1ternati;e but t o proceed with an i n t e r i m operating plan which, where possible, holds open options we can e x e r c i s e i n FY 1970 i f t h e budget i s higher but which does not overcommit u s i f t h e FY 1970 budget i s lower. " Plan r e t a i n e d $2.025 b i l l i o n authorized f o r Apollo program--$1b m i l l i o n below budget request. It reduced authorized $253.2 m i l l i o n f o r Apollo Applications, t o $150 m i l l i o n , amount "required t o work toward t h e important but sharply l i m i t e d and deferred Apollo Applicat i o n s program we now propose." This would include cessation of Saturn IB launch v e h i c l e production a f t e r completion o f 1 4 t h ( s a t u r n 214) and d i s c o n t i n u a t i o n of Saturn V a t completion of f i r s t 15 vehicles. Single Saturn I workshop and s i n g l e Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)would be launched i n e a r l y 1970s. Authorized $5 m i l l i o n f o r advanced missions would be cut 5$ t o $2.5 m i l l i o n , f o r continued s t u d i e s r e l a t e d t o manned e a r t h - o r b i t a l and l u n a r missions. Authorized $136.9 m i l l i o n would be reduced t o $132.1 m i l l i o n f o r physics and a s t r o n o w with l e v e l of e f f o r t i n supporting research and technology and d a t a a n a l y s i s approximately 1%lower t h a n i n FY 1968. The $92.3 m i l l i o n authorized f o r l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n would be cut t o $75.8 m i l l i o n , with $6.8 m i l l i o n f o r l u n a r and $69 m i l l i o n f o r planetary--to support Mariner-Mars 1969 mission, r e a c q u i s i t i o n of t e l e m e t r y from Mariner V, and Mariner-Mars 1971 mission. Plan a l s o supported i n FY 1969, a t reduced funding l e v e l , c a p a b i l i t y t o conduct Mars mission during 1973 opportunity i n keeping with NAS r e commendation [ s e e Sept. 191. Overall scope of mission would be reduced and schedule compressed. Operating plan provided f o r construction of two 210-f'b antennas f o r Mars and o t h e r missions during 1970s. Launch v e h i c l e procurement a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $115.7 m i l l i o n would be cut t o $100.2 m i l l i o n and bioscience from $33 m i l l i o n t o $32.7 m i l l i o n , which was $15 m i l l i o n below budget request and required s l i p of 6-12 mo i n 21-day B i o s a t e l l i t e missions. Space a p p l i c a t i o n s a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $98.7 m i l l i o n would be r e t a i n e d ; program change n e c e s s i t a t e d by May 18 d e s t r u c t i o n of Nimbus B would r e s u l t i n launch of replacement, Nimbus B2, i n spring 1969. Aero,ractics R&D budget would remain a t authorized $74.9 m i l l i o n , while FY 1969 e f f o r t i n nuclear r o c k e t s would be l i m i t e d and NERVA development deferred u n t i l 1-970, when $7.5 m i l l i o n withheld i n FY 1969 could be added t o allow t o t a l of $39.5 m i l l i o n . Of $180.5 m i l l i o n t o t a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h , mace v e h i c l e systems, e l e c t r o n i c s system, human f a c t o r systems, space power and e l e c t r i c propulsion systems, and chemical propulsion, i n t e r i m plan would provide $178.4 m i l l i o n , reduction ... �October 3 (continued) 5 m i l l i o n from NASA's budget request. Work i n long-endurance life-support-equipment technologies would proceed a s planned but i n o t h e r a r e a s , research and t e c h n i c a l development would be reduced, e s p e c i a l l y e f f o r t s i n support of advanced space missions. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n budget would be reduced from $289.8 m i l l i o n authorized t o $280 m i l l i o n , providing f u l l Apollo schedule support but l i m i t i n g support f o r spacecraft alof't and on f u t u r e missions. Construct i o n of f a c i l i t i e s funds had been reduced from $39.6 m i l l i o n authorized t o $21.8 m i l l i o n appropriated. Operating p l a n would i n c r e a s e f i g u r e t o $35.7 m i l l i o n by t r a n s f e r r i n g funds from R&D appropriation. F a c i l i t y planning and design funds were reduced from $3 m i l l i o n requested t o $1million. Interim operating plan a n t i c i p a t e d t r a n s f e r of $20.1 m i l l i o n from F&D t o administrative o p e r a t i o n s , bringing t o t a l t o $623.3 m i l l i o n i n s t e a d of $603.2 m i l l i o n i n a u t h o r i z a t i o n and appropriations a c t s and $648.2 m i l l i o n requested by NASA i n budget. D r . Paine emphasized t h a t administrative operat i o n s appropriation d i d not cover only "administrative " expenses ; it covered d i r e c t c o s t s of operating NASA l a b o r a t o r i e s , research c e n t e r s , development c e n t e r s , and launch c e n t e r s . NASA Administrator James E, Webb t o l d Committee, 'I. .when you use words such a s 'Congress c o n s i s t e n t l y has supported t h e Apollo program, ' you must add ' a t a minimum l e v e l . ' We have c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d i n every budget t h a t t h e b a s i s on which we were going forward with t h i s support by Congress was one t h a t d i d not t a k e i n t o account unusual r i s k s and happenings and was, i n e f f e c t , based on success i n a l l t h e s e e f f o r t s . " Webb s a i d NASA Apollo funding was r e l a t e d t o success on various operations and d i d not include "a r e t u r n t o t e s t f l i g h t on t h e Saturn I B should we not be a b l e t o make t h e s h i f t t o t h e b i g rocket a f t e r t h i s next f l i g h t . " From 1961 t o 1969, Webb s a i d , "we have not had t h e funds t o proceed except i n a manner t h a t would permit us, within t h e t o t a 1 budget, t o do t h i s l u n a r landing within t h i s decade and on an a l l - u p systems t e s t b a s i s . So t h e e x c r u t i a t i n g l y p a i n f u l period of a l l - u p t e s t i n g on t h e Saturn V i s y e t ahead of us. I' ( ~ e s t i m o n y ; rans script) of. . . NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A. Manke, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed eleventh f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Vehicle with f u l l l o a d of f u e l was c a r r i e d t o a l t i t u d e , where successful j e t t i s o n t e s t was performed before launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t . Purpose of f l i g h t was p i l o t proficiency. (NASA P r o j o f f ) �October 3: Boeing Co. s a i d it would build one-fifth s i z e thermal models s $156,500 NASA contract t o determine of manned space s t ~ t i o n .under t h e i r f e a s i b i l i t y f o r predicting temperatures i n f u l l - s i z e earth-orbiting s t a t i o n . ( ~ o e i n gRelease S-9840) . NASA s a i d spacecraft and p a r t s of Agena 2nd stage of Nimbus B weather s a t e l l i t e launched unsuccessfully May 18, including two SNAP-19 nuclear power generators, had been found Sept. 30 by crew of research submarine four miles south of San Miguel Island o f f California coast. Pictures taken by submarine indicated three- by six-inch graphic cores of generators were i n t a c t ; surrounding magnesium-thorium a l l o y casings were almost completely decayed since they dissolved i n sea water almost immediately. Each core contained t h r e e pounds of plutonium. AEC had spent $200,000 searching f o r missing nuclear sources. Nimbus B had been destroyed shortly a f t e r launch when it veered o f f course. (NASA Release 68-171; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/4/68, Al.6; AP, 10/11/68, 10) - z, . Senate, a f t e r secret session, defeated by vote of 45 t o 25 amendment by Sen. John S. Cooper (R-Ky. ) t o eliminate from $71.8-billion defense appropriations b i l l $387.4 million requested by Administrat i o n t o st& deployment of Sentinel a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. F i n a l a c t ion on l a r g e s t defense appropriations b i l l i n U. S. h i s t o r y was deferred u n t i l Oct. 4. CR, 10/2/68, S11872-85; AP, W Star, 10/2/68, A4; Finney, 7 6 8 , 1; Lardner, W Post, 10/5168, 1 ) m, October 4: NASA-USAF review board report s a i d f a i l u r e of Nimbus B mission May 18 had been caused by improper i n s t a l l a t i o n of yaw-rate gyro 90' from design position i n t h e Thorad-Agena launch vehicle. Board recommended revision of t e s t procedures which f a i l e d t o discern e r r o r and redesign of &yro mounting brackets t o make improper i n s t a l l a t i o n impossible. Repeat mission, Nimbus B2, would be launched i n spring 1969 because of f l i g h t ' s importance t o meteorol o g i c a l research. (NASA Release 68-171; UPI, H Chron, 1015168) . CmSatCorp, on behalf of IXTELSAT, awarded Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. $72million contract f o r IN'TELSAT IV advanced comsats. Hughes would d e l i v e r within 22 mo four f l i g h t spacecraft, one prototype, associated spacecraft t e s t equipment, and necessary ground equipp 68-52; WSJ, 10/7/68, 3) ment. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o rRelease - October 5: U.S.S.R. successfully launched Molniya 1-10 t o r e l a y . telephone and telegraph communications and TV programs t o f a r northern and f a r eastern U. S. S. R. and t o c e n t r a l Asia. Orbital �October 5 (continued) parameters: apogee, 39,639 km (2,463.1 mi); perigee, 429 km (266.6 mi); period, 711.9 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 64.8'. (UPI, W -9S t a r 10/7/68, A9; AP, NYT, 10/8/68, 2; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - - . Republican P r e s i d e n t i a l candidate Richard M. Nixon issued p o l i c y s t a t e ment, "The Research Gap: C r i s i s i n American Science and Technology." U.S. was "shortchanging" i t s s c i e n t i f i c community and r i s k i n g research "Faced with dynamic gap between U.S. e f f o r t and t h a t of U.S.S.R. p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r science, t h e current Administration i s hobbled by t h e s t a t i c philosophy t h a t technological p o t e n t i a l i t i e s a r e limited. In This a t t i t u d e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y perilous i n t h e realm of defense.... few a r e a s of development i s a c t i v i t y so intense and productive a s i n Soviet m i l i t a r y research and development." While U.S.S.R. graduated twice a s many s c i e n t i s t s annually a s U.S., American s c i e n t i f i c community was "demoralized" by wavering a t t i t u d e s toward R&D. " S c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y cannot be turned on and o f f l i k e a faucet. The withdrawal of support disperses highly t r a i n e d research teams, closes v i t a l f a c i l i t i e s , l o s e s The United spinoff b e n e f i t s , and d i s r u p t s development momentum. S t a t e s must end t h i s depreciation of research and development i n i t s order of n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s . . It would be an urgent goal of my administration t o devise e f f e c t i v e means by which it could cooperate with industry and t h e academic community i n an e f f o r t t o make maximum use of s c i e n t i f i c advances t o help solve major n a t i o n a l problems. Our goal i s t o make t h e United S t a t e s f i r s t again i n t h e c r u c i a l area ex%; Walsh, Science, 10/18/68, 335-7) of research and development." ... ... ... ... October 6: I n Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines commented on James E. Webbt s resignation a s NASA Administrator: "Yes. . t h e r e was a James Webb. He had h i s f a u l t s , God knows, and a p e c u l i a r s t y l e . Most people would have done t h e job d i f f e r e n t l y . But, on balance, it i s d i f f i c u l t t o see how myone could have done it much b e t t e r . " (W -9S t a r 10/6/68, ~ 4 ) . October 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXLVI i n t o o r b i t with 3 1 7 - h x i ) apogee, 145-km (90.1-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 65.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered Oct 12. ( ~ n t e r a v i d i r L e t t e r , 10/8/68, 11; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) . . Resignation of James E. Webb a s NASA Administrator, announced Sept. 16, became e f f e c t i v e . (NASAOff of Administrator) �Sen. S t u a r t Symington (D-MO.) s a i d i n statement put i n t o October 7: Congressional Record, "I a m now confident...serious consideration should be given t o canceling t h e e n t i r e A i r Force F-111 s e r i e s . . . . I f t h e plane i s f'undamentally unsound--and t h a t would now appear t o be t h e c a s e - - i t s termination would prevent t h e l o s s of a d d i t i o n a l b i l l i o n s of dollars--and what i s more important, save t h e l i v e s of many p i l o t s . " He s a i d October report of Preparedness I n v e s t i g a t i n g Subcommittee of Senate Committee on Armed Services "points up t h e grave s e c u r i t y d e f i c i e n c i e s t h a t have r e s u l t e d from t h e Department of Defense f o r c i n g t h e A i r Force and Navy t o put a l l t h e eggs of t h e i r a i r c r a f t development i n t o one unfortunate basket." ( ~ e x t ;CRY 10/7/68, ~12148-51;Witkin, -3NYT 10/8/68, 18; W Post, 10/8/68, A l l ) - . I tni mNational Observer, Peter T . Chew c r i t i c i z e d Americans a s "uncertain, i d f a r e r s i n space. " During "19-month interregnum i n manned space f l i g h t " occasioned by Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo f i r e , "Americans have become obsessed with t h e r a c e question a t home and t h e Vietnam War abroad.... I f some doomsayers a r e t o be believed, t h e v a s t U.S. space science and t ethnology establishment put t o g e t h e r during t h e l a s t decade w i l l be systematically dismantled once t h e manned Apollo landing has been accomplished because NASA has 'no c l e a r mandate' t o go on; c o r n f i e l d s w i l l reclaim t h e g r e a t rocket and s p a c e c r a f t - t e s t i n g s i t e s . ; t h e s o l a r system w i l l become t h e exclusive playground of Soviet cosmonauts. " Yet NASA's mandate t o explore space "for t h e b e n e f i t of a l l mankind" had been s e t down i n l e g i s l a t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e agency and d i d not end with t h e moon. I f anything, "the moon i s t h e f i r s t stepping stone. " D r . Wernher von Braun "stands almost alone among t h e country's l e a d e r s i n h i s a b i l i t y t o express i n understandable terms j u s t why we a r e going t o t h e moon--and beyond To c r i t i c s of t h e space program he r e p l i e s , '...Man was born with an i n s a t i a b l e nosiness about h i s n a t u r a l environment. .it seems t o pay o f f handsomely, but o f t e n i n t h e most unexpected way, t o keep s a t i s f y i n g h i s c u r i o s i t y about t h e world' around him. " ( ~ a t Obs, l 1017168) .. .... .. . Newsweek s a i d NERVA p r o j e c t had "become one more c a s u a l t y of cutbacks i n t h e space program. " Workers a t Nevada t e s t s i t e "say only a skeleton s t a f f w i l l be l e f t on t h e p r o j e c t by spring. I' (Newsweek, 1017168 . NASA announced i t , h a d . awarded Technical Information Services Co. $4.3-million cost-plus-award-fee contract f o r continued o p e r a t i o n of NASA's S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y a t College Park, Md. Contract would extend through November, 1969, with two one-year o p t ions. Current c o n t r a c t o r was Leasco Systems and Research Corp. (NASA Release 68-173) �October 7: NASA Administrator James E. Webb issued order dissolving Apollo 204 Review Board established Jan. 27, 1967, t o investigate Apollo f i r e of t h a t date. ( ~ e x)t October 8: Antennas on NASAt s Explorer XXXVIII (launched J u l y 4) were each successfully extended t o 750-ft maximum lenrrth and damper boom t o maxim& 630 f t by ground command. s a t e l l i t e ' s antennas had been i n i t i a l l y deployed t o 455 f't each J u l y 22 and extended t o 600-ft each Sept. 24. Maximum extension completed planned antenna deployment sequence. (NASA Release 68 -174; NASA Proj o f f ) . Senate unanimously approved space rescue t r e a t y , providing f o r rescue and r e t u r n a f astronauts downed on foreign s o i l . It had been signed by 75 nations. (CR, - 1018168, 512215-6; AP, B Sun, 1019168, ~ 1 0 ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space Flight, D r . George E. Mueller, addressed Nfnth N a t i ~ n a lConference of United Press I n t e r n a t i o n a l Editors and Publishers i n Washington, D. C. : the conception and construction of t h e equipment necessary t o t h e safe transport of men i n t o space and f o r t h e i r accomplishment of productive t a s k s i n t h a t new atmosphere, a new mix of professional and s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e s has been created which has forced cooperation between engineers and medical doctors. Many o f t h e technologies which a r e e s s e n t i a l t o our sending t h r e e men t o t h e moon and back d i d not e x i s t a few years ago. They had t o be invented, adapted o r developed We now have t h e giant boosters which have released man from h i s atmosphere, and. l i f e support systems t h a t can maintain him i n space. As a r e s u l t of t h e cleanliness requirements of t h e space program we have t h e l a r g e s t 'clean roomsf i n t h e world--rooms which h o s p i t a l s Over 600 computers now comprise t h e l a r g e s t a r e now emulating, and most advanced communications system'in t h e world. The f u e l c e l l , which had l a i n dormant f o r many years, was activated t o power spacec r a f t i n o r b i t . Thirty public u t i l i t y companies now have a $2'7,000,000 program f o r t h e adaptation of t h e f u e l c e l l f o r home power units. We had t o know on a real-time b a s i s how f a s t t h e h e a r t s of t h e a s t r o nauts were beating while they were i n space how much oxygen they were we invented another using, and how t h e i r muscles were r e s p o n d i n g . . . ~ ~ new system, biosensor t o computer t o d a t a gathering equipment, and through com'unications network t o t h e Manned Spacecraft Center a t Houston--from 100. o r 800. o r from j$ of a million miles out i n space. And a h a l f a dozen newly formed companies are now manufacturing these adapted space-created instruments f o r t h e use of doctors and h o s p i t a l s here on earth. " ( ~ e x t ) or .... .. ... ... .. .. ( �October 8: Commenting on James E. Webb's retirement, Sen. John Stennis (DIMiss.) said on Senate floor, "I have been a member of t h e Committee on Aercmau.tical and Space Sciences since about t h e time M r . Webb was appointed t o head NASA. I am. not given unduly t o praise a man. I a m not impressed by a t i t l e . I an impressed by a record, But I am c e r t a i p l y impressed with t h e f a c t t h a t Mr. Webb c w r i e d out h i s respons i b i l i t i e s f o r NASA with an expenditure of $34 b i l l i o n , i n what might be called a crash program; and I have not seen any evidence of any a c t i v i t y of h i s except t h a t clothed i n the highest degree with integrity, honesty, frankness and openness i n h i s dealings with t h e committee, with Congress, a s well as with the public." (CR, 10/8/68, 812227-8) - . Dept, of State said it would issue visas t o 35 Soviet space s c i e n t i s t s t o attend 19th Congress of International Astronautical Federation However, it might recommend cancellat i o n of sightseeing tour of KSC arranged with NASA by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) f o r s c i e n t i s t s from 34 c ~ u n 0 r i e sattending both IAF Congress and AU1A. annual meeting i n Philadelphia Oct. 21-25. No Soviet s c i e n t i s t had yet v i s i t e d KSC, "apparently out of concern t h a t t h e United States would ask f o r reciprocal r i g h t s i n Russia f o r American s c i e n t i s t s , " said New York Times, Rep. Paul G. Rogers (D- la.), i n l e t t e r t o Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk, had said v i s i t was inappropriate i n l i g h t of U. S. S. R. ' s invasion of Czechoslovakia, imprisonment of Pueblo crew by North Korea, Soviet a i d to North Vietnam, and existence of Communist regime i n Cuba. (Q, 10/9/68) (w)i n New York Oct. 13-19. - October 9: Univ. of California a t Los Angeles astronomer D r . K u r t Riegel and graduate student Mark Jennings reported discovery of cloud of intensely cold i n t e r s t e l l a r hydrogen gas near region of galaxy where s t a r formation was kwwn t o be taking place, about 3,000 l i g h t years from e a r t h i n direct i o n of Milky Way. D r . Reigel said, h he implication i s t h a t t h e process of s t a r formation may i n some way depend on t h e t h e gas f l o a t ing around between t h e s t a r s . " ( ~ e t z e ,WI - . NASA was completing t e s t s f o r Cambridge Research Laboratories i n which, individual p l a s t i c hailstone models were dropped from 20,000USAF t o 25,000-ft a l t i t u d e s near NASA Wallops Station t o study speed a t which hailstones f e l l t o earth and i t s effect on t h e i r size and growth r a t e i n atmosphere. Wind-tunnel t e s t s had confirmed theory t h a t size and weight t o which naturally formed hailstones would grow was related t o speed they f e l l and thus t o length of time spent i n storm clozlds. Shape and surface roughness affected f a l l speed by �October 9 (continued) changing drag c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W&lops t e s t data would check tunnel r e s u l t s and would be applied i n predicting growth of r e a l hailstones. (NASA Release 68-172) Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR October 10: c a r r i e d Naval Research Laboratory experiment t o 109.2-mi (174.7 -km) a l t i t u d e t o obtain s t e l l a r spectra i n Scorpius i n 1,000-1,600a f a r u l t r a v i o l e t range and photometric data on s t e l l a r fluxes. Rocket performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . S c i e n t i f i c objectives were not achieved because a t t i t u d e control system (ACS ) malfunctioned and vehicle f a i l e d t o capture and point a t desired t a r g e t s . Experiment performed a s expected, but because of ACS malfunction no film was advanced by spectograph o r aspect camera. Sane photometric data were obtained by Geiger tube photometers. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Australian House of Representatives, by 60-30 vote, defeated opposition Labor Party motion t o condemn government f o r ordering 24 F-111C f i g h t e r Crashes, delays, and cost increases had l e d t o major bombers from U.S. c r i t i c i s m of government. Deliveries of a i r c r a f t were 18 mo behind schedule. Latest U. S . estimate of cost, including spares and ground equipment, was $294.63 million, about one-f ourth Australian defense budget f o r 1968-69. There was no c e i l i n g p r i c e on a i r c r a f t and no way A u s t r a l i a could cancel contract without $200-million penalty. (AP, W Post, 10/11/68, All; NYT, 10/9/68, 12) - . NASA announced it had requested proposals by Nov. 18 i n i t s program t o b u i l d two experimental tilrbofan j e t engines and t o conduct intensive . t e s t program [see Aug. 181. Objective was t o reduce two major sources of noise--interaction of j e t exhaust with outside a i r and noise created by fan--to produce turbofan demonstrator engine operational a t noise l e v e l a t l e a s t 15-20 db below those p~weringDC-8 and 707 a i r c r a f t . Specifications were developed a t LeRC with assistance on contract from Allison Div. of General Motors Corp. and P r a t t & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. while McDonnell Douglas Corp. studied f e a s i b i l i t y of i n t e g r a t i n g quiet engine with DC-8. (NASA Release 68-17?) . Sen. John J. S p a r h a n (D-ma.) on Senate f l o o r said: "President Johnson i s properly called t h e p r i n c i p a l a r c h i t e c t of America's space program. As Senator and Vice President he worked unceasingly t o assure t h i s country a r o l e of leadership i n t h e exploration of space.... Under President Johnson's leadership i n t h e Senate t h e Space Act was passed i n 1958, creating t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration. s e t t i n g up a charter t o win f o r t h i s country a preeminence i n t h e .. �October 1 0 (continued) peaceful exploration of space. NASA p u l l e d t o g e t h e r widely s c a t t e l e f f o r t s i n space and b u i l t an organization unique i n t h i s countryf s h i s t o r y . It has contributed t o t h e technological competence so v i t a . t o modern i n d u s t r i a l society. I' (NASA LAR ~11/108) . Federal Aviation Administration published r e p o r t , SRDS Program Goals, Achievements and Trends, on 50 Systems Research and Development Service p r o j e c t s undertaken i n FY 1968. Beacon t r a c k i n g l e v e l of t e r m i n a l automat ion would provide a i r c r a f t i d e n t i t y , a l t i t u d e , and computed ground speed on a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l radarscopes. Over t h r e e y e a r s , automated r a d a r t r a c k i n g system ARTS I11 would be i n s t a l l e d a t 62 b u s i e s t a i r p o r t s . Computer-aided approach spacing ((%AS) system would give more consistent spacing of landing a i r c r a f t . R&D eventually would l e a d t o Category I11 all-weather landing systems (AWLS)a t major a i r p o r t s , permitting a i r c r a f t t o land with zero c e i l i n g and runway v i s u a l range. (FAA Release T-68-39) October 11: Cosmos CCXLVII was launched by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 343-km (213.1-mi) apogee, 215-km (133.6-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 65.4O i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered Oct. 19. (GSFC-9SSR 10/15/68 ; 10/31/68) . U.S.S.R.'s Zond V could be precursor t o next s t e p i n f l y i n g complex unmanned missions t o Venus o r Mars a s w e l l a s t o carrying men t o moon, RAND Corp. s c i e n t i s t Merton E. Davies and Cal Tech s c i e n t i s t Bruce M. Murray wrote i n Science. Soviet d e s c r i p t i o n s of Zond V suggested U. S. S.R. might plan t o send p a i r of spacecraft t o Mars i n l a t e February o r e a r l y March. One might land on Mars and c a s t o f f s a t e l l i t e t o o r b i t it and r e l a y s i g n a l s t o e a r t h ; o t h e r might f l y by Mars and r e t u r n t o e a r t h with f i l m of Mars surface. Speculat i o n s were based on Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda ( ~ e ds t a r ) a r t i c l e s by Soviet Prof. A. Dmitriyev, which s a i d "information from space" must be d e l i v e r e d " d i r e c t l y t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s ' laboratory" f r e e of "encumbrances and d i s t o r t i o n s of radioed signals." He s a i d Zond V had s u c c e s s f u l l y completed assignment of developing means and methods f o r r e t u r n i n g space devices. Also, U.S.S.R. had previously s e n t p a i r of spacecraft on p l a n e t a r y mission and might r e p e a t mission t o t a k e advantage of favorable Mars o r Venus p o s i t i o n s f o r f l y b y o r landing attempts. (science, 10/11/68, 245-6; Cohn, W Post, 10/11j/68, ~ 9 ) �October 11: President Johnson sent NASA Semiannual Reports covering period J u l y 1, 1966, t o Dec. 31, 1967, t o Congress with message of t r a n s m i t t a l , saying, "I commend these reports t o your attention. They contain, I believe, concrete evidence t h a t NASA i s moving forward, and t h a t America i s contributing mightily 'in t h e worldwide e f f o r t t o conquer space f o r t h e benefit of a l l mankind. " (NASA LAR - v11/111) . I n TV program t o viewers i n Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, Republican Presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon said a Republican administration would s t r i v e t o make U. S. " f i r s t i n space. " He said, "I don't want t h e Soviet Union o r any other nation t o be ahead of Let ' s emphasize t h e moon shot and others t h e United States. where we can make a d i r e c t break-through. " (W -9Star 10/12/68, Al) ... . President Johnson vainly urged Senate r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonp r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y : "3.f t h e t r e a t y does not go i n t o e f f e c t soon, an increasing number of countries w i l l see it i n t h e i r national i n t e r e s t t o go nuclear. ..[and] t h e advent of new nuclear powers could force upon us t h i s dilemma: e i t h e r withdrawing our influence and commitment *om areas of the world which are v i t a l t o our i n t e r e s t s ; o r having other nations t r i g g e r a nuclear conflict which could involve us." He s a i d i f Senate found it impossible t o remain i n session t o a c t on r a t i f i c a t i o n , he might c a l l special session a f t e r election. However, a f t e r consulting with President Johnson, Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, ( D - ~ o n t . )announced he was laying t r e a t y aside f o r t h i s session of Congress because t o c a l l it up during closing days would r e s u l t i n "a devisive p o l i t i c a l dispute" t h a t could convert it i n t o p a r t i s a n issue and imperil i t s eventual approval. 10/14/68, 1481; CR, 10/11/68, S12685-90; Finney, NYT, Kilpatrick, W POX, 10/12/68, ~ 1 4 ) - . NASA t a s k force appointed by Assistant A h i n i s t r a t o r f o r University ' A f f a i r s Francis B. Smith announced publication of A Study of NASA University Programs, containing assessment of programs and t h e i r benefit t o NASA and academic community. NASA university programs had "made major contributions t o aeronautics and space program. Research sponsored. ..has generated new concepts, has developed new technology, and has created unique f a c i l i t i e s f o r further education and resea~,cil. Over 50 percent of a l l experiments flown on NASA s a t e l l i t e s have been generated by university programs. Universities have awarded a t l e a s t 500 graduate degrees and provided continuing education opportunities t o thousands. [and] university consultants have given policy, s c i e n t i f i c , and engineering advice t o NASA a t a l l levels." ( ~ e x b ;NASA,Release 68-177) .. �October 11: NASA had asked i t s c o n t r a c t o r s t o , c u t KSC qerssnAe1 1%i n d announced e f f o r t t o save $40 m i l l i o n by J u l y 1. b e i n g Co. h ~ alrkady p l a n s t o reduce 4,400-man force t o 4,000. .Chqyxler Corp. would keep 1,000 of i t s 1,200. Cutbacks were due t o NASA budget c u t s and a f f e c t e d only Z$ of work force. (NASA FAO; W S t a r , 10/11/68, ' ~ 3 ) - . Comparison of i n f r a r e d images of l u n a r e c l i p s e s of Dec. 19, 1964, and A p r i l 13, 1968, showed thermal anomalies of l u n a r maria unchanged a f t e r 3& yr, A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories r e s e a r c h e r s r e p o r t e d i n Science. Graham R. Hunt, John W. Salisbury, and Robert K. Vincent wrote t h a t hundreds of hot spots t h a t cooled more slowly t h a n surroundings were s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r i n images from both e c l i p s e s . One new, l i n e a r thermal anomaly had been discovered, whose c l o s e r e l a t i o n t o l u n a r c r u s t a l f r a c t u r e l i n e suggested it might be of i n t e r n a l o r i i n . Origin could give clue t o formation a f c r a t e r s . (science, 10/11768, 252-4) . Dr. W i l l i a m H. Avery, head of Aeronautics Div., Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, explained t o Johns Hopkins audience idea f o r a e r i a l c a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (ACT) system based on s k i - l i f t p r i n c i p l e , designed f o r l o c a l t r i p s of under 10 m i within urban a r e a s , and l i n k e d with high-speed t r a n s i t system f o r longer distances. S e r i e s of small c a r s would move along elev2ted r a i l , operated by e l e c t r i c a l l y powered cable 1 2 t o 1 4 f t above pavement. ( ~ h r i s t m a s ,W S t a r , 10/14/68, ~ 3 ) - NASA's Apollo 7 (AS-205)~f i r s t manned mission i n Apollo October 11-22: l u n a r landing program, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from KSC Launch Complex 34 a t 11:02 am EDT by Saturn I B booster. Primary o b j e c t i v e s were t o demonstrate command and service module (CSM) and crew performance; demonstrate crew, space v e h i c l e , and mission support f a c i l i t i e s ; and demonstrate CSM rendezvous c a p a b i l i t y . A l l launch events occurred a s planned and s p a c e c r a f t , carrying Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr. (commander), Donn F. E i s e l e (CM p i l o t ) , and R. Walter Cunningham (IN p i l o t ) , entered i n i t i a l o r b i t with 190.1-mi ( 306 -km) apogee, 142.3-mi (229-km) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 31.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . Saturn IB 2nd s t a g e (s-NB) manned c o n t r o l t e s t was completed with e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s , and S-IVB separated f r ~ mCSM on schedule. Crew s u c c e s s f u l l y transposed CSM and simulated -d~&ing by maneuvering CSM t o w i t h i n f o u r o r f i v e f e e t of S-IVB, On second day S c h i r r a t o l d ground. eorxtraJ2,ers t h a t crew was t o o busy t o s e t up p o r t a b l e camera f m lixe?!. coverage bemuse of minor but time-consuming d i f f i c u l t i e s . kS'bson~u%shad t o pump waste water �October 11-22 (continued) manually fiom spacecraft, Schirra and Eisele had trouble with t h e i r biomedical harnesses, Schirra had head cold symptoms, spacecraft evaporator system required maintenance, and hatch windows blurred and were bordered by mysterious "small h a i r s l i k e fuzz." Crew f i r e d SPS engine f o r 10 sec and 8 sec t o s e t up rendezvous and maneuvered CSM t o within 70 f t of tumbling spent 2nd stage, simulating techniques t o be used on future f l i g h t s i f LM were t o become disabled i n lunar orbit. Crew took close-up photos of 1;M adapter a t t a c h e d t o 2nd stage. S-IVB reentered e a r t h ' s atmosphere Oct. 18 and splashed i n t o Indian Ocean. On t h i r d day crew, which had already accomplished h a l f i t s objectives, photographed clouds and e a r t h and continued checking out spacecraft systems. Power f a i l u r e i n spacecraft's AC e l e c t r i c a l system was quickly restored, but overloading prompted o f f i c i a l s t o reschedule t h i r d SPS burn 20 hr sooner than planned. Burn positioned and sized e l l i p s e f o r CM reaction control system deorbit i n case of emergency and s e t up auxiliary gaging system t e s t . Astronauts, a l l with head colds, appeared on national TV f o r 7 min f o r f i r s t time l i v e fkom space. Crew displayed hand-printed signs bearing greetings from "the lovely Apollo room h5gh atop everything. " Second l i v e t e l e c a s t f o r 11 min Oct. 15 showed closeups of spacec r a f t i n t e r i o r and astronauts so c l e a r t h a t observers could read astronauts' l i p s . Third TV appearance Oct. 16, which included nine-minute t o u r of spacecraft, won astronauts honorary membership i n American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. Later, crew successfully f i r e d SPS engine f o r fourth burn, demonstrating 20,500-lb-thrust engine's minimum impulse capability. As spacecrafi passed over Hurricane Gladys i n G u l f of Mexico, astronauts photographed storm and relayed data t o Weather Bureau hurricane center. They a l s o took p i c t u r e s of a "long plume" of a i r pollution. Crew continued spacecraf't checkout, guidance and navigation procedures, and TV operations on seveneh day, but fourth t e l e c a s t was smudgy. Successful 67-sec f i f t h SPS burn--longest t o date--was performed out of plane t o t e s t auxiliary gaging system and readjust e l l i p s e f o r l i f e t i m e and CM reaction control system deorbit On n i n t h day astronauts showed viewers exceptionally sharp pictures of main control panels i n f i f t h TV broadcast and performed close-order drill t o demonstrate movement i n weightless environment. Sixth SPS burn, e s s e n t i a l l y a duplicate of fourth minimum impulse t e s t burn, was successfully conducted. Seventh burn, on following day, adjusted time phasing f o r backup SM reaction-control-system deorbit burns. A t 259:39 GET astronauts f i r e d SPS engine f o r eighth separation, parachute time, t o deorbit CSM f o r reentry. WSM deployment, and other reentry qvents were nominal, and spacecraft . �October 11-22 (continued) splashed down i n A t l a n t i c 8 m i north of recovery ship U.S.S. Essex a t 7 : l l am EDT Oct. 22. Crew was picked up by h e l i c o p t e r and flown t o recovery s h i p within one hour a f t e r splashdown. A l l primary Apollo 7 mission o b j e c t i v e s were achieved, a s w e l l a s every d e t a i l e d t e s t o b j e c t i v e and t h r e e not o r g i n a l l y planned. Crew comfort and s a f e t y were enhanced by a change i n cabin atmosphere t o 10% oxygen i n f l i g h t , hot meals, and r e l a t i v e l y complete freedom of motion i n spacecraft. Engineering accomplishments included l i v e TV from space and drinking water produced a s by-product of f u e l c e l l s . NASA's ATS I11 a p p l i c a t i o n s technology s a t e l l i t e relayed TV p i c t u r e s t o Europe. Service module SPS main engine, l a r g e s t t h r u s t engine t o be manually t h r u s t - v e c t o r c o n t r o l l e d , proved i t s e l f by accomplishing l o n g e s t and s h o r t e s t manned SPS burns and l a r g e s t number of i n f l i g h t r e s t a r t s . Manual t r a c k i n g , navigation, and c o n t r o l achievements included R z l l o p t i c a l rendezvous, daylight platform realignment, o p t i c a l platform alignments, p i l o t c o n t r o l of launch v e h i c l e a t t i t u d e , and o r b i t a l determination by sextant t r a c k i n g of another v e h i c l e . Mission a l s o accomplished f i r s t d i g i t a l - a u t o p i l o t - c o n t r o l l e d engine burn and f i r s t manned S-band communications. A l l launch v e h i c l e systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; spacecraft systems functioned with some minor anomalies, countered by backup subsystem, change i n procedures, i s o l a t i o n , o r c a r e f u l monitoring so t h a t no l o s s of systems support r e s u l t e d . Apollo 7 spacecrart had been redesigned f o r s a f e t y . Original two-piece s i d e hatch had been replaced by a quick-opening, one-piece hatch. Flammability within CM had been reduced by extensive m a t e r i a l s s u b s t i t u t i o n , and systems redundancy had been expanded t o reduce s i n g l e f a i l u r e p o i n t s . Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e c a r r i e d l e s s telemetry and instrumentation equipment, t o lower weight and increase payload c a p a b i l i t y . New p r o p e l l a n t l i n e s t o augmented spark i g n i t e r had been i n s t a l l e d i n J-2 engine t o prevent f a i l u r e which had occurred on Apollo 6. E a r l i e r unmanned Apollo f l i g h t s had yielded a l l spacecraft i n f o r mation p o s s i b l e without crew on board, Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been h i g h l y successful, completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major pieces of Apollo hardware. Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4), d e s p i t e launch v e h i c l e problems, had a t t a i n e d f o u r of f i v e primary o b j e c t i v e s and had been recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo s p a c e c r a r t development, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n NASA P r o j Off; of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. NASA Releases 68-168K, 68-179; Cohn, W Post, 10112 68, Al; 10/13/68, �October 11-22 ( continued) Al; AP, B s&, 10/12/68, Al0; OvToole, W Post, 10/12/68, Al; 10/15/68, A l ; 1 0 / 1 6 E Al; 10/17/68, A3; 10/18/68, A3; 10/21/68, Al; 10/23/68, A l ; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/13/68, Al; 10/19/68, A l ; W S t a r , 10/17/68, A2; ~ e h l s t e d, tB u n , 10123168, Al; 10/24/68, A3; W s t , 10/23/68, ~ 2 0 ) - October 12: Washington Post e d i t o r i a l noted Apollo spacecraft c o s t s and t h a t t o t a l cost of space program t o date was upwards of $20 b i l l i o n . h he expenditure of sums of money l i k e these cannot be j u s t i f i e d i n t e r n s of t h e m i l i t a r y o r c i v i l i a n spin-off, although both have been s u b s t a n t i a l , o r of t h e knowledge we have gained about t h e atmosphere surrounding our planet. But they can be j u s t i f i e d in terms of t h e n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e t h a t i s t o be won o r l o s t i n space and of t h e i n e v i t a b l e f a t e of man t o pursue knowledge towards i t s ultimate end i n hope of some day achieving a b e t t e r understanding of what t h e e a r t h and universe. a r e all about. It i s i n t h i s l a t t e r hope t h a t we cheer t h e astronauts on, wish them well i n t h e i r planned 163 o r b i t s of t h e e a r t h , pray f o r t h e i r safe return, and urge those who make t h e c r u c i a l decisions about t h e f u t u r e space program t o proceed with a l l d e l i b e r a t e speed t o reach t h e goal President Kennedy put before us. " (W Post, 10/12/68, ~ 1 2 ) . South African Defense Minister P i e t e r W. Botha had announced plans, a t annual conference of newspaper publishers, t o e s t a b l i s h nation's f i r s t experimental m i s s i l e t e s t and launching base on Zululand coast. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 10/13/68, 74) - . Page Communications Engineers, Inc., subsidiary of Northrop Corp. had received $5.25-million contract t o build f i r s t Middle East comsat e a r t h s t a t i o n i n Iran. (W 5-S t a r 10/12/68, ~ 5 ) October 13: New observations from ~ r i t a i ns' J o d r e l l Bank Experiment a 1 S t a t i o n indicated distance estimates t o pulsars had been 30 times t o o short. Observations from A u s t r a l i a ' s Molonglo Radio Observatory had i d e n t i f i e d pulsar PSR 1749-28, believed t o be t h r e e times more d i s t a n t t h a n 10 others observed t o date. Despite great distance i t s pulses were more powerful than those of a l l but one other. From these observat i o n s , J o d r e l l ' s D r . Graham Smith believed pulsars l a y i n d i s t a n t halo, not i n Milky Way. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 10/13/68, 74) - . U.S. S t a t e Dept. s a i d t h e r e was no intention of blocking t o u r of KSC by s c i e n t i s t s attending I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation Congress Oct. 13-19 and American InsWtute of Aeronautics and Astronautics �October 1 3 (continued) a m u a l meeting Oct. 19-20, Group included 40 delegates from U. S. S. H. A I M a l s o had arranged l e c t u r e t o u r of U.S. f o r Soviet space s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov of Moscow Univ. ( ~ i l s o n ,W Post, 10/14/68, ~ 3 ) October 13-19: A t l s h Congress of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation (IAF) i n New York, NASC Executive Secretary,Dr. Edward C. Welsh,in opening address read message from NASC Chairman, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey: "We t a k e mnsiderable p r i d e i n t h e United S t a t e s with t h e g e n e r a l l y open nature of our space program and i n t h e manner i n which we have attempted t o cooperate with other nations i n space p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s w e l l a s i n t h e dissemination of f a c t s and t h e o r i e s gleaned from our space experience. man has now begun t o make t h e space f a r beyond t h e E a r t h ' s surface a p a r t of h i s l i b r a r y of education and h i s scope of achievement. Naw more than ever before t h e way of t h e f u t u r e must be t h e way of nations working together t o harness t h e forces of nature so t h a t t h e peaceful p u r s u i t s of mankind may f l o u r i s h . " D r . Welsh s a i d , "I would place high on t h e l i s t of b e n e f i t s those which flow from increased i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation i n t h e f i e l d of space. stimulated by t h e universal d e s i r e f o r knowledge [ i t ] has brought somewhat c l o s e r together t h e peoples of t h e world. as the p r a c t i c a l applications of space become more evident i n t h e form of weather predictions, communications, and increased knowledge of t h e world's l i m i t e d n a t u r a l resources, a d d i t i o n a l s t r e n g t h i s added t o t h e foundation f o r peace." ( ~ e x t ) ... ... ... Daniel and Florence Guggenheim I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautics Award of $1,000, made annually by I n t e r n a t i o n a l Academy of Astronaut ic s i n recognit ion of out standing contribution t o progress of space research and exploration over five-year period, was presen-t;ed Oct. 18 a t Congress banquet t o D r . Zdenek Svestaka of Astronomical I n s t i t u t e of Czechoslovak Academy of-Sciences. He was Chairman of Commission on Solar A c t i v i t y of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union. ( U P IAA Release 34; A M Release 10/13/68) Soviet s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov i n news conference s a i d "The question of U.S.S.R. was not i n race t o t h e moon with U.S. sending a s t r o n a u t s t o t h e moon a t t h i s time i s not an item on our agenda. The exploration of t h e moon i s possible, but it i s not a p r i o r i t y . " Prof. Sedov s a i d Soviet timetable f o r manned expendit i o n s would depend on next s e r i e s of f l i g h t t e s t s using Zond rocket. Zond V was successful, he said, "because t h e capsule returned s a f e l y , which was t h e purpose of t h e f l i g h t . " Regarding U. S. -U. S. S. R. �October 13-19 (continued) s c i e n t i f i c cooperation, "it' s successful implementation i s very much dependent on international relations." A t present, he said, close r e l a t i o n s did not e x i s t . (NYT, 10/15/68, 48) - Informal meeting of international space s c i e n t i s t s , organized by Northwestern Univ. UFO expert D r . J. Allen m e k , i n conjunction with IAJ? Congress, discussed advisability of world cooperation on UFOs. While several speakers urged international cooperat ion such a s uniform UFO report forms, it was agreed t h a t no action should be taken u n t i l a f t e r appearance of Univ. of Colorado report expected l a t e r i n year. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 10/16/68, 12) - D r . Harold Masursky, U. S. Geological Survey astrogeologist reported analysis of data from spacecraft t h a t had orbited and crashed i n t o o r landed i n t a c t on moon had shown area was largely a basin similar t o t h a t of Pacific ocean. It seemed more l i k e e a r t h than had been previously believed. Lunar i n t e r i o r had been molten. Deep cracks i n i t s crust were l i n e d with c r a t e r s where molten material had erupted from below. He said study of remains of giant c r a t e r i n western Texas had shown features analagous t o lunar c r a t e r s with mountain i n center. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT , 10/19/68, 19) - October 14: NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets two hours apart from Point Barrow, Alaska, t o 80-mi (128.8-km) a l t i t u d e s . Purpose of launch was t o obtain data on v a r i a t i o n of temperature, pressure, and wind p r o f i l e by detonating 19 grenades per rocket a t prescribed times and recording t h e sound a r r i v a l s on ground. Data would be compared with data from two launches t o be conducted from Churchill Research Range Oct. 15. Rockets and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; sound a r r i v a l s were recorded f o r a l l grenade ejections. Good data were anticipated. (NASA Rpt s SRL) . Special committee of National Academy of Sciences had nominated Duke Univ. biochemist D r . Philip Handler, Chairman of National Science Foundation's National Science Board, t o succeed D r . Frederick Seitz a s NAS president. Election by mail b a l l o t would be held i n December. (NYT, 10/14/68, 33) . Barron's e d i t o r i a l c r i t i c i z e d concentration of space funding on manned lunar program r a t h e r than on military: "Congress i n i t s wisdom already has curtailed funds f o r manned f l i g h t s a f t e r t h e lunar landing-t h e so-called Apollo Appfications Program--and it could usefully wield �October 14 (continued) an even sharper axe. The money might f a r b e t t e r go toward t h e m i l i t a r y exploitation of space, which, f o r t h e past seven years, has suffered from dangerous neglect. Thus, out of t h e vast sums spent on space, a t most one d o l l a r i n s i x has had a military bearing. I n turn, with t h e possible exception of t h e Manned Orbital Laboratory. ..nearly every cent of t h e so-called military budget has gone f o r hardware with a passive o r defensive aim, notably s a t e l l i t e s f o r reconnaissance, communications, navigation and weather forecasting. I n s t r i k i n g contrast, t h e Soviet Union has developed and tested...a weapon a p t l y known a s Scrag, which can h u r l a guided missile carrying a nuclear payload of 15 megatons o r more i n t o a p a r t i a l o r b i t (hence, f r a c t i o n a l ) round t h e earth. To anyone i n h i s r i g h t mind, FOBS constitutes a gross v i o l a t i o n of t h e outer space t r e a t y , which prohibits t h e placing of nuclear warheads i n o r b i t . However, according t o t h e confused l e g a l eagles i n t h e S t a t e Department and Pentagon ( i f not t o some future hapless populace which finds i t s e l f on ground zero), anything l e s s than a f u l l o r b i t goes.... I n t h e i n t e r e s t of survival, here i s one balance the U.S. must move swiftly t o redress.... The f i r s t duty of government i s t o protect i t s people. Neither t h e Kennedy nor t h e Johnson Administrat ion has honored t h a t t r u s t . " (13arronts , 10/14/68, 15 . American Independent Party platform i n regard t o science and technology: "...Emphasis on t h e further exploration and u t i l i z a t i o n of space must be renewed. This, again, i s a highly competitive area between nations, but not f o r t h i s reason alone, but f o r t h e welfare and security of t h i s nation, we must not be lacking i n our e f f o r t s i n t h i s f i e l d . " [party had been organized by Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace who was i t s Presidential candidate. ] (WPost, 10/14/68, ~ 1 0 ) ... October 15: NASA launched two Nike-CaJun sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range t o obtain data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind p r o f i l e by detonating 19 grenades per rocket a t prescribed times and recording sound a r r i v a l s on ground. Rockets reached 78.8-mi (126.8-km) and 77.8-mi (123.5 -km) a l t i t u d e s and performed nominally. Sound a r r i v a l s were recorded from a l l grenades. Data would be compared with data from Oct 14 Point Barrow, Alaska, launches. (NASA Rpt s SRL) . . NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station carried Univ. of Michigan payload t o 211-mi (340-km) a l t i t u d e t o investigate r o l e of quenching, dissociative recombination, ionospheric decay, and nonthermal electrons on airglow during decay period immediately following sunset. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; peak �October 15 (continued) a l t i t u d e was as predicted, and 570 sec of telemetry was received.' A l l measuring systems functioned properly and s c i e n t i f i c objectives were met. (NASA ~ p SRL) t . Kennedy Space Center Director, D r . Kurt Debus, said Saturn I B Launch Complexes 34 and 37 would be put on standby basis u n t i l beginning of Apollo Applications program i n l a t e 1970, with r e s u l t ant reduct ion of 1,315 personnel. Shutdown, forced by space budget cuts would save NASA $20, million. Some 10%of 2,400 contract work force would be affected, with 1,000 engineers and technicians continuing t o work i n other areas. Complexes t~leretohave been maintained i n event Saturn V launch vehicle encountered serious development problems, but D r . Debus said t h i s insurance was no longer needed. (KSCRelease 463-68; AP, B Sun, 10/16/68, ~ 7 ) - . U.K. Minister of S t a t e i n Ministry of Technology, J. P. W. Mallalieu, t o l d House of Commons U.K. would have t o pay U.S. equivalent of $60 million i n cancellation f e e s and other expenses connected with termination of i t s order f o r 50 F-111 a i r c r a f t Jan. 16, 1968. Order was valued a t $650 million but t h i s would have r i s e n t o $1b i l l i o n with computation of spares and 10-yr i n t e r e s t . (WSJ, 10/15/68, 17) Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR October 16: carried Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. experiment t o 96.6-mi (155-km) a l t i t u d e t o obtain quantitative measurements of spectrum and i n t e n s i t y of solar x-ray f l u x i n 2- t o 30-kev range, determine d i s t r i b u t i o n on sun, and observe g a l a c t i c x-ray sources. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . A l l detection systems on payload acquired useful data. Communications, maintained with both s a t e l l i t e x-ray monitor and ground-based o p t i c a l observer, indicated sun was i n nonf l a r i n g s t a t e with increasing a c t i v i t y .on west limb. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Ray Cromley commented i n Washington Daily News: "It i s one of t h e tragedies of t h e moon race t h a t e a r t h s a t e l l i t e programs which could revolutionize c e r t a i n aspects of agriculture, mineral exploration, TV broadcasting, navigation, weather forecasting and flood control a r e being squeezed unmercifully by Apollo. It i s now clear t h a t these unpublicized, unromantic programs promise unbelievably large payoffs. The U. S. return. .has been conservatively estimated a t $400 million t o $1b i l l i o n f o r every $100 million invested af'ter f e a s i b i l i t y research i s completed. The investments could be private, public or a mixture of both." (W News, 10/16/68, 31) . �October 16: U.S. and Australia signed five-year agreement i n Canberra t o expand s c i e n t i f Tc cooperation through exchanges of s c i e n t i s t s and infomation. They agreed t o i n joint research p r o j e c t s and t o include s c i e n t i s t s and i n s t i t u t i o n s from other countries. i n ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 10/17/68, 14) some projects. - . MSFC issued t o NAR's Rocketdyne Div. two contract modifications t o extend engine product ion and delivery. An $8.4-million supplement was awarded f o r extension of 5-2 engine-production through A p r i l 30, lg'i'0, because of o v e r a l l stretch-out of launch vehicle production. Under extension, 5-2 engine production would be cut from t h r e e engines per month t o one. Contract f o r F-1 engine d e l i v e r i e s was extended through June lg'i'0 under $4-million modification which decreased F-1 production r a t e from two engines per month t o one. (MSFC Releases 68-246, 68-247) . Experimental, miniature, deep-exploration submarine Alvin sank i n 4,500 f't o f water during launch operation 120 m i south of Cape Cod when cable holding it t o mother ship broke. No one was aboard. Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t e , which operated vessel, expected t o recover it. (W Post, 10/17/68, A30; AP, W Star, 10/17/68, A l l ) - . 1968 Nobel Prize f o r medicine and physiology was awarded i n Stockholm t o D r . Marshall Warren Nirenberg, National Heart I n s t i t u t e ; D r . Har Gobind Khorana, Univ. of Wisconsin; and D r . Robert W. Holley, Salk I n s t i t u t e , f o r genetic research pointing way t o combatting hereditary i l l n e s s . (B Sun, 10/17/68, A3; Lee, NYT, 10/17/68, 1 ) - - October 17: NASA's ATS I'Vapplications technology s a t e l l i t e reentered e a r t h ' s atmosphere over t h e South A t l a n t i c southwest of St. .Helena island. Spacecraft, launched Aug. 10, had remained i n parking o r b i t , tumbling uncontrollably, when Centaur engines f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e f o r (NASA Release 68-188) second burn. . NASA issued sumnary of combined findings of Accident Board and Review Board appointed t o investigate May 6 accident which destroyed Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRv) a t Ellington AFB. P i l o t , Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, had t o e j e c t few seconds a f t e r l o s s of helium pressure i n propellant tanks caused premature shutdown of a t t i t u d e control rocket system. Helium had been inadvertantly depleted e a r l i e r than usual i n f l i g h t . Armstrong incurred minor i n j u r i e s . Review Board, appointed by then NASA Deputy Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine t o study accident's possible impact on Apollo program, discovered no unfavorable e f f e c t s on lunar landing p r o j e c t , �October 17 (continued) p a r t i c u l a r l y lunar module. It agreed with Accident Investigation Board i n c a l l i n g f o r improvements i n design and operating practices i n LLRV and urged more stringent control over such f l y i n g programs and greater a t t e n t i o n t o a l l NASA lunar landing simulators. (NASA Release 68-182) ' . Atmospheric s c i e n t i s t s a t JPL and Ohio State Univ. announced successful high-altitude t e s t of balloon-borne spectrometer t o measure atmospheric r a d i a t i o n emitted i n four-micron region. Data, obtained on f l i g h t from National Center f o r Atmospheric Research Station a t Palestine, Tex. indicated sunlight reflected from e a r t h would pose no significant obstacle t o continuous effective operation of radiation sensors on spacecraft i n e a r t h o r b i t . Researchers concluded satellite-borne instrument could probe e a r t h ' s lower atmosphere t o provide b a s i s f o r global weather prediction. Test marked step i n NASA program t o define experiments. f o r manned earth-orbiting missions i n Apollo Applicat ions program. (NASA Release 68-176; Pasadena Star-News, 10/17/68) , October 18: RAM C-2 radio attenuation measurement mission launched Aug. 22 was adjudged successful by NASA. Good quality measurements of electron and ion concentrations i n flow f i e l d were obtained a t d i s c r e t e locations along t h e spacecraft; during reentry. (NASA Proj off) . XB-TOA, flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t Fitzhugh Fulton, successfully reached 52,000-ft; a l t i t u d e and mach 2.18 i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB . t o evaluate ILAF-exiter vane systems, a i r vehicle performance, and handling qualit i e s . (XB-70 Proj o f f ) .U W announced l i f t i n g of three-week ban on F-111 f l i g h t s but reimposed severe l i m i t s on speeds and maneuvers-in force before h a l t . Restrict i o n s would be l i f t e d following reinforcement of high-stress area of wing box t o d i s t r i b u t e load more evenly. Investigation of Aug. 27 ground fatigue t e s t i n g f a i l u r e had shown it was "due t o an isolated small crack induced during manufacturing process i n t h e metal surrounding a b o l t hole." No other such imperfections had been found. USAF s a i d Sept. 23 F-1U. accident a t Nellis AFB had occurred when p i l o t l o s t control because of excessive rearward s h i f t of a i r c r a f t ' s center of gravity following f u e l t r a n s f e r t o which crew-had given inadequate attention. (DOD Release 947-68; Witkin, NYT, 10/19/68, 1; B -5Sun 10/19/68, 4; AP, W Post, 10/19/68, A l l ; ~ x a r 10/22/68, , ~ 9 ) - �October 18: ComSatCorp reported net income of $5,054,000 (50 cents per share) f o r f i r s t nine months of 1968. Income included $1,750,000 (17 cents per share) f o r t h i r d quarter. ( ~ o m ~ a t Release ~ o r ~ 68-56) . NASA announced it had released tracking ship USNS Watertown from p r i o r i t y r o l e of reentry support f o r Apollo missions, t h u s e f f e c t ing reduction i n operational costs required by budgetary curtailment s. Manned Space Flight Network land s t a t i o n s i n Pacific, Apollo tracking ship Huntsville, and Apollo range instrumentation a i r c r a f t would serve returning Apollo spacecraft landing i n preselected P a c i f i c area. (NASA Release 68-181) . Sen. Gordon L. A l l o t t ( R - ~ o l o). i n l e t t e r t o Science scored "Understanding Gap" between s c i e n t i f i c community and Congress and taxpayers "We a r e limited t o a great degree by revenue on Federal R&D -ding. taken i n by t h e Treasury i f we a r e t o make t h e financing of our n a t i o n a l debt manageable. Within our admitted lack of expertise, coupled with an appalling lack of national goals o r a system of p r i o r i t i e s , I t h i n k we do a f a i r job of spreading out t h e f e d e r a l d o l l a r . We could do b e t t e r , though, with some constructive help from t h e s c i e n t i f i c community from an objective and r e a l i s t i c a p p r a i s a l of t h e circumstances and of existing r e a l i t i e s , and we could b e n e f i t from t h e establishment of some system, e i t h e r a j o i n t Committee o r something similar, which would view research on an o v e r a l l b a s i s , which would review national goals and a s p i r a t i o n s and which might.. .make a s t a b at s e t t i n g up some type of p r i o r i t y l i s t . " U. S. "might well benefit if. .the s c i e n t i f i c community would become 'involved,' would drop t h e cloak of mystery, and take t h e time t o explain, not j u s t t o u s i n Congress, but t o M r . Taxpayer a s well, j u s t what it ' s a l l about. " (science, 10/18/68, 214-8) . U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos C W V I I I i n t o o r b i t with 543-km apogee, - - 473-km (293.9-mi) perigee, 94.7-min period, and 62.2O i n c l i n a t i o n . ( ~ n t e r a v i a A i r ~ e t t e i0/&/68, r, 6; 61, W post, l0/2l/68, All; GSFC SSR, 10/31/68) : - . USAF t e s t p i l o t Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight was named 1968 winner of Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviator's Trophy a s "worldts outstanding p i l o t f o r exceptional individual p i l o t i n g performance." He had p i l o t e d X-15 No. 2 t o 4,520 mph Oct. 3, 1967. Maj. Knight held both command p i l o t and USAF astronaut's command wings, having p i l o t e d research a i r c r a f t t o 280,000-ft a l t i t u d e . (NYT, - 10/20/68, 84; CSM, 10/21/68) ' �October 20: Cosmos CCXLIX was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with. 2,158-km (1,304.9-mi) apogee, 491-km (304.1-mi) perigee, l12.1-min period, and 62.3O inclination. (AP, B Sun, 10/21/68, Ah; GSFC 10/31/68 ) - E, October 21 : ComSatCorp, on behalf of INTFLSAT consortiuma signed -lion contract with Hughes Aircraft Co. f o r construct ion of INTELSAT N s e r i e s of advanced comsats--four spacecraft and one prototype, with t e s t and ground equipment. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ o r p Release 68-57) . Richard Witkin i n New York Times quoted "reliable sources" as saying Assistant Secretary of Defense f o r Systems Analysis, D r . Alain C. Enthoven, had forwarded paper t o Undersecretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze proposing f u r t h e r cuts i n F - l l l production, including cancellat i o n of interim bomber version. D r . Enthoven, s p e c i a l i s t i n calculating cost effectiveness of competing weapons systems, claimed many projected F - I l l missions could be performed by much cheaper a i r c r a f t (NYT, 10/21/68, 25 ; Business Week, such as Ling-Temco-Vought A-'7. 10126168) - October 21-25: A t F i r t h Annual Meeting and Technical Display of American i n Philadelphia, Boeing I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AN) Co. Vice President John M. Swihart announced abandonment of swing-wing design f o r SST i n favor of fixed-delta-wing a i r c r a r t with four independently mounted engines under triangular t a i l . Final detailed design would be given t o FAA by Jan. 15 deadline. New design differed from delta-winged Anglo-French Concorde and Soviet TU-144 i n wider wing span and horizontal t a i l which, according t o Boeing Vice Pr'esident i n charge of SST H. W. Withington, made possible superior control a t low speeds which compensated f o r more drag encountered with sweep-back angle of wing. Aircraft cost would be same as swing-wing, $40 million. It would carry same number of passengers, 280 o r more, a t - s&e maximum speed, 1,800 mph. 10122168, 77; UPI, W Post, 10/22/68, A l l ; AP, W -3S t a r 10 Dr. W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Director of J e t Propulsion Laboratory, received $5,030 AIAA Louis W. H i l l Space Transportation Award "for devising, developing and supervising significant space and s a t e l l i t e programs f o r m i l i t a r y and c i v i l i a n agencies of t h e United States Government.'' NASA Ames Research Center Director H. J u l i a n Allen was named Honorary Fellow of AIM, highest membership award given by I n s t i t u t e . It was presented annually t o two Americans and one foreign �October 21-25 ( continued) national. Other 1968 recipients were James S. McDonnell; chairman of Board, McDonnell Douglas Corp., and England's S i r Frank Whittle, often called f a t h e r of j e t engine. (AIAA Releases; ARC Release 68-15; ARC ~ s t r o g r a m ) October 22: D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space Flight Center, t o l d reporters before addressing Sales Executive Club luncheon i n New York, Apollo 7 f l i g h t had gone so well t h a t l e s s had been learned from it than expected. If there were any major flaws i n spacecraft they did not show up on t h e mission. Circumlunar f l i g h t i n gecember would be undertaken only i f study of could be done without unnecessary r i s k . (E, . DOD Systems Analysis Off i c e cost-effectiveness proposal submitted t o Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford called f o r elimination from budget of new nuclear submarines requested by Adm. Hyman Rickover, reduction i n funds already approved f o r purchase of antisubmarine weapons, and retirement of more than 20 diesel-powered submarines, said George C. Wilson i n Washington Post. Proposal, according t o sources, was t o postpone high-speed submarine and cancel development of "quiett' one. I t s . severity " i l l u s t r a t e s the money pinch t h e Pentagon f i n d s i t s e l f i n as it t r i e s t o cut b i l l i o n s from i t s f i s c a l 1969 budget a s well as t h e new budget." (W Post, 10/22/68, ~ 1 0 ) October 23: NASA successfully deployed 40-f't-dia parachute with predicted 10-lb-per-cubic-ft dynamic pressure a t mach 3.5. Parachute was ejected from five-foot-long cannister which had been propelled t o 33-mi a l t i t u d e by three-stage rocket launched from FTSMR. Test was t o determine possible use of parachute f o r aerodynamic deceleration i n planetary entry missions Another t e s t i n Project SHA.E (supersonic H i h Altitude Parachute Experiments) was scheduled f o r November. $NASA Release 68-185; AP, -9NYT 1 0 / ~ / 6 8 , 66 . . ATS IV mission (launched Aug. 10 and reentered Oct. 17) was adjudged a f a i l u r e by NASA. S a t e l l i t e had remained i n e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t instea* of entering planned synchronous o r b i t when Centaur engines f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e f o r second burn. The r e s u l t i n g highly e l l i p t i c a l o r b i t precluded meaningful return of gravity gradient data. Day-night camera operated, but . a t t i t u d e dynamics precluded reception other than smeared u n i n t e l l i g i b l e pictures. E l e c t r i c a l operation of ion engines, microwave multiple access, and microwave wide band was verified. Boom camera returned good photos, including some of earth. (NASA Proj o f f ) . �October 23: NASA's HL-LO lifting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) f a i l e d t o climb t o desired 45,000-ft a l t i t u d e a f t e r a i r launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t , apparently because of rocket engine malfunct i o n . Vehicle glided t o smooth 225-mph emergency landing on Rosamond Dry Lake. F l i g h t from Edwards AFB was t o have been HL-10's f i r s t powered f l i g h t . (NASA Proj Off; LCI Times, 10/24/68) , . Apollo 7 e d i t o r i a l comment: Washington Post: ". . , a s t h e men i n t h e space program go over t h e data on Apollo 7 and consider the a l t e r n a t i v e s of manned o r unmanned f l i g h t on Apollo 8, they must not allow anyone's d e s i r e t o beat t h e Russians, o r t o get around t h e moon by t h e end of 1968, o r t o fan public i n t e r e s t i n t h e future of space exploration t o e n t e r i n t o t h e i r calculations. Only i f they a r e convinced t h a t our knowledge i s s u f f i c i e n t , our spacecraft i s t o t a l l y adequate, and our men a r e ready should they give t h e go t o Astronauts Borman, Love11 and Anders f o r a Christmas t r i p i n t o space." (W Post, 10/23/68, ~ 2 4 ) Washington Evenin rtTo those who have made a close study of t h e space program, M. 1 Schirra i s t h e astronaut ' s astronaut; Walter + : t h e man whose a b i l i t y stands out i n t h a t company of t h e super-able. To those i n t h e know, Schirra i s t h e mischievous p e r f e c t i o n i s t , t h e naval o f f i c e r who l i v e s by t h e book when he i s n ' t t o o busy carrying out an elaborate p r a c t i c a l joke. But Schirra w i l l surely be remembered by t h e public a s t h e astronaut who caught cold, who growled when t h e alarm clock rang, and who blew up when he was pushed t o o f a r . And it may be t h a t S c h i r r a l s g r e a t e s t contribution t o t h e space program i s t h a t he, t h e most superlative of t h e supermen, f o r c e f u l l y demonstrated t o t h e world t h a t h i s i s completely and refreshingly human. " (W S t a r 10/23/68, ~ 2 0 ) -, Baltimore Sun: "The t o t i n g up and analysis of a l l t h e information brought home t h i s time must be l e f t to. t h e teams of experts. So must t h e decisions a s t o what comes next, and t h e planning such decisions c a l l f o r . The public i s content t o know t h a t t h r e e men i n a spaceship have added another brave and b r i l l i a n t chapter t o a h i s t o r y of which a l l of us a r e unreservedly proud. " (13 Sun 10/23/68, A6) . MSFC issued McDonnell Douglas Corp. -, $2,395,955 supplemental contract agreement Iar q u a l i f i c a t i o n t e s t program t o v e r i f y c a p a b i l i t y of maintaining S-IVB stage a u x i l i a r y propulsion system modules f o r up t o 90 days with propellants loaded. Award brought t o t a l value of (MSFC Release 68-252) contract t o $965,568,493. �X-15 No. 1, flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, October 24: successfully reached 250,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,682 mph (mach 5.04) i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Purpose of f l i g h t was t o conduct WTR experiment and check out fixed alpha cone and f l u i d i c probe. (X-15 Proj Off; AP, W Post, 10/25/68; 9, 10/29/68, 289) Minuteman I11 ICBM was successfully launched by USAF from . Second underground s i l o a t AFETR. F i r s t t e s t had been conducted Aug. 16. - (AFETR PIO; Reuters, P Inq, 10125168; SBD, 10/29/68, 289) . NASA was negotiating with General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r data management system costing i n excess of $750,000 f o r 15 mo. It would be used t o monitor data from Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment (BOMM) i n which NASA. would a s s i s t ESSA during 1969. Data from s a t e l l i t e s , f i v e t o seven ships, many buoys, and from high i n atmosphere t o bottom of ocean would be processed by system. (NASA Release 68-251) , . Rep. Alphonzo Bell ( R - c a l i f . ) t o l d American Astronautical Society meeting i n Las Angeles, "In evaluating space spending as a budget p r i o r i t y , it i s v i t a l t o consider t h e relationship of space t o defense Both Russia and t h e United S t a t e s have advance surveillance Both nations have almost unlimited plans f o r developing capacity. t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s i n t h i s area. Mutual d i s t r u s t i s j u s t one ,reason f o r t h i s . The other i s concern about t h e mounting capacity of other nations, p a t i c u l a r l y China, t o produce and d e l i v e r nuclear weapons. A s long a s t h e t h r e a t of nuclear war from any source continues, Russia and t h e United S t a t e s w i l l be producing ever more sophisticated ;That i s why t h e space program of t h e o r b i t a l ' s p i e s i n t h e skies. United S t a t e s never i s going t o be abandoned. It w i l l always be high on t h e l i s t of spending p r i o r i t i e s . The reason i s not charming, but basic. We need t o be i n space t o protect ourselves.. . I n t h e somewhat more d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h e harvest of human rewards...now only beginning.., w i l l prove t h a t space research and space applications j u s t i f y a continuing high p r i o r i t y . '' ( ~ e x;t Aero Daily, 10/29/68) .... ... .. . successfully launched by U. S. S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 191-km (118.7-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, and 51.T0 i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e l a t e r was used i n rendezvous maneuvers with manned Soyuz 3 [see Oct. 26-30] and reentered Oct. 28. ( ~ a n n a n , W S t a r , 10/27/68, Al; SBD, 10/28/68, 2'79; GSFC SSR, 10/31/68) - - - �October 25: I n statement t o t h e p r e s s , Secretary of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d announced d e c i s i o n . t o proceed with program f o r t u r b i n e e l e c t r i c a l d r i v e [ q u i e t ] submarine. He had ordered construction of high-speed nuclearp r o p e l l e d a t t a c k submarine J u l y 1. h he close re-examination . . . j u s t completed has convinced me t h a t c o s t l y a s it i s [$I50 t o $200 m i l l i o n compared with $78 m i l l i o n f o r new Sturgeon c l a s s nuclear a t t a c k submarine], t h e r e i s no cheaper and e f f e c t i v e way t o achieve i n equal time d e s i r e d progress i n noise suppression. " (DOD Release 971-68) . iWSA announced t h a t H. J u l i a n Allen, r e t i r e a s D i r e c t o r of who joined NACA i n 1936, would Ames Research Center Nov. 15. ARC Associate D i r e c t o r John F. Parsons would serve a s Acting Director. Leading a u t h o r i t y on supersonic and hypersonic wind-tunnel design, Allen had o r i g i n a t e d concept of bluntness f o r r e e n t r y shapes--as used i n Apollo spacecraft--and had received NACA1s Distinguished Service Medal, NASA Medal f o r Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement, AIAA Sylvanus A. Reed Award, and A i r Force Assn.'s A i r Power Trophy. A f t e r h i s retirement (NASARelease A l l e n would be a v a i l a b l e t o NASA a s a consultant. SBD, 10/28/68, 272; NASA Ann) 68-183; - . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commenked on f a i l u r e of swing-wing design f o r SST: "More t h a n ever now t h e burden of proof i s on those who urge t h a t b i l l i o n s of taxpayers" d o l l a r s be spent on an American SST. The f a l i b i l i t y of t h e i r judgment has been demonstrated i n t h e l o s s of t h e swing-wing gamble. I s t h e r e reason t o suppose t h a t t h e i r o p t i m i s t i c f o r e c a s t s about t h e p r o f i t s t o be made from such an a i r p l a n e a r e any sounder? The aerodynamics of d i f f e r e n t wing configurations i s not t h e only t h i n g t h a t needs t o be assessed i n t h e current re-examination o f t h e SST." 10/25/68, 46) (x, . I n Washington Evening S t a r Carl T. Rowan wrote: "Some disenchanted Americans shake t h e i r heads a s t h e y note t h e poverty, t h e hunger, t h e sickness, t h e ignorance t h a t plague t h e e a r t h l i n g s about them, and t h e y ask what l o g i c provokes our government t o ignore c r i t i c a l problems a t hand while i n v e s t i n g v a s t sums i n space ventures of doubt f'ul value. .we have become an ' e i t h e r l o r ' society. .Even though our gross n a t i o n a l product i s now running a t a f a n t a s t i c l e v e l of $871 b i l l i o n a y e a r , it i s a b s o l u t e l y inconveivable t o most taxpayers t h a t we can have guns and b u t t e r , space s p e c t a c u l a r s Well, no man of v i s i o n , imaginaand dramatic domestic change t i o n , o r hope can p o s s i b l y b e l i e v e t h a t we a r e wrong t o search t h e darkest reaches of o u t e r space. .Who can say t h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o medicine, t o weather c o n t r o l , t o science i n general, t o t h e problems of feeding man, t o n a t i o n a l defense, and u l t i m a t e l y t o peace may flow fYom t h e space program? The space program .. . .... .. ... �October 25 (continued) i s . . , ' i n h e r e n t l y and i n t r i n s i c a l l y , j u s t i f i c a t i o n enough f o r spending $340 f o r every man, woman, and c h i l d i n America. But a r e we not wise t o ask: what i s man p r o f i t e d i f he harness t h e universe and y e t f a i l t o conquer t h e meanness,. . t h e hatreds, t h a t dog those who i n h a b i t t h e earth?...Much of t h e p u b l i c i s not i n a mood t o finance anything e l s e . So we s h a l l be stuck with t h e o r d e a l of s e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s where t h e r e i s scant room f o r making choices. " (W -9S t a r 10/25/68, . A15 . MSFC announced Boeing Co. contract modifications t o t a l i n g $4,652,364 f o r Saturn V R&D, t o : i n s t a l l over 4,000 instrumentation and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n systems i n s p e c i a l 2nd stage s t r u c t u r a l t e s t v e r i f i c a t i o n program t o confirm design of l i g h t e r weight, more powerful 2nd stage f o r fourth ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u V rand n subsequent v e h i c l e s ; perform an abort and a l t e r n a t e mission a n a l y s i s f o r ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t uv er hni c l e s 503 through 510; and perform r e l i a b i l i t y , q u a l i t y , and component q u a l i f i c a t i o n program, s p e c i a l prelaunch a n a l y s i s , telemetry systems, and Saturn V Apollo operations system s a f e t y program. T o t a l value of Boeing Saturn V systems engineering and i n t e g r a t i o n contract was now $213,443,238. (MSFCRelease 68-253) . USAF1s Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization announced award of i n i t i a l increments t o cost -plus -f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t s with McDonnell Douglas Corp : $5 -million increment was awarded t o $9,829,177 c o n t r a c t f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e developmental f l i g h t t e s t s ; $756,285 increment was awarded t o $1,739,105 contract f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e environmental components t e s t s . (DOD Release 974-68) . . Edward J. Schmidt, S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o General E l e c t r i c Co.'s Vice President f o r R&D, was sworn i n by NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, a s consultant t o t h e Administrator i n management operations a s a f f e c t e d by s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l information. (JYAsA. Release 68-189) .. October 26: Business Week e d i t o r i a l : ". since t h e tragedy on t h e launch pad. 1Jan. 27, 1967 1 NASA and i t s thousands of supporting companies have done a tremendous job i n r e b u i l d i n g t h e spacecraft and i n p e r f e c t i n g t h e s a f e t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e e n t i r e Apollo system. The c l e a r message of Apollo 7 i s t h a t NASA now has a spacecraft t h a t can t a k e men t o t h e moon and back s a f e l y . This i s a triumph f o r NASA and f o r U. S. science, engineering, and management. (Business Week, 10126168) .. - �October 26-30: U.S.S.R. successfully launched Soyuz 3, carrying Cosmonaut Georgy T. Beregovoy, from Baikonur Cosmodrome with "a powerful rocket-booster," Tass announced. Spacecraft entered o r b i t "close t o t h e p r e s e t one," with 205-km (127.4-mi) apogee, 183-km (113.7-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 51.7' i n c l i n a t i o n ; a l l equipment was functioning normally. Launch was f i r s t manned m ( ~ p r i 23-24, l 1967) i n which Cosmonaut Soviet mission since S Vladimir M. Komarov was k i l l e d when spacecraft crashlanded following reentry. Tass l a t e r announced t h a t during f i r s t revolution Soyuz 3 "approached" t o within 200 m (656 f t ) of unmanned So z 2 (launched Oct. 25), i n i t i a l l y by "an automatic sys&ubsequent operations were performed manually by Beregovoy. On Oct. 27, Tass s a i d , Beregovoy "independently oriented t h e ship i n space and switched on t h e motor, " t o a l t e r spacecraft ' s o r b i t ; continued conducting s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l , medical, and b i o l o g i c a l experiments and research; transmitted TV p i c t u r e s of cabin i n t e r i o r ; and approached Soyuz 2 f o r second time before it reentered Oct. 28. So z 3 remained i n o r b i t u n t i l Oct. 30, completing 94 h r s 51 min *revolutions, before it softlanded "with t h e use o f aerodynamics," i n a p r e s e t a r e a i n Soviet t e r r i t o r y . F l i g h t was f i r s t successful manned docking f o r U.S.S.R. U.S. had conducted f i r s t manned docking March 16, 1966. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 10/27/68, A l ; OtToole, W Post, 10/27/68, Al; Kamm, NYT, 1 m / 6 8 ; SBD, 10/28/68, 279; 10/3-297; AP, W Post, 1 0 / 2 8 m , A l ; GSFC 10/31/68) SW October 27: Lightweight p l a s t i c foam invented by ARC s c i e n t i s t s D r . John A. Parker and Salvatore R i c c i t i e l l o showed g r e a t promise f o r i n d u s t r i a l f i r e p r o t e c t ion, p a r t i c u l a r l y f u e l fiEes. Extremely l i g h t polyurethane with a d d i t i v e s formed tough, p r o t e c t i v e . char l a y e r when exposed t o flame, while simultaneously r e l e a s i n g f i r e extinguishing gases which helped t o quench flame. Used t o f i l l airspaces within s t r u c t u r e s , foam would prevent oxygen from reaching and feeding a f i r e . Demonstrations had shown it s u i t a b l e f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n i n a i r c r a f t , spacecraft, homes, and other s t r u c t u r e s . Other p o s s i b l e uses included automobiles, boats, t r a i n s , o i l r e f i n e r i e s , paint and chemical processing, and l a b o r a t o r i e s . Foam was r e s i s t a n t t o heat flow, making it an excellent i n s u l a t o r . (NASA Release 68-187 ) �October 27: I n New York Times a r t i c l e John N. Wilford s a i d some NASA Hq. o f f i c i a l s were " h e s i t a n t t o approve a l u n a r o r b i t mission out of f e a r of being c r i t i c i z e d f o r t a k i n g undue r i s k s by skipping prelimi n a r y t e s t f l i g h t s . They a r e worried about t h e s p a c e c r a f t ' s e l e c t r i c a l system, which developed some minor 'bugs' during Apollo 7 , and t h e propulsion system, even though t h e on-board rocket apparently performed w e l l i n e i g h t f i r i n g s during Apollo 7.'' I f l u n a r mission was decided on, it would probably be launched Dec. 21 when moon's p o s i t i o n t o e a r t h would r e q u i r e minimun midcourse rocket f i r i n g maneuvers f o r landing and l i g h t conditions would give good view of p o t e n t i a l l u n a r landing s i t e . F i r s t a s t r o n a u t s on moon were expected t o s t a y l e s s than 24 h r , t o demonstrate it could be done. I n time a s t r o n a u t s would make many r e t u r n t r i p s and would roam moon's surface i n "moon buggies." Day might come when people would e s t a b l i s h l u n a r colonies. (E, 10/27/68, 12E) . Dr. Lise Meitner, nuclear p h y s i c i s t who was f o r 30 y r s c i e n t i f i c p a r t n e r of D r . Otto Hahn, Nobel P r i z e winning discoverer of nuclear f i s s i o n , d i e d i n Cambridge, England, a t age 89. She had been forced t o l e a v e h e r work with D r . Hahn and f l e e Nazi Germany's antisemitism i n March, 1938, nine months before he announced r e s u l t s of experiments which i n d i c a t e d atom could be s p l i t . D r . Meitner was c r e d i t e d with having l a i d much of t h e o r e t i c a l groundwork f o r atomic bomb. Though it was she who named t h e phenomenon "nuclear f i s s i o n , " she took pains t o d i s a s s o c i a t e h e r work from t h e bomb i t s e l f . (NYT, 10/28/68, 1 ) - NASA o u t l i n e d s i x s t e p s which would l e a d t o f i n a l decision October 28: during week of Nov. 11 on next Apollo manned mission. Apollo 8, scheduled f o r December, was planned a s manned e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission on Saturn V vehicle. Because of Apollo 7 success, NASA was consideri n g a l t e r n a t i v e mission p o s s i b i l i t i e s : e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission deeper i n t o space, circumlunar flyby, and l u n a r o r b i t . S t e p s - - l a i d out by Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, and Apollo Program Director, L/G Samuel C. Phillips--were: detailed a n a l y s i s and review of Apollo 7 r e s u l t s - t o determine any necessary spacecraft changes; f i n a l c e r t i f i c a t i o n of s o l u t i o n s t o Apollo 6 problems; c e r t i f i c a t i o n of strengthened Saturn V 2nd and 3rd s t a g e f'uel l i n e s and elimination of pogo i n 1 s t stage; completion of ground t e s t s before Apollo 8 command and s e r v i c e module (CSM) c e r t i f i c a t i o n f o r l u n a r f l i g h t ; completion of f l i g h t computer programs f o r deep space and l u n a r missions; r e h e a r s a l of CSM operations t e s t s with mathematical models, and d e l i v e r y of Apollo 8 CM computer program; and completion of design c e r t i f i c a t i o n reviews of launch v e h i c l e and spacec r a f t subsystems. D r . Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, �October 28 (continued) said, h he f i n a l decision on whether t o send Apollo 8 around t h e Moon w i l l be made a f t e r a thorough assessment of t h e t o t a l r i s k s involved and t h e t o t a l gains t o be r e a l i z e d i n t h i s next s t e p toward a manned l u n a r landing. We w i l l f l y t h e most advanced mission f o r which we a r e f u l l y prepared t h a t does not unduly r i s k t h e s a f e t y of t h e crew." (NASARelease 68-190; UPI, NYT, 10/29/68, 14) - . Washington even in^ S t a r e d i t o r i a l : "The Russians a r e going t o t h e moon j u s t a s f a s t a s t h e i r technology w i l l carry them.. .It i s , of course, impossible t o judge what l i e s ahead o r guess what problems e i t h e r nation may encounter before t h e lunar landings a r e carried out. But i f a l l goes well it looks a s though both nations might be ready t o go i n about a year. We would have no objection a t a l l i f a way could be found t o ' f i x ' t h e race, and an agreement reached t o make t h e landings l i t e r a l l y simultaneous. It would be one way of assuring t h a t neither nation would pursue t h e goal of n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e t o t h e point of tragedy." (W S t a r , 10/25/68, ~ 1 0 ) . Republican Vice-Presidential . - candidate, Maryland Gov. Spiro T. Agnew, s a i d on v i s i t t o Manned Spacecraft Center during Houston campaign t r i p , "We w i l l not t o l e r a t e America becoming second best" i n our space (W Star, 10/29/68, A5; UPI, W News 10/29/68, 3) exploration. -, October 29: ESSA s a i d "very minor" s o l a r f l a r e reported a t 7 :18 am EST was accompanied by l a r g e radio burst t h a t could i n t e r f e r e with radio communication. It was t o o small t o a f f e c t U.S.S.R. Cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy i n o r b i t . (UPI, W Post, 10/30/68, ~ 2 3 ) . French Defense Minister P i e r r e Messmer s a i d plans f o r 1969 hydrogen bomb t e s t i n g around Fangataufa A t o l l i n South Pacific would include miniaturization of H-bomb and perfection of ground-to-ground and sea-to-ground s t r a t e g i c missiles. France's f i r s t atomic submarine would s t a r t sea t e s t s , and second would b e launched. Military budget f o r 1969 allocated $1.3 b i l l i o n f o r nuclear weapons and delivery systems and $476 million f o r nuclear construction. (AP, B Sun, 10/30/68; W Post, 10/30/68, ~ 2 0 ) - . A.rmy Map Service technicians were building 22-' by 14-ft hand-carved model o f landing s i t e astronauts would see on approaching lunar " t a r g e t wea," t o a s s i s t NASA i n simulating manned landings on moon. Model, p a r t of lunar module simulator (LMS) would be constructed from h i g h - f i d e l i t y lunar r e l i e f map made from Orbiter IV and V photography. (DOD Release 966-68) , - �October 29: NASA announced retirement, e f f e c t i v e Nov. 1, of Werner R. Kuers, Director of' Marshall Space Flight Center's Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory since 1961. (MSFC Release 68-257 ; Marshall S t a r , 10/30/68, 1 ) - . MSFC awarded Boeing Co. $1,404,548 contract modification t o predict and evaluate o r b i t a l heating e f f e c t s of l i q u i d hydrogen boil-off, supply thermal c r i t e r i a , and p r o f i l e s r e l a t e d t o Saturn V 2nd stage, a s s i s t with Saturn V p r e f l i g h t reviews, and provide configuration accounting. Award brought t o t a 1 contract t o $212,128,585. (MSFC Release 68-256) October 30: Award of $70,000 Nobel Prizes i n physics and chemistry t o Univ. of California a t Berkeley Prof. Luis W. Alvarez and Yale Univ. Prof. Lars Onsager; respectively, meant U.S. had won a l l t h r e e Nobel science categories f o r 1968, a s it had i n 1946. Awards i n medicine and physiology [see Oct. 161 went t o U. S. g e n e t i c i s t s . D r . Alvarez was c i t e d f o r "decisive contributions" i n e a r l y 1960s t o physics of subatomic p a r t i c l e s and techniques f o r t h e i r detect ion. D r . Onsager was honored f o r findings published i n 1931 and sometimes regarded a s f o u r t h law of thermodynamics, "the r e c i p r o c i t y r e l a t i o n s of Onsager," which could determine i n t e r r e l a t i o n between voltage and temperature a s e l e c t r i c current flowed through metal wire. Awards would be presented i n Stockholm Dec. 10. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 10/30/68, 111; Lee, NYT, 10/31/68, 1; OIToole, W Post, 1 0 / 3 1 / 6 8 , m ) - October 31: U. S. S. R. launched two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s . Cosmos CCL entered o r b i t with 845-km (525.1-mi) apogee, 753-km (h69.7-mi) perigee, 100.6-min period, and 74' inclination. Cosmos CCLI entered o r b i t with 226-km (140.4-mi) apogee, 170-km (105.6-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 64.7' inclination. Instruments were functioning normally. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/68 ; SBD, 11/4/68, 12) - . Dr. - W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Director, and D r . Lee A. DuBridge,California I n s t i t u t e of Technology President, presided a t unveiling of h i s t o r i c a l marker a t JP'L commemorating t e s t - f i r i n g of rocket engine Oct. 31, 1936, by students of Cal Tech's Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory under t h e l a t e D r . Theodore von K&rm&. With f i r i n g , Cal Tech had become f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y a c t i v e l y t o sponsor rocket research. I t s work had gained Government sponsorship and l a t e r had l e d t o establishment of JPL. (JPL Release 492; Diebold, LA Times, 11/1/68) �October 31: National Academy of Sciences President, D r . Frederick S e i t z , announced W i l l i a m W. Rubey, professor of geology and geophysics a t Univ. of California, Los Angeles, had been named Director of Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , Houston, Tex. NAS had accepted interim responsibili t y f o r operation of I n s t i t u t e u n t i l consortium o f ' u n i v e r s i t i e s could be formed t o assume i t s direction. Formation of I n s t i t u t e had been announced by President Johnson March 1, 1968, t o provide base f o r academic s c i e n t i s t s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n lunar exploration program, working i n Lunar Receiving Laboratory, o r using other f a c i l i t i e s of Manned Spacecraft Center devoted t o study of t h e moon. It was t o serve a l s o a s center f o r analysis and study of lunar data obtained from NASA unmanned missions. (NASA Release 68-191; NAS el ease) During October : Soviet Science i n t h e News, Electro-Opt i c a l Systems, Inc., publication, s a i d review of Soviet t e c h n i c a l press indicated U.S.S.R. would attempt t o o r b i t manned space s t a t i o n within t h e year and t h a t it possessed "well-devised and thorougly r e a l i z a b l e designs." F i r s t "rooms" of s t a t i o n would comprise Cosmos o r Proton booster joined with Soyuz spacecraft. Additional rooms would combine s o l i d and i n f l a t a b l e elements l i k e polyethylene. Tests of water recovery systems i n P a c i f i c indicated broadening of Soviet techniques. Six vessels had been completed f o r ocean recoveries of spacecraft. Conclusion of Soviet s c i e n t i s t s t h a t weightlessness had adverse e f f e c t on human s k e l e t a l composition seemed t o indicate space s t a t i o n would use a r t i f i c i a l gravity. "Rotation of space s t a t i o n of from 40 t o 60 meters i n diameter would generate s u f f i c i e n t a r t i f i c i a l gravity t o allow l a r g e number of s c i e n t i s t s t o work i n space." (SSN, 10168, 1; Aero Daily, 10/16/68) - . DNASA r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr., MIT professor and consultant t o former Administrator James E. Webb, was nominated as AIAA President - 10/68, 106) f o r 1969. (M, �PROVISIONAL INDEX--OCTOBER 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. ABM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. Accident a i r c r a f t , 336 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, 335-336 spacecraft, 312, 321, 322, 343, 344 ACS. See Attitude control system. AEC. See Atomic Energ;y Commission. A e r i a l c a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (ACT) system, 327 Aerobee 150 M I (sounding rocket), 324, 334 Aeronautics 312-315, 324, 326, 342 AFETR. See A i r Force Eastern Test Range. AFSC. See A i r Force Systems Command. Agnew, Gov. Spiro T. , 346 Agreement, 316, 335 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRZI), 327 A i r Force Eastern Test Range ( ~ E T R )341 , A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 313 A i r pollution, 328 A i r t r a f f i c control, 325 A i r c r a f t , 312-314, 318, 321, 324, 336, 339 A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , 314 Airglow, 333 Airports , 325 Alabama, 333 All-weather landing system (AWLS), 314, 325 Allen, H. J u l i a n , 338, 342 A l l i s o n Div. General Motors Corp. 324 A l l o t t , Sen. Gordon L., 337 Alvarez Prof. Luis W. 347 Alvin ( submarine) , 335 American Astronautical Society, 341 American Federation of ~ e l e v i s i o nand Radio A r t i s t s , 328 American Independent Party, 333 323, 330-331, American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (A+), 338, 348 American Science and Engineering, Inc., 316 Ames Research Center (ARC), 338, 342 Anders, Maj. W i l l i a m A. (usAF), 340 Anderson, Sen. Clinton P. , 311 Anniversary, 311-312, 315 Antenna, 314, 317, 322 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (AM) system, 319 , , - , , , �Apollo (program), 312, 317-318, 334, 335 Apollo 4 (AS-501) (spacecraft), 329 Apollo 5 (AS-204)~329 Apollo 6 (AS-502)~ 329, 345 Apollo 7 (AS-205) ( f l i g h t ) , 33-329, 339, 345 Apollo 7 (AS-205) (spacecraft), 329, 339, 340, 343, 345 Apollo 8 ( f l i g h t ) , 340, 345-346 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 317, 332-334, 336 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), 316, 317 Apollo 204 Review Board, 322 Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) ( ~ o h n sHopkins Univ.) Aeronautics Div., 327 ARC. See Ames Research Center. Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory, 314 Arkansas, 326 Armstrong, Neil A., 335 A r q r Map Service, 346 Astronaut, 312, 322, 327-329, 337, 340, 346 Astronomy, 314, 317, 323, 346 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 329 ATM. See Apollo TelescopeMount; Atomic bomb, 345 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 319 ATS I11 ( ~ ~ ~ l i c a t i Technology ons s a t e l l i t e ) , 329 ATS IV, 335, 339 A t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system (ACS) 324 Aurora b o r e a l i s , 316 Aurorae (ESROI) ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 316 ~ustralia, 330, 335 Avery, D r . W i l l i a m H. 327 Award, 311, 338 AWLS. See All-weather landing system. B-52 ( s t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 318, 340 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 344 Balloon, 336 Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX)341 B a t t l e , Lucius D., 315 B e l l , Rep. Alphonzo, 341 Beregovoy, Georgy T., 344; 346 Biosensor, 322 Boeing Co. , 319, 327, 338, 347 Boeing 707 ( j e t a i r c r a f t ) , 324 BOMEX. See Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment. Borman, Col. Frank (USAF), 340 , , , , �OCTOBER 1968 Budget, Bureau of, 316 Burke, Dr. Bernard, 314 CAAS. See Computer-aided approach spacing system. California Institute of Technology ( ~ a l~ech), 325, 347 California, Univ. of Berkeley, 347 Los Angeles, 323, 348 Cambridge, England, 345 Camera, 327, 339 Cape Cod, Mass., 335 Centaur (booster), 339 Chew, Peter T., 321 China, Communist, 341 Chrysler Corp., 327 Space Div., 315 Churchill Research Range, Canada, 333 Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark, 339 College Park, Md., 321 Command module (cM), 328, 345 Command and service module (CSM), 327, 345 Communications, 322 Cornmunications satellite, 319-320, 338 Communications Satellite Corp. (~om~at~orp) , 319, 337, 338 Computer-aided approach spacing (CAAS) system, 325 Computers, 313, 314, 322 Concorde (u.K. -~rance)supersonic transport, 338 Congress, 311, 318, 326, 337 Congress, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 315 Subcornittee on Advanced Research and Technology, 313-314 Congress, Senate, 315, 324-325 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 316, 323 Committee on Armed Forces Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, 321 Cooper, Sen. John S. , 319 Cornell Univ., 314 Cosmonaut, 321, 343-344, 346 Cosmos CCXLIV (u.s.s.R. satellite), 315 Cosmos CCXLV, 316 Cosmos CCXLVI, 320 Cosmos CCXLVII, 325 Cosmos CCXLVIII, 337 Cosmos CCXLIX, 338 Cosmos CCL, 347 Cosmos CCLI, 347 (iii) �OCTOBER 1968 Cromley, Ray, 334 9 CSM. See Command and service module. Cuba, 323 Cunningham, R. Walter, 327 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Astronomical I n s t i t u t e , 331 Czechoslovakia, 323 Dana, W i l l i a m H. 341 Davies Merton E. 325 Debus, D r . Kurt, 334 Defense, Dept. of (DOD),313, 315, 319, 321, 333, 339 Denmark, 316 Drnitriyev, Prof. A. 325 Docking, 312, 327, 344 Drake, D r . Frank D. 314 DuBridge, Dr. Lee A. 347 Duke Univ., 332 Eclipse, lunar, 327 Education, 3=, 326 318, 336, 341 Edwards AFB, C a l i f . Eisele, Maj. Donn F, (USAF), 327 . Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., 348 Ellington AFB, Tex. 335 Engine, 324 Enthoven, D r . Alain C., 338 Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) 341, 346 See Aurorae, ESRO I (ESROs a t e l l i t e) ESRO 11-B. See IRIS I. Europe, 329 European Space Research Organization (ESRO) 316 Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement Medal (NASA), . . 342 Explorer XXXVIII ( ~ a d i oAstronomy ~ x p l o r e r=-A), '322 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 311 F-1 (rocket engine), 335 F-111 (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 321, 336, 338 F-lllCy 324 Fangatauf a Atoll, 346 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 313-314, 325, 338 Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 313 F r a c t i o n a l Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS), 333 France, 338, 346 Frutkin, Arnold W., 315 Fuel c e l l , 322, 329 Gemini (program), 311-312 , , , , , , , , - , . , , �OCTOBER 1968 General E l e c t r i c Co., 341 General Motors Corp. A l l i s o n Div., 324 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 329 Gravity, 314 Green Bank, W. Va., 314 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory ( ~ a ~le c h ) 347 Gulf of Mexico, 328 Hahn, D r . Otto, 345 Hailstones, 323-324 Handler, D r . P h i l i p , 332 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviator ' s Trophy, 337 H e l i c o p t e r , 329 Helium, 335 H i l l , Louis W,, Space Transportation Award, 338 Hines, W i l l i a m , 320 HL-10 ( l i f ting-body v e h i c l e ) , 318, 340 Holley, D r . Robert W . , 335 Houston, Tex., 322, 346, 348 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 319, 338 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 311, 331 Hunt, Graham R . , 327 Hurricane Gladys, 328 Hydrogen bomb, 346 Hynek, D r . J. Allen, 332 Hy-personic a i r c r a f t , 312 IAF. See I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation. I n d i a n Ocean, 328 INTELSAT See I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications S a t e l l i t e Consortium. INTELSAT IV (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 319 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Academy of Astronautics, 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation Congress, 323, 330 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union Commission on S o l a r A c t i v i t y , 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 332, 335 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, space, 311, 316, 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT) 314, 338 Ionosphere, 316 I r a n , 330 IRIS I (ESRO11-B) (ESROs a t e l l i t e ) , 316 m c k e t engine), 329, 335 Jennings, Mark, 323 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) 338, 347 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , 330 Johns Hopkins Univ., 327 , . , , �OCTOBER 1968 Johnson, President Lyndon B., 3 U , 324-326, 348 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 315, 323, 327, 329, 334 h o r a n a , D r . Har Gobind, 335 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. (UW) 337 Komarov, Col. Vladirmir M. (U.S.S.R. ), 344 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuers Werner R. 347 Lannan, John, 312 _ Larsen, D r . Finn J., 313-314 Launch Complex 34, 327, 334 Launch Complex 37, 334 Launch vehicle, 311, 322 Leasco Systems and Research Corp., 321 . , Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C )324 Lifting-body vehicle, 312, 318, 340 Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 338 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 334 Los Angeles, Calif., 341, 348 Lovell, Capt James A. Jr. (USN) 340 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRv) 335 Lunar Module (IN), 328 Lunar Module Simulator (LMS), 346 Lunar Orbiter IV, 346 Lunar Orbiter V, 346 Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , 348 McDonnell Douglas Corp. 324, 339, 340, 343 McDonnell Douglas DC-8 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 324 McDonnell, James S., 339 Management, 3 l l Manke, John A., 318 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 333 Manned space f l i g h t , 311-312, 321, 322, 331, 343-344, 348 Manned Space Flight Network, 337 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 322, 329, 346, 348 Mansfield, Sen. Mike, 326 Mariner V probe), 317 Marks, Leonard H., 314 Mars tplanet), 317, 325 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 3 U , 314, 316, 335, 339, 340 Maryland, 346 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MIT) 314, 348 Masursky, D r . Harold, 332 Meitner, D r . Lise, 345 Mercury (program), 311 , , , . , , , ; , enu us , �OCTOBER 1968 , Messmer, Defense Minister Pierre ( ~ r a n c e ) 346 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 312, 319 Meteorology, 312, 323-324, 328, 336, 341 Michigan, Univ. o f , 333 MiUy Way (const e l l a t ion), 323 Miller, Rep. George P., 311 Miniaturization, 312 Minuteman I11 (ICBM), 341 Missile, 319, 330, 341 See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. MIT. MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Molniya 1-10 (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 319- 320 Moon c r a t e r s , 327, 332 eclipse, 327 exploration of, 317, 325, 348 landing manned, 312, 318, 321, 322, 325, 327, 331, 332, 345 m a n n e d , 332 landing simulator, 335-336 landing s i t e , 345, 346 photographs, 346 surface, 327, 332 Moscow Univ., 331 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFC. Mueller D r . George E. 322, 345 Murray, Bruce M., 325 See National Academy of Sciences. NAS. NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, 329 NASA O f f i c e of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 329 National Academy of Sciences (NAS),317, 332, 348 National Aeronautics and Space Act, 312, 324 National Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion (NASA), 324-325 achievement s 311- 313, 315 326 anniversary, 3ll-313, 315 Apollo 204 Review Board, 322 award, 311) 338, 342 budget, 316-318, 327, 341 contract, 314-316, 319, 321, 324, 335, 340, 341, 343, 347 cooperation, 3 l l , 313 cooperation, international, 316 c r i t i c i s m , 321, 345 employment, 312, 327, 334 , , , , (vii) �OCTOBER 1968 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (continued) f a c i l i t i e s , 318 launch Apollo 7 (AS-502)~327-330 f a i l u r e , 319, 339 s a t e l l i t e , 315, 316 sounding rocket, 324, 333-334 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, 3 5 - 3 6 personnel, 3159 320, 323, 342, 343, 347, 348 program aeronautics, 312, 313, 324 Ap0110, 312, 317-318, 3 q y 334, 335, 345-346 Apollo Applications, 317, 322-323, 334, 336 Apollo Telescope Mount, 316, 317 Gemini, 3U-312 Mercury, 311 NERVA, 317, 321 space biology, 317, 318 u n i v e r s i t y , 326 Semiannual Reports, 326 t e s t , 323-324, 339 National center f o r Atmospheric Research Station, 336 National Conference of United Press International Editors and Publishers, 322 National Heart I n s t i t u t e , 335 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 314 National Science Board, 332 National Science Foundat ion (NSF), 332 National security, 311 National Space Club, 311 Naval Research Laboratory, 324 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 336 See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. NERVA. New Mexico, 326 New York, N.Y., 323 Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 332, 333 Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket), 333-334 Nimbus B (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 317, 319 Nimbus B2, 317 Nirenberg, D r . Marshall Warren, 335 Nitze, Paul H., 338 Nixon, Richard M., 311, 320, 326 Nobel Prize chemistry, 347 ' , ( v i i i) �OCTOBER 1968 Nobel P r i z e (continued) medicine and physiology, 335 physics, 347 Noise abatement, 312, 324 North Korea, 323 North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div., 335 Northrop Corp., 330 Norway, 316 Northwestern Univ., 332 NSF. See National Science Foundat ion. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA), 317, 321 Nuclear f i s s i o n , 345 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 326 Nuclear submarine, 339, 346 Oceanography, 341 Ohio S t a t e Univ. , 336 Oklahoma, 326 Onsager, Prof. Lars, 347 P a c i f i c Ocean, 332, 337, 346, 348 Page Communications Engineers, Inc. 330 Paine, D r . Thomas O., 316, 335, 345-346 P a l e s t i n e , Tex. , 336 Parachute, 339 Parker, D r . John A. 344 Parsons, John F . , 342 P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa., 323 P h i l l i p s , L/G Samuel C. ( u w ) , 345 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 338 P l a s t i c s 344 Point Barrow, Alaska, 332-333 P r a t t & Flhitney Div. United A i r c r a f t Corp. , 324 Press comment ~p011.o 7 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 330, 343 pol lo 7 " ( f l i g h t ) 340 l u n a r landing, 340 space program, n a t i o n a l , 332-333 supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) , 342 U. S. S. R. space program, 348 P r e s s conference, 331-332 Euerto Rico, 314 P u l s a r , 314, 330 Quasar, 314 Radar, 325 , , , , , �Radiation, 336 Radio Corp. of America (RCA), 314 Radio signal, 314, 325 Radioastronomy, 314 RAM C-2 (radio attenuation measurement) project 336 RAND Corp 325 Reconnaissance s a t e l l i t e , 333, 341 Reed, Sylvanus A. Award, 342 R e l a t i v i t y theory, 314 Rendezvous, 312, 328, 341 Research and development (R&D), 315, 318, 320, 325, 337 R i c c i t i e l l o , Salvatore, 344 Rickover, Adm. w a n G. (uSN), 339 Riegel, D r . K u r t , 323 Rogers, Rep. Paul G., 323 Rosamond D r y Lake, 340 Rowan, Carl T., 342-343 Rubey, Prof. W i l l i a m W., 348 Rusk, Secretary of S t a t e Dean, 323 SAGE (Semi-~utomat i c Ground ~nvironment) system, 313 S t . Helena Island, 335 Salisbury, John W., 327 Sales Executive Club, 339 Salk I n s t i t u t e , 335 San Miguel Island, 319 Saturn I workshop (spacecraft), 317 Saturn IB (uprated Saturn I) (booster), 315, 317, 318, 33', 329 Saturn V (booster), 311, 317-318, 343 Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN), 327, 340 Schmidt, Edward J. 343 Science, 320, 333 S c i e n t i s t s , 323, 330-331, 335 Scorpius, 324 Scout (booster), 316 Scrag (u. S. S.R. weapon), 333 Seamans, D r . Robert C., Jr., 348 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 331-332 S e i t z , D r . Frederick, 332, 348 Sent i n e l (missile), 319 SHAPE (supersonic High Altitude Parachute ~xperiment) project 339 Smart, Gen. Jacob E. (uSAF', Ret ) 313 Smith, Francis B., 326 Smith, D r . Graham, 330 SNAP-19 (nuclear generator), 319 , ., 5 , , ., , �OCTOBER 1968 Solar f l a r e , 346 Sounding rocket, 311, 324, 333-334 South Africa, 330 Soyuz 2 (u.s.S.R. s ~ a c e c r a f ' t ) , 341, 344 soyuz 3, 344 Space,biology, 317, 318, 322$ 348 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 332-333, 341 Space, peaceful use o f , 321, 326, 334, 342 Space program, national, 311-313, 316-317, 324-325, 332-3333 340-343 Space race, 326, 333, 334, 340, 346 Space rescue t r e a t y , 322 Space r e s u l t s , 311-313, 322, 326, 331, 334 Space s t a t i o n , 319, 333, 348 Space s u i t , 312 Spacecraft, 311, 312, 329, 339-341, 343-345 Sparkman, Sen. John J., 324-325 Spectrometer, 336 SST. See Supersonic transport. Stanford, Neal, 312 S t a r , 314, 323 S t a t e , Dept. of, 315, 323, 330, 333 Stennis, Sen. John, 323 Stockholm, Sweden, 335, 347 A Study of NASA University Pro~rams, 326 See SHAPE project. Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment. Supersonic transport (SST), 312, 338, 342 Svestaka, D r . Zdanek, 331 Sweden, 316 Swihart John M. 338 Symington, Sen. Stuart, 315, 321 Systems engineering, 313 Technical Information Services Co., 321 Technology, 311-313, 320, 322, 326, 333 Telescope, 316 Television, 326-329, 334, 344 Texas, 326, 332 Thorad-Agena (booster ) 319 Tracking, 312, 318, 337 TU-144 (u. S. S. R. supersonic t r a n s p o r t ) , 338 Unidentified f l y i n g obj e d s (UFOS) , 332 United A i r c r a f t Corp. P r a t t & Whitney Div., 324 United Kingdom (u.K. ) 316, 330, 334, 338 Universities 311, 326, 347 , , , , , �USAF Space and Missile Systems Organizakion (SAMSO), 343 U. S A i r Force (uSAF) ' a i r c r a f t , 321, 336, 338 award, 337 contract, 343 cooperation, 313, 323 missile, 341 MOL, 333 Nimbus B review board report, 319 U.S. Geological Survey, 332 U. S Information Agency (usIA) 314 U. S. Navy (USN) 321 USNS Huntsville, 337 USNS Watertown, 337 U.S.S. Essex, 329 U . S . ~ . ~ x i o of n Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) a i r c r a f t , 315, 338 cooperation, 332 launch s a te l l i t e C O S ~ O S , 315, 316, 320, 325, 337, 338, 347 . . , , soyuz 3, 344 science and technology, 320, 323, 331 space program, 325, 331-332, 341, 346 submarine, 315 weapons, 333 Venus (planet), 325 Vietnam War, 321 Vincent, Robert K. 327 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 339 Von K h & , Dr. Theodore, 347 V/STOL a i r c r a f t , 312, 314 Wallace, Gov. George C., 333 Wallops S t a t ion (NASA), 323, 333 Washington, D. C. 311, 314 Webb, James E., 311, 318, 320, 322, 348 Weightlessness, 348 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 331 Western Test Range (WTR) 316, 341 White House, 311 White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), 339 Whittle, S i r Frank, 339 , , , (xii) �OCTOBER 1968 Wilford, John N., 345 Wilson, George C., 339 Wing, a i r c r a f t f i x e d d e l t a , 338 swing, 338, 342 Wisconsin, Univ. o f , 335 Withington, H. W., 338 Witkin, Richard, 338 Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t e , 335 WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. WTR. See Western Test Range. X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) No. 1, 341 No. 2 , 337 XB-70A (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 336 X-ray, 334 Zond V (u.s.s.R. space w robe), 325 ( x i i i) NASA-HQ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000120 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics October 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-11-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 18 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18004 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1270/spc_stnv_000127.pdf 48e78e5743d43af1a7d62da633359e1e PDF Text Text COMMENT DRAFT NOT F O R RE:LEASE "4RONOLC)GY ON SC;ICE;IJCE, TZCTdI!TOLO=r31, llND POLICY (HER-23) Text D r a f t e d by Scien-e and Technology Division Library of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division ( ~ 9 ) Office o f Policy N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 �S E P T E Y B E R 1959 �L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo I1rograln D i r e c t o r , became Commander o f A i r Force Space and M i s s i l e Systems Iljv. (SAMSO). c:cli. { ' h i l l i p s had been D i r e c t o r of Minuteman program b e f o r e %zsignment 1 c NASA i n <T:~nuary1064 a s Deputy D i r e c t o r of Apollo Program. (NASA 11111, 7/31/69) September 1: . S. l'cllll John:;ton r e t i r e d a s head of Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i on' s N a t i o n a l A i l . ,irid Spacc Museunl. 11 lie would r e p r e s e n t ANA. on NRC. \ ( ~ 89/69, , September ------- 2: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVII from P l e s e t s k i n t o o r b i t w i t h 309-km (19.2. ~ - m i ) a p o g e e , 7 ? ? E i G ~ ~ 8 - m i )p ? r i g e e , 89.6-min p e r i o d , and 72.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept . 1 0 . (GSFC SSR ---3 9/15/69; 9/3/69, 8 ) -, . Qatron Corp. announced it had r e c e i v e d $275,030 c o n t r a c t from GSFC t o b u i l d s e v e r a l r e c o r d e r - r e c e i v e r switching a.nd p r e p r o g r r a x a b l e p a t c h systems f o r Apollo program. ( W --S t a r , 9/2/69, ~ 1 6 ) September 3: -------- NASA's FIL-10 l i f t i n g body v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by NASA Z e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, reached 81,030-f't a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 4 2 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t west of Rosanond, C a l i f . Primary o b j e c t i v e o f f l i g h t , 2bth i n s e r i e s and f i r s t w i t h new engine, was t o (NASA P r o j o f f ) o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y , c o n t r o l , and engine d a t a . . Tokyo Univ. s c i e n t i s t s s u c c e s s f u l l y launched f o u r - s t a g e Ltmbda r o c k e t i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r l a u n c h of J a p a n ' s f i r s t s a t e l l i t e i n l a t e September. (UPI, W -----) News 8/4/69; H a r r i s o n , W P o s t , 9/24/69, ~ 9 ) ---- . K3PC announced c o n t r a c t awards: McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co. was awarded $97,340,003 c o s t - p l u s - f ixed-f ee/award-fee c o n t r a c t t o provide f o r two S a t u r n V Workshops--one f o r l a u n c h i n 1972 and second f o r backup. McDonnell Douglas a l s o r e c e i v e d $87,450,033 c o s t - p l u s - f i x e d f e e l a w a r d - f e e c o n t r a c t m o d i f i c a t i o n f o r continued work on two a i r l o c k mxiules f o r Apollo A p p l i c a t i o n s (AA) prograrn c l - a s t e r , i n c l u d i n g t e s t s , checkout, documentation, and l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t . Boeing Co. r e c e i v e d $25,130,376 c o n t r a c t m o d i f i c a t i o n extending p e r i o d f o r completion o f S a t u r n V 1 s t s t a g e (s-IC-15) from June 30, 1970, t o June 30, 1971. (MSFC Releases 69-199, 69-203, 69-291) �S --e ~ t e r n b e rj: Swedish a i r c r a f t c o n s t r u c t o r Iias Fancher had s a i d t h a t i n 1 9 4 4 A d o f t l i t l e r t o o k d e l i v e r y of f i r s t Junkers 390 a i r c r a f t w i t h 14,403-1-1p engine c o n s t r u c t e d s p e c i a l l y t o bomb New York, Wash 3 indon D a i l y N ~ w sr e p o r t e d . Fancher, p i l o t on a i r c r a f t ' s nonstop t c c t f l i g h t ----bctweeii Ger~narlyanti South America, s a i d plane weighed 93 t o n s w i t h bombs and had planned range f o r nonstop f l i g h t s f r a n Bordeaux i n occupied France t o New York and r e t u r n . A i r c r a f t , d e l i v e r e d t o o l a t e f o r u s e i n war, had been burned by Germans. Comparable a i r c r a f t was n o t b u i l t u n t i l 1955, Fancher s a i d . (W -- News, 9/3/69) September 4: ---- Some NRSA s c i e n t i s t s were h e l p i n g t h e i r communit ier, sncl h i d i n g t h e i r a i d p r o j e c t s "as t h o t h e y were s i n f u l , " Roy Crornley s a i d i n Washington D a i l y News. S c i e n t i s t s were u s i n g space-acquired s k i l l s --------" t o h e l p t h e i r fellolni men i n ways t h e y were u n i q u e l y q u a l i f i e d . " Proj e c t s i n c l u d e d a p p l y i n g systems a n a l y s i s t o a i r p o l l u t i o n problem, p l a n n i n g s c h o o l expansion t o n e e t p a p u l a t i o n expansion, a p p l y i n g systems concept t o town mznagement and t o c i t y p o l i c e f o r c e problems, developing new concepts f o r a i r p o r t p l a n n i n g and new t e c h n i q u e f o r vandalism prevent i o n , d e v e l o p i n g improved communications systems f o r c i t y emergency dep a r t m e n t s , and h e l p i n g an agency develop ways of e v a l u a t i n g p r o p o s a l s L ews f o r s t u d y and development c o n t r a c t s w i t h p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . (W ) 'li 9/4/69, 23) - Mariner V I September ---- 5: F i r s t measurement o f Mars W dayglou, made d u r i n g ---Mars f l y b y J u l y 31, was r e p o r t e d i n ---Science by Univ. of Colorado a s t r o g e o p h y s i c i s t s C. A. Barth, C. W. Hord, J . B. Pearce, K. K. K e l l y , A. I. S t e w a r t , G. E. Thanas, and G. P. Anderson; Johns Hopkins p h y s i c i s t W. G. F a s t i e ; and J P L ' s 0 . F. Raper. h i s s i o n f e a t u r e s from i o n i z e d carbon d i o x i d e and carbon monoxide were measured i n 1,9130 !? t o b,393 $? s p e c t r a l r e g i o n . Lyman a l p h a 1,216 R l i n e of a t o n i c hydrogen and 1,304 f?, 1,356 !?, and 2,972 f? l i n e s of atomic oxygen were observed. Prime o b j e c t i v e of experim2nt was t o s e a r c h f o r n i t r o g e n i n Martian atmosphere. F i r s t a n a l y s i s had s h o w no evidence of n i t r o g e n emissions i n UV spectrum of upper atmosphere. (--s9 c i e n c e 9/5/69, 1004-5) A s t r o n a u t s Frank Borman, James A. L o v e l l , J r . , and William A. Anders were n m e d winners of 1969 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t ' s Trophy f o r D?c?mber 1968 Apollo ---- 8 mission. Maj. J e r a u l d R. Gentry (uSJF) was awarded A v i a t o r ' s Trophy f o r t e s t i n g HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e . (UPI, w s t a r , 9/7/69, A7) Snptenber 6: ------ �Se tember L -- 6 : - - - - Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s a t t e n d e d c e l e b r a t i o n s i n t h e i r hometo%ms. I n Wapalroneta, Ohio, N e i l A. Armstrong was cheered by crowd e s t i m a t e d a t 10 t i m e s normal 7,030 p o p u l a t i o n , addressed teen-age r a l l y , and l e d parade i n c l u d i n g (bv. James A. Rhodes, D r . A l b e r t Sabin ( d e v e l o p ~ rof o r a l p o l i o v a c c i n e ) and comedian Bob Hope--all Ohioans. Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , on second v i s i t t o hometown a s a s t r o n a u t , p r e s e n t e d Montclair, N.J., L i b r a r y w i t h autographed photo of plaque l e f t on moon; L i b r a r y named i t s s c i e n c e c o l l e c t i o n i n h i s honor. Astronaut Michael C o l l i n s , who was born i n Rome, I t a l y , v i s i t e d New Orleans, La., a s h i s adopted honetown. He a t t e n d e d luncheon i n h i s honor and v i s i t e d NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility. ( W P o s t , 9/7/69, ~ 3 ) -- September 7: S e l f - t e s t i n g - a n d - r e p a i r i n g (STAR) computer t o d i r e c t imma,nned s p a c e c r a f t on m u l t i y e a r m i s s i o n s t o o u t e r p l a n e t s and i n t e r g a l a c t i c space had p a s s e d p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s and would b e g i n f u l l - s c a l e ground o p e r a t i o n a t JPL d u r i n g week, JPL anno3mced. Bzlieved f i r s t computer capable o f d e t e c t i n g i t s own f a i l u r e s and r e p a i r i n g i t s e l f , STAR had been developed by D r . A l g i r d a s A. A v i z i e n i s , JPL computer e x p e r t , who was t r y i n g f o r 9% p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t it would l a s t 1 5 y r s , t o c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n s t o Neptune o r P l u t o i n s o l a r system Grand Tours scheduled f o r l a t e 1970s. During 9-to-11-yr minimum l i f e t i m e , STAR would a u t o m a t i c a l l y s w i t c h on dp t o t h r e e backup u n i t s t o r e p l a c e d e f e c t i v e p a r t s . By 1974, more modest model might r e p l a c e d e f e c t i v e p a r t s t w i c e f o r use on s h o r t e r m i s s i o n s l i k e one t o J u p i t e r . STAR could a l s o a i d i n h o s p i t a l and s u p e r s o n i c - a i r c r a f t automation. (JPL Release 5 32) September-- 8 : NASA's 3 6 3 - f t - t a l l S a t u r n V l a u n c h v e h i c l e , t i p p e d with Apollo 1 2 s p a c e c r a f t scheduled t o c a r r y a s t r o n a u t s toward moon Nov. 1 4 , was p l a c e d on l a u n c h pad a t KSC. (AP, W P o s t , 9/9/69, ~ 2 ) . MSFC announced s e l e c t i o n of McDonnell Douglas Corp. t o r e c e i v e 11-mo, $2,893,986 c o n t r a c t f o r p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n and p l a n n i n g f o r 12-man e a r t h - o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n f o r p o s s i b l e mid-1970 launch. S t a t i o n - i n i t i a l element o f l a r g e space base and means of i n v e s t i g a t i n g e f f e c t s o f l o n g - d u r a t i o n space f l i g h t on man--would have 10-yr l i f e t i m e , s u b j e c t t o expendables r e s u p p l y and crew r o t a t i o n . P a r a l l e l e f f o r t was b e i n g conducted by MSC hnd n o r t h American Rockwell Corp. (MSFC Release 69204) . Mexicall P r e s i d e n t Gustavo Diaz 0rd.az announced i n Coahuila, Mexico, t h a t P r e s i d e n t Nixon had a c c e p t e d i n v i t a t i o n f o r Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s t o s t a r t round-the-world t o u r i n Mexico. He r e p e a t e d c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s t o -- �September ------ 8 (continued) Government and U.S. people 011 Apollo 11 s u c c e s s . " ~ h eUnited S t a t e s Gave proof o f i t s g r e a t n e s s when it achieved t h i s triumph, but it became even g r e a t e r when t h e y understood it and a c c e p t e d it a s a triumph o f a l l humanity." P r e s i d e n t Nixon was i n Mexico t o a t t e n d d e d i c a t i o n o f Arnistad Dam on Rio Grande. 9/15/69, 1241) -- (g, September 9: ----- NASA's X-24A l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj. J e r a u l d R . Gentry ( ~ % ~ ) , r e a c h e mach d 0.6 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 40,003-ft a l t i t u d e over South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . Purposes of f l i g h t , f o u r t h i n s e r i e s , were t o e v a l u a t e s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d e r i v a t i v e s a t upper f l a p p o s i t i o n s , determine h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s , and o b t a i n flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n motion p i c t u r e s o f t u f t s on v e h i c l e ' s a f t p o r t i o n . (NASA P r o j o f f ) . Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NASA from WSMR w i t h VAN-22 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d C o r n e l l Univ. psyload t o 97.8-mi (157.4-km) a l t i t u d e t o examine sky i n f a r i n f r a r e d (5~-1,600&), u s i n g copper-doped-germanium, t w o gallium-doped-germsnium, and indium-antimonide d e t e c t o r s . Loss o f r e s i d u a l helium a t 1 6 2 s e c s d i s a b l e d a t t i t u d e - c o n t r o l system. Timing f a i l e d i n e x p e r i m e n t a l payload and no u s e f u l s c i e n t i f i c d a t a were o b t a i n e d . Some u s e f u l e n g i n e e r i n g d a t a were c o l l e c t e d . (NASA Rpt SKL) . FRC announced award of $1.8-million NASA c o n t r a c t t o North American Rockwell Corp. f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of new s u p e r c r i t i c a l a i r c r a f t wing. Wing, which u t i l i z e d a i r f o i l shape w i t h f l a t t o p and r e a r edge curved downward, had been developed by D r . Richard T. vlhitcomb and t e s t e d a t LaRC. Wind t u n n e l t e s t s i n d i c a t e d new shape could a l l o w h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t c r u i s e f l i g h t a t n e a r l y 630 mph a t 45,003-f.t a l t i t u d e . By i n c r e a s i n g c r u i s e speeds w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g power, wing might s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t o f subsonic j e t t r a n s p o r t f l i g h t s and a l l o w f a s t e r t r a v e l , lower f u e l conswnpfion and c o s t s , i n c r e a s e d o p e r a , t i o n a l r a n g e , o r i n c r e a s e d payload. Wing would be mounted on modified Navy F - J f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t a t FRC f o r f l i g h t - t e s t i n g . (FRC Releases 4-69, 15-69) . Former , NASA Apollo Program D i r e c t o r , M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (usAF) r e c e i v e d D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e Medal f r ~ mS e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C . Seariisns, Jr., i n Pentagon ceremonies. Award was f o r achievements w i t h NASA from December 1964 t o August 1969. Gen. P h i l l i p s had l e f t NASA t o becone commander of USAF Spsce and M i s s i l e Systems O r g a n i z a t i o n (SAMSO) i n Los Angeles. (AFJ, 9 / q / 6 9 , 8) �3t7ptember 9: A t Apollo-- 11 splashdown p a r t y a t Shoreham H o t e l i n Washington, i7.C.--attended by Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s and wives--NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . 'Tllomas 0 . P a i n e , announced new Apollo Achievement Award o f l a p e l He p r e s e n t e d awards t o NASA A s s o c i a t e Adminixtrsbutton and c e r t i f i c a t e . t o r f o r Manned S p w e F l i g h t , D r . George E . Mueller; former Apollo Progravl I l i r e c t o r , L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USAF); and Deputy D i r e c t o r of Apc,llo P r o c r m George H. Hage. ( ~ e a l e ,W S t a r , 9/10/69, FI.) - - . At f i r s t day ceremonies f o r commemorative moon l a n d i n e stamp i n W ? s h i n ~ t o n , , D. C. Postmaster General Winton M. Blount p r e s e n t e d Apollo 11 Astron3ut s K c . i l A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l d r i n , Jr. and M ickiael C o l l i n s and IASA , Yi'irnini~trator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, w i t h albums c o n t a i n i n g 32 s t a a p ; each. Yc s a i d : " I n t h e l a r g e s t sense we pay t r i b u t e t o d a y t o t h e s r i r i t of' man. We cannot s e p a r a t e t h e accomplisk~rnentsof Apollo 11 fro111t h o s e o f Vostok 1; we cannot s e p a r a t e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of Michael C o l l i n s , o r Edwin A l d r i n o r N c i l Armstrbng from t h o s e of 'i)ddard and E i n s t e i n , Kepler and Newton, Copernicus and G a l i l e o . We knob t h i z . And i n t h e knowing a g a i n we f i n d hope. For i f men of a l l n a t i o n s , t o g e t h e r , can achieve dominion over t h e heavens, men o f a l l n a t i o n s , t o g e t h e r , can a c h i e v e peace on e a r t h f o r a l l men f o r a l l t h e . " Armstrong s a i d a s t r o n a u t s had d e f e r r e d c a n c e l l a t i o n of startlps u n t i l t h e y were r e u n i t e d i n CM, J u l y 22. They had t h e n grasped c a n c e l e r simult a n e o u s l y and p r e s s e d it upon d i e - p r o o f v e r s i o n of comemorative stamp a f f i x e d t o m a d d r e s s e d envelope. C a n c e l l a t i o n 3 a t e remained J u l y 23, day o f l u n a r l a n d i n g . (PO Dept Release 135 ; Shandler, W S t a r , 9/10/69, -43) September 1 0 : Nike-Apache sounding r o c k e t launched by NASA from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Illinois-GCA Corp. payload t o 127.L-mi (205-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y , c o l l i s i o n frequency, and t e m p e r a t u r e i n lower ionosphere on q u a r t e r l y world day. Payload i n cluded dual-frequency p r o p a g a t i o n experiment. Rocket a l t i t u d e was nominal b u t range was o n l y o n e - f o u r t h t h a t p r e d i c t e d . Instrwnznt performance was e x c e l l e n t and good d a t a were expected from a l l e x p e r i msnts. (NASA Rpt SRL) . P a u l G. Dembling, NASA General Counsel s i n c e January 1967, became NASA Deputy A s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r . Dernbling, who had j o i n e d NACA i n 1915, had been p r i n c i p s l d r a f t e r of b i l l which became N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Spsce Act o f 1958 aqd had r e c e i v e d USA D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e Medal i n 1958 f o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o d e v e l o p n ~ n to f l e g a l framework o f U.S. a e r o n a u t i c a l and space a c t i v i t i e s . (NASA Release 69-131) �September 10: Study of lunar samples was "bringing to light as msny mysteries as it unravels," New York Times editorial said. Theorists were cautious, with evidence from one small area, Tranquility Base. "It is likely-that the picture will become still-more complex when a representative ,collection of samples becomes available from ten, twenty or thirty areas spread over the entire lunar surface. But even the limitations of the present data suggest strongly that the moon is very different from earth, and therefore has much to teach human science about the origin and evolution of the solar system. The case for intensive scientific study of the moon--conducted in part by geologists and other scientists sent there for on-the-spot invcstigntion--is strong." (KT-, /10/69, 40) September ----11: Press conference on results of Mariner VI (launched Feb. T a n d Mariner ----VII (launched March 27) was Keld at U-SA IHq. Some 203 TV pictures of Mars were taken by two Msriners, including 57 high- and medium-resolution views of selected Mvlsrtian surface areas from altitude of only few hundred miles. Spacecraft smpled Martian atmosphere for temperature, pressure, and chemical constituency and measured surface temperatures in effort to correlate thermal characteristics with features observed in TV pictures. Data indicated Mars was heavily cratered, bleak, cold, dry, nearly airless, and generally hostile to any earth-style life forms. Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said success of TV experiment on spacecraft could be easily shown by comparing actual picture return with projected picture return. "we got nine times the number of far encounter pictures that were originally proposed [few years ago], 2O p3r cent mDre near encounter pictures than were proposed, and 1,103 digital pictures which were entirely imp~ssibleaccording to Mars seemed schemes at the time of the proposal . . . . After Mariner to be like the moon. At last Mariners 6 and 7 have shown Mars to be like Mars and have brought out Marsf own characteristic features, some of them unknown and unrecognized elsewhere in the solar system." Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech said Martian terrain could be divided into three types--crater, featureless, and chaotic. Cratered terrain was widespread and common on Mars and resembled moon. Featureless terrain was represented by Hellas area, which appeared to be upland area, 150-nli-wide zone that gently sloped into flat featureless floor. Chaotic terrain had series of "short ridges, little valleys, an3 irregalar, jumbled topography." Chaotic and featureless terrain appeared to be distinctly Martian, suggesting "that on Mars we have either s difference in processes that are operating on the surface or within the crust or ws have a difference of material from one place to �September ---- 11 ( c o n t i n u e d ) arlotller on Mars and d i f f e r e n t t h a n on t h e moon, o r , more l i k e l y , a We a l s o have good r e a s o n f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t c o ~ n b i n a t i o nof b o t h . t h e e v o l u t i o n a r y h i s t o r y h a s been somewhat d i f f e r e n t . Again, t h e r e a r e s c a r s on t h e f a c e of Mars t h a t we do not s e e on t h e f a c e of t h e moon. And t h e r e have perhaps been episod i c e v e n t s i n Martian h i s t o r y t h 3 t a r e unique t o t h e p l a n e t Mars. We end up w i t h t h e conclusion t h a t Mars i s i t s own p l a n e t . " D r . George C. Pimentel of LJniv. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley s a i d r e e v a l u a t i o n of i n i t i a l d a t a from i n f r a r e d spectrometer had shown i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a l f e a t u r e s e a r l i e r a s c r i b e d t o methane and aqmonia were a c t u a l l y due t o p r e v i o u s l y undiscovered a b s o r p t i o n s of s o l i d carbon d i o x i d e . R e f l e c t i o n peak recorded t h r e e t i m e s i n atmosphere o f f Mars' b r i g h t l i m b showed presence of s o l i d carbon d i o x i d e a t h i g h a l t i t u d e s and a t l a t i t u d e s n o r t h of' p o l a r cap. Broad a,bsorption n e a r 9 ~ ~ r e c o r d eon d b r i g h t l i m b was a s c r i b e d t o s o l i d s i l i c a o r s i l i c a t e m a t e r i a l and broad a b s o r p t i o n s n e a r 1 2 , k r e c o r d t J n e a r dark limb were t e x t a t i v e l y a s c r i b e d i n p a r t t o s o l i d carban d i o x i d e abave ground. F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l work was i n p r o g r e s s t o r e f i n e t h e r m a l map. I n i t i a l r e s u l t s o f dV spectrometer experiment were d e t e c t i o n o f i o n i z e d carban d i o x i d e , carbon monoxide, atomic hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and n i t r i c oxide were n o t d e t e c t e d and no evidence was found o f c l o u d s , b l u e h a z e , o r any a p p r e c i a b l e atmospheric a b s o r p t i o n of UV r a d i a t i o n . D r . Charles A. B ? r t h of Univ. o f Colorado s a i d i m p ~ r t a n t p o i n t " i s t h a t t h e atmosphere of Mars i s d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e atmosphere o f t h e e a r t h . I f I showed you a spectrum t a k e n t h e same way from t h e upper atmosphere of t h e e a r t h , we would s e e a p l e n t i f u l number o f n i t r o g e n bands. We could s e e emissions from n i t r i c oxide. We could s e e emissions from atomic n i t r o g e n . None of t h o s e f e a t u r e s i s p r e s e n t " i n t h e atmosphere of Mars. D r . Norman H. Horowitz of JPL p r e s e n t e d b i o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s here i s n o t h i n g i n t h e new d a t a t h a t o f Mariner 1959 r e s u l t s . encourages t h e b e l i e f t h a t Mars i s a body o f l i f e . But t h e r e s u l t s The Mariner 6 and 7 d a t a s t r e n g t h e n d o n ' t exclude t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y t h e p r e v i o u s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e s c a r c i t y of water on Mars i s t h e most Mars s e r i o u s l i m i t i n g f a c t o r f o r l i f e a s we know it on t h i s p l a n e t i s a c o l d d e s e r t by t e r r e s t r i a l s t a n d a r d s . If t h e r e i s l i f e on Mars, it must be a form of l i f e t h a t can u t i l i z e water i n t h e form of water v a-p x o r i c e . And it i s p o s s i b l e t~ mske even e x t e n s i o n s o f o u r own t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , e v o l u t i o n a r y a d a p t a t i o n s , b e i n g a b l e t o l i v e under " ( ~ r a n s c r i ~ NASA t; News ele ease) these conditions.. ... .. . .... .... .. �September 11: ------ President Nixon announced intention to nominate Secor D. Browne to be member of Civil Aeronautics Board for remainder of term expiring Dec. 31, 1974. He would replace John H. Crooker, who had resigned effective Sept. 30. Browne would also be designated CAB Chairman. (PT,, 9/15/69, 1249) September 12: NfiSA began distribution, at MSC, cf about 18 lbs ( e . 2 k n s ) of lunar material to 106 U.S. scientific investigators and 36 in eight other countries for university, industrial, and government laboratory analyses. Lot comprised one-third of lunar samples returned by Apollo 1 1. Another 15% would be kept as examples of Tranquility Base material. Remainder would be held for later scientific experiments, with small amount possibly available on loan for public display. Material had been quarantined in LRL since its July 25 return; tests on animal and plant life had shown no ill effects. Interaeency Committee on Back Contamination had approved release of samples to principal investigators or their representatives whose plans for safeguarding material had been approved by MSC officials. Preliminary LRL examinations had disclosed two basic rock types, compacted lunar soil and igneous rocks; rocks had been on lunar surface from 10 to 150 million yrs; and igneous rocks had crystallized from 3 to 4 billion yrs ago. Approximately 3 kgs of sanples would be destroyed during experiments; residues and remaining 5.1 kgs would be returned to NASA. Results of analyses were to be reported early in 1970. Among measurements to be made were those of: pnysical properties of rocks or soil to help in understanding optical observations of moon from earth and future seismic experiments; mineralogy and petrology to show mineral content, amount of water present when rocks crystallized, and how surfaces were eroded by particles; chemical composition of rocks and fines to determine concentration of 92 elements occurring on earth and in meteorites, times of crystallization 01 igneous rocks, and periods rocks had lain on lunar surface. Studies of rare gases in soil would furnish first data on isotopic compositions of solar materials. Biologists and organic chemists would determine structures and abundances of carbon conpounds in and on lunar surface 2nd their origin; catalog microstructures in terms of organized elements and microfossils; and define presence or absence of viable lunar organisms. (WSA Release 69-133) . Spencer M. Beresford, former special counsel of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was appointed NASA General Counsel succeeding P a u l G. Denbling, new XASA Deputy Associate Administrator [see Sept. 101. (NASA Release 69-173) �w h i t e l[ouse announced P r e s i d e n t ' s Science A d v i s e r , Septertlber 1<': O r . l ~ > Ac. DuUridge, would v i s i t f o u r Western and two E s s t e r n E u ~ o l ) ~ acr oi u n t r i e s i n September and October t o d i s c u s s arrangements f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n and e x p l o r e s p e ~ , i f i cpo:: si b i l i t i e s f o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g e x i s t i n g arrangements. 6 /~~/ L ; ( J ,1 ~ 5 1 ) (z, . Keuterc s a i d NASA had a c c e p t e d o f f e r of French s c u l p t o r Marcel Recher t o b u i l d 1'40-f't "Platform f o r t h e Conquest of t h e ~ o s m o s "a t KSC a s memorial t o f i r s t 1una.r l a n d i n g . Recher was l o o k i n g f o r sponsor t o c o n t r i b u t e $145,003 f o r p r o j e c t . (W ----) Post 9/11/69, A ? ) 1 5 debut of Boeirlg 747 would be delayed by s i x t o e i g h t weeks, Boeing Co. s a i d . P r a t t & Whitney Div. of United A i r c r a f t Corp. had encountered problems i n meeting performance g o a l s i n 362-passenger a i r c r a f t s engines. (NX, 9/13/69, 46) , Dec. Septenber 1 3 : Aerospace Corp. announced e l e c t i o n of D r . T . K e i t h Glennan, P r e s i d e n t Emeritus o f Case I n s t i t u t e o f Technology and f i r s t NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( 1 9 5 8 - 1 9 ~ 1 )a~s Chairman of Board of T r u s t e e s . Sherrod E. Skinner r e t i r e d a s Chairman and L/G James H. D o o l i t t l e ( U S - 4 ~ Ret. , ), Vice Chairman, a l s o r e t i r e d d u r i n g annual meeting of Board of T r u s t e e s . Skinner and Gen. D o o l i t t l e were awarded USAF E x c e p t i o n a l S e r v i c e Award by Under S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force john L. McLucas i n E l Segundo, CRY 9/25/69, ~ 7 8 1 3 ) C a l i f . ceremony S e p t . 1 2 . (Aerospace Release; - , . Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n Curator o f Meteoritics, D r . Kurt F r e d r i k s s o n , a r r i v e d i n Washington, D . C . , c a r r y i n g 1 0 g r o f l u n a r m a t e r i a l from LRL i n n i t r o g e n - f i l l e d p l a s t i c bag i n s i d e s t e e l b r i e f c a s e . One of s i x men i n U.S. who ha? s t u d i e d l u n a r samples, he l a t e r s a i d Smiths o n i a n s c i e n t i s t D r . Bryan H. Mason, c u r r e n t l y i n A u s t r a l i a , would ( ~ o n r o y ,W --,News 9/16/69, 5 ) r e c e i v e a n o t h e r 10-gr s e t . - NASA announced a v a i l a b i l i t y o f E a r t h Photographs from September 1 4 : Gemini V I Through -X I 1 (NASA S P - I ~ ~ ) c, o l l e c t i o n of b e s t 250 p i c t u r e s t a k e n between 1965 and 1967 from a l t i t u d e s between 99 and 550 m i a s Gemini s p a c e c r a f t o r b i t e d e a r t h . F i r s t and l a s t views were of Cape Kennedy, w i t h views of p r i n c i p a l a r e a s w i t h i n 30° l a t i t u d e o f e q u a t o r (NASA Release 69-129) between. �Space Task Group p r e s e n t e d r e p o r t The Post-Apollo Spzce September 15 : D i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e F u t u r e t o P r e s i d e n t Nixon a t White ilouse. Frogran: ---I t recommended b a s i c g o a l of b a l a y e d manned and unmanned space program ~ > o n d u c t e df o r a l l mankind, w i t h emphasis on i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n o f :p:i~,e L, ~ p - i b i l i t i e sf o r s e r v i c e s t o man through expanded space a p p l i c a t ionc. ,)romr?rn; enhance-nent of U.S. defense p o s t u r e f o r world peace and . ; i . , i ~ r i t ythrouch e x p l o i t a t i o n of space t e c h n i q u e s f o r m i l i t a r y m i s s i o n s ; c o n t i n u i n g s t r o n g progran of l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n , astronomy, pliy::ics, and e a r t h and l i f e s c i e n c e s ; development o f new systems and t e c h n o l o r y f o r space o p e r a t i o n s , emphasizing commonality, r e u s a b i l i t y , and economy through developmant of new space t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y and s p s c e s t a t i o n modules; and promotion of world community t h r o u g h program of broad i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n and c o o p e r a t i o n . As f o c u s f o r development of new c a p a b i l i t y , Task Group r e c o m ~ e n d e d U.S. a c c e p t long-range g o a l of manned p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n w i t h manned Mars mission b e f o r e end of century. A c t i v i t i e s l e a d i n g t o g o a l should i n c l u d e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n on d u a l theme of e x p l o i t i n g e x i s t i n g c a p a b i l i t y and developing new one w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g program balance w i t h i n a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s ; o p e r a t i o n a l phase u s i n g new s y s t e m and c a p a b i l i t i e s i n earth-moon space, w i t h men l i v i n g agd working i n t h a t environment f o r extended p e r i o d s ; and manned e x p l o r a t i o n m i s s i o n s o u t o f earth-moon space, u s i n g experience of e a r l i e r two phases. Schedule and b u d g e t a r y i m p l i c a t i o n s o f phases were s u b j e c t t o P r e s i d e n t i a . 1 c h o i c e , w i t h d e t a i l e d progran t o be determined i n normal a n n u a l budget and progrartl review. R e p ~ r to u t l i n e d t h r e e p o s s i b l e NASA p r o g r a m f o r manned Mars l a n d i n g b e f o r e c e n t u r y ' s end. Option I would launch manned m i s s i o n i n mid-lgUUs and would e s t a b l i s h o r b i t i n g l u n a r s t a t i o n , 50-man e a r t h o r b i t i n g space b a s e , and l u n a r s u r f a c e base. Funding would r i s e from c u r r e n t $ 4 - b i l l i o n l e v e l t o $8- t o $ 1 0 - b i l l i o n l e v e l i n 1980. D e c i s i o n t o proceed w i t h development o f space s t a t i o n , e a r t h - t o - o r b i t s h u t t l e , and space t u g would be r e q u i r e d i n FY 1971. Option I1 would i n c l u d e Mars mission l a u n c h i n 1986, allowing f o r e v a l u a t i o n of unmanned Mars m i s s i o n r e s u l t s b e f o r e f i n a l d e s i g n a t i o n of l a n d i n g d a t e and r e q u i r e about $ 9 - b i l l i o n maximum annual e x p e n d i t u r e i n e a r l y 1980s. Option 111 would i n c l u d e i n i t i a l developnent of space s t a t i o n and r e u s a b l e s h u t t l e s , a s i n Options I and 11, b u t wauld d e f e r d e c i s i o n on manned Mars l a n d i n g d a t e w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g g o a l o f a f t e r 1990 but b e f o r e c l o s e of c e n t u r y . Concurrent developnent of space t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e x and modular space s t a t i o n s would r e q u i r e r i s e i n 1976 a n n u a l e x p e n d i t u r e s t o $5.7 b i l l i o n , w h i l e t h e i r development i n s e r i e s would e n t a i l $1- t o 5 - b i l l i o n funding l e v e l . �Septt1ml)er 15 ( c o ~ i t i n u e d ) Iiec~nmmertded1101) o p t j orls were : (A) program o f f u l l m i l i t a r y sparSF. c a p a b i l i t y i l l c a s e of o v e r t t h r e a t t o n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , ( B ) development of' c7Tfurt,r t o c o ~ ~ er lrt known and a cccpt ecl p r o j e c t i o n s of s e c u r i t y t,E~resf, 311cL i n c r e a s e i n development a c t i v i t i e s if t h r e a t i n c r e a s e d , and ( c ) pror:ram of lower l e v e l systenl deployment w i t h technology arld support e f f o r t n e c e s s a r y f o r contingency planning on assumption t h a t l e s s e n i n ~ o f world t e n s i o n s would recl~lce emphasis on na.tiona1 d e f e n s e . A t White House b r i e f i n g f o l l o w i n g p r e s e n t r t i o n , p r e s s s e c r e t s r y lio~laldL . Z i e g l e r s a i d P r e s i d e n t Nixon had concurred i n Task Group' r e j e c t i o n of two o t h e r , extreme space p r o g r a m , one t o l s n d men on iilarr, a s roan a s p o s s i b l e , r e g a r d l e s s o f c o s t , and one t o e l i m i n a t e manned f l ic:11t program a f t e r completion o C Apollo. IIe d i d not know dncn P r e s i d e n t would make d e c i s i o n on course t o f o l l o w , b u t b u d g e t s r y cons i t i c r a t i o n s would be major f a c t o r . ( ~ e x;t PI), 9 / 2 2 / ~ 9 , l;)31; IJYT. <?/lG/G9, 1) A - - - . __I IT. S . S. R . l a i ~ n c h e dCosmos C C X C V I I I from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t h 1 6 2 - k m (1~33. ( - m i ) spogee, 127-km (78.9-mi) p e r i g e e , 87. 3-min p e r i o d , and 1 1 9 . ~ ~ i u c l i u a t ioll. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d same day. (GSPC -' SSR 7/15/63; < l , ' l ( ~ /9, & 81 ) @, . Llulnr Kock Conference was h e l d a t Smithsonia.n I n s t i t u t i o n , w i t h p a r t i c i p s . tion of E r . Thomas 0. P?.ine, NASA Administra.tor; D r . I-Ienry J. Smith, NqSA Llep~ltyA s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( S c i e n c e ) ; and Lunar Receiving L a b ~ r a t c r ys c i e n t i s t s . During conference NASA r e l e a s e d PET Swnnary ofAp?llo 11 Lu.nzr S a n p l e s , r e p o r t of 63-day p r e l i m i n a r y examination of ~ ! _ ~ ) S C ----~ - A11~ l~u n~a rO samples i n LRL by u n i v e r s i t y and Government s c i e n t i s t s on NASA P r e l i m i n a r y E x a n i n a t i o n Team (PET). Regort confirmed e x i s t e n c e of unexplained e r o s i o n p r o c e s s on l u n a r s u r f 2ce i n d i c a t e d i n Ranger, Lunar O r b i t e r , and Surveyor p h o t o s , " u n l i k e ally p r o c e s s s o f a r observed on e a r t h " ; s a i d unique chemical composition ( t h a t o f s i l i c a t e l i q u i d ) o f T r a n q u i l i t y Base f i n e s and igneous r o c k s " i m p l i e s e i t h e r t h e camgosition of t h e r o c k from vinich t h e l i q u i d was d e r i v e d d i f f e r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h a t of .the m ~ n t l e of t h e e a r t h , o r t h a t t h e mechanism by which t h e l i q u i d was formed d i f f e r s from analogous t e r r e s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s " ; and concluded t h e r e ??as "very good chance t h a t t h e t i m e of c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n of some of t h e Apollo 11 r o c k s may d a t e back t o t i m e s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e o l d e s t r o c k s on e a r t h . " Samples could be d i v i d e d i n t o f i n e - and medium-grained c r y s t a l l i n e o f igneous o r i g i n , b r e c c i a s of conplex o r i g i n , and f i n e s . C r y s t a l l i n e r o c k s d i f f e r e d from any t e r r e s t r i a l r o c k and from m2teorS.tes i n mo3al mineralogy and b u l k chemistry. E r o s i o n had �September 15 -- (c>ontinued) lie(-ornmended T)OI) o p t i orls were : ( A ) program o f f u l l m i l i t a r y spa.cc: c - a p n b i l i t y i n c a s e of o v e r t t h r e a t t o n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , ( B ) deveJoprnr>rlt ui' erfor1,c t o courlter known and a(-vepted p r o j e c t i o n s o f s e c u r i t y t,hrest, alld i n c r e a s e i n development a c t i v i t i e s if t h r e a t i n c r e a s e d , and ( c ) prar:r-am of lower l e v e l systenl deployment w i t h technology arld support e f C o r t n e c e s s a r y f o r contingency planning on assumption t h a t l e s s e n i n ~ o f world t e n s i o n s would reclilce emphasis on n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e . A t White House b r i e f i n g followirlg p r e s e n t q t i o n , p r e s s s e c r e t a r y R o ~ ~ s lL. d Z i e g l e r s a i d P r e s i d e n t Nixon had concurred i n Ta s k Group ' r e j e c t i o n o f two o t h e r , extreme space p r o g r a m , one t o l a n d men on i 4 ~ r s a s FOOII a s p o s s i b l e , r e g a r d l e s s of c o s t , and one t o e l i m i n a t e msnned fl iivlit program a f t e r completion of Apollo. lie d i d n o t know ~ir1t.n P r e s i d e n t would make d e c i s i o n on course t o f o l l o w , b u t b u d i r t s r y cons i c l c r a t i o n ~would be major f a c t o r . ( T P X ~ ; PD, 9/22/69, 1;"31-; IJYT, 9/11;/(:9, 1) - - . IJ.S. S.R . la1.mched Cosmos C C X C V I I I from B3ikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t k ~lG2-kr1 (103. (-mi ) 3 p ~ g e e ,127-km (78.9-mi) p e r i g e e , 87. ;-min p e r i o d , and 49. G O F n c l i l l a t i o ~ l . S s t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d s3me day. (GSFC -7SSR 9/15/69; ~1,/1'3/6'3, 81 ) m, . LIu!l3r riozli Conference was h e l d a t Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , > i i t h p s r t i c i p ? t i o n o f E r . Thomas 0. P s i n e , NASA Arlministrator; D r . IIenry J. Smith, WAS.% l'leputy A s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( s c i e n c e ) ; and Lunar Receiving L a b - r a t c r . ~s c i e n t i s t s . During conference NASA r e l e a s e d PET Sumnary of " -A p l l o 1 1 Lunar S a n p l e s , r e p ~ of t 63-clay p r e l i m i n a r y examination of - ---Ibs of A ~----o l l o11 l u n a r samples i n LRL by u n i v e r s i t y and Government s 2 i e n t i s t s on NASA P r e l i m i n a r y Exanination Team (PET). Report confirmed e x i s t e n c e of unexplained e r o s i o n p r o c e s s on l u n a r s u r f a c e i n d i c a t e d i n Ranger, Lunar O r b i t e r , and Surveyor photos, " u n l i k e any p r o c e s s s o f a r observed on e a r t h " ; s a i d unique chemical composition ( t h a t o f s i l i c a t e l i q u i d ) o f T r a n q u i l i t y Base f i n e s and igneous r o c k s " i m p l i e s e i t h e r t h e composition of t h e r o c k from which t h e l i q u i d was d e r i v e d d i f f e r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h a t of t h e mantle of t h e e a r t h , o r t h a t t h e mechanism by which t h e l i q u i d was formed d i f f e r s from analogou-s t e r r e s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s f f ; and concluded t h e r e Tras "very good chance t h a t t h e t i m e of c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f some of t h e Apollo 11 r o c k s may d a t e back t o t i m e s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e o l d e s t r o c k s on e a r t h . " Ssrrlples could be d i v i d e d i n t o f i n e - alnd medium-grained c r y s t a l lLne o f igneous o r i g i n , b r e c c i a s o f cornplex o r i g i n , and f i n e s . C r y s t a l l i n e r o c k s d i f f e r e d from any t e r r e s t r i a l r o c k and from rrl3teor5.tes i n modal mineralogy and b u l k chemistry. Erosion had - �Se tember 15 ( continu ed) P -- o c c u r r e d on l u n a r s u r f a c e b u t t h e r e was no evidence it was caused by s u r f a c e w a t e r . Probable presence of assemblage i r o n - t r o i l i t e - i l m e n i t e and absence of any h y d r a t e d phase i n d i c a t e d c r y s t a l l i n e r o z k s were formed under extremely low p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e s of oxygen, w a t e r , and c u l f u r . Absence of h y d r a t e d m i n e r a l s sug5ested absence o f any s u r f a c e water a t T r a n q u i l i t y Base s i n c e rocks were exposed. Rocks and f i n e s showed evidence o f shock o r impact metamorphism; a l l r o c k s d i s p l a y e d g l a s s - l i n e d s u r f a c e p i t s p a s s i b l y caused by impact o f s m a l l p a r t i c l e s ; and f i n e m z t e r i a l and b r e c c i a c o n t a i n e d g a s e s t h a t i n d i c a t e d t h e y were d e r i v e d from s o l a r wind. Measurements on igneous r o c k i n d i c a t e d c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n 3 b i l l i o n t o 5 b i l l i o n yrs ago. Rocks had been w i t h i n one meter of s u r f a c e f o r 20 m i l l i o n t o 160 m i l l i o n s y r s . L e v e l of indigenous v o l a t i l i z a b l e and/or p y r o l y z a b l e o r g a n i c m s t e r i a l wss extremely low. A l l r o c k s and f i n e s were g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r chemically. Major and minor c o n s t i t u e n t s were sane a s i n t e r r e s t r i a l igneous r o c k s 2nd ~ n e t e o r i t e s , b u t d i f f e r e n c e s i n composition were s i g n i f i c a n t . E l e ments t h a t were e n r i c h e d i n i r o n m e t e o r i t e s were n o t observed o r were v e r y low i n occurrence. No evidence of b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l had been found. T r a n q u i l i t y Bzse s o i l was f i n e g r a i n e d , g r a n u l a r , cohesive, and w i t h hardness i n c r e a s i n g a t s i x - i n c h depth. it was s i m i l a r i n appearance and behavior t o s o i l a t Surveyor l a n d i n g sites. (program; Text ; ---' Science 9/19/69) . NASA announced withdrawal of t h r e e Apollo range i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s h i p s - USNS Redstone, Mercu_ry_, and Huntsville--from t r a c k i n g network s u p p o r t i n g Apollo f l i g h t s . Remaining t r a c k i n g s h i p , USNS Vanguard, would be c o n t i n u e d on s t a t i o n i n A t l a n t i c about 1 , 0 0 0 m i s o u t h e a s t of Bermu-da. NASA s a i d r e d u c t i o n of Apollo s h i p support was based on h i g h s u c c e s s o f Apollo m i s s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i r e x c e l l e n t "launch on t i m e " (NASA Release 69-133) record. . ------ House passed H . J . R . 775, t o a u t h o r i z e P r e s i d e n t " t o award a p p r o p r i a t e medals honoring t h o s e a s t r o n a u t s whose p a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e w e l f a r e of t h e Nation and of mankind have been excep(CJ, ~ 8 7 0 - 2 ) t i o n a l l y m e r i t o r i o u s . 'I September 1 6 : A s t r o n a u t s N e i l A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , and Michael C o l l i n s r e p o r t e d on Apollo 11 m i s s i o n t o j o i n t s e s s i o n of Congress c a l l e d i n t h e i r honor. A s t r o n a u t Armstrong s a i d : "Several weeks ago I enjoyed t h e warmth of r e f l e c t i o n on t h e t r u e meanings of t h e s p i r i t of Apollo. I s t o o d i n t h e h i g h l a n d s o f t h i s Nation, n e a r �September 1 6 ( c o n t i n u e d ) t h e C o n t i n e n t a l D i v i d e , i n t r o d u c i n g t o my sons t h e wonders of n a t u r e qnd p l e a s u r e s of l o o k i n g f o r d e e r and f o r e l k . I n t h e i r enthusiasm f o r t h e view t h e y f r e q u e n t l y stumbled on t h e rocky t r a i l s , b u t when t h e y looked o n l y t o t h e i r f o o t i n g , t h e y d i d not s e e t h e e l k . To t h o s e of you who have advocated l o o k i n g h i g h we owe o u r s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e , f o r you have g r a n t e d u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s e e some of t h e g r a n d e s t views of t h e C r e a t o r . To t h o s e of you who have been o u r honest c r i t i c s , we a l s o t h a n k , f o r you have reminded us t h a t we d a r e not f o r g e t t o wstch t h e trail. " A s t r o n a u t A l d r i n s a i d : "Our s t e p s i n space have been a symbol o f t h i s c o u n t r y ' s way o f L i f e a s we open o u r doors and windows t o t h e world t o view o u r s u c c e s s e s and f a i l u r c s and a s we s h a r e w i t h a l l n a t i o n s our d i s c o v e r y . The S a t u r n , Columbia, and Eagle, and t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r m o b i l i t y u n i t have proved.. . t h a t t h i s Nation can produce equipment of t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y and d e p e n d a b i l i t y . T h i s should g i v e a l l o f us hope and i n s p i r a t i o n t o overcome some of t h e more d i f f i c u l t problems h e r e on ? a r t h . The Apollo l e s s o n i s t h a t n a t i o n a l g o a l s can be met where t h e r e i s a s t r o n g enough w i l l t o do so. " A s t r o n a u t C o l l i n s s a i d : "We have t a k e n t o t h e moon t h e wealth of t h i s Nation, t h e v i s i o n of i t s p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s , t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o f i t s s c i e n t i s t s , t h e d e d i c a t i o n of i t s e n g i n e e r s , t h e c a r e f u l craftsmans h i p of i t s workers, and t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c support of i t s p e o p l e . We have brought back r o c k s . And I t h i n k it i s a f a i r t r a d e . For j u s t a s t h e R o s e t t a s t o n e r e v e a l e d t h e language of a n c i e n t Egypt, s o may t h e s e r o c k s unlock t h e mystery of t h e o r i g i n of t h e mom, of our e a r t h , and even of o u r s o l a r system. " A s t r o n a u t s p r e s e n t e d Congress w i t h two U. S. f l a g s which p r e v i o u s l y had flown o v e r Senate and House of C a p i t o l and had been c a r r i e d t o moon aboard Apollo 1 1 spacecraft. 9/16/69, ~ 9 3 7 - 9 ) (s, . At Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ceremony a t t e n d e d by Apollo 11 A s t r o n a u t s , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0. P a i n e , p r e s e n t e d two-pound, g r e y , l u n a r r o c k of igneous, b r e c c i a t y p e t o Smithsonian S e c r e t a r y , D r . S. D i l l o n R i p l e y , f o r Smithsonian c o l l e c t i o n . It would be s e a l e d i n n i t r o g e n - f i l l e d c o n t a i n e r covered by t h r e e - f o o t g l a s s bubble and d i s p l a y e d t o p u b l i c beginning S e p t . 17 f o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d i n A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s Building. A t p r e s e n t a t i o n , A s t r o n a u t Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r , , s a i d : "Every human b e i n g , every animal who has looked up i n t o t h e heavens h a s seen t h a t rock. It i s a f o r t u n a t e t i m e f o r mankind t o l o o k up and be a b l e t o say, ' h e r e i s t h e moon. ' " (Smiths o n i a n Release SI-150-69; S h e l t o n , W P o s t , 9/17/69, ~ 1 ) -- �S e n a t e passed H . J . R . 775, " t o a u t h o r i z e t h e P r e s i d e n t t o 16: award, i n t h e naze o f Congress, Congressional Space Medals o f Honor t o t h o s e a s t r o n a u t s whose p s r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e welfare of t h e Nation and of mankind have been e x c e p t i o n a l l y m e r i t o r i o u s . " (g, 9/16/69, ~ 1 0 6 3 0 ) September - . New ---- -- Yorli Times e d i t o r i a l commented on Apollo 11 and Mariner V I and V I I : "The unprecedented advances i n t h e s t u d y b o t h o f t h e moon and of M3rs d u r i n g t h e p a s t few weeks have produced a s t u n n i n g crop of s u r p r i s e s about b o t h c e l e s t i a l bodies. On t h e c l o s e s t examination y e t , t h e s e neighbors i n space have proved f a r more complex and s t r a n g e t h a n p r e v i o u s t h e o r i e s have l e d men t o b e l i e v e . And t h e m a g n i f i c e n t , l i f e l e s s d e s o l a t i o n of t h e l u n a r and Martian s u r f a c e s emphasizes more t h a n e v e r how wonderful it i s and how l i t t l e s c i e n c e u n d e r s t a n d s why it i s t h a t t h i s t h i r d p l a n e t from t h e sun i s s o u n i q u e l y g r e e n , v i b r a n t and overrunning w i t h l i f e . " 9/16/69, 40) (m, September 17: Spsce Task Group r e p o r t t o P r e s i d e n t on post-Apollo spsce program [ s e e S e p t . 151 was r e l e a s e d a t White House p r e s s conference by Vice P r e s i d e n t S p i r o T . Agnew and Space Task Force Group msrnbers D r . Thomas 0. P a i n e , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r ; D r . Robert C. Seaxans, J r . , S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force; D r . Lee A. DuBridge, P r e s i d e n t i a l Science A d v i s e r ; and Willim A. Anders, NASC Executive S e c r e t a r y . Vice P r e s i d e n t Agnew s a i d Group had r e j e c t e d " c r a s h program of t h e magnitude t h a t would t u r n l o o s e every b i t of o u r t e c h n o l o , ? i c a l a b i l i t y " t o a c h i e v e q u i c k e s t p o s s i b l e manned Mars l a n d i n g because " t h e r e a r e competing p r i o r i t i e s i n a d i f f i c u l t time of i n f l a t i o n . " Group had a l s o r e j e c t e d "foregoing t h e s u b s t a n t i a l b e n e f i t s t h a t have come out o f t h e Apollo p r o g r a z , t h e b e n e f i t s of N a t i o n a l p r e s t i g-e . " D r . Paine s a i d a l l t h r e e o p t i o n s recommended t o P r e s i d e n t i n r e p o r t would e n a b l e NASA t o "hold t o g e t h e r t h e team" and g r o v i d e "major c h a l l e n g e . " D r . DuBridge s a i d a l l t h r e e o p t i o n s h e l d "heavy emphasis on e a r t h a p p l i c a t i o n s , s a t e l l i t e s , f o r s t u d y i n g t h e geology, t h e geography, t h e atmosphere of t h e oceans o f t h e e a r t h and b r i n g i n g space t e c h n o l o g y d i r e c t l y and immediately t o t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e p e o p l e on e a r t h . A 1 1 t h r e e programs a l s o . . . i n c l u d e heavy emphasis on s c i e n t i f i c programs, t o extend o u r s c i e n t i f i c knowledge o f t h e e a r t h i t s e l f , of t h e moon, through a d d i t i o n a l l u n a r e x p e d i t i o n s , i n t e r p l a n e t a r y spsce and a d d i t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e moon and t h e p l a n e t s . " He a l s o c i t e d emphasis on i n t e r n a t i o n a l collaboration. (Transcript ) �September 17 ( c o n t i n u e d ) NASA r e l e a s e d America's Next Decade i n Space: A Report f o r t h e Space Task Group. Major p o i n t s had been i n c o r p o r a t e d i n Task Group r e p o r t [ s e e Sept. 151. ( ~ e x t ) . First day of p u b l i c d i s p l a y of l u n a r r o c k a t Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n a t t r a c t e d 8,200 v i s i t o r s , i n c l u d i n g former NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r James E . Webb. Webb s a i d : he rock r e p r e s e n t s a l l t h e work and a l l t h e submergence of p e r s o n a l ambitions t h a t thousands p u t i n t o t h e space e f f o r t . It proves we have t h e s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l and managerial c a p a b i l i t y o f expanding our space v a l u e s f o r use urlder t h e s e a , on t h e l a n d and i n t h e a i r . " (Schaden, W S t a r , 9/18 '63, - ~4 . S e n a t e adopted by 85-0 v o t e a ~ e n d m e n t o f f e r e d by Sen. William Proxmire (D- is ) t o S. 2546, FY 1970 m i l i t a r y procurement a u t h o r i z a t i o n , which would r e q u i r e s t u d y and review by Comptroller General o f p r o f i t s made by Government a g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g NASA, on c o n t r a c t s f o r which t h e r e (CR, ~ 1 0 7 4 3 - 5 2 ) had been no f o r m a l l y a d v e r t i s e d c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g . . - . Rep. George A. Goodling (R-pa. ) i n t r o d u c e d H.R. 13838 " t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e distribution t o t h e several States, f o r display t o t h e public.. samples of t h e l u n a r r o c k s and o t h e r l u n a r m a t e r i a l s brought back by t h e Apollo 11 mission. " 9/17/69, ~ 8 0 9 8 ) . (s, . h he space age i s h e r e t o s t a y , b u t t h e p r e c i s e New York Times e d i t o r i a l : c o n t o u r s o f how f a r and how f a s t t h i s n a t i o n w i l l go i n t h e decades ahead w i l l have t o be determined on a pragmatic b a s i s , almost y e a r by y e a r and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n by A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 9/17/69, 40) (m, September 1 8 : U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIX from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t h 2l9-Xrn (136.1-mi) apogee, 2 0 7 - k m ' m - m i ) p e r i g e e , 89.2-min (GSFC p e r i o d , and 64.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept. 22. SSR, 9130169; E , 9/19/69, 8 1 ) -- . NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A . Manke, reached 79,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 3 9 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t west of Rosamond, C a l i f . Parpose of f l i g h t , 25th i n s e r i e s and 1 2 t h u s i n g engine, was t o o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d a t a a t v a r i o u s a n g l e s o f a t t a c k i n speed range around mach 1 . 2 . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �- September 1 8 : NASA and AEC announced s u c c e s s f u l completion of NERVA n u c l e a r e x p e r i m e n t a l r o c k e t engine ( X E ) t e s t i n g i n J a c k a s s F l a t s , Nev. T e s t s , conducted from March through August, had i n c l u d e d 28 s u c c e s s f u l engine s t a r t u p s and 3 h r s 48 min cumulative o p e r a t i n g t i m e , w i t h 3.5 min a t f u l l power (55,000-lb t h r u s t ) . XE program had explored wide v a r i e t y of o p e r a t i n g modes and p r e s s u r e and temp-rature c o n d i t i o n s , demonstrated automatic s t a r t u p s u s i n g boot s t r a p t e c h n i q u e s , demonstrated s t a b i l i t y o f n u c l e a r r o c k e t engine performance, and v a l i d a t e d d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n o f engine t e s t s t a n d No. 1. XE engine r u n s concluded s e r i e s of s u c c e s s f u l t e c h n o l o g y t e s t s over s e v e r a l y e a r s . Design and development o f f l i g h t - r a t e d 7 5 , 0 0 0 - l b - t h r u s t NERVA r o c k e t was being i n i t i a t e d on b a s i s o f i n f o r m a t i o n produced. Nuclear r o c k e t p r o g r m was managed (NASA Release 69-134; b y AEC-NASA S p x e Nuclear P r o p u l s i o n O f f i c e . AEC-NAS4 Release M - 2 l 6 ) . . NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, and Chairman o f I n d i a n Spsce Research O r g a n i z a t i o n , D r . Vikrarn A. S a r a b h a i , on b3half of I n d i a and U.S. s i g n e d agreement a t XASA Hq. t o p r o v i d e d i r e c t TV b r o a d c a s t s from s a t e l l i t e t o soTe 5,030 s m a l l I n d i a n v i l l a , g e s . Broadcasts would b f i r s t from s a t e l l i t e t o sfla11 r e c e i v e r s withoat ground r e l a y . E x p e r i ment would u t i l i z e ATS-F, s i x t h i n NASA s e r i e s of A p p l i c a t i o n s Technology S a t e l l i t e s , scheduled f o r mid-1972 launch. I n d i a would u s e e x p e r i m e n t a l ground s t a t i o n a t Ahmedabad and o t h e r s t o t r a n s m i t TV programs t o s a t e l l i t e , which would r e l a y them t o v i l l a g e r e c e i v e r s . I n c r e a s e d onboard power and deployable s a t e l l i t e antenna w i t h h i g h (NASA Release p o i n t i n g a c c u r a c y m2de d i r e c t b r o a d c a s t p o s s i b l e . 69-135) S e n a t e began c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f 1I.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n b i l l passed by House June 1 0 and r e p o r t e d w i t h amendment i n form of s u b s t i t u t e b i l l by S e n a t e Committee on A e r o n a u t i c a l and Spsce S c i e n c e s June 24. Sen. William Proxmire (D- is.) i n t r o d u c e d new earmarked f o r S e c t i o n 7: " O f t h e funds a u t h o r i z e d . . . $ 3 30,030,000 o p e r a t i o n of t h e Apollo m i s s i o n s s h a l l not be o b l i g a t e d o r expended u n t i l t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r , i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e S t a t e Department, has f u l l y explored t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation and c o s t - s h a r i n g i n space e x p l o r a t i o n , and h a s r e p o r t e d t o Congress on t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e e f f o r t s . " E f f o r t s should i n c l u d e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l consortium w i t h NASA a s manager of o p e r a t i o n s o r p o s s i b i l i t y of b r i n g i n g space e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h i n U.N. j u r i s d i c t i o n agd c o n t r o l , e s t a b l i s h i n g "United Nations Space Council 9/18/69, S10895 modeled a f t e r t h e World Health Organization. " 907 ) ... (g, �Sqtember 18: P r e s i d e n t Nixon addrcs::cd 24th s e s s i o n of U . N . General Assembly: "Of a l l man's g r e a t ~ n t e r p r i s e s ,none l e n d s i t s e l f more l o g i c a l l y o r more compellingly t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n t h a n t h e v e n t u r e i n t o space. Iiere, t r u l y , mankind i s one: a s f e l l o w creatures from t h e p l a n e t E a r t h , e x p l o r i n g t h e heavens t h a t a l l o f u s enjoy. Tlie journey of Apollo 1 1 t o t h e moon and back was not an end, but t h e beginning. here w i l l be new journcys of d i s c o v e r y . Beyond t h i s , we a r e J u s t beginning t o comprehend t h e b e n e f i t s t h a t space technology can y i e l d h e r e on e a r t h . And t h e p o t e n t i a l i s enormous. For example, we a r e now developing e a r t h r e s o u r c e survey s a t e l l i t e s , w i t h t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l s a t e l l i t e t o be launched sometime e a r l y i n t h e decade of t h e s e v e n t i e s . P r z s e n t i n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t t h e s e s a t e l l i t e s should be capable of y i e l d i n g d a t a which could a s s i s t i n a s w i d e l y v a r i e d t a s k s a s t h e s e : t h e l o c a t i o n of schools of f i s h i n t h e oceans, t h e l o c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l d e p o s i t s on l a n d , t h e h e a l t h of a g r i c u l t u r a l crops. "I f e e l it i s o n l y r i g h t t h a t we should s h a r e b a t h t h e a d v e n t u r e s and t h e b e n e f i t s o f space. As a n example of our p l a n s , we have d e t e r mined t o t a k e a c t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o e a r t h r e s o u r c e s s a t e l l i t e s . . The purpose. i s t h a t t h i s program w i l l be d e d i c a t e d t o produce i n f o r mation not o n l y f o r t h e United S t a t e s , but a l s o f o r t h e world community. We s h a l l be p u t t i n g s e v e r a l p r o p o s a l s i n t h i s r e s p e c t b e f o r e t h e United N a t i o n s . These a r e among t h e p o s i t i v e , c o n c r e t e s t e p s we i n t e n d t o t a k e toward i n t e r n a t i o n a l i z i n g man ' s e p i c v e n t u r e i n t o space- -and adventure t h a t belongs n o t t o one n a t i o n but t o a l l mankind. " 9/22/69, 127581) .. .. (g, . Post O f f i c e Dept. announced d e l a y i n d e l i v e r y of moon l a n d i n g stamp f i r s t day c o v e r s because of "unprecedented number o f r e q u e s t s . " P r o c e s s i n g crew of 100--more t h a n t w i c e number normally employed--were working l o n g e r s h i f t s w i t h more s p e c i a l c a n c e l i n g equipment t h a n e v e r b e f o r e t o handle "response from people a l l over t h e world." (PO Dept P h i l a t e l i c Release 50) . L i s t of U. S. a t t e m p t s d u r i n g 1969 t o e f f e c t c o o p e r a t i v e space agreement w i t h U.S.S.R. was e n t e r e d i n Congressional Record: A p r i l 30, NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0 . P a i n e , forwarded copy Space F l i g h t I n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o o f O p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r P a r t i c i p a t i o ni nAcademician D r . Anatoly A. Blagonravov and a s s u r e d him t h a t p r o p o s a l s by S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s of experiments t o f l y on NASA s p a c e c r a f t would be welcomed. Supplements t o NASA document were t o be s e n t r o u t i n e l y t o S o v i e t Academy. �September 8 (continued) -- -- - 1 Msy 29, D r . Paine i n v i t e d Academician Blagonravov t o a t t e n d Apollo -11 launch and t o d i s c u s s , i n f o r m a l l y , mutual i n t e r e s t s i n c o ~ p e r ative -- s p m e p r o j e c t s . D r . Blagonravov had d e c l i n e d . Augl~st ;'1, D r . Paine i n v i t e d Academician P r o f . M s t i s l a v V . K~:ldysh t o send S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s t o S e p t . 11-21 b r i e f i n g a t NASA H q . f o r i n v e s t i g a t o r s who might wish t o propose experiments f o r 1973 Viking m i s s i o n s t o Mzrs, D r . Paine s u g s e s t e d meeting s e r v e a s o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d i s c u s ~ i o n o f p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n p l a n s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o c o o r d i n a t e d e f f o r t s benef i c i a l t o both c o u n t r i e s . P r o f . Keldysh had d e c l i n e d , but asked f o r c o p i e s o f meeting m a t e r i a l s s o S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s might develop p r o p o s a l s . He had s u g 2 e s t e d p o s s i b i l i t y o f l a t e r d i s c u s s i o n s . (g, 9/18/69, S l 0 9 j - G) . . S e n a t e swore i n Sen. Ralph T . Smith (R-111.) t o s e r v e unexpired term of ) and adopted r e s o l u t i o n a s s i g n i n g l a t e Sen. E v e r e t t T . Dirksen (R-111. him t o S e n a t e Connittee on A e r o n a u t i c a l and Space Sciences t o r e p l a c e Sen. Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md. ) , r e a s s i g n e d t o Government Operat i o n s Co~nmittee. (g, 9/18/69, ~ 1 0 7 6 3 ) S e n a t e passed by v o i c e v o t e S. 1857, FY 1 9 / 0 NSF a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $487,150,000. ( -C R , 9/18/69, 510764-70) . Senate p a s s e d by r e c o r d v o t e o f 8 1 t o 5, S. 2546, FY 1970 m i l i t a r y Procurenent a u t h o r i z a t i o n which i n c l u d e d amendment r e q u i r i n g s t u d y a n 3 r e v i e w by Comptroller General of p r o f i t s on Governnent c o n t r a c t s f o r which t h e r e had been no a d v e r t i s e d c o q e t i t i v e b i d d i n g [ s e e S e p t . 171. (~ 2 9/18/69, , ~10838-91) September 19: Canadian Black Brant IV sounding r o c k e t was launched by NASA f r a n B a r r s i r a do I n f e r n o , N a t a l , B r a z i l , c a r r y i n g MSC-Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a payload t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l e d s c i e n t i f i c measurements of charged p a r t i c l e s environment i n South A t l a n t i c A n m a l y r s g i o n . Secondary o b j e c t i v e s were t o measure magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h and Rocket f l i g h t - e v a l u a t e payload t e l e m e t r y - s y s t em performance r e a c h e d 532-mi (856-km) a l t i t u d e , w i t h performance h i g h e r t h a n expected. A l l experiments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and d a t a were o b t a i n e d on a l l channels. ( K ~ S ARpt SRL) . . Senate passed by v o i c e v o t e H . R . 11271, FY 1970 NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $3.716 b i l l i o n , a l l o c a t i n g $3.020 b i l l i o n f o r R&D, $58.2 m i l l i o n f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f a c i l i t i e s , and $637.4 m i l l i o n f o r r e s e a r c h a n 3 grogram �September 19 ( c o n t i n u e d ) m z n s ~ e ~ n m t .T o t a l was $250.85 m i l l i o n l e s s t h a n had been passed by I i o ~ s e:June 1 0 [ s e e a l s o June 251. Senate i n s i s t e d on i t s amendments S10g7(7-93, 11032; T e x t ) and r e q u e s t e d conference w i t h House. (z, . White 1lo;ise auln~uncedApollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s would make 22-nation t o u r s ' t a r t i n s S e p t . 29, t o s t r e s s U.S. w i l l i n g n e s s t o s h a r e space knogledge. I t i n e r a r y would i n c l u d e Mexico City; Bogota, Colombia; B ~ e n o sA i r e s , A r g e n t i n a ; Kio 3e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l ; Lss Palmzs, Canary I s l a n d s ; Madrid; P a r i s ; Amzter~tam2nd B r u s s e l s ; Oslo; Cologne, Germany; B e r l i n ; London; Rom.?; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Ankara, Turkey; Kinshasa, Congo; Teheran, I r a n ; Ijoabzy, I n d i a ; Dacca, P a k i s t a n ; Bangkok, Thailand; Darwin and Sydney, A u s t r a l i a ; Guam; S e o u l ; Tokyo; Honolulu; and r e t u r n t o H o u s t o ~ , T e u . , Nov. 5. A d d i t i o n z l t r i p t o Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, was p l s n n x i f o r December. (UPI, 9/23/69, 5 ) z, . U . K . ' s f i r s t l u n a r samples--3 oz of moon d u s t i n 16 contamination-proof b 3 x e s - - a r r i v e d i n London and were shown t o s c i e n t i s t s a n 3 p r e s s a t Science Research Council. D r . S. 0. A g r e l l of Cxmbridge Univ. and D r . P. E. Clegg o f Lon3on Univ. had f l o - m t o MSC t o c o l l e c t them. (AP, Kansas They would be s c r u t i n i z e d by 1 4 B r i t i s h r e s e a r c h tearns. C i t y Tim?s 9/23/69) ------, . French s c i e n t i s t s , u s i n g " w o r l d ' s m ~ s tp o d e r f u l l a s e r " a t L i m e i l l Weapons Research Center o f French Atonic Egergy Commission near P a r i s , had g e n e r a t e d s u c c e s s i o n of t i n y thermonuclear e x p l o s i o n s , Walter S u l l i v a n s s i d i n New Times. --York - --- It was important s t e p toward taming hydrogen bomb energy and u n d e r l i n e d concern o f s c i e n t i s t s t h a t l a s e r s might s i m p l i f y d e s i g n o f d e v a s t a t i n g n u c l e a r weapons. (NF, 9/19/69, 1 ) . Repor5 o f P r e s i d e n t Nixon's Task Group on Space and Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s ' speeches t o Congress [ s e e S e p t . 161 h z i "brodght s G e r a t i o n a l i t y back t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n of w h i t h e r t h e spsce program," WashinGon Post e d i t o r i a l s a i d . Acceptance by P r e s i d e n t o f r?,zomnenlation " w o ~ l de l i m i n a t e t a l k of abandoning msnned spsce f l i g h t , which would bz a f o o l i s h course of a c t i o n , o r o f proceeding t o x a r d Mzrs i n a c r a s h e f f o r t t o g e t t h e r e a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . " It -das important " f o r t h e n a t i o n t o p ~ s hahead on t h e im-nediate r?conmendations o f t h e Task Group--exploring t h e moan, developing t h e t o o l s t h a t a r e needed f o r s y s t e n s t i c e x p l o i t a t i o n o f o u r space t r a v e l c a p a b i l i t y , and e x t r a c t i n g f r o n t h e space program more b e n e f i t s f o r t h o s e o f u s who 3 r e earthb3und." (W ___Post 3 9/19/69) --- ---- �Washington Sunday S t a r commented on d i s p l a y of moon rocks September 21: h he l u n a r chunk does indeed l o o k l i k e a t Sqithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n : s o n e t h i n g t h a t , if it t u r n e d up i n a Bethesda [ ~ d] . backyard, would not draw a second g l a n c e . And y e t it i s somsthing t h a t , u n t i l two It i s a promise o f unimagined months ago, no man had seen before. t h i n g s t o come." Judging by crowds queued up, "Smithsonian has booked i t s b e s t a c t s i n c e t h e Mona L i s a came t o town s i x y e a r s ago. " (W S t a r 9/21/69, c l ) ... -, . Parade magazine c a l l e d f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t of J u l y 4, 1976--200th a n n i v e r s a r y o f U.S.--as n a t i o n a l d e a d l i n e f o r conquering some of e a r t h ' s s o c i a l l l ~ a v i n gh a r n e s s e d our s p e c i a l strengths--money, men, m z t e r i a l s problems. and t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l genius t o c o n t r o l them--we conquered space b e f o r e 1970. Why can we n o t conquer some of o u r s o c i a l problems on e a r t h by 1976?11 ( p a r a d e , 9/21/69, 1) . h he n o t i o n has o c c u r r e d t o more t h a n one person t h a t NASA, having reached t h e moon and now f e a r i n g i t s way t o t h e p l a n e t s p o s s i b l y blocked by budg e t a r y o b s t a c l e s , might f i n d t h e r e q u i s i t e new worlds t o conquer r i g h t h e r e , a t home," W i l l i a m Hines s a i d i n Washingtnn Sunday S t a r . It was "fundamental p r e c e p t of modern technology t h a t a n y t h i n g which can be imagined can be accomplished. A c u r e f o r cancer, an end t o poirerty, a cleanup o f t h e environment, t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e Vietnam war, even e f f e c t i v e n u c l e a r disarmament? I f it i s conceivable it i s a c h i e v a b l e . " While NASA could be depended on t o g i v e good account of i t s e l f i n s c i e n t i f i c and e n g i n e e r i n g s i t u a t i o n s , " i t s a b i l i t y t o handle problems w i t h a b i g ' p e o p l e ' component i s l a r g e l y u n t e s t e d . " S i n c e "peopleproblems" were predominant t h e s e days, maybe NASA wouldn't work o u t so w e l l a f t e r a l l . " D J . ~on t h e second t h o u g h t , no o t h e r government agency i s showing much f l a i r f o r coping with t h e human element, e i t h e r . " ( W S t a r , 9/21/69, ~ 4 ) USAF launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB September 22 : by Thorad-Agena b o o s t e r i n t o o r b i t w i t h 157.2-mi (253-km) apogee, 1 1 0 . 0 - n i (177-km) p e r i g e e , 88.7-min p e r i o d , and 850' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC 9/30/69; UPI, W P o s t , 9/23/69, ~ 2 0 ) E, . P r e s i d e n t Nixon announced appointment of NAS P r e s i d e n t , D r . P h i l i p Handler, t o P r e s i d e n t f s Science ~ d v i s o r y -Conxittee. He would r e p l a c e D r . F r e d e r i c k S. S e i t z , P r e s i d e n t of R o c k e f e l l e r Univ. i n New York. (PD, 9/29/69, 1335; -2 W News 9/23/69, 44) - �Septel~lbcr ------22: F r e s i d e n t Nixon announced e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s e r i e s of P r e s i t i a r l t i a l t a s k f o r c e s , i n c l u d i n g Task Force on Oceanography, t o review p u b l i c and p r i v a t e e f f o r t s i n oceanography and suggest a c t i o n s t o a c c e l e r a t e development of " i n c r e a s i n g l y important a r e a of e x p l o r a t i o n " ; and Task Force on Science P o l i c y , t o review p r e s e n t p o l i c y and make recommendations f o r f u t u r e scope and d i r e c t i o n . (PD, 9/29/69, 1304) Septe~nber23: - U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos CCC i n t o o r b i t w i t h 189-km - ( r i l i apogee, 51.5' i n c l i n a t i o n . 183-krn (113.7 - m i ) p e r i g e e , 89.0-min p e r i o d , and S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept Ti. (GSFC SSR 9130169; S m , 9/25/69, 1 0 s ) . -, . Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NASA from WSMR w i t h VAM-20 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d Univ. of Hawaii payload t o 108.4-mi (174.4-krn) a l t i t u d e . O b j e c t i v e s were t o o b t a i n h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n s p z c t r a of s o l a r d i s c from 1 , 8 0 0 8 t o 2,000 8 , u s i n g h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n e c h e l l e :;r' ',in[; s p e c t r o g r a p h Rocket and p o i n t e d by Univ. of Colorado b i a x i a l p o i n t i n g cont,r !I i n s t r u m e n t s f u n c t i o n e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and photographic s p e c t r a were (NASA Rpt SRL) o b t a i n e d on b o t h camera c y c l e s . . . P r e s i d e n t Nixon announced d e c i s i o n t o c o n t i n u e development of SST. " T ~ e sup2rsoni.c t r a n s p o r t i s going t o be b u i l t . The q u e s t i o n i s whether i n t h e y e a r s ahead t h e people of t h e world w i l l b2 f l y i n g i n American s u p e r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t s o r i n t h e t r a n s p o r t s of o t h e r n a t i o n s . .whether t h e United S t a t e s , a f t e r s t a r t i n g and s t o p p i n g t h i s program. finally I have made t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t we should go d e c i d e s t o go ahead ahead.. .because I want t h e United S t a t e s t o continue t o l e a d t h e world i n a i r t r a n s p o r t . And it i s e s s e n t i a l t o b u i l d t h i s p l a n e i f we a r e t o naintain t h a t leadership I have made t h e d e c i s i o n , a l s o , because t h r o u g h t h i s p l a n e we a r e going t o be a b l e t o b r i n g t h e world c l o s e r t o g e t h e r i n a t r u e p h y s i c a l and t i m e s e n s e . . . . This i s a massive s t r i d e forward i n t h e f i e l d of t r a n s p o r t . " P r e s i d e n t s a i d p r o t o t y p e would be flown i n 1972. 9/29/69, 1309) . .. .... ... .... (g, . P r e s i d e n t Nixon would a s k Congress t o a p p r o p r i a t e $662 m i l l i o n over f i v e y e a r s t o a s s i s t i n SST developxent, S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n John A. Volpe announced. F e d e r a l Government would spend e s t i m a t e d $761 m i l l i o n through FY 1974, i n c l u d i n g $99 i n i l l i o n i n funds a l r e a d y a2pro-g-i-ted, t o c o n s t r ~ c tand f l i g h t - t e s t two p r o t o t y p e Boeing SST mo3els. T o t a l developxent c o s t was e s t i m a t e d $1.5 b i l l i o n , w i t h $ 1 . 3 - b i l l i o n Government p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o be r e p a i d from s a l e of approximately 300 a i r c r a f t capable of c a r r y i n g 303 passengers each a t maximidm 1,800-mph speeds. ( D ~ TRelease 21069) �USA Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory helium-f i l l e d balloon L ':j ~ a : ; u c c e s s f u l l y launched f r o n WSMR, c a r r y i n g 7 0 - l b s c i e n t i f i c psyloa,d t o mcasurc ozone c o n c e n t r a t i o n , cosmic r a d i a t i o n , and atmospheric p r e s s u r e , t e m p e r a t u r e , and d e n s i t y a t 160,000-ft a l t i t u d e . The 6 0 3 - f t t a l l , 1 , 7 0 3 - l b b a l l o o n d r i f t e d t o New Mexico where it r e l e a s e d payload f o r r e c c v e r y on ground. Da,ta would be used f o r number o f WSMR p r o j e c t s . ( ~ S A FPIO: UPI, W News, 9/24/63, ( 2 ) St.pt cn1bi.r ------ . Associated P r e s s quoted Col. Edwin E . A l d r i n (USAF, R e t . ) a s s a y i n g NASA had r e j e c t e d h i s p r o p o s a l t o pastpone Apollo 1 2 and run it i n tandem w i t h Apollo 1 3 s o crews could p r o t e c t o r r e s c u e each o t h e r i n emergency. A l d r i n was f a t h e r of Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , and a NASA s a f e t y c o n s u l t a n t . NASA Manned Space F l i g h t S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Jerome F. Lederer had c a l l e d p r o p o s a l i m p r a c t i c a l , "tremendously expensive, and I d o n ' t know if it could be done. " Lederer had s a i d t h e r e was no q u e s t i o n t h a t a s t r o n a u t r e s c u e c a p a b i l i t y from l u n a r s u r f a c e o r o r b i t a l emergency must be provided, but it was "out of t h e p i c t u r e f o r Apollo. " ( ~ a u g h l a n d ,AP, W S t-a r , 9/22/69, ~ 4 ) . ~ 6 d 6 r a t i o nA6ronautique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e posthumously awarded i t s h i g h e s t honor--Gold Medal--to NASA t e s t p i l o t Joseph A. Walker f o r " h i s many e n d u r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e advancement of a v i a t i o n made d u r i n g a 21-year f l i g h t r e s e a r c h c a r e e r marked by e x t r a o r d i n a r y p e r f e c t i o n and v a l o r . " Award was r e c e i v e d by h i s widow a t Edwards AFB ceremony. As FRC c h i e f r e s e a r c h p i l o t , Wa.1ker had flown X-15 t o i t s h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e , 354,233 f t (67 m i ) ; was f i r s t man t o f l y LLRV a s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g c r a f t ; was a u t h o r of 20 t e c h n i c a l p a p e r s and a r t i c l e s ; and had t a u g h t Apollo 11 (FRC Release 17-69) corrimsnder N e i l A. Arms-trong a t FRC. . MSFC announced. award of $19,073,032 n o d i f i c a t i o n t o IBM c o n t r a c t f o r f a b r i c a t i o n , checkout, and d e l i v e r y of 8 instrument u n i t s f o r S a t u r n IS and S a t u r n V b o o s t e r s . M o d i f i c a t i o n r e v i s e d d e l i v e r y s c h e d u l e , extended performance p e r i o d 15 mos, and provided f o r assessment of (MSFC Release 69-214) c e r t a i n MSFC e n g i n e e r i n g change r e q u e s t s . . FAA, A i r T r a n s p o r t Assn., and manufacturers McDonnell Douglas Corp., Bendix Corp., and Wilcox-Sierra s u c c e s s f u l l y f l i g h t - t e s t e d t h r e e s e p a r a t e b ~ compatible t d e v i c e s composing a i r c r a f t c o l l i s i o n avoidance system (CAS) capable of i s s u i n g microsecond warning. T e s t s were h e l d a t Mart i n - M a r i e t t a A i r p o r t , Baltimore CAS i n c l u d e d cesium atoinic clock s o p r e c i s e t h a t watch of s i m i l a r cons t r u c t i o n would l o s e o n l y one second i n 67 y r s . System o p e r a t e d l i k e b a l l o o n a r o m d a i r c r a f t which, when p e n e t r a t e d by s i m i l a r l y equipped p l a n e , provided p i l o t s with command t o make e v a s i v e . �September -------- 23 ( c o n t i n u e d ) msneuver. A l l a i r c r a f t would need system f o r it t o be e f f e c t i v e . System, product of $12-million, 13-yr R%D, could be o p e r a t i o n a l by 191. ( ~ a r b r o u ~ hW , -S9 t a r 9/24/69? A 7 ) . I'aris p r e s s conference P r e s i d e n t i a l Science A d v i s e r , D r . Lee A . DuHridge, and French M i n i s t e r f o r I n d u s t r i a l and S c i e n t i f i c Developm?nt F r a n c o i s X. O r t o l i announced p l a n s t o i n c r e a s e flow of s c i e n t i s t s and s p e c i a l i s t s between France and U.S. t o broaden s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n wide a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g n u c l e a r r e s e a r c h f o r p e a c e f u l purpDses. (W P o s t , 9/24/69> ~ 2 2 ) I11 September - 24: observatory Two photometers on board NASA's OGC V o r b i t i n g g e o p h y s i c a l (launched Msrch 4, 1958) had s u c c e s s f u l l y scanned. Lyman- . a l p h a r a d i a t i o n , NASA announced. Data were expected t o p r o v i d e new i n f o r m a t i o n on Lyman-alpha emission frorn Milky Way and t o h e l p determine what p o r t i o n of observed r a d i a t i o n was from geocorona and what p o r t i o n OGO - V had p o i n t e d a t sun and spun was f r o n o u t e r space. On S e p t . 1 2 slowly while scanning m i r r o r i n Univ. of P a r i s experiment r o t a t e d , c o v e r i n g 30" of c e l e s t i a l s p h e r e . On S e p t . 1 4 s p a c e c r a f t r e t u r n e d t o norms1 t h r e e - a x i s - s t a b i l i z e d o p e r a t i o n , where it would r2mai.n u n t i l December when second s e r i e s of maneuvers would be conducted t o cover remaining p o r t i o n of sky and provide f i r s t complete mapping o f e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Lymsn-alpha r a d i a t i o n . Univ. of Colorado photometer, which provided broader coverage of Lymsn-alpha r a d i a t i o n a t 180' t o Univ. of P a r i s experiment, would b2 used t o confirm measurements and verify calibration levels. OGO V had 1 8 of 24 onboard experiments s t i l l o p e r a t i n g . It had p r o v i d e d f i r s t measurements of e l e c t r i c f i e l d s i n e a r t h ' s bow shock and comprehensive d a t a on p a r t i c l e s and f i e l d s i n e a r t h ' s magnetosphere. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 69-137) . U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos C C C I from Baikonur i n t o ' o r b i t w i t h ;r/g-krn (173.4-mi) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) p e r i g e e , 89.2-min p e r i o d , and 65.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . S 2 t e l l i t e r ? e n t e r e d Oct 2. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/69; 10/15/69; 9/25/69, 1 0 6 ) my . . . NASA's X-2bA l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj J e r a u l d R. Gentry (USAF), r e a c h e d mach 0.62 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 4~ , 0 0 0 - f t a l t i t u d e over South Rogers Lske Bed, C a l i f . Purpose of f l i g h t , f i f t h i n s e r i e s , was t o o b t a i n d a t a on u p p e r - f l a p c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e n e s s , h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s d u r i n g change from l o w e r - f l a p t o u p p e r - f l a p c o n t r o l , and e f f e c t of rudder p o s t i o n on a i r flow around t a i l . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �Septeiul~er2 ' : Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NAS4 f r o n bJSMR w i t 1 1 VAM-20 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d Univ. of Colorado L s b a r a t o r y f o r Atmospheric and Spact. I-'~iysicspayload t o l2$-mi (193.5-km) a l t i t u d e . O b j e c t i v e was t o o b t a i n l ~ i g h - r e s o l u t i o n s p e c t r a of Carbon IV resonance doublet a t l , 5 ' + 8 8 and 1,550 8 u s i n g h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n , narrow-band s p e c t r o g r a p h w i t h t ~ c l i e l l ea:: p r i n c i p l e d i s p e r s i n g element and SPARCS s o l a r p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l . (NASA Rpt SRL) Rdcket and i n s t r u m e n t s f u n c t i o n e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . . Bert Greenglass, former head o f Apollo program Control O f f i c e a t KSC, and l a t e r Deputy D i r e c t o r of Management Systems Div. i n NASA O f f i c e of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n , had joined HUD a s D i r e c t o r of Management Information and Program Control Systems. (W -2S t a r 9/24/69) Board of I n v e s t i g a t i o n which probed Feb. 17 d e a t h of S e a l a b 111 Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon had concluded p r o b s b l e cause was carbon d i o x i d e p o i s o n i n g due t o f a u l t y d i v i n g g e a r , USN announced. Gear had l a c k e d s u b s t a n c e f o r f i l t e r i n g carbon d i o x i d e from exhaled b r e a t h . A s s o c i a t e d P r e s s s a i d S e a l a b I11 p r o j e c t had been "shelved'' bzcause of i n s u f f i c i e n t funds f o r FY 1970 and quoted USN spokesman a s s a y i n g it would be continued l a t e r . S e a l a b h a b i t a t was undergoing r e p a i r s n e a r San F r a n c i s c o . P r o j e c t had (DOD R e l e a s e 794-69; W Star-, been suspended s i n c e Cannon d e a t h . 9/24/69, A9) . Shswbury, England, innkeeper J a c k Warner had asked U.S. Government f o r l i c e n s e t o open f i r s t pub on moon,Associated P r e s s s a i d . He wauld c a l l it The Space Inn o r The L u n a t i c Tavern. (W S t a r , 9/24/69, 8 1 6 ) September 25: Ap9llo 9 c o m ~ s n d e rJames A . McDivitt was a p p o i n t e d Manager of Apollo ~ ~ 3 c e c r a f t - ~ r o ~ r aartn MSC, r e p l a c i n g George M. Low who was t e n p o r a r i l y on s p e c i a l assignment t o MSC D i r e c t o r t o p l a n f u t u r e L4SC p r o g r a m and work on o r g a n i z a t i o n a l m a t t e r s . (MSC Release 69-66) . E a s t Germany's P e o p l e ' s chamber unanimously r a t i f i e d n u c l e a r n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y . West Germany had not y e t signed. ( P I n q , 9/25/69) . House Conmittee on Science and A s t r o n a u t i c s r e p o r t e d f a v o r a b l y S. 1287, which a u t h o r i z e d a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r FYs 1970, 1971, and 1972 f o r m e t r i c system study. (g, 9/25/69, ~ 8 4 8 8 ) �(Glazing discovered on I unar s u r f a c e by Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s St ~ember t 26 : was analyz,ed i n Science by Thomas G o l d of C o r n e l l Univ., s e n i o r i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r c l osr-up photography. Glossy s u r f a c e s s i m i l a r t o g l a s s found clumped i n c e n t e r s of s m a l l l u n a r c r a t e r s appeared t o have been swept i n a f t e r c r a t e r s had been formed. Glazed a r e a s were a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e d toward t o p s of p r o t u b e r a n c e s and, i n some c a s e s , d r o p l e t s appeared t o h&ve r u n down i n c l i n e d s u r f a c e and congealed on s i d e s . Glazing phenomena might have o r i g i n a t e d from e f f e c t of exhaust of LM descent s t a g e , s p l a s h i n g of l i q u i d drops from l a r g e r impact elsewhere, shock h e a t i n g o r v o l canism on moon, same impact t h a t c r e a t e d c r a t e r s i n which g l a z i n g was found, o r i n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g . I n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n was most probable c a u s e , Gold s a i d . Source could have been impact f i r e b a l l on moon, impact f i r e b a l l on e a r t h , o r most l i k e l y , s o l a r o u t b u r s t i n g e o l o g i c a l l y r e c e n t times. ( S c i e n c e , 9/26/69, 1345-9) . I n a d d r e s s a t Clarkson College of Technology i n P o t s d m , N . Y . , D r . Thornas 0 . P a i n e , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , s a i d : "We know t h a t hydrogen bombs work ( u n f o r t u n a t e l y ) --the Lord made t h e Universe t h a t way. And, of c o u r s e , we know t h a t ( f o r t u n a t e l y ) f u s i o n energy keeps t h e sun s h i n i n g e v e r y day. Our g r e a t v i s i o n a r y dream i s t o f i n d out how t o unlock t h i s energy f o r s p a c e s h i p p r o p u l s i o n . T h i s i s a g r e a t c h a l l e n g e but c o n s i d e r t h e new t o o l s t h a t we have a v a i l a b l e : g i a n t magnetic f i e l d s w i t h superconducting magnets, tremendous power d e n s i t i e s from l a s e r s , t h e g r e a t energy of n u c l e a r power, and new h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e m a t e r i a l s . These, w i t h new plasma dynamic developments, may u s h e r i n f u s i o n power i n t h e e i g h t i e s , t h e n i n e t i e s , o r i n t h e n e x t c e n t u r y . Harnessing f u s i o n power f o r p r o p u l s i o n i s an even f a r t h e r - o u t c h a l l e n g e , but it could prove t o be one of t h e more d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s . We won't have t o convert t h e f u s i o n energy t o e l e c t r i c i t y ; j u s t f u s e a couple of deuterium atoms and t h e n l e t them b l a s t out t h e back of t h e v e h i c l e ! "So f u s i o n remains a t a n t a l i z i n g promise f o r t h e f u t u r e I f we e v e r do a c h i e v e such p r o p u l s i o n , w e ' l l be a b l e t o move w i t h some e a s e out from our l i t t l e 8,003-mile-diameter S o l a r System. A l l of t h e 9 p l a n e t s , 32 moons and 1603 known a s t e r o i d s w i l l come w i t h i n r e a c h of o u r v e h i c l e s . And, indeed, i f we could a c h i e v e high e f f i c i e n c i e s i n a f u s i o n p r o p u l s i o n p r o c e s s , we could t a l k of e v e n t u a l r e l a t i v i s t i c v e l o c i t i e s , of t i m e conpression, and of t r a v e l t o t h e n e a r e s t s t a r s . " ( ~ e x) t .... . Venus, " l e a s t understood o f t h e i n n e r p l a n e t s , " should be U. S. space prggram p r i o r i t y t a r g e t , K i t t Peak n a t i o n a l Observatory p h y s i c i s t D r . Donald M. Hunten and Harvard Univ. p h y s i c i s t D r . Richard M. Goody s a i d i n Science. Some fundamental d a t a were a v a i l a b l e ; q u a n t i t a t i v e t h e o r i e s had been s t a t e d ; q u e s t i o n s about atmosphere could be answered �Sc~l~iJ~~m 26l ~ (cc7or n t i n u e d ) - by i 7 c a s i g l e m i s s i o n s ; and g e o p h y s i s t s ' i n t e r e s t had been aroused and ~>ff'ercd s p e c i a l i z e d knowledge needed t o understand complex p r o c e -o- u ~ s . ti!~t NASA kiaJ no p r e s e n t p l a n s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of Venus ' lower atmosphere. U n c e r t a i n t y a s t o S o v i e t i n t e n t j o n s had been c i t e d a s r c a s o n f o r g i v i n g Venus low p r i o r i t y . But u n t i l c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h U:S.S.R. and o t h e r European c o u n t r i e s could b e g i n , "we have no choice but t o base our judgment upon our own s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a b i l i t i e s and d e s i r e s . Our program should be f l e x i b l e enough t o acconvnodatc new i n f o r m a t i o n from any s o u r c e ; i f it s t r e t c h e s o u r c a p a b i l i t y and imagination t o t h e l i m i t , we need not f e a r i t s u l t i m a t e v a l u e . " (S c i e n c e 9/26/69, 1317-23) - --, . -----Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l e d i t o r i a l : "While i s t r a t i o n ' s a p p r o v a l of a go-ahead on t h e r e w i l l be debate on t h e Admint h e supersonic t r a n s p o r t , t h e I ' r e s i d e n t p l a i n l y picked t h e proper method f o r f i n a n c i n g f u r t h e r development of t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l p l a n e . E a r l i e r t h e r e had been t a l k of s e t t i n g up 3 s p e c i a l SST a u t h o r i t y t h a t would r a i s e money by s e l l i n g Governmentc_.:iaranteedbonds t o t h e p u b l i c . The i d e a never had much t o recom-nend i t . A t t,lie moment t h e SST f a c e s an u n c e r t a i n econornic f u t u r e . . I f the p l a n e i s a f l o p , t h e Government would be s t u c k one way o r t h e o t h e r . . . .t h e b m d p l a n would e a s e t h e c u r r e n t p r e s s u r e on t h e F e d e r a l budget. Gut it a l s o would f o o l a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c about t h e f i n a n c i a l Whether one e s p e c i a l l y r i s k t h a t t h e Government a c t u a l l y i s assuming r e l i s h e s t h e n o t i o n o r n o t , s u p e r s o n i c t r a v e l i s s u r e t o cone sooner o r l a t e r . I n heading toward t h a t development, t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s wise t o avoid f i n a n c i a l s u b t e r f u g e . " (WSJ, 9/26/69) .. .... Evidence f o r d e t e c t i o n of high-energy cosmic g % m a r a d i a t i o n Se tember i2J" 0 i n ) f r m p a i n t source i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n S a g i t t a r i u s was r e p o r t e d i n Nature. ----Case Western Reserve Univ. p h y s i c i s t s G. M. F r y e , J r . , J . A. S t a i b , and A . D . Zych and Univ. of Melbourne ( ~ u s t r a l i a )p h y s i c i s t s V . D . Hopper, W. R . Rawlinson, and J. A. Thomas - p r e s e n t e d p r e l i m i n a r y r s s u l t s from c o l l a b o r a t i v e program i n which two h i g h - a l t i t u d e b a l l o o n f l i g h t s were made from Parkes, A u s t r a l i a , Feb. 5-6 and Feb. 2 6 - q . Object was f i r s t such p o i n t source of gamma r a y s d e t e c t e d i n heavens. Research was supported by NASA, NSF, and A u s t r a l i a n Research Grants Conmittee. ( ~ a t u r e ,9/F(/69, 1320-1; S u l l i v a n , NYT, - 10/2/69, 33) . S a t e l l i t e system which combined n a v i g a t i o n a l and a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l and c o l l i s i o n p r e v e n t i o n had been proposed t o FAA and D3D by TRW I n c . Systems Group, Washington Evening S t a r r e p o r t e d . P r o p o s a l c a l l e d f o r f o u r s a t e l l i t e s , one i n permanent o r b i t w i t h o t h e r s r e v o l v i n g around it a t lower a l t i t u d e s . A i r c r a i ' t would r a d i o d i s t i n c t s i g n a l t o s a t e l l i t e s and i t s �Scpt elilber ?/ ( c o n t i n u e d ) ----- p o s i t i o n r g l a t i v e t o two o r more s a t e l l i t e s would bs determined by g r o u r ~ d cornput e r s t h a t could f i g u r e p r e c i s e l a t i t u d e and l o n g i t u d e o f a i r c r a f t , w i t h i n 50 f t . System, based on d e l i c a t e measurement of time f o r a i r c r s f ' t J L' iil;ll3ls t o r e a c h s a t e l l i t e , would c o s t e s t i m a t e d $100 m i l l i o n , could bc: i l l o l > ? r a t i o n by mid-1970s, and was a l s o being proposed t o a v i a t i o n i n d u s t r y . (Lannan, W S t a r , 3/?7/69, ~11) Septt'mbt3r ----- --28: --- I n t e l e p h o n e c a l l t o Apollo 11 comnander N e i l A . Armstrong on c>ve of R p-----o l l o 11 a s t r o n a u t s ' round-the-world t o u r , P r z s i d e n t Nixon asked a . s t r o n a u t s t o i n v i t e f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s t o b'scone " p a r t n e r s i n space" w i t h U. S. fie a l s o i n v i t e d a s t r o n a u t s and wives t o White IIouse d i n n e r Nov. 5. (UPI, W --S t a r , 9/29/69, ~ 3 ) . WashingLon Post columnist F r a n k l i n R. Bruns, J r . , s a i d 1 0 days a , f t e r i s s u a n c e of moon l a n d i n g a i r m a i l stamp i n Washington, D . C . , "an a l r e a d y t i r e d c i t y p o s t o f f i c e crew had j u s t passed t h e two-million f i r s t day cover mark." Post O f f i c e had gone " a l l o ~ t "t o c o o p s r a t e w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n r e t u r n i n g covers and w i t h Voice of America, NASA, and r e g u l a r s e r v i c e r s . There was l i t t l e doubt t h a t "new f i r s t day cover r e c o r d i s i n t h e making." (W P o s t , 9/28/69, -- ~ 9 ) Septelnb?r 29: ------ Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s and wives a r r i v e d i n Mexico C i t y f o r s t a r t of 39-day t o u r o f 22 c o u n t r i e s [ s e e S e p t . 191. (AP, B -9Sun 9/30/69, A l ) . P r e s i d e n t Nixon approved H . J . R . 7 7 5 , t o a u t h o r i z e P r e s i d e n t t o award Congressional Space Medals o f Honor t o a s t r o n a u t s [ s e e S e p t . 151. (CR, -- 10/6/69, 1362) 30: USAF launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB by Thorad-Agena D b o o s t e r i n t o o r b i t w i t h 303.2-mi (488-km) apogee, 233.5-mi (482-km) p e r i g e e , 93.8-min p e r i o d , and 69.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC -SSR, 9/30/69; -SBD, 10/7/69, 1 6 2 ) September --- . NASA's . EL-10 l i f t i ~ g - b o d yv e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj P e t e r Hoag (USAF), reached msch 0 . 9 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 45,003-ft a l 5 i t u d e over FRC. Purposes of f l i g h t , 26th i n s e r i e s and f i r s t pz~weredf l i g h t f o r Maj. Hoag, were t o provide p i l o t t r a i n i n g and o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d a t a . Winds r o s e f r o n 5 k n o t s a t l a u n c h t o 23 k n o t s a t touchdown, but d i d not i n t e r f e r e w i t h f l i g h t . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �September 3d: I n speech b e f o r e Chicago Executive Club i n Chicago, I l l . , Vice P r e s i d e n t S p i r o T . Agnew s a i d o p e r a t i o n of m i l i t a r y systems i n space " t o enhance t h e n a t i o n a l defense" m l s t be one o b j e c t i v e o f U.S. f u t u r e space program t o ensure " t h e r e w i l l be no b l i n d r e l i a n z e on good f a i t h . " Vice P r e s i d e n t +4gnew a l s o was chsirman o f NASC and o f P r e s i d e n t ' s Space Task Group. ' Two 4uz:;tions drsrnirlated s p e c u l a t i o n oTrer n a t i o n a l spsce p o l i c y , lie s a i d : Way s p a c e ? Rnil Why Mars?. " ~ a r sh o l d s t h e g r e a t e s t prornise of a c a p a b i l i t y t o s u s t a i n human l i f e . It i s a p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e and r e s e r v e . More important f o r t h e p r e s e n t i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e mind o f America Punztions b e t t e r when it f o c u s e s upon a c l e a r t a r g e t . Msnned e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h s S o l a r System i s t o o n 3 b J l o ~ st o c a p t u r e t h e p ~ b l i c ' s a t t e n f i o : ~ . A rnmned l a n d i n g on Msrs i s a s u r d e r s t a n d s b l e a c h s l l e n g e t o t h e c i t z e n a s it i s t o t h e s c i e n t i s t . It i s a t e s t t h a t can be p u t i n a t i m e frame and i t s s r t i c i p s t i o n can be a p p r e c i a t e d by a l l . " ( ~ e x t ) . NSFC arnounced s e l e c t i o n of Bzndix Corp. and Boeing Co. f o r f u r t h e r coni2et it i v e n e g o t i a t i o n s on c o s t - p l u s - i n c e n t i v e - f e e c o n t r a c t f o r d e s i g n , develo?rne-nt, t e s t , and d e l i v e r y of f o u r msnuled l u n a r r o v i n g vel?icles f o r f l i g h t t o l u n a r s u r f a c e aboard d e s c e n t s t a g e of Apollo LM [ s e e J u l y 111. F i r s t o g e r a t i o n a l ve'hicle wollld be d e l i v e r e d i n e a r l y 1971 f o r l a u n ? h l a t e t h a t y e a r . MSFC a l s o had awarded $233,430 - o n t r a c t t o Bryson C o n s t r u c t i o ~ and $224,889 c a n t r a c t t o M i l l e r and Berry f o r constru:tion o f two c l e a n r o a n s f o r Apollo t e l e s c o p e Mount (ATM)assembly and t e s t and h ~ d c a l l e d f o r b i d s f o r che-kout s t s t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n . Bids were due Oct. 21. (W?C ? e l e a s e s 69-223; 69-221) . F e d e r a l E l e c t r i c Corp, IT&T Corp. s u b s l d i a r j r , announced it had r e z e i v e d $21,321,680 NASA c o n t r z c t f o r c o a t i n u e d work a s KS? prime c o n t r a c t o r . (UPI, W -9S t a r 9/39/69, u) . Washington A i r l i n e s had t e r m i n a t e d f i r s t and o n l y STOL s e r v i c e between Xashin&on and Eklt imbre a f t e r one ;rear s : ~ dwould 1 i c p i d : t t e I t s t h r e e D o r n i e r a i r e r a % , Washington Post s a i d . Com;mny had l o s t n e a r l y $5,000 weekly and c a r r i e d 25,009 p a s s e n g e r s i n s t e a d of t a r g e t e d 108,000 s i n c e i n a u g u r a t i o n o f s e r v i c e Bept. 23-25, 1968. ( ~ a m u e l s o n ,-W P o s t , 9,/30/69) During September: D r . Robert C. Seamans, d s f e n d s d . ~ r a l l ~oef Safeguard iZB4 defense J r . , S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A i r Force, a.nd z l s o d i s c u s s e d u s e o f space f o r s t r a t e g i c d e t e r r e n c e , w r i t i n g i n Air --- ~ o r c e / ~ ~ aDci gee s t : "1n t e r m s o f s e c u r i t y , t h e space age p r e s e n t s dangers--bu-t it a l s o a f f o r d s oppor- �During September ( c o n t i n u e d ) t u n i t i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g s t r a t e g i c s t a b i l i . t y . " Dangers stemmed f r o n wzapons p l a c e d i n o r b i t : "It might be p o s s i b l e t o t r i g g e r such weapons w i t h v e r y l i t t l e warning, t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e r i s k o f s u r p r i s e a t t a c k . " Outer Spsce T r e a t y of 1957 might h e l p a v o i d t h i s danger, "while p r o v i d i n g u s o p p a r t u n i t i e s f o r o t h e r s o r t s of m i l i t a r y systems t h a t could s t r e n g t h e n d e t e r r e n c e r a t h e r t h a n weaken it." Each generat i o n of space vehicl-es would provide a d d i t i o n a l improvements i n monitor "We a r e now warking on a s a t e l l i t e early-warning i n g enemy a c t i v i t i e s . system t h a t would d e t e c t m i s s i l e s a s t h e y a r e launched from l a n d o r s e a . " D i s p e r s e d bomber f o r c e "would be a b l e t o t a k e o f f f r o n i t s b s s e s b e f o r e t h e impzct of enemy weapons, even i f t h e t i m e o f f l i g h t of t h e l a t t e r were g r e a t l y reduced." (AF/SD, 9/69, 61-4) . . USAF magazine Airman p u b l i s h e d i n t e r v i e w with S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr former NASA Deputy A d m i n i s t r a t o r . N4S.4 USAF X-15 program had been h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l i n p r o v i d i n g d a t a f o r mzuy d i s c i p l i n e s and "very good t e s t bzd" f o r atmospheric probe i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n . XB-70 program, i n i t i a t e d a s msnned s u ~ e r s o n i cbombi n g system, was " v e r y b o l d s t e p " i n speeds over mach 3. When t e c h n o l o g i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s and r i s i n g c o s t s r e s u l t e d i n d e c i s i o n a g a i n s t X B - 7 0 product i o n , NASA w i t h USAF had i n i t i a t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l program. D r . Seamans f e l t USAF was n o t u s i n g KAS-4 e x p e r t i s e t o f u l l e s t e x t e n t and t h a t it needed new manned boinber, new f i g h t e r , and modernization o f a i r d e f e n s e . He was not convinced USAF had y e t e s t a b l i s h e d " b e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n d u s t r y t o g e t t h e s e t h i n g s done. " ( ~ i r m s n , 9/69, 7-91 ., here a p p e a r s t o be much more t o be squeezed from Apollo t h a n j u s t t h e i n c a l c u l a b l e v a l u e of n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e o r s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e r y , " a b i l i t y t o mine t h e s e . Michael G e t l e r wrote i n ~ ~ a c e / ~ e r o n a u t i c s"The s u p p o r t i n g t a l e n t s , t o judge t h e i r v a l u e o u t s i d e msnned space f l i g h t and d i s s e m i n a t e and a p p l y them may w e l l prove t h e most t e l l i n g and measurable argument i n t h e d e b a t e which i s bound t o c o n t i n u e over A p o l l o ' s r e a l v a l u e . " Apollo had cornbined " m ~ c ho f what we have with what we do b e s t . Though complex, it was manageable. It had c l e a r g o a l s , was w e l l f'unded, enjoyed f a i r l y widespread p u b l i c s u p p o r t , and dangled t h e element o f competition i n f r o n t o f o u r i n v o l u n t a r y r e f l e x . Most i m p c r t a n t l y , it t a p p e d an i n d u s t r i a l base and a n enthusiasm f o r g a d g e t r y t h a t arc? unmstched anywhere Because many o f t o d a y ' s c h a l l e n g e s c o n f r o n t humsn n a t u r e and n o t t e c h n o l o g y , Apollo can b? made t o seem i r r e l e v a n t . I n f a c t , however, we a r e n o t l e f t a l o n e w i t h o u r b e h a v i o r a l t r o u b l e s . There i s s t i l l an economy t o keep sound, i n d u s t r y and commerce t o be k e p t c o m p e t i t i v e , and a .... �D u r i x-----September --- (continued) government t o be made more e f f i c i e n t . F a i l u r e t o t a k e t h i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r o j e c t a p a r t , p i e c e by p i e c e , and examine i t s u s e f u l n e s s i n t h e s e a r e a s would indeed be w a s t e f u l . " 9/69, 42-53) (Yh, . A--t l a s p u b l i s h e d t r a n s l a t i o n o f a r t i c l e i n -L'Espresso, Rome, by I t a l i a n n o v e l i s t A l b e r t o Moravia on i m p l i c a t i o n s of &pollo ---- 11. "In Colwnbus's days, men were o f f e r e d f i n i t e g o a l s , l i k e t h e d i s c o v e r y o f America; o r t h e y were o f f e r e d s p i r i t u a l aims, l i k e t h e s e a r c h f o r goodness, t r u t h and beauty. A t t h a t t i m e , no one could have guessed t h a t Columbus's d i s c o v e r y was o n l y a beginning. Thst o t h e r d i s c o v e r i e s would f o l l o w , a second America, a t h i r d , a f o u r t h , and s o on t h r o u g h m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s and b i l l i o n s of k i l o m e t e r s . But t o d a y t h a t i s Conpared t o our new s e t o f g o a l s , t h e aims o f Marx and happening. communism a r e p u r e imagination. For t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e r e a l and t h e r a t i o n a l a r e about t o becone one. We a r e now a t t h e end of h i s t o r y - and p o s t - h i s t o r y i s j u s t beginning. " ( ~ t l a s 9/69, 40-3) -, . A t l a s s a i d i t s " ~ a l kof t h e World" s e c t i o n had "got a l i t t l e h o a r s e " on s u b j e c t o f ---Apollo 11. It quoted "a few o f t h e more unusualmoont h o u g h t s " from i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s s . E l Tiempo i n Bogota had r e p o r t e d Colonbian wool f a b r i c s were used i n Apollo 11 s p a c e c r a f t u p h o l s t e r y . Canada' s Kitchener Waterloo Record had saidhad touched down on moon w i t h l e g s made i n Canada by Montreal f i r m . -7Oiga i n Lima Peru, had s a i d when S p u t n i k went i n t o o r b i t "it was n o t e d t h a t Pedro P a u l e t Mostajo had i n v e n t e d a j e t - p r o p e l l e d r o c k e t back i n 1595. " A t l a s commented t h a t " t h i s could go on f o r e v e r . " (3- ~ t l a s 9/69, 10) p - . I n A s t r o p h y s i>c- - -a l J o u r n a l P r i n c e t o n Univ. a s t r o n o n e r s J. P. O s t r i k e r and J. E. Gunn r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s o f q u a n t i t a t i v e e x p l o r a t i o n o f p u l s a r model. Assuming s e a t of p u l s a r phenomenon was r o t a t i n g neutron s t a r w i t h d i p o l a r msgnetic f i e l d n o t p a r a l l e l t o r o t a t i o n a x i s , t h e y showed such s t a r s would emit l a r g e a m o - ~ n t sof msgnetic-dipole and g r a v i t a t ional-quadrupole radia-tion, t h a t t h e s e energy l o s s e s were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o s s e s of a n g u l a r momentum and i n c r e a s e s i n r o t a t i o n p e r i o d s , and t h a t e m i t t e d , low-frequency magnetic-dipole r a d i a t i o n was e f f i c i e n t a t a c c e l e r a t i n g charged p a r t i c l e s t o r e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g i e s . E x p l i c i t e x p r e s s i o n f o r p e r i o d a s f u n c t i o n o f time allowed c a l c u l a t i o n o f age o f Crab Nebula and p r e d i c t i o n o f unobserved second d e r i v a t i v e o f p e r i o d . Luminosity o f nebula and high$&-energy e l e c t r o n s being i n j e c t e d i n t o it were deterinined and found t o be i n good agreement w i t h independent o b s e r v a t i o n s . I n extreme c a s e s , a c c e l e r a t i o n mechanism c o u l d produce p r o t o n s w i t h e n e r g i e s i n e x c e s s o f most e n e r g e t i c �D u r i n g e----p t ember --- (continued) c o s n i c r a y s y e t observed. A f t e r determining msgnetic decay time t o be about 4 m i l l i o n y r s , r e p o r t p r e d i c t e d few p u l s a r s should be found with p e r i o d s over 1 . 5 secs. ( ~ s t> r- - o- - ~, , h ~ s iJco au rl n a l 9/69, 1395-1417 ) -- �Scc Atomic Energy Commission. AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Off'ice, 373 Aerobee 150 M I (sounding r o c k e t ) , 361, 378, 381 A e r o n a u t i c s , 351, 379, 395 Aerospace Corp. , 366 Agnew, Vice Prssiderit S p i r o T . , 371, 385 Agrzenent, 373 A g r e l l , D r . S. O . , 376 A h ~ e d a b s d I n d i a , 37 3 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronailtics and A s t r o n a u t i c s . A i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 393-394 A i r Transport Assn. of America, 379 A i r t r a n s p a r t a t i o n , 378 AirzraFL, 358, 359, 361, 355, 372, 378, 380, 393, 394, 385, 3% A l d r i n , Col. Edwin E . (US.@, R e t . ) , 379 A l d r i n , L / C ddwin E., Jr. (USAF) 360, 362, 369-370 A l v i z i e r i i s , D r . A l g i r d s s A. , 360 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n s l ~ t i c s (ATAA), 358 America's --------- Next Decade i n Spsce: ---------A Report f o r t h e Space Task G r o ~ p , 372 Amistad Dam, 361 Ams terd%m, Netherlands, 376 Anders, L/C Villiam A. (usAF), 359, 371 Anderson, G . P . , 359 Ankara, Turkey, 376 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABV s ~ s t e z ) ,395 Apollo (program), 358, 352, 369, 371, 373 Apallo ----- 9 mission, 359 Apollo --11 mission, 359 comnemorative stamp, 362, 374, 394 Congress, r e p o r t t o , 369-370 i m p l i c a t i o n s o f , 361, 359-370, 374, 387 p r e s s conment, 397 Apollo 1 2 ,nission, 379 Apol10 1 3 mission, 379 Apallo Achievenent Awsrd (NASA), 362 Apollo A p p l i c a t i o n s (AA) program, 358 Apollo T e l e s -ope Mmnt (ATM) 385 Aquanaut, 331 Armstrong, N e i l A . , 350, 362, 369-370, 379, 394 A s t r o n a u t , 381 Apollo ------- 11 mission cormnsmorative stamp, 362, 374, 384 Congress, r e p o r t t o , 369-370 awards and honors, 359, 360 Congressionsl Space Medal of ilonar, 369, 371, 394 AEC. , , ---- , �Astronaut (continued) g ~ o J w i l 1t o u r , 360-361, 376, 384 hanetow11 c e l e b r a t i o n , 389 m2,norial c c u l p t u r e , 365 Niuon, P r e s i d e n t Richard V., mzssage, 394 Sa i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n ceremony, 370 Rstrono!ny, 359, 337-389 RTM. See Apollo Telescope M o ~ n t . Atomic Energy Com~nission (AEC), 373 ATS-F ( ~ ~ ~ l iiocn sa Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) , 373 A u s t r a l i a , 383 A u s t r a l i a n Research Grants Committee, 383 A v i a t o r ' s Trophy, 359 Awards, 359, 361, 362, 365 B-52 ( S t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 358, 351, 372, 390, 394 B c k contaminat i o n , 365 Faikonur, U.S.S.R., 358, 390 B l l o o n , 379, 393 = l t i n o r e , Md. 395 Bangkok, T h a i l a n d , 376 Eiarr3ira do I n f e r n o , N a t a l , B r a z i l , 375 B z r t h , D r . Cnarles A. 359, 364 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 376 Bendix Corp., 379, 395 B s r e s f o r d , Spencer M . , 365 Black Brarlt IV ( ~ m a d i a nsoun3ing r o c k e t ) 375 Blagonravov, D r . Anat o l y A. 374-375 B l o ~ n t , Post?l%ster General Winton M. 352 W e i n g Co., 358, 378, 395 Bdeing 747 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 355 Bogota, Colonbia, 376 m a b a y , I n d i a , 376 Bordeaux, France, 359 Bar~nzn, L/C Prank (US.!@), 359 Browne, Secor D . 335 Bruns, F r a n k l i n R . , J r . , 394 B r u s s e l s , Belgiun, 376 Bryson C o n s t r d c t i o n Co., I n o . , 385 Bdenos A i r e s A r g e a t i n s , 376 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology ( ~ a ~l e a h ) ,359-363, 363-354 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. o f , 375 Berkeley, 364 Cambridge Univ., 376 Can8da, 375 , , , , , , , (ii) �- SEPTEMBER 1959 Cannon, Berry L. , 331 Cape Kennldy, 356 CAS. See C o l l i s i o n avoidance system. Case I n s t i t u t e of Technology, 3G6 Case Western Rsserve Univ., 383 Chicago Executive Club, 385 Cnicago, I l l . , 385 C i v i l Aeronautics b a r d , 365 Clarkson College o f Technology, 382 Clegg, D r . P. E . , 376 Coshuila, Mex., 360 C o l l i n s , Col. Michael (us.~F),380, 362, 369-370 C o l l i s i o n avoidance system ( a s ) , 379, 383-384 Cologne, Germany, 376 Colorado, Univ. o f , 359, 354, 378 Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Space Physics, 381 Comp~t e r 363 Congress, 370, 373, 376 Congress , House of Representatives, 370 b i l l s introduced, 372 b i l l s passed, 369, 375 Cornnittee on Science and A s t r o n a u t i c s , 381 Congress, Senate, 370 b i l l s passed, 371, 375 Connittee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 373, Connitt ee on Governm2nt Operations, 375 Congressionsl Space Medzls of Hmor, 359, 371, 384 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 362 Cornell Univ., 361, 382 Cosmos -- CCXCVII (u.s.s.R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 355 Cosnos C C X C ~ ~ I ~ I 368 , Cosmos CCXCIX, 372 ---Cosaos CCC, 379 Cosaos CS'ZI, 380 -Crab x e b ~ l a ,337 Cronley, Roy, 359 Crooker, John H. 365 Dacca, Pakistan, 376 Dsna, William H . , 358 Darwin, A u s t r a l i a , 376 Defense, Dspt. of ( D ~ D ) , 368, 383 Dlmbling, Paul G. 352 Diaz Ordaz, P r e s i d e n t Gustavo, 360 Dirksen, Sen. E v e r e t t M., 375 , ----- , , (iii) 375 �SEPTEMBER 1969 I ~ i s t i n g u i s h e dS e r v i c e Medal, 361 D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e M2dzl (NASA), 362 D03. See Defense, Dept. of D a o l i t t l e , L/G J a a z s 11. (USAF, Ret. ) , 366 DuBridge, D r . Lee A , , 366, 371, 380 E w--t h---Pnotogrdphs from Gemini VI Through X I 1 (NASA S P - ~ T ~ 355 ), Edwards AFB, C a l i f . , 379 E i n s t e i n , A l b e r t , 362 EL Scgundo, C a l i f . 365 E ~ c z p t i o n s lS e r v i c e Awsrd ( U S . ~ ) 356 , E h t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 364 FAA. Sce F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Fancher, Has, 359 F a s t i e , William C., 359 F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n ~ d m i n i s t r aito n (FAA), 379, 353 F e d e r a l E l e c t r i c Corp. 385 ~ 6 d 6 r ai to n A6ranzu.t i q u e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e , 379 F l i g h t Research Center (FRC) (NASA), 361, 379 F r ? d r i k s s o n , D r . Kurt, 356 Frsnch Atomic E n 2 r g y Comnission, 376 F r y e , G. M . , J r . , 393 Fusion energy, 382 G z l i l e i , G a l i l e o , 362 Gamaz r a y , 383 GCA Corp. , 352 Gemini (program), 366 Gentry, Maj J e r a u l d R . (USAF) 359, 361, 384 Gemsay, E a s t , 381 Germany, West, 331 G e t l e r , Michael, 356-387 Goddsrd, D r . Robert H . , 362 Soddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 359 Gold, Thanas, 332 372 Goodling, Rep. George A. Goody, D r . Richard M . , 332 Greenglass, B e r t , 381 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guzm, 376 Gunn, J . E. 387-388 Hsge, George H . , 382 Hamon I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t ' s Trophy, 359 Harvard [Jniv., 382 Hawaii, Univ. o f , 378 Y i l t e r , Adolf, 359 - ------ , , . , , , �SEPTEMBER 1969 IIines , W i l l i a m , 377 HL-10 ( l i f ting-body v e h i c l e ) , 358, 359, 372, 394 Hoag, Maj. P e t e r (USAF), 384 Horolul-u, Hawaii, 376 Ho?per, V . D . , 383 Hord, C. W . , 359 IIoroQitz D r . Normzn H. 3tj4 Hoilsing and Urban Uev.elopment (Hun), Dept o f , 381 110- sto on, Tex. 376 Yunten, D r . Donald M . , 392 :Eydrogen bomb, 376 I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 352 l n l i a n Space Research Organization, 373 I n t e r a g e n c y C o n x i t t e e on Back Contamination, 365 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Mschines Corp. (IBY) 379 I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , 362, 366, 380 I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , spac?, 371, 374-375, 376, 383 I o n o s p h s r e , 362 I'r&T Corp. 385 J a c k a s s F l a t s , Nef., 373 Japan, 358 J e t P r o p u l s i o n L2boratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,359, 350, 364 Johns Hopkins Univ., 359 J o h n s t o n , S. P a u l , 359 JPL. See J e t P r o p n l s i o n Laboratory. J u n k e r s 393 ( b o n b e r ) , 359 J u p i t e r ( p l a n e t ) , 350 Keldysh, P r o f . M s t i s l a v V., 375 K e l l y , K. K . , 359 Kennedy Spsce Center (KSC), 360, 366, 335 Kepler, Johann, 362 Kinshasa, Congo, 376 K i t t P?ak X s t i o n a l Observatory, 392 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. L z ~ b d s( ~ a p n s s er o ~ k e t ) ,358 Lsngly Research Center ( L ~ R C )361 , L a s e r , 376 Las PaLmzs, Canary I s l a n d s , 376 L e d e r e r , Jerofle F . , 379 night on, D r . ~ o b e r tB., 353 L i f t i n g body v e h i c l e , 359, 361, 372, 384 Lims, Peru, 387 L i m e i l l Weapons Research Center, 376 See h n s r Landing Research V e h i c l e . LSRV. , , , . , , �SEPTEMBER 1969 Lonlon, U . K . , 376 London Univ., 376 Los h g e l e s , C a l i f . , 361 L o v e l l , Capt. James A , , Jr. (USN), 359, 363 Low, George M . , 391 LRL. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory. f i ~ n a rL ~ n d i n gResearch Vehicle (LT~v),379 I,~lnar Module (LV) 382, 395, ?37 h l n a r Recziving Laboratory (LYL) 3 5 , 365, 368 Lunzr Rock Conference, 363-369 L J - I r~o ~ v i n g v e h i c l e , 395 Lyman-alphs r a d i a t i o n , 330 McDivitt , L / C ,Tamss A. (US.LLF),391 Mcllonnell n o ~ g l a sA s t r o n a u t i c s Co. 358 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 360, 379 McLucas, John L . , 366 Mzdrid, Spzin, 376 Mznke , John A. 37 2 Mznned spac? f l i g h t , 367-339, 376, 395 Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center ( N ~ c ) ,363, 355, 375, 376, 381 VI ( ~ a r p s r o b e ) , 359, 363-354 Mariner ----Mariner---VII ( ~ s r sp r o b e ) , 363-364 Mars T p l a n e t ) , 385 atnosphere, 359, 353-364 e x p l o r a t i o n of manned, 367, 385 unmanned, 3C7 l i f e on, 364 photographs, 363-354 s u r f a c e , 363 w s t e r on, 364 ? 4 z r s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC) 358, 360, 379, 395 M s r t i n - M s r i e t t a A i r p o r t , Baltimore, 379 Nsson, D r . Bryan H . , 366 J l z t h i a s , Sen. Caarles McC., 375 Melbourne, Univ. o f , 383 M ? t r i c system, 351 Msxico, 360-351 M3xico C i t y , Mexico, 376, 334 M i c y o ~ dAssembly F a c i l i t y , 360 Milky Way ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 33J M i l l e r and Berry, 385 Minuternan ( m i s s i l e ) , 358 M i s s i l e , 358, 335-356 M o n t c l a i r , N.J., L i b r a r y , 360 , , , , - , �SEPTEMBER 1969 Montreal., Canada, 376, 387 M~on b a s e , ?kt;-( e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 371, 376 landing manned conmemorative stamp, 362, 374, 384 i m p l i c a t i o n s o f , 369-370, 374, 397 memorial s c u l p t u r e , 366 L l ~ n a rLanding Receiving L2boratory (LRL) 365, 366, 368 l u n s r r o v i n g v e h i c l e , 395 photographs, 368 s u r f a c e , 371 g l a z i n g , 382 sample, 363, 365, 366, 368-369, 370, 376 e x h i b i t , 37 2, 377 t s v e r n , 391 Moravia, A l b e r t o , 387 MSC. See Mmned S p a c e c r a f t Center. MSFC. See M a r s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center. Mueller, D r . George E . 362 N-4S4 P r e l i m i n a r y Examination Team (PZ'T) 363 , , , N a t i o n a l Academy of Sciences (N--IS), 377 N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space A c t , 362 X a t i o n s l Aeronailtics and Space Administration (NASA), awards and honors, 359, 362 budget, 367 Senate c o n s i d e r a t ion a u t h o r i z a t i o n , 373, 375 c o n t r a c t , 358, 350, 361, 379, 385 c o o p e r a t i o n , 37 3, 336 cooperat i o n , i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 373-375, 376 f a c i l i t i e s , 375 launch s o ~ n d i n gr o c k e t , 361, 362, 378, 391 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 358, 361, 372, 384 l u n a r samples. See Moon. m e m ~ r i a l , l u n a r l a n d i n g , 366 p e r s o n n e l , 358, 351, 362, 365, 366, 331 programs a e r o n a u t i c s , 336 Ap0110, 358, 352, 369, 371, 373, 379 Apollo A p 2 l i c a t i o n s (AA) 395 , ( v i i) 377 �Nzt i o n a l Aeronautics and Space A d n i n i s t r a t i o n ( c o n t i n u e d ) Apollo Telescope Mo-~nt(ATM) 385 Gzlnini, 366 manned spzce f l i g h t , 367-368, 385 Mzriner, 353-364, 371 NL;IVA, 173 RAD, 375 t r a c k i n g , 369 Viking, 375 space r e s c u e , 379 S p c e T a s k Group r z p o r t , 367-368, 371, 376, 385 N a t i o x a l A e r o n a u t i c s a n 3 Space Council (NASC) 395 N a t i o n a l A i r a n 1 Space Vusewn, 358 N a t i o x a l Research C o ~ n c i l(NRC) 358 Nat i o n s 1 Science Foandzt i o n (NSF) 375, 383 & a ti o n a l s e c u r i t y , 353 N?y~tun? ( p l a n e t ) 353 See Nuclear E n ~ i n ef o r Rocket Vehicle A p p l i c a t i o n . NER7CA. Neiq :\Ie.iico, 379 New O r l e a n s , Lz. 350 Newton, S i r I s a a c , 352 Nike-Apache ( s ~ u n d i nr a~z k e t ) 352 Nixon, P r e s i d e n t Richard M. ap2ointments and n m i n a t i o n s by, 365, 377 a s t r o n a u t gaod w i l l . t o n , 360-361, 334 Congressional Space Mxizl of Honor approved, 334 Space Task Grodp r e p o r t t o , 371, 376 s u p z r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t , 378 t a s k f o r c e s , 378 U.N. a d d r e s s , 374 i\Torth -4merican Rockwzll Corp., 350 NRC. See N a t i o n a l Research Coluncil. NSB. See N a t i o n a l Science Fo7mdation. Nuclear Engine f o r Rozket V e h i c l e A p 2 l i c a t i o n (NERVA), 373 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e 3 t y , 331 O ~ e a n o g r a p h y , 378, 391 0120 J ( o r b i t i n g g e o p h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t o r y ) , 383 --O r t o l i , F r a n c o i s X . , 333 Oslo, NorwAy, 376 O s t r i k e r , J . P. 397-383 O t t a $ ~ a , Canada, 376 Pains, D r . Thlmss O . , 362, 335, 373, 332 P a r i s , France, 376, 393 P a r i s , Univ. o f , 339 , , , , , , , , (viii) �P a r k e s , A u s t r a l i a , 393 Faillet Mostajo, Pedro, 387 P e a r c e , J. B. , 359 See N4S.4 PreLiminary Examination Team. PE'I!. PET Sum-nary o f-----Apollo ll Limar Sam l e s 368 Phillips, Smuel C ? d ; - $ l , 362 Pimentel, Dr. George C . , 364 P l e s e t s k , U.S.S.R., 358 P l u t o ( p l a n e t ) 360 The Space Program: D -Poat-Apollo -i r e c t-i o n s f-o r t h-e F u t -u r e P a s t O f f i c e Dept., 362, - 3 Potsdam, N . Y . , 382 P r a t t & Wnitney Div., United k i r c r a f t Corp., 365 P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory C o n n i t t e e , 37'7 P r s s s connent A p o l l o 11 f l i g h t , 371 l u n a r r o z k s%mples, 377 Mariner V I , 371 Mzriner ------ V I I , 371 space program, n a t i o n a l , 372, 376 s u p e r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t (SST), 393 P r e s s confer?nce Mariner V I 363-364 Mariner V I I ,. -363-364 _ - Space Task G r o ~ pr e p o r t , 371 P r i n c e t o n Univ., 397 Praxrnire, Sen. William, 372 P d l s s r 397-333 Q a t r o n Corp. 359 R a d i a t i o n , 332, 383 Rzp?r, 0 . F . , 359 Rswlinson, W. R . , 383 Recher, Mzrcsl, 365 R h ~ A e s , Gov. James A , , 369 Rio fie Zaneiro, B r a z i l , 376 R i p l e y , D r . S. D i l l o n , 370 R o - k e f e l l e r Univ., 377 Ron?, I t a l y , 360, 376 Rosmond, C a l i f . , 355, 372 S a b i n , D r . A l b e r t , 360 Safeguard ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 395-386 S a g i t t a r i u s ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 333 See USAF Space a n 3 M i s s i l e S y s t e m Organization. S4M.50. S s r a b ' i s i , D r . Vikram A . , 373 ---- , A ---,--, , , --- 367-368, 371 �SEPTEMBER 1969 Syturn IE ( b o o s t e r ) , 379 S3tur-n V ( b o o s t e r ) , 358, 363, 379 S z t u r n \I \fl~rlcshop( s p s c e c r a f t ) , 358 G-ience, 378 Science Research C o - ~ n c i l ,376 S n i e n t i s t s 389 Sealkb I11 (underwater l a b o r a t a r ~ ) , 381 Semlsns, S e t r z t a r y of the A i r Force D r . Robert C . , S e i t e , D r . F r e d e r i c k S . , 377 S e l f - t e s t i n g - a ~ i d r e p a i r i n g (STAR) compu-ber, 360 S?oill, j7G Shsrp, D r . Robert P. 3G3 S h z w b ~ r y ,U. K . , 381 , J r . , 361, 371, 395-335 , , Skinner, S.lerr3.l E. 366 S:nith, D r . rienry J . , 363 Smith, Sen. Ralph T . , 375 Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , 358, 366, 370, 377 Sounding r o z k e t , 360-361, 375, 378, 391 Sozth A t l a n t i c Anomaly r e g i o n , 375 South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . , 351, 383 Space biology, 364 Space law t r e a t y , 335 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 335 -386 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 367-368, 371-372, 376, 377, 332-333, Space r s s c u e , 379 Space r e s u l t s , 359, 371, 376, 386-397 Space s h u t t l e , r e u s a b l e , 367 Space s t a t i o n , 360, 367 Space Task Group, 367-358, 371, 372, 376, 395 Space t u g , 367 Spectrometer experimsnt , 364 ST. See Supersonic t r a n s p o r t . S t a i b , J. A . , 393 Stamp, connemorative, 362, 374, 384 STm. See S e l f - t e s t i n g - a n 5 r e p a i r i n g eanpater. S t a t e , Dept. o f , 373 S t e w a r t , A. I. 359 STOL z i r c r a f t , 335 S s ~ l l i v a n Walter 376 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 378, 393 Sydney, A u s t r a l i a , 376 Task Force on Ozeanography, 378 Task Force on Science P o l i c y , 378 , , , 385 �Tellerctn , I r a n , 376 Tt?Levision, 363, 373 Tt~omas, 11. K., 359 Tho,nas, J. A . , 383 Thorad-Agena ( b o o s t e r ) , 377 Ti~orad-Agena D, 334 Tyli~k?, Japan, 376 'Cckyo U l i v . , 353 Trackin2 s h i p , 369 T r a n q u i l i t y R?se (moon), 363, 368-369 'TRX Tn:. Syztens C:ro~p, 393-334 linidentif'ied s a t e l l i t e , 37'7, 394 United A i r c r a f t Corp. P r d t t & Whitney Div., 365 United Kingdon (u.K.), 376 United Nations (u.N. ), 373 General Asseinbly, 374 U a i t e d Nations Space Co.mci.1 (proposeq), 373 USW Space and M i s s i l e Systenzs Organization (s~wo), U. S. A i r Force?. ( ~ ~ ~ 4 . 3 ' ) a i r c r a f t , 335 awrrd, 366 c a o p e r a t i o n , 396 laimch s a t e l l i t e , 377, 39'4 U. S. Amy (USA) Atmospheric Sciences Labora'tory, 379 U. S. Comytroller General, 372 U.S. Navy (USN), 381 USNS H - ~ n-stv i l l e 3G9 U'VS Mercurv. ----&a -359 ' USNS Redstone, 369 USXS Vanpa.rd, 369 . U. S. ST.m9ion o f S o a i e t S o c i a l i s t Republics) c o o p e r a t i o n , space, 374-375, 333 launch s a te l l i t e Cosnos, 358, 368, 372, 378, 333 spsce prograT, 393 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . 377, 394 Venus ( p l a n e t ) 382-383 Viking, P r o j e c t 375 Volpe, S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .Tolis A, 378 Walker, Joseph A. 379 J , , , , , 358, 361 �Wallops S t a t i o r ~( ~ 4 ~ , 4 ) 362 , Wapkoneta, 511. .%O War:it.r, <l:tr-k, 381 Wa~;l~iri;toriA i rl incs, 385 lllzsl~in$on, D . C . , j G j , 384, 385 Wll i t e :io+~::e, j66, 3G7-369 ~Vllite'Ssrici:; Missile Range (WSVR), 361, 378, 379 W i l c ~ x - S i e r r a Div. of American Standard, Inc , 379 Xing, a i r c r a f t , 351 World Health Organizstion, 37 3 WS,?4R. See 'dnite Sarlds M i s s i l e Range. X-15 (rocket r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) , 356 X - 2 4 ~( l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e ) , 361, 383 XB-70 ( s ~ ~ e r s o n si icr c r a r t ) , 386 XF ( n u c l e a r r o c k e t e n g i n e ) , 373 Z i e g l e r , Ronald L., 359 Zych, A. D . , 383 , . (xii) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000127 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics September 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 33, Folder 16 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18239 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10737/Nortamerrockjul1869_011311132456.pdf d69c679650dd901bf167cd4dec3bb915 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Nortamerrockjul1869_011311132456.pdf spc_stnv_000562 Title A name given to the resource "Astronauts continue on greatest venture." Description An account of the resource A news article detailing the progression of the Apollo 11 mission and its preparation for a moon-landing. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J. S. Space Division Skywriter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-07-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Aircraft industry Employees Periodicals Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 21 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000550_000574 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18209 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10410/Skywritermar769_120910141130.pdf a0b23939c6b07adb8d06eeb7de5aafe5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skywritermar769_120910141130.pdf spc_stnv_000816 Title A name given to the resource "Astronauts set to preform key test of lunar landing technique." Description An account of the resource News article detailing an experiment revolving around taking photographs from a high altitude to observe the Earth's surface. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J.S. North American Rockwell Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-03-07 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Periodicals Aerospace industries Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 31, Folder 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000800_000824 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18086 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10740/Nortamerrockjun2769_121410150825.pdf 7a442c34152d1264eda805f67267a30d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Nortamerrockjun2769_121410150825.pdf spc_stnv_000565 Title A name given to the resource "Astronauts thank 7,000 during brief ceremony." Description An account of the resource A news article detailing a ceremony in which astronauts thank the crew who built their rocket. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J. S. Space Division Skywriter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-06-27 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Aircraft industry Employees Periodicals Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 9 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000550_000574 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18188 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/125/8579/r04c01-05.pdf 2213f111e9d05f319b101a079d7b21f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04c01-05 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Series 4, Subseries C, Box 1, Folder 5 Title A name given to the resource "Auburn Starts a 2nd Century" Booklet by Edwards, Charles, 1958 Relation A related resource r04c-211007 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1278/spc_stnv_000135.pdf 10d6261076f5e22d15b89eb43259281a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000135 Title A name given to the resource "Automated PCM Data Processor Theory of Operation." Description An account of the resource Includes a blueprint of DDAS System Block Diagram. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Toney, J. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Airborne/spaceborne computers Astronautics--Communication systems Data processing Saturn Project (U.S.) Space vehicle checkout program Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Series X: Drawings University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/19754 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1276/spc_stnv_000133.pdf edf64bbd3d902ac6210ed7bf14e1a2a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000133 Title A name given to the resource "Automatic Pressure Transducer Calibration System." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA TM X-53678 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "The development of an automatic pressure transducer calibration system is discussed in this report. Evolution from past practices and systems into an automatic calibration system with computerized data handling is described." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schuler, Albert E. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-11-29 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Calibrating Data processing Mechanization Pressure sensors Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Technical reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 24, Folder 8 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17771 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1277/spc_stnv_000134.pdf 9bf6179d2378e83535ed213299be89e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000134 Title A name given to the resource "Automatic Saturn V Page Test System." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. IBM No: 65-825-1430 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "This paper describes the Automatic Saturn V Page Test System. The system is used to evaluate microminiature Unit Logic Device (ULD) circuits. A page is an assembly consisting of a magnesium- lithium frame, an input-output connector, test points, and multilateral printed circuit boards that interconnect the IUDs into logic circuits. The test system automatically performs tests for shorted voltages and shorted diodes, static logic function, and pulse function." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wylie, W. D. International Business Machines Corporation. Federal Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Automatic test equipment Computer arithmetic and logic units Logic circuits Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Technical reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 13, Folder 33 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17125 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13822/Defense_Billboard_26_001.pdf db7ab5926ece7e9211f0508338d3e98d PDF Text Text r rj r r j i rr ruiji. rr � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_26 Title A name given to the resource "Avoid the tail dragger breakfast; Whole-grain cereals, fresh fruit, and non-fat milk will fuel your life for the long run" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:T13 Description An account of the resource Turtle finishing the race eating cereal and the rabbit being slowed down by bad breakfast of donut and bacon and eggs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-03-27 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Breakfasts Nutrition Hare and the tortoise Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/11316/loc_burw_film_007.mp4 da43cfe8a27ee7c3a9726c35136830d7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "B&W Movies. Farm, Fishing. Christmas. Mertle Beach. [illegible] about 1951." Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_film_007 MC_115_007 Description An account of the resource Family films depicting farm life in Madison County in the early 1950s. Additional footage includes a family vacation to what is likely the Smoky Mountains and Myrtle Beach. Farm life [00:01] Snow [01:15] Christmas [03:02, 12:13] Valley and wilderness scenes [06:57, 07:10] Industrial plant/debris pit [06:47] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burwell, Dudley Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951-2 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Box 1 Films 001-007 Subject The topic of the resource Family life Christmas Farm life Snow Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image 16mm Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Dudley Burwell. Digitized as part of a gift from the Doris Burwell Foundation in 2021. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3331/loc_burw_-200_201.pdf 10f0f8e17b8fffd7eec6ffc885456346 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000200_000201 Title A name given to the resource "Battle of Anzio Timeline". Description An account of the resource The timeline describes events spanning from to 18 December 1943 to 4 June 1944. Events from 22 January 1944 to 14 February 1944 are highlighted. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource United States. Army World War, 1939-1945 World War, 1939-1945--Campaigns--Italy Type The nature or genre of the resource Charts Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/125/8520/r04c03-11.pdf 3192901e8db0cf8960df66376c88e648 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History Title A name given to the resource Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r04c03-11 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Series 4, Subseries C, Box 3, Folder 11 Title A name given to the resource "Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Tallapoosa County, Alabama," 1955 Description An account of the resource Alabama Counties Relation A related resource r04c-211007 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13802/Defense_Billboard_133_001.pdf c02864559070a984e0e87e5f34179b78 PDF Text Text Sgf t- B I L L B O A R D 133 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_133 Title A name given to the resource "Before you have one for the road ... Consider the Cover Charge!" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:D36/2/No.133 Description An account of the resource Person being loaded into ambulance in a body bag and overturned car Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999-02-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Drunk driving Ambulances Traffic accidents Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13882/Defense_Billboard_88_001.pdf bfa46d01acaa65bc1b588474e3d5b17e PDF Text Text BEFORE VOU MAKE YOUR MOVE © * ...YOU BETTER KNOW WHAT STEPS T * O O O 0 0 SOMETIMES THE BEST STEP AWAY. O — © o o It's the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases. 9. B I L L B O A R D 88 ycic * • *W Ame'ican Forces Information Service, Department of Defense 601 N. Fairfax Street, Room 312, Alexandria, VA 22314-2007 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_88 Title A name given to the resource "Before you make your move...You Better Know what steps to take.; Sometimes the best step is to step away.; It's the best protection against sexually transmitted diseases." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:D36/2/No.88 Description An account of the resource Man and woman dancing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995-05-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Sexually transmitted diseases Ballroom dancing Footprints Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1362/spc_dann_000171.mp4 f618be4c2e1324504bd451b9560a2422 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000171 MC_43_055 Title A name given to the resource "Begin of carport framing, Huetz's visit to [illegible], Putting up the beams first masonry, Sidney Joiner, Good shots of Steve and Newton." Description An account of the resource Continuation of the construction on the Dannenbergs' new home. Primarily shown is some of the roof framing, masonry work, and propping up the beams over the family room. Film also depicts an older couple being shown around the house while still under construction. Summer/Autumn 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Subject The topic of the resource 1950-1959 Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Construction Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_batch_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1279/spc_stnv_000136.pdf 2d5f38e62cbaa9f18b4b24cb48121131 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000136 Title A name given to the resource "Bendix: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow." Description An account of the resource This history has been abstracted from the text of a speech given by Mr. A. P. Fontaine, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, The Bendix Corporation to the Newcomen Society of North American on December 8, 1966. This Newcomen address was delivered at the "1966 Michigan Dinner" of the society held at Detroit, Michigan when Mr. Fontaine was the guest of honor. Portions of Mr. Fontaine's talk relative to the Baltimore Divisions and Bendix Field Engineering were amplified locally to provide more historical detail concerning those organizations.; Stapled to this brochure is a letter to Mr. David L. Christensen, Documentation Coordinator, Saturn History Program, University of Alabama, Huntsville from Paul R. Leatherwood, Jr., Director, Public Relations, Bendix Field Engineering Corporation dated August 26, 1969. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fontaine, A. P. (Athanas Paul), 1905- Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Christensen, David L. Leatherwood, Paul R., Jr. Bendix Corporation Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Government contractors--United States Type The nature or genre of the resource Histories (literary works) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 15, Folder 43 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17374