11 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/213/15004/jack-ellis-funding.pdf 56faa5af68d79b3c9076c98b772cdeb7 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RCEU Documenting the History of UAH’s Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program Title A name given to the resource RCEU Documenting the History of UAH’s Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Program Description An account of the resource Documenting the history and evolution of UAH's Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies program. Covers the conception of the program in 1995 and how the program evolved throughout its current iteration. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Approval of Minor in Women's Studies" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ellis, Jack D. Subject The topic of the resource Women's studies Funds and scholarships - University of Alabama in Huntsville Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context "Approval of Minor in Women's Studies" Description An account of the resource Jack Ellis notifies the minor task force that the minor was approved, and promises to allocate $1000 in funding for the new program. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1995-09-28 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource electronic mail, correspondence Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Women's Studies Collection, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1338/spc_dann_000121.mp4 e438c68639b392e33dd9bca94160d529 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000121 MC_43_005 Title A name given to the resource "April 1956, Our roses and silly kids- the Healds + Bramlet in our pool." Description An account of the resource Ingeborg and Klaus showing blooming flowers in back garden. Klaus, Konrad and others enjoying the backyard pool, 5901 Jumilla Ave, spring 1956. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1956 Subject The topic of the resource 1950-1959 Dannenberg, Konrad Swimming Gardening German Americans Los Angeles (Calif.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_batch_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13829/Defense_Billboard_32_001.pdf 14b20abe1d2b36d01a4da3e4450aeffe PDF Text Text � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_32 Title A name given to the resource "Armed Forces Voter Week Begins Aug. 27; Oh, My Vote Won't Mean Much!; I don't have time to study the issues.; Why vote? It's already decided!; What's Your Excuse?" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:V94 Description An account of the resource Airplane with Uncle Sam and hot air balloons Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1990-08-29 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Voting Armed Forces Hot air balloons Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/70/1441/loc_salm_000278_000280.pdf 205304bc5657b79de531e069c43dc6d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context M. Louis Salmon Collection Title A name given to the resource M. Louis Salmon Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/89" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the M. Louis Salmon Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_salm_000278_000280 Title A name given to the resource "Army Exchange Ration Card - European Theater." Description An account of the resource The card was issued to and signed by M. Louis Salmon. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Army. United States Forces, European Theater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946-06-03 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource Salmon, Maurice Louis Rationing World War, 1939-1945--Economic aspects World War, 1939-1945--Military life World War, 1939-1945--Military personnel Type The nature or genre of the resource Ration cards Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived M. Louis Salmon Collection Box 1, Folder 6 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_salm_2019_12 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3310/loc_burw_-104.pdf 026acbfa3ea3a7cbc713d53fa2fedd37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000104 Title A name given to the resource "Army of the United States-Seperation Qualification Record". Description An account of the resource "This record of job assignments and special training recieved in the Army is furnished to the soldier when he leaves the service. In its prepara-tion, information is taken from available Army records and supplemented by personal interview. The information about civilian education and work experience is based on the individual's own statements. The veteran may present this document to former employers, prospective employers, representatives of schools or colleges, or use it in any other way that may prove beneficial to him." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Army Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/18/1946 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1940 Subject The topic of the resource Burwell, Edwin D., Jr. United States. Army Type The nature or genre of the resource Forms (Documents) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/2341/spc_stnv_000113.pdf f68832abcb34c6432c05b0f5b308ffb5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000113 Title A name given to the resource "Army Participation in the National Satellite and Space Program." Description An account of the resource This paper, which was presented at a Semi-Annual Meeting of the American Rocket Society, traces the role of the United States Army in national space activities. Incorporated in the report are photographs illustrating the evolution of the satellite and space program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stuhlinger, Ernst, 1913-2008 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950-06-09 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics Satellites Saturn Project (U.S.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 4, Folder 9 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000075_000118 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttp%3A//libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/16576%E2%80%9D">View this item record in ArchivesSpace</a> Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Still images https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/2344/spc_stnv_000116.pdf 8a91191f2cf9d6ffa01f979d76c9331b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000116 Title A name given to the resource "AS-203 Technical Information Summary." Description An account of the resource "This report outlines, through a series of sketches with accompanying text, the general features of the SA-203 Launch Vehicle and information on launch preparation, the launch facility and mission peculiar experiments." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-06-14 Subject The topic of the resource Apollo spacecraft Project Apollo (U.S.) Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Saturn S-4B stage Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 17, Folder 48 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000075_000118 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttp%3A//libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17471">View record in ArchivesSpace</a> Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. R-ASTR-S-85-66. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Still image Text https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13774/Defense_Billboard_100_001.pdf db6ef0e48f9dec64b6a337dac25ef990 PDF Text Text American Forces Information Service• Department of Defense 601 N. Fairfax Street. Suite312,• Alexandria, VA 22314*2007 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_100 Title A name given to the resource "Asian Pacific Heritage Month" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:D36/2/No.100 Description An account of the resource Various figures of Asian Pacific Heritage Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1996-05-23 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Asian/Pacific Islander American Heritage Month Asian Americans Soldiers Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboard Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13850/Defense_Billboard_53_001.pdf e3749dd32d3ca8fd84d639bc401fbc05 PDF Text Text B S Brahmaputra Valley, India (April 5, 1942)—The first Army Air Force trans port took off from here today bound over "The Hump" for China some 559 miles away. Laden with supplies of gasoline, its route will take it over mountaii peaks that reach heights of 16,000 feet. INDOCHINA (July 1943) — Indochinese guerrillas continue to supply valuable intelligence and information about Allied POWs while conducting occa sional raids on the Japanese oc cupation forces. Negros,The Philippines (March 29,1945) — U.S. troops landed on this central Phil ippine island today and were joined in battle by an estimated 14,000 Filipino guerrillas who had been harassing the Japa nese and radioing intelligence to the Allies since the fall of the Philippines in 1942. Samoa (January 1944) — Like many other tropical paradises, life on Ameri can Samoa is a lot more hectic than it was before the war. Navy aircraft land and take off, Supply vessels arrive to pick up cargo and depart, and the island knows it's part of the war effort. SOMEWHERE IN ITALY (April 5, 1945) — ArmyPfc.SadaoS.Munemori today joined the swelling ranks of Italian campaign heroes. The Japanese-American gave his life while saving two comrades and play ing a vital role in clearing the path for his company's advance. American Forces Information Service, Department 601 N. Fairfax Street, Room 312, Alexandria, VA 221 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_53 Title A name given to the resource "Asian/Pacific-American Heritage Month" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. n/a Description An account of the resource Soldier charging on beach. Behind him are pictures of important people/events related to Asian/Pacific American history Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-07-02 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Asian/Pacific Islander American Heritage Month Asian Americans Soldiers Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/2346/spc_stnv_000118.pdf b5d1182699e282e59d0f26e28847205a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000118 Title A name given to the resource "Assessment of Risk for Engineering Change Decisions." Description An account of the resource This document includes the current basis for approval of ECPs, fatigue life after stress reduction, and other probability and comparative risk assessments. On the first page there is an inscription, "By E.L. Bombara NASA-MSFC." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bombara, E. L. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-30 Subject The topic of the resource Brackets Project Apollo (U.S.) Risk assessment Saturn 5 launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 22 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000075_000118 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&op%5B%5D=&q%5B%5D=Assessment+of+Risk+for+Engineering+Change+Decisions&limit=&field%5B%5D=&from_year%5B%5D=&to_year%5B%5D=&commit=Search Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Still Image https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1262/spc_stnv_000119.pdf 374a312919d60522d6a137389f89f4a6 PDF Text Text DOUGLAS PAPER NO. 4054 SATURN UISTORY DOCUMENT University of Alabema Research lnstitclte History of Science & Technology Grout, -.rm3p"4"&$IT. Date --,-,Doc. ,, No. ,, -----,em ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT PREPAREDSY A.W. DRYDEN QUALITY ENGINEER Q U A L I T Y E N G I N E E R I N G . R E L I A B I L I T Y ASSURANCE SPACE SYSTEMS C E N T E R DOUGLAS A I R C q A F T COMPANY. I N C . HUNTINGTON BEACH. CALIFORNIA PRESENTED T O Z l S T ANNUAL T E C H N I C A L C O N F E R E N C E F O R T H E AMERICAN S O C I E T Y FOR QUALITY CONTROL CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 30 MAY T O 2 J U N E 1987 �ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT O F SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer Reliability A s s u r a n c e Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc. Space S y s t e m s Center Huntington Beach, California INTRODU CTION T h i s p a p e r d i s c u s s e s the techniques implemented a t the Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc., M i s s i l e and Space Systems Division (MSSD), to m e a s u r e and e n s u r e t h a t alignment of s p a c e vehicles conforms to design r e q u i r e m e n t s . The intent of the p a p e r i s to d i s s e m i n a t e useful specialized information and knowledge to enable those i n t e r e s t e d to keep a b r e a s t of technical advances. Equipment and methods u s e d to align l a r g e s p a c e vehicles a r e i l l u s t r a t e d . Combinations of s t a n d a r d c o m m e r c i a l tools, optical i n s t r u m e n t s , s p e c i a l l y designed tools, f i x t u r e s , and equipment a r e employed to prove vehicle alignment. Special techniques developed to align l a r g e cylindrical, s p h e r i c a l , and c o n i c a l s t r u c t u r e s f o r rotational displacement, relationship of t r u e c e n t e r l i n e , and engine geometry to vehicle a x i s a r e discussed. Considera- tion is given to f u t u r e alignment p r o b l e m s c r e a t e d by technological advances and quality c o n t r o l s to e n s u r e hieh s t a n d a r d s that m e e t t o m o r r o w ' s requirements. SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT- -ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT Alignment i s the adjustment of a component' o r the interfacing of a s u b a s s e m bly and m a j o r s t r u c t u r e to a p r e d e t e r m i n e d line, point, o r basic r e f e r e n c e system. Alignment r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t be imposed upon c o n t r a c t o r s to e n s u r e uniformity of product. A c c u r a t e alignment d a t a a r e of g r e a t value in d e t e r - mining v a r i o u s design p a r a m e t e r s . �Contractual Requirements In the space program, numerous c o n t r a c t o r s participate jointly in the design and fabrication efforts to produce multistage boosters and space vehicles. To m e e t the demands f o r g r e a t e r dimensional accuracy and interface and interchangeability r e q u i r e m e n t s , the contractors must adhere s t r i c t l y to a rigid s y s t e m of measurement. Contractual alignment requirements provide the c u s t o m e r with objectives that e n s u r e that s t r u c t u r a l components achieve acceptable and compatible s t r u c t u r a l integrity. Data f o r Product Evaluation Accurate alignment data a r e extremely important since they enable the engineer to evaluate the effects of allowable s t r u c t u r a l and control misalignments. Data furnish the b a s i s f o r the analysis of permissible and expected dimensional tolerances, load distribution, load limits, and s t r u c t u r a l adequacy. Types of Structures Aligned I t i s interesting to note the various configurations involved in alignment, Figure 1 i l l u s t r a t e s the t h r e e types of s t r u c t u r e s that a r e of p r i m a r y concern: cylinders, partial s p h e r e s , and cones. The basic cylinder section i s conStructed of aluminum alloy segments. The i n t e r i o r of the segments a r e milled to a waffle -like pattern, then formed to contour. The s e g m e n t s a r e progressively joined by welding until the cylinder i s complete Figure 1. Saturn IBIS-IVB Location of Major Components (Reference 1). �"Orange peel" segments of partial spheres o r domes a r e formed to a spherical radius, then mounted in special fixtures and welded progressively to completion. The thrust structure i s an example of a conical component. The assembly consists of attach angles and stringers riveted to aluminum skins and joined - to the engine mount casting. ALIGNMENT METHODS The size of large components and their relationship to required accuracies generate numerous problems in the a r e a s of alignment and measurement. To meet these complicated and challenging problems, i t i s necessary to develop mechanical and optical techniques f a r more sophisticated than those applied to normal a i r c r a f t methods (Reference 2). Specially designed tools a r e fabricated to assemble huge components to exacting tolerances. emphasizes precision and simplicity. The design A tool-proving cycle i s performed thoroughly to guard against the p r e s s u r e s of tight manufacturing schedules and l o s s of dimensional integrity (Reference 3 ) . Proven success in the performance of the tools i s necessary to ensure accurate results in the alignment process. Tooling a s an Inspection Medium Use of tooling a s a medium of inspection permits g r e a t e r flexibility, f a s t e r set-up time, and e a s i e r verification of control points. Liaison between quality engineering and manufacturing engineering in the tool design and fabrication phase enables implementation o f inspection media. Desirable features a r e a s follows: 1. Rotation capability that provides a means for turning the vehicle to perform inspections during manufacturing. 2. Floor target reference points which establish a basic reference plane independent of that of the assembly tool, thus enabling detection of any change o r misalignment in the assembly tool by comparison of the reference systems. �3. Interfacing planes accurately machined to within 0.0 10 in. to e n s u r e control of p a r a l l e l i s m while l a r g e vehicle components a r e being a s s e mbled. 4. Mastered hole patterns and index points f o r control of interchangeability requirements of l a r g e geometries. Index points furnish positive component location and protect against rotational misalignment. Dial Indicators--Dial indicators a r e fine precision instruments which have a number of applications and a r e capable of reaching virtually i n a c c e s s i b l e areas. Fabrication of indicator attach points a s p a r t of the a s s e m b l y tool facilities i n - p r o c e s s checking and inspection. Inspections combining rotation and u s e of indicators a r e performed to (1) verify horizontal datum plane runout and to (2) obtain concentricity and centroidal data to verify compliance with engineering requirements. Optical Instruments --The u s e of optical i n s t r u m e n t s and optical tooling has rapidly become e s t a b lished a s the only a c c u r a t e method of performing m e a s u r e m e n t s o n objects which a r e too l a r g e to p e r m i t u s e of s u r f a c e plates o r s i m i l a r fixed machined s u r f a c e s a s a b a s i s f o r mechanical measurements. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the u s e of optic a l equipment and tooling to verify vehicle alignment (Reference 4). Jig T r a n s i t s -- The jig t r a n s i t e s t a b l i s h e s a v e r t i c a l plane, in any location desired, between two e s t a b lished points a n d / o r p r e c i s e l y a t right angles to any o t h e r line Figure 2. Verifying Alignment with Optical Equipment and Tooling sight. of^ I I �P r e c i s i o n Sight L e v e l s - - P r e c i s i o n sight levels establish a horizontal plane at any d e s i r e d height. Microptic Clinometer- -The precision microptic clinometer, an i n s t r u m e n t capable of measuring minutes of a r c , is used to m e a s u r e angular displacements with consistent a c c u r a c i e s of 10 s e c of arc. Values can be r e a d directly. ALIGNMENT POSITIONS It i s important to consider alignment position. A simple approach i s m o r e often the c o r r e c t and m o s t economically feasible. Experienced judgment m u s t be e x e r c i s e d in a g r e a t number of instances. Horizontal Alignment Horizontal alignment, though d e s i r a b l e i n many r e s p e c t s , has limitations which m u s t be considered: 1. The vehicle configuration must be complete. 2. In the horizontal position, loads a r e shifted and in many i n s t a n c e s s t r e s s e s a r e c r e a t e d , making it difficult to obtain a c c u r a t e data. 3. Additional tooling f o r supporting and handling the vehicle is often required. 4. F o r c e d implementation of nonscheduled manufacturing flow and outof-position techniques a r e utilized. Vertical Alignment Vehicle v e r t i c a l alignment through the c e n t r a l axis m u s t be accomplished during the manufacturing phases. The following significant f a c t o r s favor adoption of v e r t i c a l alignment techniques : 1. L a r g e s t r u c t u r e s and subassemblies a r e joined with the vehicle i n a n o r m a l flight attitude. 2. Tools designed to join the a s s e m b l i e s provide an inspection medium, 3. Alignment verification is compatible with the manufacturing schedule. �The c r i t i c a l alignment requirements f o r achieving v e r t i c a l alignments a r e established by measuring the following: 1. Rotational alignment. 2. T r u e centerline location. 3. Relationship of engine geometry to vehicle. Rotational Alignment--Figure 3 i l l u s t r a t e s the method established to verify displacement of assembled components. Marks, precisely punched upon the attach-angle s u r f a c e of the subassemblies during fabrication, f o r m the component position axis. Optical tooling establishes a network of invisible lines of sight which c a n be arranged, r e a r r a n g e d , and adjusted i n a variety of sequences a s p r i m a r y and secondary lines of sight. Using these lines, inspectors can adjust and prove dimensional relations, angularity, squareness symmetry, and perpendicularity of l a r g e assemblies that r e q u i r e accurate alignment. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the floor r e f e r ence t a r g e t s which f o r m the b a s i c datum points for the position axis. A jig t r a n s i t i s adjusted to e s t a b l i s h a line on the floor r e f e r e n c e target. The assembly jig can be rotated to OUWUL 1AllKn m PHI sn room . c r w LT a m - RwHtiQararl coincide with the line of sight of the jig transit. mn ,.)14110 allow the position points of the jig to . The jig t r a n s i t i s a r c e d to observe attach-angle punch mark. Adjusting the optical m i c r o m e t e r attached to the t r a n s i t objective l e n s r n ~ w u u u i r l a m nacla r r r w r n m p e r m i t s displacement observations to be measured and recordec' T r u e Centerline Location- -Analysis Figure 3. Verifying Displacement of Assembled.Components of recorded displacement data provides' the nieans f o r determining �location of t r u e centerline and implication of m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r . Relationship of Enqine Geometry to Vehicle- - A single-engine configuration i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. Relation- ship of engine to vehicle i s verified with a special alignment fixture positioned on the engine exit plane and indexed in tooling holes located in the engine exit flange. Two clinometers positioned on the machined surface block in the c e n t e r of the fixture a r e adjusted to p e r m i t center-level bubbles to r e a d tUT RUf MLIMlUWLt M J U l l t O tUT R u t UUmAIIO ffiLE - W i l T E i r t x t l R u t IClIUl10. ffiU - r o r ~ ~ r c t r ~ c v iia-1 ua 6 to the n e a r e s t 1/10 min. E S W I N ~ 111- mim I Figure 4. Single-Engine Configuration Clinometer angles and directions f o r position planes a r e recorded. The "adjusted" exit plane inclination angle i s computed to the vehicle horizontal datum plane. Data recorded m u s t be accurately established i n o r d e r to be useful and meaningful. F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s a vehicle with a 6-engine cluster. Manufacturing techniques implemented to i n s t a l l the engines made i t n e c e s s a r y to verify engine alignment by horizont a l methods. Figure 5. Vehicle with Six-Engine Cluster �FUTURE ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS F u t u r e aerospace business will involve building, testing, firing, recovering, and refurbishing large payload boosters. Large crews on manned space vehicles and longer missions can be expected. Vehicle dimensional tolerances and s u r f a c e smoothness requirements probably will not exceed c u r r e n t tolerances. Other tolerances may be more critical because of the need f o r high- performance structures, space limitations, and operating-temperature range. Size alone often will c r e a t e problems. New materials and requirements for e x t r e m e reliability will necessitate development of highly refined manufacturing techniques and new skills. Continued development of inspection c r i t e r i a and quality control methods i s n e c e s s a r y to keep pace with advancements of the space age. �REFERENCES 1. A. J. Munson. Welding Huge Components of Saturn Space Vehicles-Manufacturing Steps in P r e p a r a t i o n f o r the Shot to the Moon. Machinery, Vol. 70, No. 2, October 1963. 2. A. W.- Dryden. Stage Alignment P r o c e d u r e s Saturn S-IVB Stage. Douglas R e p o r t No. SM-46843, April 1965. 3, J. Madsen. Manufacturing Control f o r Advanced Vehicles. P a p e r No. 1647, 24 September 1963. 4. John D. McGrae. Optical Tooling in Industry. C h r y s l e r Corporation, 1964, Douglas M i s s i l e Division, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000119 Title A name given to the resource "Assurance and Measurement of Space Vehicle Alignment." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Douglas Paper No. 4054 Description An account of the resource Prepared by A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer, Quality Engineering, Reliability Assurance, Space Systems Center, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Huntington Beach, California. Presented to the 21st Annual Technical Conference for the American Society for Quality Control, Chicago, Illinois. 30 May to 2 June 1967. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dryden, A. W. Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-06-02 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Alignment Contracts Government contractors--United States Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 23, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17692 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/214/15018/spc-apso-000004-008.Jpeg 057043d60c8f742d618cb87aeb526707 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RCEU Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Title A name given to the resource RCEU Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "ASTP Prime Crew-USSR." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc-apso-000004-008 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Description An account of the resource This illustration is an excerpt from the "Apollo/Soyuz Mission Presentation" given by J.L. Crafts in September 1974. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/214/15017/spc-apso-000004-007.Jpeg 61eee42fac2917cb0f40690d9d5c4030 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RCEU Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Title A name given to the resource RCEU Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "ASTP Prime Crew." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc-apso-000004-007 Description An account of the resource This illustration is an excerpt from the "Apollo/Soyuz Mission Presentation" given by J.L. Crafts in September 1974. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974-09-27 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10417/Skywritnov1568_031510153738.pdf 9a3ba15b854e0ce97b34abe9b68e82a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skywritnov1568_031510153738.pdf spc_stnv_000823 Title A name given to the resource "Astronaut crewmen take part in final electronic checkout." Description An account of the resource News article detailing the final tests leading up to the launch of the Apollo 103. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J. S. North American Rockwell Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-11-15 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Periodicals Aerospace industries Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 20 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000800_000824 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18006 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/53/14373/sdsp_skyl_000028-000028.pdf 40ceaae72fe42f66294974f091fde373 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Werner Sieber Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Werner Sieber Collection Description An account of the resource Werner Hans Sieber (March 27, 1912 to April 3, 1995) was a guided missiles expert during WWII (Wade). He received his education from Technical University, Hanover (Lundquist). Sieber was taken to the United States through Operation Paperclip, where he joined von Braun's Rocket Team. By 1960, [Sieber was the] “Head of Measuring Consoles and Instrumentation Division, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Test Division, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center" (Wade). “In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Test Instrumentation and Control Division of the Test Laboratory” (Lundquist). Sources: Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015. Wade, Mark. "Sieber, Werner." Encyclopedia Astronautica, <a href="http://www.astronautix.com/s/sieber.html">http://www.astronautix.com/s/sieber.html</a>. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/150">View the Werner Sieber Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000028-000028 Title A name given to the resource "ASTRONAUT GARRIOTT PERFORMS SKYLAB 3 EVA." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program Extravehicular mobility units Garriott, Owen K. Experimentation Apollo Telescope Mount Skylab 1 Skylab 3 Lousma, Jack R. Type The nature or genre of the resource Color Photographs Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Werner Sieber Collection Box 7, Folder 43 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10401/skyspadvicolxxix_020810134541.pdf 5c2c7dda51fd9bc65bbc819d1dd4e455 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context skyspadvicolxxix_020810134541.pdf spc_stnv_000807 Title A name given to the resource "Astronaut trio sees 'successful' Apollo 9 mission." Description An account of the resource News article detailing the hope from the Apollo 9 crew that their mission will be a success. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J. S. North American Rockwell Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-31 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Periodicals Aerospace industries Apollo project Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 17 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000800_000824 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18067 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1271/spc_stnv_000128.pdf f282b2ec6298f3ffaf27b51d01d5f4ba PDF Text Text COMMENT DFAFT O F 0 R R E L EA s E I qcVT SRTuRN H I ~ ~ .~0Cbb.~" ~ z y ,,g?u'ie ' Unl,,ersi~y h\;l;a:a T~c~:,GIo;\ GbOLP ~ i ~ i of ~ rSience y & Date ---------A S T R O N A U T I C S A N D APRIL AERONAUTICS 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HHR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division L i b r a r y of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) Office of P o l i c y National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 o or I n s e r t i o n i n Your ~ o l d e r ) DOC.\\i0. -- -- - �A P R I L 1968 �A p r i l 1: F l i g h t s of USAF F-111A a i r c r a f t had been h a l t e d pending r e s u l t s of i n v e s t i g a t i o n of March 28 and 30 crashes, Associated Press reported. (AP,W S t a r , 4/1/68, ~ 3 ) . Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, was e l e c t e d member of National Academy of Engineering "in recognition and i n honor of h i s important contributions t o engineering and of h i s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e f i e l d . " He' was c i t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r h i s work i n a i r c r a f t design and t e s t i n g and f o r development and operation of manned spacecraft. (NAE PIO; MSC Roundup, 4/12/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l i n support of F-111A a i r c r a f t : "The d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t have beset t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l F-111 swing-wing plane r e c e n t l y provide new evidence of t h e f o l l y of allowing p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s t o v e t o o r d i l u t e t e c h n i c a l judgment. "These a d d i t i o n a l blows t o a plane t h a t s t i l l has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l promise emphasize what most experts have been saying f o r seven years-t h e F-111 has been b u i l t t h e wrong way from t h e beginning. It r e f l e c t e d former S e c r e t a r y of Defense McNamarals i n s i s t e n c e , i n t h e name of 'commonality' and savings, t h a t t h e Navy and t h e A i r Force buy one plane f o r two e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t missions. "But, though t h e Navy's v e r s i o n may never--as Congress believes-meet t h e Navy's needs, t h e A i r Force model has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l capab i l i t i e s a s a supersonic high- and low-level all-weather f i g h t e r bomber. [and] must be developed, t e s t e d and u t i l i z e d t o i t s f u l l e s t c a p a b i l i t y . " (E,' 5/1/68) .. . Atomic Energy Commission-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office awarded Aerojet General Corp. extension of cost-plus-fixed-fee c o n t r a c t f o r nuclear propulsion work. Extension covered period through Sept. 30, but NASA funding would be r e s t r i c t e d t o e f f o r t through J u l y 31 pendi n g Congressional a c t i o n on NCISA's FY 1969 budget request. Extension brought t o t a l estimated cost t o $59.4 m i l l i o n f o r Oct. 1, 1967, through Sept 30, 1968, including $25.8-million NASA share. (NASA Release 68-57; WSJ, 4/2/68, 12; SBD, 4/2/68, 179) . . Marshall - - Space F l i g h t Center c o n t r a c t awards : $2.1-million c o n t r a c t modification t o RCA f o r continued support of RCA l l O A computers f o r use i n checkout, and launch of Saturn I B and Saturn V launch v e h i c l e s , bringing t o t a l contract value t o $12.7 m i l l i o n ; and $1.8-million follow-on c o n t r a c t t o Sanders Associates, I n c . , t o provide l o g i s t i c s and engineering support t o Saturn V o p e r a t i o n a l d i s p l a y systems a t (MXFC MSFC, bringing t o t a l value of contract t o $3.9 million. Releases 68-57, 68-58) �A p r i l 1: USAT awarded RCA $100,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $1.5-million f i x e d - p r i c e contract f o r study, evaluation, and t e s t i n g of advanced e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l techniques f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e of h i g h - a l t i t u d e space vehicles. (DOD Release 288-68) A p r i l 2: Senate Armed Services Committee, a f t e r hearing DOD witnesses i n closed session, voted t o appropriate $297 million--including $170 m i l l i o n f o r contract d e f i n i t i o n of Navy VFX-1 a s p o s s i b l e replacement f o r F-111B--for continuation of USNT.s fighter-bomber program and procurement of F - 4 ~Phantom j e t a i r c r a f t . Committee had v o t e d March 28 t o deny t h e funds. Contract d e f i n i t i o n phase was expected t o t a k e (W -3S t a r 4/3/68, ~ 8 ) 8 t o 1 2 mo. . NASA and German Federal Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF)were conducting s e r i e s of f o u r sounding rocket launches from Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLS)t o study upper atmosphere near Equator. NASA Nike-Apache sounding r o c k e t s e j e c t e d barium clouds between 90- and 120-mi a l t i t u d e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e e l e c t r i c f i e l d s i n upper atmosphere region of i n t e n s e e l e c t r i c current. Results would be a v a i l a b l e t o world s c i e n t i f i c community. BMwF was responsible f o r chemical payloads, photographic equipment, and cloud observation; Indian National Committee f o r Space Research provided launch s e r v i c e s ; and NASA supplied sounding rockets and rocket launcher. (NASA Release 68-58) . President Johnson, i n l e t t e r t r a n s m i t t i n g t o Congress F i f t h Annual Report on Communications S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962, said: " [ ~ e p o r]t r e f l e c t s . steady progress toward t h e u l t i m a t e goal of providing mankind with new c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r worldwide commwnication. I n t h e b r i e f span of f i v e y e a r s , s a t e l l i t e technology has grown dynamically. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s envisioned i n 1962 have been g r e a t l y exceeded Communications, he s a i d must provide "'network f o r knowledge' so t h a t a l l peoples can share t h e s c i e n t i f i c , educational, and c u l t u r a l advances of t h i s planet. "Failure t o reach t h e s e goals can only c o n t r i b u t e t o apathy, ignorance, poverty and despair i n a very l a r g e p a r t of t h e world. Success i n our telecommunications p o l i c i e s can be a c r i t i c a l l i n k i n our search f o r t h e understanding and t o l e r a n c e from which peace springs. Communication by s a t e l l i t e i s a tool--one of t h e most promising which mankind has had t h u s f a r - - t o a t t a i n t h i s end." (Text; AP, W S t a r , 4/3/68, A7; D F ', 4/8/68, 637) .. ...." . .. �- A p r i l 2: D r . John C. Houbolt, Executive Vice President of Aeronautical Research Associates of ~ r i n c e t o n ,Inc., received American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics Structures and Materials Award f o r h i s "original, d e f i n i t i v e , and continous research leading t o t h e use of random processes i n a i r c r a f t gust loads design." (SBD, 4/4/68, 199) A ril 3 U.S.S.R. successfully launched Cosmos CCX i n t o o r b i t with (232.4-mi) apogee, 1984m (123-mi) perigee, 90.2-min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered April 11. (SBD, 4/4/68, 197; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . National Academy of Sciences president D r . Frederick S e i t z was elected president of Rockefeller Univ. t o succeed D r . Detlev W. Bronk, who would r e t i r e J u l y 1. D r . S e i t z would divide h i s time between NAS and University u n t i l e a r l y 1969, when he would assume h i s f u l l - t i m e educational duties. Member of President's Science Advisory Committee and of DOD's Defense Science Board, which he chaired four years ending i n March, D r . S e i t z had succeeded D r . Bronk a s NAS president i n 1962. He was re-elected, a s f i r s t resident, full-time president, i n 1965 f o r six-year term. His p r i n c i p a l f i e l d of research was theory of s o l i d s and nuclear physics. ( ~ a r b e r ,NYT, 4/4/68; NAS-NRC-NAF: News Report, 4/68 ) - - . Dr. Harold A, Rosen, Assistant Manger of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. ' s Space Systems Div. and Manager of Hughes S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, was named r e c i p i e n t of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronaut i c s f i r s t Aerospace Communications Award f o r h i s "leadership i n making synchronous s a t e l l i t e communications a global r e a l i t y , thereby opening a new challenge f o r t h e progress of mankind." Award a l s o honored l a t e Don Williams, former Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r Communications S a t e l l i t e Systems a t Hughes, f o r "his e a r l y recognition, t e c h n i c a l judgement, inventiveness, and singular dedication i n pioneering t h e development and design of synchronous communications s a t e l l i t e s . " (AIAA -News. 9 AIAA PIO) . USAF was f l i g h t - t e s t i n g t a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) subsystem which Would enable t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t t o perform a s reconnaissance vehicles. TAPIT, s e l f -contained i n pod mounted under a i r c r a f t wing with small control box i n cockpit, took panoramic p i c t u r e s from low a l t i t u d e s ; developed f i l m i n seven seconds; e l e c t r o n i c a l l y scanned photos; and transmitted r e s u l t i n g s i g n a l s from higher a l t i t u d e t o ground s t a t i o n within 100-mi radius, permitting m i l i t a r y commanders i n f i e l d t o view photos of t a r g e t s while f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t was s t i l l i n t a r g e t area. (AFSC Release 24.68) �A p r i l 3: Marshall Space F l i g h t Center awarded I m ' s Space Guidance Center $1.3-million contract f o r spare p a r t s and l o g i s t i c support of instrument u n i t s t h a t guided Saturn I B and Saturn V launch vehicles. (MSFCRelease 68-63) A 4: NASA's Apollo 6 (AS-502) was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center's Complex 39A a t 7:OO am EST on mission t o q u a l i f y Saturn V launch vehicle f o r f u t u r e manned space f l i g h t s . Primary objectives were t o demonstrate s t r u c t u r a l and thermal i n t e g r i t y and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft; conf i n n launch loads and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; demonstrate S-IC and S-IVB/S-11 stage separations; v e r i f y operation of propulsion (including S-NB r e s t a r t ) , guidance and control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) , and e l e c t r i c a l systems; evaluate performance of Emergency Detection System (EDS) i n closed-loop configuration; and demonstrate mission support f a c i l i t i e s and operations required f o r launch, mission conduct, and Command Module (CM) recovery. Launch v e h i c l e 1 s t - s t a g e performance was near nominal, but two of f i v e 2nd-stage J - 2 engines shut down prematurely, causing remaini n g 2nd-stage engines and 3rd-stage engine t o burn longer t h a n planned. As r e s u l t , spacecraft and 3rd stage entered e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t with 223.1-mi (395.1-km) apogee, 107-mi (172.1-km) perigee, and 89.8min period i n s t e a d of planned c i r c u l a r o r b i t of 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e . When 3rd stage f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e on command a f t e r two o r b i t s a s planned, NASA switched t o a l t e r n a t e mission, f i r i n g Service Propulsion System (SPS) t o place spacecraft i n t o t r a j e c t o r y with 13,823-mi (22,225.4-km) apogee. Since i n s u f f i c i e n t propellant remained af'ter extended burn, second SPS burn was not attempted and CM reentered a t 22,376 mph, j u s t under planned 25,000-mph r a t e . Spacecraft splashed down 50 m i o f f t a r g e t i n P a c i f i c 9 h r 50 min a f t e r launch arid was recovered i n good condition by U.S.S. Okinawa. Preliminary assessment indicated t h a t four of f i v e primary objectives were a t t a i n e d , even though launch vehicle performance and S-IVB r e s t & and guidance control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) were not f u l l y successful [see April 11 and 241. Apollo 6 was second f l i g h t ' f o r Saturn V launch v e h i c l e and b o i l e r p l a t e Lunar Module (LM) and f o u r t h f o r operational Block I command/~erviceModule (CSM) Spacecraft had been modified t o include Block I1 h e a t s h i e l d and instrumentation f o r unmanned configuration; d e l e t e crew provisions; incorporate new u n i f i e d quick-operating hatch and movie camera t o record Launch Escape System (US) j e t t i s o n and r e e n t r y conditions; and r e l o c a t e sequence camera f o r e a r t h landmark photography. (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, been highly S-111 . �A p r i l 4 (continued) successful, completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of all major p i e c e s of Apollo hardware. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn launch v e h i c l e development, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 6 8 - 5 4 ~ ; W Post, 4/5/68, A18; UPI, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A3) - . NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana flew X-15 No. 1 t o 185,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,546 mph (mach 5:11) t o t e s t spray-on foam i n s u l a t i o n , much l i g h t e r t h a n previously used i n s u l a t i o n , f o r use on Saturn V 2nd stage. Test, from Edwards AFB, was s a t i s f a c t o r y , with X-15 performing i n maximum-heating design t r a j e c t o r y c l o s e t o t h a t of Saturn V and s u s t a i n i n g temperatures of up t o 1 , 5 0 0 9 . (x-15 P r o j Off; MSFC Release 68-69; AP, P Inq, 4/5/68) . NASA Ames Research Center s c i e n t i s t s D r . W i l l i a m Quaide and Verne R. Oberbeck had developed method of c a l c u l a t i n g l u n a r s o i l depths using measurements based on Lunar O r b i t e r photos and Surveyor photos and surface analyses. Studies i n d i c a t e d t h a t many of moon's smaller c r a t e r s and much of s o i l and fragmental m a t e r i a l on l u n a r surface were r e s u l t of meteoroid impacts. By simulating impacts i n l a b o r a t o r y and comparing r e s u l t s with photos of l u n a r c r a t e r s s c i e n t i s t s i d e n t i f i e d f o u r c r a t e r types: (1) c r a t e r s w i t h up t o 12-f% d i a , round bottoms, and depths 2% of t h e i r diameter; ( 2 ) c r a t e r s with 12- t o 22-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and c e n t r a l mound; (3) c r a t e r s w i t h 22t o 30-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and no mound; and (4) c r a t e r s w i t h d i a meter g r e a t e r t h a n 30 ft with second c r a t e r gouged i n f l a t bottom. Thick l a y e r of fragmented m a t e r i a l , c a l c u l a t e d by new method t o be up t o 20 yd deep (8-yd maximum was c a l c u l a t e d i n preliminary surveys), coincided with densely-cratered a r e a s t o support impact theory. (NASA Release 68-59; SBD, 4/5/68, 202) . USAF' s Lincoln Experimental S a t e l l i t e (LES-5) (launched J u l y 1, 1967), f i r s t a l l s o l i d - s t a t e UHF band comsat, had been used i n f i r s t network of t a c t i c a l t e r m i n a l s t o include a comsat, f i r s t a i r - t o - a i r l i n k v i a s a t e l l i t e r e l a y , and f i r s t communications l i n k from high l a t i t u d e s v i a s a t e l l i t e a s p a r t of USAF program t o improve communications between a i r c r a f t . LES-5 was t e s t i n g UHF t e l e t y p e system which relayed 60-wpm messages over ground d i s t a n c e s of up t o 8,000 m i . S a t e l l i t e ' s 20,000-mi-altitude o r b i t allowed l i n e of s i g h t s t r e t c h i n g �A p r i l 4 (continued) n e a r l y halfway around t h e world. USA3 proposed using system f o r communications between low-altitude a t t a c k a i r c r a f t and r e a r a r e a c o n t r o l l e r s , f o r USAF worldwide l o g i s t i c c o n t r o l and s t a t u s r e p o r t i n g system, and f o r s t r i k e and reconnaissance reporting. (AFsc Release 23.68) . DLaboratory, r . W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Director of spoke a t Space Cal Tech's J e t Propulsion Fprum sponsored by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Astronautical Society, and I n s t i t u t e of Environmental Sciences i n Washington, D.C. Describing f i r s t decade i n space a s "most productive.. .i n h i s t o r y of technology," he f o r e c a s t manned l u n a r operations including l u n a r l a b o r a t o r i e s before end of second decade and p o s s i b l e t o u r of J u p i t e r , Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune by s i n g l e spacecraft i n 1977--as w e l l a s dramatic y i e l d from growing a p p l i c a t i o n s of near-earth s a t e l l i t e s during decade. D r . Pickering urged i n i t i a t i o n of "orderly planning cycle" t o replace major programs being phased out. Emphasis of next phase was l i k e l y t o be "gleaning more b e n e f i t s f f from space d o l l a r expenditure. National Space Council estimated annual r e t u r n from space would markedly exceed expenditures i n 10 yr. ( ~ e x t ) . NASA would n e g o t i a t e $3.5 -million, one-year , cost -plus-f ixed-fee c o n t r a c t with General E l e c t r i c Co. ' s Apollo Systems Div. f o r Apollo Applications engineering support. GE, under d i r e c t i o n of NASA Hq. Apollo Applications Program Office, would provide engineering support i n a r e a s of q u a l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , configuration and d a t a management, t e s t , and checkout. (NASA Release 68-61) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center contract a c t i v i t y : RCA was awarded $1.3-million contract t o modify RCA 110 computer module boards, by s y s t e m a t i c a l l y incorporating improved s o l d e r design. IBI was issued $1.5 -million supplemental agreement f o r adjustment and implementation of configuration management f o r f a b r i c a t ion, assembly, checkout, and d e l i v e r y of 27 ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u r n instrument u n i t s t ages and other support equipment. A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., received $2.3-million c o n t r a c t extension t o supply 1 2 m i l l i o n l b l i q u i d hydrogen by March 31, 1969, t o MSFC, purchasing agent f o r Government agencies and t h e i r supporting c o n t r a c t o r s i n e a s t e r n U. S. Three one-year contract renewals, e f f e c t i v e through March 31, 1969, were awarded f o r MSFC support services: $10.5 m i l l i o n t o Brown Engineering Co. f o r s e r v i c e s i n Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory, $4.5 m i l l i o n t o SPACO Inc. f o r s e r v i c e s �A p r i l 4 (continued) i n Quality. and R e l i a b i l i t y Assurance Laboratory, and $2.3 m i l l i o n t o Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r s e r v i c e s i n Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. (MSFC Releases 68-64, 68-65, 68-66, 68-67) A p r i l 5: ComSatCorp, on behalf of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications S a t e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT), l e a s e d antenna and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s at Fucino, I t a l y , e a r t h s t a t i o n from Telespazio, I t a l i a n company f o r space communications. Fucino f a c i l i t i e s , approved by INTELSAT1s Interim Communications S a t e l l i t e Committee (ICSC) , would be used f o r t r a c k i n g , telemetry, and command d u t i e s f o r INTELSAT comsat s . (Com~at Corp Release 68-15) . Crash of F-11lA i n Thailand March 30 had been caused by f a i l u r e i n t e r r a i n r a d a r guidance system, newspapers s a i d r e l i a b l e sources reported. A i r c r a f t had r e p o r t e d l y bucked and gyrated severely, f o r c i n g two crew members t o e j e c t . USAF team was conducting o n - s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and was expected t o r e p o r t f i n d i n g s i n two weeks. orto ton, A?, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A6; Beecher, -N 9Y T 4/6/68, 1 0 ) - . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center had awarded Harvard Univ. $1.9-million supplementary c o n t r a c t f o r development of W scanning spectrometer t o be flown a s s o l a r experiment on f i r s t launch of Apollo Telescope Mount. Award increased t o t a l value t o $6.5 m i l l i o n f o r experiments f o r use with manned s o l a r observatories. (MSFCRelease 68-68; SBD, 4/8/68, 210) USAF launched two u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e s from Vandenberg A p r i l 6: AFB with Atlas-F booster. (UPI, C Trib, 4/8/68; SBD, 4/9/68, 220) - . Third anniversary of launch of 85-lb I n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d ) ,world's f i r s t commercial comsat, owned by INTELSAT and managed by ComSatCorp. Although o r i g i n a l l y designed a s experimental-operational s a t e l l i t e with 18-mo l i f e expectancy, comsat launched by NASA i n t o 22,300-mia l t i t u d e synchronous o r b i t over A t l a n t i c , was s t i l l providing r e l i a b l e s e r v i c e between North America and Europe with 10% r e l i a b i l i t y . I n t e l s a t I had received and t r a n s m i t t e d more t h a n 200 hr of TV, and thousands of telephone c a l l s , d a t a and record messages, and o t h e r general communications without s a t e l l i t e service outage. TV use of I n t e l s a t I increased from 31 programs consuming 31 hr l e a s e d time i n 1965 t o 160 programs and 125 hr i n 1967. Highlights of TV broadcasts �April 6 (continued) included l i v e coverage of Atlantic splashdowns of Gemini spacecraft, sports events, public a f f a i r s , and news programs. (com~atcorpRelease 68-16) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: "What was i l l u s t r a t e d . . . was t h e extraordinary d i f f i c u l t y of assuring t h a t every one of t h e l i t e r a l l y millions of components i n such an extremely complicated system a s t h e Saturn 5 works perfectly. But t h e complexity of t h e t o t a l Apollo mechanism f o r t h e planned manned voyage t o t h e moon...is This f a c t argues f o r a slow but sure approach t o even greater future Apollo t e s t s , r a t h e r than an adventuresome policy aimed primarily a t completing t h e job by t h e end of 1969. "Regrettable a s were Saturn 5's deficiencies a s demonstrated i n t h i s week's t e s t , they provide a useful warning against renewed overconfidence and t h e costs it could again impose. " (NYT -3 4/6/68, 36) .... . U. S. Embassy i n .Thailand reported a r r i v a l of two USAF F - l l M a i r c r a f t a t Ta K h l i A i r Base t o replace a i r c r a f t l o s t i n crashes March 28 and 30. Embassy spokesman said recovery operations f o r second F-111A l o s t had been completed and a l l components accounted for. (UPI, W Star, 4/7/68, Al4; UPI, W Post, 4/7/68, ~ 2 6 ) - U. S. S. R. successfully launched Luna XIV unmanned spacecraft April 7: toward moon "to conduct f u r t h e r studies of near-lunar space," Tass announced. All systems were functioning normally and spacecraft; was traveling close t o planned trajectory. (~nderson,NYT, 4/8/68, 1; AP, W Star, 4/8/68, A3; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . Long-nosed USAF C-131 research a i r c r a f t was being developed f o r A i r Force Systems Command by Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., as a unique f l y i n g simulator t o t e s t various controls, instruments, and a i r c r a r t configurations of advanced a i r c r a f t such a s Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA), military C-5A cargo and passenger a i r c r a f t , and SST. Total In-Flight Simulator (TIFs ) configurationwith nose length varying t o simulate advanced a i r c r a f t and with second cockpit below and ahead of main cockpit and s i x independent controls--would r e a l i s t i c a l l y reproduce handling conditions of modeled a i r c r a f i and enable USAF t o determine inexpensively i n advance correct design and instrumentation fox advanced a i r c r a f t . (AFSC Release 45.68) - �Washington Sunday S t a r e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: A p r i l 7: Saturn 5 s l a t e s t performance. suggests t h a t our a s t r o n a u t s may not be a b l e t o c a r r y out t h e i r l u n a r mission u n t i l considerably l a t e r t h a n o p t i m i s t s have suggest ed--possibly not u n t i l 1971, i f then. However.. .it i s b e t t e r t o be s a f e t h a n sorry. Saturn 5"s d e f i c i e n c i e s must be eliminated, no matt.er how long t h e job t a k e s , before it i s used t o l i f t a manned Apollo spacecraft t o t h e moon. Despite l o o s e t a l k about a Soviet-American 'space r a c e 1 , t h e r e should be no a l l - o u t d r i v e , no senseless rush, t o score a f i r s t i n t h i s f i e l d . " (W 3-S t a r 4/7/68, ~ 1 ) ". . . .. ... . Sidney A. C a r i s k i , NASA Chief of Support Operations, Procurement Management, became Director of Procurement Management, Management Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t . He succeeded Daniel A. Linn, who resigned t o e n t e r p r i v a t e industry. (NASA Ann) NASA s e l e c t e d Teledyne Systems Co. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n of $950,000 A p r i l 8: 15-mo c o n t r a c t t o design and construct prototype airborne d i g i t a l computer u n i t f o r Centaur launch v e h i c l e ' s guidance and c o n t r o l system. Contract, which would include option f o r f i v e a d d i t i o n a l u n i t s with r e q u i r e d ground support equipment and spare p a r t s , would be managed by Lewis Research Center. (NASA Release 68-64) . Harold D. . . Babcock, 40-yr member of Mt WilsoLnand Mt Palomar Observat o r y s t a f f s , died. He was s p e c i a l i s t i n study of s p e c t r a of sunspots and d i s c o v e r e r of f a c t t h a t magnetic f i e l d of sun reversed p o l a r i t y periodically. (NAs-NRC-NAE News Report, 5/68, 1 0 ) A p r i l 9: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXI. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 1,545 km (960 mi) ; perigee, 1 km period, 102.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 81'. (SED~Y4110 GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - . NASA launched two J a v e l i n sounding r o c k e t s from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n . One c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere with vacuum-ion chamber and t o observe helium and oxygen-ion resonance dayglow w i t h f i l t e r e d photometer. Rocket and instrumentation performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . Telemetry s i g n a l was received f o r 16 min 40 sec. Second rocket c a r r i e d Syracuse University Research Corp. vacuum-ion chamber t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere and Univ. of Southern C a l i f o r n i a f i l t e r e d photometer t o observe helium- and �A p r i l 9 (continued) oxygen-ion resonance dayglow t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e . Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt s SRL) Federal Aviation Administration awarded $3.8-million c o n t r a c t t o IBM1s Federal Systems Div. t o modernize a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l a t 100 U.S. f a c i l i t i e s by i n s t a l l i n g p r i n t e r s and keyboards t o produce and i n i t i a t e a i r c r a f t f l i g h t data. Equipment would provide f a s t e r coordination and reduce c o n t r o l l e r s ' o r a l workload. Delivery of equipment, t o begin A p r i l 15, would be coordinated with d e l i v e r y of o t h e r automat i o n components f o r National Airspace System. (FAA Release 68-24) A p r i l 9-10 : E l e c t r o n i c s i g n a l s on .medical condition of USMC volunteer p a t i e n t i n Tokyo were t r a n s m i t t e d between Toyko , Houston, and Washington, D. C. , v i a s a t e l l i t e and t e r r e s t r i a l equipment t o show how worldwide diagnosis of complex medical problems could be achieved by advanced means of communications. INTELSAT 1 1 / ~ 2 ( p a c i f i c I ) comsat and AT&T l a n d l i n e f a c i l i t i e s yere used i n demonstration f o r 1968 National Telemetry Conference of I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) in,Houston. Signals were relayed from Brewster F l a t , Wash. e a r t h s t a t i o n t o Conference and t o computer c e n t e r s a t U.S. Public Health Service i n Washington, D.C., and Univ. of Texas. Demonstration was d i r e c t e d by ITT World Communications, I n c . , with cooperation of ComSatCorp and Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., Japan. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-17; AP, W -JS t a r 4/10/68, Al8; UPI, W Post, 4/12/68, ~ 1 5 ) , A p r i l 10: U.K. ' s J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t U. S. S. R. ' s Luna XIV spacecraft had apparently entered l u n a r o r b i t and was t r a n s m i t t i n g telemetry but no photographic s i g n a l s . U. S. S.R. had made no o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. (UPI, NYT, 4/11/68, 4; Cohn, W Post, 4/11/68, A27) . Ernest W. Brackett , Special A s s i s t a n t t o NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r I n d u s t r y A f f a i r s , was appointed Chairman of NASA Board of Cont r a c t Appeals, succeeding E. M. Shafer who became Chairman of NASA Contract - Adjustment Board. Matt hew J. McCart i n , Goddard Space F l i g h t Center, was appointed Vice-Chairman. (NASA Release 68-65) �A p r i l 11: Luna X I V had entered o r b i t around moon "close t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d one" t o study c o r r e l a t i o n between e a r t h and moon and c o l l e c t d a t a necessary f o r landing cosmonauts on moon, Tass announced i n f i r s t o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. S a t e l l i t e had e n t e r e d l u n a r o r b i t April 10 with 870-km (540.6-mi) apolune; 160-km (99.4-mi) p e r i l u n e , and 2-hr 40-min period. (UPI, W S t a r , 4/11/68, A3; SBD, 4/12/68, 239-40; Reuters, NYT, 4/14/68, 8 ) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center i.s sued r e p o r t containing preliminary r e s u l t s of A p r i l 4 Apollo 6 f l i g h t . Although "basic source of t h e , d i f f i c u l t i e s 1 ' had not y e t been determined, s c i e n t i s t s and engineers speculated t h a t wires carrying cut o f f comands t o t h e malfunctioning engines were interchanged. F i r s t stage had performed a s planned and stage t h r u s t was near p r e d i c t e d during f i r s t p o r t i o n of f l i g h t . Second s t a g e had performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through 1 s t - s t a g e boost, 2nd-stage i g n i t i o n , and e a r l y p o r t i o n of 2nd-stage powered f l i g h t . F i r s t i n d i c a t i o n s of anomaly were decreasing temperatures on main o x i d i z e r valve and i t s c o n t r o l l i n e on f i f t h engine and steady decrease i n second engine's yaw a c t u a t o r pressure. Third stage performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through f i r s t burn and o r b i t a l coast. Although engine and stage p r e s t a r t conditions appeared normal, engine received s t a r t s i g n a l , and valves opened properly, engine d i d not r e s t a r t . I n i t i a l d a t a suggested t h a t l e a k i n one of two p r o p e l l a n t l i n e s t o engine's augmented spark i g n i t e r may have caused i n s u f f i c i e n t o r inadequately mixed p r o p e l l a n t f o r proper s t a r t condition. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s were continuing on l o n g i t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n of v e h i c l e . Guidance and o t h e r instrumentation functions, telemetry performance, and onboard (MSFC Release 68-74; AP, -3NYT TV camera operation were s a t i s f a c t o r y . 4/12/68, 20) . USAF and NASA had agreed t o consolidate t h e i r photographic operations a t Eastern Test Range under one c o n t r a c t o r t o save estimated $1 m i l l i o n f i r s t year. Single c o n t r a c t o r , s e l e c t e d by competitive bid, would r e p o r t t o ETR contract manager. USAF and NASA each would provide one t e c h n i c a l manager t o monitor performance. New o p e r a t i o n would be e f f e c t i v e Jan. 1, 1969. (KSC Release 68-151) . V/A Hyman G. Rickover (USN), t e s t i f y i n g before House Committee on Banking and Currency hearings on H.R. 15683 t o renew t h e Defense Production Act of 1950 a s amended, warned against emergence of " f o u r t h branch of government," a p a r t n e r s h i p of f e d e r a l bureaucrats and g i a n t corporations "with men e x e r t i n g power without p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " DOD's industry-oriented philosophy, l a c k of inhouse c a p a b i l i t y , and absence of standardized accounting procedures �A p r i l 11 (continued) permitted government s u b s i d i z a t i o n of c i v i l i a n business of defense c o n t r a c t o r s and c o s t U. S. taxpayer b i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s , he s a i d . ransc script; P o r t e r , W Post, 5/2/68, ~ 2 ) A p r i l 12: NASA would n e g o t i a t e $900,000, one-year, cost -plus-f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t w i t h Chrysler Corp.'s Space Div. t o study needs and configuratLon a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r an intermediate payload launch v e h i c l e i n post1973 space operat ions. Payloads under consideration included longd u r a t i o n manned operat i o n s i n low e a r t h o r b i t , unmanned s a t e l l i t e s i n synchronous o r b i t , l o g i s t i c support f o r manned l u n a r exploration, and unmanned p l a n e t a r y and deep space probes. Contract would be managed by OMSF. (NASA Release 68-67; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 4/13/68) April14: Cosmos C C X I I was successfully1aunchedbyU.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 200-km (124.3-mi) apogee, 180-km (111.8-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 51.6' inclinat.ion. S a t e l l i t e docked with . . Cosmos C X I I I A p r i l 15 and r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19. (AP, B -2Sun 4/15/68; UPI, NYT, 4/15/68, 86; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - April15: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos C C X I I I i n t o o r b i t w i t h 254-km (157.8-mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 51.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . A t 1 : 2 1 Moscow time (3:21 Baykonyr time) s a t e l l i t e was automatically docked with Cosmos C C X I I (launched A p r i l 1 4 ) . Tass l a t e r announced t h a t s a t e l l i t e s used " s p e c i a l c l o s i n g - i n systems, r a d i o , t e c h n i c a l and computing devices, t o c a r r y out an automatic mutual search, closing-in, docking, and r i g i d coupling t o each o t h e r . " Maneuver was second automatic docking i n space and was filmed by TV cameras on board both s a t e l l i t e s . U.S.S.1 had s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished f i r s t automatic docking Oct. 30, 1967. F i r s t s u c c e s s f u l manned docking had been conducted by U.S. March 16, 1966. Cosmos C C X I I and cosmos -CCXIII remained docked i n n e a r - c i r c u l a l o r b i t 3 hr 50 min and were t h e n separated automatically by ground command and placed i n t o d i f f e r e n t o r b i t s . Cosmos C C X I I r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19 and Cosmos C C X I I I , A p r i l 20. (W Post, 4/16/68; -NYT 9 4/16/68; B -Sun 9 4/16/68; SBD 4/16/68, -2 -, . Flight reenactment had revealed t h a t USAF F-11lA a i r c r a f t c r a s h March 30 had been caused by malfunction of f l i g h t c o n t r o l system, p r e s s s a i d informed sources reported. Second F-11lA, which North Vietnam claimed t o have shot down, was s t i l l missing; U.S. o f f i c i a l s �A p r i l 1 5 (continued) speculated t h a t a i r c r a f t had crashed i n Thailand jungle area. NYT, - 4/16/68, 22; W News, 4/16/68, 7 ) (UPI, . Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO)was e s t a b l i s h e d i n Special Programs Office a t NASA Hq. t o manage s p e c i a l i z e d t a s k s where NASA's unique c a p a b i l i t i e s could provide needed support t o a l i m i t e d number of DOD p r o j e c t s . M. J. Raffensperger, D i r e c t o r , Advanced Manned Missions Planning and Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , was appointed Deputy Director of Special Programs Office and Acting Director of DPSO. (NASA Release 68-66; NASA Ann, 4/17/68) . Lawrence A. Flyland, Vice President and General Manager of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. , was s e l e c t e d by National Aeronautic Association t o r e c e i v e t h e Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r s i g n i f i c a n t achievement i n aeronautics and a s t r o n a u t i c s i n 1967 a s Hughes Surveyor program d i r e c t o r . Trophy would be presented May 7. (NAA Release; AP, W Post, 4/16/68, ~ 3 ) . Tass announced issuance of t h r e e stamps commemorating Soviet space achievements : March 18, 1965, space walk by Alexei Leonov; Oct. 30, 1967, automatic docking of two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s ; and Oct. 18, 1967, softlanding of Venus 4 on Venus. (W Post, 4/15/68, CX)) A p r i l 16: NASA Associate Administrator D r . Homer E. Newel1 s u m a r i z e d E a r t h Resources Survey program a t F i f t h Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment at Univ. of Michigan's I n s t i t u t e of Science and Technology i n Ann Arbor. Prospects i n f i e l d were promising, he s a i d , but only p r o j e c t s which could not be completed using a i r c r a f t o r ground-based techniques o r which could be done b e t t e r o r more economically using space should be i n v e s t i g a t e d . Greatest use of s a t e l l i t e s f o r e a r t h survey t o date was f o r meteorological d a t a , including g l o b a l cloud-cover photos, cloud motion, and ocean temperatures D r . Newel1 explained, but U. S. s t i l l lacked "much of t h e d a t a e s s e n t i a l f o r worldwide long-range weather f o r e c a ~ t i n g , ~ ~ such a s d a t a on three-dimensional. f i e l d s of density, wind v e l o c i t y , temperature, and water vapor within t h e atmosphere. Major contribut i o n s expected from research i n o t h e r f i e l d s included: completion of geodetic programs which would permit determination of r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of any two p o i n t s on e a r t h with improved accuracy; monitoring of s e a surface s t a t e , evaluation of marine b i o l o g i c a l resources, and surface observations of conditions of i n t e r e s t t o , �A p r i l 16 (continued) oceanographers; and improved i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e of v a r i o u s species f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , and geology. ( ~ e x;t -9SBD 4/19/68, 280) . John N. Wilford, w r i t i n g i n New York Times, described d e c l i n e i n U.S. space expenditures since 1966. "Under pressure from t h e war i n Vietnam, c i v i l i a n space spending has dropped from $ 5 . 9 - b i l l i o n i n t h e peak year of 1966 t o $4.8-billion t h i s year, and it i s expected t o drop much lower i n t h e f i s c a l year s t a r t i n g i n July. Employment i n space work a t p r i v a t e companies, u n i v e r s i t i e s and Government c e n t e r s has declined from 420,000 i n 1966 t o fewer t h a n 300,000 today, and it i s s t i l l dropping a t t h e r a t e of 4,000 a month." 7' Signs of d e c l i n e were c l e a r l y v i s i b l e , Wilford noted, i n ghost towns!' t h a t were once t e s t s i t e s , and i n removal of numerous p r o j e c t s from NASA's post-Apollo plans. Fortunately, impact of cutback was softened because NASA had not replaced many personnel who o r d i n a r i l y l e f t agency each year and because personnel dismissed were absorbed by growing a i r c r a f t i n d u s t r y and expanding m i l i t a r y space program. But t h e r e was a growing f e e l i n g , Wilford s a i d , " t h a t once a s t r o n a u t s have landed on t h e moon, t h e y w i l l have no o t h e r p l a c e of s i g n i f i c a n c e t o go f o r s e v e r a l years because of sharp budget c u t s . These c u t s have trimmed t o t h e bone a l l p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e missions. It i s a s i f t h e a s t r o n a u t s a r e heading f o r a dead-end on t h e moon." (E, 4/16/68, 1, 36) . U.K. Minister of Technology Anthony W. Benn announced t h a t U.K. would withdraw from European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Communications and would make no new committments t o European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), though it would increase i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o European Space Research Organization (ESRO)by up t o 6%. U.K. o f f i c i a l s r e p o r t e d l y s a i d d e c i s i o n not t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n proposed p r o j e c t f o r experimental European TV r e l a y s a t e l l i t e was made i n e f f o r t t o avoid u n r e a l i s t i c p r o j e c t s and concentrate on nonspace a i r c r a f t and computer i n d u s t r i e s . ( ~ h u s t e r ,NYT, 4/17/68, 79; Mott, W Post, 4/17/68, A l l ) - . MSFC awarded B a l l Brothers Research Corp. $134,500 c o n t r a c t f o r s i x s o l a r sensor systems, including one prototype and f i v e f l i g h t u n i t s , f o r Apollo Telescope Mount p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l system. (MSFC Release 68-76) �p U W launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB i 7 : (UPI, W Post, 4/18/68; -9SBD using T i t a n IIIB-Agena D booster. 4/18/68, 5'75) . NASA's Marc 42A2 Arcas booster launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 4.8-mi (7.8-km) a l t i t u d e i n b a l l i s t i c performance evaluation t e s t . Booster and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , with b a l l i s t i c parameters agreeing c l o s e l y with predictions. (NASA Rpt SRL) .U W F-11I.A a i r c r a f t crash March 30 i n Thailand had been caused by "a mechanic's mistake, not by a flaw i n design," U.S. m i l i t a r y command announced. Recovered a i r c r a f t r e v e a l e d t h a t p i l o t s l o s t c o n t r o l of a i r c r a f t because tube of s e a l a n t normally used t o s e a l f u e l t a n k s was l e f t loose i n a i r c r a f t , hardened during low-temperature f l i g h t , and jammed f l i g h t - c o n t r o l system. Loss of another F-111A March 28 remained mystery and search i n Thailand a r e a where it presumably crashed had ended unsuccessfully. (UPI, W Post, 4/16/68, A8; C a r r o l l , B Sun, 4/18/68, ~ 5 ) - . Charles W. Mathews, Director of IYASA Apollo Applications Program t o l d National Space, Club i n washington, D. C. , t h a t NASA' s manned space plan, beyond f i r s t Apollo landing, "contemplat e s a balanced a c t i v i t y of l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n and extension of man's c a p a b i l i t i e s i n e a r t h o r b i t . " Program had been designed f o r f l e x i b i l i t y so a c t i v i t i e s could be conducted i n harmony with a v a i l a b l e resources. "We a r e a l s o prepared t o move forward a t an increased pace when it i s d e s i r a b l e and p o s s i b l e t o do so," he s a i d . Both c i v i l b e n e f i t s and n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y implications of space program warranted cont i n u e d s t r o n g support. Contingency planning would leave more room f o r budgetary o r g o a l changes, t h u s p l a c a t i n g c r i t i c s i n Congress who claimed NASA had not provided them with s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y . Manned space f l i g h t s were t o be resumed by both U.S. and U.S.S.R. i n near f u t u r e . ( ~ e x;t Lannan, W 3-S t a r 4/18/68, A5; AP, B -Sun 9 4/18/68, All) . Sen. Margaret C. Smith ( R - ~ e . ) ,ranking member of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, on Senate f l o o r presented Government Accounting Office review of source s e l e c t i o n and award of m a j o r ~ s u b c o n t r a c tby NASA and i t s prime c o n t r a c t o r , Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., f o r development of landing and rendezvous r a d a r equipment f o r Apollo Lunar Module, compiled a t her request. Sen. Smith explained t h a t although another e l e c t r o n i c s firm had expressed i n t e r e s t i n performing under f i x e d - p r i c e c o n t r a c t , RCA �A p r i l 17 (continued) had received contract because of agreement between Gmunman and RCA "before t h e requirements and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e r a d a r components had been defined. " Noting t h a t RCA estimated cost of $23.4 m i l l i o n had now increased t o about $112 m i l l i o n , she suggested t h a t i f Grwnman r a d a r subcontract was i l l u s t r a t i v e of how NASA "maintains s u r v e i l l a n c e over i t s appropriated funds, it would appear t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l savings could be r e a l i z e d merely by strengthenin agency1s c o n t r a c t i n g p r a c t i c e s . " (NASA LAR ~11136 ; CR, 4/17 68, the S4138-46; AP, B Sun, 4/23/68, ~ 5 ) 7 . NASA had awarded Aero j e t General Corp. ' s Space Div. $316,776 contract t o perform preliminary design of spacecraft f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h on f r o g ' s balance mechanisrr, ( o t o l i t h ) under weightlessness and repeated a c c e l e r a t i o n . P r o j e c t , i n i t i a l s t e p i n NASA's Human Factor Systems Program t o i n v e s t i g a t e primary balance mechanism within inner e a r , would be managed by NASA Wallops S t a t i o n under directi'on of Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Ames Research Center would be responsible f o r o t o l i t h experiment package designed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. (WS Release 68-8; NASA Release 68-71) . MSFC awarded nine-month, $99,000 contract t o Raymond ~ o e w y / ~ i l l i a m Snaith, Inc., t o conduct h a b i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s of planned e a r t h o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n s . Basic goal would be t o ensure t h a t workshop configurations wefe comfortable and f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s i n which t o l i v e and work. (MSFC Release 68-79) . Naval Research Laboratory s c i e n t i s t D r . Richard C. Henry, speaking a t d e d i c a t i o n of NRL1s new E. 0. Hulburt Center f o r Space Research i n WashingLon, D.C., presented d a t a s t r o n g l y supporting closed universe concept. Aerobee sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range Sept. 7, 1967, carrying s o f t x-ray d e t e c t o r , had d e t e c t e d r a d i a t i o n from l a r g e , unexpected amount of t h i n l y - s p r e a d i n t e r g a l a c t i c hydrogen gas, evidence of existence of i n t e r g a l a c t i c matter previously supposed but undetected. Amount detected i n d i c a t e d presence of 100 times a s much matter between g a l a x i e s a s i n all s t a r s i n universe--enough t o f i l l up a l l space and s a t i s f y all t h e o r e t i c a l requirements f o r a closed universe. ( ~ e x;t Cohn, W Post, 4/18/68, 1 ) . Editorial comment on Soviet space achievements, including successful o r b i t i n g of Luna XIV and docking of Cosmos CCXII and C C X I I I , urged U.S. t o acknowledge challenge: �April 17 ( continued) "The Soviet Union's sense of purpose i n space i s apparently a s steady and unwavering a s it ever was. The U.S...after coming up f a s t from behind i n a wave of f e v e r i s h anxiety and enthusiasm, now seems t o have l o s t i n t e r e s t . That could be a dangerous--even fatal--tendency i n an age where space i s of key importance t o t h e s e c u r i t y of t h e Nation. It should be reversed, before g r e a t harm i s done." (P Inq, 4/17/68) " I f we muff what now looks - l i k e a good chance t o beat t h e Russians t o t h e moon with manned space ships, t h e p r e s t i g e l o s s t o t h i s n a t i o n w i l l probably be immeasurable. And i f our space people a r e n ' t paying a t l e a s t a s much a t t e n t i o n a s t h e Russians t o t h e m i l i t a r y p o s s i b i l i t i e s of space, t h e n we a r e i n grave danger and growing more .so. A l l of t o a whole s t r i n g of d i r e warnings t o Congress not t o which adds up be s t i n g y about space p r o j e c t s of any d e s c r i p t i o n . " (NY News, 4/17/68) ... A p r i l 18: U. S. S. R. launched two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s . Cosmos CCXIV entered o r b i t w i t h 370-km (229.9-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 90.1min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d June 26. Cosmos CCXV e n t e r e d o r b i t with 403-km (249.4-mi) apogee, 255-km 158. &mi) perigee, 91.1-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . (B, $22168, 292; GSFC SSR, 4/30/68) - . NASA announced appointment of two new members t o Aerospace S a f e t y Advisory Panel: D r . C. D. Harrington, President of Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , f o r six-year termy and S. T. Harris, O f f i c e r of t h e Board, Texas Instruments, I n c . , f o r f o u r years. (NASARelease 68-72) . Langley Research Center s e l e c t e d Northrop Corp. 's Norair Div. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n s on $2-million contract t o design and construct d i f f e r e n t i a l maneuvering simulator. System, c o n s i s t ing of two i d e n t i c a l p i l o t e d f l i g h t simulators l i n k e d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y through c e n t r a l computing equipment, would be used t o study p t u r e aerospace v e h i c l e concepts. (NASA Release 68-74) Sixty-day simulated e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission f o r f o u r UCLA A p r i l 19: s t u d e n t s ended when t h e y l e f t McDonnell Douglas Corp. M i s s i l e & Space Systems Div. space cabin simulator [ s e e Feb. 211. Although s t u d e n t s had t i r e d of food and missed female companionship, a t t e n d i n g doctor s a i d t h e y remained i n good h e a l t h . On l e a v i n g simulator t h e y f i rs t not i c e d extreme humidity and "myriad smells �A p r i l 19 (continued) and odors i n normal a i r . " Experiment had included cycles of r e s t and work, t e s t i n g air-water samples, and manning s c i e n t i f i c equipment. (AP, B &, 4/20/68, ~ 3 ) . Page Communications Engineers, Inc., and government of South Vietnam were n e g o t i a t i n g agreeaent t o permit Page t o finance and construct $7-million e a r t h s t a t i o n i n Vungtau. S t a t i o n , which would be used with ComSatCorp s a t e l l i t e t o be launched i n November, would have 60-channel capacity i n i t i a l l y and would be a b l e t o expand t o 120. South Vietnamese government would receive 2% of gross revenues-expected t o t o t a l $4-5 m i l l i o n annually--for f i r s t f i v e y e a r s and 5% f o r second f i v e years, a f t e r which operation would be turned over t o a Sbuth Vietnamese corporation. (page PIO; Wilson, W Post, 4/19/68) NATO's Nuclear Planning Group had concluded t h a t construction of a European AEM defense system was not j u s t i f i e d under present circumstances, Robert C. Doty reported i n New York Times. Recommendation, he s a i d "which appears c e r t a i n t o be endorsed by t h e a l l i a n c e a s a whole, ends f o r t h e foreseeable f u t u r e Europe i n t e r e s t i n any m u l t i - b i l l i o n - d o l l a r p r o j e c t t o match t h e a n t i m i s s i l e screen now under construction by t h e Soviet Union. " U.S. decision i n 1967 t o b u i l d S e n t i n e l ABM system t o p r o t a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e Chinese Communist a t t a c k had promoted NATO rev: of Europe's nuclear defense. Nuclear Planning Group, i n two-daj meeting a t The Hague, had concluded t h a t 'defense system, secure a g a i n s t "multimethod, a l l - o u t s t r i k e by a major nuclear power, " was not f i n a n c i a l l y or t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e and c a l l e d f o r "good offense," maintaining nuclear stalemate; continual review of Am defense; and acceptance of program f o r f u t u r e planning and cons u l t a t i o n with U. s. even a f t e r t h e pending n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t ] became e f f e c t i v e . ( ~ o t ~ , 4/20/68, 2) z, A p r i l 20: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVI. Orbital parameters: apogee, 265 km (164.7 'mi) ;p e r i g e e , 195 km (121.2 mi) ; p e r i o d , 89.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 51.8~. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d NYT, 4/21/68, 28; W S t a r , 4/21/68, A5; - . NASA Astrobee - 1500 sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Mime s o t a experiment t o 776 - m i (1,250-km) a l t i t u d e t o study l e v e l s of e l e c t r i c and magnetic �A p r i l 20 (continued) f i e l d v a r i a t i o n s i n magnetosphere, check ope ratio^ of antenna systems f o r use on s a t e l l i t e , and v e r i f y v e h i c l e design changes. Rocket performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Instrumentation s u f f e r e d p a r t i a l f a i l u r e , but cause had not been determined. (NASA Rpt SRL) . White House announced t h a t a c c e l e r a t e d clearance system t o f a c i l i t a t e e n t r y f o r incoming passengers would be t e s t e d a t John F. Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport i n New York. One-man, multi-agency i n s p e c t i o n would be r e i n f o r c e d by monitoring by s p e c i a l i s t s representing Customs, A g r i c u l t u r e , Immigration, and public Health and by computerized i n formation, t o maintain s e c u r i t y . (PO, 4/29/68, 696-7) w A r i l 2 0 21 Technical r e v i e w o f S a t u r n l a u n c h v e h i c l e s , a t t e n d e d b y about 1 0 s c i e n t i s t s , engineers, and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , was h e l d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. P a r t i c i p a n t s i n v e s t i g a t e d s t a t u s and (MSFC Release 68-77; f l i g h t schedule of Saturn launch v e h i c l e s . UPI, W S t a r , 4/21/68, ~ 5 ) - A p r i l 21: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d eighthMolniya I comsat. O r b i t a l parameters : apogee, 39,719 km (24, 6 8 0 . ~ r i g e e , 414 km '(257.2 m i ) ; period, 11 hr 53 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n 65'. (UPI, NYT, 4/23/68, 34; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s reported t h a t automatic docking of Cosmos C C X I I and C C X I I I A p r i l 15 had occurred only 47 min a f t e r p u r s u i t v e s s e l was launched. Cosmos C C X I I (launched April 1 4 ) was o r b i t i n g e a r t h a t 225.3-km (140-mi) a l t i t u d e and 17,500 mph when Cosmos C C X I I I e n t e r e d o r b i t t h r e e miles from it. According t o Tass, s a t e l l i t e s repeatedly changed t h e i r o r b i t s , r e o r i e n t e d , maneuvered i n space, and conducted various s c i e n t i f i c experiments during f o u r days i n o r b i t . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had r e p o r t e d l y developed t h r e e launch systems f o r spacecraft intended f o r automatic docking i n o r b i t : (1) simultaneous side-by-side launch with docking maneuvers beginning immediately a f t e r spacecraft separated from launch v e h i c l e s ; (2) separate launches from same or d i f f e r e n t s i t e s with second spacecraft launched a s close a s p o s s i b l e t o f i r s t s p a c e c r a f t i n o r b i t a s it passed over launch s i t e [method used f o r A p r i l 15 docking]; and (3) separate launches of spacecraft i n t o same plane, but w i t h d i s t a n c e s between them g r e a t enough t o r e q u i r e s e v e r a l I,J o r b i t a l c o r r e c t i o n s and maneuvers t o close gap. (Anderson, W 4/22/68, 9; gg,. 4/?3/68, 296-7) �p i : NASA announced app6intment of D r . Henry J. Smith, Deputy D i r e c t o r of Physics and Astronow Programs, OSSA, a s Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Space Science and Applications ( s c i e n c e ) , r e p l a c i n g D r . John E. Naugle who was reassigned Oct. 1, 1967. D r . Smith would be Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r OSSA, responsible f o r obtaining and implementing s c i e n t i f i c advice f o r t h e n a t i o n a l space program. (NASA Release 68-70) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory s o i l sciences group, headed by D r . Roy E. Cameron, r e p o r t e d t e s t s and c u l t u r e s of A n t a r c t i c s o i l samples i n JPL's walk-in f r e e z e r l a b o r a t o r y t o determine what t y p e s of micro-organisms l i v e i n extreme cold and t o help determine whether l i f e e x i s t e d on Mars. JPL s o i l samples had come from high, dry v a l l e y s i n V i c t o r i a l a n d near U. S. base a t McMurdo, Antarctica. S c i e n t i s t s discovered b a c t e r i a , y e a s t s , molds, and algae, which began t o grow w i t h i n two weeks when A n t a r c t i c s o i l kept laboratoryf r o z e n f o r over one year was subjected t o temperature 6 8 9 ' o r above. S t u d i e s were sponsored by NASA and National Science Foundation. (NASA Release 68-73) A p r i l 22: Representatives of 43 n a t i o n s signed space rescue t r e a t y a t s e p a r a t e ceremonies i n Washington, D.C., London, and Moscow. A t S t a t e Dept. ceremony i n Washington, D. C. , President Johnson s a i d he hoped t r e a t y would end wasteful competitive spacemanship between U. S. and U. S. S. R. and t h a t next decade i n space would i n c r e a s i n g l y become a partnership. Treaty, which provided f o r a s s i s t a n c e t o a s t r o n a u t s i n emergency and s a f e r e t u r n of a s t r o n a u t s and space hardware, had been unanimously approved by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1967. It would become e f f e c t i v e when r a t i f i e d by U. S. , U. S. S. R. , U. K. , and two o t h e r countries. (ward, B -9Sun 4/23/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on c u t s i n NASA FY 1969 budget: "Now t h a t t h e d e s i r e d space research c a p a b i l i t y has been created, it i s merely good sense t o s h i f t some of t h e resources t h u s employed t o o t h e r and more urgent n a t i o n a l needs. [ such a s ] cleaning up t h e n a t i o n ' s p o l l u t e d a i r and water, providing high-speed land t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , o r working out f a s t e r and cheaper ways t o b u i l d new housing t o replace t h e noxious and overcrowded slums.... "None of t h i s means.. . t h a t t h e United S t a t e s w i l l o r should abandon t h e e f f o r t t o explore space and e x p l o i t space technology.. . But f o r t h e moment t h e new r e l a t i v e l y svelte--though s t i l l very adequate-- space program meets t h e n a t i o n f s ---" - - - - i + s generously. (NYT, - 4/22/68; CRY 5/1/68, ~ 3 6 4 6 ) .. - . �A p r i l 22: E d i t o r i a l comment on Soviet space achievements: "Preoccupied with.. .Vietnam, stunned by r i o t s a t home, most Americans couldn't care less. [but] t h e y shouldn't neglect t h e Soviet space challenge. "Americans need a space program equally f a r - s i g h t e d Because it t a k e s y e a r s t o prepare f o r space missions, t h e United S t a t e s might again be caught o f f guard by a Russian spectacular i n t h e 1970's." (CSM, 4/22/68, 23) .. .... ... - A p r i l .22-24: NASA Deputy Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine v i s i t e d Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y , and Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r t o u r s and b r i e f i n g s . He was accompanied by Deputy Associate Administrator ( ~ e c h n i c a l,) Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , Harold T. Luskin; Executive Officer, Office of Administrator, Col. Clare F. F a r l y (USA, Ret. ) ; Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel member D r . Charles D. Harrington; NASA S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Bob P. Helgeson; and Executive A s s i s t a n t s James Long and Carl R. Praktish. (MXFCRelease 68-86) A p r i l 23: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences heard testimony i n support of NASA FY 1969 budget from prominent U.S. s c i e n t i s t s . D r . Harry H. Hess, Princeton Univ. , presented statement f o r t h e record by National Academy of Sciences President D r . Frederick S e i t z . Space program, D r . S e i t z s a i d , was "the l a t e s t and one of t h e g r e a t e s t human exploratory adventures i n a long sequence t h a t has enriched mankind. It o f f e r s u s t h e promise of extending t h e range of our domain...to t h e e n t i r e s o l a r system. We can expect many b e n e f i t s along t h e way, some of conceptual and some of d i r e c t m a t e r i a l value. .but t h o s e which w i l l prove t o be t h e most rewarding a r e probably, i n t h e main, s t i l l hidden from us over t h e horizon." D r . John A. Simpson, Enrico Fermi I n s t i t u t e and Univ. of Chicago, noted: "Researches i n space have made, through t h e bold programs which NASA e s t a b l i s h e d with u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e e a r l y 1960s, major c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c r i t i c a l problems of generating, developing The g r e a t f e a r a t and r e t a i n i n g f i r s t - c l a s s s c i e n t i f i c manpower. present i s t h a t t h e momentum e s t a b l i s h e d w i l l be d i s s i p a t e d by t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y deep budgetary c u t s made by NASA i n t h o s e a r e a s which most a f f e c t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s . " He s t r e s s e d "deeply f e l t conviction" t h a t U. S. was " i n danger of unwittingly destroying what we wish t o save and need . . . p re-eminence i n science and t e c h nology which i s c r u c i a l f o r each major problem of t h e nation, from proverty t o war." Actions taken i n Congress i n 1968 might " l a r g e l y determine whether t h e U. S. w i l l r e t a i n i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n t . h ~c n g n e sciences. " . ... . .. �A p r i l 23 (continued) D r . Simpson a l s o s a i d beginning on Pioneer concept was " u r g e n t , " , s t a t i n g . it was "absolutely c l e a r t h a t d i s c o v e r i e s important f o r t h e progress of science and technology may be made by...experiments and observations on spacecraft moving outward from t h e o r b i t of t h e Earth. . t h e program i s not a gamble and a hope, but an o b j e c t i v e of high importance and c e r t a i n t o produce f r u i t f u l r e s u l t s . " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ; NYT, - 4/24/68, 24; W -3S t a r 4/24/68, ~ 2 1 ) . . Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range c a r r i e d Univ. of Colorado experiment t o 1 1 1 . 9 - m i (185.4-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure i n t e n s i t y of s p e c t r a l l i n e s i n 3,400-1,1008 band. Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt .SRL) . Eleventh Saturn I B booster was s u c c e s s f u l l y s t a t i c f i r e d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center a t 1.6 million-lb t h r u s t f o r 145 sec by Chrysler Corp personnel. It would be returned t o Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r p o s t - s t a t i c checkout. Twelfth Saturn I B was enroute t o MSFC for static firing. (MSFC Release 68-85) . NAsStAe r announced t h a t model of wheel-shaped p l a n e t a r y landing c r a f t , i l i z e d by heat and dropped from 250-ft a l t i t u d e A p r i l 4 by J e t Propulsion Laboratory, had operated s u c c e s s f u l l y a f t e r impacti n g d r y l a k e i n Mojave Desert a t 80 mph--major s t e p i n demons t r a t i n g f e a s i b i l i t y of sending lightweight s c i e n t i f i c landing capsule t o Mars. C r a f t ' s r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r turned on 30 sec a f t e r c r a f t s t r u c k surface and operated 20 min. Anemometer deployed automatically 3 min a f t e r impact, t o measure wind v e l o c i t y . Following mission p r o f i l e i d e n t i c a l t o p r o j e c t e d Mars surface operations, r a d i o turned on again 22 hr a f t e r i n i t i a l transmission (when e a r t h would again be i n view). Signals from 3-w t r a n s m i t t e r were received f o r another 40 min t o conclude t e s t . Craft was powered by 1 2 - c e l l , s i l v e r - z i n c b a t t e r y , f i r s t known t o survive both heat s t e r i l i z a t i o n and high-velocity impact. (NASA Release 68-69; JPL Release 473) . Stanford Univ. p h y s i c i s t D r . W i l l i a m M. Fairbank, speaking a t American F'hysical Society Meeting i n Washington, D.C., described experiments on superconducting a c c e l e r a t o r s t h a t would enable s c i e n t i s t s t o a c c e l e r a t e e l e c t r o n s f a s t e r and f o r longer periods and, possibly, t o produce 1 0 times a s much energy a s world's present most powerful a c c e l e r a t o r , 2-mi-long, 20-bev Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) By immersing a c c e l e r a t o r i n l i q u i d helium cooled t o absolute zero, energy l o s s could be reduced so much t h a t e l e c t r o n s could be f i r e d . �A p r i l 23 (continued) continuously and a c c e l e r a t o r kept a t constant temperature. SLAC c u r r e n t l y could be f i r e d f o r only 0.001 sec because of excess heat generated by pulse. ~ ~ e r i m e n t preliminary s, t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of $5-million, 500-ft-long prototype a c c e l e r a t o r , had been conducted on 5 - f t model. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 4/24/68, 26C; OtToole, W Post, 4124168, A171 . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center announced award of $1,400 t o MSFC Test Laboratory Engineer John A. Hauser f o r invention of five-module system f o r p u r i f y i n g and f i l t e r i n g gas t o p u r i t y necessary f o r use (MSFC Release 68-82) i n development of Saturn rockets. . NASA announced swearing i n of D r . Waino W. Suojanen, Chairman of Univ. of f i a m i l s Dept. of Management, a s a consultant t o NASA Administrator James E. Webb. D r . Suojanen would serve a s a member of NASA Management Advisory Panel which reviewed NASA's p a t t e r n of administration and advised NASA Administration on s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s of organization and management. (NASA Release 68-78) . MSFC announced appointment of Keith Wible, chief of MSFCts Manpower U t i l i z a t i o n and Administration Office, a s head of new manpower u t i l i z a t i o n system f o r NASA Hq Operat ions Management Off i c e , OMSF. He would be succeeded by Paul L. S t y l e s , head of MSFC1s Labor Relations Office. (MSFCRelease 68-83; Marshall S t a r , 4/24/68, 1 ) . NASA announced t h a t Astronaut Brian T. OILeary had withdrawn from astronaut t r a i n i n g program because he d i s l i k e d p i l o t i n g a i r c r a f t . D r . OILeary, who had complete'd 15 hr f l y i n g time i n t r a i n i n g program a t Williams AFB, Ariz., hoped t o remain with space program a s r e s e a r c h e r i n p l a n e t a r y astronomy. Astronaut F. C u r t i s Michel, had received s p e c i a l permission t o spend 8% of h i s time teaching and studying a t Rice Univ. and Zl$ i n astronaut t r a i n i n g f o r one year. (MSC Release 68-32; AP, W S t a r , 4/24/68, A2; W Post, 4/24/68, . U. S. 4) and U. S. S. R. had included " l i t t l e - p u b l i c i z e d sanctions" i n proposed n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , John W. Finney reported i n New York Times. "Unless t h e y s i g n t h e t r e a t y o r accept i t s requirements f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l inspection over a l l t h e i r atomic a c t i v i t i e s , [ r e l u c t a n t ] n a t i o n s may f i n d themselves cut o f f from a s s i s t a n c e i n developing t h e peaceful uses of atomic energy." Such n a t i o n s would not be a b l e t o purchase atomic power p l a n t s o r t o o b t a i n nuclear f u e l from U. S. o r �A p r i l 23 ( continued) U. S. S. R. Further, t h e European Atomic Energy Community would not r e c e i v e f u e l u n l e s s it entered i n t o inspection agreement w i t h i n two y e a r s w i t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency. (E, 4/24/68, 1) A p r i l 24: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVII i n t o o r b i t w i t h 182-km (113.1-mi) apogee, 150-km (93.2-mi) perigee, 87.6-min period, and 62.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 26. (GSFC 4130168) z, . NASA Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USAF) t o l d p r e s s a t NASA Hq. b r i e f i n g t h a t Apollo 6 mission, i n s p i t e of anomalies, was "a s a f e mission from a crew s a f e t y standpoint" a s demonstrated by s p a c e c r a f t ' s recovery i n e x c e l l e n t condition a f t e r performing an a l t e r n a t e mission. He c i t e d t h r e e s u b s t a n t i a l t e c h n i c a l problems-J - 2 engine f a i l u r e because of f u e l l e a k , amplitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s during 1 s t - s t a g e burn (POGO e f f e c t ) , and apparent s e p a r a t i o n of l a r g e p i e c e of p a i n t o r s k i n from Lunar Module adapter during ascent--and one procedural problem--premature shutdown of second of two 2nd-stage engines because of wiring e r r o r made by North American Rockwell Corp. which was not discovered by NASA i n pre-launch t e s t s . He s a i d a l l could be corrected. From demonstrations of Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and information gained from Apollo 6 Gen. P h i l l i p s s a i d he had determined "the course of a c t i o n . . .necessary t o c o r r e c t and demonstrate t h e c o r r e c t i o n of t h e problems and. recommended t o t h e Administrator of NASA t h a t we proceed w i t h p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e manned f l i g h t of 205 with t h e 1 0 1 spacecraft which i s planned t o be t h e f i r s t manned f l i g h t i n Apollo, and...a Saturn I B He a l s o recommended t h a t NASA prepare t h i r d Saturn V (NO. 503) f o r manned f l i g h t i n l a t e 1968 w i t h option t o r e v e r t t o unmanned mission i f necessary correct i o n s d i d not meet requirements t o ensure crew s a f e t y on manned mission. NASA Administrator James E. Webb's d e c i s i o n on Gen. P h i l i p s ' recommendation was expected s h o r t l y . r ran script ; W Post, 4/25/68, ~ 9 ) .. ...." . NASA Administrator James E. Webb urged Senate Committee on Aeron a u t i c a l and Space Sciences t o r e s t o r e $48.3 m i l l i o n cut by House from NASA FY 1969 budget request f o r nuclear rocket program. Webb s t r e s s e d importance of proceeding with U. S. development of nuclear rocket propulsion a s p a r t of t o t a l c a p a b i l i t y i n aeronautics and space t o : (1)meet p o t e n t i a l c i v i l o r m i l i t a r y requirements f o r space v e h i c l e s and missions; �A p r i l 24 (continued) m v o i d short-sighted cutopfs o r c o n s t r a i n t of promising new t e c h n o l o g i c a l developments because t h e y had no s p e c i f i c j u s t i f i i n advance; ( 3 ) , prove t h a t U. S. "does not i n t e n d t o l i m i t i t s dt ment of l a r g e launch v e h i c l e s and payload c a p a b i l i t i e s " t o Satur c l a s s ; and (4) seive a s " c e n t r a l focus f o r continuing advance i n nuclear and o t h e r technologies involved." Responding t o quest ions, Webb c i t e d recent Soviet develop me^ of f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bombardment system, automatic docking flig?. and maneuvering of heavy payloads i n o r b i t a s evidence U.S.S.R. w "not neglecting any important c a p a b i l i t i e s . . Everything I know i n d i c a t e s t h e y a r e s t i l l probing f o r t h o s e a r e a s t h a t w i l l put the ahead t h e f a s t e s t and give them t h e l e a d over us t h a t we. cannot overcone i n a s h o r t time. " ( ~ e s t i m o n ~SBD, ; 4/25/68, 309; E, 4/25/68, 1 6 ) .. . Univ. of Wisconsin p r o f e s s o r D r . W i l l i a m Kraushaar, speaking a t dedication of new $4.3-million Center f o r Space Research a t MIT, r e p o r t e d discovery by NASA's OSO 111 of high i n t e n s i t y of gamma r a y s flowing from c e n t e r of Milky Way. D r . Kraushaar s a i d f i n d i n g was f i r s t observation t o support t h e o r y t h a t galaxy c e n t e r s were r i c h r e s e r v o i r s of cosmic rays. ( ~ i l f o r d ,NYT, 4/27/68, 40) . U.S. l e a d e r s h i p i n physics "very l i k e l y " would soon be overtaken by U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, D r . Marvin L. Goldberger, professor of physics a t Princeton Univ., s a i d a t 105th Annual Meeting of National Academy of Sciences i n Washington, D.C. D r . Goldberger, chairman of symposium on current advances i n high-energy physics, and o t h e r p h y s i c i s t s a t t r i b u t e d t h r e a t e n e d l o s s of l e a d e r s h i p t o budget cutbacks and U. S. f a i l u r e t o develop apparatus f o r producing c o l l i d i n g beams of high-energy p a r t i c l e s which would permit explorat i o n of realms of physics i n a c c e s s i b l e by o t h e r experiments. Plans f o r a c c e l e r a t o r s a t Stanford Univ. and a t Weston, Ill., provided f o r storage r i n g s f o r experiments, but t h e r e seemed t o be no e a r l y prospect f o r t h e i r construction. ( ~ e x;t Sullivan, NYT, 4/25/68, - 17 . ComSatCorp r e p o r t e d $1.8-million n e t income (18 c e n t s p e r share) f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1968--$569,000 (6 c e n t s p e r share) more t h a n f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1967--and operating revenues of record $6.9 m i l l i o n . As of March 31, ComSatCorp was l e a s i n g , f u l l - t i m e , equivalent of 754 h a l f c i r c u i t s , 453 more t h a n on March 31, 1967. Of number l e a s e d i n 1968, 421 were through two A t l a n t i c s a t e l l i t e s and 333 were through two P a c i f i c s a t e l l i t e s . One year ago only two s a t e l l i t e s were i n s e r v i c e , one over A t l a n t i c and one over P a c i f i c . ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-15 �A p r i l 24: National Science Foundation announced award of 16 g r a n t s t o t a l i n g more than $800,000 t o help school systems s e l e c t new science and mathematics curriculum m a t e r i a l s and use them e f f e c t i v e l y Funds would support conferences t o t r a i n i n d i v i d u a l s and groups a s competent resource personnel. A f t e r t r a i n i n g , personnel would conduct workshops f o r t e a c h e r s i n school d i s t r i c t where new curriculum m a t e r i a l s were being introduced. (NSF Release 68-130) . 3 1 A p r i l .25U. S. S.R. launched Cbsmos C C X V I I I i n t o o r b i t with 209.2-km ( apogee, 133.2-km ( 8 9 m i ) perigee, and 50' i n c l i n a t i o n . Period was not disclosed. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d same day. Simultaneously, U. S.S.R. d i s c l o s e d A p r i l 24 launch of Cosmos CCXVII. There was widespread speculation t h a t U. S. S. R. would soon attempt new space spectacular. Evert Clark had suggested i n New York Times t h a t U.S. S.R. was s e c r e t l y t e s t i n g t 1 a maneuverable rocket s t a g e t h a t could be used t o guide bombs down from o r b i t o r t o send instruments t o t h e moon." AP s a i d Soviet f a i l u r e t o r e v e a l p e r i o d of Cosmos CCXVIIJ suggested spacecraft might have r e e n t e r e d before completing one o r b i t t o t e s t f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bomb system (FOBS) described by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara Nov. 3, lark, NYT, 4/3/68, 1; AP, B Sun, 4/26/68, 2; GSFC -3SSR 1967. 4/30/68) - . - I n statement t o Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Milton Klein, Manager of NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office summarized progress of nuclear rocket program. A t t h e end of l a s t year major milestone was achieved with "operation i n l a t e 1967 of a s i n g l e r e a c t o r f o r 60 minutes a t i t s design power of 1,100 megawatts, a d u r a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y adequate f o r most missions. " Technology phase of NERVA program was nearing completion and next s t e p was t o develop engine t o f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t y , funds f o r which were included i n FY 1969 budget request, he said. No a c t i o n d e f e r r i n g t h i s s t e p could be t a k e n without l o s i n g a major p o r t i o n of c a p a b i l i t y i n t h i s f i e l d . Nuclear rocket was "a f o c a l point f o r pushing forward f r o n t i e r s of technology. . [and] only major advanced propulsion program i n t h e Nation. " High performance of nuclear r o c k e t s had been demonstrated i n nine consecutive power r e a c t o r t e s t s . S o l i d base of d a t a and underrating had been b u i l t f o r development of f l i g h t - r a t e d NERVA engine. "Development of t h e NERVA engine a t t h i s time," Klein s t r e s s e d , "woul3 c a p i t a l i z e on t h i s investment and provide a major fundamental advance i n propulsion c a p a b i l i t y . I t s high s p e c i f i c impulse w i l l provide a broad mission v e r s a t i l i t y f o r t h e high-payload, high-energy missions inevitably included i n a v i a b l e space program. " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ) . ... �D r . Norris E. Bradbury, Director of Los Alamos $ @ e n t i f i c A p r i l 25: Laboratory, t e s t i f i e d a t Rover Program Hearing of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences t h a t , since p r o j e c t ' s b a s i c r e a c t o r performance goals had been demonstrated along with b a s i c elements of complete engine system, major emphasis of Rover Program should s h i f t t o development of o v e r a l l f l i g h t engine. LASL would cont i n u e t o support NERVA program c h i e f l y i n development and evaluation of improved f u e l elements and o t h e r r e a c t o r core components. "It i s my f i r m opinion.. .we a r e a t t h e t h r e s h o l d of t h e use of nuclear energy There w i l l be even f u r t h e r gains a s b e t t e r f u e l elements i n space.... a r e i n e v i t a b l y developed. 'I "Deep space has always been known t o be t h e t r u e domain of nuclear e n e r a f o r both power and propulsion; it i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e atom w i l l be t h e work horse of near space a s well. " ( ~ e x t ) ... . Addressing Women's National Democratic Club i n Washington, D . C . , D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, said: "...we must not s e r i o u s l y impair o r hamper our progress i n space because we cannot f o r e s e e i m e d i a t e payoffs t o o f f s e t t h e investment we a r e making. " He urged t h a t U. S. "come t o grasp t h e unlimited o p p o r t u n i t i e s and t h e promise of space exploration. " U.S. space program, he s a i d , had "brief h i s t o r y stuMed with shining achievements and an enduring f u t u r e , b r i g h t w i t h t h e promise of even g r e a t e r d i s c o v e r i e s and b e n e f i t s t o come. " - He c i t e d manned o r b i t i n g space s t a t i o n a s next major advance a f t e r i n i t i a l manned l u n a r landing. ( ~ e x t ;SBD, 4/26/68, 321; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 3 ) - . European Space Research Organization (ESRO)announced c a n c e l l a t i o n of TD-1 and TD-2 s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e s , which were t o have been bu5lt under $20-million contract by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l consortium and launched from U.S. by Thor-Delta rockets. I t a l y had r e f u s e d t o pay i t s share of c o s t s , f e e l i n g i t s share of work t o o s l i g h t t o j u s t i f y contribution, John L. Hess l a t e r reported i n New York Times. E a r l i e r U.K. had refused t o c o n t r i b u t e t o proposed budget expansion of European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), p a r t n e r with ESRO i n p l a n s f o r European s a t e l l i t e communications system [see A p r i l 161 ( ~ e u t e r s ,NY'T, 4/26/68, 16; Hess, NYT, 4/28/68, 24) - . Federal Aviation Administration announced a l l o c a t i o n s of $74.7 m i l l i o n f o r construction and improvement of 397 p u b l i c c i v i l a i r p o r t s under Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP) f o r -FY 1969. Program, developed from record 773 r e q u e s t s f o r a i d by p u b l i c agencies, provided $67.7 m i l l i o n t o improve 356 e x i s t i n g a i r p o r t s and $7 m i l l i o n t o construct .41 new p u b l i c a i r p o r t s . (FAA Release 68-28) �A p r i l 25: FAA awarded $57,345 t o McDonnell Douglas Corp., $52,663 t o Western Co., and $28,000 t o Bureau of Mines f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on use of thickened s a f e t y f u e l s t o reduce chances and s e v e r i t y of p o s t -crash f i r e s i n survivable a i r c r a f t accidents. (FAA Release T 68-15) A p r i l 26: U. S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXIX--10th Cosmos i n A p r i l and 9 t h s p a c e c r a f t i n 1 2 days--into o r b i t with 1,747-km (1,085.5-mi) apogee; 225-km (139.8-mi) perigee, 104.7-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . Soviet s c i e n t i s t Prof. Georgi Pokrovsky i n Nedelya, Sunday supplement t o I z v e s t i a , p r e d i c t e d t h a t i n t e r l i n k e d s a t e l l i t e s might some day form a r t i f i c i a l Saturn r i n g s around e a r t h . NASC President D r . Edward C. Welsh s a i d U. S. S. R. ' s launch a c t i v i t y A p r i l 14-26 was most a c t i v e 1 2 days i n space h i s t o r y of any n a t i o n and "a g r e a t a c c e l e r a t i o n " of Soviet space e f f o r t . "For some time we've had i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e y ' r e p u t t i n g i n an i n c r e a s i n g r a t e of men and resources." James J. Haggerty, Jr., wrote i n J o u r n a l of t h e Armed Forces t h a t U. S. S.R. s a t e l l i t e launches i n 1968 might f o r t h e f i r s t time since 1957 exceed U.S. spacecraft o r b i t e d . Launches i n Cosmos s e r i e s , which included a v a r i e t y of spacecraft, had continued t o a c c e l e r a t e , he noted, with 34 Cosmos launches i n 1966 and 59 i n 1967. ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 4/27/68, A15; UPI, E,4 / 3 / 6 8 , 15; J/AF, 4/27/68, 9; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight (usAF) flew X-15 No. 1 t o 207,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,545 mph (mach 5 ) from Edwards AFB. Purposes of t e s t f l i g h t were t o check Saturn i n s u l a t i o n horizon scanner and f i x e d b a l l (NASA P r o j o f f ) nose. . A 15-lb p i g - t a i l e d monkey, l i k e one scheduled t o o r b i t e a r t h f o r 30 days onboard B i o s a t e l l i t e D i n 1969, had s u c c e s s f u l l y completed simulated space f l i g h t f u l l y instrumented with n e a r l y 24 separate b i o l o g i c a l sensors. Test, f i r s t joining of instrumented primate and i t s complete a r r a y of b i o l o g i c a l instrumentation with f l i g h t t y p e s p a c e c r a f t , met a l l o b j e c t i v e s , including 15-day medical count down, 3-day simulated f l i g h t , and 5 -day monitoring. (NASA Release 68-76; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 9 ) . NASA. e s t a b l i s h e d Aerospace Safety Research and Data I n s t i t u t e a t Lewis Research Center t o maintain highest s a f e t y standards p o s s i b l e i n n a t i o n a l aerospace program by solving t e c h n i c a l s a f e t y problems �A p r i l 26 (continued) and providing NASA and i t s c o n t r a c t o r s w i t h current information on s a f e t y d a t a and procedures. I n s t i t u t e would be d i r e c t e d by I. I r v i n g Pinkel, consultant on a i r c r a f t s a f e t y t o USAF and Federal Aviation Administration and former Apollo 204 accident i n v e s t i g a t o r (NASA Release 68-79; LeRC Release 68-32) and consultant. . NASA published Constructing Inexpensive Automatic Picture-Transmission Ground S t a t i o n s (NASA SP-5079), providing i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r b u i l d i n g from s u r p l u s p a r t s a $500 ground s t a t i o n t h a t could receive l o c a l cloud-cover p i c t u r e s aqywhere i n t h e world from U.S. meteorological s a t e l l i t e s . Booklet was a v a i l a b l e from Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information. (NASARelease 68-77) A p r i l 27: NASA Administrator James E. Webb approved recomendation of Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USA, Ret. ) t h a t NASA proceed with p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i r d Saturn V launch v e h i c l e f o r manned mission i n l a t e 1968 and r e t a i n option f o r another unmanned mission " i f f l r t h e r a n a l y s i s and ground t e s t i n g i n d i c a t e t h a t it i s t h e b e s t COW se l r Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. S c o t t , and R u s s e l l L. Schweickart were scheduled t o be launched on Saturn V i n second manned Apollo space f l i g h t . F i r s t manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 w i t h Saturn IB booster, was t o c a r r y Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , J r . , Donn F. E i s e l e , and Walter Cunningham i n t o e a r t h o r b i t i n t h i r d q u a r t e r of 1968. (NASA Release 68-81; W Y-S t a r 4/28/68) . . NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched 600-lb Reentry F payload by Scout booster from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n t o o b t a i n i n f l i g h t fundamental r e search d a t a on aerodynamic heating and t r a n s i t i o n from laminar t o t u r b u l e n t flow i n boundary l a y e r . Payload, graphite-tipped beryllium cone 1 3 ft long, t a p e r i n g from 0.01 i n a t nose t o 27.3 i n a t base, was designed t o measure heat t r a n s f e r i n slender cone a t hypersonic speeds f o r comparison with ground s t u d i e s . Three of Scout's f o u r s t a g e s were used: 1 s t and 2nd s t a g e s f i r e d during a s c e n t , boosting 3rd s t a g e and payload t o 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e ; and 3rd s t a g e drove payload a t up t o 13,500 mph through e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Impact occurred 800 m i downrange, northeast of Bermuda. Reentry F experiment, s i x t h mission i n NASA's Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , was designed and d i r e c t e d by Langley Research Center under sponsorship of NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Payload was constructed by General E l e c t r i c Co.'c Q ~ - r n t , r ySystems Div. (wS Release 68-9) �A p r i l 27: Aerobee 150 MOD I. sounding rocket launched from White Sands Missile Range c a r r i e d Naval Research Laboratory experiment t o 103.2-mi (166.1-km) a l t i t u d e t o photograph s o l a r corona t o get streamers and t o photograph i n t e r p l a n e t a r y dust shadows using two externally occulated coronographs and one s o l a r pointing control. Rocket and instrumentat i o n performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . (NASA Rpt SRL) . Crash of , . U W F-lllA a i r c r a f t near Bowie, Tex. Oct 19, 1967, had been caused by f a i l u r e of experimental speed break--only one ever i n s t a l l e d on F-111--USAF reported. Investigation had indicated hydraulic system tubing ruptured and f l i g h t control system was disrupted when bracket assembly f a i l e d a t 1,000 mph. (AP, W Post, 4/27/68) . Tass reported Moscow s c i e n t i s t s had compared "spectrometric analysis" of cactus growing i n cold areas with spectrographs of "dark areas" of Mars, and concluded areas on Mars were covered with cactus-like vegetation. Other t e s t s on cactus, t h e s c i e n t i s t s said, proved it was able t o stand up t o extremes of temperature and other conditions similar t o those on Mars. (UPI, W Star, 4/28/68, ~ 3 ) A p r i l 29: NASA awarded $25.8-million, one-year, cost-plus-f ee contract t o Bendix F i e l d Engineering Corp. f o r continued maintenance and operat i o n of major portion of NASA's Manned Space Flight Network, including 11 f a c i l i t i e s of 14-station unified 8-band network f o r Apollo. Cont r a c t extended o r i g i n a l two-year agreement containing t h r e e opt ions. (NASA Release 68-82) A p r i l 30: D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of W s h a l l Space Flight Center, t o l d Senate Committe'e on Aeronautical and Space Sciences he was g r e a t l y concerned about f u t u r e of e n t i r e space program without propulsion c a p a b i l i t y of nuclear rocket program. Nuclear propulsion was "a must f o r our f u t u r e space needs," he said, and should not be thought of "solely i n terms of any p a r t i c u l a r mission but r a t h e r i n terms of t h e o v e r a l l increase it w i l l give t o our space exploration c a p a b i l i t y and i t s p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o a very NERVA engine development and eventually wide range of missions.... a f l i g h t stage should be funded on t h e b a s i s of technology advancement, emphasizing mission v e r s a t i l i t y Failure t o proceed now i n t o a development phase w i l l r e s u l t i n l o s s e s of experienced personnel and cost-increase e f f e c t s on t h e t o t a l program.... A one-year delay i n funding could r e s u l t i n as much as two years delay i n having an .... �April 30 (continued) operat ion& nuclear engine. " Major j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r nuclear rocket development was t h a t it would provide "major advancement i n space propulsion capability. I' Nuclear vehicle as 3rd stage on Saturn V could s i g n i f i c a n t l y improve payload and mission v e r s a t i l i t y , and improved c a p a b i l i t y could be u t i l i z e d "to improve mission effectiveness, t o increase t h e mission and payload r e l i a b i l i t y , and t o extend t h e spectrum of p o t e n t i a l for missions i n t h e l a t e 1970's and t h e 1980's. Equally important high energy missions requiring the launch of two or more Saturn V's, with subsequent rendezvous i n e a r t h o r b i t , we w i l l be able t o reduce t h e number of Saturn V's needed through t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of a nuclear vehicle, " a t s u b s t a n t i a l cost savings. I n response t o questions by Sen. Howard C. Cannon (D-Nev. ), D r . von Braun s a i d space program was "cutting edge of our technology advancements and of many advances i n t h e applied sciences. [because] no other progr am... involves so many branches of technology and science. " Reduction i n NASA' s $60-million NERVA request t o $11million recommended by House would be disastrous, he indicated, because t o make manned space operations useful, "plenty of payload" was required. AEC funding f o r NERVA had been approved, but i f cuts were made i n ( ~ e s t i m o n ~Transcript ; ; NASA funding, program would be nonexistent. OIToole, W Post, 5/1/68, A3) ... .. . Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford asked House Committee on Armed Services t o r e s t o r e funds cut by Senate f o r compromise development program f o r Navy F-ll1B a i r c r a f t . According t o compromise plan, USN would con%inue -t;es t s on F-IUB experiment a 1 models and exploratory work on a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t , VFX-1, u n t i l March 1969 and then decide whether t o proceed with F-111B o r t o cancel program a f t e r f i r s t eight models and develop a l t e r n a t e . I f VFX-1 were chosen, F-111Bs already produced would provide sophisticated a i r defense u n t i l a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t became operational i n 1973. DOD had requested $425 million f o r 8 F-lllBs and 60 Phoenix missiles and $30 million Seliate instead had approved $170-million f o r VF f o r R&D on VFX-1. (~estimony;Sheehan, NYT, 5/1/68, 4; UPI, W S t a r , 5/1/68, ~ 1 2 ) - . Very reason f o r existence of - SST program was b e l i e f "that t h i s i s l o g i c a l step i n development of c i v i l aeronautics," M/G J. C. M a x k (USAF, ~ e t . ) , d i r e c t o r of Federal Aviation Administration SST devc ment, t o l d Wings Club i n New York. Supersonic t r a v e l was f i r s t toward hypersonic f l i g h t , he said. "Unless we take it now i t ' s t o be many years before c i v i l aviation advances beyond subsonic ' i f ever." Biggest problem facing SST program was sonic boom. �Api-il 30 (continued) have made a l l our program decisions...on assumption t h a t supersonic f l i g h t s over land may not be permitted. We a r e reasonably c e r t a i n . . . we can operate over t h e oceans on an inter-continental b a s i s , " and have s u f f i c i e n t market t o assure p r o f i t a b l e program on t h a t b a s i s , he said. ( ~ e x t ) . Univ. of Colorado physicist D r . Edward U. Condon announced t h a t Univ.'s $500,000 UFO study f o r USAF had been completed on schedule. D r . Condon declined t o discuss conclusions and s a i d f i n a l report would be submitted t o National Academy of Sciences i n September. He protested May 1 4 Look magazine a r t i c l e , which called project a f i a s c o , but s a i d completion of f i e l d investigations were not r e l a t e d t o t h e controversy. Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-1nd. ), c i t i n g a r t i c l e on House f l o o r , questioned s c i e n t i f i c profundity and o b j e c t i v i t y of project and urged Congress t o take over UFO investigation from USAF. (CRY 4/30/68, H3087; Clark, NYT, 5/1/68, 5) - . Republican Coordinating Committee released statement on U. S. -U. S. S. R. r e l a t i o n s including policy on space: "Outer space should be seen a s t h e focus f o r ever increasing United States-Soviet collaboration r a t h e r than a s t h e s i t e of an endless s e r i e s of increasingly expensive p r e s t i g e races. Because our society i s open, so much i s known about our space program t h a t i n v i t i n g Soviet p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e nonm i l i t a r y p r o j e c t s would be unlikely t o endanger national security. By i n s i s t i n g upon reciprocal p r i v i l e g e s we would acquire much a d d i t i o n a l knowledge about t h e i r space e f f o r t s , t h u s achieving a net gain f o r United S t a t e s security. A t t h e same time, we must not intimate t h a t t h e Soviets and ourselves have an exclusive r o l e t o play i n t h i s area. We must constantly r e i t e r a t e our willingness to collaborate with NATO and other A l l i e s i n space technolo " (~ext; wI, NYT, 4/30/68, 95; Unna, W Post, 4/30/68, A5; SBD, 5 E i 6 8 , 2) - . IUISA awarded General Dynamics Convair Div. $4.8-million supplemental agreement f o r construction of two additional Centaur launch vehicles which would be used with Atlas boosters t o launch two Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (OAO) i n 1969 and 1970. (NASA Release 68-83) �PROVISIONAL INDEX--APRIL 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. ARM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system. Accelerator, 117-118, 120 Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t (AMSA) Accident a i r c r a f t , 96, 107-108, 110, 125 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aerobee (sounding rocket ) 111 , 103 , 150 MI,117 150 MOD I, 125 Aeroj e t General Corp. , 96 Space Div., 111 Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc. 98 Aeronautics, 98, 105, 119, 126 Agreement, 106, 113 A g r i c u l t u r e , Dept. o f , 114 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 103 A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1 0 1 A i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 105 A i r c r a f t , 96-98, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 123 A i r p o r t s , 114, 122 American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society (US), 1 0 1 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) award, 98 ' American Physical Society, 117 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T),105 Ames Research Center (ARC), 100 See Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t . AMSA. Ann Arbor, Mich., 108 Anniversary, 102-103 A n t a r c t i c , 115 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABM)system, 113 Apollo (program) 100, 119, 124 Apollo 4 (AS-501) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 119 Apollo 6 (AS-502) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 103, 104, 106, 119 Apollo 7 , 124 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 101, 110 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) , 102, 109 Applied Physics Laboratory, 111 ARC. See Ames Research Center. Arcas ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Astrobee 1500 (sounding r o c k e t ) , 113-114 Astronaut, 104, 109, 115, 118, 124 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 102 Atlas-F ( b o o s t e r ) , 102 ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. , , �APRIL 1968 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 96 Award, 98, 108, 118 Babcock, Harold D. , 104 B a l l Brothers Research Corp., 109 Behdix F i e l d Engineering Corp., 125 Benn, Minister of Technology Anthony W. (u. K. ) 109 Bermuda, 124 B i o s a t e l l i t e D, 123 Bowie, Tex. 125 Brackett, Ernest W., 105 Bradbury, D r . Norris E., 122 Brewster F l a t , Wash. , 105 Bronk, D r . Detlev W., 98 Brown Engineering Co., 101 C-5A (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 103 C-131 ( r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) 103 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of TechnologJ ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,1 0 1 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of a t Los Angeles (ucLA) 104, 112 Cameron, D r . Roy E 115 Cannon, Sen. Howard C., 126 C a r i s k i , Sidney A. , 104 Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 104 , 127 Chicago, Univ. o f , 116 China, Comunist, 113 Chrysler Corp. 11'7 Space Div. 107 Clark, Evert, 1 2 1 Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, 124 C l i f f o r d , S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M., 126 C o l l i e r , Robert J. Trophy, 108 Colorado, .Univ. o f , l l 7 Command Module (CM) 99 Command Service Module (CSM), 99 Communications s a t e l l i t e , 97, 98, 100, 102, 113, 114, 120, 122 Communications S a t e l l i t e Corp. (cornsat ~ o r p ) 102, 113, 120 Computer, 96, 1 0 1 Condon, D r . Edward U., 13 Congress, 96, 127 Congress, House of Representatives, l l 9 Committee on Banking and Currency, 106-107 Congress , Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 110, 116, 119, 122, 125-126 Committee on Armed Services, 97 , , , , ., , , , , , (ii) �APRIL 1968 Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., 103 Cosmic ray, 120 Cosmonaut, 106, 108 Cosmos CCX (u.s.s.R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 98 Cosmos CCXI. 104 Cosmos C C X I ~ , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos C C X I I I , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos CCXIV, 112 Cosmos C W , 112 Cosmos CCXVI, 113 Cosmos CCXVII, - 119, 121 Cosmos C W I I I , 121 Cosmos CCXIX, 123 Cunningham, R. Walter, 124 Dana, W i l l i a m H., 100 Defense, Dept. of (DOD),96, 97, 106 Defense Science Board, 98 Defense Production Act, 106 Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO), 108 Docking, 107, 108, 111-112, 114, 120 Doty, Robert C . , 113 Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , 112 E a r t h Resources Sumrey program, 108-109 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 106 EDS. See Emergency Detection System. Education, 1 2 1 Edwards AFB, Calif., 100, 123 E i s e l e , Maj. Donn F. (USAF), 124 See European Launcher Development Organization. ELDO. Emergency Detection System (EDS) 99 See European Space Research Organization. ESRO. ETR. See Eastern Test Range. European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 119 European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Comunications, 109 European Launcher Development Organization (EI'JDO),109, 122 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 109, 122 F - 4 ~(phantom) ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 97 F-111A (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 96, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 125 F-111B, 97,. 126 Fairbank, D r . W i l l i a m M., 117 F a r l y , Col. Clare F. (USA, R e t . ) , 116 Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP), 122 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 105, 122, 124, 126 Fermi, Enrico, I n s t i t u t e , 116 , (iii) �APRIL 1968 Finney, John W., 118 F r a c t i o n a l O r b i t a l Bombardment System (FOBS), 120, 121 Fucino, I t a l y , 102 Fuel, 123 General E l e c t r i c Co. (GE) Apollo Systems Div., 101 Re-Entry- Systems Div., 124 Germany M i n i s t r y f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) , 97 G i l r u t h , D r . Robert R. , 96 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 104, 105 Goldberger, D r . Marvin L., 120 Government Accounting Off i c e (MO), 110 Grants, 1 2 1 Grwmnan A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., 110, 111 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Haggerty, James J., Jr., 123 The Hague, 113 Harrington, D r . Charles D . , 112, 116 Harris, S. T., 112 Hauser, John A , , 118 Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l 102 Helgeson, Bob P., 116 Henry, D r . Richard C. 111 Hess, D r . Harry H.,.116 Hess, John L., 122 Houbolt , D r . John C. 98 Houston, Tex., 105 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 108 S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, 98 Space Systems Div., 98 Hulburt, E. O., Center f o r Space Research, 111 Hyland, Lawrence A., 108 m e r s o n i c f l i g h t , 126-127 Indian National Commission f o r Space Research (INCOSPAR) , 97 See I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers. IEEE. I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) 105 I n s t i t u t e of Environment a 1 Sciences (IES) , 101 I n t e l s a t I Early ~ i r d )(communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 102-103 I n t e l s a t I1 F2 ( P a c i f i c I ) (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 105 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Association (IAFA), 119 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp. (IBM), 1 0 1 Federal Systems Div., 105 Space Guidance Center, 99 , , , , I �APRIL 1968 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecomunications S a t e l l i t e Consor-bium (INTELSAT) , 102 Invention, 118 I t a l y , 122 ITT World Communications, I n c . , 105 5-2 (rocket engine), 99, 119 Japan, 105 J a v e l i n ( sounding rocket ) , 104 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,101, 115, 117 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , 105 Johns Hopkins Univ., 111 Johnson, President Lyndon B. , 97, 115 JPL. See J e t Propulsion Laboratory. J u p i t e r ( p l a n e t ) 101 Kennedy, John F. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 114 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 99, 100 Klein, Milton, 1 2 1 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. ( u w ) , 123 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., 105 Kraushaar, D r . W i l l i a m , 120 Langley Research Center ( L a c ) 112 Launch Escape System (LES), 99 Leonov, L/C Alexei (U.S.S.R.), 108 LES-5 ( ~ i n c o l nLaboratory Experimental s a t e l l i t e ) , 100-101 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C ) , 104, 123 Linn, Daniel A. , 104 Liquid hydrogen, 1 0 1 LM. See Lunar Module. London, U. K. 115 Long, James, 116 Look, 12-7 Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, 122 Luna XIV (u. S. S. R. l u n a r probe), 103, 106, 111-112 Lunar Module (LM), 99, 110, 119 Luskin, Harold T. 116 McCartin, Matthew J., 105 McDivitt, L/C James A. ( U r n ) , 124 McDonnell Douglas Corp. Missile & Space Systems Div., 112 McNamara, S e c r e t a r y of Defense Robert S., 96, 1 2 1 Manned space f l i g h t , 110, 119, 122, 124, 125 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 96, 100 Mars ( p l a n e t ) , 117, 125 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 96, 99-101, 106, 109, 117, 12.5 Mathews, Charles W., 110 , , , , - , �APRIL 1968 Maxwell, M / G J. C. (uSAJ?, R e t . ) , 126 Meteorology, 108-109 M i a m i , Univ. o f , 118 Michel, F. C u r t i s , 118 Michigan, Univ. o f , 108 M i choud Assembly F a c i l i t y (MSFC) 116, 117 Minnesota, Univ. o f , 113-114 M i s s i l e , 113, 126 M i s s i s s i p p i Test F a c i l i t y (MTF) 116 Mojave Desert, C a l i f . l l 7 Molniya I (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 111' Monkey experiment, 123 Moon c r a t e r , 100 e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 101 landing manned, 101, 103, 104, 112, 124 photographs, 100 probe, 103, 105, 106 surface, 100 M t Palomar Observatory, 104 M t Wilson Observatory, 104 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. See National Academy of Sciences. NAS. NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (sNPo) 96, 1 2 1 NASA Apollo Applications Program Office, 101 NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (oART), 124 NASA Off i c e of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 100, 107, 116 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA),100 National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 98, 116, 120, 127 National Aeronautic Assn. 108 National Aeronautics and Space Admini s t r a t i o n (NASA) Aerospace Advisory Panel, 112, 116 award, 118 budget, 96, 115-11'7, 119-120, 126 c o n t r a c t , 96, 99, 101-102, 104, 107, 109-112 cooperation, 106, 115 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 97, 115, 127 launch sounding rocket, 97, 104, 113-114, ll7, 125 test Apollo 6 (AS-502)~99-100 Reentry F experiment, 124 , , , . . , , �APRIL 1968 National Aeronautics and Space Administrat i o n ( continued) Management Advisory Panel, 118 personnel, 96, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 115, 118 program aeronautics, 119 Apollo, 100, 119, 124 Apollo Applications, 101, 110 Human Factors Systems, 111 NERVA, 121, 122 Rover, 122 t e s t , 11'7 National A i r space System, 105 National Science Foundation (NSF) 115, 1 2 1 National s e c u r i t y , 127 National Space Club, 110 National Space Council (NSC), 101 Naugle, D r . John E . , 115 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 111, 125 Neptune l la net ) , 1 0 1 New York, N.Y., 114, 126 Newell, D r . Homer E . , 108-109 Nike-Apache (sounding r o c k e t ) , 97 North A t l a n t i c Treaty Organization (NATO), 127 Nuclear Planning Group, 113 Northrop Corp. Norair Div., 112 NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA),119-121 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 118-119 Nuclear propulsion, 96, 119-121, 125-126 Oberbeck, Verne R., 100 O'Leary, D r . Brian T . , 118 O r b i t i n g Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 127 OSO 111 ( o r b i t i n g Solar 0bservatory),'120 P a c i f i c Ocean, 99 Page Communications Engineers, Inc., 113 Paine, D r . Thomas O . , 116 P h i l l i p s , M / G Samuel C. (USAF) ,' 119, 124 Phoenix ( m i s s i l e ) 126 Physics, 120 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 1 0 1 Pinkel, I. I r v i n g , 124 Pokrovsky, Prof. Georgi, 123 P r a k t i s h , Carl R., 116 President ' s Science Advisory Cormnittee (PSAC), 98 , , , ( v i i) �APRIL 1968 P r e s s comment, 103, 104, 115 P r e s s conference, 119 Princeton Univ., 116, 120 Quaide, D r . William, 100 Radiation, 1l.l Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 96, 97, 111 Raff ensperger, M. J. , 108 Raymond ~ o e w y - / ~ i l l i a Snaith, m Inc. 111 Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , 124 Republican Coordinating Committee, 127 Rice Univ., 118 Rickover, V/A Qman G. (USN), 106-107 Rockefeller Univ., 98 Rosen, D r . Harold A. 98 Roush, Rep. J. Edward, lZj' Rover (program), 122 Sanders Associates, Inc. , 96 S a t e l l i t e , u n i d e n t i f i e d , 102, 110 Saturn l la net ) 101 Saturn I B (uprated Saturn I) ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 117, 124 Saturn V ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 119, 124, 126 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M., Jr., (USN), 124 Schweickart R u s s e l l L. 124 Science, 98, 116-117, 120 126 S c o t t , L/C David R. (USAF~,124 Scout ( b o o s t e r ) , 124 S e i t z , D r . Frederick, 98, 116 Sent i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 113 Service Propulsion System (SPS) , 99 Shafer, E. M., 105 Simpson, D r . John A . , 116 Smith, D r . Henry J . , 115 Smith, Sen. Margaret C., 110 S o l a r corona, 125 Sounding rocket, 97, 104-105, 111, 125 Space biology, 111-113, 123 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 101, 109, 110, 115, 116, 122, 123, 125-127 Space r a c e , 111-112, 116, 120 Space rescue t r e a t y , 115 Space r e s u l t s , 101, 105, 116, 122 Space s t a t i o n , 111 SPACO, Inc. 1 0 1 Spectrometer, 102 Stanford Univ. , 117, 120 , , , , , , , (viii) �APRIL 1968 S t a t e , Dept. o f , 115 S t y l e s , Paul L., 118 Suojanen, D r . Waino W., 118 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) 126-127 Surveyor (program), 108 Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 108-109 Syracuse University Research Corp. 104 Ta K h l i A i r Base, Thailand, 103 T a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) system, 98 TD-1 ( s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e ) , 122 TD-2, 122 Technology, 117, 126 Teledyne Systems Co., 104 Telemetry, 105 Telespazio, 102 Television, 102-103, 107 TERLS. See Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n . Texas Instruments, Inc. 112 Texas, Univ. o f , 105 Thailand, 102, 108, 110 Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 122 Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLs) , 97 T i t a n IIIB-Agena D ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Tokyo, Japan, 105 T o t a l I n - F l i g h t Simulator ( T I P S ) , 103 U n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g o b j e c t (UFO), 127 United Kingdom (u.K.), 105, 115, 122 United Nations (u. N. ) General Assembly, 115 Universe 111 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 109 Uranus ( p l a n e t ) , 1 0 1 U. S. A i r Force (USAF) a i r c r a f t , 96, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 123, 125 c o n t r a c t , 97 cooperation, 106 launch s a t e l l i t e , 102, 110 LES-5, 100-101 t e s t , 98 UFOs, 127 U. S. Bureau of Customs, 114 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 123 U. S. Enmigration and N a t u r a t i z a t i o n Service, 114 U. S. Navy (USN), 96, 106-107, 126 , , , , �APRIL 1968 U.S. Public Health Service, 105 U.S.S. Okinawa, 99 U. S. S. g m n of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,115, 118 cooperation, space, 127 1aun ch probe, 103 s a t e l l i t e , 123 Cosmos, 98, 104, 107, 112, 113, 119, 121, 123 Molniya I, 114 m i s s i l e and rocket program, 1 2 1 science and technology, 120, 125 space program, 105, 108, 111-112, 116, 121, 123 weapons, 1 2 1 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 102, 110 Venus l la net), 108 Venus IV (u. S. S. R. i n t e r p l a n e t a r y probe), 108 ~ S a i r c r a fNt ) , 97, 126 Vict o r i a l a n d , 115 Vietnam, North, 107 Vietnam, South, 113 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 122, 125 Vungtau, South Vietnam, 113 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 113, 124 Washington, D.C., 101, 105, 110, 115, 117, 122 Webb, James E . , 118, 119, 124 Weightlessness, 111 Welsh, D r . Edward C . , 123 Western Co., 123 Weston, Ill., 120 White House, l l 4 White Sands M i s s i l e Range (WSMR) 111, 125 Wible, Keith, 118 Wilford, John N., 109 W i l l i a m s AFB, A r i z . , 118 Williams, Don, 98 Wings Club, 126 Wisconsin, Univ. of, 120 Women' s National Democratic Club, 122 X-15 (rocket r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) , 100, 123 , � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000128 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics April 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17873 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1267/spc_stnv_000124.pdf 8c9f4e9a31147f22a339b6e02eea55ab PDF Text Text ON SCIEKCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY - ' : (m-23) , 5,;* ' rT f.2 . 4 1 . , ,a - I by sci'e'&e and Technology Division Library of Congress . 1 I I - .+. ! , . Historical Division (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administration .Washington, D.C. 20546 ;.uf ( P ~ S RETURN E COMMENTS AND SURPLUS COPIES TO EH) �A U G U S T 1969 �August 1: Lick Observatory s c i e n t i s t s s u c c e s s W y recorded f i r s t h i t s 03 l a s e r reflect.or l e f t on moon by Apollo 1 1 astronauts. Hits, which came af'ter 2,000-3,000 unsuccessful attempts by Lick and McDonald Observatories, were made by Lick's 120-in telescope--world's second l a r g e s t . S c i e n t i s t s f i r e d 500 pulses with pure xed beam of ruby l a s e r . Each pulse l a s t e d 15-20 b i l l i o n t h s of a second, reached moon i n 1 . 3 secs, and bouncedback i n same time. Target--18-in-square panel of 100 three-faced prisms of fused silica--was h i t about threefourths of time. (GSFC ~ i s t o r i a n ) . JPL, engineers reported Mariner VII, enroute t o Mars, had suffered sudden change i n velocity--possibly because of gas l e a k from pressure can i n i n f r a r e d spectrometer--that could throw o f f i t s approach t o Mars. Also, 20 of 92 telemetry. channels, including one t h a t aimed Tf camera platform toward Mars, had not operated properly a f t e r con-trollers l o s t contact with spacecraft July 30. When engineers turned on TV cameras, however, they began .taking pictures t h a t appeared t o Be of Mars. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/2/69, A4) . Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Director of Science and Applications a t MSC, announ2ed he would leave NASA i n September t o became Director of Research Laborat o r i e s f o r ESSA i n Boulder, Colo. His successor had n0.t; yet been selected. D r . Hess said he was taking new position because job was challenging one i n growing organization with important mission. "We have passed a milestone i n t h e manned space f l i g h t program by t h e recent lunar landing. W e have put t h e Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n t o operat i o n and it i s performing i t s mission well. We have placed instruments on t h e moon successfully and have t h e s c i e n t i f i c program f o r t h e next several lunar missions well organized." Before going t o MSC, D r . H e s s served as Chief of Laboratory f o r Theoretical Studies a t GSFC, 1961-1967. (MSC Release 69-54) ' . I n t e l s a t -111F-2 cansat (launched Dec. 18, 1%8), which had stopped operating June 29 when mechanically despun ant eima m ~ cioned, t was restored t o service. l n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d ) ,reactivated June 30, had worked with I n t e l s a t - I 1 F-3 t o provide service during i n t e r r u p t ion. (CmSatCorp Release 69-49) . President Nixon arrived a t Lahore, Pakistan, during round-the-world journey. Pakistan President Y&ya Khan s a i d a t a i r p o r t , "The City of Lahore i s happy t o receive you on i t s h i s t o r i c s o i l and t o share your joy a t t h e most recent and t h e most memorable triumph of human cowage, determination, and s c i e n t i f i c skill which was achieved by your astronauts when they were first t o land on t h e moon." (m), 8/4/69, 1060) �Aumst 1: LRL technicians Ronald J. EufM and George E. Williams, accidently exposed t o lunar samples when glove used t o examine samples cracked, were placed i n quarantine with Apollo U astronauts, 2 doctors, and 1 2 technicians, cooks, and other employees. (W Post, 8/2/69, ~4) . James L. Stamy, Deputy Manager of Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y since 1962, became Acting Manager, replacing D r . George N. Constan, who re'tired July 31. (MSFC Release 69-169) . U .S . Army Collateral Invest i g a t ion Board appointed t o invest igat e March 1 2 crash of AH-56.A Cheyenne helicopter, in which c i v i l i a n p i l o t David A. Beil l o s t h i s l i f e , issued report. It found accident was caused by divergent, low-frequency, main-rotor o s c i U a t i o n and p i l o t had been k i l l e d by r o t o r blades. Manufacturer, LockheedCalifornia Co., had " f a i l e d t o exercise due care and judgment iil the planning and exemtion of f l i g h t 288 and in so doing f a i l e d t o adhere t o an acceptable l e v e l of sound i n d u s t r i a l practice. " ( ~ e x)t . M/G James T. Stewart, former Vice Director of USAF' s Manned O r b i t i n g Laboratory (MOL) program, had been named Deputy Chief of S t a f f f o r Systems, Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC Commander, gmounced. Gen. Stewart would replace M / G John L. Zoeckler, who r e t i r e d from USAJ? July 31. (USC Release 130.69) . USN amounced award o f $ 4 6 l - ~ i o ncontract t o Locmeed Aircraft Corp. f o r development of S-34 carrier-based antisubmarine-warfare a i r c r a f t , formerly designated VSX. Contract, t o be f'unded over five-years, was f o r 6 R&D a i r c r a f t with option t o procure 193 production models, cont igent upon successrul development phase. (DOD Release 647 -69) , Christian Science Monitor r e p r b t e d London Economist e d i t o r i a l : ' "When Europe drew pride and s t a t u s f r o m i t s colonies, t h e Americans had none: the t a b l e s a r e turned now. While t h e United S t a t e s r i n g s July 2 l s t red on its calendar, Europe faces t h e probability t h a t when t h e planets are opened up we Europeans w i l l have no p a r t i n doing it. The idea, a t t h i s l a t e stage, of a European manned space p r o g r m e i s nonsense. The policy t h a t would make more sense would be t o approach t h e United States t o see i f t h e Administration w i l l accept some foreign collaboration in t h e hugely expensive next y e w s of its space programme. I3' t h e next American objective i s Mars, a sensible Admini s t r a t i o n may welcome help and participation--especially i f this excludes pressure t o co-operat e with t h e . Russians There w i l l be no opportunity in t h i s generation that it would cost us more t o miss." (CSM, 8/1/69) .. .. �August 2: Press conference on Mariner V I prelimSnary r e s u l t s was held a t JPL. S c i e n t i s t s reported experiments had revealed t h a t : r e curring ' white blob seen in previous Mars pictures was 300-mi-wide c r a t e r with peak in center; l i n e a r features known as canals were a c t u a l l y l a r g e , i r r e g u l a r , low-contrast splotches without s p e c i f i c d e t a i l ; temperature i n e q u a t o r i a l area ranged from 75% t o -100?F; atmosphere was almost nonexistent; Mars had no sharply defined borders separating l i g h t and dark areas; and Martian surface was more heavily cratered t h a i previously believed. D r . Charles A. B&h of Univ. of Colorado said any l i f e on Mars tu-odd be very d i f f e r e n t from l i f e on earth--perhaps form that used carbon dioxide. He s a i d W spectrometer had found atomic carbon and carbon monoxide, but no t r a c e s of nitrogen--essential t o l i f e on earth. D r . George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California a t Berkeley s a i d i n f r a r e d spectrometer had detected presence of unknown compound r e l a t e d t o methane--building block of l i f e on earth. He a l s o reported detect i o n of super-thin l a y e r of water i c e hanging i n atmosphere above Mars equator. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/3/69, A3; Lannan, W Star, 8/3/69, ~ 5 ) - . NASA's Mariner V I I t e l e v i s e d t w o good t e s t ' pictures before s t a r t of i t s f i r s t s e r i e s of 34 approach shots more than 1 m i l X o n m i from Mars, (e, W Star, 8/2/69, ~ 3 ) . Initial r e s u l t s of t e s t s a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory in which mice were e x p o s e d t o lunar samples showed no indication of life on moon, LRL p r e ventative medicine s p e c i a l i s t D r . Norman D. Jones reported. ALL 24 s t e r i l i z e d mice t h a t had lunar dust injected i n t o t h e i r stomachs July 3 and 240 mice innoculated Aug, 1were "alive and kicking.. They have shown no untoward reaction t o t h e sample and seem t o be i n very good health." (AT, W S t a r , 8/3/69, ~ 5 ) .. . Lick O b s e m t o r y s c i e n t i s t s said they had measured distance between e a r t h and moon t o be 226,970.9 m i , based on data *om Aug. 1 t e s t i n which l a s e r beam successfully h i t r e f l e c t o r afimoon. Figure was accurate t o within 150 fi and eventually d g h t be pinned down t o inches. (AP, W Post, 8/4/69, Ah) . Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu met President and Mrs. Nixon on a r r i v a l a t Otopeni Airport, Bucharest. President Nixon r e p l i e d t o welcome: " . . . t h i s s i g n i f i c a n t moment i n t h e h i s t o r y of r e l a t i o n s between our two countries coincides with a great moment in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e human-race. Mankind has landed on t h e moon. We. have established a foothold i n outer space. But t h e r e are goals �August 2 (continued) we have not reached here on earth. We a r e s t i l l building a j u s t peace i n t h e world. This i s a work ' t h a t requires t h e same cooperation and patience and perseverance from men of good w i l l t h a t it took t o launch t h a t vehicle t o t h e moon." (g,8/4/69, ~ 6 5 ) . Washi&on Post editorial: " I t is not of'ten t h a t t h e public has a chance t o share i n t h e day t o day unraveling of s c i e n t i f i c mysteries. The men and women who engage in basic research prefer t o work q u i e t l y in laborat o r i e s and eventually announce t h e i r findings i n t h e atmosphere of scholarly meetings o r academic publications. But at Houston and Pasadena [MSC and JPL] t h e s e days, t h e public has became a s i l e n t observer of t h e plodding work t h a t goes i n t o basic research. Regardless of the drama t h a t i s involved, t h e study of t h e rocks brought back by Apollo U from t h e moon and of t h e p i c t u r e s being transmitted back by Mariners 6 and 7 as they f l y past Mars i s simply basic research. Although results a r e t r i c k l i n g out each day, t h e dimensions of each discovery are hard t o measure and an understanding of t h e i r cumulative impact i s l i k e l y t o be long i n coming. " (W Post, 8/2/69, ~ 1 2 ) A t Andrews AFB, on return from world $our, President Nixon said: A ust 3 I noted t h a t so many, p a r t i c u l a r l y of the young people, *&arest held up a newspaper picture of the astronauts landing on t h e moon, and everywhere we went it was t h e same. Some way, when those two Americans stepped on t h e moon, t h e people o f t h i s world were brought closer t o gether. . .I r e a l l y f e e l in my heart t h a t it is.. .the s p i r i t of Apollo, t h a t America can now help t o bring t o all r e l a t i o n s with other nations. The s p i r i t of Apollo can bring the people of t h e world together in peace. " (g, 8/4/69, 1071-2) . ... , New York Times published interview in which Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. President L. J. Evans expressed concern over p o s s i b i l i t y of f a i l u r e in future space missions, "It has been one b i g ' g m b l e up t o t h i s point. This country must ccme up with rescue hardware. It w o u l d be shocking if someone got stuck i n o r b i t someplace. " He s a w need f o r four space f a c i l - t i e s : space s t a t i o n i n e a r t h or lunar o r b i t , s h ~ t t l ef o r t r a v e l between earth and space laboratory, space "tug" t o go between nonatmospheric o r b i t s , and rescue vehicle. ampel el, F,8/3/69, ~ 7 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on Apollo 1l lunar landing and Marher V I Mars mission: "Future generations may well regard the l a s t two weeks of J u l y 1969 as the most revolutionary and s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t n i g h t of t h e e n t i r e twentieth century. Not for 300 �August 3 (continued) years has any compuable quantum leap i n man's howledge of t h e Cosmds taken place in so b r i e f a time. " (E, 8/3/69, 10) . There was no quest ion t h a t manned Mars mission could be "organized, equipped and flown, possibly 'by 1985 o r 1986, " William Kines s a i d i n WashingLon Sunday S t a r . "But t h e cost of such a f l i g h t would be tremendous." Apollo had cost $25 b i l l i o n over eight years.' Project Mars "would cost four times as much over a period twice as long." Taxpayers and l e g i s l a t o r s "should l i s t e n t o t h e professional pitchmen of space with a dubious ear, demanding f a c t s instead of t h e s o r t of r h e t o r i c D r . George E. Mueller delivered on ApoUo 11 splashdown day. " (W S t a r , 8/3/69, ~ 4 ) August 3-4: Photos of Mars taken from 65,000-mi a l t i t u d e byNASA1s Mariner VII were received by JPL and shown l i v e on TV. Although p i c t u r e s were c l e a r , canals were barely v i s i b l e as dark splotchy areas, indicating they were not sharply defined features a s previously believed. Viewers s a w 100-mi-wide, 750-mi-long dark streak i d e n t i f i e d as Agathadaemon canal, Ceberus canal i n l i g h t Plateau Elysium area, and Martian south pole with c r a t e r s f i l l e d with substance resembling snow o r i c e , Pictures showed white grid p a t t e r n around Nix Olympics, i d e n t i f i e d by Mariner V I photos as 300-mi-wide crater. Absence in Mariner VII photos of bright streak on Tempe desert near Mars north pole t h a t had been v i s i b l e i n ~ ai nre i V I photos suggested met eorologicaL phenomenon similar to earth's seasonal changes. South polar cap, which was 2,500 m i across in Mariner VII photos, shrank t o 250 m i across i n Martian summer and increased t o 3,500 m i across i n winter. ( ~ u e r b a c h , w post, 8/5/69, u ) August 4 : S c i e n t i s t s a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory opened l a s t box of Apollo L l lunar samples containing charcaal-gray dust and assorted rocks ranging from gravel t o s i z e of orange, NASA geologist D r . Jeffrey.L. Warner described rocks as "different from anything we have on earth." Some of rocks had f l a t faces a n d appeared t o have been broken o f f l a r g e r chunks of rnzterial. Rocks i n f i r s t box of s&?nples had been rounded. Some rocks contained unidentified crystals that sparkled; others had "an unusual smattering of what appeared t o be metallics," possibly illemite (iron-titanium mineral (UPI, W Post, 8/5/69, A6; oxide), important source of titmiurn. AP, B 8/5/69, f i ) a, �August 4: NAS-NRC Space Science Board published A Program for Exploration. Report detailed program f o r m n n e d exploration from 197'4 t o early' 1980s; reaffirmed goals set by e a r l i e r study emphasizing e x p e r h e n t s contributing t o understanding of o r i g i n and evolution of solar system, of l i f e , and of dynamic processes i n t e r r e s t r i a l environment; and agreed exploration would concentrate on planets but time i n f l i g h t would permit study of interplanetary medium. Missions recommended were 1 4 4 3upiter deep-entry probe and flyby, 1976 J u p i t e r o r b i t , 1yi"j' eeh-Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto probes, 199 earth-Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune probes, and earth-Jupiter-Uranus e n t r y probes i n e a r l y 1930s. Vigorous national program could be developed f o r small f r a c t i o n of total NASA program cost and increased portion of space budget should be devoted t o planetary exploration. Report, o r i g i n a t i n g f'rorn June 1968 study chaired by D r . James A. Van Allen of Univ. of Iowa and D r . Gordon 3 . F. MacDonald of Univ. of California a t Santa Barbara, recommended NASA include long-term outer s o l a r system exploration plan i n 191 Congressional budgetary presentation. ( ~ e x t ) . NASA's Pegasus IT1 meteoroid detection s a t e l l i t e , launched July 30, 1965, reentered earth atmosphere a t 2:04 am CDT over Indian Ocean a t 3.h0 N. l a t i t u d e and 56.Y0E. longitude. Pegasus III was l a s t i n s e r i e s of t h r e e Pegasus s a t e l l i t e s with 96-ft-long detector panels launched t o determine flrequency of meteoroids in near-earth environment. All t h r e e had been turned off i n 1968 after operating f o r more than double design lifetime. Few hours before reentry, c o n t r o l l e r s comanded Pegasus 111 beacon t o begin operating again and beacon functioned s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u n t i l s a t e l l i t e was destroyed by r e e n t r y heat. ( W C Release 69-170; CSFC 8/15/69) . ERC announced it had developed and successfuJJy f l i g h t - t e s t e d "Flying Baton," simple, low-cost device t o provide eye-level a r t i f i c i a l horizon f o r p i l o t s . Developed by Center's W i l l i a m J. O'Keefe, device could contribute t o more "head-up" flying, be uSed f o r precision a t t i t u d e flying, and allow p i l o t more time t o look outside a i r c r a f t . (ERC Release 69-19) . DOTandand HUD announced $166,734 project f o r studies t o recommend shortlong-term r e l i e f Prom a i r c r a f t noise a t John F. Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, New York; 0 'Hare Lnternat i o n d A i r p o r t , Chicago ; Bradley International Airport, Hartford, Conn. ; and Cape Kennedy Regional Airport, Fla. Area r e f l e c t e d cross - section of a i r p o r t ' s i t u a t i o n s . Studies were t o define noise problems, t o i d e n t i f y �August 4 (continued) a c t i v i t i e s a w e c t i n g problems, , t o i d e n t i f y approaches t o land use compatible with a i r p o r t locations, and t o analyze f e a s i b i l i t y of cornpat i b l e land development i n high-noi se areas. (DOT Release 18369) . Apollo 8 comemorative medallions containing metal carried on mission "as a token of appreciation f o r each individual's e f f o r t s i n e i n g t h e United States lunar pro ram possible, " NASA Hq. Weekly Bulletin said. (NASA Hq WB -9 w e r e being d i s t r i b u t e d t o NASA employees 814769, 1) - August 4-5: NASA's Mariner V I I transmitted f i r s t closeup photos of Mars south pole a s it flew within 2,103 m i of planet. Dr. Robert I?. Sharp, geologist a t C a l Tech, said 31 photos might look l i k e "baby p i c t u r e s of Earth. This i s what t h e E a r t h might have looked l i k e some four b i l l i o n years ago before it developed an atmosphere and oceans t o weather i t s surface and nurture l i f e . " Photos taken on passAug. 4 were t r a n s m i t t e d t o JPLAug. 5. Polar cap, which had appeared gleamhg white i n more d i s t a n t photos, looked d u l l gray in-closeups. Pictures showed south p o l a r cap with snow-like substance--possibly frozen carbon dioxide--piled up i n v a s t dunes; pocked with deep, steeply walled c r a t e r s ; and much darker than desert t o north. Floor of bright circular Hellas desert area, believed t o be shallow c m t e r or collapsed area, was strangely f r e e of meteorite hapact c r a t e r s , Mariner VII (launched March 27) with Mariner V I (launched Feb. 24) had provided most d e t a i l e d information t o date on Mars, including 198 photos coverjsg 2C$ of planet and d e t a i l e d s c i e n t i f i c d a t a *om onboard experiments. Data indicated: t h i n M&ian atmosphere had no detectable nitrogen; south polar cap, which appeared white and smoothly c i r c u l a r i n telescope, pictures, was ragged with dark splotch i n center; surface temperatures ranged from 7 5 9 ' t o -100%; some of narrower t h i n dark l i n e s called canals might be segments of rubbled rims of c r a t e r s up t o 303 m i across; and Martian surface, though heavily pocked, was not as rugged as lunar surface. (AP, 3 8 / 6 / 6 9 , Al; AP, WStar, 8/6/69, 117; Auerbach, W Post, 8/6/69, ~ 3 ) a, August 5 : D r . Thomas 0, Paine, NASA Administrator, and other t o p NASA o f f i c i a l s t e s t i f i e d on f u t u r e space programs before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. �August 5 (continued) he decade of the 1 4 0 ' s Introducing programs, D r . Paine said: aria 1930's should have a program as bold in concept and as productive a s we have had i n t h e decade of the 1960's. we need to have c l e a r t o annual objectives t o focus our work and a commitrttent, subject review, as t o what these achievements w i l l be. Our general goal area should be t h e continued exploration of the solar system while! derivjng t h e maximum s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l b e n e f i t s here on earth f r o m t h e space program. There is no question t h a t , a t some f'uture t h e , we will have t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r manned planetary exploration and we need t o face now some of t h e decisions t h a t w i l l not bear f r u i t i o n f o r more than a decade. Although I do not believe that we will see manned exploration of t h e planets in the 1 9 0 ' s in t h e United S t a t e s . , . I do t h i n k t h i s could come i n t h e 1930's. It i s by no means c l e a r t h a t f o r t h e Soviet Union t h e decision may-not be made t o mount a crash program and bring t h i s i n before t h e end of the decade of the lS/O1s." Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSC Director, described possible manned Mars expedition in which two spacecraft would leave e a r t h Nov. 12, 1981; a r r i v e in Mars o r b i t Aug. 9, 1982; remain in Mars o r b i t for 80 days, performing surface landing operations during which 6 of t o t a l 1 2 crew members would v i s i t Martian surface; leave M a s in October 1982, making swingby of Venus in 123 days; and r e t u r n t o earth o r b i t Aug. 14, 1983. Two NERVA engines f o r each spacecraft would power departure from e&h o r b i t and r e t u r n t o o r b i t f o r l a t e r reuse. Third nuclear stage would remain with spacecraft t o power entry i n t o Mars o r b i t and return . t o earth. Nuclear stages would be placed in o r b i t by separate Launches. "Truly reusable vehicle" would be needed t o f l y from e a r t h t o r e f u e l stages. Each spacecraft would weigh 1.6 million l b s a t departure from earth o r b i t and would be 270 f't long, "smaller than what we are flying already t o t h e moon." Each should be able t o c a r r y all 1 2 astronauts i n case one ship should be put out of commission. On a r r i v a l a t Mars, unmanned landers would probe Mars and r e t u r n s o i l t o orbitlng c r a f t . Only after analysis would c r e w descend i n larger l a r d e r with small biological laboratory. During planetary o r b i t , two ships could be joined. If a r t i f i c i a l gravity proved desirable, joined spacecraft could be spun slowly t o create gravity by c e n t r i f b g a l force NASA was using "concept of r e u s a b i l i t y " i n planning, t o improve and reduce cost of operating in space, D r . George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , t o l d Cornittee, Reusability could be achieved "through t h e reuse of launch and space vehicles and ...through t h e reuse of a'mission module such as a space ... . ... �August 5 ( continued) s t a t i o n " put i n t o o r b i t and used over 10-yr o r even 20-yr period. Space s h u t t l e s would be designed t o r u n 100 or more f l i g h t s . Modules vehicles would be designed f o r multiple applications i n earth, lunar, and synchronous o r b i t s . Space tug would permit t r a v e l *om space s t a t i o n t o other spacecraft and back again--"generaJ. purpose equipment." In e a r t h o r b i t a l operations, " i t permits us t o f l y off from t h e space s t a t i o n over to.. .an QAO, orbiting astronomical observatory, e i t h e r to r e p a i r o r check t h e (240, or t o bring it back t o a space s t a t i o n where it can then be loaded on t h e space s h u t t l e f o r return t o e a r t h and then brought back i n t o o r b i t a f t e r repairs. " D r . John E. N a m e , NASA Associate Administrator f o r Space Science -f l i g h t s and Applications, reviewed information from Mariner V I and VII past Mars. He concludedthat with "excellent data we a r e g e t t i n g t h i s year" two Mariner 1971 spacecraft would be able successfully t o "map t h e planet and watch f o r surface changes," And NASA confidence i n a b i l i t y of 1973 Viking orbiter-lander project t o do s c i e n t i f i c research a l s o had increased. ( ~ r a n s c r i ~ t ) ... . Foqx LRL technicians--Miss Heather A. Owens, Chauncey C. Park, Roy G. Coons, and Riley Wilson--were placed i n i s o l a t e d area under quarantine after, being exposed t o l u n a r material when l i n e carrying contaminated material from vacuum chambers t o disposal area burst, spraying lunar material i n t o examining roam. Mishap, second i n which LRLtechnicians were exposed t o t o t a l number of persons under lunar rnsterial 1see Aug. 11, bro A3; MSC Hist o f f ) quarantine t o 23. (AP, W Post, . NASA announced resignat ion o f Astronaut F. Curtis Michel, e f f e c t i v e Aug. 18. D r . Michel, who had been on one-year leave of absence from NASA t o do s c i e n t i f i c research a t Rice Univ. in Houston, s a i d that--although he m s reluctant t o leave NASA and prospect of f l i g h t in space--he wanted t o devote f'ull time t o research a t Rice. Resignation reduced number of NASA astronauts t o 48. (MSC Release 69-55) . NASA n o t i f i e d I n s t i t u t o Geofisico d e l Peru t h a t $2-million NASA tracking s t a t i o n near Lima, Peru, would be closed because of s h i f t i n g pmgran requirements a d economic reasons. Station, t o be phased out by November, had p a r t i c i p a t e d i n more than 75 s a t e l l i t e missions since 1957. ( W A Release 69-117) . Dept. of I n t e r i o r mnoxnced grant of $100,225 f o r research i n t o health, s a f e t y , and water pollution i n c 3 s l mining operations. Island Creek Coal Co would determine if miners equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus similar t o astronaut s ' could work e f f i c i e n t l y i n mines f i l l e d with nitrogen or other inert gas. (DOI Release 17784-69) . �launched Cosmos CCXCI f h m Baikonur i n t o o r b i t with. ( 8 8 . 9 4 . ) perigee, 91.2-min period, and 62.2O inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Sept. 8. (CSFC g , 8/15/69; 9/15/69; SED,. 8/7/69, 109) August 6: U.S.S.R. 527-lm (327.5-mi) apogee, 143-hm , NASA's HL-10 lif'ting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A. Manke, reached. 78,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1.55 af'ter a i r launch from 8-52 aircraf't a t 45,030-ft a l t i t u d e west of Rosamond, C a l i f . objective of flight, 23rd in s e r i e s , was t o obtain d a t a on performance, s t a b i l i t y , and control--especially r o l l control. (NASA Proj o f f ) . PIASA named f l i g h t crews f o r Apollo 13 and 14 lunar landing missions. Prime crewmen f o r ApoUo 13 were Astronauts James A. Love=, Jr. (commander), Thomas K. Mattingly I1 (CM p i l o t ) , and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (M p i l o t ) . Backup crew was composed of Astronauts John W. Young, John L. Swigert , Jr , and Charles M. Duke, Sr . Apollo 14 prime crewmen were Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (commander), Stuart A, Roosa . . ( C M p i l o t ) , and Edgar D. Mitchell (LM p i l o t ) . Backup crew was Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. h s , and Joe E. Engle. Both missions would include lunar exploration and deployment of Apollo lunar surface experiment packages (ALSEP), Total lunar surface s t a y time would include two JWA periods of t h r e e hours each and would not exceed 35 h r s . F l i & t s would be f i r s t f o r Astronauts Mattin&, Haise, Roosa, and Mitchell. (NASA Release 69-115) a . Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A. Armstmng and E d w h E. Aldrin, Jr. , quarantined in LRI;, discussed lunar surface a c t i v i t i e s with about 4b s c i e n t i s t s and geologists over closed-circuit TV. Astronauts s a i d lunar surface was r i c h with i n t e r e s t i n g rocks. They described snail, walnut-size fragnents which appeared translucent o r t r a n s parent, with r e f l e c t i n g surfaces l i k e quartz c r y s t a l s ; s p a t t e r s of glass on rocks, e s p e c i a l l y on rocks on bottom of c r a t e r s ; and rocks shaped l i k e automobile d i s t r i b u t o r caps, which appeared t o be weathered o r eroded and sculptured a t t o p i n cyl&drical shape. Astronauts s a i d t h e y r e g r e t t e d not being able t o r e t r i e v e more lunar rocks and suggested t h a t future Apollo astronauts be equipped with e x t r a pocket or shoulder bag so t h e y could c o l l e c t i n t e r e s t i n g rocks a s they'saw them. (W Post, 8/7/69, ~ 4 AP, ; B Sun, 8/7/69, ~ 8 ) . D i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with substandard performance i n other p a r t s of society was "something worthwhile t h a t the Space Program is contributing t o t h e United States, " NASA Administrator, D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, said i n speech before National Press Club i n Washington, D.C. "I hope we �August 6 (continued) have spurred our society and our people t o demand higher performance, t o s e t bolder goals, and then t o have t h e gumption t o stand up before t h e whole world and demonstrate whether o r not t h e goals a r e achieved. I' Space program had a l s o t a u g h t "need f o r broadly e n l i s t i n g not only American capability, but t h e best people f'rom around t h e world w i l l i n g t o throw t h e i r competence' and a port ion of t h e i r careers i n t o challenging endeavors." It had "unleashed i n t h e 1960's t h e t a l e n t s ahd energies of a technological generation. " U. S. must continue "to put together bold prograws t h a t w i l l r e l e a s e t h e creative energies of our people i n product ive channels. " D r . Paine thought h i s t o r y would record a s "the great contribution o f our generation" astronauts ' blazing of " t r a i l f o r all f u t u r e generat i o n s of men who want to...conquer new worlds.... Through man's brains, energy and resources l i f e can--and l i f e w i l l - - e x t e n d it s e l f through t h e s o l a r system The lg80ts a r e very c l e a r l y t h e decade i n which both we and t h e Soviet Union, with reasonable-sized space programs i n t h e 1970's, w i l l develop a technological capability f o r landing on Mars. " I n response t o questions, D r . Paine said: "It seems c l e a r t o me that t h e r e a r e increasing opportuaities f o r a l l nations t o work together in space exploration and application. Certainly we and t h e Russians can and should cooperate more c l o s e l y . i n space science so our two programs can produce greater r e s u l t s than t h e simple sum of their outputs. 'I r ran script ) ... .... Future space p r o g r m was described by D r . George E. MuelLer, NASA Associate Administrat or f o r Manned Space Flight, before NationaL Space Club in Washington, D.C. Reusable nuclear vehicle t o s e r v e as space s h u t t l e between space s t a t i o n in e a r t h o r b i t and space s t a t i o n i n lunar o r b i t would be "final l i n k t h a t would permit us t o reduce t h e cost of operation t o something l i k e $200 f o r moving a pound of material from the e a r t h 1s surface t o t h e lunar surface and r e t m a s compared t o something l i k e $100 thousand a pound using today s techniques. Similar reductions i n t h e cost of tYansportation t o t h e earth o r b i t a l s t a t i o n w i l l permit us f o r t h e f i r s t time t o consider processing materials i n space, t o use space f o r t h e kind of laboratory work t h a t we now associate with ground-based laborat o r i e s . " By end of 1970s "we would f k d so many uses f o r operations i n synchronous o r b i t both f o r observing t h e universe and f o r observing t h e eazth t h a t we would have established a space s t a t i o n i n synchronous o r b i t which would be regularly supplied by a nuclear s h u t t l e system and which would provide us with d i r e c t t e l e v i s i o n broadcasting and d i r e c t r a d i o broadcasting t o the homes of a l l - p e o p l e in t h e world, a s well as providing u s with great s t e l l a r obsemrat o r i e s and a viewing platform �August 6 ( continued) f o r air t r a f f i c control, navigation and f o r a permanent weather watch; " . . . t h i s approach t o using space i s one that i s r e a d i l y extended, once t h e s h u t t l e c a p a b i l i t y has been developed, t o a corresponding approach f o r planetary exploration and...the same nuclear s h u t t l e system together with the space s t a t i o n modules need only t o be supplemented by a Mars landing module t o permit us t o c a r r y out t h e f i r s t manned planetary expedition t o Mars. 'I ( ~ e x)t August 7 : . s c i e n t i s t s a t SPL presented conflicting opinions on preliminary d a t a f'rom Mariner V'1 and Marber V I I flybys of W s . D r . George C, Pimentel and D r . Kenneth C. Herr of Univ. of California at Berkley s a i d d a t a f ram infrared spectrometer indicated presence of gaseous &nia and methaae i n Martian atmosphere. 'We a r e confident t h a t w e have detected s o l i d carbon dioxide t h a t i s not on t h e surface; t h a t i s , it i s suspended as a cloud above t h e polar cap. Our data are consistent with and suggest t h a t t h e polar cap i s composed of water i c e and probably not s o l i d carbon dioxide near t h e polar cap edge." If l i f e didexistonMars,theysaid, itcouldbe~inregionnearedgeofpolar icecap where "polar i c e provides a reservoir of water" and s o l i d carbon dioxide cloud "provides protection from u l t r a v i o l e t radiation. " D r . Gerry Neugebauer of C a l Tech s a i d t m p e r a t u r e of Mars was "strong circumstantial evidence that t h e polar caps are i n fact predominantly made of carbon dioxide." Infrared radiometer experiment, which measured temperatures on Martian surface, indicated t h a t temperat u r e of south polar cap was close t o -253°~--temperature a t which carbon dioxide would s o l i d i f y i n t h i n Martian atmosphere. W spectrometer experiment had found l a r g e amount of W radiation r e f l e c t e d from south polar icecap, indicating t h a t W light from sun was penetrating t h i n Martian atmosphere and reaching surface. D r . Charles Hord of Univ, of Colorado s a i d strong W r a d i a t i o n reaching surface "would destroy many of the important molecular bonds of organic compounds. I' If l i f e did e x i s t on Mars, he s a i d , it "must be p r e t t y strong stuff, 'I or it must have some means of protection against W rays. D r . Robert B. Leighton of C a l Tech s a i d one of most s t r i k i n g r e s u l t s of Mariner photos was indication of dynamic process occurring on Martian surface. Unlike r e s t of Martian surface, which was heavily cratered and closely resembled moon, Hellas area appeared t o be smooth and free of c r a t e r s . "Hellas i s t h e f i r s t non-lunar-like feature" ckiscovered by Mariner V11, he said. Apparently t h e r e was " a c t i v i t y in t h a t region which i s o b l i t e r a t i n g c m t e r s as fast as they are being f omed. " isho hop, WSJ, 8/8/69; Sullivan, E,8 / 8 / 6 9 , - 1; Lannan, W S t a r , 8/8/69, ~ 4 ) , ' �Lunar Receiving Laboratory s c i e n t i s t s presented first compreAugust 7: hensive report on preliminary study of lunar samples collected by Apollo U astronauts ; ~ x ~ e r & e nindicated ts t h e r e was no l i f e i n sample and t r a c e s of organic material reported earlier'were probably from a s t r o n a v t s t spacesuits and containers, ruaber gloves, and t o o l s used t o handle material. (Traces of hydrocarbons i n two samples of lunar dust had been reported Aug. 6) Autopsies performed on 48 mice i n j e c t e d with lunar dust and then k i l l e d had shown no signs of germs o r i l l n e s s . Detailed analyses of samples would begin i n l a t e September when material would be released from quarantine and d i s t r i b u t e d t o 146 principal. investigators i n 9 countries.' (AP, W Star, 8/8/69, A&; Sullivan, NyT, 8/7/69, 1 ) , Sen. Ralph W. Yarborough (D- ex. ) offered amendment t o X.R. ll271, FY 1970 NASA authorization b i l l , [see June 241 t o increase funds f o r NASA R&D and program management from amount reported by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences t o amount passed by House. Increases would t o t a l $256.50 million i n R&D and $6.35 million i n research and program management. He said: ''My amendment authorizes t h e bare minimum t h a t we, a s a nation, should commit,to space. I t s adoption i s v i t a l t o t h e proper balance i n our national p r i o r i t i e s ; it i s v i t a l t o t h e f i t u r e of our exciting and promising space program; and it i s v i t a l , i n m y opinion, t o t h e i n t e r e s t s and well-being of our country. " 8/7/69, ~ 9 3 8 3 ) (s, . Washington Post published r e s u l t s of J& 26-28 Gallup survey, which found public lukewarm about Government f'undhg of manned Mars landing. While majority o f young a d u l t s favored idea, majority of those 30 o r over opposed it. Generally, 3% of those polled favored attempt t o land m a n on Mars, 5% opposed, and €$had no opinion. Blacks opposed by 3-to-1 r a t i o . (W Post, 8/7/69, ~ 4 ) .At White House dinner f o r West German Chancellor K u r t G. Kiesinger, D r . Wernher von Braun, MSC ~ i r e c t o r ,t o l d press p u t t i n g man on Mars by 1982 posed l e s s r i s k than putting man on moon because most technical problems had been solved. In time space t r a v e l would become commonplace, with spacecr& carrying passengers. On Martian surface man could move from home t o car or o f f i c e in completely controlled enviioment ( ~ h e lon, t W Post, 8/8/69, ~ 2 ) . . MSFC announced award of two contracts. Eight-month, $400,000 contract had been given t o General Dynamics Corp. t o study experiment mohules f o r proposed manned space station. Study, which would complement space s t a t i o n investigations being conducted by McDonnell Douglas Corp. and �August 7 (continued) North American RockweU Corp., would examine v a r i e t y of experiments s u i t a b l e f o r manned space s t a t ion, analyze s c i e n t i f i c and engineering communityls need f o r experiment modules, and develop concepts f o r l e a s t number of modules needed t o meet these requirements. Martin Marietta ~ o r p .had been awarded $1,170,030 contract t o f a b r i c a t e , t e s t , and d e l i v e r 15 Saturn V workshop r a t e gyro processors and 1module t e s t s e t and t o r e t r o f i t 22 Apallo Telescope MO& rategyro processors f o r Apollo Applications program. Work, expected t o t a k e 18 mos, would be done i n Orlando, Fla. (MSFC Release 69-172;. 69-173) ' With encouragement from President Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, NASA had "begm dwuming ,up pressure f o r t h e huge sums required t o send men t o Mars i n t h e e a r l y 1-0 ' s ," New York Times e d i t o r i a l said. "But t h e l a t e s t Mariner information makes t h e probability of l i f e on Mars much l e s s than it seemed even a week ago, thus removing much of t h e o r i g i n a l motivation f o r such a project. The s h i f t of emphasis now proposed t o unmanned s a t e l l i t e s would be far cheaper; s c i e n t i f i c a l l y it would a l s o be far more p r d u c t i v e . (NYT, 8/7/69, 32) August 8-14: ZondVII automatic space s t a t i o n was launched b y U . S . S . R . from Baikonur with [ ~ o w e r f u cl a r r i e r rocket" and placed on free-return lunar t r a j e c t o r y from parking o r b i t . Tass s a i d mission objectives were t o study moon and near-lunar space further, photograph lunar surface, and t e s t improved onboard systems and design of "rocket -space complex. " All equipment was functioning normally. On Aug. 11 Tass announced t h a t spacecrafi had c b c l e d moon on f l i g h t plan similar t o t h a t of Zond V (launched Sept 15, 19681 and Zond V I (launched Nov. LO, 1968photographed lunar s u f a c e , and was returning t o earth. Zond VII reentered atmosphere by skipping across outer l a y e r s of atmosphere t o reduce its entry speed and then descended and softlanded in predetermined area aear Kustanay in northern KazakhstanAug. 14. SBD, 8/ll/69, 120-1; 8/18/69, 152; E,8/9/69, 25; 8/12/69, 6; 8 w 6 9 , 14; GSFC, SSR, 8/15/69) . August 8 : NASA announced selection of Heliodyne Corp. and Wolf Research and Development Corp. f o r f i n a l negotiations leading t o one-year, $1-million, cost -plus-award-f ee contract with two 9ne -year opt ions t o operate National Space Science Data Center a t GSFC. (NASA Release 69-118) �A y s t 8 : I n Washington Daily News, Sen. Everett T. Dirksen (R-IU. ) said: Unknowing voices clamor t o u s , t o give up t h e search 'into t h e own. They ask us t o spend'the money on things here on earth. They ask f o r something t h a t already has been done. Where do you t h i n k t h e money i s spent t h a t sent Apollo U t o the moon? It wasnt t spent on t h e moon. There a r e no creatures t h e r e t o benefit from t h e b i l l i o n s spent t o ' f i n a l l y land Neil Armstrong and h z z Aldrin i n t h e Sea of T r m q u i l i t y . The money w a s spent here on earth, where it enriched t h e laborers, t h e craftsmen, t h e technicians, t h e engineers, the scientists--and t h e i r neighborhoods. . I t enriched t h e millions and millions of people who always benefit from industry.. ( W News, 8/8/69, 23) .." . Washinp$on Post e d i t o r i a l : "There was a c e r t a i n l o g i c in playing down t h e purely s c i e n t i f i c aspects of t h e Apollo program i n t h e past since t h e e f f o r t was t o land men on t h e moon before t h e Russians did. But t h a t day i s past. The s c i e n t i s t s of space, as .contrasted with i t s engineers and technicians, have been forced i n t o t h e back s e a t of t h e manned space program. It i s time now t o make them t h e navigators. The choice of missions--for f'uture flights t o t h e moon and f o r future operations t h a t w i l l l e a d some day t o a t r i p t o Mars and eventually other planets--should be l a r g e l y i n t h e i r hands. They, far b e t t e r t h a n t h e men who created t h e hardware and t h e knowledge necessary t o make space t r a v e l possible, know t h e areas most ap r o p r i a t e f o r explorat i o n i n terms of gaining knowledge." ( W Fost, 818 69) 7 August 9-15: NASA s OSO VI (OSO-G)Orbiting Solar Observatory was success fully launched from ETR a t 3:52 am EDT by two-stage Delta N booster t o study sun and its influence on e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Orbital parameters : apogee, 348.0 m i (560 km) ; perigee, 307.6 m i (495 km) ; period, 95.2 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 32.96'. Primary mission objective was t o obtain highr e s o l i ~ t i o nspectra3 data from pointed experiments i n 10-20 k w range and 12-1,300 I? range during one solar r o t a t ion -and make r a s t e r scans of s o l a r d i s c in selected wavelengths. Spacecraft; would obtain usef'd data *om nonpointed experiments and from pointed experiments f o r more than one s o l a r r o t a t i o n f o r extended observations o f single l i n e s and solar flares. OSO V I w a s spin s t a b i l i z e d , weighed 640 l b s , c a r r i e d seven experiments, was designed with six-month l i f e t i m e , and had two main sections-wheel (lower), which carried nondirect ional scanning experiments and basic support equipment, and sail (upper), which c a r r i e d pointed experiments. It was similar t o previous OSOs but had unique capability which enabled two s u - p o i n t i n g telescopes t o study In d e t a i l W and'x-ray spectra a t any point on s o l a r d i s c and would provide g r e a t e r knowledge �A -u p s t 9-15 (continued) of sol= atmosphere (chromosphere) as well a s outermost l a y e r (corona) v i s i b l e only through special instruments o r during t o t a l s o l a r eclipse. Experiments, designed t o continue and extend work of preceding OSO spacecraft, were provided by Karvard College Observatory, Naval Research Laboratory, Rutgers Univ, Los Alamo s S c i e n t i f i c Laboratories Univ. of New Mexico, Univ. of Bologna, and University College (London). Both t a p e r e c o e e r s were operating at lif'toff and were s*iU operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Spscecraft s t a b i l i z e d and acquired sun a s scheduled s h o r t l y af%er entering o r b i t . By Aug. 15 all experiments had been turned on and were operat ing s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . . Two minor anomalies- -bigher than planned use of current by motor t h a t provided. f i n e elevation pointing and lower than expected spacecraft operating temperature--were not expected t o a f f e c t spacecraft operat ion adversely. OSO VI was seventh i n s e r i e s of eight OSO spacecraft designed t o provide d i r e c t observation of sun during most of U-yr s o l a r cycle. OSO I (launched March 7 , 1962) and OSO I1 (launched Feb. 3, 1965) had surpassed t h e i r six-month design l i f e t i m e s and together provided more than 8,600 hrs of s c i e n t i f i c information, OSO-C (launched Aug. 25, 1965) had f a i l e d t o reach o r b i t when booster malfunctioned. OSO I11 (launched March 8, 1967) and OSO IV (launched Oct 18, 1967) continued operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , each providing 7% hs of real-time data d a i l y . OSO V (launched Jan. 22, 1969) had both tape recorders and seven of eight experiments operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a f t e r s i x months i n o r b i t . # OSO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 69-U2, 69-123) , , ' . August 9 : "Scientists who have long f e l t t h a t t h e i r r o l e was secondary to t h a t of engineers i n the Apol10,project" were complaining openly and trying t o force greater emphasis on science in planning future lunar landing missions, John Noble Wilford reported in New York Times. "Their argument i s t h a t , wlth t h e success of Apollo 11, t h e p r o j e c t ' s goal should be t o l e a r n a s much as possible about t h e moon and not merely t o repeat t h e demonstration that moon landings a r e possible." D r . Elbert A. Xing, curator of Lunar Receivjng Laboratory, had s a i d i n interview t h a t NASA Administration d i d n o t have "enough sympathy with, o r understanding o f , s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s . " Casting science i n "piggyback role" f o r f i r s t manned lunar landing was understandable, he said. "No one r e a l l y c r i t i c i z e s that, because ...ge t t i n g men t o t h e moon and back had t o be a massive engineering e f f o r t . Eu-t now t h a t we have accomplished t h a t g o d , t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r .future lunar exploration i s l a r g e l y science. .There has t o be a s h i f t of emphasis," S c i e n t i s t s were pressing f o r m r e a c t i v e r o l e i n mission �August 9 (continued) planning, r e t u r n of l a r g e r amounts of lunar samples, s e l e c t i o n of s c i e n t i s t s f o r f l i g h t crews, and more time between missions i n which t o evaluate data f o r application t o future experiments. (Q, 8110169, 4-41 S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t Dr. Valery A. fiasheninnikev and academician D r . Aleksandr P. L i s i t z i n had returned t o San Diego from 55 d;iys with U.S. Deep Sea Drilling Project aboard d r i U i n g ship Glomar Challenaer convinced their findings were "more important t o man than the sample's from t h e moon, " Associated Press reported. Concentrated d r F l l i n g between Honolulu and Guam had produced rocks and sedimentary cores showing microorganisms in perfect s t a t e of p r e s e m t i o n . They might provide h i s t o r y of e a r t h ' s creation. Project was cooperative venture of Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n , Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia Univ., Univ. of Miami I n s t i t u t e of Marine Science, and Univ. of Washiwon. (g, 8/10/69, 45) , August 10: Apollo ll Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. and Michael Collins and 20 other persons quarantined in Lunar Receiving Laboratory were released s h o r t l y a f t e r 10.00 p EDT--four hours e a r l i e r then planned. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations, MSC, s a i d astronawts, who had been confined since July 24, showed no signs of any possible infection f r o m exposure t o moon. He cautioned t h a t astronauts might become iU a f t e r release- -not from lunar contamination, but from e a r t h organisms t o which they were highly susceptible a f t e r long period of i s o l a t i o n . Report on h e a l t h of persons under quarantine would be p r e s e n t e d b y NASA Aug. l l t o Inter-Agency Committee on Back Contamination, which had ap roved early release. ( ~ e h l s t e d t ,B Sun, 8/ll/69, Al; AP, W Post, 8710/69,.A7) . NA&4 had assured Post Office D C p t . t h a t master dkk for 10-cent moon landing commemorative stamp [see July g] .had gone all t h e way t o lunar surface as planned, It had returned t o e a r t h i n CM and been n t w a t i o n a t MSC. rushed t o Washington, D.C., July 31 a f t e r d e c-o..L However, moon l e t t e r envelope with d i e proof of' moon landing stamp had not been postmarked on lunar surface. %cause of t i g h t schedule f o r l u n a r EVA, l e t t e r had been l e f t with Astronaut Michael Collins i n CM Columbia --while Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., worked on moon. " M O O ~Landing" postmark had been applied during r e t u r n voyage. L e t t e r had been decontaminated at MSC and returned t o Postmaster General Winton M. Blount Aug. 5 . ( ~ a h i e s ,W -' Star 8/10/69, ~11) �August 10 : William fines i n Washington Sunday S t a r s a i d time was "ripe" f o r NASA reorganization, "not merely t h e firing, promoting and t r a n s f e r r i n g of o f f i c i a l s , but t h e f'unctional r e s t r u c t u r i n g of t h e agency as well. " There was some suspicion t h a t no place e x i s t e d f o r Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, N4SA Administrator, who was "not only a Johnsonadministration holdover, but a card-carrying Democrat as w e l l . " Some observers believed Apollo 8 Astronaut Fralik b m a n , "the. Pre sidenk ' s current d a r l i n g and space confidant," m i & t be s e x t NASA Administrator. "The i d e a of p u t t in@; a s t r o n a u t s i n charge of t h e space program may seem inzongruous, but it i s c l e a r l y not beyond t h e realm of p o s s i b i l i t y i n t h e imsge-conscious Nixon regime. If Paine ' s f a t e would determine t h a t of Associate Admini s t rat o r f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller. With lunar landing, Apollo had changed from developmental t o operational e f f o r t . Christoper C. Kraft D i r e c t o r of F l i g h t m e r a t i o n s a t MSC, would l i k e l y t r a ~ s f e rt o 'dashington as Apollo Program Manager- -pos s i b l y "corrtrolling all space missions f o r NASA." Hines saw p o s s i b i l i t y of ApoLlo P m g r m Deputy Director, George H. Hage' s moving i n t o p o s i t ion being vacated by L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo Program Director, who was r e j o i n i n g USAF. "George M. Low, Apollo chief at Houston, may replace t h e Houston Center d i r e c t o r , Robert R. G i l r u t h , i f Gilruth can be p r e v a i l e d uFon t o r e t i r e . " There was t a l k about moving MSC Director D r . Wernher von Braw t o Washington "to do what he does b e s t : c b r m money out of Congress." Dr. K u r t H. Debus, KSC Director', "may S t a r , 8/10/69, &) r e t i r e t o mz.ke way f o r Rocco Petrone. . " (W - , .. . Space program spinoffs of medical b e n e f i t t o ma-rlkind were &scribed by Howard A. Rusk, M.D., i n New York Times. NASA's S c i e n t i f i c Information Div. provided s t o c k p i l e of knowledge indexed i n coaputer t a p e s and d i s t r i b d t e d on microfiche. Collection o f 250,030 do:uments increased by approximately 75,OX items annually, NASA Technical U t i l i z a t i o n Div. s e l e c t e d inventions, ideas, and new techniques f o r use i n nonaerospsce a c t i v i t i e s , including medicine, asd d i s t r i b u t e d them through e i g h t r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s . Under interagency agreement, NASA and HEW S o c i a l and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Services Administ rat ion reported r e s u l t s of aerospace research t o solve problems of 4 m i l l i o n p h y s i c a l l y o r mentally disabled Awricarls of working age. Research had developed technique f o r sharpening x-rays, microme"ueorite sensor t o record Parkinsonian tremors, and technique f o r applying electrodes with spray of conductive m a t e r i a l . (g, 8110169, 55) �Aulqust 10~ History of J e t Propulsion Laboratory from 1936, "when t h e crazy s c i e n t i s t s under. . D r . Theodore von K & r m h lit o f f one of t h e i r rockets i n the. dry gulch c a l l e d t h e Arroyo Seco," t o current time, when "JPL1s s i g h t s a e s e t a l i t t l e higher--and f a r t h e r o u t , " was t r a c e d by John Lannan i n Washington Sunday Star. JPL controlled NASA Deep Space Network with j u r i s d i c t i o n over space e f f o r t s 10,000 . m i from e a r t h and be-yond, though i t s Goldstone f a c i l i t y ,also had p a r t i c i p a t e d wlth GSFC i n support of Apollo 11. Its space f l i g h t operation facility was "actual d i r e c t o r a t e " for handling cosmic penetration fli,ght s. . It was currently gearing f o r Martian Orbiter s e r i e s i n 1971 and f o r 19'73 Viking Landers. Future h e l d p o s s i b i l i t i e s of developing and d i r e c t i n g missions leading to Grand Tour of planets. JPL was owned by Federal dovernment and s t a f f e d and operated by C a l Tech. (W -9S t a r 8/10/69, ~ 3 ) + . . George Gallup released r e s u l t s of f i r s t p o l l of President Nixonfs populaxity since A p U o 11 success. P o l l showed 6% of U. S. public approved h i s performance i n of'fice. P o l l July 11-14, before frpollo J l mission, had shown 58% approval. (W Post, 8 / ~ / 6 9 ~, 2 ) - . Apollo 11 had opened vast market f o r medals, tokens, and p i n s t o c o l l e c t o r s who specialized i n commemorative pieces, New York Times said. Medals issued by s e v e r a l countries a f t e r ApoUo 8 were "few compared t o t h e meteoric shower of commemoratives f o r t h e moon landing." ~ e d a by l Ralph J. Menconi portrayed ApolLo l l astronauts on face side; reverse showed Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, J r . , with L! on l u n a r surface and e a r t h i n background. Medal designed i n U.K. by Paul Vincze depicted astronaut on lunar surface and names of Apollo ll astronauts, with reverse showing f i g u r e of Hermes holding winged staff of f l i g h t and o l i v e branch and Saturn V i n background. ( ~ a n e y ,E, 8/10/69) . New York Times advertisement a n n m c e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of Apollo ll: On the Moon, magazine-size s p e c i a l edifiion with s t o r y of A o U o 11mission and color photographs, presented by Times and Look. ( h / d g , 66) August U : Rep. George P. Miller ( D - c a l i f . ) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, t o l d House: "...I do not a t this time wish t o commit ourselves t o a s p e c i f i c time period for s e t t i n g s a i l for Wrs. I believe t h a t t h e r e a r e rnsny t a s k s t h a t can be accomplished t h a t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y provide t h a t capability, but w i l l be l e s s c o s t l y and will be necessary i n meetin@; short term objectives." He urged p r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n t o intermediate s t e p s and balanced program "that f u U y e x p l o i t s t h e great �August l l (continued) p o t e n t i a l of unmanned spacecrart, while a t t h e same time maiitaining ,a vigorous manned flight prograni. " He advocated continuation of lunar exploration t o obtain "experience of operating a base f o r science and exploration on another' heavenly body"; manned earth-orbit a1 o'perations leading t o long-term space s t a t ion, supported by low-cost s h u t t l e rocket; greater 'emphasis on applications s a t e l l i t e s t h a t "have t h e greatest p o t e n t i a l for economic r e t ~ ni n t h e near term"; l a r g e r runding f o r unmanned planetary exploration, "aarea i n which the U.S. may soon be overshadowed by t h e Soviet Union"; continued NEFVA development because "improved propulsion i s a key t o space leadership"; and "special emphasis on'ERS s a t e l l i t e s , "which promise t o y i e l d so much. . t o agriculture and ind'ustry. " ( ~ e x;t CR, 8 / ~ / 6 9 , ~251-4) . . - . . Sen. J. W i l l i a m U b r i g h t ( D - h k . ) t o l d senate: "It would be a major s t e p forward if we could now negotiate a newspace t r e a t y which would go beyond t h e disavowal of national claims of sovereignty i n t h e e x i s t i n g t r e a t y and e x p l i c i t l y recognize t h e United Nations as t h e 'owner' o r sovereign of e x b r a t e r r e s t r i a l bodles and a l s o define t h e functions and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of a United Nations space authority, p a r t i c u l a r l y the ways i n which it would regulate and coordinate national space exploration programs. The o v e r a l l obJective of such a t r e a t y would be t o regulate but not eliminate t h e competition i n space. One benefit of such an arrangement i s t h a t it would alIow the space powers t o reduce t h e i r expenditures and so r e a l l o c a t e f b d s t o more pressing domestic and h t e r n a t i o n a l requirements." (CR, 8/31/69, ~ 9 6 3 3 ) . On f i r s t day out of quarantine, Apollo 11 crew v i s i t e d MSC o f f i c e s , then enjoyed o f f i c i a l day off. NASA spokesman s a i d astronauts had requested t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s be kept s e c r e t . (WI, W Post, 8/12/69, 113) . Approximately nine hours of s a t e l l i t e t h e had been booked f o r T V coverage abroad of ApoUo U astronaut events during coming week, ComSatCorp said. They included more than two h d u r s - l i v e coverage-of Aug. 1 2 MSC news 'conference, t o be relayed via ~ n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2 t o West e m and Eastern m o p e and, in part, t o Tokyo a d Sydney v i a fa'cific Intelsat-111 F-4. Nearly two hours coverage of New York t i c k e r tape parade and v i s i t t o U.N. would be transmitted t o Europe Aug. Ceremonial dinner in h s Angeles, l a t e r i n day, would be taped f o r transmission t o Europe Aug. 14. ( ~ o r n S a t ~ o rRelease p 69-50) u. �Auqust 11: New York Times e d i t o r i a l : "On t h a t eventful day when the f i r s t men walk on t h e surface of Mars, they w i l l f i n d much 'magnificent desolat i o n ' akin t o t h a t seen by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin when they s t r o l l e d on t h e moon l a s t month. That virtual c e r t a i n t y emerges f r o m t h e brilliantly successful exploration 'of the red planet j u s t completed by Mariners 6 and 7. Their expedition lacked the hman drma of Apollo U, but t h e s c i e n t i f i c information they returned may well q u a l i f y t h e two Mariners a s t h e most s c i e n t i f i c a l l y productive enterprise men 'have yet c a r r i e d out i n space. " (E, 8/ll/69) . Subcommittee on NASA Oversight submitted t o House Committee on Science and Astronautics report ~ n g i n e e r i nManagement ~ of Design and Construct ion of F a c i l i t i e s of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Report concluded closer economic scrutiny of design and construction management a t NASA executive l e v e l could "yield dividends i n more e f f i c i e n t management and lower costs at t h e f i e l d centers." Organization o f Office of F a c i l i t i e s was "progressive step. " Cost accounting of administ r a t ive expenditures needed t o be improved and engineering management costs should be c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d f o r all. projects a t a l l centers. Relative cost effectiveness' should be one of t h e basic c r i t e r i a in a choice among management systems. " Army Corps of Engineers and on-site space contractors were " p a r t i c u l a r l y well adapted to.managing l a r g e construct i o n , " f o r post-Apollo program i f new missions required new f a c i l i t i e s but, i n small o r diminishing f a c u i t i e s construction program, there was advantage in concentrating management a t centers in in-house c i v i l service s t a f f s . Better project i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was needed. Design and construction management record was creditable, but could be improved, "especially in design supervision." ( ~ e x k ) ... August 12-18 : ' NASA s 951-lb ATS V (ATS-E)Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e was launched from ETR a t 7 :01 am EDT by Atlas (SLV-3~)-Centaur booster on mission t o conduct carefully instrumented gravity-gradient -orientation experiment f o r basic design Gformation on s t a b i l i z a t i o n and control of long-lived spacecraft i n synchronous o r b i t and t o obtain useful data f'rom onboard experiments d u r b g f i r s t 30 days in o r b i t . Spacecraft successfully entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t with 26,737.2-mi (43,020.2-lan) apogee, 5,297.0-mi (8,522.9-km) perigee, 686.5-min.period, and 17. go inclination. Because of anomaly which required excessive f i e 1 t o $ l a d a b s t a b l e spin condition, apogee-kick motor &s fired on f i r s t apogee, anstead of second, and spacecraft had t o be biased so it would d r i f t f r a m p o s i t i o n over h d i a t o intended s t a t i o n over area west of Ecuador. Maneuver s u c c e s s f d l y placed ATS V i n t o near-synchronous o r b i t with 22,gq-mi + . �-A s t 12-18 (continued) 36,899.5-h) apogee, 22,221-mi (35,753.6-lan) perigee, 1,464..0-min period, 2.7'' inclination, and 6. go per day westward drift. Active nut a t ion control was overpowered by m i d e n t ified force t h a t caused spacecraft t o go i n t o f l a t spin, preventing ejection of motor case w i t h o u t p o s s i b i l i t y o f d a m a g e t o spacecraft. Controllerswere . invest i g a t h g a l t e r n a t i v e s - - stopping spacecraft spin, r e s t o r i n g space craft; t o normal spin mode, o r minimizing ejection hazard--which could be executed Aug, 25 when spacecraft became v i s i b l e t o Rosman, N.C., ground s t a t i o n . . Spacecraft was not i n danger thermally o r electronic a l l y and was expected t o become s t a b l e and operational a f t e r successf u l e j e c t i o n of kick motor. ATS V was fif'th i n s e r i e s of seven ATS s a t e l l i t e s designed t o investigate and f l i g h t - t e s t t echnological developments common t o number of s a t e l l i t e applications and usef uL t o s a t e l l i t e s operating i n st a t ionary o r b i t s , conduct c a r e f u l l y instrumented gravity-gradient experiments f o r basic design informat ion, and f l i g h t - t e s t experiments peculiar t o or'dit s ' of various missions, ATS I (launched Dec. 6, 1966) had exceeded t e s t objectives and was st ill operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ATS 11: (launched A p r i l 5, l%7), though judged a f a i l u r e because of eccerrtric o r b i t , had transmitted some useful data before being turned off Oct 23, 1957. ATS TI1 (launched Nov. 5, 1967') had operated successrully and transmitted color photos of earth. ATS IV (launched Aug. LO, 1968) had remained i n parking o r b i t when Centaur f a f i e d t o coaplete second burn and had reentered Oct. 17, 1968, ATS program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (MSA Proj off) - . . , . August 12: Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A , Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, J r . , and Michael Collins held f i r s t p o s t f l i g h t press conference a t MSC, narrating 45 -min film of mission and answering questions. On meaning of lunar landing, Collins said it was "technical triumph for t h i s country t o have s a i d what it was going t o do a number of years ago, and then by golly do it. J u s t l i k e we s a i d we were going t o do. Not j u s t ...purely technical, but also a triumph of t h e n a t i o n ' s o v e r a l l determination, will, economy, a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a i l , and a thousand .md one other f a c t o r s t h a t went i n t o i t . " To Aldrin mission meant "that many other problems perhaps can be solved i n t h e same way by taking a cornxitment t o solve them in long thne fashion. I think t h a t we were. timely i n accepting t h i s mission of going t o t h e moon, It might be timely at t h i s point t o t h i n k i n many other areas of other missions t h a t could be accomplished." Armstrong s a i d moon landing heralded " b e g i m h g of a new age." He said moon was "stark and strangely d i f f e r e n t place, but it looked �A u g u s t 1 2 (continued) friendly. and proved t o be friendly. " Astronauts had much l e s s trouble than expected on lunar surface'. Primary d i f f i c u l t y was t h a t "there was .. j u s t f a r too l i t t l e time t o do t h e v a r i e t y .of things t h a t we would have l i k e d t o have done.... We had t h e problem o f t h e 5 year o l d boy i n a candy store. There a r e j u s t t o o many i n t e r e s t i n g t h h g s t o do. " . Armstrong s a i d t h a t during landing they "were concerned about running low on fie1 on range extension we d i d t o avoid the boulder f i e l d and c r a t e r s . We used a significant percentage of our f u e l margins and we were quite close t o our l e g a l limit." On p o s s i b i l i t y of abort during period they were receiving alarm signals, Aldrin said procedure in preparation simulations had been always t o "keep going as long a s we could. The computer was cont h u h g t o issue @dance. .and it was continuing t o f l y t h e vehicle down i n .the same way t h a t it w a s programmed t o do. The only thing t h a t was missing i s t h a t we d i d not have some of t h e displays.. .and we had t o make several e n t r i e s . . . t o c l e a r up t h a t area. " Armstrong added, "We would have continued t h e landing so long as the t r a j e c t o r y seemed safe. And landing i s possible under these conditions although with considerably l e s s confidence than you have when you have t h e information from t h e ground and t h e computer i n i t s normal manner a v a i l a b l e t o you." (Transcript) ... . ... . Leningrad astronomer Nikolay Kozyrw called f o r lunar l a b o r a t o r i e s over, under, and on moon's surface. Soviet and American space exploration had made s c i e n t i s t s "more confident t h a t t h i s i s not a dead accumulation of rocks but a space body with a very i n t e r e s t i n g h i s t o r y whose l i f e a l s o continues today. " Lunar -research goals were establishment of a s t r o nomical instruments on s t a b l e platforms i n lunar o r b i t , permanent s c i e n t i f i c laboratory on moon, spacecraft launching centers on moon f o r planetary exploration, and laboratory s t a t i o n s under lunar surface or i n n a t u r a l caves, ",to give r e l i a b l e protection from dangerous r a d i a t i o n and meteorite h i t s . " (UPI, E, 8/13/69, U ) . MSFC announced award of $15,455,800 contract rnodlfication t o b e i n g Co. f o r continued Saturn V systems engtneering and integration. Contract covered work from June 1967 through June 1970 and continued e f f o r t through 10 Saturn V boosters. (MSFC Release 69-177) . New Jersey S t a t e Div. of Clean A i r and Water requested order from Superior Court, Newark, asking seven a i r l i n e s t o stop polluting a i r with j e t engine exhaust a t Newark ~ i r p o r t . Suit c u e d f o r modificat ion of e x i s t i n g j e t engines with a i r - p o l l u t ion-control devices' o r f o r switching t o new smokeless engines and asked imposition of $2,500 f i n e . In Washington, A i r Trans.oort Assn, spokesman s a i d t h a t "it �August 1 2 (continued) would be hard t o make R case f o r massive r e t r o f i t with the absence o f a major h e a l t h hazard. " He said studies had shown that j e t engine pollution was,only one percent of t o t a l problem and was case of " v i s i b i l i t y " and " e s t h e t i c s " r a t h e r than health danger. United Airlines spokesman said November 1968 engine modifications t o t h r e e of a i r l i n e ' s Boeing 727s had sharply decreased pollution. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,IWT, 8/13/69, 1) . Philadelphia Evening Bulletin e d i t o r i a l : "The public ceremonies honoring t h e astronauts underscores i d e n t i t y i n a l a r g e r and much more responsible sense--a f e e l i n g of coa-nunity, rooted i n a family and expanding t o embrace t h e nation, perhaps ultimately t h e world. There are other words f o r it-awareness of a common purpose, a--sense of decency both public and p r i v a t e , a common standard of behavior and a c m n sense of service and l o y a l t y t o country. T h i s i s what made Apollo succeed, and this i s what t h e nation i s recognizing a s t h e celebration begins today, " (P Bull, 8/12/69) NERVA experimental engine (XE) was successfully run through two August 13: boot stTap s t a r t u p s i n open-loop control and t'hree a u t o s t a r t experiments in Jackass F l a t s , Nev. Objective was t o obtain additional data abuk engine in starbup phase. Engine and t e s t f a c i l i t y operated normally and a l l t e s t objectives were achieved. (NASA -02 ' o f f ; E,9/2/69, 4) Apollo ll Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. , ~ i c h a e l CoSlins, t h e i r families, and NASA Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, flew i n p r e s i d e n t i a l j e t fYoa Houston t o New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles during day of cross-country celebrations. Three-hour New York v i s i t included greeting a t City H a l l by Major John V. Lindsay, motorcade t o U.N. f o r greeting by U.N. Secretary General U Thant, and ticker-tape procession -to John F. Kennedy International Airport for departure t o Cinicago. Party was more than half hour ahead of schedule. New York Public Events Commissioner John S. P a h e r estimated crowds a t 4 million; other observers said t h e r e were fewer and blamed off-schedule appearance and TV coverage. I n Chicago, welcoming crowd was e s t h a t ed a t 3.5 million. Major Richard J. Daley greeted party at Civic Center and presented medals symbolic of honorary citizenship t o astronauts and D r . Paipe. I l l i n o i s Gov. Richard B. Ogilvie said, "To these f i r s t c i t i z e n s of the new epoch, t h e people of Chicago and I l l i n o i s o f f e r t h e i r profound admiration and respect." Astronauts spoke t o 15,003 young people i n Grant Park before returning by helicopter t o OtHare . International Airport f o r flight t o b s Angeles. �August 1 3 (continued) Mayor Samuel W. Yorty met party a t Los Angeles I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport. After b r i e f ceremony, p a r t y sped t o century Plaza Hotel f o r reception pneceding s t a t e dinner. ( ~ e l y v e l d ,g, 8/14/69, 1; Obedorfer, W Post, 8/14/69, A l ; NASA PAO) - . Climaxing day of cross-country celebrations, President and Mrs. Mixon hosted formal s t a t e dinner a t Century plaza Hotel i n Los ~ n ~ e i teos honor A ~ o l l ol l astronauts, t h e i r wives, and " h i s t o r i c achievement of the f i r s t m~nnedlanding on t h e . moon. " Guests included other astronauts and wives; widows of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and Edward H. White 11; Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer D r . Robert H. Goadard; NASA and other space pmgram o f f i c i a l s ; U.S. and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a v i a t i o n pionee'rs; Cabinet rnmbers; Chief J u s t i c e and Mrs. Warren E. Burger; governors of 44 s t a t e s ; members of J o i n t Chiefs of Staff; Diplonatic Corps members representing 83 nations; Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower, widow of former President; former Vice President and Mrs. Hubert H. Humphrey; and Congressional leaders. President asked NASA Administrator, D r . .Thonas 0. Paine, t o read c i t a t i o n of posthumous awards : "The National. Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion awards posthumously t o V i r g i l I. Gris som, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee t h e IUSA,Distinguished Service Medals f o r professional skill, courage, and dedication t o duty i n Project ApoUo. They gave t h e i r l i v e s in t h e i r country's h i s t o r i c undertaking t o r e a l i z e t h e g o a l of landing men on t h e moon and returning them safely t o earth. " President a l s o asked D r . Paine t o read c i t a t i o n of NASA Group Achievement Award t o Apollo 1l Mission Operat ions Team "for e x c e p t i o n d service in planning and exemplary execution of mission operational r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for. f i r s t manned lunar landing rnis sion. " Award was presented t o ApoUo Flight Control Engineer Stephen G. Bales, who had made decision t o proceed with lunar landing when computers f a i l e d j u s t before Eagle ' s landing on Sea of Tranquility, on behalf of 400,000 persons who had contributed t o Apollo pmgram sirccess. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, as NASC c h a i m n , presented Medal of Freedom, nation's highest civilian honor, t o b o l l 0 U astronauts f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n in "a unique and profoundly important adventure. The accumulated s c i e n t i f i c knowledge and technological a b i l i t y of mankind made man's f i r s t step on t h e moon practicable; t h e courage and s k i l l of men l i k e these made it possible. Their contributions t o t h i s undertaking w i l l be remembered so long as men wonder and dream and search f o r t r u t h on t h i s planet and among the s t a r s . " , . .. �August 1 3 (continued) Feplying t o honors, Astronaut Edwin E. A l d r i n , Jr,, said : "What Apollo h a s begun we hope will spread out in many d i r e c t i o n s , not j u s t i n space, but underneath t h e seas and in t h e c i t i e s , t o t e n u s unforg e t t a b l y t h a t we can do what we w i l l and must and want t o do." During evening orderly crowd of peace and antipoverty p r o t e s t o r s gathered o u t s i d e h o t e l . (PD, 8/18/69, ~ 4 1 - 2 , U48-51; Roberts, . NYT 6/15/69, 1 4 ; B 8/14/69, Al) sun, . -J MSFC announced award of t h r e e 10-mo c o n t r a c t s t o t a l i n g $1,370,000 t o McDonnell ~ o u ~ l Corp. is North American Rockwell Corp. and Lockheed , , A i r c r a f t Corp. t o study design concepts and development requirements f o r nuclear rocket stage t h a t could replace Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) f o r advanced missions beginning i n l a t e 1970s and servc as workhorse f o r e a r t h o r b i t a l and planetary applications. McDonneU Douglas received $570,828 t o develop and evaluate two a l t e r n a t i v e stage concepts--one with modified Saturn V hardware, other w i t h new stage design and advanced design techniques. NAR received $5U,734 t o study modified Saturn V hardware .concept only and Lockheed received $287,030 t o study advanced design concept only. (MSFC Release 69-180) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on Aug. 1 2 Apollo U news conference i n Houston: "What came through most c l e a r l y i n yesterday's e n t h r a l l i n g f i r s t - h a n d r e p o r t by t h e ~ ~ 6 1 1a s0t r o n a u t s was-the i n f i n i t e s i m a l margin by which Eagle escaped e i t h e r catastrophe o r a decision t o abort t h e Boon landing; E i t h e r o f t h e two major problems t h a t emerged i n those nerve-wracking moaents before touchdown--the overburdened computer and t h e near-exhaust i o n of t h e i r f u e l supply before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin found a s u i t a b l e landing spot--might have forced a very d i f f e r e n t ending t o t h e h i s t o r i c mission. T h a t all turned out p e r f e c t l y i s a t r i b u t e t o t h e a s t r o n a u t s ' s k i l l , courage and poise as well a s t o t h e a b i l i t y of t h e back-up personnel a t Mission Control i n Houston." (E, 8/13/69, 40) . Apollo ll comwsnder N e i 1 . A . Armstrong stood t o i n h e r i t 100,W3-franc f o r t u n e of m e . Anna E . Guzman, widow of French i n d u s t r i a l i s t , which had been held i n t r u s t by Academy of Science o f I n s t i t u t e of France since h e r 1891 death, according t o a r t i c l e Rep. Janes G. N t o n (R-pa.) i n s e r t e d i n Conqressional Record. Legacy--once worth $20,030 but c u r r e n t l y decreased ix value t o $290 exclusive of interest--was t o be awarded t o f i r s t s c i e n t i s t t o mnke personal contact with heavenly body o t h e r t h a n Mars. (CZ, 8/13/69, ~ 7 0 2 3 ) �August 13: In Senate, Sen. William P r o m i r e (D- is.) called f o r a t l e a s t temporary halt in USAF plans t o purchase Lockheed C-5A cargo a i r c r a f t while U. S Comptroller General studied a i r c r a f t ' s c o s t s and value t o be gaihed from f u r t h e r purchases. 8/13/69, ~ 9 4 2 - 8 ) . (s, . Rep. J. Herbert Burke (R- la. ) introduced j o i n t resolution c a l l i n g f o r redesignat ion of Cape Kennedy a s Capo Canaveral. (CR, 8/13/69, ~ 3 8 7 ) 14: U. S. S,R. launched Cosmos C C X C I I from Plesetsk i n t o o r b i t with 76.5-Jan (475.4-mi) apogee, 745 -km (462.9-mi) perigee, 99.9-min period, and 74.0' inclination. (GSFCSSR, 8/15/69; SBD, 8 / 2 0 / 6 9 , 169; UIN Public egist try ) August - . NASA announced t h a t 8 of 14 aerospace research p i l o t s t r a i n e d f o r USAFts Manned Orbiting Laboratory program terminated June 10, would join NASA. One, L/C Albert H. Crews (US@), would be assigned t o F l i g h t Crew Operat i o n s Directorate a t MSC. Seven would be astronauts, bringing t o t a l number of a c t i v e NASA astronauts t o 54: M z ~: j Karol H, Bobko (USAF) L/c&. Robert L. Crippen (USN), M s j . Charles G. Fullerton (USAF), Maj. Henry W. Hartsfield, 3r. (USAF), Maj. Robert F. Overmy-er (USMC), Maj. Donald H. Psterson (uSAF), and ~ / ~ d Richard r . H. Truly (USN). Effective date f o r new assignments had not been set. W j . Bobko, Maj. Hartsfield, and Maj. Peterson would complete studies f o r graduate degrees before assuming astronaut duty. (WA Release 69-120) , . NASA announced appointment of eight-man f a i l u r e review cormnittee t o determine why I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5 cornsat di-d not achieve planned'orbit a f t e r launch from KSC J u l y 25. (NASA Release 69-119) . Discovery of x-ray "star" between constellations Centaurus and Lupus fron data relayed during July by two Vela nuclear detection s a t e l l i t e s launched May 23 had been announced by Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory astronomers, New York Times reported. Dr. J. P. c o m e r , Dr. W. D. Evans, and R. D. ~eliansaid object had twice t h e i n t e n s i t y of most b r i l l i a q t . x-ray sources previously known--in constellation Scorpius--and had not y e t been i d e n t i f i e d i n wavelengths observable by human eye. No obvious source of x-ray emissions had been i d e n t i f i e d , such a s s t a r s , s t e l l a r explosions, or pulsars. (Sullivan, 8/14/69, 7 ) x, �Cross-country ceremonies f o r Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s c o n s t i t u t e d August 14: probably t h e single g r e a t e s t peacetime c e l e b r a t i o n i n t h e n a t i o n ' s history, " New ~ o r k~ G e es d i t o r i a l said. "It was more than a t r i b u t e t o three -courageous and a b l e men; it was also an a c t of homage t o t h e hundreds of thousands of workers, engineers, technicians and s c i e n t i s t s whose hard work over almost a decade made t h e moon landing possible. A t the most fundamental Level, perhaps, t h e outpouring of n a t i o n a l r e j o i c i n g stemmed from t h e renewedsense of purpose the Apollo's &credible f e a t had brought t o a nation long t o r n and depressed by military t r a v a i l abroad and r a c i a l and generational antagonisms'at home. The essence of t h a t sentiment was well s t a t e d by M r . Armstrong when he declared a t the United Nations t h a t 'we c i t i z e n s of earth who can solve t h e problem of l e a v i n e a r t h can also solve t h e problems of staying on e a r t h . I " 8/14$69) (m, Research submarine Ben Franklin surfaced 300 mi south of Nova Scotia, ending 1 , 2 0 0 - m i , month-long Gulf S t r e m D r i f t by Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard and team which included MSC researcher Chester B. May [see July 141. During journey team had noted Gulf Stream contained fewer f i s h , stronger current, and more turbulence than expected. (UPI, W Star, 8/14/69, Al; Blakeslee, NYT, - 8/8/69, 38) - Auwst 15: Results of q u a l i t a t i v e study of Mariner V I photos were summarized i n Science by D r . Robert B. Leighton, D r . Norman H. Horowitz, . D r . Bruce C. Murray, and D r . Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech; Alan G. Herriman and D r . Andrew T, Young of JTL; Bradford A. Smith of New Mexico S t a t e Univ.; Mer-ton E. Davies of RAND Corp.; and Conmy B. k o v y of Univ. of Washington: "The p r i n c i p a l r e s u l t s from preliminary study axe: t h e surface of Mars appears s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e Moon, but t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t differences; some f e a t u r e s seen from Earth a r e characterized; t h e 'blue haze' hypothesis i s disproved; and new phenomena associated with t h e p o l a r cap are discovered." Mars resembled moon i n abundance, form, arrangement, and s i z e of craters, but t h e r e appeared t o be break in s i z e - d i s t r i b u t i o n curve o f c r a t e r s i n sone parts of Mars not charac- . t e r i s t i c of moon--apparently because Mars had more e f f e c t i v e weathering and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n process t h a n moon. S i m i l a r i t i e s between M a r b i m and l u n s r surfaces included c r a t e r s with slump blocks, t e r r a c e , ahd r a d i a l dry-debris avalanche chutes on steep inner surfaces; c e n t r a l peaks, polygonal o u t l i n e s , blocky e j e c t a rims, and i r r e g u l a r e j e c t a ; and i r r e g u l a r l y sinuous ridges. Differences included more subdued relief of many Martian c r a t e r s , f l a t t e r f l o o r s , fewer c e n t r a l peaks, raore subdued d e b r i s blankets, absence o f ' obvious secondary c r a t e r s ... �August 1 5 (continued) and rays, and greater abundance of "ghost " craters. Photos showed no sinuous r i l l e s and no d i s t i n c t i v e earth-like phenomena such a s mountain ranges, t e c t o n i c basins, stream-cut topographs, dune f i e l d s , playa . flats, or o t h e r arid-region features. (science, 8/15/69, 685-90) , ' . C l a s s i c a l astronomical data on figures of noon and t e r r e s t r i a l planets were being supplemented by new information from Lunar Orbiter program. Compara b l e future planetary probes would provide flrndamental data Mrn simple experiments, Cornell Univ. radiophysicist s D r . Brian T. OILeary, D r . Malcolm J. Cmpbell, and D r . C a r l Sagan said i n Science. Lunar Orbiter r e s u l t s had revealed lunar masconst nonuniform surface d i s t r i b u t i o n t h a t could explain lunar d y n m c a l asymmetries "and perhaps similar asymmetries f o r Mars aqd Mercury. " (science, 8/15/69, 651-7) , Astronal~tJoseph P. K e r w i n was uninjured when f a u l t y l a n d h g gear on T-33 j e t t r a i n e r forced belly landing a t Ellingkon AFB, Tex. (AP, W -sStar ' 8/16/69, ~ 2 ) . Soviet newspaper said TU-lu+,Soviet supersonic transport, had been f l y i n g beyond sound b a r r i e r "for extended periods of t h e " with no d i f f i c u l t y , Associated Press reported. (W Post, 8/16/69, ~ 2 ) . C-5 Galaxy a i r c r a f t would demonstrate i t s cargo and troop delivery capab i l i t y i n J o i n t USAF-US4-Lockheed-Georgia Co. Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test (TADJET)program t o begin i n early October, DOD announced. k p p r o x b a t e l y 150 f l i g h t s from Pope AFB, N.C., would aisd-sop equipment andmen. During transport phase, C-5 would be loaded and unloaded some 50 times a ~ perform d nating maneuvers with air-transportable dock t h a t could handle cargo capacity of t h r e e C-5s. (DOD Release 683-69) , - 15-17: Second National A h Exposition a t Dulles International f i r s t public appearance 02. Lockheed C -5A, world's l a r g e s t a i r c r a f t . Show was opened by Secretary of Transporbat ion John A. Volpe, who announced plans f o r further expositions. (AP, - 8/16/69, 46) lE!P, A w s t ~irpbrt,Va. , featured August 16: U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos C C X C I I I from Plesetsk into o r b i t w i t h x - l m (151.6-mi) apogee, 202-lan (125.5-mi) perigee, 88.9-min p?riod, and 51.7' inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Aug 28. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; UN Public Registry; = , . 8 / ~ ) / 6 9 , 166) - . ' �August 16 : Estimated 250,000 persons mtched ApoUo l l astronauts parade i n Houston, Tex. Crud threw c o a e t t i , t i c k e r tape, and "moon c e r t i f i cates"--fake $100 and $1,000 paper money--until streets were two t o t h r e e f e e t deep i n l i t t e r . Later, 55,000 persons attended gala i n Houston's Astrodone coliseum, which was f U l e d t o capacity. Total of (UPI, W. PoBt 31 astronauts and families rode through cheering throngs .- 8/17/69, , ) Associated Press s a i d Austin, Tex., Judge John R. Brown had granted request of atheis* Madalyn Murray O'Hair f o r three-judge Federal court t o hear h e r s u i t against NASA seeking t o prevent astronauts on duty f'rom practicing r e l i g i o n [see Aug. 61. (AJ?, W Post, 8/16/69, A3) Agnew E. Lsrsen, space research consultant with Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., died at age 73. He had received 1930 Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r perfecting autogiro, predecessor'of helicopter. (IW, 8/18/69, 31) Apollo 11 astronauts discussed possible manned Mars landing August17: by 1982 on C3S program a ace t h e Nation, " Astronaut Neil A . Armstrong said, "I am quite c e r t a i n t h a t goals of t h e Mars variety a r e within our I1 rage, should we choose...that investment of our n a t i o n a l resources. F i r s t exploratory f l i g h t s could be combined with earth-orbit ing spacec r a f t t o develop long-term capability with same kind of spacecraft. It was "we31 within our capability" t o be prepared f o r Mars launch i n 1981. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., s a i d he was "not so sure. . t h i s i s t h e time tbst we can accurately s e t a date like 1931." S e t t i n g g o d was worthwhile but a s intermediate goals were reached "I believe . we w i l l . be able t o b e t t e r define exactly what our longer term goals are i n terms of ten years from now. " Astronaut Michael Collins said, "I don't thZnk 1931 i s t o o soon. I t h i n k it i s w e l l within our capability t o do so." Very nsrture of . long-duration t r i p "requires careful design and t e s t i n g of the equipment, $ ? c h could e a s i l y be done i n Earth o r b i t w i t h a number of a n c i l l a r y b e n e f i t s . " He defended Bible reading i n space and anno-uced he would never fly i n space again because he found it i n c r e a s k g l y d i f f i c u l t "to keep up year a f t e r year" with rigorous training required. (SBD, - 8/19/69, 159; W Post, 8/18/69, A2; NY!T, 8/18/69, 33) a . �A w s t 17: Controversywas building up over astronauts' future, Apollo prowarn, and manned space flight generally, Harry Schwartz . s a i d i n . Mew York Tjmes. Three major debates were over whether engineerastronauts o r scientist-astronauts should be sent on f u t u r e Apollo missions; who should control mission schedules and astronaut a c t i v i t i e s , "NASA hierarchy1' o r ground-based s c i e n t i s t s i n NASA; and whether U. S. should emphasize unmanned probes o r crash program t o put men on Mars'in e a r l y 1980s. "The Pact t h a t it i s t h e s c i e n t i s t s who have been resigning while astronauts with test p i l o t backgrounds have been receiving unprecedented public acclaim makes it evident where t h e balance of p o w e rl i e s f o r t h e moment &thin NASA. But t h e issue i s f a r fkom s e t t l e d , since U S A i t s e l f must and does use t h e prospect of s c i e n t i f i c advances as a key argument i n seeking appropriations f o r space a c t i v i t i e s . Hence t h e d i s s i d e n t s c i e n t i s t s could have s u b s t a n t i a l leverage i f they teamed up with Congrsssmen and others who oppose t h e space appropriations f o r other rzasons. It would not be s u r p r i s i n g , . . i f NASA sought t o ease t h e s c i e n t i s t s 1 i r r i t a t i o n by satisfying soae of t h e i r demands. " (E, . ' , 8/17/69, ~ 2 ) . Japag successfully launched her l a r g e s t rocket t o date - -four -stage, 75-f't-10=, 4.5-fb -dia, 43.8-ton MU3D--Kyodo. News Service reported. Rocket reached 100-mi (160.9-km) a l t i t u d e i n 44 min, with l a s t stage reaching 1 . 8 mps--about half speed thought needed t o o r b i t s a t e l l i t e - Western Pacific after 7 min 35 secs of f l i g h t . . President Nixon ' s post -Apollo I l t o u r of A s i a and Romania July 25 -Aug 3, wlus his remarks and reactions aboard U.S.S. Hornet a t s~lashdownand during welcoming c e r m n y f o r astronauts, were recorded i n New -York Times Masazine a r t i c l e by Max Frankel and Robert 8. Sernple, Jr. Authors were among press accornp&ng President and Mrs. Nixon on t o u r . President and part;y had basked " i n r e f l e c t e d moonglow." When President walked tjwards reviewing stand i n Guam, spectator had remsrked, "that ' s h i s moon walk. " A o l l o I l had given President "new .exuberance. " (g Magazine, €3119 -, 76-80) r Rep. George P. Miller ( D - c a l i f . ) , as Chairman of House C o m i t t e e on Science and Astronautics, had forced NAS4 to pay $5,522 f o r U W j e t t o transport 32 committee members and wives t o Aug. 1 3 Apollo l l s t a t e dinner i n Los Angeles, Rowland Evans a ~ Robert; d Novak s a i d i n W a s h i e Post. NASA a l s o had t o pay $19,342 f o r chartered comercial jet for space o f f i c i a l s and $2,800 f o r Aug. 12 Houston luncheon, and White House w e s charging agency with most of estimated $75,000 cost of s t a t e dinner. (W Post, 8/17/69, B7) �August18: Swiss physicist D r . Johannes Geiss, originator of A p o l l o l I experiment t o trap atomic p a r t i c l e s from s o l a r wind on lunar surface; would use "deliberate speed" i n assaying r e s u l t s , New York Times reported. NASA courier had delivered square foot of aluminum f o i l exposed on moon f o r an ho;z t o catch emitted by sun. D r . Geiss a ~ associates d i n Beme Univ.'s Physics I n s t i t u t e had devised plan f o r duaL study of foil i n Berne and a t Federal Polytechnic a t Zurich. A n i l y s es , determining components by spect rornet e r , would require sever& weeks. NASA would not release remaining t h r e e square f e e t of f o i l t o him until 1970. (E, 8/18/69, 34) B r i t i s h Aircraft Corp. and Sud Aviation announced completion of second phase of Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport f l i g h t developaent program, Two prototypes were being readied for transonic phase t o push a i r c r a f t ' s speed beyond mach 1 i n e a r l y September. Two prototypes had logged 104 f l y i n g hrs i n 39 and 24 f l i g h t s and had achieved speeds t o mach 0.95 and a l t i t u d e s t o 40,000 f't Concorde 002 was being prepared for supersonic f l i g h t s t o mach 2, o r 1,400-mph cruising speed, i n t e s t s expected t o begin a t y e a r ' s end. (BAC/SU~ Aviation Release 1 0 ~ / 6 9 ) . A u p t 1 9 : McDonald O b s e m t o r y successrully recorded i t s first'h i t s on l a s e r r e f l e c t o r l e f t on moon by Apollo l l astronauts a t 9:30 pm CBT. S c i e n t i s t s said distance a t t h a t moment was 232,271,406 m i and moon was 131.2 fl farther from e a r t h than previously believed. L i d k Observatory had recorded f i r s t h i t s A u g . 1 and had estimated earthmoon distance t o be 226,970.9 m i a t that time. (AP, W S t a r , 8/21/69, ~ 3 ) U.S.S.R. launc3ed Cosmos CCXCN from Plesetsk i n t o orbit with 343-km (213.1-ni) apogee, 205-hn (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and SSR, 8/31/69; 65.4' inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Aug. 27. (GSFC SBD, 8/29/69, 166; UN Public egist try) NASA announced selection of Ch5ster M. Lee as Apollo Mission Director, succeeding George H. Hsge, who had been elected vice president f o r product development with Boeing Co. Lee, r e t i r e d USN captain who had s a v e d i n Polaris missile prograq and i n Directorate of Research and Engineering i n Office of Secretary of Defense, had been Assistant Apollo Mission Director since A u g ~ s t1966. (NASA Release 69-122) �August 20: Study of possible o r b i t i n g Space Technoloa Applications and ~ e s e a x hLaboratory (STARL~B) sponsored by NASA and American Society f o r Engineering Education, was completed a t MSFC. Eleven-week design project focused space-developed technology on e a r t h resources use, crop-maturity prediction, s o i l analysis, veg'etation vigor, sea farming, and other e a r t h problems. Final presentation i n p r o j e c t , which had p a r t i c i p a t i o n of 21 f a c u l t y members from 1 8 colleges a n d - u n i v e r s i t i e s , was report; on o r b i t i n g space laboratory i U u s t r a t ing systems approach that could be valuable i n solving major e a r t h problems. (MSFC Release , 69-179) Washington Post published l e t t e r from former Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk. He recommended U.S. abandon idea of space race with U.S.S.R.; "throw wide open t h e doors on international cooperation"; proceed with development of near-earth space c a p a b i l i t i e s and a c t i v i t i e s contributing t o understanding of earth; and "take advantage of NASA s extraordinary a b i l i t y t o mobilize s c i e n t i f i c , technical, i n d u s t r i a l and other t a l e n t s " f o r other t a s k s , l i k e a i r t r a v e l and a i r pollution problem-solving. "Marzned f l i g h t s t o t h e planets might b e t t e r be a decision f a r t h e next generation." (W Post, 8/23/69, A28) . NAS4' s X - 2 4 ~l i f t ing-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by Ma j Jerauld R. Gexrbry, successfully completed t h i r d f l i g h t a f t e r air-launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t over South Rogers Lske Bed, Calif. Objectives of f l i g h t were t o obtain handling q u a l i t i e s , s t a b i l i t y and control derivatives, flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n over a f t portion of vehicle, and longitudinal trim curves and l i f t -to-drag r a t i o a t 15' upper-flap s e t t i n g . Procedural, e r r o r caused ~ - 2 ts h ~be launched 35 secs e a r l y and some planned data were not obtained. (NASA Fxoj O f f ) August 21 : . Intelsat I (~azly~ i r d hsd ) been put back into o r b i t a l retirement and f u l l co&nications service v i a Lntelsat-111 37-2 had been restored, ComSatCorp announced. I n t e l s a t I, reactivated June SO af'ter six- month retirement t o compensate f o r failure of I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-2 u n t i l service was restored Auq. 1, would remain i n o r b i t and wollld be capable of operational service i f needed. Restored I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-2 was handling 620 --time c o m e r c i a l c i r c u i t s serving countries i n A t l a n t i c area and t r a n s a t l a n t i c TV programing when ordered. (INTELSAT Release 69-53) �Aumst 21 : Evely s c i e n t i s t -astronaut except one - -geologi s t Harrison Schmitt--had been removed f'rom NASA's lunar landing t r a i n i n g l t s t , Victor Cohn reported i n Washineon Post. Report was l a t e r denied by NASA. Cohn s a i d remaining s c i e n t i s t s had been assigned t o t r a i n f o r long-duration, earth-orbiting Apollo Applications missions beginning i n 1972. Action was "certain t o aggravate t h e already e x i s t i n g disagreements between s c i e n t i s t s and space o f f i c i a l s , " Cohn said, and would probably prompt more resignations by s c i e n t i s t s . (W Post, 8/21/69, fi; 8/22/69, ~ 1 8 ) Washin$on % s t published l e t t e r from Irene S, Rubin i n Lmpsng, Thailand. Real impact of Apollo ll success i n Thailand had been "on t h e group of educated men who have some e f f e c t on government. Their primary reaction was not one of shared accomplishment but of shame i n t h e gap t h u s dramtt i z e d between themselves and t h e developed countries." Though U.S. could not hide technological capacity, "I t h i n k we should be more aware of t h e context i n t o which news of t h e Apollo mission i s received. Far from, bringing the world closer together with such performances, we may be a r o u s m b i t t e r n e s s and obstinacy i n t h e misa-nocat ion of development f'unds. " (W Post, 8/21/69, ~ 1 8 ) U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCV i n t o - o r b i t with 473-km 293.9-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and :l.OO inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; UN Pablic egist try) A u g u s t 22: . NASA named Rocco A. Petrone, Director of Launch Operations a t KSC since 1966, t o succeed L/G Same1 C. P h i l l i p s (USAF) a s Director of Apollo P r o g r a , effective Sept 1. He would be succeeded by Deputy Director of Launch Operations Walter J. Kapryaq. Petrone had been Saturn Project Officer and Apollo Program Manager. H i s awards included NASA Exceptional Service Award f o r d i r e c t i o n of Apollo 7 checkout and launch and NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA's highest award, f o r d i r e c t i o n of ApoUo 8 checkout and launch. (MA Release 69-124) . . International Academy ok Astronautics announced s e l e c t ion of D r . Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations a t MSC, t o receive Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award f o r 1969. Award and $1,000 p r i z e w o u l d be presented during 20th I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astron a u t i c a l Congress i n Argentina i n October. (UPI, W Post, 8/23/69, ~ 3 ) . NASA's alleged neglect of pure science research goals i n favor of engineering p u s u i t s and "glamor" had caused undercurrent of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among s c i e n t i s t s , Science noted. When interviewed by Science D r . F. Curtis Michel, �A u g u s t 22 (continued) D r . Donald U. Wise, and D r . Elbert A. K i n g , who had resigned from NASA recently, declined t o a t t r i b u t e t h e i r resignations d i r e c t l y t o major d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s with N4SA and denied t h a t they had resigned t o p r o t e s t emphasis on engineering r a t h e r than s c i e n t i f i c research. They did, however, express some d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with r o l e of basic science in space exploration and impatience with NAS4's management of s c i e n t i f i c projects and admitted they were lured f'rom NASA by prospects of new positions t h a t offered more time f o r s c i e n t i f i c research. (science, 8/22/69, 776-8) AIAA announced e l e c t i o n of Honorary Fellows: Secretary of t h e Air Force, D r . Robert C, S e a m s , Jr.; German rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth; amd Northrop Corp. founder John K. Nodhrop. D r . Seamans, former N!lSA Associate Administrator, was honored f o r "organizing t h e research, development and operational base which produced t h e Apollo program. Honors would be presented a t Oct. 23 banquet i n Anaheim, Calif. (AM el ease) " I n l e t t e r advocathg postponement of decision on manned Mars landing [see A u g . X)] former Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk had "gone t o the heart of what i s bound t o become a c r i t i c a l national decision," Richard Wilson s a i d i n Washington Evening Star. "Now t h a t we know we can and w i l l do t h i s t h i n g does it make any difference i n t h e eons of time yet t o cone when we do it? F i f t y years k o a now might we not have developed far cheaper and more e f f i c i e n t ways t o do it? Mars w i l l s t i l l be t h e r e . . . . The space men have shown us not only t h e moon, but what a b e a u t i f u l planet we have i n what may otherwise be a wholly desolate solar system--a beautiful. planet t h a t needs loving care t o preserve it." (W Star 8/22/69, ~ 1 5 ) J In telephone interview, UCZ4 astrono-ser D r . Samuel Herrick, Jr., s a i d planetoid Geographos, due t o pass earth a t 5.6 million-mi distance Aug. 27, would be best s i t e of all a s t e r o i d s f o r eventual spsce s t a t i o n beyond moon and good spot f o r manned or unmmed spscec r a f t landing. I t s f a r t h e s t point from sun i n given o r b i t w a s least d i s t a n t from sun and from e a r t h of all minor planets. But astronauts landing on it would have t o "dig i n and t i e themselves down" since i t s estimated g was so s l i g h t "even a sneeze directed a t t h e surface would propel a man off i n t o space." (AP, B &, 8/23/69, A 3 ) In Science, MIT Lincoln L3boratory s c i e n t i s t s A, E. E. Rogers and R. P. IngaUs reported mapping Venus surface r e f l e c t i v i t y by radar i n t e r f e r o a e t r y a t 3.8-cm wavelength f o r region *om -80' t o '0 �August 22 (continued) longitude and *om -50' t o 4 0 ' l a t i t u d e . 14ap was f r e e from twofold range-Doppler ambiguity, presented new features, and c l e a r l y delineated f e a t u r e s previously obs ewed. It showed l a r g e c i r c u l a r regions of s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower r e f l e c t i v i t y than t h e i r surroundings with s i z e and appearance of lunar m a r i a . (science, 8/22/69, Tg7-9j . A t National Amateur Astronomers convention i n Denver, Colo. , six-member pmel including Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek and Univ. of Arizona physicist D r . James E. McDonald suggested UFO i n v e s t i gation be t a k e n from USAF and placed with s c i e n t i f i c body. P a n e l i s t s s a i d since UFOs apparently presented no danger t o nat iona2 defense, they were unimportant t o U W . Panel disagreed with 1968 Condon Report on UFOs [see Jan. 91. H p e k said UFO research should continue. (AP, W S t a r , 8/2$/69, Al7) -- Awst 23: W launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg U B by T i t a n 111-B-Agena booster. S%te l l i t e entered o r b i t with 251.7 -mi (405-ka) apogee, 7 2.7-mi ( ~ 7 - b perigee, ) 89.7 -min period, and 1 0 8 . 0 ~ i n c l i n a t i o n and reentered Sept. 7. (CSFC E,8/31/69; 9/15/69; E, 8/26/69, 1%) . Chemical analysis of moon rocks a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory had &is- closed t h e i r age might range from 2 b i l l i o n t o 4.5 b i l l i o n yrs--far greater thanmost s c i e n t i s t s expected--lunar s c i e n t i s t s i n touch with LRL colleagues s a i d , I t w a s "almost conclusive evidence t h a t it has been b i l l i o n s of years since these rocks c r y s t a l l i z e d . " Finding might s e t t l e difference between geologists who had viewed lunar surface as having had continuous history and those l i k e D r . Harold C. Urey who believed moon was ancient, undisturbed place made of m a t e r i d which would help unfold h i s t o r y of e a r l y planets, Later, MSC Director of Science and Applications, D r . Wilmot N. Hess, said D r . S. Oliver Schaeffer and D r . John Funkhouser of S t a t e Univ; of New York; Dr. Joseph Zahringer of Max Planck I n s t i t u t e i n Heidelberg, and D r . Donald Bogard of MSC had measured s o l a r p a r t i c l e s trapped in l u n a r rocks t o determine lunar m s t e r i a l f s age. (ah, W Post, 8/24/69, A l ; UPI, W Star, 8/25/69, ~ 4 ) . Ten space pioneers were named t o f i r s t National Space Hall of Fame. Honorees, chosen by Houston City committee, would be f e t e d a t f i r s t annual awards dinner i n Houston, Tex., Sept. 27. They include& Astronaut Alan'B. Shepard, Jr., f i r s t American to journey i n space; former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., f i r s t American t o o r b i t i n ' �August 23 (continued) space; l a t e Astronaut Edward H. White 11, f i r s t man t o walk i n space;. D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director; l a t e Rep: Albert Thomas (D- ex. ) staunch supporter of space progran; D r . Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director; l a t e D r . Hugh L. Dryden, former NASA ~ e p u t yAdministrator; D r . Maxime A. Faget, Director of Engineering and Dwelopment a t MSC; D r . Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; and l a t e D r . Robert H, Coddard, f a t h e r of rocketry. Hall was i n Albert Thomas Center in Houston. (UPI,' NYT -3 , .' 8 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 8) This Week published interview with science f i c t i o n author Arthur C. Clarke. Most important recent outer sDace discovew was p u l s a r s - - " I t l s possible t h a t they might be sign& from some higher c i v i l i z a t i o n . " S c i e n t i f i c sllrprise in ApolLo program was " i t s immaculate perfection. You don't expect t h a t , no matter how caref'ully you prepme." Clarke. was miting space exploration.documentary which would show "whole span of human i n t e r e s t i n space, b&k t o t h e Babylonian astronomers and on up thrc=lgh t h e colonization of t h e s o l m system. " It would include Stonehenge which was "as big a burden for t h e primitive economy t h a t hilt i t - - i n f a c t , probably a much bigger burden than t h e Apollo program i s for us. " (Bradford, This Week, August 24: 8/24/69, 7) Transfer of US4F MOL o f f i c e r s t o NASA astronaut corps [see Aug. i4] was c r i t i c i z e d in.WashingLon Sunday S t a r by W i l l i a m fines: "With t h e i n i t i a l noon l a d i n g now an accomplished fact, the pace of named space operations 'has slowed down t o three flights per year. This n;eans t h a t no more than nine men can f l y annually, and with 54 a s t r o nsuts now on board, t h i s , i n t u n , means an average of six years between f l i g h t s . " Tho@ pace might accelerate i n time and future space stations.would increase annual number of crew assignments, "the glamor and glory of being an astronaut--particularly a nonflying one--no longer compensates f o r t h e enforced .idleness imposed by t h e modified flight schedule. I ' (W Star, 8/24/69, ~ 4 ) August 25: Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced t h a t " ~ i r s t Man on t h e ~ o o n "postage stamp would be issued Sept, 9 i n Washington, D .C. , i n conjunct ion with National Postal Form. Printed from master d i e c a r r i e d t o moon on A o U o 11rnisslon (~uly16-24), 10-cent air mail s t amp would be 5@-han conventional commemorative -stamps and would be dedicated i n special cereabny attended by Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l h i n , Jr., and Michael C o U n s . �August 25 (continued) Post Office had received 500,000 f i r s t - d a y cover requests within t h r e e weeks a r t e r stamp was announced July 9 and was still receiving 60,00089,030 such requests daily--of which about one-fif'th were f'rom foreign countries. (PO Dept Release 130) . Robert E. Bernier, former CamSatCorp systems engineer f o r - t e l s a t I11 program, becme NASA European Representative i n Office of International Af'fairs. He replaced Clotaire Wood, who would return t o Of'fice of Advanced Research and Technology a t NASA Hq. Bernier would begin h i s d u t i e s a t American Bnbassy i n P a r i s i n e a r l y October, handling NASA's cooperative r e l a t i o n s and programs with European regional and n s t i o n a l space organizations. (NASA Release 69-125) . Scientist-astronaut D r . W i L l i a m E. Thornton, who had been grounded i n spring, received clearance t o continue j e t p i l o t t r a i n i n g . Thornton had had d i f f i c u l t y landing because of d i s t o r t i o n of v i s i o n c a l l e d aniseikonia,which reduced h i s depth perception. Vision had been corrected with s p e c i a l glasses. (UPI, W S t a r , 8/26/69, A3; WPost, 8/26/69, ~ 9 ) - . Washington Post published r e s u l t s of July 30-Aug. 4 Harris survey of U. S. households t o determine a t t i t u d e toward spending $4 b i l l i o n annually for decade t o explore moon and other planets. While 5% of those polled approved funding f o r lunar landing, narrow p l u r a l i t y of 1,577 4% was opposed t o m h e r $4 b i l l i o n anually; 44% favored. Persons un3er 30 favored extension of space program by 6@ t o 34% but those over 50 opposed it by 5 g a c k c i t i z e n s were opposed by (W Post, 8 6% t o 1%. . Dr. Harry H. Hess, Chairman of MIS-NRC Space Science Board, died of heart a t t a c k suffered while attending Board meeting a t Woods Hole, Mass. D r . Hess, Blair professor of geology a t Princeton Univ., was one of s c i e n t i s t s who had a n a l b e d Apollo ll lunar samples. In 1950 he had advanced theory t h a t volcanic a c t i v i t y on ocean Moor caused continental d r i f t . He had been past president of Mineralogical Society of America a d of Geological Society of America, chairman of s i t e - s e l e c t i o n committee f o r NSF"s Project Mohole, and adviser t o . numerous Federal a encies, including NASA. (UPI, - W Post, 8/27/69, A10; Science, 8/29$69, 882) �Augpst 25-30: Eighth International Symposium on Space Technology--first major i n t e r n a t i o n a l space meeting since Apollo ll-:was held I n Tokyo. I n opening speech, general chairman Tsuyoshi Hayashi expressed world's appreciation t o U.S. f o r making "a great l e a p f o r mankind" but s a i d many other nations had contributed t o s c i e n t i f i c knowledge t h a t made lunar landing possible. He asked recognition of moon a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l territory. Among 400 s c i e n t i s t s from 19 countries attending meeting 'were NASA Apollo Applications Program Director W i U i a m C. Schneider; D r . Cristoper C. b a n , Jr., MSC Director of Flight Operations, and M. P. Frank from MSC; Herbert A. Wilson, Jr., Chief of Applied Materials D i v . , from LaRC; Ox Project Manager WiUked E. S c u l l f'rom GSFC; D r . Thomas Vrebalovich from JPL; and Leon C. Hamiter, Jr., MSFC engineer. H a m i t e r presented paper on increased computer capacity and l i g h t e r weight f l i g h t hardware. Prof. Masahiko Kido of Japan's Ehime Univ. s a i d legal s t a t u s should be developed f o r moon before disputes arose over lunar r e a l e s t a t e . Other p a r t i c i p a n t s urged steps t o outlaw m i l i t a r y use of moon. D r . Werner J. KLeen, Director of European Spsce Research and Technology Center,said ESRO had been given permission t o put comsat i n t o o r b i t and would s t a r t work i n autumn. Japan announced i t s space development corporation would begin operations Oct. 1 and launch MS-4 f e rocket in e a r l y 1 4 0 , followed by comsat launch. ( ~ b a b e c o f, 69, 11; MSFC Release 69-181; NASA Off of Int Affairs) August 26: Moon landing would change human l i v e s , C..P. Snow s a i d i n Look. "I am a f r a i d that in the long run, perhaps a generation, perhaps longer, it will have a bad e f f e c t . It wiLl give us t h e feeling, and t h e p e r f e c t l y j u s t i f i e d f e e l i n g , t h a t our world has his i s forever the end of t h e mortal f r o n t i e r . " f i n a l l y closed in. Space enthusiasts thought lunar landing would l i b e r a t e human imaginat i o n but "I believe...that hman imagination i s going t o be r e s t r i c t e d - as t o an extent it was when the l a s t spots on t h e globe had been r i s i t e d , t h e South Pole and t h e summit of Everest. e ow here on earth f o r adventurous man t o go. Very soon, there w i l l be no place i n t h e universe f o r adventurous man t o go. " (Look, 8/26/69, 68-72) - , NASA announced award by LaRC of $2.5-million contract t o Ling Temco Vought Aerospace Corp. t o design, develop, and flight-qualify larger 1st -stage s o l i d rocket motor f o r Scout booster. New Algol I11 motor w o u l d have 44- or 45-in dia, 4 or 5 i n wider than Algol IIB, and would enable Scout t o place 400-lb payload, 100 l b s more than I I B capacity, i n t o o r b i t with 300-mi a l t i t u d e . (NASA Release 69-126) �August 26: Bright red l i g h t s , believed by observers t o be meteors, flashed across California, Nevada, and Arizona a t 8 : 5 0 pm PDT. North American A i r Defense Command (NORAD) l a t e r i d e n t i f i e d l i g h t s as parts of Soviet booster burning during reentry. Booster had launched Cosmos C C X C N Aug. 19. (AP, W S t a r , 8/27/69, A5; l a t e r ed, ~3 ) August 27 : NASAf s 148-1b drum-shaped Pioneer E f a i l e d on 5 :29 pm EDT launch from ETR by Thrust-Auwented Improved Delta (DSV-3~)b o x t e r . S a t e l l i t e had been intended for solar o r b i t t o c o l l e c t s c i e n t i f i c data on electromagnetic and plasma properbies of interplanetary medium near e a r t h ' s o r b i t a l path during s i x or more passages of s o l a r a c t i v i t y centers. J e t t i s o n of t h r e e strap-on solid-propellant rockets, 1st-stage Thor engine cutoff, and 2nd-stage i g n i t i o n occurred as planned but vehicle began gyrating, veered o f f course, and was destroyed by Range Safety Officer a t 8 min 2 secs GET. Pioneer E and TETR C t e s t and t r a i n i n g s a t e l l i t e , carried a s secondary payload t o t e s t Apollo c o m i c a t ions network, splashed i n t o Atlantic about 300 m i southeast of Barbados. Preliminary analysis of data indicated l o s s of hydraulic pressure during 1st-stage burn permitted engine nozzle t o develop uncontrolled gimbaling and vehicle w a t ions. Invest igat i o n would be conducted t o determine exact cause and action t o prevent recurrence. Pioneer E was l a s t i n s e r i e s of f i v e spacecrart designed t o provide, continuing measurements over t h e s o l a r cycle at widely separated points i n interplanetary space. Pioneer V I (launched Dec 16, 1955), Pioneer VII - (launched Aug. 17, 1956), Pioneer VIII (launched Dec. 16, 1 m n d Pioneer M (launched Nov. 8, 1968) had received 25,000 commands from ground and were s t i l l producing usef'ul data from widely s c a t t e r e d positions i n heliocentric o r b i t s . Nost recent Pioneer missions had provided new information on functions of magnetosphere, additional d a t a on f i n d i n g t h a t diffuse solar,plasma regions appeared t o have a t t r a c t i o n of t h e i r own, measurements of cosmic dust populations, data on changes in e l e c t r i c a l and magnetic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o l a r corona, and t a r g e t s f o r precision radar tracking which l e d t o establishment of r e l i a b l e value f o r earth-moon msss r a t i o aqd sun-earth mass r a t i o . Pioneer progran was managed by ARC under OSSA direction. (NASAProj Off; NASA Release 69-U6; 8/29/69, 213) . s, �August 3 : Moon was t w i n planet of earth, formed f r o z - same whirling gas cloud, i n e a r l y view of t w o LEE s c i e n t i s t s studying Apollo 11 samples. D r . S. Ross Taylor of A s t r i National Univ., Canberra, Australia, said,' "Moon's composition i s unlike t h e e a r t h ' s . But it i s not outside our experience. It i s l i k e t h e material you would expect i f t h e e a r t h and moon were formed a s a double planet.'' He thought moon was younger twin, while D r . Oliver A. Schaeffer of S t a t e Univ. of New York thought it might be equally old. " Age of two lunar rocks had been estimated a t 3.1 b i l l i o n y r s , "p;ive o r take.. -200million years," by measuring proportion of argon 40 t o potassium i n rocks, D r . Schaeffer said. L u n a r highlands might be 4.5 b i l l i o n y r s old. Moon, he thought, never grew big enough t o melt i n t e r n a l l y and produce geologic activity t o change lunar surface an3 leave younger rocks. D r . Taylor's studies had shown unusually high amounts of refYactory material an3 absence or low concentration of v o l a t i l e materials, implying v o l a t i l e material hsd boiled ah-ay in melting process. He inferred rock chemistry was d i f f e r e n t from deep msntle of e a r t h and fYom cosmic abundances - - d i s t r i b u t ion of elements t h a t w ~ u l dbe expected i n d i s t a n t , more primitive planet captured by earth. ( c o b , W Post, 8/28/69, A l ) , . MSC Deputy Director George S. Trimble announced h i s resignation, effect i v e Sept 30, after 2; yrs with NASA. He had been Director of Advanced Manned Missions P r o g a r i n N4SA Office of Manned Space FLight before appointment t o MSC post Oct. 13, 1967. (UC Release 69-70; W Post, 8/28/69, A 8 ; NAS9 Ann, 10/13/67) . . NASA announced selection of RCA Service Co. t o receive two-year, cost- plus-award-fee contract with one-year option f o r l o g i s t i c support t o (STADAN), Manned Space F l i g h t Network (MsFX), and NASA Comunications Network (NASCOM) Contract was expected t o exceed $17 million. (NASA Release 69-127) Sgace Tracking an3 Data Acquisition Network . . American A i r l i n e s began showing IQASA color film o f Apollo 11 and d i s t r i b u t i n g f r e e copies of CBS News recording "Man on the Moon" azd free cut-out lunar modules f o r children on "Americana" f l i g h t s between East Coast and California through Sept. 23. (E, 8/1@/69, 23) Auqust 23: Leading lunar s c i e n t i s t D r . Harold C. Urey t o l d conference on nuclear energy a t Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago he was "pleased" a t discovery t h a t age of lunar rocks might range between �August 28 (continued) 3 b i l l i o n and 4.5 b i l l i o n y r s [see Aug. 231 and had "expected t h i s for But I ' m not making any more b e t s on t h e moon's o r i g i n . " a long t h e He was "puzzled" by once-molten l u n a r . sea material; it might have been formzd by huge meteor or a s t e r o i d impacts r a t h e r than volcanism and . moon might h3ve o r i inated out of c l u s t e r of such a s t e r o i d a l debris. ( ~ o h n ,W-Post, .... F i f t i e t h anniversary of International A i r Transport Assn. (IATA), founded i n Amsterdam A u g . 28, 1919. International flying under IATA asspices i n 1919 amounted t o 3,503 passengers; i n 1969 it w a s expected t o t o t a l 300 million. Organization was s t i U devoted t o o r i g i n a l principles: promot i o n o f s a f e , regular, and economical air transport; collaboration anong i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r s ; processing of technical matters and comon f a r e s ; and functioning as clearinghouse f o r settlement of member a i r l i n e accounts. From o r i g i n a l membership of s i x a i r l i n e s , IATA now had 103 p a r t i c i p s t i n g members. ( ~ a n b e r ~ e NYT, r, 8/24/69, 86) August 2 9 : U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCqI from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t with 239-lan (185.8 -nt) apogee, 227-km (141.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-min per id, and 64.g0 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Sept. 6. (GSFC -SSR 9 8/31/69, 9/15/69; S8D, 9/3/69, 9; ull Public Itegistry) Soae p l a n t s treated with lunar dust i n e a r l y ' ~ w s t were showing unexpected responses. Treated plants- -including seedlings of several common food plants l i k e wheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, and limes--were generally huskier and s l i g h t l y greener than untreated plants. NASA statement said: "The seedlings challenged with lunar materials uniformly look b e t t e r t h a n t h e controls (untreated p l a n t s ) Germination i n t h e presence of lunar soil indicates t h a t it is behaving l i k e a source of nutrients. " Plant c e l l s i n t i s s u e c u l t u r e showed "some evidence of s u b t l e change a s a r e s u l t of l u n a r innoculat i o n . " D r . 3. A . Vozzo, plant pathologist a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory, eGhasized t h a t changes were minor and could not yet be p o s i t i v e l y a t t r i b u t e d t o l u n a r ' d u s t . ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 8/30/69, ~ l ) . NAS4 selected General E l e c t r i c Co. t o receive three-year, $4-million, ' cost-plus-award-fee contract with two-year option t o provide engineering and mission-related support t o LsRC f o r Viking Project--series of planet sry probes which would begin softlanding on Mars i n 1973. (NASA Release 69-128) ' �New determination of abundance of water i n Mars atmosphere was reported i n Science by I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e of Technology a s t r o norners Tobias Owen and Harold P. Mason. New spectograms of planet had been obtained i n region of wat er-vapor band a t 8,200 8 during February and March 1969. h o u n t of p r e c i p i t a b l e water was found t o be about 1 5 JL Abundance reaffirmed t h a t some water was .present at current epoch but otherwise had l i t t l e bearin5 on evolution of Martian atmosphere. Water vapor d i d n o t imply liquid \ate r e x i s t e d ori Martian surface. (science, 8/29/69, 893-5) August 29: . August 31: Washinqton Post Sunday supplesent Potomac published p r o f i l e of D r . Richard T. Whitcoxb, head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch a t k R C . He had won 1954 Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r design of "coke b o t t l e " a i r c r a f t fuselage configuration t h a t enabled high-speed a i r c r a f t t o pass through rnach 1 with increased power. Nore r e c e n t l y he had devised s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing, which would permit subsonic j e t a i r c r a f t t o approach mach 1. If adopted by c o m e r c i a l a i r c r a f t manufacturers, wing would c u t n e a r l y one hour from current five-hour t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l f l i g h t s . ( ~ o t o m s c , 8/31/69, 1, 5-7) . DOD i n t e r n a l , c l a s s i f i e d , menoranda money buying a d d i t i o n a l Lo:kheed suggested Governmat would waste C-5A aircraf't, Washington Post s a i d . Central conclusion as t h a t most e f f i c i e n t and l e a s t c o s t l y transport a t i o n network t o support two major and one "brushf i r e " war " f o r which m i l i t a r y wants t o be prepared c o n s i s t s of t h e e x i s t i n g t h r e e squadrons (58) [ o f ] C-5As plus smaller c a r r i e r s l i k e t h e C-141 and modern freighters." ( ~ o s s i t e r ,W Post, 8/31/69, Al) During ----Amst: Pace magazine p ~ b l i s h e da r t i c l e s by Vice President S p i r o T. Agnew, also NASC Chairma, and by NASA Administrator, Dr. Thoaas 0 . Paine. D r . Paine s a i d , "To improve conditions i n our s o c i e t y w e need t o c r e a t e more wealth through g r e a t e r productivity based on new t e c h n o l o a . We should be r e s t l e s s and d i s s a t i s f i e d with our slowness i n overcoming s o c i a l i l l s , and T hope t h a t t h e space prograrn trill continue t o spur us onward here. If we can go t o t h e moon, why can ' t we b u i l d great and shining c i t i e s ? Why c a n ' t we eliminate ignorance, crime and poverty? If our space program h i g h l i g h t s such questions and helps form s n a t i o n a l c o m i t a e n t t o f i n d new solutions, it w i l l have served the n2tion well. Our space advances should eznbolden the n s t i o n ta proceed forward w i t h increased �During August (continued) confidence i n these other areas. Our ApoUo program has demonstrated anew what Americans can accom$lish given a nat-ional comsnitment, capable leadership and adequate resources. "Man's f'uture i n space i s l i m i t l e s s . We have embarked on a new stage of evolution t h a t w i l l engage a l l future generations of men. We face t h e unknown i n countless areas: What a r e t h e e f f e c t s . o f sustained zero and a r k i f i c i a l gravity? Of time-extending f l i g h t a t nearly t h e v e l o c i t y of l i g h t 7 O f s o c i e t i e s genetically selected f o r extraterrestrial living? 'We must f i n d t h e answers. We must mwe vigorously forward i n space. The p r a c t i c a l benefits Qone justify t h i s venture, but t h e r e a r e many other canpeU_ing human reasons. Progress i n space should continue t o spur u s onward t o find new solutions t o our age-old problems here on Spaceship Earth. We must make t h e blue planet Earth a hone base, worthy of men who w i l l s e t f o r t h one day on journeys t o the s t a r s . " Vice SPresident Agnew s a i d : "With t h e remarkably successful Apollo moon-landing program on the verge of c d m b a t i o n , we are now faced with a need t o define j u s t what we should proceed t o do t o make use most effectively of t h e results of our past and continuing space-exploration investaent. Wealthy a s our .econony is, rich as our technology has become, we must plan c a r e f u l l y i n order t o meet It i s our hope a wide range of urgent n a t i o n a l requirements t h a t , with a c a r e r u l l y reasoned s e t of goals adequately Punaed by the people through t h e i r Congress, t h e nation and the world w i l l rzap t h e maximum possible b s n e f i t from mankind's most ambitious m9ertaking. We must keep our horizons wide and our s i g h t s high. Despite i t s many i n t e r n a l domestic p r i o r i t i e s , t h i s nation should never t u r n inward, away from t h e opportunities and challenges of i t s 9 8/69, 2-4) most promising f r o n t i e r . (pace .... Four h u n b e d t h anniversary of Mercator's map, published i n Rhenish c i t y of Duisberg i n 1569 by Gerhsrd Kremer (knowi b y ' h i s Latin name Gerardus ~ e r c a t o)r Map t r a n s l a t e d earthfs spbere i n t o plane on chart on which s t r a i g h t l i n e drawn by navigator cut across all meridians a t same angle. Mercator projection w a s s t i l l standard f o r worldwide sea navigation and f o r aeronautical charts. (E, 8 / ~ 7 / 6 9 ,8 2 ) . 'Technologically and managerially, Apollo was d i f f i c u l t , " Englebert Kirchner said i n ~ p a c e / ~ e r o n a u t ei cd ~ i t o r i a l . " P o l i t i c a l l y a2d s o c i a l l y , it. was simple. J u s t t h e r e v e r s e ' i s t r u e about t h e great �During A u g ~ s t(continued) problems of our society. What i s making t h e s e so hard t o solve i s not t e c h n ~ l o g ybut s e r i o u s disagreement about goals and p r i o r i t i e s , about what i s good f o r whom, who i s t o g e t what and who should pay f o r it. The space prograa does not hold t h e answer t o t h e s e questions. Trying t o find them i n Apollo will only d i s t o r t and t h e r e f o r e b e l i t t l e a n incomparable achievement. Apollo took u s t o t h e moon, t o t h a t shining disk i n the sky t h a t looks so unbelievably d i s t a n t . I s n ' t t h a t enough?" (a, 8/69, . AFSC rl) - Newsreview e d i t o r i a l comented on Apollo 11: "If, l i k e t h e e m l y Vikings o r Columbus a t t h e shores of t h e New World, Amundsen at A n t a r c t i c a , Hillary a t t h e peak of M t ~ v e r e s--o& t astronauts stood alone with their thoughts on unknown s o i l , they were not alone. With them was t h e i n v i s i b l e presence of t h e most e ~ e n s i v e ,highly t r a i n e d , p r o f e s s i o n a l l y coapetent, and thoroughly dedicated t a s k f o r c e we have . known. We i n t h e A i r Force Systems Command s a l u t e t h e a s t r o n a u t s on t h e i r accomplishment. We are proud t h a t we have been a b l e t o contribute t o t h e i r rnzgnif i c e n t achievement. " (AFSC Newsreview, 8/69, 2) . �Accident a i r c r a r t , 340 h e l i c o p t e r , 313 See A i r Force Systems Cornand. AFSC. Agathadaemon canal (~ars), 316 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 325, 354-355' AH-56.A ( ~ h e y e n n)e ( h e l i c o p t e r ) 313 A M . See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 313, 356 A i r p o l l u t i o n , 334-335, 344 A i r Transport A s s n . of h e r i c a , 334-335 A i r c r a f t , 313, 338, 340, 354 A i r p o r t s , 317-318, 334 Aldrin, L/C Edwin E . , Jr. (uSAF) An0110 U mission commemorative medal, 330 extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 321 flight, 334 lunar landing, 315, 326 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333-334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333, 337 TV interview, 341 awards and honors, 335-336 commorative stamp ceremony, 348 t r i b u t e t o , 335-336 A l g o l IIB (rocket engine), 350 Algol 111, 350 h e r i c a n A i r l i n e s , 352 Amlrican I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM), 346 American Society f o r Engineering Education, 344 Ames Research Center (ARC), 351 , Anaheim, C a l i f . , 346 Andrews AFB, Md., 315 Antenna, 312 Apollo program, 326-329, 336, 342, 345, 355 Apollo 7 mission, 345 Apollo 8 mission, 318, 345 Apollo 11 mission b i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s , 314, 353 book, 330 commemorative medals, 330 comernorat i v e s t m p , 328, 348- 349 , , �'Apollo II mission (continued) c o s t , 326 implications of, 313-315, 322, 333-334, 339, 342, 345, 350 l a s e r e x p e r h e n t 312, 314, 343 lunar m a t e r i a l sanples, 315 -316, 320-321, 324, 343, 347, 349, 352 medical a s p e c t s , 314, 320 moving p i c t u r e film, 333, 352 p r e s s comment, 332, 335, 337, 339, 356 p r e s s conference, 333-334, 337 r e l i g i o u s a s p e c t s , 341 Apollo 11: On the Moon, 330 Apollo 13 mission, 321 ApoUo 14 mission, 321 Apollo Applications program, 345 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) 321 ARC. See Ames Research center. Argentina, 345 Argonne National Laboratory, 35 2 Arizona, 351 Arizona, Univ. o f , 347 Armstrong, Neil A. Apollo l l mission comemorative modal, 330 e x t r a v e h i c u l a r activity, 321 n i g h t , 334 lunar landing, 315, 326 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333-334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333-334, 339 . TV interview, 341 awards and honors, 335-336 comemorative stamp ceremony, 348 legacy, 337 t r i b u t e t o , 335-3363 Army Corps of Engineers, 332 A r t i f i c i a l horizon, 317 Asteroid, 346 Astronaut Apollo 11 mission comernorat i v e medals 330 comernorat i v e s t amp, 328, 348 - 349 extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 321 medical aspects, 328 , , , (ii) �AUGUST 1969 Astronaut (continued) quxrantine, 328, 331 awards and honors , ,335 336, 347- 348 press conference, 333-334, 337 t r i b u t e s t o , 335-337 TV coverage, 331 TV interview, 341 UUF, 338, 348 Astrono=y, 317, 334,-338, 340, 346, 348 A t l a n t i c O ~ e a n , 351 A t l a s (SLV-3~) -Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 332 ATS I ( ~ ~ ~ :1a tiions . c ATS1, 333 - ATS 111, 333 ATS N , 333 ATS V (ATS-E) Austin, Tex. , A u s t r a l i a n ~ a t i o n a lUniversity, 352 Autogiro, 341 Awards and honors, 318, 335-336, 341, 347-348, 354 B-$2 ( ~ t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) 321 Back contaainat ion, 328 Bsikonur, U.S.S.R., 3El, 353 Bales, Stephen G . , 336 , ' Barbados, West Indies, 351 Barth, Dr. Charles A,, 314 B e U , David A , 313 Ben Franklin ( r e s e a r c h submarine), 339 %me Univ. Physics I n s t i t u t e , 343 Bernier, Robert E . , 349 Berry, D r . Chsrles,A., 328, 345 Blount Postmaster General Winton M. 328, 348 Bobko, Ms j Karol H. (uSAF) 338 . Boeing Co. 334, 343 Bogard, D r . DonaLd, 347 Bologna, Univ. o f , 327 Borman, L/C Frank (uSAF) 329 Boulder, Colo 312 Bradley I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 317 B r i t i s h A i r c r a f t Corp., 343 Brown, Judge John R . , 341 Bucharest, Romania, 314, 3 5 B u f - f b , Ronald J. 313 , . , , , , ., , (iii) �Surke, Rep. J. Herbert, 338 C-5A mil it as^ cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 338, 340, 354 C-141 ( m i l i t a r y t r a n s p o r t ) 354 C a l i f o r n i a , 351 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology ( ~ a ~l e c h ) , 318, 323, C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of Berkeley, 3 4 Los Angeles, 346 Santa Barbara, 317 Csnbarra, A u s t r a l i a , 35 2 Cape Canaveral, F l a . , 338 Cape Kennedy, F l a . 338 Cape Kennedy Regional A i r p o r t , F l a . , 317 Ceausescu, President Nicolae ( ~ o m a n i a ) 314 Ceberus canal ( ~ a r s ) 3 6 Centaurus ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 338 Cernan, LCdr. Eugene A. (UST), 321 m i c a g o , Ill., 317, 335 Clarke, Arthur C. 348 Cohn, V i c t o r , 345 C o l l i e r , Robert J. Trophy, 341, 354 C o l l i n s , Col. Michael (USAF) ApoLlo 11 mission comemorat ive medal, 330 , 339 , , , , , flight, 334 l u n a r landing, 333 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333- 334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333 TV interview, 344 awards and honors, 335-336 comemorat ive stamp ceremony, 348 t r i b u t e t ~ ,335-336 Colorado, Univ. o f , 314 . Columbia Univ., 328 Cornmications s a t e l l i t e , 312, 338, 344, 353 C m m i c a t i o n s S a t e l l i t e Corp. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o r p )331, , Conputers, 350 Concorde (u. K. - ~ r a n c e )supersonic t r a ~ s p r t 343 Condon, D r . Edward U . , 347 Congress, 336, 355 Congress, House of Representatives, 323 , 344, 349 �AUGUST 1969 . ' Congress, House of Representatives (continued) Committee on Science and ~stronaut ics , 330 Subcornittee on NASA Oversight, 332 Congrqss, Senate, 331, 338 Cornittee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 318-320, 324 Conner, Dr. J. P., 338 Constan, Dr. George N t , 3 3 Coons, Roy G. , 320 Cosmos CCXCI (u.S.S.R. satellite), 321 Cosmos CCXCII, 339 Cosmos CCXCIII, 340 Coslnos CCXCIV, 343, 351 Cosmos CCXCV, 345 Cosmos CCXCVI, 353 Crews, L/C Albert H. (USAF) , 338 Crippen, L / C ~ X . Robert L. (USN), 338 Ddley, Mayor Richard J. , 335 Daniel. and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award, 345 Davies, Merton E., 339 Debas, Dr. Kurt H., 329, 349 Defense, Dept, of (DOD), 340, 3h3, 354 Delta N (boster), 326 Denver, Colo., 347 Dirksen, Sen. Everztt T., 326 Distinguished Service Med,al (WLSA) , 336, 345 DOD. See Xefense, Dept. of. Dryden, Dr. Hugh L. , 348 Duke, Capt. Charles L., Jr. (USAF), 321 Dulles li3ternational Airport, Va., 340' Earth Resources Observation Satellite progran, 331 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 326, 332, 351 Eisenhower, Mrs. Dytght D. , 336 Electronics Research Center (ERC) (NASA), 3 7 Ellington AFB, Tex., 340 Engle, Capt. Joseph H. (uSAF), 32L Environaental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 312 See Electronics Research Center. ERC. ESRO. See European Space Research Organization. Europe, 313 European Space Research and Technology Center, 350 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 350 Evans, L. J., 315 Evans, LC&. Ronald E, (USN) , 321 Evans, Rowland, 342 �AUGUST 1969 Evans, D r . W. D m , 338 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 314, 324, 325 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA), 32l, 328 Faget, D r . Maxime A., 348 Federal Polytechnic, Zurich, 343 Ferguson, Cen. James (USAF), 313 -"First Man on the Moon" (commemorative postage stamp), 328, 348-349 Flying Baton ( a r t i f i c i a l horizon device), 317 Frank, M. P., 350 Frankel, Max, 342 Frankford Arsenal, 341 N l b r i g h t , Sen. J. W i l l i a m , 3 3 F u l l e r t o n , Msj Charles G. (usAF) 338 N t o n , Rep. James G . , 337 l?unkhouser, D r . John, 347 Gallup, George, p o l l , 324,'330 Geiss, D r . Johannes, 343 Generdl Dynamics Corp. 324 General E l e c t r i c Co. , 353 Gentry, M a j J e r a u l d R. (USAF) 344 Geographos ( p l a n e t o i d ) 346 Geological Society of America, 349 C i l r u t h , D r . Robert R. , 329, 348 Glenn, Col. John H. , Jr. (USMC, Bet. ) 347 Glomzr Challenger (drilling ship), 326 Goddard, Mrs. Esther, 336 ~ o d d a r d ,D r . Robert H. 336, 348 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 312, 325, 330, 350 Goldstone Tracking Station, 330 G r i s s m , Mrs. Virgil I . , 336 Grumnaa A i r c r a f t Engineeriw Corp., 315 CSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. Guam, 328, 342 G u l f Stream D r i f t , 339 Guman, Mme. Anna E . , 337 Hage , George H. 329, 343 Haise, Fred W . , Jr., 321 H a n i l t e r , Leon C . , Jr., 350 Harris survey, 349 H-%rtford, Conn., 3 7 Hsrbsfield, Maj. Henry W., Jr. (uSAF), 338 Harvard College Observatory, 327 Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, 350 Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept of (HEW), 329 Helian, R. D., 339 . , , . , , , ' , , , . �Helicopter, 313 Heliodyne Corp., 325 Hellas (Mars), 323 Herr, D r . Kenneth C., 323 Hsrrick, D r . S a w e l , Jr., 346 Herriman, Aim G . , 339 Hess, D r . Harry H. 349 Hess, D r . Wilmott N . , 9 2 , 3&7 Hines, William, 9 6 , 329, 348 HL-10 ( l i f t i n g - b o d y vehicle ) 321 Honolulu, H a w a i i , 328 Hord, D r . C h ~ r l e s , 323 Horowitz, D r . Norman H. , 339 Housing and Urban Developaent, Dept. o f (w), 317 Houston, Tex- 315, 320, 335, 337, 341, 342, 347-3b8 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H,, 336 Humphrey, Mrs. Hubert H., 336 Rynek, Dr. J. Allen, 347 IATA. See I n t e r n a t i o n s l A i r Transport Assn. Indian Ocean, 317 Ingalls, R. P. 346 I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e of Technology, 354 Institute S e o f i s i c o del Peru, 323 L n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d )( comunicat ions satellite) 312, 344 I n t e l s a t - T I F-3 ( I n t e l s a t 11-C; A t l a n t i c II), 312 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2, 312, 344 I n t e l s a t I11 F-'S, 331 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 , 339 Inter-Agency Cornittee on Back Contamination, 328 I n t e r i o r , D a p t . o f , 32C I n t emat i o n a l A i r Transport Assn. ( NTA) 35 3 I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Congress, 345 Lnt ernat i o n s l cooperat i o n , 315 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperat ion, space ,' 3 3 , 344 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Spsce Technology, Eighth, 353 Iowa, Univ. o f , 317 I s l a n d Creek Coal Co . , 323 Jeckass F l a t s , Nev., 335 Jar,an, 342, 350 J e t Propulsion Lsbaratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,312, 31L-316, 330, 339, 350 Jcint Chiefs of Staff, 335 Jones, D r . Norman D. 314 J u p i t e r (planet ) 317. Ks?ry=, Wslter J., 345 , , , , , , , , (vii) �Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 325 Kennedy, John F. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, N. Y. 317, 335 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 338, 345, 348 Kerwin, LC&. Joseph P. (USN), 340 Khan, President Yahya ( ~ a k i s t a n ) ,312 Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (west ~ermany) 324 Xing, D r . Elbert A. 327, 346 Kirchner, Englebert, 355 Kleen, D r . Werner J. 350 Kozyrev, Nikolay, 334 Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 329, 350 Lahore, Pakistan, 312 Lamont Geological Observatory, 328 Lampang, Thailand, 345 Langley Research Center ( L ~ R C ) , 350, 353, 354 Lannan John, 330 Lars en, Agne-v E 341 Laser experiment, 312, 314, 343 Lee, Capt. Chester M. (uSN, Ret.), 343 Leighton, D r . Robert B., 323, 339 Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 334 Loovy, Conway B., 339 Lick Observatory, 312, 314, 343 Lifting-body vehicle, 321, 344 Lima, Pzru, 320 Lindsay, Mayor John V . , 335 Ling Temco Vought Aerospace Corp. 350 L i s i t z i n , D r . Aleksadr P . , 328 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. 337 Lockheed-California Co., 313 Lackheed-C~lifornia Corp. , 313 Lockheed-Georgia C o . 340 Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, 3-27, 338 Los Angeles, C a l i f . 3 3 , 335 -336, 342 Los Angeles International Airport, 336 Lovell, Capt. James A . , Jr. (USN), 321 Low, George M . , 329 LRL. See Lunsr Receiviw Lzboratory. Lunar Orbiter (program), 340 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) 312-314, 316, 320, 321, 324, 328, 347 Lupus ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 338 MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F . , 317 , , , , , , ., , , , , , McDonald, D r . James E ., 347 McDonald Observatory, 312, 343 ( v i i i) �McDonnell Douglas Corp., 324, 337 . Magnetosphere , 351 an on t h e Moon" (CBS News recording), 352 Manke, John A . , 321 Manned Orbiting ~ a b o r a t o r(MOL) ~ , 3 3 , 338, 348 M3nned space f l i g h t , 312, 313 315, 316, 348 Manned Spaeeeraf't Center ( M S C,~ 312, 324, 328, 329, 3 X , 333-33hy 339, 345, 347, 34% 350, 352 Mariner VI ( ~ a r spmbe) 315, 318, 323, 339-340 Mariner V I I ( ~ a r sprobe 312, 318, 323 Mars (planet) atmosphere, 314, 318, 323, 354 c r a t e r s , 314, 3 6 , 323, 339 canals, 314, 33-6, 3 8 . exploration of, 315, 322, 326, 332 . funding, 316, 324, 325 i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 3 3 manned, 316, 3 9 , 323-325, 332, 341, 342, 346 plans for, 319, 320, 353 spacecraft, 3 9 unmanned, 325, 342 l i f e on, 323,'325- photographs, 312, 315, 316, 3 8 , 339 poles, 316, 318 surface, 3 8 , 323, 339, 340 temperature, 3 4 , 323 water on, 354 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 324, 344, 350, ,352 Martin Marietta Corp., 325 Mason, Harold P. , 354 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (ldIT) . Lincoln Laboratory, 346 Mattingly, L t . Thomas K., 11 (urn), 321 May, Chester B., 339 Medal of Freedom, 336 Menconi, Ralph J., 330 Mercatar, Gerardus, 355 Mercator project ion, 355 Mercury (planet) , 340, M i a m i , Univ. of I n s t i t u t e of Marine 'Science, 328 Michel, D r . F. C u r t i s , 320, 345-346 . Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 313 Miller, Rep. George P., 339 ' . 1, �AUGUST 1969 Mineralogical S o c i e t y of America, 349 M i t c h e l l , LCdr. E d g a r D. (USN), 321. Mohole, P r o j e c t , 349 Moon d i s t a n c e from earth, 314 laboratoxy, 334 landing manned, 315, 321, 326-327, 333-334, 337, 345 commemorative stamp, 328, 348-349 legal a s p e c t s , 350 l a s e r experiment, 312, 314, 343 Lunar Receiving Lsboratory (I;RL), 312-314, 316, 320-321, 324, 328, 347 surface s m p l e , 313, 315-316, 320-321, 343, 349 biological t e s t s , 314, 353 preliminary study, 324, 347, 352 INS-4 ( ~ a p s n e s er o c k e t ) , 350 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall S p a c e F l i g h t Center. MU3D (~apaneser o c k e t ) , 342 Mueller, D r . George E., 316, 319-320, 329 Murray, D r . Bruce C., 339 NASA Comrnunications Network (NASCOM) 35 2 NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 352 NASA Offfce of Space Science and Applications (oss,~), 333, 351 NASC. See National Aeronautics and Space Council. NAS-NXC Space Science Board, 317, 349 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 317, 349 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) a s t r o n a ~ ~c et l e b r a t ions, 335-336, 339, 341 c o s t , 342 awards and honors, 3 8 , 335-336, 345, 347-348 budget, 318-320, 324 c o n t r a c t , 324-325, 334, 33'7, 350, 352-353 cooperat i o n , irrternat i o n d 313 c r i t i c i s m , 327-328, 345-346, 348 f a c i l i t i e s , 332 launch , , , , failure I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5, 338 Pioneer E, 351 s a te l l i t e ATS V (ATS-E), 332-333 OSO VI (OSO-G), 326-33 �National Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion (continued) l e g a l s u i t , 341 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 321, 344 msnagement 332 organization, 329 personnel, 312-313, 320, 329, 338, 343, 345, 348-350, 352, .program a e r o n a u t i c s 317 Apollo, 326-329, 336, 342, 345, 355 astronomy, 317, 319, 322 . Mariner, 314-316, 319, 325, 330-331, 341 nuclear propulsion, 322-323 R&D, 324 space s t a t i o n , 322-323, 344 t r a c k i n g , 320 . Viking, 320, 330, 353 t e s t , 335 National Aeronautics and Space CouncFl (NASC), 336, 354 National A i r Exposition, Second, 340 . National Amateur Astronomers convention, 347 Nationail P o s t a l Forum, 348 National Press Club, 321 N a t i o n d Research Council (NRC) 317, 349 National Science Foundat ion (NSF), 349 National Space Club, 322 National Space Hall of Fame, 347-348 National Spsce Science Data Center, 325 Naugle , Dr. John E. 3% Naval. Re search Laboratory, 327 Neptune (planet) 317 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. Neugebauer, D r . Gerry, 323 Nevada, 351 New J e r s e y Div. of Clean A i r and Water, 334 New Mexico, Univ. o f , 327 New York, N.Y., 331, 335 New York S t a t e Univ., 347 Newark Airport, 334 . Nix OZympica ( ~ a r sc r a t e r ) , 316 Nixon. President Richard M. i p o ~ I ol x i s s i o n , 315, 342 astronauts s t a t e dinner f o r , 336-337 , , , , , 354 �Nixon, President Richard M. (continued) offi c e performance, 330 space progrm, 325 world t o u r , 3 2 , 314-315, 342 Nixon, Mrs ; Richard M. , 314, 336; 342 Noise, a i r c r a r t , 317-318 North American A i r Defense Command (NOW), 351 North American Rockwell Corp., 325, 337 Northrop, John K. 346 Northsop Corp. , 346 Northwestern Univ. , 347 Nova Scotia, Canada, 339 Novak, Robert, 342 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear Eng5ne f o r Rodcet Vehicle Application (NERVA) , 319, 0.0. See Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. Oberth, Hermann,' 346 Oceanography, 328, 339 0 Hair, Madalyn Murray, 341 0 'Hare I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, D l . 317, 335 0 'Keefe W i l l i a m J., 317 OSF. S e e W A O f f i c e of Manned S p a c e F l i g h t . Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (QAo), 320 Orlando, Fla., 325 OSO I (Orbiting S o l a r observatory), 327 . OSO 11, 327 OSO 111, 327 , 335 , , , pso IV; 327 OSO 7 , 327 OSO VI (OSO-G), 326-3Zi' oso-c, 327 OSSA. See NAS4 Office of Space Science and Applications. Otopeni Airport, Romqia, 314 ~ k s orl a r s y s t e m : A g o g r a m f o r Exploration, 317'" Overmyer, Maj. Robert F. (USMC), 338 owen,. obia as 354 Owens, M i s s Heather A . , 320 P a c i f i c Ocem, 342 Paine, D r . Thonss O., 318-319, 321-322, 329, 335, 336, 354-355 Pakistan, 312 Palmer, John S . , 335 Paris, France, 349 Park, Chauncey C., 320 Pasadena, C a l i f . , 315 Pegasus I11 (meteoroid detect ion s a t e l l i t e ) 317 , , (xii) �AUWST ' 1969 . Peterson, Maj Donald R . (w), 338 Petrone, Rocco, 329 Philadelphia, Pa. 341 P h i l l i p s , L/G Samuel C. (USAF) 329 Piccard, Jacques, 339 Pimentel, D r . George C . , 323 Pioneer VI ( i n t e r p i Pioneer V I I , 351 Pioneer V I I I , 351 Pioneer M, 351 Pioneer E, 351 Planetoid; 346 Plateau Elysium (~ars), 316 Plesetsk, U.S.S.R., 338, 340, 343 Pluto ( p l a n e t ) , 317 Pope AFB, N. C. 340 Post Office Dept., 32i3 Press comment Apollo program, 326 Apollo 11 mission, 3 5 , 332, 337, 356 , , , astronaut ceremonies, 335, 339 lunar samples, 315 Mariner V I , 315-316 Press conference ApolLo 11mission, 333-334 manned Mars landing, 341 Mariner V I , 314 space f a u u r e , 315 princeton Univ., 349 P r o m i r e , Sen. Willim, 338 Pulsar, 348 Radar, 346 Radiation, 323 RAmJ carp. , 339 RCA Service Co 352 Reusable launch and space vehicles, 319-320, 322 Rice Univ., 320 Rogers, A.E.E., 346 Romania, 314, 315, 342 Roosa, Capt. S t u a r t A. ( U S - 4 ~ ) 321 , Rosmond, Calif., 32i Rubin, Irene S. , 345 Rusk, Dean, 344, 346 ., (xiii) �Rusk, Dr. Howard A., 329 Rutgers Univ., 327 S - 3 (antisubmarhe aircraft), 313 Sm Diego, Calif. 328 Saturn V (boosterj, 330, 334, 337 Schaeffer, D r . Oliver A , , 352 Schaeffer, D r . S. Oliver, 347 Schmitt , Harrison, 345 Schneider, William C. , 350 Schwartz, Harry, 342 s c i e n t i s t - a s t r o n a u t , 342, 345, 349 S c i e n t i s t s , 327-328, 342 Scorpius (const elJ.@ti o n ) , 338 Scout (booster), 350 Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, 328 S c u l l , WFlfred E., 350 Sea of T r a n q u i l i t y (moon), 326, 336 Seamans, Secretary of t h e A i r Force D r . Robed C., Jr., 346 Semple, Robert B. Jr 342 Sharp, Dr. Robert P., 318, 339 Shepard, Capt. MAn B. , Jr. (USN), 321, 347 Snith, Bradford A , , 339 Snow, Lord Charles (c.P. ), 350. S o l i d propellant, 350, 351 South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . 344 . space biology, 314, D9, 353 Space d e b r i s , 351 Spsce l a w , 350 Space l a w treaty (proposed), 331 Space, mUitary use of, 350 Space program, national, 313? 315-325, 327-320 330-331, 341-342, 344-346, 349, 354-355 . .1 Spsce race, 326, 344 . . Space rescue, 315 Spsce r e s u l t s , 320-322, 329, 331, 344 Space s h u t t l e , 320, 322-323 Spsce s t a t i o n , 315, 320, 322, 325, 331, 344 Space Technology Applications and Research Laboratory (STARLAB), 344 Space Tracking and Dats S c q u i s i t i o n Netwoyk, 352 Spsce t r a v e l , 324 Space tug, 3M Spectrometer, 314, 323 3ST. See Supersonic transport. Stamy, James L., 313 , ., , �AUGUST 1969 See Space Technology and Research Laboratory. STARLAB. Stewart, M / G James T. (USAF) 313 Stonehenge 348 Sud Aviation, 343 Sun, 326-327 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) 340, 343 Swigert, John L., Jr., 321 T-33 ( j e t t r a i n e r ) , 340 See Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test. TADJET. Taylor, D r . S. Ross, 352 Telescope, 312 Television, 312, 314, 316, 321, 331 335, 344 TETR C ( t e s t and t r a i n i n g s a t e ~ i t e j ,351 Thant, U.N. Secretary General U, 335 Thomas, Rep. Albert, 348 Thornton, D r . W i l l i a m E . , 349 Thrust - A w e n t ed Improved Delta (DSV-JL) (booster ) 351 Titan 111-B-Agena (booster), 347 Tokyo, Japan, 350 , , , , Tracking, 351 s t a t i o n , 320, 330 Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test (TADJET), Transportation, Dept of (DOT), 317, 340 Trimble George S. 352 Truly L/c&. Richard H . (USN), 338 TU-144 (u.s.s.R. supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 340 Unidentified flying object (UFO), 347 Unidentified sat e l l i t e 347 United A i r Lines, 335 United Nations (u.N. ), 331 335, 339 University College o on don j 327 Uranus (planet ) , 317 Urey, D r . Harold C., 347, 3 2 - 3 3 , U.S. A i r Force (USAF) , 342 a i r c r a f t , 338, 340, 354 cooperation, 340 launch s a t e l l i t e , 347 , , . , , MOL, 313, 338, 348 persoanel, 313, 329, 338, 348, 349 UFO, 347 U.S. h q y (USA), 340 U .S Army CoUat era1 Lnve s t igat ion Board, 313 . 340 �AUGUST ' 1969 Comptroller General, 338 U.S. Deep Sea D r j l l i n g Project, 328 U S Navy (USN) , 313 U.S. Post Office, 328, 348-349 U.S. S. Hornet, 342 U. S .s ~ m o ofn Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c)s a i r c r a f t , 340 a s t r o n o ~ ,334 cooperation, space, 313 launch probe, 325 s a t ellit e Cosmos, 321, 338, 340, 343, 345, 353 science and technology, 328 space program, 319, 322, 334 spacecraft debris, 351 supersonic t r a n s p o r t , 340 Van Allen, D r . James A . , 317 Vandenberg AFB, Calif. 347 Vela (nuclear t e s t detect ion s a t e l l i t e) , 338 Venus (planet ) , 346-347 Viking Project, 320, 330, 353 Vincze, Paul, 330 Volpe , Secretary of Transportation John A. , 340 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 319, 324, 329, 348 . Von ~Arrnin, Theodore, 330 Vozzo, Dr. J. A , , 353 Vrebalovich, D r . Thomas, 350 VSX (a9tisuhmarine a i r c r a f t ) . See S - 3 Warner, D r . J e f f r e y L., 316 Washington, D. C. , 321, 322, 348 Washington, Univ. a f , 328, 339 Whitcomb, D r . R i c h a r d T . , 354 . White, L/C Edward H. , I1 (USAF), 348 White, Mrs. Edward H. , 11, 336 White House, 324, 342 Wilford, John Noble, 327 Williams, George E., 313 Wilson, Herbert A. , Jr. 350 WFlson, Richard, 346 Wflson, R i l e y , 3% Wise, D r . Dollald U., 346 Wolf Research and Development Corp., 325 Wood, Clotaire, 349 U.S. .. . , , �Woods Hole, Mass., 349 Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n , 328 X-2bA (lifting-body v e h i c l e ) , 344 XE (nuclear rocket engine), 335 X-ray source, 338 Yarborough, Sen. Ralph W., 324 Yorty, Mayor Samuel W., 336 Young, D r . Andrew T . , 339 Young, Cdr. John W. (uSN), 321 Zahringer, D r . Joseph, 347 Zoeckler , M/G John L, (UW) , 313 Zond V (u. S: S. R. space robe), 325 Zond V I , 325 Zond VII, 325 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000124 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics August 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. 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Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18214 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1265/spc_stnv_000122.pdf 534d3b3de1a4f38fcf4ecf50c95a5622 PDF Text Text A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY 1 (HHR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division Library of Congress ��ASTRONAUTICS A.ND AERONAUTICS, 1968 A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy FOREWORD The preliminary d r a f t chronologies issued monthly during t h e year 1968 a r e now being prepared f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e annual volume. Are t h e s e d r a f t s complete and c o r r e c t ? Your comments, c r i t i c i s m s , and a d d i t i o n s should be d i r e c t e d t o t h e NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) by A p r i l 1, 1969, t o v a l i d a t e t h e 1968 published e d i t i o n . &$[&,;:L/, . f,JLi./ Eugene knme NASA H i s t o r i a n (EH) �December 1: Walter P. Reuther Chair f o r study of peaceful use of atomic energy was e s t a b l i s h e d a t Weizmann I n s t i t u t e of Science near T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , through e f f o r t s of United Auto Workers of America. Chair honored l a b o r union' s p r e s i d e n t , Walter P. Reuther. ( ~ e r o n ,E, 12/2/68, 8 ) December 2: H. J u l i a n Allen, who had announced on Oct. 25 h i s retirement a s D i r e c t o r of Ames Research Center, would d e f e r r e t i r e m e n t , NASA announced. Allen would be S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o Associate D i r e c t o r , Office of Advanced Research and Technology, and would serve a s Acting D i r e c t o r of ARC f o r i n d e f i n i t e period. ARC Associate D i r e c t o r James F. Parsons, named t o be Acting D i r e c t o r a f t e r A l l e n ' s r e t i r e m e n t , had become s e r i o u s l y ill w i t h prospect of extended convalescence. (NASA. Ann, 12/2/68) . U.K., West Germany, and t h e Netherlands had decided t o pool s e c r e t s and b u i l d c e n t r i f u g e s e p a r a t i o n p l a n t t o produce cheap enriched-uranium r e a c t o r f u e l , Don Cook r e p o r t e d i n Washington Post. I f s u c c e s s f u l , venture would break U.S. monopoly on enriched uranium, c u r r e n t l y produced by gaseous-diffusion separation. I n 1962 agreement w i t h U.S., t h e c o u n t r i e s had contracted t o keep experimentat ion i n c e n t r i f u g e s e c r e t from each o t h e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o U.S., U.S.S.R. and Communist China pro(W Post, duced enriched uranium by gaseous-diffusion process. 12/2/68, ~ 3 ) published Zond V I photo of 70-mi-wide l u n a r c r a t e r c a r r y i n g name . U.S.S.R. honoring g e n e t i c i s t Nikolay I. Vavilov, who had been sent t o S i b e r i a i n 1939 f o r opposing i d e a s of Trofim D. Lysenko, and h i s b r o t h e r Sergei I. Vavilov, who had l a t e r become p r e s i d e n t of Soviet Academy of Sciences. Nikolay Vavilov d i e d i n S i b e r i a i n 1943; h i s b r o t h e r died i n 1951. Soviet name f o r c r a t e r , Brothers Vavilov, had not y e t been a c c r e d i t e d (TJYT,12/3/68, 36) by I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union. . DOD announced issuance of $4,400,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $31,132,689 cost-plus-incentive-fee U W c o n t r a c t with Lockheed M i s s i l e s and Space (DOD Release 1060-68) Co. f o r launch support s e r v i c e s a t WTR. . President Johnson presented 1968 Enrico Fermi Award i n White House ceremony t o D r . John Archibald Wheeler, Princeton Univ. p h y s i c i s t , f o r "pioneering c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o understanding nuclear f i s s i o n and t o developing t h e technology of plutonium production r e a c t o r s and h i s continuing broad c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o nuclear s c i e n c e . " Award c a r r i e d gold medal, c i t a t i o n , and $25,000. (m), 12/9/68, 1656; W Post, 12/3/68, A2; W -3S t a r 12/3/68, ~ 6 ) �U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos CCLVII i n t o o r b i t with 438-km December 3: 272.2-mi) apogee, 269-km (167.2-mi) perigee, 91.6-min period, and i0.90 inclination. (AP, B Sun, 12/4/68; Reuters, C Trib, 12/4/68; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68) - . President Johnson proclaimed Agreement on t h e Rescue of Astronauts, t h e Return of Astronauts, and t h e Return of Space Objects i n e f f e c t with deposit i n t h r e e c a p i t a l s of instruments of r a t i f i c a t i o n by I r e l a n d and Nepal had previously r a t i f i e d U. S., U.S. S.R., and U.K. t r e a t y . It had been signed by 75 countries. (El, 12/9/68, 1658; AP, NYT, 12/5/68> 13; WSA Office of General counsel) - . XB-70A experimental supersonic bomber, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t s Fitzhugh Fulton and Donald L. Mallick, reached mach 1.64 and 39,400-ft a l t i t u d e during l - h r 58-min f l i g h t from Edwards AFB t o t e s t e x i t e r vane i n t e g r a t e d loads and frequency, a s well a s handling q u a l i t i e s performance. A l l primary o b j e c t i v e s were accomplished, although cabin pressure problem n e c e s s i t a t e d manual operation of system. (XB-70 Proj o f f ) . President-elect Richard M. Nixon named D r . Lee A. DuBridge, r e t i r i n g President of Cal Tech, a s h i s Science Adviser and announced formation o f t a s k f o r c e under D r . H. Guyford Stever, President of CarnegieMellon Univ., t o make recommendations i n general science f i e l d and t a s k f o r c e headed by D r . Charles Townes, Nobel P r i z e winning physics p r o f e s s o r a t Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkely, t o recommend i n space f i e l d . D r . DuBridge described a s a "very c r i t i c a l matter" l o s s of momentum i n U.S. space program r e s u l t i n g from appropriations c u t s and s a i d reducing a c t i v i t i e s i n b a s i c and applied research damaged n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e . L a t e r , National Science Board Chairman, D r . P h i l l i p Handler of Duke Univ., s a i d of D r . DuBridge, "He has one r a r e a t t r i b u t e wisdom, an unusual commodity. He i s knowledgeable about t h e r o l e of technology i n our s o c i e t y and has a deep b e l i e f i n t h e importance of fundamental r e search t o t h e h e a l t h and welfare of t h e country. And he i s u s u a l l y understanding of t h e problems of t h e p r i v a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s " ( ~ o r n e r W S t a r , 12/3/68; Cohn, W Post, 12/3/68, A7; SBD, 12/4/68, 141; W -3S t a r 12m8, ~ 1 3 ) ... . - . President , Johnson presented Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Trophy t o f o r p i l o t i n g X-15 rocket research a i r Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight (UW) c r a f t t o u n o f f i c i a l record speed of 4,520 mph (mach 6.70) Oct. 3, 1967. During White House ceremony President s a i d , I n a t we l e a r n from t h e X-15 program w i l l enable us t o improve on all our a i r c r a f t . The information gained from Major Knight's ' f l y i n g l a b o r a t o r y ' w i l l make t h e a i r p l a n e s of t h e f u t u r e s a f e r , f a s t e r , and more e f f i c i e n t . " (NASA PAO; W Post, 12/4/68, A3; SBD, 12/5/68, 151; PD, 12/9/68, 1660) - - �December 3: Gen. ~ a c o bE. Smart (USAF, Ret ) , NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r DOD and Interagency - A f f a i r s , addressed Armed Forces Management Assn. I b e l i e v e it would be appropriate on NASA Interagency ~ o o r d i n aion: t f o r t h e President o r t h e Congress t o charge NASA with e x e r c i s i n g t h e l e a d i n a n a t i o n a l R&D program t h a t i s designed t o l e a r n how and t o what degree science, engineering, and technology can be applied t o h e l p t h e Departments of I n t e r i o r , Agriculture, Comerce, Navy, and o t h e r s t o f u l f i l l t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r development and management o f n a t u r a l resources.... National decision on whether we undertake development of o p e r a t i o n a l space systems must await outcome of R&D. I s s u e s w i l l be more c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d and understood i f t h e President and t h e Congress l e n d t h e i r i n t e r e s t and p u b l i c support t o a f i r s t c l a s s R&D program. " ( ~ e x) t "... . FAA. adopted r u l e proposed i n Sept. 4 announcement t o l i m i t number and t y p e of a i r c r a f t operations a t f i v e "high-densityt' a i r p o r t s i n New York, Washington, and Chicago and included supplemental c a r r i e r s i n same category a s scheduled c a r r i e r s . F i n a l r u l e , e f f e c t i v e A p r i l 27, 1969, dropped proposed requirement t h a t a l l a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i n g instrument f l i g h t r u l e (IFR) a t high-density a i r p o r t s have minimum two-pilot crew and be a b l e t o maintain 150-knot minimum airspeed. (FAA Release 68-76; W S t a r , 12/3/68, A l ; Eisen, W Post, 12/3/68, A l ; Witkin, NYT, 12/4/68, 1)- . Cal Tech s a i d M t . Wilson and M t . Palomar o b s e r v a t o r i e s were keeping c l o s e watch f o r developing sunspots t h a t might t h r e a t en Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s w i t h dangerous x-ray r a d i a t i o n . ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 9 ) December 4: Eugen Sa&ngerMedal of German Society of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s was awarded t o U.S. X-15 r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f ' t team i n Bonn, West Germany, f o r X-15 program's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o advancement o f space f l i g h t . Medal honored German r o c k e t r y l e a d e r , D r . Eugen Sanger, f i r s t t o define p o t e n t i a l of hypersonic rocket a i r c r a f t , who died i n 1964. John V. Becker of LaRC accepted award on behalf o f NASA-USN-USAF team. (NASA Release 68-206) . I n New York Times interview, D r . Donald F. Hornig, Science Adviser t o President Johnson, s a i d chief problem f a c i n g h i s successor, D r . Lee A. DuBridge, was f i n d i n g funds f o r science and technology. "The c e n t r a l problem i s p r e s e r v i n g t h e v i t a l i t y , t h e c r e a t i v i t y and t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l surge of t h e establishment. The problem becomes 1 0 times a s acute when money i s t i g h t . " Next science a d v i s e r would have t o o r i e n t new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o give science proper p l a c e i n o v e r a l l scheme, D r . Hornig s a i d . One of America's g r e a t s t r e n g t h s was �December 4 (continued)' r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t science, l i k e economics, was p a r t o f everything. New a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would have t o s e t course f o r space program a f t e r manned l u n a r landing. It would have t o decide how t o improve n a t i o n ' s h e a l t h c a r e , d e a l with environmental p o l l u t i o n , and f a c e t e c h n o l o g i c a l problems o f keeping world f r e e of nuclear war. Next a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ought t o f a c e q u e s t i o n of what science and technology could c o n t r i b u t e t o solving manifold problems of c i t i e s , including urban housing and urban t r a n s p o r t . P a r t i c u l a r l y important t a s k would be p r o t e c t i n g and advancing v i t a l i t y of b a s i c science e n t e r p r i s e - - r e s e a r c h devoted t o quest f o r knowledge w i t h no immediate a p p l i c a t i o n s i n mind. Most s c i e n t i s t s agreed h e a l t h and f u t u r e of a l l science and technology r e s t e d on t h i s b a s i c i n v e s t i g a t i v e area. (~chmeck,NYT, 12/5/68, 28) - . Dr. Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , NASA Lewis Research Center D i r e c t o r , received one of s i x $10,000 1968 Rockefeller Public Service Awards--highest p r i v a t e l y s u s t a i n e d honor f o r Federal career s e r v i c e - - i n Washington, D . C . , ceremonies. ( ~ a n ~ Researcher, l e ~ 11/29/68, 1; Causey, W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 2 2 ) . I n l e t t e r t o National Council on Marine Resources and Development, P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon s a i d h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would "consider an i n t e g r a t e d program i n oceanology a f i r s t p r i o r i t y . " (AP, E,12/8/68, 74) December 5: NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched European Space Research Organizat i o n ' s 240-lb HEOS-A Highly Eccentric Orbiting S a t e l l i t e from ETR by Thrust -Augmented Thor-Delta booster. Drum-shaped s a t e l l i t e entered o r b i t with 139,452.8-mi (224,428-ha) apogee, 272.8-mi (439-km) p e r i g e e , 113-hr 12-min period, and 28.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . Primary NASA o b j e c t i v e was t o place HEOS-A i n t o e a r t h o r b i t which would permit s u c c e s s f u l achievement of ESRO s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s and t o provide s p a c e c r a f t t r a c k i n g and t e l e m e t r y support. Eight onboard experiments designed by nine s c i e n t i f i c groups i n Belgium, France, West Germany, I t a l y , and U. K. would i n v e s t i g a t e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y magnetic f i e l d s and study s o l a r and cosmic-ray p a r t i c l e s o u t s i d e magnetosphere during period of maximum s o l a r a c t i v i t y . By Dec. 30 seven experiments had been turned on and operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Eighth experiment would be a c t i v a t e d two months a f t e r l i f t o f f . Spacecraft c o n t r o l had s h i f t e d t o ESRO Operations Center, Darmstadt Germany. HEOS-A was t h i r d ESRO mission o r b i t e d by NASA, f i r s t ESRO mission on D e l t a launch v e h i c l e , and f i r s t NASA-ESRO reimbursable mission, i n which ESRO would pay U.S. f o r launch v e h i c l e hardware and c e r t a i n launch c o s t s . (WSA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-204; Wilford, NYT -3 12/6/68; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68) , - �December 5: NASA Deputy Administrator f o r Space Sciences and Applications Oran W. Nicks described a p p l i c a t i o n s of Surveyor and Lunar O r b i t e r techniques t o Mars exploration before AIAA meeting i n Washington, D. C. Two 1971 Mariner O r b i t e r missions would provide new t o o l s f o r survey of dynamic Mars, a r r i v i n g when most s t r i k i n g seasonal changes were evident i n Southern Hemisphere. Their combined o r b i t s and l i f e expectancies would allow observations of dynamic changes i n clouds and surface f e a t u r e s over s e v e r a l months. I n 1973, two a d d i t i o n a l o r b i t e r s would survey Mars from d i f f e r e n t o r b i t s during d i f f e r e n t seasons, with support of landing mission a s prime requirement. Also planned f o r 1973 was survivable landing spacecraft t o make l o c a l measurements of environment, photograph surface and topography, and analyze s o i l . "Burning question of immediate concern t o you and me w i l l be addressed by use of our new t o o l s , l1 Nicks s a i d : " ' I s t h e r e l i f e elsewhere? Has l i f e e x i s t e d on nearby p l a n e t s and disappeared f o r any reason? Can nearby p l a n e t s be made s u i t a b l e f o r l i f e ? ' Together, o r b i t e r s and l a n d e r s form a powerful team f o r t h e study of Mars and f o r seeking answers t o t h e s e questions. Together, t h e y w i l l continue t o extend our c a p a b i l i t i e s i n what i s probably t h e most challenging, open-ended arena f o r expansion o f science and technology i n t h e decade ahead. " ( ~ e x -)t . NASA announced plans t o use T i t a n 1 1 1 - ~ / ~ e n t a u ir n dual launches of 6,000-lb s p a c e c r a f t c o n s i s t i n g of Surveyor-type s o f t l a n d e r s mated t o Mariner 1971 c l a s s Mars o r b i t e r s i n mid-1973, i n P r o j e c t Viking, t o o b t a i n s c i e n t i f i c information on l i f e on Mars. Launched 10 days a p a r t , spacecraft would a r r i v e about seven months l a t e r , when o r b i t e r propulsion systems would place o r b i t e r s and l a n d e r s i n Mars o r b i t . A f t e r reconnaissance, l a n d e r s would be detached and s o f t l a n d on Mars. (NASA Release 68-207 ; Pasadena Independent, 12/6/68) . Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l e d i t o r i a l s a i d major t a s k of new P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, D r . Lee A. DuBridge, would be "to t r y t o h e l p i n s t i l l some semblance of order i n t h e Government's massive involvement i n science." While DOD and NASA had been b i g g e s t science spenders, o t h e r agencies were extensively involved. "Because t h e r e was such a l i m i t e d e f f o r t t o s e t p r i o r i t i e s i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , i t ' s hard f o r anyone t o know f o r sure which programs t h e n a t i o n now can best a f f o r d t o slow down o r abandon.. [ ~ r ] . DuBridge now must t r y t o plan t h e f u t u r e course of Federal science, somehow r e c o n c i l i n g a l l t h e competing pressures from s c i e n t i s t s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , industry, Congress, maybe even taxpayers." (WSJ, 12/5/68) .. �Lewis Research Center announced NASA-developed a r t i f i c i a l December 5: h e a r t c o n t r o l system d e l i v e r e d t o Cleveland C l i n i c , Cleveland, Ohio, would a s s i s t r e s e a r c h i n t o ways man-made v e n t r i c l e could a s s i s t damaged n a t u r a l h e a r t . Later system could be modified t o c o n t r o l a r t i f i c i a l replacement h e a r t . E l e c t r o n i c R-wave d e t e c t o r s o r t e d h e a r t beat from background noise i n electrocardiogram t o synchronize b e a t i n a r t i f i c i a l h e a r t with n a t u r a l h e a r t and gave synchronization s i g n a l t o p r o g r a m e r , which could a d j u s t pumping o f a r t i f i c i a l v e n t r i c l e t o needs of body. ( L ~ R CRelease 68-80) . ComSatCorp announced it had placed i n f u l l t i m e commercial operation two new e a r t h s t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a t Jamesburg, C a l i f . , and Pawnalu, Hawaii, t o handle U. S. - P a c i f i c a r e a communications v i a INTELSAT-I1 F-4 (LPJTELSAT 11-D) s a t e l l i t e . ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-66) - . Scientists a t Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Los Angeles, t e s t i n g t o determine i f l i f e could e x i s t i n h o s t i l e environment of Venus, s a i d t h e y had grown algae i n atmosphere of 10& carbon dioxide. They s a i d Venus More complex p l a n t s had not survived, r e p o r t e d had more t h a n 9@. D r . Willard F. Libby, Robe1 p r i z e winner i n chemistry, D r . Joseph Seckbach of I s r a e l , and D r . I r e n e Aegerter of Switzerland. (AP, 12/8/68, 35) m, . Washington Post e d i t o r i a l commented on FAA ' s l i m i t a t i o n of operations a t f i v e major a i r p o r t s [ s e e Dec. 31: "It i s unfortunate, of course, t h a t t h e c a p a c i t y of a i r p o r t s a t New York, Chicago and Washington have not kept up with t h e growth of t h e Nation's a i r f l e e t . But a i r p o r t s do have l i m i t s , and it i s growing i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r t h a t t h e only s o l u t i o n t o congestion problems i s t o s e p a r a t e commercial and non-commercial t r a f f i c . It would make f a r more sense f o r t h o s e who f e e l t h e y have been u n f a i r l y t r e a t e d by t h e FAA's a c t i o n t o campaign f o r more r e l i e v e r a i r p o r t s around l a r g e c i t i e s (and t h e t a x e s on a i r p o r t u s e r s t o pay f o r them) t h a n t o attempt t o overturn t h e FAA d e c i s i o n . " (W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 2 0 ) ... . DOD announced US@ s c i e n t i s t s , i n study conducted by A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, would f l y KC-135 f l y i n g ionospheric l a b o r a t o r y around a u r o r a l o v a l i n A r c t i c during seven-day s e r i e s of f i r s t f l i g h t s attempted along t h i s r o u t e . Purpose was t o o b t a i n d a t a on s p a t i a l e x t e n t and i n t e n s i t y of o p t i c a l and r a d i o auroras i n mid-winter and d e f i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between them. USAF was i n t e r e s t e d i n influence of a u r o r a s on r a d i o communication and navigation and on r a d a r s u r v e i l l a n c e . AFCRL s c i e n t i s t s hoped, eventually, t o p r e d i c t occurrence and s e v e r i t y of (DOD Release 1065-68) auroral activity. �December 5 : USN announced a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $22 m i l l i o n t o E l e c t r i c Boat Div. o f General Dynamics Corp. f o r planning and procurement of m a t e r i a l s and equipment f o r "quietfl nuclear-powered submarine. Award brought t o t a l a l l o c a t i o n t h u s f a r t o $30.5 m i l l i o n . I n i t i a l $8.5 m i l l i o n was f o r design. (UPI, W Post, 12/5/68, m) . USAT launched t h r e e Athena m i s s i l e s from Green River, Utah, carrying r e s e a r c h payloads t o o b t a i n b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e r e e n t r y d a t a under ABRES Vehicles r e e n t e r e d atmosphere over ASMR. (SBD -9 12/13/68, 196) December 6: Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d American Science and Engineering, Inc., payload t o 92.6-mi (149-lnn) a l t i t u d e t o c o l l e c t d a t a on c e l e s t i a l x-ray sources i n 1- t o 20-kev range. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASARpt SRL) . I n major o r g a n i z a t i o n a l changes a t MSFC, D r . W. R. Lucas, D i r e c t o r of PropuLsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory was named D i r e c t o r f o r Program Development, e f f e c t i v e Dec. 16; Dave Newby was named D i r e c t o r of Center Operations; and D r . Ernst Stuhlinger, D i r e c t o r of Space Sciences Laboratory, was named Associate D i r e c t o r f o r Science--all new p o s i t i o n s . MSFC Research and Development Operations would become Science and Engineering, with Hermann K. Weidner remaining D i r e c t o r ; I n d u s t r i a l Operations would become Program Management under same d i r e c t o r , E. F. OtConnor. D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC D i r e c t o r , s a i d major f u n c t i o n of new fiogram Development organization would be t o "harden" complete package p l a n s f o r new programs, such a s space s t a t i o n . D i r e c t o r f o r Program Development would "help c h a r t t h e course f o r t h i s Center i n t h e p o s t Apollo period, keeping i n mind our Apollo program requirements and AAP o b l i g a t i o n s . " (MSFCRelease 68-276 ; Marshall S t a r , 12/11/68, 1) . NASA. announced f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l o r b i t a l operation of two low-thrust space engines during f i v e separate t e s t s i n two-month l i f e t i m e of ATS TV s p a c e c r a f t . Ion, o r e l e c t r i c a l engines, producing t h r u s t o f l e s s t h a n 20 micropounds, haa been f i r e d f o r t o t a l 23 h r - a n d performed p e r f e c t l y . Ion engines f o r f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t were i d e a l systems f o r countering g r a v i t a t i o n a l a t t r a c t i o n between s p a c e c r a f t , moon and sun, and e l l i p t i c a l e q u a t o r i a l section--to keep s a t e l l i t e s t a t i o n a r y f o r conducting comunicat ions, meteorological, and n a v i g a t i o n a l experiments They had c o n t r o l l a b l e t h r u s t l e v e l and d i r e c t i o n , higher f u e l e f f i c i e n c y , and longer f u e l l i f e t h a n chemically p r o p e l l e d engines. Reservoir of 1/10 l b cesium could . �December 6 (continued) keep synchronous s a t e l l i t e s t a t i o n a r y f o r more than t h r e e years. Before t e s t , propulsion experts had expected ion engine f i r i n g s might c r e a t e r a d i o frequency i n t e r f e r e n c e . Test showed no i n t e r f e r e n c e . Two more i o n engines were planned f o r t e s t i n g aboard ATS-E, scheduled f o r August 1969 launch. (NASARelease 68-205) . Apollo 7 Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., received K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d achievement i n aeronautics a t annual Wright Brothers memorial banquet i n Beverly H i l l s , Calif. Banquet commemorated 65th anniversary of f l i g h t of K i t t y Hawk. (UPI, W S t a r , 12/7/68, ~ 2 ) - . ComSat Corp f i l e d a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a u t h o r i t y t o construct e a r t h s t a t i o n f o r s a t e l l i t e communications i n Alaska, Talkeetna Village. 90 m i north of Anchorage near (com~at~o Release r~ 68-68) . I n Washington Post, Thomas OIToole s a i d Howard Hughes o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s holding company, Hughes Nevada Operations, had requested p u b l i c d i s c l o s u r e of alledged DOD study - by - Harvard Univ.'s D r . George Kistiakowsky and MIT'S D r . Jerome Wiesner and James K i l l i a n , S p e c i a l Report on Underground Testing_, which it claimed concluded t h e r e was no reason f o r continued underground atomic t e s t s . Study was s a i d t o have been made f o r former Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara a t cost of $250,000. -DOD spokesman denied existance of study, while Science Adviser t o President Johnson, D r . Donald F. Hornig, s a i d only t h a t he had met with t o p p h y s i c i s t s i n November t o discuss s a f e t y of underground t e s t i n g . "We may make a p u b l i c r e p o r t on it. The subject seems t o be of enough importance t o warrant a public a i r i n g , " D r . Hornig s a i d . (W Post, 12/6/68, 87) December 7 : NASA' s OAO I1 ( O A O - ~ 2Orbiting ) Astronomical Observatory was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from ETR by two-stage Atlas-Centaur booster. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 485.7 m i (781.6 km); gerigee, 479.2 m i (771.2 km) ; period, 100.4 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 35 Heaviest and most complex automated spacecraft ever developed by U.S., OAO I1 was 7 f t wide and 1 0 f ' t high, weighed 4,400 l b , c a r r i e d 11 t e l e s c o p e s , and contained 238,000 separate p a r t s Primary mission o b j e c t i v e was t o demonstrate f l i g h t operation t o support two experiments provided by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observat o r y and Univ. of Wisconsin f o r a t l e a s t 30 days. Secondary o b j e c t i v e was t o o b t a i n s c i e n t i f i c d a t a over a range of s t a r magnitudes and wavelengths f o r a t l e a s t 50 hr. Experiments would observe i n t e r s t e l l a r dust and extremely young hot s t a r s i n W p o r t i o n of spectrum not v i s i b l e t o human eye o r earth-based observatories. S a t e l l i t e would be a b l e t o . . �December 7 (continued) c o l l e c t s i x hours of W d a t a p e r day--twice a s much a s had been obtained i n 1 5 yr from 40 sounding rocket launches. Through i t s complex groundcommand s p a c e c r a f t - a t t i t u d e system OAO I1 would be aimed a t i n d i v i d u a l o b j e c t s i n space w i t h p r e c i s i o n never before a t t a i n e d by an o r b i t i n g s a t e l l i t e . Information from experiments would be radioed t o e a r t h a s d i g i t a l d a t a f o r a n a l y s i s by experimenters. By Dec. 10 a l l s p a c e c r a f t equipment had been t u r n e d on and operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y : s a t e l l i t e had been placed i n i t s sunbathing mode with i t s s o l a r panels o r i e n t e d toward sun; i t s s i x s t a r t r a c k e r s had been a c t i v a t e d ; t h r e e of t h e t r a c k e r s had been locked on t o preplanned guide s t a r s ; and s a t e l l i t e had e s t a b l i s h e d t h r e e - a x i s s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Smithsonian experiment i n i t i a l power had been t u r n e d on. Wisconsin Experiment Package would be t u r n e d on Dec. ll. OAO I1 was second j.n s e r i e s of f o u r s p a c e c r a f t i n NASA's OAO program t o o b t a i n p r e c i s e astronomical observations of c e l e s t i a l o b j e c t s above e a r t h ' s atmosphere. OAO I had been launched i n t o almost p e r f e c t o r b i t A p r i l 6, 1966, but had f a i l e d because of power supply system malfunction and probable high v o l t a g e a r c i n g i n s t a r t r a c k e r . OAO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-186K; KSC Release KSC-511-68; UPI, W S t a r , 12/8/68, A5; OIToole, W P o s t , 12/8/68, AP, W S t a r , 12/9/68, A6; -3SBD 12/10/68, 172; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, l 2 / W 8 , ~ 5 ) - - December 8 : MSC s a i d Chief Test P i l o t Joseph S. A l g r a n t i s u c c e s s f u l l y e j e c t e d from LLTV about f o u r minutes i n t o planned six-minute f l i g h t , when l a r g e l a t e r a l - c o n t r o l o s c i l l a t i o n developed a s he descended from maximum a l t i t u d e of 550 f t . He e j e c t e d a t 200 f't and landed by parachute while $1.8-million v e h i c l e crashed and burned s e v e r a l hundred f e e t away. F l i g h t was 1 4 t h f o r t h i s LLTV. Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., was named chairman of board t o i n v e s t i g a t e a c c i d e n t . (MSC S p e c i a l Release; W Post, 12/9/68, 1; SBD, 12/10/68, 172) . I n New York Times, Walter S u l l i v a n s a i d P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon's entourage had discussed c r e a t i o n of Cabinet post f o r science and t e c h nology. "The science a d v i s e r , i n t h e view of t h e Nixon entourage, has been unable t o streamline t h e machinery f o r making science p o l i c y . Science, and t h e problems r e l a t i n g t o i t , has outgrown i t s o l d boundar i e s . The b i g problems a r e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y . Their s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s e x p e r t i s e i n many f i e l d s , and t h e cooperation of many d e p a r t ments of government. This has l e d t o a p r o l i f e r a t i o n of i n t e r d e p a r t mental committees. " However, "because t h e c r e a t i o n of a Cabinet post would have major repercussions within t h e s c i e n t i f i c establishment, it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t such a s t e p w i l l be t a k e n until t h e r e has been an e x t e n s i v e study, l a s t i n g perhaps a year o r more." (NYT, - 12/8/68, 3 ~ ) �December 9: NASA's HL-10lif'ting body v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj. J e r a u l d R. Gentry (usAF), s u c c e s s f u l l y completed second rocket-powered f l i g h t from Edwards AFB reaching mach 0.8 (550 mph) a t a l t i t u d e approaching 50,000 f t . (WSA P r o j O f f ; AP, B Sun, 12/10/68, 5 ) . At White House dinner, President Johnson presented r e t i r e d NASA Administ r a t o r James E. Webb h i g h e s t c i v i l i a n award, P r e s i d e n t i a l Medal of Freedom, and honored 23 Apollo a s t r o n a u t s , Charles A. Lindbergh, and heads of r o c k e t - b u i l d i n g firms. Award was made t o Webb a s "a most distinguished public administrator a f a r s i g h t e d and f o r c e f u l l e a d e r of t h i s Nation i n t h e pioneer e x p l o r a t i o n of o u t e r space, opening new f r o n t i e r s of discovery and progress f o r t h e American people." I n predinner ceremony, document f o r White House T r e a t y Room was signed by Apollo 7 a s t r o n a u t s Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., R. Walter Cunningham, and Donn F. E i s e l e ; Apollo 8 Astronauts William A. Anders, Frank Borman, and James A. Lovell, Jr.; and Lindbergh. Also i n T r e a t y Room were commemorations of May 2l, 1963, v i s i t t o White House by Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper following 22-orbit mission i n F a i t h V I I May 15-16 and June 17, 1965, award of Exceptional Service Medal t o l a t e Astronaut Edward H. White, 11, and Astronaut James A. McDivitt following f i r s t U.S. space walk during June 3-7 Gemini IU mission. I n exchange of dinner t o a s t s President Johnson s a i d t h a t " i n t h e hundreds of laws on which I have answered t h e r o l l c a l l , t h e b i l l s t h a t I have sponsored o r cosponsored o r amended o r defeated, t h e r e i s not a s i n g l e one t h a t gives more p r i d e t h a n t h e Space Act." Responding, Webb c i t e d t h r e e generations of s p a c e c r a f t i n 1 0 yr, "put t o u s e . . . i n every major f i e l d , " and s a i d he had " s t r o n g l y h e l d view t h a t i n t h e kind of world we l i v e i n , our Nation needs t h i s kind of success i n t h i s kind of endeavor." (PD, 12/16/68, 1689-91; McCardle, W P o s t , 12/10/68, D l ; ~ h e l t o n , W9-S t a r 12/10/68, B6; -9TSrT 12/10/68, ... . World Meteorological Organization, U.N. agency managing World Weather Watch p r o j e c t , s a i d work was w e l l advanced, according t o UPI. System would be f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a l i n 1971 and save world economy estimated $17 b i l l i o n annually i n l o s s e s caused by unexpected weather changes. System c a l l e d f o r 29,000 observations d a i l y , o f which 24,000 were a l r e a d y being made. A d d i t i o n a l 2,500 by 1971 would b r i n g implementat i o n l e v e l t o 91y. World c e n t e r s had been e s t a b l i s h e d a t Melbourne, Moscow, and Washington and would be computerized by 1969, i n c r e a s i n g d a i l y output of 134 c h a r t s t o 223 by 1971. A d d i t i o n a l l y , 21 r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s i s s u i n g 1,191 c h a r t s d a i l y would i n c r e a s e output t o 1,830 c h a r t s by 1971 and, e v e n t u a l l y , would be l i n k e d t o g l o b a l communications system. Observations would be made by land surface s t a t i o n s 300 m i a p a r t throughout world with exception of d e s e r t a r e a s . F u r t h e r d a t a �December 9 (continued) w o d d be passed on by weather s h i p s , upper-air s e a s t a t i o n s , a i r c r a f t , and meteorological s a t e l l i t e s . (W -9S t a r 12/9/68, ~ 8 ) December 9-12; New York Times and Washington Evening S t a r published c o n t e n t s of unreleased d r a f t r e p o r t by P r e s i d e n t i a l t a s k f o r c e appointed i n 1967 t o formulate n a t i o n a l communications p o l i c y d e a l i n g with r a p i d t e c h n o l o g i c a l changes and providing f o r adequate Government supervision. Report would recommend r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of U.S. communications i n d u s t r y t o include Government-sponsored monopoly t o t r a n s m i t a l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l communications- -including ComSat Corp s a t e l l i t e s and ground s t a t i o n s ; AT&T underseas c a b l e s ; and t e r m i n a l s and switching s t a t i o n s of "record" c a r r i e r s ITT World Communications, Inc. , RCA Communications, I n c and West e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc If ComSat Corp became s i n g l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l " e n t i t y , " committee ' s recommendations would preclude it from becoming owner and manager of domestic s a t e l l i t e conmunications system f o r which t h e r e p o r t would propose p i l o t program. Committee claimed s i n g l e e n t i t y could make more balanced investment choice on whether t o l a y more cables o r launch s a t e l l i t e s and would e l i m i n a t e need f o r d u p l i c a t e transmission f a c i l i t i e s . Conclusions were challenged i n d i s s e n t i n g footnote t o r e p o r t by D r . Edward C. Welsh, Executive S e c r e t a r y of E4SC, who s a i d merger would i n h i b i t development of s a t e l l i t e technology and reduce t e c h n o l o g i c a l competition between c a b l e s and s a t e l l i t e s t h a t could r e s u l t i n lower r a t e s . Report a l s o would recommend informal merger of p o s t a l and t e l e g r a p h s e r v i c e s , w i t h Western Union Telegraph Co. permitted t o o p e r a t e i n post o f f i c e s ; r e l a x a t i o n o f FCC r e s t r i c t i o n s on cable TV t o p r o t e c t broadc a s t e r s ; and Government sponsorship of experimental program t o t e s t TV's u s e f u l n e s s i n a s s i s t i n g m i n o r i t y groups. Report s a i d major f i n d i n g was "the need t o s t r e n g t h e n Government c a p a b i l i t i e s , both i n FCC and t h e Executive Branch and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y t o develop and implement p o l i c i e s " which would enable Government and i n d u s t r y t o r e a l i z e f u l l p o t e n t i a l of communications. ( ~ i n n e -3~ NIr"r , 12/9/68, 1; 12/10/68, 1; Aug, W 3-S t a r 12/12/68, ~ 1 3 ) ., . December 10: Cosmos CCLVIII was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t w i t h 302-km (187.6-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) p e r i g e e , 89.5-min p e r i o d , and 64. 9U i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Dec. 18. (UPI, W S t a r , 12/10/68, A6; AP, NYT, 12/11/68, 6; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68; 1 2 m 6 8) - �December LO: NASA announced award of $1,046,123 c o n t r a c t t o Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s Elkton, Md., Div. f o r development of more powerful s o l i d rocket f o r automated missions, including p o s s i b l e use a s 3rd s t a g e f o r Centaur and Delta. New 3rd s t a g e was expected t o be ready f o r use i n 1971. (NASA Release 68-210) , NASA announced j o i n t 1969 p r o j e c t w i t h German Federal M i n i s t r y f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) t o photograph e a r t h ' s magnetic l i n e s of f o r c e high i n space would involve r e l e a s e of barium vapor by NASA Scout r o c k e t a t 20,000-mi a l t i t u d e . S c i e n t i s t s would use s p e c i a l o p t i c a l equipment t o view r e s u l t a n t glowing ionized cloud along magnetic f i e l d l i n e and v i s u a l l y map electromagnetic f o r c e s a c t i n g i n barium a r e a . Barium r e l e a s e technique, pioneered by Prof. Reimar Luest of Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , r e q u i r e d e j e c t i o n of barium copper oxide mixture t h a t vaporized on r e l e a s e ; u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n from sun would i o n i z e p o r t i o n of barium. Agreement on p r o j e c t c a l l e d f o r BMwF t o provide payload, two ground observer s t a t i o n s , and d a t a a n a l y s i s . NASA would f u r n i s h r o c k e t , conduct launch from WSA Wallops S t a t i o n , and provide t r a c k i n g and communications s e r v i c e s . (RAS-4Release 68-211) . MSC had awarded $16.4 m i l l i o n , one-year extension t o cost -plus-awardf e e c o n t r a c t w i t h Lockheed E l e c t r o n i c s Co. Div. of Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp,, NASA announced. Award was f o r general e l e c t r o n i c , instrumentat i o n , and engineering support s e r v i c e s , bringing t o t a l c o n t r a c t value t o $46.4 m i l l i o n . (NASA Release 68-209) . Washington Daily News e d i t o r i a l commented on statement by p h y s i c i s t D r . Ralph E. Lapp warning o f p o s s i b l e dangers i n Apollo 8 mission [ s e e Dec. 141: h here a r e perhaps sound reasons involving n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e f o r t r y i n g t o be t h e f i r s t n a t i o n t o send men i n t o a moon o r b i t . But s u r e l y no such reasons a r e compelling enough t o cut c o r n e r s on s a f e t y . The t e c h n i c a l arguments advanced by D r . Lapp a r e f a r t o o complex t o be resolved by laymen. But af%er t h e t r a g i c f i r e t h a t took t h e l i v e s of t h r e e of our Apollo spacemen two y e a r s ago it should not be necessary t o urge t h a t t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration e x e r c i s e a l l due prudence--even a t t h e risk of l o s i n g t h e r a c e around t h e moon." (W News, 12/10/68, 24) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d P r o j e c t 693, $ 3 - b i l l i o n cutback i n by Revenue and Expenditure Control m i l l i o n r e d u c t i o n i n MOL program. 12/11/68, 176) announced DOD had completed F Y 1969 expenditures r e q u i r e d Act of 1968, , including $85(DOD Release 1083-68; -9SBD �December 10: Soviet Finance M i n i s t e r V a s i l y Garbuzov t o l d semiannual budget meeting of Supreme Soviet i n Moscow t h a t nominal U.S.S.R. defense spending i n i969 would i n c r e a s e 6$, from 16.7 b i l l i o n t o 17.7 b i l l i o n r u b l e s . I n s t i t u t e of S t r a t e g i c Studies i n London had estimated before Aug. 20 inva,sion of Czechoslovakia t h a t r e a l Soviet m i l i t a r y spending f o r 1968 would be approximately equivalent t o $50 b i l l i o n . Thus, announced i n c r e a s e s would b r i n g t o t a l 1969 budget t o some $53 b i l l i o n , a s a g a i n s t $80 b i l l i o n f o r U. S. , which had a l l o c a t e d $30 b i l l i o n f o r c o s t s of Vietnam War. However, Soviet f i g u r e d i d not include m i l i t a r y R&D and investment i n defense i n d u s t r i e s . Budget a l s o d i s c l o s e d continued expansion of government support f o r s c i e n t i f i c research. haba bad, NYT, 12/11/68, 1; Shub, W Post, 1 2 / l l / 6 8 , a) - December 11: P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon introduced h i s Cabinet Among appointments, on nationwide TV from Washington, D.C. W i l l i a m P. Rogers, Washington a t t o r n e y and Eisenhower Administration Attorney General, would serve a s S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ; Rep. Melvin R. L a i r d (R- is. ) as S e c r e t a r y of Defense; and Massachusetts Gov. John A. Volpe, a s S e c r e t a r y of Transportation. ( ~ e r b e r s ,NYT, 12/12/68) , . Apollo - 8 crew, wearing t h e i r s p a c e s u i t s , p a r t i c i p a t e d i n f i n a l 2 h r 45 min of countdown r e h e a r s a l f o r Dec. 21 launch. completed four-day r e h e a r s a l f u l l y f u e l e d Dec. 10. 12/11/68, A g ; UPI, W S t a r , 12/11/68, ~ 4 ) - Spacecraft had (AP, B Sun, . NASA was unsuccessful i n second P r o j e c t SHAPE (Supersonic High A l t i t u d e Parachute ~ x p e r i m e nst ) attempt a t WSMR when parachute was e j e c t ed prematurely from five-foot-long c a n i s t e r af'ter t h r e e - s t a g e rocket had s u c c e s s f u l l y p r o p e l l e d payload t o 33-mi a l t i t u d e . F i r s t t e s t Oct. 23 had been s u c c e s s f u l . (NASA Release 68-216) . ~ 6 d G r a t i o nA6ronautique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e (FAI) had e s t a b l i s h e d Yuri Gagarin gold medal honoring cosmonaut who became f i r s t man i n space A p r i l 12, 1961, during Soviet Vostok I mission, Space Business Daily reported. Medal would be awarded annually t o p i l o t c o n t r i b u t i n g b e s t performance of y e a r i n p e a c e f u l e x p l o r a t i o n of space. (SBD, - 1 2 / l l / 6 8 , 178) . Cal Tech's D r . Maarten Schmidt received Rumford Premium, n a t i o n ' s o l d e s t science award f o r "the most important discovery o r u s e f u l improvement. on heat and on l i g h t " a t American Academy of A r t s and Sciences dinner i n Boston, Mass. Award, e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1796 by Benjamin Thompson, Count Runford, c o n s i s t e d o f medal and .. �December 11 (continued) $5,000. D r . Schmidt had determined i n t e n s e r a d i o emission of quasars i n d i c a t e d t h e y were moving away from e a r t h a t speeds up t o 149;000 mps, o r about 8@ of speed of l i g h t . (AP, W 3-S t a r 12/12/68, ~ 2 ) r Explorer C ) and Explorer XL Explorer XXXIX ( ~ i Density December 13: (1njun V ) launched a s dual payload Aug. 8, were adjudged s u c c e s s f u l by NASA. Explorer XXXIX balloon had been e j e c t e d and f u l l y i n f l a t e d . Explorer X L had despun, extended booms, and t u r n e d on experiments s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Malfunction i n s p a c e c r a f t ' s power subsystem had caused l o s s of 1 / 3 of power generated by s o l a r p a n e l s , reducing q u a n t i t y but not a f f e c t i n g q u a l i t y o f data. S a t e l l i t e would e n t e r f u l l s u n l i g h t Sept. 1 8 , 1969, p e r m i t t i n g o r i g i n a l l y planned d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n r a t e . (NASA Proj o f f ) , . NASA announced agency and DOD had agreed j o i n t l y t o make computer programs a v a i l a b l e t o i n d u s t r y , educational i n s t i t u t i o n s , s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and o t h e r s through Computer Softwear Management and Information Center (COSMIC). E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1966 under NASA c o n t r a c t a t Univ. of Georgia, COSMIC l i s t e d some 350 computer programs f o r s a l e a t f r a c t i o n of c o s t . More t h a n 100 DOD programs, w i t h a d d i t i o n a l NASA programs, would be added during 1969. P a r t of NASA Office of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n e f f o r t t o encourage secondary use of aerospace R&D r e s u l t s , COSMIC o f f e r e d d e s i g n information f o r e l e c t r o n i c p r i n t e d - c i r c u i t boards and programs f o r such jobs a s inventory c o n t r o l , accounting, d a t a c o n t r o l , s t r e s s a n a l y s i s , equipment checkout, and s t r u c t u r a l t e s t i n g . (NASA Release 68-212) . Cal Tech t r u s t e e s announced choice of A i r Force S e c r e t a r y , D r . Harold Brown, t o r e p l a c e D r . Lee DuBridge, who resigned e f f e c t i v e Jan. 20 t o become Science Adviser t b resident-elect Richard M. Nixon. (UPI, W S t a r 12/14/68, A3; W Post, 12/15/68, A6) -, . Naval Ship Command System had awarded $13.5-million c o n t r a c t t o Todd Shipyards Corp. f o r f i r s t of nine oceanographic s h i p s of r a d i c a l l y new design. Prototype would provide USN with i t s f i r s t catamaran-style h u l l . Diesel-propelled, 246-ft-long s h i p would be designated GOR-16 ( f o r g e n e r a l ocean r e s e a r c h ) . 12/13/68, 86) (m, �NASA's OAO 11, launched Dec. 7, photographed t h r e e unnamed December 14: s t a r s i n Draco C o n s t e l l a t i o n 2,000 l i g h t y e a r s from e a r t h , near Vega between Big and L i t t l e Dippers--to make f i r s t u l t r a v i o l e t photographs of s t a r s . Photos were t a k e n by t e l e s c o p e s of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory experiments aboard s a t e l l i t e and used W r a d i a t i o n which d i d not p e n e t r a t e e a r t h ' s atmosphere. They gave GSFC astronomers enough informat i o n t o r e c o n s t r u c t f a i r l y d e t a i l e d images of s t a r s , GSFC spokesman s a i d . (OSSA; UPI, NYT, 12/15/68; SBD, 12/17/68, 208) - - . U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLIX from Kapustin Yar i n t o o r b i t with 1,331-lrm ( 8 3 - m i 2 apogee, 213-km (132.4-mi) p e r i g e e , 100.3-min p e r i o d , and 48.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . E uipment was f u n c t i o n i n g normally. (GSFC SSR, 12/15/68, 2J-0; S 12717/68, 210) - . - I n Washington Evening S t a r , John Lannan s a i d deep sea d r i l l i n g between U. S. and A f r i c a by s c i e n t i s t s of J o i n t Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r Deep E a r t h Sampling (JODES) had confirmed t h a t s e a f l o o r was spreadi n g and pushing Europe and America f a r t h e r a p a r t . Evidence, brought t o s u r f a c e i n samples, o r cores, e x t r a c t e d from e a r t h ' s bottom, showed f l u i d i n t e r n a l mass of molten rock under ocean was s t i l l welli n g up along mid-Atlantic Ridge. Cores i n d i c a t e d " t h i s newly formed c r u s t must spread slowly a s i d e , l i k e a g i a n t conveyor b e l t , continuously accumulating sediment. . . t h r o u hout m i l l i o n s of years a s it moves," s c i e n t i s t s s a i d . (W 9-S t a r 1$14/68, ~ l ) . I n New Republic interview, D r . Ralph E. Lapp, p h y s i c i s t and a s s i s t a n t l a b o r a t o r y d i r e c t o r of World War I1 Manhattan P r o j e c t , s a i d : "We a r e pushing our luck, gambling t h a t everything w i l l work p e r f e c t l y " on Apollo 8 mission. He advised d e l a y i n program so t h a t Apollo 9, configured t o have r e l i e f - c a p a b i l i t y , would be on pad ready f o r launch should Apollo 8 "run i n t o t r o u b l e . ' ' Asked i f U.S. could a f f o r d t o d e l a y Apollo 8, D r . Lapp s a i d , "The b a s i c f a c t o r i s not r e a l l y t e c h n i c a l . We a r e r a c i n g t h e Russians t o t h e moon. A l o t of people i n KASA and i n i n d u s t r y a r e hoping t h a t a s u c c e s s f u l Apollo-8 o r b i t i n g of t h e moon--or even circumnavigation--will b u i l d up p u b l i c support f o r an i n v i g o r a t e d manned space program. I t ' s j u s t one of t h e weighty techno-decisions f a c i n g M r . Nixon. He i s committed t o funding out t h e Apollo program--but p o s t - ~ ~ o l lprograms o await h i s d e c i s i o n . " (AP, W S t a r , 12/9/68; W Post, 12/9/68, 3; New Republic, 12/14/68, 16-9) - - December 15: BASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched ESSA V I I I (TOS-F), e i g h t h meteorol o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e i n ESSA's T i r o s Operational S a t e l l i t e (TOS) system, from WTR by two-stage, Thrust-Augmented, Long-Tank Thor-Delta b o o s t e r . Primary NASA mission o b j e c t i v e was t o provide g l o b a l cloud coverage �December 15 (continued) on r e g u l a r , d a i l y b a s i s with six-month nominal and three-month minimum l i f e t i m e . S a t e l l i t e achieved n e a r l y p o l a r , sun-synchronous c i r c u l a r o r b i t w i t h 902.8-mi (1,493.8-km) apogee, 87.4-mi (1,406.5-km) p e r i g e e , 114.6-min p e r i o d , and 101.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . An advanced v e r s i o n of cartwheel configuration, 300-lb ESSA V I I I c a r r i e d two Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT) cameras which would photograph e a r t h ' s cloud cover and immediately t r a n s m i t p i c t u r e s t o l o c a l APT s t a t i o n s i n 52 n a t i o n s . During f i r s t 22 o r b i t s s p a c e c r a f t underwent o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver t o place it i n wheel mode and s p i n r a t e was a d j u s t e d by 0 . 2 rpm. By Dec. 1 9 a l l s p a c e c r a f t systems had been s u c c e s s f u l l y programmed and e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e s had been read o u t . ESSA. financed and managed TOS system and would o p e r a t e s p a c e c r a f t a f t e r NASA completed checkout l a t e r i n month. GSFC was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r procurement, launch, and i n i t i a l checkout of m a c e c r a f t i n o r b i t . ESSA V I I I was 1 8 t h ~ i r o ss a t e l l i t e launched s u c c e s s f u l l y s i n c e T i r o s I, f i r s t weather s a t e l l i t e , A p r i l 1, 1960. A l l from T i r o s 111 on had equaled o r exceeded designed operation l i f e t i m e s . Most recent ESSA s a t e l l i t e launched was ESSA VII, launched Nov. 10. (NASA P r o j O f f ; ESSA Release ES 68-67; -'fi/17/68, 20) - . Apollo 8 launch crew began lengthy countdown on time a t KSC a t 7 : O O pm EST, f o r launch scheduled f o r 7:51 am EST Dec. 21. (W Post, 12/16/68, Al2; W S t a r , 12/16/68, A5; W News, 12/16/68, 3) - . NASA announced m i l l i o n s of home TV viewers i n U.S. , Europe, and Japan would see l i v e p i c t u r e s t a k e n by Apollo 8 crew w i t h cigar-box-size camera s i m i l a r t o t h a t c a r r i e d on Apollo 7 mission. They would be beamed t o e a r t h from s p a c e c r a f t s i x times during Apollo 8 mission, i n c l u d i n g t w i c e while s p a c e c r a f t was i n moon o r b i t . Manned Space F l i g h t Network s t a t i o n s near Madrid, Spain, and Goldstone, C a l i f . would convert slow-scan s i g n a l i n t o TV p i c t u r e . S t i l l photos would be t a k e n o f TV monitor during l i v e transmission and p i c t u r e s r e l e a s e d i n Los Angeles, Madrid, and Canberra. (NASA Release 68-214) , . S c i e n t i f i c team headed by Dobe1 P r i z e winning p h y s i c i s t , D r . Charles H. Tomes, announced discovery of ammonia molecules i n d i r e c t i o n of S a g i t t a r i u s toward Milky Way c e n t e r 30,000 l i g h t y e a r s away from e a r t h . Finding, made through spectographs a t radioastronomy observatory of Univ, of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley during s t u d i e s supported by NASA, O f f i c e of Naval Research, and NSF, was s i g n i f i c a n t , team s a i d , because ammonia was considered a "chemical a n c e s t o r " of organic compounds and necessary s t e p towards o r i g i n of l i f e . Team s a i d discovery "marks t h e f i r s t time t h a t a r e l a t i v e l y complex molecular compound has been d e f i n i t e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e v a s t regions between �December 1 5 (continued) t h e s t a r s . " It would spur i n t e n s i f i e d search f o r a d d i t i o n a l combinat i o n s of l i f e - e s s e n t i a l elements detected i n space. Former MIT provost and inventor of maser, which l e d t o development of l a s e r , D r . Tomes had been named Dec. 3 t o head Presidente l e c t Richard M. Nixon's t a s k f o r c e t o make recommendations on space program. Report would be published i n Physical Review L e t t e r s of (UPI, NYT, 12/16/68, 93; AP, W Post, American I n s t i t u t e of Physics. 12/16/68, A l ) - . I n Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines s a i d NASA announcement of plans f o r 1974 Mars landing marked r e v i v a l "of a p r o j e c t t h a t was s a c r i f i c e d l a s t year on t h e a l t a r of t h e g r e a t God Apollo whose manned moon program was gobbling up a l l t h e funds a t NASA's disposal. It a l s o marked t h e f i r s t p o s i t i v e a c t i o n by NASA i n two y e a r s d i r e c t e d t o s t a r t i n g r a t h e r t h a n terminating a c t i v i t i e s " I t s timing , one month a f t e r p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n , seemed "to provide a t a n t a l i z i n g clue t o t h e Nixonian philosophy about space." Hines s a i d it was l i k e l y new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would heed post-Apollo views of National Academy of Sciences, which had recommended more a t t e n t i o n t o s c i e n t i f i c explora(W S t a r , 12/15/68, ~ 4 ) t i o n of space with instruments. . . I n Washington Post Thomas OIToole s a i d poisoning from overexposure t o beryllium powder had r e s u l t e d i n 800 known deaths i n U.S. during p a s t ~ e r ~ l l i udisease m expert, D r . H a r r i e t L. Hardy of Massachusetts 15 General Hospital, estimated t o t a l beryllium cases a t 2,500, "about t h r e e times a s many a s we've heard about." New uses f o r lightweight, h e a t - r e s i s t a n t metal had pushed production t o 150,000 l b per year. B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e estimated output would grow a t 2& r a t e p e r year f o r next f i v e years; NAS estimated 1979 production a t s i x times 1969's. Beryllium was being used by Lockheed f o r wheel brakes i n C-5A t r a n s p o r t and heat s h i e l d s f o r Poseidon m i s s i l e . Boeing used it f o r new Minuteman m i s s i l e s h i e l d . I n past t h r e e years estimated $25 m i l l i o n had been spent on beryllium rocket research. OIToole s a i d a t l e a s t one s c i e n t i s t claimed t e s t f i r i n g i n C a l i f o r n i a had so contaminated s i t e t h a t e l e c t r i c i a n working t h e r e developed beryllium poisoning. Neither NASA o r U W planned t o abandon t e s t i n g beryllium r o c k e t s , however, and beryllium use had "kicked o f f a l i v e l y debate i n s i d e t h e Federal Government." (W Post, 12/15/68, ~ l ) b. December 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLX i n t o o r b i t with 39,576-km 24,591.~-mi) apogee, 511-km (317.5-mi) perigee, 712.3-min period, L d 64.9 i n c l i n a t i o n . (AP, B -3Sun 12/18/68, 1 0 ; SBD, 12/18/68, 2 l l ; GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - �December 16: NASA announced decision t o terminate work on two Bios a t e l l i t e s scheduled f o r 21-day missions beginning i n 1971. Contract with General E l e c t r i c Co. Reentry Systems Div. would be r e v i s e d t o r e t a i n only work on two 30-day primate experiment Biosat e l l i t e s scheduled t o begin i n 1969. Funding f o r l a t e r missions had been reduced and e f f i c i e n t planning made more d i f f i c u l t . P o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r experiments with g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y i n e a r l y 1970s had been i n d i c a t e d by sucess of smaller s a t e l l i t e s and by s t u d i e s . (USA Release 68-215) . FRC s a i d two reports--one by D r . Eldon E. Kordes, NASA Senior S t a f f S c i e n t i s t , t o American Society of Mechanical Engineers and one by Chief XB-70 P i l o t f o r FRC, Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr., t o F l i g h t S a f e t y Foundation--indicated XB-70 t e s t program was providing valuable information f o r operation o f l a r g e supersonic commercial and m i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t . Results from XB-70 ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n n a t i o n a l sonic boom research program had shown methods used t o p r e d i c t overpressure and extent of boom were generally adequate f o r a i r c r a f t of t h i s s i z e and speed under "standard day" conditions but i n d i c a t e d unusual weather conditions and o t h e r f a c t o r s could a f f e c t t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s . XB-70 program was attempting t o d e f i n e i n t e n s i t y of turbulence a t higher a l t i t u d e s . System t o improve s t a b i l i t y , l e s s e n turbulence-induced a c c e l e r a t i o n s , and improve passenger r i d i n g q u a l i t i e s while lengthening a i r c r a f t ' s f a t i g u e l i f e was being t e s t e d . New methods of presenting f l i g h t and engine information t o p i l o t had evolved from XB-70 program, including d i g i t a l form f o r more p r e c i s e readout. S p e c i a l warning systems prevented exceeding o p e r a t i n g l i m i t s and a t t i t u d e i n d i c a t o r with changeable s e n s i t i v i t y f o r smoother f l i g h t c o n t r o l had been evaluated. XB-70 f l i g h t had demonstrated need f o r f u r t h e r research i n b a s i c s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i t s c l a s s of a i r c r a f t . Actual crosscountry f l i g h t experience had been gained with t r i p from Edwards mB, C a l i f . , t o ' Carswell AFB, Tex., and r e t u r n . Both r e p o r t s emphasized t h a t , although XB-70 was not passenger a i r c r a f t , it was s i m i l a r i n s i z e and performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o proposed SSTs and was only o p e r a t i o n a l a i r c r a f t approaching SST s i z e and speed. (FRC Release 28-68) . Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s were pronounced of Medical Operations, D r . Charles examination a s countdown proceeded f l i g h t . "The crew i s i n r e a l f i n e 12/17/68; AP, W S t a r , 12/17/68) - - in p e r f e c t h e a l t h by NASA Director A. Berry, af'ter three-hour p h y s i c a l toward Dec. 21 launch f o r moon s p i r i t s , " he added. (AP, B -9Sun �December 16: National Trendex P o l l reported public support f o r space program was 1%higher t h a n i n 1967. Tenth p o l l , sponsored by Thiokol Chemical Corp., was taken Oct. 21-23 a f t e r successful Apollo 7 mission and showed 6% of U.S. public favored Apollo program t o l a n d man on moon by 1970, 213 d i d not, and 115 was undecided ( i n September 1967 p o l l , Apollo had 51% support, with 3 3 opposed and 1g undecided). Public d e s i r e f o r increased Government spending on space was a t i t s highest point i n f i v e years, i n 1967. Support f o r program was w i t h 1%i n favor, a s a g a i n s t h i g h e s t among college-educated, those under 35, and men; 45% favored manned space exploration, versus 25$, instrumented program; 6@ backed p l a n e t a r y exploration, with 3% opposed. Favored programs a f t e r Apollo were: (1)reusable space system, (2) l u n a r exploration, ( 3 ) manned space s t a t i o n s , (4) manned Mars exploration. (SBD, 12/16/68, 197-8) - . President Johnson proclaimed Dec. 17 Wright Brothers Day, commemorating a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s made by O r v i l l e and Wilbur Wright 65 yr e a r l i e r : "Their f i r s t journey was s h o r t e r than t h e f l o o r of t h e g i a n t C-5 cargo s h i p t h a t was t e s t flown e a r l i e r t h i s year. But those b r i e f f l i g h t s on December 1'7, 1903, launched t h e a i r age. They changed mankind's way of l i f e . " (PD, 12/23/68, 1718-9; 12/17/68, 1 6 ) ... December 17: I n interview D r . Lee A. DuBridge, science adviser-designate t o P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon, s a i d problem f a c i n g Government was not "Shall Government support and use science and technology, but how s h a l l it do it. What a r e t h e p r i o r i t i e s . . . " Fundamental t o use of science was knowledge; t h e r e f o r e , "one must have i n any modern s o c i e t y a very important and extensive f r e e b a s i c research e n t e r p r i s e e s t a b l i s h ment, l a r g e l y i n u n i v e r s i t i e s , so t h a t new a r e a s of knowledge w i l l be explored. " Basic r e s e a r c h budget of country should increase a t l e a s t 1%annually f o r next few years. When it came t o using t h i s knowledge, "the Government can, and somebody must, d i r e c t , s e t up t h e goals. " On space program, D r . DuBridge s a i d t h a t "the astonishing d i s c o v e r i e s " made by launching instruments i n t o space j u s t i f i e d f u r t h e r exploratton from s c i e n t i f i c point of view. When man entered p i c t u r e a s "another piece of t h e i n s t m e n t a t i o n t h a t i s needed f o r t h e exploration, I' f i r s t e f f e c t " i s t h a t t h e c o s t s get l a r g e . . Apollo landing of a man on t h e moon i s v a s t l y more expensive than t h e Surveyor landing By t h e same token, t h e information r e t u r n e d w i l l be much g r e a t e r , too. However, a s t h e technology of t h e spacec r a f t improves, and our instruments need t o get more complex, heavier, o r longer l a s t i n g , t h e r e may very well be a time when p u t t i n g a man up w i l l a c t u a l l y be cheaper than t r y i n g t o use automated instruments." ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 12/17/68, 1 ) . .. .... ... �December 1'7: National Science Board Chairman, D r . P h i l i p Handler, only nominee t o succeed Dr.,Frederick S e i t z a s NAS president i n J u l y 1969, s a i d i n interview he would urge Federal program of "bloc g r a n t s " t o U.S. u n i v e r s i t i e s i n 1969 t o support science. L e g i s l a t i o n would be introduced i n new Congress, with "something l i k e " $500-million p r i c e t a g i n f i r s t year, " j u s t f o r s t a r t e r s . " U n i v e r s i t i e s , "completely dependent upon science p r o j e c t g r a n t s , " had had funds f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s cut o f f leaving "numerous employees f o r whom t h e y have no s a l a r i e s . " He advocated "Federal cushion" i n form of bloc o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l g r a n t s t o supplement i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t support. "I would even support bloc g r a n t s f o r a l l graduate education, not j u s t i n science. ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 12/18/68, ~ 3 2 ) . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Director W i l l i a m C. F o s t e r had submitted r e s i g n a t i o n t o President Johnson e f f e c t i v e Dec. 31, ACDA a i d e s s a i d . (~wertzman,NYT, 12/18/68, 5; W Post, 12/19/68, ~21) . At Washington, D . C . , ceremony, Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, Chief of Naval Operation, USN., presented Distinguished Service Medal t o Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., f o r space deeds "exceeded by no one a f l o a t o r a i r b o r n e . " (AP, W S t a r , 12/18/68, B2; W Post, 12/18/68, ~ 3 ) - . DOD announced USN had s e l e c t e d G r m a n A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp. t o continue i n contract d e f i n i t i o n phase f o r F - 1 4 ~a i r c r a f t , formerly c a l l e d VFX-1. S e l e c t i o n of c o n t r a c t o r was scheduled f o r January 1969. (DOD Release 1109-68 ; WSJ, 12/18/68; UPI, W S t a r , 12/18/68, ~ 6 ) - - December 18: NASA announced appointment of W i l l i a m C. Schneider, Apollo Mission D i r e c t o r , a s Director of Apollo Applications, succeeding l a t e Harold T . Luskin, who died Nov. 25. George H. Hage, Deputy Director of Apollo Program, would be Acting Apollo Mission Director i n a d d i t i o n t o h i s present d u t i e s . (NASA Release 68-217) . Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s heading f o r moon would be " i n f a r l e s s hazardous p o s i t i o n " t h a n t h e y would have been a s crew f o r Columbus, NASA D i r e c t o r of Manned Space F l i g h t Safety Jerome F. Lederer s a i d i n speech before Wings Club i n New York. "Columbus d i d not know where he was going, how f a r it was, nor where he had been a f t e r h i s r e t u r n . With Apollo, t h e r e i s no such l a c k of information." Nevertheless, mission would "involve r i s k s of g r e a t magnitude and probably r i s k s t h a t have not been foreseen. "Apollo 8 has 5,600,000 p a r t s and one and a h a l f m i l l i o n systems, subsystems and assemblies. Even i f a l l functioned with 99.9 p e r cent �December 18 (continued) r e l i a b i l i t y , we could expect 5,600 d e f e c t s . Hence, t h e s t r i v i n g f o r p e r f e c t i o n and t h e use of redundancy. " ( ~ e x t ;NYT, 12/19/68, 56) - . Aerospace s a l e s reached record high of $30.1 b i l l i o n i n 1968, an i n c r e a s e of almost $3 b i l l i o n over 1967, Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. President Karl G. Harr, Jr., t o l d Washington, D.C., meeting of ~ v i a t i o n / ~ ~ aWriters ce Assn. Commercial aerospace s a l e s increased 39$, t o record $6.4 b i l l i o n ; aerospace exports rose 3%, t o $3 billion. M i l i t a r y space programs i n 1968 r o s e 3,from $1.088 b i l l i o n i n 1967 t o $1.121 b i l l i o n , reported AIA's "1968 Aerospace Industry Review and Forecast," which Harr a l s o released. Nonmilitary space s a l e s declined 3.73, from $4.202 b i l l i o n i n 1967 t o $4.047 b i l l i o n i n 1968. Sales of products and s e r v i c e s f o r use of aerospace t e c h nology i n nonaerospace areas--such a s marine science, water desalinat i o n , crime c o n t r o l , and r a p i d t r a n s i t - - i n c r e a s e d from $2.579 b i l l i o n t o $2.726 b i l l i o n . Harr p r e d i c t e d s l i g h t decline i n t o t a l aerospace s a l e s t o about $29.6 b i l l i o n during 1969 because of 255 drop i n j e t t r a n s p o r t s a l e s before d e l i v e r i e s of new high-capacity a i r c r a f t ; continuing i n c r e a s e i n h e l i c o p t e r , executive, and u t i l i t y a i r c r a f t s a l e s ; modest increase i n defense and nonaerospace s a l e s ; and d e c l i n e i n c i v i l space s a l e s . He noted t h a t i n t h i r d q u a r t e r of 1968 backlog of U.S. Government aerospace o r d e r s was l e s s t h a n t h a t of o t h e r customers f o r f i r s t time s i n c e before World War 11. ( ~ e x t ;AIA Release 68-60; W S t a r , 12/19/68, AJ-9) - . USAF permitted 11 newspapermen t o f l y simulated combat missions i n F-111A from N e l l i s AFB, Nev., t o demonstrate a i r c r a f t ' s systems. I n Washington Post, ~ e o r ~ C: e Wilson s a i d d e c i s i o n t o allow newsmen i n cockpits of c o n t r o v e r s i a l plane f o r f i r s t time evidenced USAF's conviction " t h a t t h e F-111 program i s a t a c r u c i a l juncture a s t h e Nixon Administration g e t s ready t o t a k e o f f i c e . " (W Post, 12/19/68, ~8 ) . Dr. . A n a t o l i A. Logunov, Director of I n s t i t u t e of High Energy Physics n e a r Serpukhov, 60 m i south of Moscow, s a i d i n I z v e s t i a t h a t I n s t i t u t e ' s 1,000-yd-dia, 70-bev, proton a c c e l e r a t o r had joined s c i e n t i s t s e l s e where i n search f o r quark. Quark was hypothetical p a r t i c l e thought t o be elementary building block of a l l matter and t o c a r r y e l e c t r i c a l charge one t h i r d t o two t h i r d s t h a t of e l e c t r o n charge. 12/20/68, 3) (w, �December 18: American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics announced D r . Charles P. Sonnett, Chief of Ames Research Center's Space Science Div. would receive Space Science Award, including $500 honorarium, " f o r h i s personal c o n t r i b u t i o n a s planner, l e a d e r and i n d i v i d u a l experimenter i n major space science v e h i c l e programs which have contributed t o t h e f i e l d of space physics." He had worked i n magnetospheric physics and nuclear physics and was c u r r e n t l y concentrating on i n t e r p l a n e t a r y physics. He had been p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r on s e v e r a l NASA experiments and ALSEP. Award would be presented a t AIAA 7 t h Aerospace Science Meeting i n New York Jan. 20-22, 1969. D r . S t a n l e y G. Hooker, Technical Director of B r i s t o l Engine Div., Rolls-Royce Ltd., and Perry W. P r a t t , Vice President and Chief S c i e n t i s t of United A i r c r a f t Corp. had been s e l e c t e d t o share $10,000 Goddard Award f o r t h e i r separate work i n developing gas t u r b i n e engines. Goddard Award, named f o r l a t e rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard, was awarded annually t o "a person who has made a b r i l l i a n t discovery o r a s e r i e s of outstanding c o n t r i b u t i o n s over a period of time, i n t h e engineering science of propulsion o r energy conversion." Prof. Rene H. M i l l e r , head of MIT Dept. of Aeronautics and Astron a u t i c s , would be given Sylvanus Albert Reed Award f o r "out standing c o n t r i b u t i o n s " t o rotary-wing a i r c r a f t . D r . Robert D. F l e t c h e r , USAF A i r Weather Service ' s Deputy Chief of S t a f f f o r Aerospace Sciences, would receive Robert M. Losey Award f o r "outstanding and dedicated l e a d e r s h i p and s e r v i c e " f o r 30 y r t o a e r o n a u t i c a l meteorology. (AIAA Release; NASA Biog, ll/29/68; NYT, 12/31/68, 52) , - December18-20: INTELSAT-I11 F-2 was successfullylaunchedbyNASA f o r ComSatCorp on behalf of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Communications S a t e l l i t e consortium. Launch was from ETR by three-stage, Thrust -Augmented, Long-Tank Delta booster. The 632-1b c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t with 22,580-mi (36,355.1-km) apogee, 161.9-mi (260.5 -km) perigee, 642.9-min period, and 28.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . A l l systems were functioning normally. On Dec. 20 apogee motor was f i r e d t o kick s a t e l l i t e i n t o planned near-synchronous o r b i t over A t l a n t i c a t 51' west longitude with 22,328.2-mi (35,933.8-km) apogee, 21,833.4-mi (33,137.5-km) perigee, 0.79' i n c l i n a t i o n , and 3.25' p e r day eastward orbital drift. INTELSAT-I11 F-2, f i r s t successful launch i n INTELSAT I11 s e r i e s , was backup t o INTELSAT-I11 F-I (INTELSAT 111-A) which had been destroyed minutes a f t e r launch Sept. 1 8 when launch v e h i c l e began t o break up. S a t e l l i t e was scheduled t o begin commercial s e r v i c e Jan. 2, 1969 [see Dec. 281, handling up t o 1,200 voice c i r c u i t s o r f o u r TV channels. By Jan. 29, 1969, all A t l a n t i c a r e a s e r v i c e except NASA Apollo t r a f f i c would be t r a n s f e r r e d t o INTELSAT-I11 F-2 from o t h e r A t l a n t i c comsats, �December 18-20 (continued) INTELSAT I ( ~ a r Bird) l ~ and INTELSAT-I1 F-3 ( ~ t l a n t i c11). Etamy W. Va. , e a r t h s t a t i o n would become prime East Coast t e r m i n a l and Andover, Me., s t a t i o n would be removed from s e r v i c e preparatory t o i t s use a s prime t e r m i n a l f o r INTELSAT-I11 F-4. NASA Apollo commwnications would be maintained through INTELSAT-I1 F-3 with 42-ft t e r m i n a l antenna a t Andover. (NASA Pro j Off; ComSatCorp Release 68-69; Stevens, NYT, 12/19/68, 1; AP, W Post, 12/19/68, A3) December 19: Cosmos CCLXI was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 637-km ('396.8-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 92.9-min period, and 71' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - NASA i s sued Management I n s t r u c t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g Committee on ExtraVehicular A c t i v i t i e s (EVA), a c t i v i t i e s performed i n space by astronaut o u t s i d e space v e h i c l e . Seven-member committee, serving f o r two-year period, would provide Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t with recommendations on o v e r a l l NASA EVA planning and development by: i d e n t i f y i n g EVA c a p a b i l i t i e s which must be defined and developed t o support manned space f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s ; i d e n t i f y i n g ground-based, o r b i t a l , and l u n a r surface experiments t o e s t a b l i s h r e q u i r e d EVA c a p a b i l i t i e s ; providing recommendations on s h o r t - and long-term EVA program plans; reviewing proposed EVA f l i g h t experiments and making recommendations; and maintaining awareness of EVAr e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s of organizations o t h e r t h a n NASA. (NMI 1152.36) . NASA announced renewal through August 1970 of 10-yr contract with NAS which provided one-year appointments f o r post-doctoral and s e n i o r post-doctoral s c i e n t i s t s and engineers s p e c i a l i z i n g i n space-related work t o conduct research a t WSA f i e l d c e n t e r s . NASA would pay NAS $2,390,500 t o c a r r y out program. (NASA Release 68-218) . AEC announced it had conducted underground nuclear t e s t of about onemegaton y i e l d a t Nevada Test S i t e . It was s i m i l a r t o A p r i l 26 t e s t . T e s t s had been described i n p r e s s a s l a r g e s t c o n t i n e n t a l explosions announced by AEC. Newsmen were permitted t o witness t e s t f o r f i r s t time i n 1 0 y r . Among f a c t i o n s p r o t e s t i n g underground t e s t i n g was Howard Hughes spokesman who s a i d Hughes would continue t o sponsor independent s t u d i e s on a d v i s a b i l i t y of continuation of t e s t i n g [ s e e Dec. 61. (AEc PIO; AXC Release L-288; Wilson, W Post, 12/20/68, A3; H i l l , NYT, 12120168, 1; 12/25/68; AP, NYT, 1 2 / 1 8 / 6 8 , 5 ) - �December 19: U.N. General Assembly, by vote of 96-0, approved plans f o r permanent body of 42 members t o study means of reserving seabed f o r p e a c e f u l purposes and 'of exploring resources beyond n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . Members would serve six-year terms, with one-third of membership stabro rook, W Post, 12/20/68, ~ 1 2 ) changing every two years. December 20: NASA announced completion of X-15 f l i g h t research program. On f i n a l f l i g h t Oct. 24--199th i n s e r i e s which began June 8, 1969-NASA t e s t p i l o t William H. Dana flew rocket-powered a i r c r a f t t o 255,000ft a l t i t u d e . Attempt a t 200th f l i g h t Dec. 20 was canceled because o f adverse weather conditions. I n NASA-UW-USN program i n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 5 4 , f l i g h t s by t h r e e X-15 a i r c r a f t manufactured by North American Rockwell Corp. had included more t h a n 82 min of f l i g h t a t speeds exceeding mach 5 and t o t a l f l i g h t time of more t h a n 30 h r . Peak a l t i t u d e reached was 354,200 f t (67.04 m i ) and t o p speed was 4,520 mph (mach 6.7)--speeds and a l t i t u d e s never before a t t a i n e d by any vehicle f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d by p i l o t from launch t o landing. It had s e t two o f f i c i a l world a l t i t u d e records of 246,740 ft and 314,750 f't previously. X-15 f l i g h t program provided knowledge applicable t o design and development of f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t and commercial supersonic a i r c r a f t and d a t a on aerodynamic heating i n high-speed f l i g h t , which could cause d e t e r i o r a t i o n of a i r c r a f t s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y . X-15 remained only a i r c r a f t capable of studying phenomena a t hypersonic speeds, space-equivalent f l i g h t , and r e e n t r y f l i g h t . It a l s o had served a s t e s t bed f o r new components and subsystems, s u b j e c t i n g them t o hypersonic f l i g h t environment. I n 1962 four X-15 p i l o t s received Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy from President Kennedy f o r "the g r e a t e s t achievement i n aeronautics o r a s t r o n a u t i c s i n America, with r e s p e c t t o improving t h e performance, s a f e t y , o r e f f i c i e n c y of a i r and space v e h i c l e s . " (NASA Release 68-221; NASA SF-60; NASA EP-9; AP, NYT, 12/21/68, 73; SBD, 12/23/68, 236) - - . Workmen loading super-cold oxygen i n t o Apollo 8 service module discovered gas had been contaminated, apparently by nitrogen used t o f l u s h tanks. Oxygen would be changed and tanks r e f l u s h e d and launch was expected t o t a k e p l a c e on schedule. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 12/20/68, A5) . National Science Founation announced it had provided support permitting more t h a n 5,800 secondary school students t o receive s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g i n science and mathematics i n summer 1969 o r i n 1969-70 academic year through 112 t r a i n i n g p r o j e c t s . Grants t o t a l e d $1,815,874. (NET Release 68-180) �D r . ~ o b e &H. Guest, professor of o r g a n i z a t i o n a l behavior December 20 : i n Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, was sworn i n a s consultant by D r . Thomas 0. Paine, Acting NASA Administrator. D r . Guest would serve on Management Advisory Panel. (NASARelease 68-220) 4 December 21: President Johnson sent congratulatory message t o Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s : " I am confident t h a t t h e world ' s f i n e s t equipment w i l l s t r i v e t o match t h e courage of our a s t r o n a u t s . I f it does t h a t , a s u c c e s s f u l mission i s assured. " (PD, 12/30/68, 1738) , December 21-27 : NASA s Apollo 8 (AS-503) second manned mission i n Apollo l u n a r landing program and f i r s t manned mission t o o r b i t moon, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from KSC Launch Complex 39 a t 7:51 am EST by Saturn V booster. Primary o b j e c t i v e s were t o demonstrate crew, space v e h i c l e , and mission support performance during manned Saturn V mission with command and service module (CSM) and t o demonstrate performance of nominal and s e l e c t e d backup l u n a r o r b i t rendezvous (LOR)mission a c t i v i t i e s - - i n c l u d i n g t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n ; CSM navigation, communications, and midcourse c o r r e c t i o n s ; and CSM consumables assessment and passive thermal c o n t r o l . A l l launch events occurred a s planned and s p a c e c r a f t , carrying Astronauts Frank Borman (commander), James A. Lovell, Jr. (CM p i l o t ) , and William A. Anders (LM p i l o t ) , entered i n i t i a l o r b i t o with 118.4-mi (190.6-km) apogee, 113.8-mi (183.2-km) perigee, 32.51 i n c l i n a t i o n , and 88.2-min period. A t 10:42 am EST 3rd stage burned f o r second time, i n j e c t i n g spacec r a f t i n t o l u n a r t r a j e c t o r y , and a s t r o n a u t s began journey t o become f i r s t men t o l e a v e e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d . Stage and instrument u n i t separated a s planned and s e r v i c e module propulsion system was f i r e d t o increase separation d i s t a n c e from 3rd stage, which was t r a i l i n g 500-1,000 f't behind spacecraft, spewing unused p r o p e l l a n t s . Crew f i r e d service propulsion system (SPS) engine f o r 2.4 sec, c o r r e c t i n g t r a j e c t o r y and increasing v e l o c i t y by 25 fps. Second midcourse maneuver, scheduled f o r second day, was canceled because t r a j e c t o r y was already so accurate t h a t burn would have required v e l o c i t y change of only 0.7 f p s . Borman r e p o r t e d i l l n e s s , apparently from 24-hr i n t e s t i n a l v i r u s o r from r e a c t i o n t o sleeping p i l l s being used during space f l i g h t f o r f i r s t time, and Lovell and Anders reported nausea. Crew took navigation s i g h t i n g s and conducted f i r s t TV t r a n s mission, showing spacecraft i n t e r i o r and e a r t h from 138,690-mi a l t i t u d e and demonstrating food preparation and movements i n weightlessness. S i g n a l s were received a t ground s t a t i o n s and t r a n s m i t t e d t o NASA �December 21-27 (continued) Mission Control Center i n Houston before r e l e a s e l i v e t o commercial networks. Second TV transmission, on t h i r d day, showed e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e s of e a r t h from 201,365-mi a l t i t u d e , including view of western hemisphere i n s u n l i g h t . Crew pointed out North Pole, South America, Cape Horn, and Baja, C a l i f . , and noted t h a t U.S. East Coast was very cloudy. Earth, t h e y s a i d , was b e a u t i f u l ; water looked r o y a l b l u e , land a r e a s brown, and clouds b r i g h t white. Reflection off e a r t h was much g r e a t e r t h a n off moon. SM r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system's f o u r rockets were f i r e d f o r 1 2 sec t o reduce v e l o c i t y by 2 f p s and t o make approach t o moon c l o s e r t o 60 m i a t n e a r e s t p o i n t . On f o u r t h day, Christmas Eve, communications were i n t e r r u p t e d a s Apollo 8 passed behind moon and a s t r m a u t s became f i r s t men t o see moon' s f a r side. SPS engine was f i r e d f o r 4 min 2 see, reducing speed by 2,994 f p s and placing spacecraft i n l u n a r o r b i t with 193.6-mi (310.6-km) apolune and 69.1-mi (111.2-km) p e r i l u n e . I n t h i r d TV t e l e c a s t Anders described l u n a r surface a s "whitish gray, l i k e d i r t y beach sand with l o t s of f o o t p r i n t s on it. Some of t h e s e c r a t e r s look l i k e pick-axes s t r i k i n g concrete, c r e a t i n g a l o t of f i n e dust." After spacecraft passed behind moon a t end of second revolution, SPS engine burned f o r 1 0 sec t o reduce speed by 135 f'ps and t o c i r c u l a r z e o r b i t with 70.0-mi (112.6-km) apolune and 69.6-mi (112.0-km) p e r i l u n e . Love11 s a i d a s t r o n a u t s had "a grand view" of t h e l u n a r surface and confirmed t h a t prospective landing s i t e s were s a t i s f a c t o r y . He reported t h a t a t about two minutes before s u n r i s e a fan-shaped white haze appeared j u s t behind moon's limb. Crew continued landmark s i g h t i n g s and named numerous unnamed l u n a r f e a t u r e s a f t e r o t h e r a s t r o nauts, NASA o f f i c i a l s , and f r i e n d s . They conducted communications experiment which showed t h a t r a d i o s i g n a l from e a r t h t o Apollo 8 and back t o e a r t h took t h r e e seconds t o make 460,000-mi round t r i p . Third TV transmission during n i n t h r e v o l u t i o n showed h e a v i l y impacted mountains described by Anders a s "a vastness of black and white, a b s o l u t e l y no color. The sky up here i s a l s o r a t h e r forbidding, forboding e x t e n t s of blackness with no s t a r s v i s i b l e when we're f l y i n g over t h e moon i n daylight. You can see by t h e numerous c r a t e r s t h a t t h i s p l a n e t has been bombarded through t h e eons w i t h numerous small a s t e r o i d s and meteoroids, pock-marking t h e surface of every square inch. And one of t h e amazing f e a t u r e s of t h e surface i s . . . t h a t most of t h e c r a t e r s . .have a round mound type of appearance i n s t e a d of sharp jagged rocks. A l l , o n l y t h e newest of f e a t u r e s have any sharp d e f i n i t i o n s t o them, and eventually t h e y get eroded down by t h e constant bombardment of small meteoroids." The moon i s "a very dark and unappetizing place Crew read verses from f i r s t chapter of Genesis and wished viewers a Merry Christmas. . ...." �December 21-27 (continued) On f i f t h day, while spacecraft was behind moon completing i t s 1 0 t h r e v o l u t i o n , SPS engine was f i r e d f o r 3 min 23 sec, i n c r e a s i n g spacecraft v e l o c i t y by 3,523 f p s and p r o p e l l i n g Apollo 8 back toward e a r t h . Spacec r a f t l e f t l u n a r g r a v i t y a t 201,807 m i above e a r t h . A t 104 hours mission elapsed time 14-sec reaction-control-system burn increased v e l o c i t y by 5 f'ps. F i f t h TV transmission showed spacecraft i n t e r i o r , c o n t r o l s , and food preparation. Data a n a l y s i s revealed s i x t h midcourse c o r r e c t i o n would not be necessary because of accuracy of course. Astronauts reported t h e y had s l e p t w e l l and were i n "very good shape."' S i x t h TV transmission showed e a r t h from ll2,125-mi a l t i t u d e . On s i x t h day crew prepared f o r r e e n t r y and SM separated from CM on schedule. Parachute deploment and o t h e r r e e n t r y events were nominal and Apollo 8 splashed, apex down, i n P a c i f i c about 5,100 yd from recovery s h i p U. S. S. Yorktown a t 10: 51 am EST Dec. 27, 147 h r a f t e r launch and p r e c i s e l y on time. According t o p r i o r planning, h e l i copters and a i r c r a f t hovered over spacecraft and pararescue personnel were not deployed u n t i l l o c a l sunrise, 50 min a f t e r splashdown. Crew was then picked up and reached recovery ship a t 12:20 pm EST. A l l primary Apollo 8 mission o b j e c t i v e s and d e t a i l e d t e s t object i v e s were achieved and, i n a d d i t i o n , f i v e not o r i g i n a l l y planned. A l l launch v e h i c l e and spacecraft systems performed according t o plan. Engineering accomplishments included use of ground network w i t h onboard n a v i g a t i o n a l techniques t o sharpen accuracy of l u n a r o r b i t determination and successful use of Apollo high-gain antenna, four-dish u n i f i e d S-band antenna t h a t deployed from SM a f t e r separation from 3rd stage. Mission proved c a p a b i l i t y of Apollo CSM and crew, a s w e l l a s ground support and c o n t r o l systems, t o operate out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e s and r e t u r n through t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere a t l u n a r v e l o c i t y . Apollo 8 was f i f t h Apollo mission t o d a t e , second manned Apollo mission, f i r s t manned mission on Saturn V launch v e h i c l e , and f i r s t manned o p e r a t i o n of Apollo system under conditions f o r which it was designed. E a r l i e r unmanned Apollo f l i g h t s had yielded a l l spacecraft information p o s s i b l e without crew on board. Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l , completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major pieces of Apollo hardware. Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4), d e s p i t e launch v e h i c l e problems, had a t t a i n e d four of f i v e primary o b j e c t i v e s with t h e spacec r a f t recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. F i r s t manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 Oct. 11-22, had achieved a l l primary o b j e c t i v e s and had v e r i f i e d o p e r a t i o n of spacecraft f o r lunar-mission duration. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn V launch v e h i c l e , and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a A v �December 21-27 (continued) a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-208; of Tracking and Data Acquisition. NASA S p e c i a l Releases; Lannan, W S t a r , 12/21/68, Al; 12/22/68, Al; 12/24/68, Al; 12/25/68, A l ; 2 A Cohn, W Post, 12/23/68, A l ; O1Toole, W Post, 12/22/68, Al; 12/28/68, Al; Stevens, NYT, 12/23/68, 27; Lyons, NYT, 12/23/68, 26; 12/25/68, 36; 12/28/68, 1; Wilford, NYT -3 12/23/68, 1; 12/25/68, 1; 12/26/68, 1; 12/27/63, 1; 12/28/68, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 12/23/68, A l ; 12/24/68, Al; 12/26/68, A l ; 12/28/68, A l ; SBD, 1 2 / 2 8 , 239; 12/27/68, 245; MSC Roundup, 1/10/69, 3) - - - A 01108 e d i t o r i a l comment: December 21-28: New York **Space contains more t h a n enough opportunity f o r f r u i t f u l a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e energies t h a t a l l mankind can devote t o i t s exploration, development and eventual settlement. There i s no need here f o r w a s t e f u l r i v a l r y deriving from earthbound n a t i o n a l i s t i c and p o l i t i c a l ambitions. I n t h e f a c e of t h e most breathtaking challenge humanity has ever faced, t h e only r a t i o n a l response i s cooperation t o make space an arena of u n i t y and i n t e r n a t i o n a l brotherhood. Man's hopes and prayers r i d e with t h e pre-Christmas voyagers. A f t e r them must come s h i p s bearing t h e United Nations f l a g , each carrying men of d i f f e r e n t c i t i z e n s h i p , language, p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s convictions and color. " (NYT, 12/22/68, ~ 1 0 ) - New York Times: " . . . t h e drama and i n t e r e s t of y e s t e r d a y ' s view of e a r t h from space transcended any p r o s a i c considerations of p r a c t i c a l u t i l i t y . Rather t h e excitement t h e s e p i c t u r e s aroused among m i l l i o n s of stay-at-homes flowed from t h e v i s u a l evidence t h e y provided of man's successful entrance i n t o a completely new realm, one which poses challenges, o p p o r t u n i t i e s and dangers such a s t h e human species has never before faced. And y e s t e r d a y ' s p i c t u r e s provided a sobering p e r s p e c t i v e on man's puny e a r t h l y works and r i v a l r i e s , reminding a l l humanity t h a t nature i s t h e b a s i c antagonist, not o t h e r men. " (g, 12/24/68, 22) New York Times : "The space ,age, no doubt, w i l l produce many f u t u r e heroes and many o t h e r h i s t o r i c accomplishments, but even now it i s p l a i n t h a t yesterday Astronauts Borman, Love11 and Anders assured themseleves of immortality a s t h e f i r s t men l i t e r a l l y t o break t h e shackles of e a r t h and t r a v e l successfully t o another d e s t i n a t i o n i n t h i s suddenly shrunken s o l a r system. " (E, 12/25/68, 30) �December 21-28 (continued) Washington Post: "Above a l l , perhaps, t h i s Christmas Eve a t t h e moon and Christmas Day on t h e way home have t o l d us more about our e a r t h t h a n about t h e moon. One o f t h e a s t r o n a u t s had wondered on h i s way t o t h e moon whether, i f he were a t r a v e l l e r from another p l a n e t , he would t h i n k t h a t i n t e l l i g e n t l i f e e x i s t e d on Earth. The answer, from Captain Lovell a t l e a s t , i s t h a t our p l a n e t i s ' a grand o a s i s i n t h e g r e a t vastness of space. That i s an awing i n s i g h t and it reminds us t h a t man has f a r t o go here a t home t o f u l f i l l t h e Christmas promise of Peace on Earth, Good W i l l toward Men. ", (W Post, 12/26/68, ~ 2 0 ) Washington Sunday S t a r : "The e s s e n t i a l t h i n g t h a t man has gained a s a r e s u l t of Apollo 8 i s a new v i s i o n of himself. There i s no r e v e l a t i o n , it i s t r u e , i n t h e knowledge t h a t t h e e a r t h i s a small p l a n e t , a speck of dust i n t h e vastness of space. That i s an i n t e l l e c t u a l concept t h a t man has accepted, o r t r i e d t o accept, s i n c e G a l i l e o glimpsed i n f i n i t y more t h a n 300 y e a r s ago. But never before has t h e e a r t h seemed so f r a g i l e - - o r so precious--as it looked from t h e edge of t h a t boundless n i g h t . (W 9-S t a r 12/29/68, ~ 1 ) . International comment on Apollo 8 mission: I n statement d i s t r i b u t e d by Soviet Embassy i n Washington, D. C. , Boris Petrov, Chairman of Council f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cooperation i n I n v e s t i g a t i o n and U t i l i z a t i o n of Outer Space, U. S. S. R. Academy o f Sciences, h a i l e d "hardware" and "courage" o f Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s but c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o "considerable accent" placed on "automatic devices" i n Soviet space program. He s a i d , "The Soviet Union i s engaged i n a l a r g e - s c a l e program of planned s t u d i e s and e x p l o r a t i o n o f o u t e r space, which provides f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e a r t h ' s upper atmosphere and of near-earth o u t e r space and s t u d i e s of sun-earth r e l a t i o n s h i p s and of our c l o s e s t space neighbors--the moon, venus and mars, and l a t e r , on more remote p l a n e t s . " Cuban National radio: c a l l e d m i s s i o n "a t o t a l success. " Tass: "Due t r i b u t e should be p a i d t o t h e courage and mastery of Frank Borman, W i l l i a m Anders and James Lovell who have accomplished t h i s outstanding s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l experiment. The s u c c e s s f u l f l i g h t of Apollo 8 ushers i n a new s t a g e i n t h e h i s t o r y of space e x p l o r a t i o n . " Ten Soviet cosmonauts telegraphed Apollo crew congratulat i o n s f o r "another milestone i n s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l progress. I t Pope Paul V I , i n message t o President Johnson: " ~ i v i n gthanks t o God f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l completion of t h e magnificent e n t e r p r i s e of t h e Apollo 8 mission, we congratulate you and t h e people of t h e United S t a t e s of America and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i n t r e p i d space t r a v e l e r s , and invoke d i v i n e b l e s s i n g upon a l l c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h i s noble achievement." - �December 21-28 (continued) U.N. Secretary General U Thant: "The powerful t h r u s t of t h e rocket engines, t h e awesome speeds a t t a i n e d i n f l i g h t , t h e v a s t d i s t a n c e s t r a v e l e d , t h e p r e c i s i o n of navigation and t h e f i d e l i t y of communications, a u r a l and v i s u a l , a l l stagger t h e imagination and defy t h e comprehension of man." Emperor Haile S e l a s s i e of Ethiopia: "a g r e a t milestone i n man's continued search of t h e unknown." Gov. Gen. Roland Michener of Canada, i n message t o President Johnson: Canadians had followed a s t r o n a u t s ' f l i g h t with "admiration f o r t h e i r courage and t h e t e c h n i c a l s k i l l of a l l who have a p a r t i n t h e enterprise." Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan t o President Johnson: f e a t showed America's "courage and t h e high l e v e l of s c i e n t i f i c technology. " The Economist: "What did they t h i n k , those t h r e e men of Apollo 8 who r i s k e d t h e i r l i v e s and t h e i r s a n i t y t o f l y t o t h e moon only t o r e p o r t t h a t it looked l i k e grey p l a s t e r of p a r i s ? What should we earthbound ones t h i n k ? I n New York City, t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t 2,000 people who would r a t h e r have watched a f o o t b a l l game and were s u f f i c i e n t l y incensed t o telephone t h e t e l e v i s i o n networks and t e l l them so. The blame i s not t h e a s t r o n a u t s ' . A whole s e r i e s of photographs, some t a k e n from instruments a c t u a l l y on t h e moon's surface, some i n black-and-white, some i n colour, had already warned them what t o expect. The buck l i e s on t h e desks of t h e men who f o r t h e p a s t 1 3 y e a r s have d i r e c t e d t h e United S t a t e s t $32 b i l l i o n space programme, and spent 7% of it on g e t t i n g men i n t o space without planning anything constructive f o r them t o do when t h e y got t h e r e .... The cost of a manned moonshot i s put a t around $1b i l l i o n , and f o r t h a t sum you could get a whole programme of unmanned moon launches... . But man does not l i v e by science alone. . . t h e g r e a t e s t achievements of men i n space have so f a r been i n t h e realm of t h e human s p i r i t Apollo 8 i s p a r t of t h e unceasing r e s t l e s s n e s s , invention and ambition of our kind. Have we r e a l l y any reason t o believe t h a t man's evolut i o n has come t o a stop af'ter a bare h a l f m i l l i o n years on e a r t h ? . . . It r e q u i r e s arrogance, a closed mind and absolutely no sense of h i s t o r y . . . t o say t h a t sending men i n t o space i s an u t t e r waste of time. " Neither Peking Radio nor New China News A ency covered Apollo 8 mission. (UPI, C Trib, 12/26/68, 4; B Sun, 12728/68, Al; Economist, 12/28/68, 11-12; UPI, N Va sun, 12/28/68,1) . .... �December 22: New York Acadeqy of Science i n v e s t i g a t i v e committee of 22 members d i r e c t e d "preliminary r e p o r t " t o President Johnson, P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon, and Congress on i n t e n s i f y i n g c r i s i s i n U.S. science and education which t h e y s a i d stemmed from cut s i n Federal Government support. I n v e s t i g a t i o n covering 84 academic i n s t i t u t i o n s and work of 193 research s c i e n t i s t s had shown " p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s of such problems a s poverty, r a c i a l discriminat i o n , population c o n t r o l , a i r and water p o l l u t i o n , cancer and cardiov a s c u l a r d i s e a s e , mental i l l n e s s , mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , housing and education a r e not being pursued because of l a c k of continuing support.'' Committee recommended d i v e r t i n g Federal science funds earmarked f o r b u i l d i n g s and o t h e r c a p i t a l equipment t o use on research programs and i n t r a i n i n g s c i e n t i f i c manpower t o "preclude a s e r i o u s shortage i n t h e near f u t u r e , a c r i p p l i n g one within f i v e years. " (UPI, W Post, 12/23/68, ~20) - - December 24: INTEETAT-I11 F-2 began carrying segment of coverage of Europe. It t r a n s m i t t e d moon p i c t u r e s from capsule and relayed TV coverage of P a c i f i c splashdown t o Europe and Puerto Rico. INTELSAT I1 s a t e l l i t e s over ~ t l a n t i cand P a c i f i c each reserved about 100 voice c i r c u i t s f o r NASA support communications with Apollo 8. ATS I1 and 111 augmented commercial communications coverage and t r a n s m i t t e d l i m i t e d number of weather photos. (OSSA; NASA Release Apollo8 t o . FAA announced r e p o r t , F r i c t i o n E f f e c t s of Runway Grooves, Runway 18-36 Washington National Airport [AD 678 645 (DS 68-21) 1, r e s u l t of nine-month t e s t s e r i e s a t Washington National A i r p o r t , i n d i c a t e d runway grooving, designed t o prevent hydroplaning by i n c r e a s i n g drainage of water, might a l s o enhance braking e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a i r c r a f t on wet runways [see Nov. 173. (FAA Release T 68-48) . Soviet Union announced through Tass successful completion of experiment i n which t h r e e researchers spent from Nov. 5, 1967, t o Nov. 5, 1968, i n i s o l a t e d chamber c o n s i s t i n g of l i v i n g compartment and greenhouse l i n k e d t o o u t s i d e world by videotelephone. Purpose of experiment was t o t e s t man1s a b i l i t y t o l i v e i n i s o l a t i o n f o r year, using water and oxygen regenerated from waste products and dehyd r a t e d food supplemented by greenhouse-grown vegetables; study e f f e c t s of various f a c t o r s on human organism and e s t a b l i s h optimum conditions f o r long i s o l a t i o n ; and evaluate e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s e l f contained l i f e - s u p p o r t systems based on regeneration of waste products. Daily requirements of a s t r o n a u t s on long voyage included 700 g of food, 2.4 kg of drinking water p l u s 5.5 kg of water f o r o t h e r �December 24 (continued) purposes, and 800 g of oxygen, amounting t o 11 t o n s of supplies f o r one-year space voyage. Report s a i d t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n body weight and temperature of experimenters except one l o s t e i g h t t o nine pounds before h i s weight s t a b i l i z e d i n f i v e t o s i x months. Electrocardiagram remained unchanged and no dehydration was observed. Pulse and r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s had f l u c t u a t e d before assuming lower l e v e l t h a n a t s t a r t of experiment. Researchers Gherman A. Manovtsev, Andrey N. Bozhko, and Boris N. Ulybshev were reported i n good h e a l t h a t conclusion o f experiment. haba bad, NYT, 12/25/68, 38) December 26 : U. S. S. R. launched Cosmos CCLXII from Kapustin Yar i n t o o r b i t with 791-% (491.5-mi) apogee, 264-km (164-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 48.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. (SBD, 12/30/68, 257; GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - - . President Johnson appointed f o u r new members t o President ' s C o m i t t e e on t h e National Medal of Science: D r . Ernest R. Hilgard, Stanford Univ.; D r . Edwin Land, president of Polaroid Corp.; D r . Charles P. S l i c h t e r , Univ. of I l l i n o i s ; and D r . Richard B. Turner, Rice Univ. Terms would e x p i r e Dec. 31, 1971. D r . Max Stone P e t e r s of Univ. of Colorado was named Committee chairman f o r 1969, succeeding D r . Bryce Crawford of Univ. of Minnesota. (g, 12/30/68, 1742; NYT, - 12/27/68, 4 . I n Washindon Post columnist Joseph Kraft s a i d post-Apollo programs had been sharply cut i n Congress and space spending had been compared unfavorably with money f o r pressing i n t e r n a l needs. "In t h i s s i t u a t i o n , it makes sense f o r t h i s country t o disengage while it i s ahead. There i s no need f o r t h e United S t a t e s t o r a c e Russia t o every new milestone i n space. On t h e contrary, what t h e United S t a t e s wants i s a program c l o s e l y connected t o e x p l i c i t American requirements--a program of exploration f o r i t s own sake, not f o r t h e sake of beating t h e Russians. I n t h a t way, t h i s country can continue t o develop a c a p a b i l i t y i n space, without having t o respond i n a panic t o t h e ups and downs t h a t a r e necessary p a r t of t h e space business." (W Post, 12/26/68) . Apollo 8 l u n a r f l i g h t was voted t o p news s t o r y of 1968 i n Dec. 24 r e p o l l i n g of e d i t o r s of Associated Press member newspapers, r a d i o , and TV s t a t i o n s . Previous p o l l , completed before Dec. 2l-27 mission, had s e l e c t e d a s s a s s i n a t i o n s of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and Rev. Martin Luther King a s No. 1 and No. 2 s t o r i e s of year. (W -S 9 tar 12/26/68, ~ 8 ) �A t '135th meeting of American Assn. f o r t h e Advancement December 26-31: o f Science i n Dallas, Tex., John M. Logsdon, a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r of i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s a t - Catholic Univ. of America, s a i d former President Dwight D. Eisenhower had planned t o scrap manned space f l i g h t s a f t e r P r o j e c t Mercury but h i s successor, President John F. Kennedy, had decided t o t r y t o send men t o t h e moon because of "America ' s competitive and expansive s p i r i t . " Outgoing P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, D r . Donald I?. Hornig recommended reexamination of concept of Federal Department of Science since science "has now assumed such importance t o t h e n a t i o n t h a t i t s p o s i t i o n would be stronger if it had a voice i n t h e Cabinet. I' He advocated annual r e p o r t on s t a t e of science s i m i l a r t o annual economic r e p o r t and s a i d Office of Science and Technology "could eventually evolve i n an o f f i c e of planning and a n a l y s i s , looking broadly a t n a t i o n a l problems with some s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l component, but extending w e l l beyond t h e purely t e c h n i c a l a r e a s . " Under questioning, D r . Hornig s a i d he agreed with D r . J. Herbert Hollomon, President of Univ. of Oklahoma and former A s s i s t a n t Secretary of Commerce, t h a t Federal Dept. of Science, with National Science Foundation a s i t s core, might encompass oceanographic agencies, high energy physics research c u r r e n t l y funded by AEC, ESSA, Bureau of Census and Labor S t a t i s t i c s , geophysics branches of Geological Survey, and some N I H programs. D r . Hollomon a l s o suggested WSA be added when it could be included "without having it become t h e t a i l t h a t wags t h e dog." D r . Hornig i n s i s t e d no massive "science agency" should be created t o usurp supervision of Nation's science e f f o r t . Cornell Univ. map expert, Prof. Arthur J. McNair, s a i d sophist i c a t ed photographic mapping by s a t e l l i t e s a t 140-mi a l t i t u d e would provide f a s t e r , cheaper, broader, and more d e t a i l e d coverage t h a n now p o s s i b l e by a i r p l a n e mapping. Single map-making s a t e l l i t e photo, he s a i d , would be equivalent t o 1,000 photos taken by a i r c r a f t . U.S. could be f u l l y and adequately mapped i n one year from photos from s a t e l l i t e i n near-polar o r b i t f o r f o u r weeks. Another 11 mo would be needed f o r d a t a processing. U.S. had already spent 125 yr i n inadequate mapping. D r . Robert H. Hardie of Vanderbilt Univ. s a i d planet Pluto had appeared t o be dimming f o r p a s t 10 yr. It was moving around i n 248-yr o r b i t a l period t o point where it r e f l e c t e d l i t t l e s u n l i g h t . I t s s u r f a c e temperature had dropped two degrees a s r e s u l t . He speculated t h a t planet froze i n t o mass of stone and s o l i d nitrogen a s temperatures reached -250° C when facing away from sun. When bathed i n s u n l i g h t , p l a n e t warmed t o -200' C and formed r e f l e c t i n g puddles which astronomers saw a s v a r i a t i o n s i n l i g h t i n t e n s i t y . ( ~ e x t ;WI, W Post, 12/28/68, Ag; Lannan, W S t a r , 12/30/68, A3; AP, W ~ o s t m 0 / 6 8 ,A6; W 9-S t a r 12/30/68, ~ 3 ) �December 27: A t White House p r e s s conference President Johnson discussed Apollo 8 ' s e f f e c t on U.S. p o s i t i o n i n space race: "We a r e very pleased with t h e progress we have made.... Each s i d e has d i f f e r e n t examples of i t s achievements. But i n t h e 10 t o 11 years since Sputnik I. .when we d i d n ' t even have a space committee i n t h e Congress, when we were t a l k i n g about t h e b a s k e t b a l l up t h e r e i n t h e a i r , when we have weathered t h e storms t h a t have brewed--everyone who wanted t o cut anything, t h e f i r s t t h i n g t h e y wanted t o cut was t h e space program--when we have seen t h e e d i t o r i a l p r o f e s s o r s inform us t h a t t h e r e was r e a l l y no value i n doing all of t h i s anyway, it gives me g r e a t pleasure now t o see t h e t h r i l l t h a t even t h e y a r e g e t t i n g out of it. " President described anxiety about such a complex mission and s a i d he had repeatedly asked himself whether U.S. was ready, whether d a t e s e l e c t e d was b e s t one, whether every p o s s i b l e precaution had been taken, and whether every man had performed h i s requirements. "About a l l you can d o . . . i s t o pick men t h a t you have confidence i n , t h a t you t r u s t , give them t h e support t h e y need, and t h e n hold on." Remembering he had "recommended t h i s goal f o r t h i s decade'' t o President Kennedy, he s a i d : "There have been many p i t f a l l s every s t e p of t h e way. I don't know how many f o l k s have j u s t wanted t o abandon it, c l i p it, cut it, t a k e t h e money f o r t h e c i t i e s o r t h e war o r j u s t anything e l s e . Space has been a whipping boy. "So when you see t h e day approaching when v i s i o n s , and dreams, and what we s a i d t o t h e Congress when we created t h e Space Administrat i o n back i n 1958 a r e becoming r e a l i t y , you n a t u r a l l y a r e hopeful. " L a t e r , i n telephone message t o Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s President congratulated crew and said: "YOUhave made us very proud t o be a l i v e a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r moment i n h i s t o r y . You have made u s f e e l akin t o t h o s e Europeans n e a r l y f i v e c e n t u r i e s ago who heard s t o r i e s of t h e New World f o r t h e f i r s t time. There i s j u s t no o t h e r comparison t h a t we can make t h a t i s equal t o what you have done o r t o what we f e e l . . My thoughts t h i s morning went back t o more t h a n 10 years ago when we saw Sputnik r a c i n g through t h e s k i e s , and we r e a l i z e d t h a t America had a b i g job ahead of it. "It gave me so much pleasure t o know t h a t you men have done a l a r g e p a r t of t h a t job. (5,12/30/69, 1744-50) . .. ... . Apollo 7 mission ( 0 c t . U-22) was adjudged successful by NASA. A l l launch v e h i c l e systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y throughout expected l i f e t i m e and spacecraft systems functioned with few minor anomalies, which were countered, preventing l o s s of systems support. Splashdown occurred w i t h i n one mile o f guidance system t a r g e t point and recovery of f l i g h t crew and CM was successful. A l l t e s t o b j e c t i v e s had been s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished. (NASA P r o j o f f ) �December 27: Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4) was adjudged unsuccessful by NASA. Although t h r e e of f i v e primary mission o b j e c t i v e s had been f u l l y accomplished and two p a r t i a l l y accomplished, o v e r a l l mission was not a success. Apollo 6 had entered e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t i n s t e a d of planned c i r c u l a r o r b i t when 2nd stage engines shut down prematurely and 3rd s t a g e f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e on command. (NASA Proj off) . NASA announced it would convert t o c i v i l service operation during next 1 8 mo work performed i n 810 contractor p o s i t i o n s a t GSFC, t o b r i n g Center's operations i n t o accord with C i v i l Service Commission guidel i n e s p r o h i b i t i n g Government supervision of contractor employees. Many incumbent c o n t r a c t o r employees would be o f f e r e d Government posit i o n s and only small p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t o r s 1 a c t i v i t i e s would be a f f e c t e d i n many cases. Conversion would be completed by June 1970 and NASA would continue t o r e l y on industry t o considerable extent f o r support services. (NASA Release 68-223) . Mment SFC announced it had issued Boeing Co. $8,429,047 supplemental agreeextending from October 1968 t o March 1970 maintenance and operat i o n of Saturn V development f a c i l i t y a t MSFC and providing f o r mechanical ground support equipment and l o g i s t i c s work. (MXFCRelease 68-283) . NASA announced award by LeRC of $3,448,762 cost -plus-award-fee contract t o Honeywell, Inc., f o r Centaur launch vehicle guidance system including management, engineering, r e p a i r , and modification support during 1969. (NASA Release 68-222) . I n Science D r . J. C. G. Walker, Yale Univ. geologist and geophysicist, and N. W. Spencer, Chief of GSFC1s Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Biological Sciences, s a i d thermosphere probe experiments had provided l a r g e s t body of rocket mass-spectrometer d a t a obtained. T e s t s had been conducted j o i n t l y by s c i e n t i s t s a t GSFC and Space Physics Research Lab. a t Univ. of Michigan t o determine temperatures of e a r t h ' s upper atmosphere. Since 1962, concentration and temperature of molecular nitrogen i n upper atmosphere had been measured i n 22 s u c c e s s f u l f l i g h t s under varying conditions of s o l a r a c t i v i t y , from launch s i t e s a t Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Wallops I s l a n d , Va., and Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. S c i e n t i s t s had concluded t h a t upper atmosphere c o n s i s t e d of mixture of gases--electrons, ions, and n e u t r a l p a r t i c l e s - each of which had d i s t i n c t temperature. M u l t i p l i c i t y of temperatures could be expected i n upper atmosphere of p l a n e t s , though d i f f e r e n c e s between p l a n e t a r y atmospheres must be more s t r i k i n g t h a n s i m i l a r i t i e s �December T( (continued) because of d i f f e r e n c e s i n atmospheric composition and i n d i s t a n c e from sun. It was l i k e l y t h a t absence of permanent magnetic f i e l d on e i t h e r Mars o r Venus caused f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s between upper atmospheres of t h e s e p l a n e t s and t h e upper atmosphere of e a r t h . (science, 12/27/68, 1437-41) . Washington Post s a i d Harvard Univ. s c i e n t i s t D r . George B. Kistiakowsky, who i n 1959 was chief science adviser t o President Eisenhower, had s a i d i n taped i n t e r v i e w f o r broadcast on CBS r a d i o network Dec. 29 t h a t putt i n g man on moon would not compare t o g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c achievements r his [moon f l i g h t ] i s an adventure. such a s breaking g e n e t i c code. i t ' s d i f f e r e n t from Darwin's t r a v e l s , " which l e d t o h i s discovery of g e n e t i c evolution. ( ~ a r o n s ,W Post, 12/28/68, ~ 8 ) ... . Associated Press quoted Mrs. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, who was instrumental i n having prayer removed from U.S. public schools, a s saying she would r e g i s t e r complaints with NASA against reading by Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s of p o r t i o n s of Genesis during l u n a r o r b i t and would organize mail campaign t o b a r prayer from space. (AP, W Post, 12/28/68, ~ 9 ) . National Science Foundation announced median annual s a l a r y of U.S. s c i e n t i s t s i n 1968 was $13,000, up $1,200 (19;)from 1966. S e l f employed s c i e n t i s t s earned highest median, $18,000, i n 1968, with t h o s e employed by industry, business, and nonprofit organizations second a t $14,700. Federal Government s c i e n t i s t s reported same median salary--$13,500--as t h o s e employed on y e a r l y b a s i s by educational i n s t i t u t i o n s . Single l a r g e s t u s e r s of s c i e n t i f i c Industry and business t a l e n t were educational i n s t i t u t i o n s (4%). employed 3$, and 1%were c i v i l i a n s i n Federal Government. I n f o r mation was based on responses by 298,000 U. S. s c i e n t i s t s t o NSF' s b i e n n i a l National Register survey. (NSF Release 68-181) . New York Times s a i d a r t i c l e i n December i s s u e of A u s t r a l i a n Quarterly by A u s t r a l i a n National Univ. l e c t u r e r Robery Cooksey had suggested U, S. "space r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t y " a t Pine Gap near geographical c e n t e r of A u s t r a l i a might be s t a t i o n designed t o guide o r b i t a l m i s s i l e s f i r e d from U.S. t o t a r g e t s i n Communist k i n a . I f so, he s a i d , A u s t r a l i a would t h e n be p o t e n t i a l t a r g e t f o r r e t a l i a t i o n with nuclear weapons. A r t i c l e had caused f l u r r y of questions about base i n A u s t r a l i a n p r e s s . Later New York Times s t o r y s a i d U.S. o f f i c i a l s i n Washington had denied suggestion and s a i d Pine Gap i n s t a l l a t i o n was j o i n t U. S. -Australian space research f a c i l i t y e s t a b l i s h e d by rumbu bull, NYT, 12/29/68, 30) agreement i n 1966. �December 27: DOD announced appointment t o Defense Science Board of D r . Arthur T. Biehl, Associate Director f o r Advanced Study, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory; D r . Lewis M. Branscomb, Chairman of J o i n t I n s t i t u t e f o r Laboratory Astrophysics, Univ. of Colorado; Daniel J. Fink, General Manager f o r Space Systems, General E l e c t r i c Corp.; and D r . Charles M. Herzfeld, Technical Director of Defense Space Group (R&D), I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telephone and Telegraph Corp. (DOD Release 1139-68) . AEC announced d e t e c t i o n of Chinese Communist atmospheric nuclear t e s t a t Lop Nor area. It was eighth Chinese Communist nuclear t e s t detected and had y i e l d of about t h r e e megatons. Peking government l a t e r confirmed s u c c e s s f u l explosion of hydrogen bomb, p a r t i c l e s of which, s a i d Associated Press, had been found i n r a i n water c o l l e c t e d a t Nigata, Japan. Peking Radio a l s o s a i d Communist China would never s i g n U.N. t r e a t y t o end spread of nuclear weapons. (AEC Release L-294; AP, W S t a r , 12/29/68, 1 F 12/26/69, A10; UPI, W -9S t a r 12/29/69, A10; Kumpa, B Sun, INTELSAT-I11 F-2 (launched Dec. 19) was used between Etam, December 28: W. Va, and Raisting, Germany, under emergency a u t h o r i z a t i o n t o back up i n t e r r u p t i o n of s e r v i c e on TAT-4 cable. (NASA F r o j o f f ) . Finnish p r o f e s s o r Arrno N i i n i s a i d photos of e a r t h brought back by Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s might show t i n y r i n g of small dust p a r t i c l e s 200 t o 350 m i above e a r t h . It would be d i s c e r n i b l e only i n p i c t u r e s t a k e n with sun behind camera and with s u f f i c i e n t l y s e n s i t i v e film. (WI, NyT, 12130168, 2) . Fresident Johnson announced promotion of Apollo 8 Astronaut William A. Anders (Maj., USAF) t o Lieutenant Colonel under h i s p o l i c y of granti n g one-grade promotion t o m i l i t a r y astronaut a f t e r h i s f i r s t successf u l space mission. (Maynard, W Post, 12/29/68, ~ 4 PD, ; 1/6/69, 5 ) - . I n Moscow interview with Turin, I t a l y , newspaper La Stampa, Soviet space s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov s a i d U.S. sX. was concentrating on p e r f e c t i n g unmanned spaceships f o r exploration of c e l e s t i a l bodies deeper i n space t h a n moon. "There does not e x i s t a t present a s i m i l a r p r o j e c t [ t o Apollo 81 i n our program. I n t h e near f u t u r e we w i l l not send a man around t h e moon. We s t a r t from t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t c e r t a i n problems can be resolved with t h e use of automatic soundings." Sedov h a i l e d Apollo 8 mission a s "a g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c conquest. " (UPI, W ~ o s t , ~ ~ 8 4 ,) �December 29: I n Washineon Sunday S t a r , W i l l i a m Hines reported r e s u l t s o f query of e i g h t eminent s c i e n t i s t s on most important s i n g l e decision r e l a t e d t o science and technology which faced President-elect Richard M. Nixon e a r l y i n h i s administration. Consensus was: shaping of long-term science policy. Also c i t e d were need f o r reexamination of p r i o r i t i e s and goals, with f i r m decision on extent t o which science and higher education should receive Government support; c r e a t i o n of Dept. of Science i n cabinet o r stronger science-Government communication l i n e s ; r e a s s e s s ment of space funding and o t h e r "big science" p r o j e c t s , including proton a c c e l e r a t o r s ; g r e a t e r emphasis on s o c i a l goals; vigorous a n t i p o l l u t i o n e f f o r t s ; and more imaginative use of science and technology a s i n s t r u ments of n a t i o n a l policy. None of eight s c i e n t i s t s advocated abandonment of space program a f t e r culmination of Apollo p r o j e c t . P h y s i c i s t Alvin M. Weinberg, Director of Oak Ridge National Lab., s a i d of space program, "This t h i n g t a k e s so very much money t h a t i t ' s hard t o get e x c i t e d about any o t h e r decision i n science u n t i l t h i s one has been made. What should be i t s l e v e l i n t h e l Y O s ? We have become accustomed t o something l i k e f o u r o r f i v e b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a year, but I doubt very much t h a t t h i s i s a l e v e l t h e new President i s l i k e l y t o concur i n . " (W 9-S t a r 12/29/68, ~ 3 ) . Noting what he c a l l e d "curious conspiracy of s i l e n c e on R u s s i a ' s capabili t i e s and i n t e n t i o n " f o r almost e i g h t y e a r s , W i l l i a m Hines i n Washington Sunday S t a r s a i d : "One of t h e many small a c t s of p o s i t i v e statesmanship which Richard M. Nixon could p r o f i t a b l y perform e a r l y i n h i s administrat i o n would be t o t e l l t h e American people f u l l y and f r a n k l y j u s t what t h e United S t a t e s government knows about t h e Soviet space program.. It would l e n d credence t o M r . Nixonts professed p o l i c y of openness. It would compromise no s i g n i f i c a n t s e c r e t s . And it would enable t h e American p u b l i c t o make judgments about t h e f u t u r e of t h e U.S. space program a t a time when v i t a f decisions along t h i s l i n e would be coming due." (W S t a r , 12/29/68, ~ 4 ) .. December 30: Defense Secretary designate, Rep. Melvin R. Laird (R- is. ) named David Packard, chairman of.Hewlett-Packard Co., C a l i f o r n i a e l e c t r o n i c s firm, t o be Deputy Secretary of Defense i n Nixon Administrat i o n . ( ~ e e c h e r ,NYT, 12/31/68, 1; WSJ, 12/31/68; Aero Daily, 12/31/68) - Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract f o r Cal Tech's operation of JPL a s a major NASA i n s t a l l a t i o n was renewed by NASA and Cal Tech through Dec. 31, 1971. Cal Tech s t a f f e d and operated JPL; property, f a c i l i t i e s , and equipment were owned by Government. (NASA Procurement Off ; NASA Release 69-2) �December 30: I n Pravda, Prof. Boris Petrov, Soviet guidance mechanisms s p e c i a l i s t , s a i d U.S.S.R. p r e f e r r e d not t o send men t o moon a t t h i s p o i n t though unmanned Zond V and Zond V I "were adapted f o r p i l o t e d f l i g h t . " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 1 2 / 3 1 m ) . Cleveland P l a i n Dealer e d i t o r i a l said, "Those who argue t h a t t h e country should be spending more money on important domestic programs a r e c o r r e c t . But t h e s e i n c r e a s e s should not have t o come a t t h e expense of American space exploration and newly-won world p r e s t i g e . NASA's needs deserve high p r i o r i t y . There should be no l o s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s . When t h e f i r s t American s e t s f o o t on t h e moon next year, h i s accomplishment should symbolize a beginning, not an ending. " ( C P l a i n Dealer, 12/30/68) . I n Washington Evening S t a r , David Lawrence asked, "What was r e a l l y t h e 5 i g ' m i r a c l e 1 i n t h e voyage of t h e American a s t r o n a u t s t o t h e moon and back?" It could have happened, "and t h e r e s t of t h e world would not have witnessed t h e dramatic a r r i v a l of t h e a s t r o n a u t s aboard an a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r i n t h e middle of t h e P a c i f i c Ocean o r t h e p i c t u r e s sent from o u t e r space f o r s e v e r a l days i f it has not been f o r another g r e a t f e a t of science--transmission of t e l e v i s i o n and r a d i o from a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s d i r e c t t o every continent of t h e world." (W S t a r , 12/30/68, ~ 9 ) - December 31: White House announced from Johnson City, Tex., t h a t President Johnson would present NASA Distinguished Service Medals t o Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and W i l l i a m A. Anders during "Astronaut Day" ceremonies i n D. C. Jan. 9, 1969. (AP, W 3-S t a r 12/31/68, A5 ; UPI, 10C; W Post, 1/1/69, 2) , . Soviet t e s t p i l o t Eudard V. Yelyan t e s t - f l e w TU-144 U. S. S.R. ' s delta-wing supersonic t r a n s p o r t , on successful 38-min maiden f l i g h t from a i r p o r t near Moscow. Tass reported "the equipment on board t h e a i r l i n e r operated normally." A i r c r a f t was designed t o c a r r y 120-135 passengers a t speeds t o 1,600 mph over 4,000-mi range. It was equipped with four Kuznetsov N.K. -144 t u r b o f a n engines. Tass s a i d sonic boom " i s almost not f e l t " on e a r t h because TU-144 reached maximum speed a t high a l t i t u d e s . L a t e r , New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented: "The long i n t e r n a t i o n a l debate about supersonic a i r l i n e r s i s sure t o be stepped up i n t h e wake of t h e news t h a t t h e Soviet entry, t h e TU-144, has made i t s f i r s t f l i g h t . Since it has not been claimed t h a t t h i s i n i t i a l t r i a l reached supersonic speeds, t h e l i k e l i h o o d i s �December 31 (continued) t h a t t h e TU-144 was kept subsonic on i t s f i r s t outing. But Soviet a i r p l a n e designers and b u i l d e r s have manufactured enough supersonic m i l i t a r y planes t o suggest t h a t on a subsequent f l i g h t t h e TU-144 I n t h i s country, t h e w i l l f l y f a s t e r t h a n t h e speed of sound.... Soviet f i r s t w i l l undoubtedly spur t h o s e who want t o pour s t i l l more Government funds i n t o t h e Boeing p r o j e c t t o b u i l d an advanced supersonic plane t h a t i s f a s t e r and l a r g e r t h a n t h e TU-144. Fort u n a t e l y , t h i s country's technological p r e s t i g e i s now higher t h a n ever i n t h e wake of t h e Apollo 8 moon journey. That f a c t should h e l p t h e incoming Nixon Administration t o see t h a t t h e r e a r e b e t t e r uses f o r t h e n a t i o n ' s scarce resources t h a n t o engage i n a supersonic plane race whose economics a r e dubious and whose product's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o noise p o l l u t i o n i s a l l t o o loud." haba bad, NYT -9 1/1/69, 1; UPI, W -S 9 tar 1/1/69, A7; Winters, B Sun, 1/1/69, 1; NYT, 1/2/69, 30) - . National Science Foundation r e l e a s e d Federal Funds f o r Research, Development, and Other S c i e n t i f i c A c t i v i t i e s : F i s c a l Years 1967, 1968, and 1969. Federal o b l i g a t i o n s f o r b a s i c research, applied research, and development ( p l a n t excluded) t o t a l e d $16.5 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967 and were expected t o t o t a l $16.2 b i l l i o n i n FY 1968, f i r s t drop since 1955. Obligations had been expected t o t o t a l $17.3 b i l l i o n i n FY 1969, b u t , because of appropriations and apportionment a c t i o n s , probably would be even l e s s t h a n i n 1968. Basic r e s e a r c h o b l i g a t i o n s t o t a l e d $2.0 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967 and were expected t o be $2.1 b i l l i o n i n 1968. Applied research o b l i g a t i o n s t o t a l e d $3.3 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967, with $3.3 b i l l i o n estimated f o r 1968. O r i g i n a l l y expected increases i n FY 1969 o b l i g a t i o n s , t o $2.4 b i l l i o n f o r b a s i c research and $3.6 b i l l i o n f o r applied research, probably would not occur because of cutbacks i n FY 1969 budget. Development o b l i g a t i o n s were $11.3 b i l l i o n i n 1967, highest ever reported, but were expected t o drop t o $10.8 b i l l i o n i n 1968. O r i g i n a l l y expected r i s e t o $ll. 3 b i l l i o n i n 1969 probably would not be achieved. I n FY 1967, o b l i g a t i o n s f o r R&D p l a n t t o t a l e d $620 m i l l i o n , with estimated $517 m i l l i o n f o r 1968 and $777 m i l l i o n f o r 1969. DOD, NASA, and AEC provided bulk of R&D funds, with 9@ average share during 1960-66 and 8 p during 1967-69. DOD, NASA, and AEC t o g e t h e r supported 6 q of Federal r e s e a r c h t o t a l and more t h a n 9% of development t o t a l i n 1968. During 1967-69, 8@ of Federal R&D funds were scheduled f o r extramural performers, c h i e f l y U.S. i n d u s t r i a l firms. I n 1968 t h e y received 6%, with colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s receiving N , �December 31 (continued) F e d e r a l l y funded R&D c e n t e r s , kj:, and remaining 2% t o intramural I n b a s i c research colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s were 1968's major performing group, with 37% of t o t a l . Federal s e c t o r was scheduled t o perform 375 of 1968 t o t a l applied research. I n d u s t r i a l firms were t o perform 775 of t o t a l 1968 development. During t h r e e y e a r s , 1967-69, l i f e sciences received 2% of Federal support; engineering sciences 2%; physical sciences 215; and environmental sciences 1%. Since 1959, however, psychological and s o c i a l sciences had shown f a s t e r r e l a t i v e gains than a l l others. ( ~ e x t ) . New York Gov. Nelson B. Rockefeller announced Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s had accepted i n v i t a t i o n t o come t o New York f o r s p e c i a l day of observance Jan. 10. (FOX, 1/1/69, 1) TJYT, . Senator-elect Barry Goldwat e r ( R - ~ r i z). t e s t -rode F-111A and took c o n t r o l s during p a r t of 90-min f l i g h t t o and from N e l l i s AFB, Nev. L a t e r he s a i d a i r c r a f t had been victim of p o l i t i c s , not by p a r t y , but by "bungling i n t h e Defense Department. " Goldwater s a i d he had not opposed a i r c r a f t but objected t o way DOD had awarded c o n t r a c t t o General Dynamics Corp. He s a i d USAF had done good job i n "taking t h e bugs out of t h i s a i r p l a n e . " (AP, W Post, 1/1/69, ~ 9 ) . USAF awarded c o n t r a c t s t o t a l i n g $28.8 m i l l i o n t o F a i r c h i l d H i l l e r Corp., McDonnell Douglas Corp., and North American Rockwell Corp. f o r contract d e f i n i t i o n f o r ZF-15A advanced a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . (DOD Release 1147-68) NASA issued Objectives and Goals i n Space Science and During December: Applications--1968. NASA Office of Space Science and Applications had p a r t i c i p a t e d i n 1968 agency-wide planning t o d e t a i l program o b j e c t i v e s and options from which program could be b u i l t . Many t o o l s required f o r f u t u r e space program had already been developed and many f u t u r e ventures would r e q u i r e only modest improvements. Spacecraft pointing accuracies and s t a b i l i t y would improve, and t h e i r l i f e t i m e s would increase. More powerful t r a n s m i t t e r s would communicate d a t a across ever-widening expanses. Spacecraft weight would increase and man would have i n c r e a s i n g c a p a b i l i t y t o work and navigate i n space. Advances i n chemical propulsion, and i n t r o d u c t i o n of nuclear and e l e c t r i c propulsion, and new combinations of e x i s t i n g s t a g e s , would permit growth of launch v e h i c l e c a p a b i l i t y t o meet mission demands. FY 1969 support of program recognized need f o r a u s t e r i t y and provided �During December (continued) f o r continuance of e x i s t i n g a t economical l e v e l and i n i t i a - -programs t i o n of only " p r o j e c t s of g r e a t m e r i t , including t h o s e where a unique opportunity might be l o s t . " Future emphasis would be on expanding a p p l i c a t i o n s of space and space technology f o r b e n e f i t of man: improving c a p a b i l i t y f o r surveying e a r t h ' s resources, providing TV broadcast from space, and improving weather f o r e c a s t i n g . Knowledge o f Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter,and o t h e r o u t e r p l a n e t s would be expanded. I n t r o d u c t i o n of l a r g e r , more accurate t e l e s c o p e s would provide man perhaps with "his g r e a t e s t s t e p i n understanding t h e n a t u r e of h i s universe." (Text) . Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences issued Tenth Anniversary, 1958-1968 t o meet requests f o r information concerning i t s h i s t o r i c a l background, a c t i v i t i e s , j u r i s d i c t i o n and procedures, l e g i s l a t i v e record, membership, and s t a f f a s s i s t a n c e . Report contained National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, a s amended, r e l a t e d l e g i s l a t i o n - - i n c l u d i n g NASA's funding history--and Comunicat i o n s S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962. (Text) I n 1968 U. S. o r b i t e d 64 spacecraft and U. S. S. R. , 74. During 1968: U.S. t o t a l included 43 launched by DOD. NASA's 21 included s a t e l l i t e o r b i t e d a s secondary payload. Highlight of NASA's 1 0 t h anniversary year was success i n c a r e f u l l y planned s e r i e s of Apollo missions--including f i r s t two manned f l i g h t s i n Apollo l u n a r landing program. Unmanned Apollo 5 and Apollo 6 completed i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major p i e c e s of Apollo hardware. F i r s t manned mission, Apollo 7 , c a r r i e d t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s around e a r t h f o r 11 days, v e r i f y i n g s p a c e c r a f t operation before splashing down p r e c i s e l y on t a r g e t . Mission included l i v e TV transmission from space, l a r g e s t number of i n f l i g h t r e s t a r t s of SPS t o d a t e , and new record of 781 man-hours i n space. Apollo program climaxed Dec. 21-27 with highly s u c c e s s f u l six-day Apollo 8 mission on which three-man crew demonstrated operat i o n of spacecraft systems i n l u n a r environment. Spacecraft o r b i t e d moon 1 0 t - h e s , providing man with h i s f i r s t t r i p out of e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d and f i r s t look a t moon's f a r s i d e and proving c a p a b i l i t y of crew, s p a c e c r a r t , and support and c o n t r o l systems t o operate out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e s and r e t u r n through e a r t h ' s atmosphere a t l u n a r - r e t u r n v e l o c i t y . unmanned Surveyor V I I , NASA's f i r s t launch i n 1968 and l a s t s p a c e c r a f t i n Surveyor s e r i e s , softlanded on moon, conducted o n - s i t e analyses of l u n a r s o i l , and took p a r t i n l a s e r - d e t e c t i o n �During 1968 ( continued) communications experiment. Applications s a t e l l i t e s launched included INTELSAT-I11 F-2 comsat f o r ComSatCorp and ESSA V I I and V I I I meteorol o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e s f o r ESSA. S c i e n t i f i c achievements included o r b i t i n g of NASA's OGO V, OAO 11, Explorer XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, and XL s a t e l l i t e s and Naval Research Laboratory1s Explorer XXXVII. OAO E-h e a v i e s t and most complicated U.S. automated spacecraft ever launched-took f i r s t W photos of s t a r s , r e t u r n i n g previously unobtainable data. Explorer XXXVI was s u c c e s s f u l i y used by GSFC a s t a r g e t i n f i r s t dayl i g h t o p e r a t i o n a l l a s e r tracking. Pioneer IX, launched i n t o s o l a r o r b i t , c a r r i e d TETR I1 pickaback and e j e c t e d it i n t o e a r t h o r b i t where it served a s t r a c k i n g t a r g e t f o r NASA's Manned Space F l i g h t Network. Some 157 meteorological sounding rockets and 100 s c i e n t i f i c sounding r o c k e t s were launched, and FAM C - I 1 spacecraft was launched on s u b o r b i t a l mission t o o b t a i n d a t a on r a d i o a t t e n u a t i o n during reentry. X-15 rocket research a i r c r a f t made 1 3 f l i g h t s , ending i t s f l i g h t program with 199 missions, including 154 a t mach 4 o r g r e a t e r , 109 a t mach 5 o r above, and 4 a t g r e a t e r t h a n mach 6. NASA-USAF f l i g h t r e s e a r c h continued with 1 3 f l i g h t s of XB-70 supersonic a i r c r a f t . U W ' s C-5A, world's l a r g e s t m i l i t a r y cargo a i r c r a f t , made i t s maiden f l i g h t and t h r e e of t h e a i r c r a f t completed 31 f l i g h t s f o r 88-hr t o t a l f l y i n g time. Design of SST was reevaluated and program was delayed u n t i l new fixed-wing design was s e l e c t e d , with prototype construction expected t o begin i n 1969. NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e completed 1 2 s u c c e s s f u l g l i d e f l i g h t s and f i r s t powered f l i g h t . DOD space program included o r b i t i n g of 8 IDCSP comsats, 1 Lincoln Experimental S a t e l l i t e , 5 Orbiting Vehicle research s a t e l l i t e s , and 2 environmental r e s e a r c h s a t e l l i t e s ; s t a t i c t e s t - f i r i n g s of T i t a n IIIM 1 s t stage; and near completion of MOL launch complex a t Vandenberg AFB I n j o i n t NASA-AEC e f f o r t , propulsion technology h i g h l i g h t s i n cluded power t e s t s of Phoebus 2A nuclear r e a c t o r , f i r s t t e s t s of cold-flow t e s t engine i n f l i g h t configuration i n new t e s t stand, and f i r s t t e s t - f i r i n g s of Pewee 1 f u e l element t e s t - b e d r e a c t o r . U. S. S.R. launched 74 payloads, including 64 Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s , 1 Luna, 1 Proton, 3 Zond, and 2 Soyuz s p a c e c r a f t , and 3 Molniya I comsats. Manned Soyuz 2 rendezvoused but d i d not dock with m a n n e d Soyuz 3 launched one day e a r l i e r . Unmanned Zond 5 and 6 completed circumiunar f l i g h t s and were recovered. ~ o n K r c l e d - m o o n and apparently crashlanded. U. S. S. R. ' s TU-14-a-wing supersonic t r a n s p o r t s u c c e s s f u l l y made 38-min maiden f l i g h t . (Pres R t 68; NASA Release 68-219; B Sun, 1/18/69, 28; Shabad, ;*TY N UPI, W S t a r , 1/1/69, ~ 7 7 - . �Major administrative events a f f e c t i n g NASA and i t s r o l e i n During 1968: space were r e s i g n a t i o n of Administrator James E. Webb i n 0 c t o b e r ; a f t e r n e a r l y 8$ yr a s NASA's head, and budget c u t s n e c e s s i t a t i n g program and personnel reductions. Press marked Webb retirement with p r a i s e f o r many accomplishments o f U.S. space program during h i s leadership. Webb, planning t o devote time t o i n t e r e s t s i n education and urban and f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , continued t o serve a s consultant t o Acting Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine. NASA FY 1969 budget request of $4.37 b i l l i o n , already smallest s i n c e 1963 and $700 m i l l i o n below FY 1968 request, was f u r t h e r trimmed by Congress because of urgent n a t i o n a l needs i n o t h e r a r e a s , p a r t i c u l a r l y Vietnam war and urban problems. Authorization of $4.013 b i l l i o n was lowered t o appropriation of $3.995 billion--$375.12 m i l l i o n below o r i g i n a l request. Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 again reduced NASA funds, a s well a s funds f o r DOD and o t h e r agencies. D r . Paine i n October announced NASA interim operating plan l i m i t e d t o $3.85 b i l l i o n f o r FY 1969. Cutbacks included "sharply l i m i t e d and deferred" Apollo Applications program, end t o Saturn I B and V booster production, 5 ~ cut : i n advanced mission s t u d i e s , reduced l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y exploration program, one-year delay i n NERVA development, s l i p s i n B i o s a t e l l i t e program, and reductions i n astronomy, physics, and b a s i c research. I n November D r . Paine s a i d t h a t below $ 4 - b i l l i o n l e v e l NASA could no longer "hold t o g e t h e r our hard-won c a p a b i l i t i e s and u t i l i z e them e f f e c t i v e l y i n c r i t i c a l programs; some of them would have t o be dropped e n t i r e l y . " (EH) . In i t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation program, NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched t h r e e s a t e l l i t e s f o r European Space Research Organization: I n t e r n a t i o n a l Radiation I n v e s t i g a t i o n Sat e l l i t e IRIS I (ESRO 11-B)Aurorae (ESROI ) t o study aurora b o r e a l i s and r e l a t e d p o l a r ionosphere phenomena, and Highly Eccentric Orbiting S a t e l l i t e HEOS A f o r i n t e r p l a n e t a r y physics research. From eight nations, 35 i n v e s t i g a t o r s were s e l e c t e d t o c a r r y out experiments with t h e f i r s t l u n a r surface m a t e r i a l t o be r e t r i e v e d by NASA. Four nations contributed experiments flown on NASA s p a c e c r a f t and 122 sounding rockets were launched i n s c i e n t i f i c programs with e i g h t countries. Geodetic s a t e l l i t e observations were c a r r i e d o u t with 34 countries; a e r o n a u t i c a l research was conducted with 4 c o u n t r i e s ; and 52 c o u n t r i e s had APT f a c i l i t i e s t o receive cloud cover p i c t u r e s from U.S. s a t e l l i t e s . (NASA Releases 68-219, 68-204; Pres Rpt 68 , �PROVISIONAL INDEX- -DECEMBER 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. Accident, 393, 396 A c c e l e r a t o r , 405 Advanced B a l l i s t i c Reentry System (ABRES) , 391 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aegerter, D r . I r e n e , 390 Aerobee 150 M I ( sounding rocket ) 391 Aeronautics, 386, 387, 392, 402, 408, 428 Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. , 405 Aerospace industry, 405 A f r i c a , 399 Agreement, 385, 386, 420 A g r i c u l t u r e , Dept. o f , 387 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) , 390 A i r c r a f t , 386, 387, 390, 401, 402, 404, 405, 423-425, 427 A i r p o r t s , 387, 390 Alaska, 392 A l g r a n t i , Joseph S., 393 A l l e n , H. J u l i a n , 385 American Academy of A r t s and Sciences, 397 American Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Science, 417 American I n s t i t u t e o f Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM), 389 Space Science Award, 406 American I n s t i t u t e of Physics, 400 American Science and Engineering, Inc., 391 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 402 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T), 395 Ames Research Center (ARC), 385 Space science Div., 406 Ammonia, 400 Anchorage, Alaska, 392 Anders, L/C William A. (usAF), 394, 409, 421, 423 Andover, Me. , 407 Anniversary, 403, 426 Apollo (program), 391, 396, 399, 403, 404, 426 Apollo 4 ( f l i g h t ) , 411 Apollo 5 ( f l i g h t ) , 411, 426 Apollo 6 ( f l i g h t ) , 411, 419, 426 Apollo 7 ( f l i g h t ) , 400, 411, 418, 426 Apollo 8 ( f l i g h t ) , 396, 399, 400, 402, 409-414, 416, 418, 420, Apollo 8 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) 404-405, 408 Apollo 9 ( f l i g h t ) , 399 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 391, 399, 404, 416, 428 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP), 406 , , 4=, 426 �DECEMBER 1968 ARC. See Ames Research Center. A r c t i c , 390 Armed Forces Management Assn. , 387 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 404 Astronaut, 386, 387, 392-394, 396, 397, 400, 402, 4043 407, 409-4143 418, 421, 423, 425, 426 Astronomy, 387, 388, 392-393, 399-401, 41.7, 4263 428 Athena ( m i s s i l e ) 391 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 406, 415 Atlas-Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 392 Atmosphere, 419-420 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 407, 417, 421, 4 g ATS I1 ( ~ ~ ~ l ions i c a Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) , 415 ATS 111, 415 ATS IV, 391 ATS-E, 392 Aurora b o r e a l i s , 390, 428 Aurorae (ESROI) ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 428 A u s t r a l i a n National Univ., 420 Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT), 400, 428 ~ v i a t i o n / ~ ~ aWriters ce Assn. 405 Award, 385, 387, 388, 392, 397, 404, 406 Ba j a , C a l i f . 410 Balloon, 398 Barium, 396 B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e , 401 Becker, John V . , 387 Belgium, 388 Berry, D r . Charles A., 402 Beryllium, 401 Beverly H i l l s , C a l i f . , 392 Biehl, D r . Arthur T . , 421 Big Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 B i o s a t e l l i t e ( ~ r o ~ r a m 402, ), 428 Boeing Co., 401, 419, 423 Bonn, West Germany, 387 Borman, Col. Frank (uW), 394, 409, 423 Boshko, Andrei N., 416 Boston, Mass., 397 Branscomb, D r . Lewis M., 421 Brown, D r . Harold, 398 Bureau of Labor S t a t i s t i c s , 417 Bureau of t h e Census, 417 C-5A (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 401, 427 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology ( ~ a~le c h ) ,386, 397, 398, 422 , , , (ii) �DECEMBER 1968 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of Berkely, 386, 400 Lo s Angele s , 390 Camera, 400 Canberra, A u s t r a l i a , 400 Cape Horn, 410 Carbon dioxide, 390 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., 386 Carswell AFB, Texas, 402 Catholic Univ. of America, 417 Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 419 Chicago, Ill., 387, 390 China, Communist, 385, 420, 421 C i v i l Service Commission, 419 Cleveland C l i n i c , 390 C l i f f o r d , S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark, 396 Cloud, 428 C o l l i e r , Robert K. Trophy, 408 Colorado, Univ. o f , 416 J o i n t I n s t i t u t e f o r Laboratory Astrophysics, 421 Commerce, Dept. o f , 387 Communications s a t e l l i t e , 390, 392, 395, 406-407, 427 Communications S a t e l l i t e Act, 426 Communications S a t e l l i t e Corp. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o r p )390, , 393, '395, 406-407, 427 Computer Softwear Management and Information Center (COSMIC), 398 Congress, 387, 415, 416, 41d, 428 Congress, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 426 Cook, Don, 385 Cooksey, Robert, 420 Cooper, L/C L. Gordon (US&?), 394 Cornell Univ., 417 Cosmic r a y s , 388 Cosmonaut, 386, 397 Cosmos CCLVII (u. S. S. R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 386 Cosmos CCLVIII, 395 Cosmos CCLIX, 399 Cosmos CCLX, 401 Cosmos CCLXI, 407 Cosmos C C L X I I , 416 Crawford, D r . Bryce, 416 Cunningham, R. Walter, 394 Czechoslovakia, 397 D a l l a s , Texas, 417 , (iii) �DECEMBER 1968 Dana, William H., 408 Darmstadt Germany, 388 Dartmouth College Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, 409 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 385, 389, 390, 392, 398, 4 a 3 422, 425, 4269 428 Defense Science Board (DOD),421 D e l t a ( b o o s t e r ) , 388 Distinguished Service Medal, 404 Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 423 DuBridge, D r . Lee A . , 386, 389, 398, 403 Draco ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 Duke Univ., 386 E a r t h , 396, 410, 412, 413, 421, 426 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 388, 392, 406 Education, 404, 415, 422 386, 394, 402 Edwards AFB, Calif. E i s e l e , Donn F., 394 Eisenhower, President Dwight D . , 417, 420 399, 417, 4~ Environmental Science Services Administrat i o n (EsSA) ERS XXI ( ~ n v i r o n m e n t a lResearch s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 ERS XXVIII, 427 ESSA V I I (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 400, 427 ESSA VIII (TOS-F) 399-400, 427 Etam, W. Va., 407, 421 ETR. See Eastern Test Range. Europe, 400 European Space Research Organization Explorer XXXVI ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Explorer XXXVII, 427 Explorer XXXVIII 427 ( ~ i Density r Explorer V ) 398, 4 q E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 389, 390 E:ctravehicular a c t i v i t g (EVA), 407 F - 1 4 ~ (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 404 F-111.A (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 405, 425 F a i r c h i l d H i l l e r Corp. 425 F e d e r a l Aviation Administration (FAA), 387, 390, 415 F e d e r a l Communications Commission (FCC), 395 F e d e r a l Department of Science (proposed), 417 ~ k d & r iaotn Aeronaut ique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e (FAI) 397 Fermi, Enrico, Award, 385 Fink, Daniel J., 421 F l e t c h e r , D r . Robert D. 406 F l i g h t Research Center (FRC), 402 F l i g h t S a f e t y Foundat ion, 402 , , , , , , , , , �DECEMBER 1968 F o r t Churchill, c an it oba, 419 F o s t e r , W i l l i a m C . , 4-04 France, 388 ~ r i ci bt n E f f e c t s of Runway Grooves, Runway 18-36, Washington National A i r p o r t , 415 F u l t o n , Fitzhugh L., Jr., 386, 402 Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (u.s.s.R.), 397 Garbuzov, Finance Minister Vasily (u.S.S.R.), 397 Gas t u r b i n e , 406 General Dynamics Corp., 425 E l e c t r i c Boat Div., 391 General E l e c t r i c Co., 421 Gentry, Maj. J e r a u l d R. ( u w ) , 394 Geodetic s a t e l l i t e , 428 Georgia, Univ. o f , 398 German Federal Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) , 396 Germany, West, 385, 388 Goddard, D r . Robert H. , 406 Goddard, Robert H. , Award, 406 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GXFC),393, 399, 400, 412, 419, 4 3 Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Biological Sciences, 419 Goldstone, C a l i f . 400 Goldwater, Barry, 425 GOR-16 ( g e n e r a l ocean research s h i p ) , 398 Grants, 404, 408 Green River, Utah, 391 Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. 404 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guest, D r . Robert H. 409 Hage, George H. 404 H a i l e S e l a s s i e , Emperor of Ethiopia, 414 Handler, D r . P h i l l i p , 386, 404 Hardie, D r . Robert H. 417 Hardy, D r . H a r r i e t L., 400 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Trophy, 386 Harr, Karl G . , Jr., 405 Harvard Univ., 392, 420 Heart, a r t i f i c i a l , 390 HEOS-A ( ~ i ~ Eccentric h l ~ Orbiting s a t e l l i t e ) 388, 428 Herzfeld, D r . Charles M., 42l. Hewlett-Packard Co., 422 Hilgard, D r . Ernest R . , 416 Hines, W i l l i a m , 401, 422 HL-10 (lifting-body v e h i c l e ) , 394, 427 Hollomon, D r . J. Herbert, 417 , , , , , , �, Honeywell, Inc. 419 Hooker, D r . Stanley G. 406 Hornig D r . Donald F. 387, 392, 417 Hughes, Howard, 392, 407 Hughes Nevada Operations, 392 I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 416 I n i t i a l Defense Cormmmications S a t e l l i t e (IDcsP) 427 I n s t i t u t e of High Energy Physics, 405 I n s t i t u t e of S t r a t e g i c Studies, 397 INTELSAT I ( ~ a r l y ~ i r d )( c o m n i c a t ions s a t e l l i t e ) , 407 INTELSAT-I1 F-4 (INTELSAT 11-D)390, INTELSAT-I1 F-3 (Atlantic 11)) 407 INTELSAT-I11 F-1, 406 INTELSAT-I11 F-2, 406-407, 415, 421, 427 I n t e r i o r , Dept. o f , 387 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union, 385 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperat ion, space, 388, 396, 428 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT) 406 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telephone and Telegraph Corp. 421 Ion propulsion, 391-392 Ionosphere, 428 I r e l a n d , 386 IRIS I (ESRO 11-B)( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lRadiation Investigation s a t e l l i t e ) , 428 I s o l a t i o n experiment, 415-416 Italy, 388 ITT World Comunications, Inc. 395 Jamesburg, C a l i f . , 390 Japan, 400 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( C a l ~ e c h ) 422 Johnson City, Texas, 423 Johnson, President Lyndon B., 385, 386, 392, 403, 404, 409, 415, 418, 4-21 J o i n t Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES ) 399 J u p i t e r l la net ) 426 399, 416 Kapustin Y a r , U.S.S.R., KC-135 ( f l y i n g ionospheric laboratory) 390 Kennedy, President John F. 408, 417 Kennedy, Sen. Robert F., 416 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 409, 411 K i l l i a n , D r . James R., 392 King, Rev. Martin Luther, 416 Kistiakowsky, D r . George B., 392, 420 K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy, 392 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. (USAF) 386 Kordes, D r . Eldon E. 402 Kraft, Joseph, 416 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , �KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuznetsov N. K. -144 (u. S. S. R. turbofan engine), 423 L a i r d , Rep. Melvin R., 3 9 , 422 Land, D r . Edwin, 416 Langley Research Center ( L ~ c ) ,387 Lannan, John, 399 Lapp, D r . Ralph E. 396, 399 Laser, 400, 427 Launch Complex 39, 409 Lawrence, David, 423 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 4 2 l Lederer, Jerome, 404 LES V I ( ~ i n c o l nLaboratory Experimental s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C(NASA), ) 388, 390, 419 Libby, D r . Willard F., 390 Lifting-body v e h i c l e , 394 Lindbergh, Charles A . , 394 L i t t l e Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. 396, 401 Lockheed E l e c t r o n i c s Co., 396 Lockheed M i s s i l e s and Space Co., 385 Logsdon, Prof. John M. , 417 Logunov, D r . A n a t o l i A. 405 Lop Nor, Communist China, 421 Los Angeles, C a l i f . , 400 Losey, Robert M., Award, 406 Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN) 394, 409, 423 Lucas, D r . W. R . , 391 Luest, Prof. Reimar, 396 Luna X I V (u.S.S.R. l u n a r probe), 427 Lunar Landing Test Vehicle (UTV), 393 Lunar o r b i t rendezvous (LOR), 409 Lunar O r b i t e r (program), 389 Luskin, Harold T 404 Lysenko, Trofim D., 385 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USAF) , 394 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 404, 425 McNair, Prof. Arthur J., 417 Madrid, Spain, 400 Magnetic f i e l d , 388, 420 Mallick, Donald L. , 386 anh hat tan P r o j e c t , 399 . Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 396, 4~ Manned space f l i g h t , 399, 400, 403, 414, 417, 418, 426 Manned Space F l i g h t Network, 400, 4 8 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 393, 411 , , , , ., (vii) �DECEMBER 1968 , Manovt sev, Gherman A. 416 ), Mariner ( ~ r o ~ r a m 389 Mars ( p l a n e t ) , 389, 403, 413, 420, 426 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 391, 411, 419 Maser, 400 Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MTT), 392 Dept of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 406 Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , 396 Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a , 394 Mercury ( p l a n e t ) , 426 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 395, 399-400, 427 Meteorology, 394, 406, 426 Michener, Gov. Gen. Roland, 414 Michigan Univ. of Space Physics Research Laboratory, 419 M i l l e r , D r . Rene H. , 406 Minnesota, Univ. o f , 416 Minuteman ( m i s s i l e ) , 401 M i s s i l e , 391, 401, 420 See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. MOL Molniya I (u. S. S.R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 4 3 Moon c r a t e r , 385, 410 e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 396, 399, 403, 413, 42l landing manned, 401, 403, 420, 423 s o f t , 426 unmanned, 414 landing s i t e , 410 photographs, 385, 414, 415 s u r f a c e , 407, 410, 414, 426, 428 Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (uSN), 404 Moscow, U.S.S.R., 394, 405, 423 M t Palomar Observatory, 387 M t . Wilson Observatory, 387 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Manned Space F l i g h t Network. MSFN. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. NASA Committee on Extra-Vehicular A c t i v i t i e s , 407 NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 411 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (osSA), 393, 425 NASA Office of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n , 398 NASA. Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, 412 National Academy of Sciences, 400, 401, 407 . . . �National Aeronautics and Space Act, 394, 426 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anniversary, 426 award, 387, 388, 392, 394, 406, 423 budget, 426, 428 c o n t r a c t , 396, 407, 419, 422 cooperation, 387, 398, 427 cooperat ion, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 388, 396, 428 employees, 419, 428 launch. 426 ~ $ 0 1 1 08 (AS-503)~409-415 s a t e l l i t e , 388, 392-393, 399-400, 406-407 Y 428 sounding rocket, 391 organization, 391, 407 personnel, 385, 391, 404, 409, 419, 428 program a e r o n a u t i c s , 386, 387, 402, 408, 428 Ap0110, 391, 396, 3999 403, 404, 426 Apollo Applications, 391, 399, 416, 428 B i o s a t e l l i t e , 402, 428 Explorer, 398 Lunar Orbiter, 389 Mariner, 389, 401 NERVA, 428 p l a n e t a r y , 428 sounding rocket, 391, 419, 427, 428 space biology, 390, 4-02, 428 Surveyor, 38 9 Viking, 389 t e s t , 391-394, 397, 400 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NAsc), 395 National Council on Marine Resources and Development, 388 National I n s t i t u t e s of Health (NIH), 417 National Science Foundation (NSF) 400, 408, 417, 420 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 405 Naval Research Laboratory, 427 Nepal, 386 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 425 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application Netherlands, 385 Nevada Test S i t e , 407 New York, N.Y., 387, 390, 404 New York Academy of Science, 415 Newby, Dave, 391 Nicks, Oran W. 389 , , , , �Nigata, Japan, 421 N i i n i , Arrno, 421 Nixon, p r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M., 386, 388, 393, 397, 398, 400, 4 0 3 ~415~ 421, 422 North American Rockwell Corp. 408, 425 North Pole, 410 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA),428 Nuclear f i s s i o n , 385 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 421 Nuclear r e a c t o r , 385, 427 Nuclear submarine, 391 Nuclear t e s t , 421 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 422 OAO I ( o r b i t i n g Astronomical observatory), 393 OAO 11 ( ~ A o - A ~ 392-3939 ) 399, 4 r l Oceanography, 388, 398, 399, 408, 417 OfConnor, E. F . , 391 Office of Naval Research, 400 OW V ( o r b i t i n g Geophysical ~ b s e r v a t o r y ) , 4 r l 0 ? Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 420 Oklahoma, Univ. o f , 417 O r b i t i n g Vehicle (research s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 O'Toole, Thomas, 392, 401 Oxygen, 408 P a c i f i c Ocean, 415 Packard, David, 422 Paine, D r . Thomas O . , 409, 428 Parachute , 377 Parsons, James F . , 385 Paul V I , Pope, 413 Paumalu, C a l i f . , 390 P e t e r s , D r . Max Stone, 416 Petrov, Prof. Boris, 413, 423 Pewee 1 (nuclear r e a c t o r ) , 427 Phoebus 2 A (nuclear r e a c t o r ) , 427 Pine Gap, A u s t r a l i a , 420 Pioneer IX ( i n t e r p l a n e t a r y probe), 427 P l u t o ( p l a n e t ) , 417 Polaroid Corp. 416 Poseidon ( m i s s i l e ) , 401 P r a t t Perry W. 406 P r e s i d e n t i a l Medal of Freedom, 394 P r e s s comment a i r p o r t s , 390 , , , , �Press comment ( continued) Apollo 8 f l i g h t , 396, 412-414 science, 389 space program, 423 P r e s s conference, 387-388, 403, 404, 418, 421 Princeton Univ. , 385 Proton IV (u. S. S.R. space s t a t i o n ) , 42'7 Proton a c c e l e r a t o r , 405 Puerto Rico, 415 Quark (matter t h e o r y ) , 405 Quasar, 398 Radiation, 387 Radio s i g n a l , 410 Radioastronomy 400-401 R a i s t i n g , W. Germany, 421 RAM C - I 1 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 427 R. C. A. Communications, Inc. 395 Re cord a i r c r a f t , 386, 408 Reed, Sylvanus Albert, Award, 406 Reentry, 391, 427 Rendezvous, 427 Research and development, 387, 397, 424-425 Reuther, Walter P., 385 Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968, 428 Rice Univ. , 416 Rockefeller, Gov. Nelson B. , 425 Rockefeller Fublic Service Award, 388 Rogers, William P., 397 Rolls-Royce Ltd. B r i s t o l Engine Div. , 406 Rumford, S i r Benjamin Thompson, Count, 397 Rumford Premium, 397-398 Ssnger, D r . Eugen, 387 Sato, Prime Minister Eisaku, 414 S a t w n IB (uprated Saturn I) (booster), 428 Saturn V, 409, 4 l l , 419, 428 S c h i r r a , Capt Walter M. , Jr. (uSN) 392-394, 404 Schmidt, D r . Maarten, 397-398 Schneider, W i l l i a m C . , 404 Science, 386-389, 393, 403, 415, 422 S c i e n t i s t s , 420 Scout (sounding r o c k e t ) , 396 Seckbach, D r . Joseph, 390 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 421 , , , . , �DECEMBER 1968 , h l t i t u d e Parachute ~ x ~ e r i m e)n Pro t j e c t 397 SHAPE (supersonic ~ i g A S i l v e r s t e i n , D r . Abe, 388 S l i c h t e r , D r . Charles P . , 416 Smart, Gen. Jacob E. (uW, Ret ) , 387 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 392-393 Sonic boom, 402 Sonnett, D r . Charles P. 406 Sounding rocket, 391, 419, 427, 428 South America, 410 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 385 Council f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cooperat ion i n I n v e s t i g a t i o n and U t i l i z a t i o n of Outer Space, 413 soyuz 2 (u.s.S.R. spacecrarc), 4~ soyuz 3, 427 Space biology, 390, 402 Space, peaceful use o f , 397, 426 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 386-389, 391, 394, 396, 399, 403, 414, 416-418, 422, 423, 425-4269 428 Space r a c e , 396, 399, 416, 418 Space rescue t r e a t y , 386 Space r e s u l t s , 390, 398, 426 Space s t a t i o n , 391, 403 S p e c i a l Report on Underground Testing, 392 Spencer, N. W. 419 Stanford Univ. 416 S t a r , 392-393, 399, 427 S t e v e r , D r . H. Guyford, 386 S t u h l i n g e r , D r . E r n s t , 391 Supersonic High A l t i t u d e Parachute Experiment. See SHAPE p r o j e c t . Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 423-424, 427 Surveyor (program), 389, 403, 426 Surevyor V I I ( l u n a r probe), 426-48' Technology, 386-388, 403, 422 T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , 385 Telescope, 426 T e l e v i s i o n , 395, 400, 412, 414, 426 TETR I1 ( ~ e s and t Training s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Thant, U.N. S e c r e t a r y General U, 414 Thrust-Augmented Long-Tank Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 406 Thiokol Chemical Corp Elkton, Md. Div., 396 Thrust-Augmented Long-Tank Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 399 Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 388 T i r o s I (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 400 T i r o s 111, 400 T i r o s Operational Sat e l l i t e (TOS) system, 399-400 . , , , . (xii) �DECEMBER 1968 T i t a n 1 1 1 - ~ / ~ e n t a u r( b o o s t e r ) , 389 Titm 1 1 1 - M , 427 Todd Shipyards Corp., 398 Townes, D r . Charles H., 386, 400 Tracking, 427 Trendex P o l l , 403 TU-144 (u. S. S. R. supersonic t r a n s p o r t ) , 423-424, 4 8 Turner, D r . Richard B. 416 Ulybshev, Boris N. , 416 Underground nuclear t e s t 392, 407 United A i r c r a f t Corp. , 406 United Auto Workers of America, 385 United Kingdom (u.K. ), 385, 386, 388 United Nations (u.N.), 394, 412, 421 General Assembly, 408 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 389, 404, 425 Uranium, 385 U. S. A i r Force (USAF), 386, 398 a i r c r a f t , 386, 387, 390, 402, 405, 408, 425, 427 award, 387 c o n t r a c t , 385, 407, 425 cooperation, 387 , 408, 427 launch m i s s i l e , 391 r e e n t r y v e h i c l e , 391 MOL, 396 r e s e a r c h , 390, 401 U. S. Geological Survey, 417 U. S. Navy (uSN), 387 , 398, 404 U. S. S .R. (union o f Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e ~ u b l i c s ) a i r c r a f t , 423-424 budget, 397 launch, 426, 427 s a t e l l i t e , 427 Cosmos, 386, 395, 399, 401, 407, 416, 4 8 science and technology, 385, 397 , 405, 415-416 space program, 385, 399, 413, 421-423 space rescue t r e a t y , 386 weapons, 397 U.S.S. Yorktown, 411 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 427 Vanderbilt Univ. 417 Vavilov, Nikolay I. 385 Vavilov, Sergei I . , 385 Vega ( s t a r ) , 399 , , , , (xiii) �DECEMBER 1968 Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, 419 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 390, 413, 420, 426 VFX-1. See F - 1 4 ~ . Vietnam War, 397, 428 Viking, P r o j e c t 389 Volpe Gov. John A. 397 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 391 Vostok I ( f l i g h t ) , 397 Walker, D r . J. C. G., 419 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 396, 419 Washington, D.C., 388, 389, 404, 405, 423 Washington National Airport, 387, 415 Webb, James E . , 394, 428 Weidner, Hermann K e y 391 Weinberg, Alvin M. 422 Weizmann I n s t i t u t e of Science Reuther, Walter P., Chair f o r Study of Peaceful Use Energy, 385 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 395 , 385 Western Test Range (WTR) West e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc. 395 Wheeler, D r . John Archibald, 385 White, L/C Edward H. , I1 (USAT), 394 White House, 385, 386, 394, 418, 423 White Sands M i s s i l e Range (WSMR) , 391, 397 Wiesner, D r . Jerome, 392 Wilson, George C. 405 Wings Club, 404 Wisconsin, Univ. o f , 392-393 World Meteorological Organization, 394 World Weather Watch, 394 Wright Brothers Day, 403 Wright, O r v i l l e , 403 Wright, Wilbur, 403 WSMR. See White Sands M i s s i l e Range. WTR. See Western Test Range. X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 386, 387, 408, 427 XB-70 (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 402, 427 XB-70A, 386 X-ray, 389, 391 Yale Univ. , 419 Yelyan, Eudlard V. 423 ZF-15A ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 425 Zond V (u. S. S. R. space probe), 423 Zond V I , 385, 423 , , , , of Atomic , , , (xiv) NASA-HQ �COMMENT D W T .NOT F O R A S T R O N A U T I C S AND A E R O N A U T I C S DECEMBER 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HKR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division Library of Congress NASA Historical Division (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 (PLEASE F33TUFOJ COMMENTS AND SURPLUS COPIES TO EH) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000122 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics December 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 7 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18057 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1266/spc_stnv_000123.pdf ca5f34e8cf97095652390569e04c4d2f PDF Text Text �F E B R U A R Y 1969 �February 2: Laser tracking techniques which permitted accurate tracking of o r b i t i n g spacecraft on 24-hr b a s i s had been developed and perfected by NASA s c i e n t i s t s and engineers, NCLSA announced. New technique-p a r t i c u l a r l y import'ant in geodetic studies, which required precise angle and distance measurements between sat e l l i t e and ground s t a t ions-offered g r e a t e r measuring accuracy than RF methods, required only l i g h t weight r e f l e c t o r s on s a t e l l i t e , and was l e s s affected by t r a n ~ s s i o n impeding environmental disturbances. First operational daylight tracking with l a s e r had been accompLished by GSFC team Oct. 21, 1968. (NASA Release 69-10; A&A 68) NASA's Apollo 8 mission and USN navigation s a t e l l i t e system developed by Johns Hopkjlls U n i v . Applied Physics Laboratory had been named two of t o p four engineering achievements of 1968 by National Society of Professional Engineers. Others f i s t e d were Meramec Power Plant, south St. Louis County, Mo., f o r i t s a i r pollution control system and Palacio d e l Rio Hotel, San Antonio, Tex., f o r unique crane-hoisted module construction. (W Star, 2/2/69, ~ 2 ) In New York Times Magazine, D r , Ralph E. Lapp, physicist, wrote : " ... I would urge t h a t we a l t e r t h e U.S. space program a s follows: F i r s t , make a firm decision t o terminate the manned space program soon a f t e r I would reserve the remaking Apollo t h e init id lunar landing. c r a f t f o r f u t u r e unmanneb missions t o t h e planets and I would mothball t h e single-purpose manned space f l i g h t f a c i l i t i e s . A t t h e same time, I would continue a N.A.S.A. program of long-range space development aimed a t advanced modes of propulsion, compact e n e r a sources and improved long-distance cormwnication. High p r i o r i t y would be assigned t o t h e development of nuclear energy both f o r propulsion and f o r on-board power. "Second, g r e a t l y expand N.A.S.A.'s present program f o r exploiting applications o f space science and technology. The p o t e n t i a l of s a t e l l i t e s f o r cormnunications i s far from being r e m z e d and needs t o be enhanced by t h e development of new techniques. It should not be t o o d i f f i c u l t t o develop o r b i t a l systems f o r t h e control of h t e r c o n t i nerrtal a i r t r a f f i c . Perhaps t h e p e a t e s t benefits *om s a t e U t e s a r e t o be expected in t h e survey and evaluation of e a r t h resources, such as underground water , mineral deposits and plant -forest cc ver. , "Thlrd, e s t a b l i s h a high p r i o r i t y within N.A.S.A. f o r f'undamental research using unmanned space vehicles. This p r o g r a m s h o d d be 10 t o 20 years in duration and should be aimed a t finding out more about our ... .. �February 2 (continued) p l a n e t , : t h e sun and t h e r e s t of t h e s o l a r system. The most expensive-j e c t s would b e the- planetary and the most dramat ic--of t h e s e probes designed t o fly by, o r b i t o r land on t h e nearby planets. " (E, 2/2/69, 32-40; E, 2/7/69, ~ 9 9 - 9 ) a . Apollo 8 Astronaut 3'ra.m Brman and family departed aboard USAF j e t for 18-day p r e s i d e n t i a l goodwill mission t o England, France, Belgium, t h e Netherlands, West Germany, I t a l y , Spain, and Portugal. I t i n e r a r y : London, Feb. 2-5; P a r i s , Feb, 5-7; Brussels, Feb. 7-10; The Hague, Feb. 1 0 - I l ; ~ B o m , Feb. 11-12; West Berlin, Feb. 12-13; Rome, Feb. 13-17; Madrid, Feb. 17-19; and Lisbon, Feb. 19-21. (NASA Off of k t Affairs; W S t a x , 2/2/69, ~ 3 ) February 3 : NASA announced it had extended $69,692,000 contract with B e l l c m , Inc., t o provide systems analysis, study, planning, and t e c h n i c a l support of manned space flight. Value o f one-year costplus-fixed-fee contract extension was $ ~ , 4 8 3 , 0 0 0 . (NASA Release 69-25) February 3-5: London accorded Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Bornan and family full c e l e b r i t y s t a t u s , i n c l u d h g frontpage newspaper coverage, taped !IT interviews, and cheers from schoolchildren. He l e c t u r e d before Royal Society of S c i e n t i s t s Feb. 3 and on Feb. 4 w a s presented t o Queen Elizabeth IT. a t Buckingham Palace and d s i t e d Prime Minister Harold Wilson and House of'Commons. Borman at U.S. Embassy presented NASA's Manned Spaceflight Group Achievement Award t o S t a t i o n Manager James McDowell of NASA Communications Switching S t a t i o n in London and Public S e r v i c e Group Achievement Awmd t o C, James G i l l , d i r e c t o r of U. K. I s p o s t o f f i c e telecommunications system. ( ~ e e ,NYT, 2/4/69, 4; W Post, 2/5/69, A18; C Trib, 2/5/69; NASA O f f of ~ n t ' l ~ f f a i r s ) February 4 : Aerobee 150 MT sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Minnesota I n s t i t u t e of Technolow payload t o U5.6-mi (186-lan) a l t i t u d e t o study n e u t r a l composition of polar atmosphere with n e u t r a l mass spectrometers. Rocket and i n s t m e r k s performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and experimental d a t a showed"sme extremely i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s . " (NASA Rpt SRL) �President Nixon accepted pro forma resignation of February 4: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of Mational Aeronautics and Space Council. Appointed by President Kennedy i n 1961, D r . Welsh had been Councilt s f i r s t and only executive secretary. (W Post, 2/5/69, A7; AP, 17 S t a r , 2/5/69, 1; B Sun, 2/5/69, A7; s-6/69, ~ 3 ) - . D-70 supersonic research a i r c r a f t was flown from Edwards AFB, Calif., t o Wright-Patterson-AFB, Ohio, t o be placed on exhibit a t A i r Force Museum. Flight had been delayed u n t i l turbulent air conditions preuailed so t e s t i n g could continue u n t i l end of . a i r c r a f t ' s s e ~ c e . During final f l i g h t , crew collected data on a i r c r a f t handling and s t m c t u r a l response t o a i r turbulence a t subsonic f l i g h t . NASA had announced end of XB-70 flight research ,Jan. 13.m (NASA Proj Off; UPI, NYT, - 2 / 5 / 6 9 , 73; AP, W Star, . I Dn r Look, science w r i t e r Arthur C. Clarke, Nobel Prize nuclear physicist . I. I. Rabi, novelist C. P. Snow, and Catholic theologian -of. Leslie Dewart, wrote- personal reactions t o Apollo 8 mission.. Clazke sald, "The Apollo 8 mission W k s one of those rare turning points in human h i s t o r y after which nothing w i l l ever be t h e same again. The h e n s e t e c h n i c a l achievement i s already obvious t o every one and has been universally praised; yet t h e psychological impact may be even more important and will t a k e some t i n e t o make itself ruUy f e l t . W e nomlongerLive in the world which existed before Christmas 1968. It has passed away as irrevocably as t h e earth-cent ered m i v e r s e of t h e Middle Ages." D r . Rabi said, "It would be misleading t o taLk of t h e events t h a t l e d t o ' t h e ;journey of Apollo 8 in terms of t h e v a s t sums of money t h a t are involved, even though it cost several times as much as t h e developnent of t h e f i s t atomic bomb. What i s more important and more impressive i s t h a t Apollo 8 represents t h e cooperation of hundreds of thousands of people over a period of years in a gigantic e f f o r t with no c l e a r l y s e t p r a c t i c a l goals, except perhaps t h e profound d e s i r e of mankind t o prove t o it s e l f t h a t it had t h e knowledge and the a b i l i t y t o overcome i t s earthbound limitations. " . Prof. Dewart s a i d , "Xan has taken hls f i r s t , h a l t i n g s t e p s i n t o t h e cosmos beyond t h a t earthly world in which he was born and within which he had always lived. The impact of Apollo 8 i n other areas of human experience i s obvious; in religion, it i s much l e s s immediately evident. And y e t , in t h e end, it may be'more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e development of man's r e l i g i o u s consciousness." (~ o o k ,2/4/69, 72-8) �February 4: I n l e t t e r t o Astronaut Frank Barman, Board of Education of Glendale Union High School D i s t r i c t No. 205, Glendale, Ariz., s a i d it had named plaxmed high school t'ApoUo" i n "honor and appreciation of t h e accomplishments of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g astronauts. It invited Apollo 8 crew t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n 1 9 0 dedication ceremony. (NASA LAR, .=, 2/21/69, ~ 1 ~ 6 ) . USN announced award of $40,000,000 contract t o Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. f o r engineering development phase of F - 1 4 ~ supersonic f i g h t e r (formerly VFX) , replacement f o r F-Y1B. Funding during f m - y e a r development was expected t o t o t a l (DOD Release 92-69; W Star, 2/5/69, A7; WSJ $388,000,000. 2/5/69, 6 ) - J . I n l e t t e r from Chairman L. Mendel Rivers (D-s.C.) t o Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, House Armed S e M c e s C o d t t e e informed DOD that because of uncertainty over ABM, Cormittee would take no action t o approve Sentinel a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile s i t e s u n t i l Nixon Administration posit i v e l v expressed i n t e r e s t in project. (sell, W Post, 2/6/69, Al) . I n New York Times, Theodore Shabad said Moscow sources indicated Soviet i n v e s t i g a t o r s had d e d out' p o s s i b i l i t y ;of p o l i t i c a l conspiracy i n Jan. 22 shooting during Kremlin ceremonies f o r Soyuz cosmonauts because of amateurish behavior of gunman i d e n t i f i e d as "Lt. win" of Soviet Army. Sources denied e a r l i e r reports that gunman had taken poison a f t e r shooting and was dead. They s a i d he was undergoing medical ind psychological t e s t i n g t o determine his sanity and motives. (E, 2/5/69, 2) February 5-1: I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-3 was successfulLylauncheh by NASA f o r ComSatCorp on behalf of International Communications Sat e U i t e Consortium. The 632-lb c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e , launched f'rom ETR by Long-Tank ,Thrust-Augmented Thor ( L E T T A T ) -b D o s~t e~r~, ~entered e U l p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t .with 23,496.9-mi. (37,814.6-lan) altitude 174.6-mi (253.1-la) perigee, 671.9-min period, and 29.aU inclination. AU systems were functioning normally. On Feb. 7 apogee motor was f i r e d t o kick s a t e l l i t e i n t o planned near-synchronous o r b i t over Pacific at 173.8O.east longitude with 22,250.6-mi (35,809-lrm) apogee, 22,225.1-mi ( 35,768-la) perigee, 22-hr 15-&period, and 1.3' inclination. �ebruary 5-7 ( continued) I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-3 was second successful launch i n I3\JTEI;SAT 111 s e r i e s . I n t e l s a t I11 F-2 had been launched Dec. 18, 1968,as backup . t o 'Intelsat-111 F-1 which had been destroyed minutes a f t e r launch Sept. 18, 1968. SateLLite was scheduled t o begin commercial service withln two days, handling up t o 1,200 voice c i r c u i t s o r four TV channels. (NASA Proj O f f ; ComSat Corp Release 69-7 ; AP, : 8 2, 2/6/69, 43; AP, w Post, 2/8/69, A6; G, 2/9/69, 62; GSFC -3SSR 2/15/69; ComSat C o r p ~ 3 0 ) ' February 5 : President Nixon authorized inrmediate $10-million increase in expenditure c e i l i n g p h c e d on National Science Foundation by Johnson ~ d m i n i s t r a t i o ni n 1 9 6 8 . He said, "The colJ.eges and u h i v e r s i t i e s of t h i s Nation provide a c r i t i c a l resource which needs t o be fostered and strengthened. O m higher educational system provides t h e advanced t r a i n i w needed f o r tomormwls leaders i n science and technology, industry and government, and a l s o conducts t h e basic research which uncovers t h e new-knowledge so e s s e n t i a l t o the f b t u r e welfare of t h e country. - : It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t these programs of education and research e ,Post, 2/6/69, be sustained a t a l e v e l of high excellence. " ( ~ ' ~ o o l W ,2/10/69,224-5) U 5 ; S c h e d s , 3 2/6/69, 20; - New tempest was brewing i n national s c i e n t i f i c community over whether defense establishment absorbed exhorbitant portion of U. S. s c i e n t i f i c and technological energies, John Lannm said i n Washington Evening S t a r . I n New York, younger.physicists had called f o r p o l i t i c a l activism a t annual meeting of American Physical Society Feb. 3. MXT group, Uhion of Concerned S c i e n t i s t s , had scheduled day-long "re search stoppage " March 4 and i n i t i a t e d l e t t e r campaign t o spread its views t o other i n s t i t u t i o n s . Union' s proposals included "a c r i t i c a l and conk inuing examination of government policy in areas where science and technology a r e of a c t u a l o r p o t e n t i a l significance"; redirection of research from defense-oriented t o environment-oriented projects; c a l l t o start students questioning t h e i r f k t u r e professional comnittment s ; opposition t o a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system; and organization of s c i e n t i s t s i n t o e f f e c t i v e and vocal. p o l i t i c a l action group. (W Star, 2/5/69, A7; Sullivan, NYT -1 2/9/69, YE) �I n message t o Senate, President Nixon urged prompt. r a t i f icaFebruary 5 : t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y : "I believe t h a t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f . t h e rea at^. a t this time would advance t h i s Administration's policy of n e g o t i a t i o n r a t h e r than confrontation with t h e USSR. I beLieve t h e Treaty c a n , b e an important s t e p i n our endeavor t o curb t h e spread of nuclear weapons and t h a t it advances t h e purposes of our Atoms f o r Peace program. " (PD, 2/10/69, 219; W Star, 2/5/69, Al; Semple, NYT, 2/6/69, 1; Kil-patrGk, W Post, 2/6/69, Al, Al4; Large, WSJ, 2/6/69) Report on a v i a t i o n s a f e t y submitted t o House Committee on I n t e r s t a t e and Foreign Commerce by Joseph J. OIConnell, Jr., ChaFnnan of National Transportation Safety Boar'd, gave s t a t i s t i c s f o r 1968: For aY scheduled.air c a r r i e r s e r v i c e s t h e r e was roughly one f a t a l accident for every 500,QOO hrs o r departures, o r f o r every 100,000 transcoot inerrtal f l i g h t s . One passenger was l o s t for every 3 0 m i l l i o n passenger miles flown. Number of f a t a l i t i e s in scheduled domestic and i n t e r n a t i o n a l passenger s e n i c e was second worst of decade; however, total. scheduled air c a r r i e r accident r a t e s , fatal and nonf a t a l , continued downward. I n general aviation, 1968 accidents , t o t a l e d 5,069. Rate f o r f a t a l accidents on b a s i s of hours flown had increased but remained below r a t e s 0f~1965and before and was t h i r d b e s t i n decade. Total mmiber of fatal accidents--692, k i l l i n g 1,374 person-as highest i n history. ( ~ e x;t 2/9/69, 94) x, Durbg two-day Paris v i s i t Apollo 8 A s t m n a u t FrankBonnan February 5-7: m e t with President Chazles de G a U e . A t dinner given by Ambassador R. _ Sargent Shriver, Jr., on E i f f e l Tower, ~ o k Eeceiveh n o f f e r of racing car from French manufacturer who had presented similar g i f t t o Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin I n 1965. During Paris news conferences and on !t'V interview, aman s t r e s s e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l character of space exploration. He said, "1 don't know wby we aren't g o i n g - t o Russia. I would - l i k e t o visit Russia. I think we have some f a i r means of cooperation i n space and I would hope t o see more. " ( ~ a r r i s o n ,-I9WC 2/6/69, 2; 2/7/69, 3) ... j'ebruary 6: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA Prom Churchill Research Range c a r r i e d Univ. of Minnesota I n s t i t u t e of Technology payload t o 83.2-mi (133.8-lan) a l t i t u d e t o study n e u t r a l composition of p o w atmosphere with n e u t r a l mass spectrometers. Rocket underperformed; burnout occurred a t 42 secs. . A . l l instruments worked p e r f e c t l y . Usef'ul data were obtained in M.4- t o 87.0-mi (UO- t o 1 4 0 - h ) region. (NASA R p t ' sRL) �A t c o d m a t i o n hearing on his appointment as Director of February 6: Office of Science and Technology before Senate Labor and Public Welfare C a m i t t e e , D r . Lee A. DuBridge s a i d he would place his energies on analysis of weapons systems, environment and e f f e c t of technology and pollution on e n ~ o n m e n t ,and u t i l i z a t i o n of science and technology by Government departments. He planned t o concern hjmself with s o c i a l problems and hoped t o increase s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s on President's Science Advisory Committee from one t o two. He hoped for increased funding f o r HUD and DOT, and regretted allocations f o r basic research were declining i n DOD, NASA, and AEC because such a g e x i e s "willp r o f i t by good relat i o n s with u n i v e r s i t i e s . " elso son, Science, 2/14/69, 657) . U.were S. R. s Venus V (launched Jan. 5) and Venus V I (launched Jan. 10) on course and functioning normally, Tass announced. SpacecraFt S. were expected t o reach Venus i n l a t e May. Venus V was 4,785,000 mi from earth; Venus V I , 4,050,000 m i . (Reuters, NYT, 2/7/69, 14) . Sperry Rand Corp. announced election of former NASA Administrator James E. t o Board of Directors. He been vice president Webb had of company's Sperry Gyroscope Div. i n 1943. 2/6/69: SBD, 2/=/69; 140) (sperry Rand Release . Univ. of California astronomers, Dr..E. Joseph Wam-pler and D r . Joseph S. Miller, reported they had photographed winking of pulsar i n Crab Nebula--first of pulsars t o be unequivocally associated with observable star--by spinning disk before s t a r ' s image projected by 120-in t e l e scope a t Lick Observatory, Calif. Hole in disk, spun slower than f l a s h rate of pulsa, permitted Light from star t o penetrate once each revolution. For f i r s t time s t a r was shown photographically t o be flashing on and o f f . Rate of l i g h t pulses was i d e n t i c a l Lo t h a t of previously observed radio pulses. (IWC, - 2 / 7 / 6 9 , 22; UPI, W Post, 2/7/69, ~ 6 ) . Cambriage Univ. announced radioastronomy team under Sir Martin Tyle, professor and astronomer, would build world's l a r g e s t , most s e n s i t i v e radiotelescope, t o cost $4.8 million. It would be operational i n two years and capable of picking up signals which s t a r t e d t o earth 8,000 m i n i o n years ago. cambridge team-had discovered pulsars. (UPI; W Post, 2/7/69, AX)) �February 6: NASA awarded G n m m m Aircraft Engineering Corp. $3,438,400 supplemental agreement f o r changes i n Apollo lunar module contract. lbdifications--to documentation and reporting procedures f o r LM t e s t and checkout, t o flight and ground t e s t hardware, t o t e s t and e f f e c t anaJyses, and t o crew s a f e t y hardware--brought t o t a l value of contract t o $1.6 b i l l i o n since January 1963. (MSC Release 69-14) . Washington Evening Star s a i d , "As man's horizon of space expands, t h e c o s t s o f . maintaining an e f f e c t i v e program expand in d i r e c t proport ion. Already, . t h e f i r s t W t e d steps have resulted i n an economic burden t h a t t h e r i c h e s t nation i n t h e world f i n d s almost intolerable. "If t h e adventure is t o continue much longer, it will have t o be a s an internati,onal e f f o r t . Nixon's inaugural. statement r a i s e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y . t h a t , ,some h t e r n a t i o n a l body, a sort; 'of United, Nations f o r - space exploration, ,could,be established ,to pool t h e t a l e n t s - and t h e resources of a l L n a t i o n s . - I t i s an idea we= worth pursuing. For i f t h e nations can ever combine t h e i r energies as t h e y reach i n t o space--can l e a r n t o share t h e burdens and t h e .rewards--then perhaps manJ-s fear a d suspicion of his fellow man w i l l subside, and the ignorant slaughter will end." (W S t a r , 2/6/69, ~ 1 0 ) , . DOD announced month delay 5 n s i t e acquisition and construct ion work on SentFnel ARM system. Action had been taken previous week t o permit review of program, A t White House news conference, President Nixon s d d , :'I do not buy t h e assumption t h a t the ABM system, t h e t h i n S e n t i n e l system, as it has been de'scribed, .,was simply f o r t h e purpose of protecting ourselves against a t t a c k from Communist China. " System, l i k e those U.S.S.R. a3ready deplo ed, "adds t o our o v e r a l l defense capa.as,, far a s t h e t h r e a t of nuclear attack] i s concerned, . biUty. we do not see any change we a r e examinhg, therefore, all of our defense sys.tems and. ..postures t o see bow we .can best meet them consistent with our other r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . " (HI, 2/10/69, 228; W S J 2/7/69, 6; Maffre, W Post, 2/7/69, 1; Corddry, BSW -' 2/7/69, 1; E, 2/7/69, 120) .. ... f -, , S t a t e Dept . announced U. S. AEC would join Australia i n exploring economic, technical, and s a f e t y aspects of producing deep-water harbor a t Cape Keraudren i n northwestern Australia using atomic. explosives. (W Post, 2/7/69, ~ 5 ) �U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos C C U N i n t o o r b i t with 457-Ian apogee, 272-km (169-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period, and 71° inclination. (WC 2/15/69) : s, . Aerobee 150 M I launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d Johns Hopkins Univ. payload t o 101.7-mi (163.6-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure vacuum W s p e c t r a l emission l i n e s from Venusian atmosphere, using 14-ln-dia, two-meterfocal-length telescope and lithium f l o r i d e prism with photomultiplier and STRAP 111 a t t i t u d e control system. Experiment worked s a t i s f a c t o r i l y except f o r one second near end. No fine mode acquisition was received and Vernier s t a r - t r a c k e r could not track. No data on Venus were obtained. T e r r e s t r i a l a i r glow data were obtained. (NASA R p t sRL) . Senate confirmed appointment of D r . Lee A, DuBridge a s Director of Office of Science and Technology. (W MR ~111126; (3, S1536-7) - . Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said in Washington, D.C., t h a t committee o f academicians, committee within DOT, and cormittee representing other agency executives had begun extensive review- f o r Nixon Adminis t r a t i o n t o determine whether Government should continue subsidizing SST development. (~erber's,. 2/8/69, 1; Reutcrs, W Post, 2/8/69, A2) . Royal Crown Cola Lnternational announced former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., had become i t s president. H e had been chairman since January 1967. (NyT, 2/8/69) - Committee o f a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l e r s said it had evolved program w h i c h would enable FAA t o postpone r e s t r i c t i o n s scheduled t o go i n t o e f f e c t April 27 a t five major airports. Professional A i r T r a f f i c Controllers Organization wauld p e t i t i o n Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe t o s u b s t i t u t e "revamped procedures which would make operations safer and more e f f i c i e n t ," s a i d F. Lee Bailey, counsel. Restrictions would c u r t a i l services &o New York, ~ h i c a g o ,and Washington, D. C. (NYT, 2/8/69) . In Science, Walter Orr .Roberts, President of University Corp. f o r Atmospheric Research, m o t e : "Manned exploration of t h e moon will provide answers t o age-long speculation about its nature. Perhaps even more important than what we f h d w i l l be t h e fact t h a t we have done it. The event w i l l mark t h e s u c c e s s h l a t t a h e n t of a goal t h a t demanded technological attainments of gnprecederrted complexity �February 7 (continued) and d i f f i c u l t y . Our s i g h t s were s e t upon t h i s goal nearly a decade ago by President Kennedy. I was, I confess, one who feared he had asked the Impossible. " . . Weather forecasting--one example of earth-oriented use of space science--would require space s a t e l l i t e s of new and sophisticated character. "We w i U not solve t h i s problem unless we can somehow i n s p i r e atmospheric s c i e n t i s t s of a l l t h e world to conrmit themselves Global cooperation i s esserrtial t o i t s achievemerrt. t o t h e goal.... Space technology i s perhaps t h e most important s i n g l e component of t h e technology development needed f o r success. What b e t t e r use could be found f o r our incredible t a l e n t s i n space? M t e r t h e moon, t h e earth! " (science, 2/7/69) I n d i r e c t i v e issued a t key Biscayne, Fla., President Nixon February 8: asked Science ~ d v ' i s e r ,D r . Lee A. m i d g e , . t o report on possible cost , reduction in s p e c i f i e d , p o r t i o n s of space program,.to a s s e s s recommendat i o n s t h a t DOD and NASA be d i r e c t e d t o coordinate space s t u d i e s , and t o recommend on e s t a b l i s h i n g Fnteragency committee t o advise on scope and d i r e c t i o n of post -Apollo 'program. (PD 2/17/69, 248-9; Cornell, AP, wstar, 2/9/69, A8; S e m ~ l e ,E, 2 / 9 g 9 , 1; 2 / ~ / 6 9 , 134) e, February 9: DOD's Taccomsat I T a c t i c a l C ~ i c a t i o n S s a t e l l i t e was successlaunched from ETR a t 4:09 pm EST by Titan I n - C booster O r b i t a l parameters : i n t o synchmnous e q u a t o r i a l o r b i t over P a c i f i c apogee, 14,233.1 m i (22,906 ha); perigee, 14,198.3 m i (22,850 km); period, 146.6 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 0 . 6 ~ . The $30-million, 1,600-lb c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e would t e s t f e a s i b i l i t y of using s a t e l l i t e system t o communicate over g r e a t distances with small miJjtary u n i t s , such a s : a f r c r a f t , ships, and small ground s t a t i o n s . Taccamsat. I w a s powerrul enough for ground forces t o use portable, lightweight receiving arrtehnas as s m a l l as one foot in diameter. It a l s o would test . . new Gyrostat s t a b i l i z a t i o n system. (W Star, 2/9/69, C1; $10/69, A5; AP, W Post, 2/10/69, Al; AP, B Sun, 2 / 1 m ~ 4 ;InteraviaAirLetter, 3/18/69, 7; GSFC SSR, 2/15/69; DOD ~ G a s 64-683 e . ' NASA announced it would f l i g h t t e s t " s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing"--with airfofl shape developed in four-year wind-tunnel studies a t by D r . Richard T. Whitcomb--on USN F-8 . f i g h t e r a t FRC. If wind-tunnel performance was achieved in f l i g h t , wing could improve performance and e f f i c i e n c y P~RC �February 9 (continued) o f future a i r c r a f t , . p a r t i c u l a r l y jet transports. It would allow e f f i c i e n t cruise f l i g h t near speed of sound at 45,000-fi a l t i t u d e a d reduce operat i o n a l cost of subsonic f l i g h t s by increasing operational range o r permitting l e s s h e 1 and more payload on f a s t e r schedules. S u p e r c r i t i c a l wing shape was developed t o delay r i s e of drag force and onset of buffeting a t high speeds. Flattened t o p was designed t o reduce i n t e n s i t y of airflow disturbances, and downward curve a t rear of wing supplied l i f t l o s t by f l a t t e n i n g . Flight program would v a l i d a t e wiog's operational p o t e n t i a l ; validate design techniques and s p e c i f i c d i r e c t i o n f o r f'uther ground-based research leading t o p r a c t i c a l applicat i o n s ; demonstrate, through d i r e c t correlation with flight t e s t r e s u l t s , improvements i n drag r i s e and buffet onset indicated from tunnel t e s t s ; evaluate behavior of w i n g i n a c t u a l f l i g h t involving both high l i f t maneuvering a d off-design performance; and determine s e n s i t i v i t y of s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing t o w - b g contour v a r i a t i o n s associated with manufacturing processes and deformations due t o f l i g h t loads. (NASA Release 69-27; FRC Release 4-69; UPI, W News, 2/7/69, 25; Witkin, NYT, 2/9/69, 1; Butz, g,2 / 6 9 ) - . Boeing Co. t e s t p i l o t 'Jack tJaddell flew 35540~1,$20-million prototype of 49-passenger Boeing 747 j e t transpbrt from Paine Field, near S e a t t l e , Wash., for 1 br 15 min of scheduled e-hr maiden f l i g h t . Waddell returned a i r c r a f t t o field a f t e r encountering "minor malfunction" of wing surface control while lowering wing flaps t o 300 angle. Later he said a j r c r a f l w a s "a p i l o t ' s dream" which could be "flown with two fingers" and indicated f l a p misalignment would not delay f'urther t e s t i n g . The 210-+long 747 used only 4,500 ft of runway t o become airborne at 170 mph. Spectators w e r e impressed with quietness of i t s engines. (W Post, 2/10/69, 1; AP, W S t a r , 2/10/69, A5; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69, Al) . Lunar module was " f i r s t manned spacecraft ever b u i l t t h a t ' s not tough enough t o survive a return t o earth," s a i d Thomas OIToole i n Washington Vehicle from which two astronauts would descend t o moon's surface Post i n sumrner . 1969 was- 23 f't high, weighed 8,000 l b s , and c a r r i e d 12 tons of propellant. It contained 25 m i of e l e c t r i c a l wiring and more than a U o n p a r t s , most of which had been designed "from scratch," held together by 2U,000 ''pins". P i n bent more than five degrees out of shape -muld have t o be replaced. NClSA had contracted f o r 15 LMs a t t o t a l cost of $1.9 b i l l i o n from Gsurrnnan A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., which had taken six years t o get it from &.awing board t o launch pad. (w Post, 2/9/69, 82) ., �In Brussels, Astronaut Frank Borman and family attended February 9 : dinner given in his honor a t pelace by King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola. Borman showed ApoUo 8 fUn. -(NASA o f f of I n t v l Affairs; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69) . Hungary and Romania had issued souvenir stamps ccamnemorating Apollo 8 g i s s i o n and astronauts , U. S. newspaper p h i l a t e l i c columns announced. Photograph taken from m i n i N of Arabian coast provided d e s i for new stamp in sultanate of Muscat and Oman. ( ~ a r i e s ,W S,t a r 8 / 6 9 > D10; AP, W Post, 2/9/69, ~ 8 ) . Johns Hopkins Univ. associate professor of mechanics, D r . Robert L. Green, had designed and perfected "visualization apparatus f o r X-ray crystallography," device which permitted continuous observations of changes in s t r u c t u r e of atoms i n metal under s t r e s s . Device could l e a d t o discovery of h i t h e r t o unknown properties of metals, nonmetallic c r y s t a l s , and Living molecules; enable scierrtists t o study changes i n i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e of metals during deformat ion caused by a i r and water pressure; enable s c i e n t i s t s t o project image of atomic s t r u c t u r e on closed-circuit !I'V screen; and r e s u l t i n development of stronger submarine h u l l s , a i r craf't wings, and spacecraft. ( ~ e u t e r s , 2/9/69, 92) . F M had awarded United Aircraft =, C o q . Fratt & Whitney Div. $665,241 contract f o r two-year study t o develop design for quieter j e t a i r c r a f t mgines. (NYT, 2/9/69, 94) . Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and h i s first-grade school teacher, Mrs. Peggy Crowley, would receive 1969 Golden Key Awards f'rom six national school organizations. a t annual convent ion of American Assn. of School Administrators, A t l a n t i c City, N . J . , Feb. 15, Parade reported. Awards had been founded t o dramatize teacher's r o l e i n U. S. l i f e . (Parade, 2/9/69, 4) . In Washington Post, Thomas O'Toole s a i d NASA Aaministration w a s "the l a s t big Federal post President Nixon has left unfiUed. " He asked, "Is it because he can't f i n d t h e man he wants? I s it because no m a n he wants t h e Job? Or i s M r . Nixon playing with t h e p o s s i b u t y of appojnting din^ Administrator Thomas 0.1 Paine t o the post of Administrator?" Washington "space watchers" f e l t job could not be kept vacant much longer, "if only because t h e program t o land American astronauts on t h e moon i s rapidly nearing i t s goal. I' (W P o s t , 2/9/69, �February'g: New York Times'editorial: he Congressional pressure t h a t spurred. t h e Nixon Administrat ion t o h a l t deployment of the Sentinel & t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system signals a h e a l t h y new disposition on Capitol Hill t o challenge t h e m i l i t m y - i n d u s t r i a l complex, a a i n s t which President Eisenhower warned eight years ago." (NJPP,, 39/69, 1 2 ) February 10: NAS published NRC Div. of Engineering's Usef'ul Applications of Earth-Oriented S a t e l l i t e s , Report of t h e Central Review Committee of NRC Summer Study on Space Applications, prepared f o r NASA. Study concluded t h a t space appLications program was "too small by a f a c t o r of two o r t h r e e . " Benefits from program were expected t o be large, "cer-bainly l a r g e r than t h e c o s t s of a c h i e h g them. I' However, "an extensive, coherent, and s e l e c t i v e program" would be required t o achieve benefits. Committee recommended t h a t NASA give greater emphasis t o earths a t e l l i t e programs w i t h promise of beneficial applications, cormnit a d d i t i o n a l f'mds t o expanded R&D and prototype operations f o r c e r t a i n applications, and commit $200 m i l l i o n t o $300 million yearly t o space applications program a t l e v e l " i n the best i n t e r e s t of t h e United States. " Manned space programs must be j u s t i f i e d i n t h e i r own r i g h t , not i n terms of space applications; nem-term benefits for mankind would be achieved "more e f f e c t i v e l y and economically with automated devices and vehicles." Noting t h a t in meteorology and communications " s a t e l l i t e s have already entered s o l i d l y i n t o t h e area ofpconomic userulness," report recommended t h a t NASA grant high p r i o r i t y t o development of multichannel d i s t r i b u t i o n system f o r public and private net work TV; multi-channel system f o r educational broadcasts i n developing countries and for s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t groups such a s physicians, lawyers, and educators; and North Atlantic s a t e l l i t e navigation system f o r t r a f f i c control of transoceanic a i r c r a f t and ships. In s a t e l l i t e earth-sensing, report s a i d p r a c t i c a l use l a y " i n t h e near future" but was dependent upon R&D i n sensor signatures--'form of information provided by Fnstrument s It recommended immediate p i l o t program f o r providing bformat ion i n familiar and immediately usable form, exploration i n t o use of sidelooking radar, and' start of 10- t o 12-yr development plan f o r more sophisticated sensors. (!Text;NRC Release; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 2/10/6g, A4 . - �February 10: ApoUo 8 mission ( ~ e c .21-27, 1968) was adjudged successful by' NASA. All objectives of manned circumlunar d s s i o n were attained, as well as four d e t a i l e d t e s t objectives not o r i g i n a l l y planned. (NASA Proj o f f ) . MSFC annouaced it would manage two recently awarded $300,000 six-month contracts, one t o Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. and one t o General Dynamics Corp. f o r conceptual. study of low-cost, manned l o g i s t i c s (space s h u t t l e j system. Similar study contracts awasded t o North American Rockwell Corp. and t o McDonneU Douglas Astronautics Co. would be managed by MSC and LaRC. I n t e g r a l Launch and Re-entry Vehicle (ILRv) s t u d i e s would i n v e s t i g a t e aspects o f reusable t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r post-1974 use i n support of proposed space s t a t i o n s . (MSFC Release 69-33) . MSFC announced $3,288,914 modification t o contract with Boehg Co. f o r continued configuration management support on Saturn V launch vehicle program, including processing of vehicle and ground support equipment configuration changes, configuration accounting, and change I n t e g r a t i o n and tracking. (MSFC Release 69-35} . USA3 contract awards: $4,305,295 fixed-price contract t o Computer Sciences Corp. f o r services and supplies t o develop, i n s t a l l , operate, 'test, and maintain hardware t o improve c a p a b i l i t i e s of space t r a c k i n g equipment ; and $1,600,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $4,200,000 f ixed-price contract t o United Technology Center f o r KSC launch and support services. (DODRelease 102-69; W -3 S J 2/=/69, 17) . DOt rTa nannounced over 35 c i v i l and military a i r c r a f t including C-5A s p o r t and Boeing 747 would be displayed a t U. S. exhibit i n Paris A i r Show May 29-June 8. (DOT Release 1569; W I , NYT, 2/16/69, S25 February U: Initial thermal and vacuum t e s t i n g of f l i g h t model of SERT I1 (space E l e c t r i c Rocket ~ e s) t i n preparation f o r f a U 1969 launch had been completed, LeRC announced. SERT 11, second f l i g h t t e s t h development of ion propulsion f o r space use and f i r s t LeRC o r b i t a l spacecraft, would. be launched from WTR by Thorad-Agena booster i n t o 62l-mi (999.4-km) c i r c u l a r o r b i t t o evaluate i n f l i g h t performance �February l l (continued) of electron-bombardment e n g h e s f o r six months o r more. SERT I had carried f i r s t ion t h r u s t e r t o operate in space on suborbital mission July 20, 1964. ( L ~ R CRelease 69-2) . In Bonn during Exmopeantour, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank b r a a n addressed enthusiastic crowd of 1,500 students and government o f f i c i a l s after film showing on lunar mission in Beethoven H a l l : " I believe t h i s research will teach us t h a t we a r e f i r s t and foremost not Germans o r Russians o r Americans but e a r t h e n . " B o m n met West German Chancellor K u r t Georg Kieshger a t lunch and l a t e r discussed space research with S c i e n t i f i c Affairs Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. He attended evening reception given by West German Air and Space Research I n s t i t u t e . ( ~ a l b e ,B @, 2/12/69) . U. S. S.R. had ordered 100 space pens developed f o r U. S. astronauts and 1,000 special pressurized ink cartridges which enabled pen t o write in weightlessness.accordhg t o pen's inventor, Paul C. Fisher. When he presented models of pen t o Soviet Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov a t German trade f a i r i n 1968, Leonov said Soviet cosmonauts were writing with grease pencils during space fli h t s and incurring d i f f i c u l t y with t h e i r flaking. (UPI, W Post, ;2713/69, 024) February12: Pentagon,sources estimatedU.S.S.R. was spending equivalent of $60 b i l l i o n in 1969 on national defense and space e f f o r t s , while U. S. w a s spending $05.2 b i l l i o n , of which $29 b i l l i o n was f o r Vietnam w a r . Figures left U. S. S. R. $4 b i l l i o n ahead of U. S. jn spending on weapons and space technology. Between 1965 and 1969, Soviet spending on offensive and def gnsive s t r a t e g i c forces increased by 4$ but amount spent on intercontinental missiles and surface-to-air missile defense systems rose by 7%. ( ~ e l l y ,W Star, 2/12/69, ~ 4 ) . Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Naval Research Lab. payload t o ll6.0-mi (187.9-lan) a l t i t u d e t o record photographically 18 EUV spectra of s o l a r photosphere, chromosome, and corona, using SPARCS and f l i g h t design v e r i f i c a t b n unit of Rocket high-resolution spectrograph planned for ATM-A and ATM-B. and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NPSA Rpt SRL) �Pebruary12: D u ~ n gv i s i t t o West Berlin, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Brman drove p a s t U. S S R. ' s w a r memorial near Berlin w a l l and looked across w a l l i n t o East krlin. A t Ternpeaof a i r p o r t Barman t o l d p r e s s , "I was here before [during 1949 BerJin a i r l i f i ] amid many bags of coal. There have been many space advances in t h e l a s t two decades, yet e have so many t r o u b l e s here on earth." (C T r i b , 2/13/69) .. . MSFC announced it had issued $1,182,i25 contract modification t o Chrysler Corp. Space Div. f o r continued systems engineering.and i r t e g r a t i o n on Saturn I3 launch vehicles. (MSSFC Release 69-37) . bSAF F-111A p i l o t e d by Capt . Robert Earl Jobe (UW) and ins-cructor p i l o t Capt. William D. Fuchlow (UW) f a i l e d t o r e t u r n t o N e l l i s AFB, Nev., a f t e r 750-mi t r a i n i n g mission. USAF and C i v i l A i r P a t r o l were searching a r e a between Las V e as, Nev., aad Great Salt Lake. (WI, W S t a r , 2/13/69, 1; AP, W Post, February 13-14: NASA successfully launched one Nike-Tomahawk and s i x Nike-Apache'sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments from NASA Wallops Station,.between 6 : U pm and 6:13 am EST. Rockets e j e c t e d vapor t r a l l s between SO- and 186-mi (81- and 299.3-lun) a l t i t u d e s t o measure wind veloci-t;ies and 'dGec.t;ions. Nike -Tomahawk Launched a t dusk and Nike-Apache launched a t dawn c a r r i e d sodium experiments which created reddish-orange t r a i l s . Other f i v e payloads .consisted of trimethylaluminum - (TMA) experiments which formed pale white clouds. Data were obtained by photographing continuously motions of trails from f i v e ground-based camera s i t e s . Launches were conducted f o r GCA Corp. under GSFC contract. I n conjunction with vapor s e r i e s USA B a l l i s t i c s Laboratory. a t Aberdeen, Md., f i r e d six p r o j e c t i l e s containing cesium experiments t o 330,000-ft a l t i t u d e between 8:07 pm and 6:23 am EST f o r comparative study of winds. Three experiments f a i l e d t o e j e c t chemical; dispersion of cesium from remaining t h r e e p r o j e c t i l e s was recorded by ground-based radar and ionospheric sounding s t a t i o n s . (WS Release 69-5; NASA Release 69-28; NYT, 2/14/69, 41) February13: President N e o n ' s Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, annourzced a t his first Washington press conference t h a t o v e r a l l plan for next decade of U.S. space program would be d r a r t e d a t P r e s i d e n t ' s request by h i s o f f i c e , NASA, NASC, and DOD f o r submission t o President �Febrmary 1 3 (con-cinued) about Sept 1. Charting "new directions, new goals and new .programs f o r t h e entire United s t a t e s Space progr&" was necessary. "Bringing t o t h e benefit of people t h e marvelous space technologies t h a t have been developed i n t h e l a s t decade and c e r t a i n l y o r b i t i n g s a t U t e s for t h e purpose of l e a n i n g more about the earth must be an w o r t a n t element i n our f u t u r e space program," D r . m i d g e said. ''Whole problem" was balance between t h a t enterprise and planetary and lunar exploration and " t h i s i s t h e problem which our group will seek...to bring i n t o perspective as we p r o J e d ahead and consider t h e budget problems t h a t a l s o l i e ahead. " I n answer t o quest ion on White House appointments, Dr. Dugridge s a i d , "We have n o t yet located t h e r i g h t man" f o r e i t h e r Administrator of NASA o r Executive o f f i c e r f o r Space Council. ransc script ; White House Memo; Schmeck, NYT, 2/14/69; W Post, 2/14/69, A3; Randal, W S t a r , 2/14/69, ~ 1 5 ; 8 & , 2 / 1 4 / 6 m Nelson, Science, 2/21/69, . 7 9 T . Winners of 1969 annual Arthur S. Fl-g Awards for 10 outstanding young men in Federal Government were announced and awards were presented i n Mayflower Hotel ceremony in Washington, D. C. ITinners included James J. Kramer, Chief of LeRC Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, who kept s o l i d rocket program "on schedule and within budgeted c o s t s , " and D r . Norman F. Ness, head of E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Physics Branch, GSFC, who made "significant contributions " t o understanding space through Explorer s a t e l l i t e program. D r . Richard E. Hallgren, Director of Commerce Dept.'s wrld weather sxsterns was named f o r "imaginative leadership" i n recognizing and i n t e g r a t in requirements of oceanographers and meteorologists. I' (W S t a r , 2713/69, B6; LeRC Release 69-3; 3/29/69, 6 ) AFJ, . Washhgton Post reported Washington Airlines President Robert Richardson had s a i d f i r s t scheduled STOL air s h u t t l e Fn U.S. had l o s t more than $100,000, cut back operations 4b$, and operated at l e s s than half break-even load f a c t o r during f i r s t four months of service. He a t t r i b u t e d ' most d i f f i c u l t i e s t o start-up problems, including minor equipment shortcomings which had been corrected. A i r l i n e was lowering f a r e s and could, s a i d Richardson, break even in 12-18 mos. ( ~ o ~ r o w s k i w Post, 2/13/69, ~ 9 ) �February 13: A t GSFC, s a t e l l i t e mapping authority D r . John A . . 0 'Keefe was preparing f h s t precise maps of Tibet using photographs taken from 100-mi a l t i t u d e by U.S. astronauts and data obtained between 1890s and 1935 by Swedish explorer Sven Hedin during o w extensive survey of area by outsider. Expeditiorils survey sightings on mountain peaks were being applied t o numerous photographs from space. Revised maps would be published i n Sweden. (Sullivan, hJ5, 2/13/69, 14) . Intelligence briefings t o high DOD o f f i c i a l s had indicated U.S.S.R. missile defense was three-quarters complete and had been slowed in recent months t o improve i t s radar system, s a i d W i U i a m Beecher I n New York Times. Briefings e l s o made i-t; c l e a r t h a t antimissile system around Ltloscow, even when finished, would not a l t e r balance of power between U.S. S. R. and U. S. or undermine U. S. r e t a l i a t o r y power. 2/13/69, 1 ) (m, February 14: ComSatCorp announced broadcasters had booked 40 brs of s a t e l l i t e t i n e f o r TV coverage of President Nixon's b o p e a n t r i p Feb. 23-March 3. More than 1'7 hrs had been requested from abroad t o d a t e f o r coverage of Apollo 9 Feb. 28-March 3. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ o r p Release 69-8; W Star, 2/16/69, ~ 6 ) . In Science Hudson Hoagland, President Emeritus of Worcester Foundat ion f o r Experimental Biology, commented on Condon Report on UFOs released Jan. 9, 1968: "The basic d i f f i c u l t y inherent i n any investigation of phenomena such as those of psychic research o r of UFO's i s that it i s impossible f o r science ever t o prove a universal negative. There w i l l be cases which remain unexplained because of lack of data, lack of r e p e a t a b i l i t y , f a s e reporting, wishful thinking, deluded observers, rumors, Lies, and fraud. A residue of unexplained cases i s not a j u s t i f i c a t i o n for continuing an investigat i o n after overwhelming evidence has disposed of hypotheses of supernomnality, such as beings from outer space o r communications *om the dead.... Science deals with p r o b a b i l i t i e s , and t h e Condon investigation adds massive ad&% i o n a l weight t o t h e already over whelming improbability of v i s i t s b y UFO ' s guided by i n t e l l i g e n t beings. " (science, 2/14/69, 625) �February 14 : In Science, Leonard Mandelbaum examined h i s t o r y of U. S. decision t o adopt Apollo program. "Cautious approach" t o manned space f l i g h t gave way a f t e r impact of April 12, 1961, "Russian spectacular"--flight of Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin--and U.S. Cuban foreign p o l i c y fiasco, Bay of Pigs. "Congress acted without hearing t e s t b o n y of compelling m i l i t a r y need. The Apollo decision was made without reference t o any comprehensive and integrated national policy designed t o maximize t h e use of s c i e n t i f i c and technological resources f o r s o c i a l objectives It was a t y p i c a l Cold War reaction." WeU-integrated policy, Mandelbaum s a i d , "would recognize t h a t s c i e n t i f i c and engineering manpower, including systems analysis capability,. a r e required f o r basic s o c i a l objectives before surplus resources may be allocated t o prestigious o r otherwise marginal projects. The l a t t e r would be e n t i t l e d t o more serious considerat i o n i f t h e cost were minhized by international cooperation,,minimal duplication, and adequate research experience p r i o r t o heavy development outlays. Such a p o l i c y i s impossible within t h e f r w e n t e d framework of f e d e r a l R&D decision-making which has not s u b s t a n t i a l l y changed since 1961. " (science, 2/14/69, 649; g,3/25/69, ~ 2 3 3 0 - 3 ) :... February 15: Project Tektite, multiagency-industry program t o determine c a p a b i l i t y o f men t o perform s a t i s f a c t o r i l y s c i e n t i f i c research mission whUe l i v i n g i s o l a t e d on ocean f l o o r under saturated diving conditions f o r long period, began a t S t . J o h , Virgin Islands. Four U.S. acquanauts, Richard A. Waller, H. Edward Clifton, John G. Van D e m l k e r , and Conrad V. W. Mahnlren jumped i n t o sea at Beehive Cove and swam t o "habitat, " undeswat e r capsule moored 42 ft below sea l e v e l f o r 60-day experiments: Basic h a b i t a t systems were two connected v e r t i c a l cylinders containing wet work area, crew quarters, and engine room connected by bridge which served as laboratory f o r s c i e n t i s t s and control center. Tektite program was j o i n t l y sponsored by USN, NASA, and Dept. of t h e I n t e r i o r , with p a r t i c i p a t i o n by U.S. Coast Guard. Prime contractor, General E l e c t r i c Co., furnished underseas h a b i t a t and a s s i s t e d with planning and' scient if'ic mission coordination. Four I n t e r i o r Dept s c i e n t i s t -acquanaut s would swim from h a b i t a t each day t o measure plankbon a c t i v i t y , t a g spiny l o b s t e r s with miniature sonar beacons t o obsewe migration habits, and study sediment and rock formation. NASA and USN behavioral and biomedical teams would observe acquanauts continuously t o i d e n t i f y psychological and phsyiol o g i c a l r e a c t ions t o long-term mission perf omed in h o s t i l e and i s o l a t e d envbonment common t o undersea and space missions. (NASA OMSF PAO; Laman, W Star, 2/16/69, A3; 2/17/69, A6; Lyons, 2/17/69, 18) . m, �Pope Paul V I received Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Boman and February 15: family f o r 17-min audience i n Papal l i b r a r y . Pope said i n English, "Man's reaching out t o unravel t h e mysteries of t h e universe reveals more and more t h e wonders of God's work and shows f o r t h His glory." Pope Paul sent personal greetings t o Astronaut James W. M c D i v i t t who had audience i n 1967. (UPI,W Star, 2/16/69, C5) February16: USH1s Sealab I11 project, in which five acquanaut teams were t o spend 1 2 days each i n 60-day t e s t of man's a b i l i t y t o work under water f o r long periods, s t a r t e d e a r l y when four of f i r s t team of nine men were dispatched t o r e p a i r helium leak in 57x12-rt "habitat, " 600 ft beneath Pacific Ocean off San Clernente Island, Calif. Remaining f i v e acquanauts were scheduled t o descend i n pressurized personnel-transfer capsules 1 2 hrs l a t e r t o join coUeagues i n performing experiments in marine biology, geology, acoustics, and ecology. If project succeeded, USN would produce prototype system for supporting divers i n protracted salvage and rescue operations a t depths t o 1,000 ft--lower limit of continental shelf. (B -9Sun 2/17/69, ~ 7 ) February 17: Tenth anniversary of Vanguard 71, fifth U.S.-IGY s a t e l l i t e , launched by NASA t o produce cloud-cover images ustwo photocells. Wobbling kad prevented i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of data. ~ a t e l l i twas e ~ s t ill i n o r b i t . (A&A 1915-60; E, 2/17/69, 162) . USN suspended Sealab 111 project when. veteran Acquanaut Berry L Cannon was stricken while he and Acquanaut Robert A. Barth, Jr., were attempting t o open h a b i t a t ' s hatch a f t e r Cannon's second dive t o check gas leaks. He was pronounced dead of "cardiac a r r e s t " i n decompression chamber of mother ship U.S.S. E l k River and body was flown t o San Diego for autopsy. USN said cause of death would have t o be determined before Sealab project could be resumed. F i r s t findings of autopsy revealed Cannon did not d i e of he& attack. USN on Feb. 18 o f f i c i a l l y called off $10-millionproject. Stevens, NYT, 2/14/69, 41; 2/18/69, 1; 2120169, 93; AF, B Sun, 2/17 69, A7; 0%01e, W Post, 2/18/69, A l ; 2/19/69, A3; 2/20/69, A3; AP, Star, 2/18/69, Al- �February 17: President Nixon submitted t o Senate nomination of former N4SA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs a s Under Secretary of Transportation. (m), 2/24/69, 293) 4 - . In Madrid during European goodwjll tour, Apollo 8 Astronaut,Frank Borman placed wreath a t s t a t u e of Columbus and met Cristobal Colon de Carvajal y Mmoto, 17th duke of Veragua and hereditary "admiral of t h e ocean sea, " t i t l e created in 1537 f o r explorer's son, Diego Columbus. (AP, C Trib, 2/18/69) said ground t e s t of F - U had revealed l a r g e crack in t e s t version . USAF of one of a i r c r a f t ' s most c r i t i c a l parts, b e l l y section t o which movable wings were attached. No F - U s would be grounded, aS t e s t d i d not indicate safety hazard t o afrcraf't h service. Crack was not r e l a t e d t o one which was detected Aug. 25, 1w8. USAF said there was no estimate of time it would take t o determine e f f e c t of crack on F-Il1A program. (witkin, W , 2/19/69, 41; UPI, W Post, 2/18/69, ~ 4 AP, ; W S t a r , 2/18/69, A6 1 February 18: Secretary of S t a t e W i l l i a m P. Rogers t o l d Senate Foreign Relations Committee he "hoped1' U. S. -U.S. S . R. missile ta.lks would be underway before it became necessary f o r U. S . t o start deployment of proposed Sentinel ABM system. H e said under nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y U.S. would have obligation t o enter i n t c s t r a t e g i c arms talks with U.S.S.R. and expressed hope such talks could b e g b within six months. ( ~ i n n e y , 2/19/69, 1; Unna, W Post, 2/19/69, ~ 1 4 ) w, . Rep. Charles H. Wilson, (D-calif.) introduced H.R. 7030, b i l l t o encourage worldwide i n t e r e s t i n U.S. developments and accomplishments in m i l i t a r y and r e l a t e d aviation and equipment by authorizing Federal sponsorship of International Aeronautical Exposition 3 n U.S., t o be held not later than 1 9 0 . (T&) . Ln Washington Post review of CONTACT! The Story o f t h e Early Birds by Henry Serrano V i U a r 4 , John Osgood s a i d , " D e s ~ i t et h e technical comple&t i e s of t h e r e c e i t translunar injection,-the mystique of f l i g h t remains u n w i s h e d 65 years af'ter Orville Wright managed his-mere 120 f e e t of powered flight. Wstique o r no, it is s t i l l d i f f i c u l t t o comprehend what drove t h e e u l y aeronauts t o attempt f e a t s which most often won them t h e contempt and r i d i c u l e of t h e i r countrymen. (W Post, 2/18/69, ~ 4 ) �, Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R- la. ) introduced H.R. 465 "providing February 19: f o r t h e establishment of t h e Astronauts Memorial Commission t o construct and e r e c t with m d s a memorial in t h e John F. Kennedy Space Center, F l o r i d a , o r t h e immediate v i c i n i t y , t o honor and commemorate t h e men who ~111129; serve a s a s t r o n a u t s in t h e U. S. space program. " (NASA CR, 2/19/69, IU087) - s, . House passed and returned t o Senate, S. 1'7, bill t o amend Communications S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962 t o provide f o r apportionment of CcrmSatCorp d i r e c t o r s according t o percentages of stock held by public and communications corporations. (CR, 2/19/69, ~1037-4.0;W News, 2/20/69, 45) February 20: 'NASA announced appointment o f D r . Hans M. Mark, Chairman of Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Univ. o f C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkely, as D i r e c t o r of Ames Research Center. He would succeed H. J u i a n m e n , who had announced r e t i r e m e n t Oct. 25, 1968, but had remained as Acting DFrector. D r . Mark, expert in nuclear and atomic physics, was a l s o Reactor Admini s t r a t o r of Univ. ' s Berkeley Research Reactor, research p h y s i c i s t a t Univ. ' s Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and consultant t o USA,and NSF. Clarence A. Syvertson, Dir-ector of Astronautics a-t; ARC, was appointed t o newly c r e a t e d p o s i t i o n of ABC Deputy Director. Both appointments were e f f e c t i v e Feb. 28. Because of p i o r commitments, D r . Mark would spend one-fifth of h i s time at ARC u n t i l July 1969. (NASARelease 69-32; ARC Astropam, 2/24/69, 1) . I n move t o counter Senate pressure against ABM deployment, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird t o l d Senate Foreign Relations Committee U.S. should go forward with S e n t i n e l system i f DOD review found it " p r a c t i c a l " and " e f f e c t i v e , " s i n c e U.S.S.R. was working on " s o p h i s t i c a t e d new ARM system. " Curtailment i n Soviet missile construction durlng past few months, L a i r d said, was due t o %D t e s t i n g on more s o p h i s t i c a t e d system. U.S.S.R. h d been outspending U.S. t h r e e t o one i n missiZe defense and " s u b s t a n t i a l " network around Moscow was halftray complete , (sterne, B Sun, 2/21/69, Al; Unna, W Post, 2/21/69, Al; P h e y , NYT, - 2/2l/69, 1) . . Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Boman and family ended o f f i c i a l goodwill tour of West ern Europe with l e c t u r e and luncheon in Lisbon. During f i n a l European news conference previous day, he had p r e d i c t e d U.S. would put man on moon i n summer 1969 "if everything goes well. " (UPI, W S t a r , 2/20/69, Ae) �February 20: A t annual dinner of Washington Academy of Sciences, GSFC engineer Charles R. Guna received Academy's award f o r "noteworth discovery, accomplishment, or publi&tiont' i n engineering f i e l d for h i s work a s technical d i r e c t o r of Thor-Delta launch vehicle. (GSFC Delta Proj Mgr; AP, W 9-Star 2/21/69, ~10) . First I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Service ,Award, financed by contributions f'rom FAA employees and established in June 1968 by r e t i r i n g FM executive Alfred Hand, w a s presented i n Washington t o Theodore C. Uebel: I n t e r n a t i o n a l Liaison Officer f o r FAA, f o r "out standing accomplishments i n furthering t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e United S t a t e s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l aviation. " (l?URelease 69-17) . Ehgene Luther Vidal,who as Director of Air Commerce of Dept. of Comer (1933-1937) promoted growth of U. S. c i v i l aviation, died a t age 73 i n Palos Verdes, Calif. He had furthered construction of a i r p o r t s and beacons, encouraged private flying and manufacture of small a i r c r a f t , advanced cormnercid aviation, and reorganized Government control of commercial f l i g h t s . Af'ter leaving Commerce Dept. he had established research laboratory near Csmden, N.J., where he developed rocesp f o r m a k i n g airframe parts from molded plywood. (E, 2/2l769, 4 j ) February zL: ApoUo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family returned *om European goodwill tour made on behalf of Fresident Nixon. A t Andrews AFB, Md., Borman t o l d press on arrival t h a t Europeans found it hard t o believe .U S "could spend a l l that money on i t s space program and still make public eveq4h.j-ng we learned. " He said reception had been wniformly friendly, "but they would h e s i t a t e t o ask us questions, because t h e y a s s h e d information about t h e Apollo 8 f l i g h t must be c l a s s i f i e d . " Borman and family reported a t Capitol t o Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of NASC. Borman t o l d press conference he had found ."extreme i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of people in all w a l k s of life i n h o p e w i t h our f l i g h t . They were very w e l l ' i n f o m e d about it and looked on us as representatives 'of Earth. I hope t h a t feeling of comradeship can continue." (AP, W Post, 2/22/69, ~ 2 ) .. ' ... . ComSatCorp reported $6.841 million 1968 net income (68 cents per share) , Improvement had r e s u l t e d primarily-from net operating income of $988,000, which contrasted with 1967 net operating l o s s of $642,000. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 69-10; AP, B 2, 2/22/69, ~ 9 ) up from 1967 net income of $4.638 million (46 cents per share). �February 21: President Nixon approved policy f o r Expanded Use of Federal Re searcb F a c i l i t i e s by University Investigators which directed Federal agencies t o make equipment Js Federal l a b o r a t o r i e s more r e a d i l y available t o q u a l i f i e d university s c i e n t i s t s . (PI), 3/3/69, 304) FAA announced award of $35,426,283 contract t o UNIVAC Federal Systems Div.' of Sperry Rand Corp. f o r automated radar tracking systems (ARTS 111) t o be i n s t a l l e d at more than 60 major U.S. airports. (FAA Release 69-22) February 24-28 : NASA 's Mariner VI (Mariner F) spacecraft was successfully launched *om ETR by Atlas-Centaur (SLV-3~)booster on five-month, 226million-mi, direct-ascent t r a j e c t o r y toward Mars--NASA's f i r s t of two attempts t o conduct Mars'flyby during 1969 launch window. Launch vehicle performance and spacecraft i n j e c t i o n were nominal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur, deployed its four s o l a r panels, locked i t s sensors on sun and s t a r ~ a n o p u s ,and entered cruise mode, where it remained with a l l subsystems performing s a t i s f a c t o r i l y while t r a j e c t o r y was refined. Midcourse maneuver was successrully conducted Feb. 28 t o ensure t h a t spacecraf't would fly within 2,200 m i (3,540.5 km) of Mars July 31. Primary mission obJective was t o conduct equatorial flyby mission f o r exploratory investigations of Mars which would s e t basis f o r f u t u r e experiments , part i c u l a z l y those relevant t o search f o r e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l life A s secondary objective spacecrart would develop technology needed f o r succeeding Mars missions. The 900-lb spacecraft carried six complementary experiments t o provide information about Martian surface and atmosphere. Mission offered first opportunity t o make s c i e n t i f i c measurements on night side of Mars. Two onboard TV cameras w o u l d take p i c t u r e s of Mars d i s c during approach with 15-mi optimum resolwbion and of surface during flyby-with 900-ft optimum resolution. Infrared spectrometer and W spectrameter would probe Mars atmosphere, and occultation experiment would obtain data on atmospheric pressures and d e n s i t i e s . Infrared radiomet& would measure surface temperatures on both l i g h t and dark sides of Mars, and c e l e s t i a l mechanics experiment would u t i l i z e tracking information t o r e f i n e astronomical data. Sharp h c r e a s e in data returns would be achieved over 1964, Mariner missions. Mariner VI TV p i c t u r e s would contain 3.9-million b i t s of i n f o a i o n ; Mariner IV contained 240,000 b i t s in 1965. Mariner V I would transmit . �February 24-28 (continued) d a t a a t r a t e of 270 bps; Mariner IV t r a n s + t t e d 8 1 / 3 bps. Mariner V I was follow-on t o 1964 ~ a r i n e x / ~ a rmissions s and precursor t o 141 o r b i t a l and 1973 landing missions. F i r s t Mars probe, Mariner I11 (launched Nov. 4, 1964), had f a i l e d t o achieve d e s i r e d o r b i t when shroud remained attached t o spacecraft. Mariner IIV (launched Nov. 28, 1964) had transmitted f i r s t close-up photos of Mars i n July 1965. Mariner VII ( ~ a r i n e rG) would be launched March 24. Mariner program was d i r e c t e d by OSSA Lunar and Planetary Programs Div. Project management and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r spacecraft, mission operations, and tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n were assigned t o JPL. Atlas-Centaur launch v e h i c l e was managed 'by LeRC. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-26; W Post, 2/25/69, A7; 2/26/69; Miles, LA Times, 2/25/69; Lannan, W S t a r 2/25/69, A3; g, 2/26/69) -, February 24- arch 3 : F i r s t documented pulsar a c c e l e r a t i o n was discovered in Pulsar PSR 0833-45 i n Vela consteLlation i n southern sQ by JPL radioastronomers Paul Reichley and D r . George S. Downs u s i n g 85-f't dish antenna a t Coldstone, C a l i f . While p u l s a r s normally showed moderate but steady slowing i n ' pulse r a t e Vela ' s r a t e accelerated, then slowed a t s l i g h t l y f a s t e r r a t e than before; during week's observation. Findings i n NASA-sponsored research were confirmed by Parkes Observatory astronomers i n A u s t r a l i a . (JPL Release BB-513, 4/16/69) , February 24: A t S t a t e Dept. meeting of more than 60 DWFJLSAT member nations, U. S. delegat ion chairma? Leonard H. Marks said, "I can t h i n k of no more import;ant s t e p we can take towards reducing world t e n s i o n s than t h a t of broadening communications l i n k s between power nations representing d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l systemsw--as U. S. S. R. and 13 o t h e r observer n a t i o n s l i s t e n e d . I n w r i t t e n memorandum, France had questioned whether strong c e n t r a l i z e d system desired by U. S. could o r should be e s t a b l i s h e d and urged t h a t any new agreement l e a v e p a r t i c i p a t i n g 'countries f r e e t o j o i n o t h e r s a t e U t e systems. (Samuelson, W Post, 2/25/69, ~ 5 ) . Federal Council f o r Science a d Technology t r a n s m i t t e d t o NASA Expanded Use of Federal Research ~ a c ~ i t i by e s University I n v e s t i g a t o r s approved by President N b o n Feb. 2 l . (NASA O f f of Policy Memo, 3/14/69) �February 24: Vice President Spiro T. Agnew t o l d American Management Assn. briefing on oceanography h Washington, D.C., t h a t Nixon Administration was not yet ready t o endorse concept of "a wet NASA1'--marhe-oriented Government agency. As Chairman of National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development he was studying opinions of advocates of such an agency, a s well a s Il] report by Comission on W i n e Science, Engineering and Resources. (Smith, 2/25/69, 53) an. m, 8 Cosmos CCUlVI was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with i apogee, 202-ka (125.5 - m i ) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 72 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered March 5. (GSFC -' SSR 2/28/69; 3/15/69; AP, W Post, 2/26/69) .m . NASA s OSO V (launched Jan. 22) had successfully completed more than 496 earth o r b i t s and had s a t i s f a c t o r i l y operated all spacecrafi systems, including r a s t e r scan and both tape records. Torque c o i l m&-hnize spacecraft p i t c h motions and reduce gas consmption. Primary objectives had been achieved and OSO V had acquired s c i e n t i f i c data from eight onboard experiments. ( ~ P r o off) j had been turned on Jan. 25 t o help . NASA announced selection of 38 s c i e n t i s t s organized i n t o eight teams t o a s s i s t i n design and development of Martian sof't lander f o r 19(3 Viking missions. Teams would p a r t i c i p a t e in early instrument development, d e s i m i n g of sof't lander, and p l d n g of missions. Final s e l e c t ion of investigations and part'icipat ing s c i e n t i s t s f o r both landers and o r b i t e r s making up 143 Viking missions would be made December 1969, when i n i t i a l r e s u l t s of Mariner flybys o f Mars i n summer 1969 would be available. Planetary Programs Directorate would have management r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r Viking Mars 1913 mission; M C had been assigned o v e r a l l project management and d i r e c t responsib i l i t y f o r managing planetary lander portion; JPZ had management r e s p o n s i b j l i t v for oxbit ex spacecraft. (NASA Release 69-31) . County Coroner R. L. Creason i n San Diego, C a l i f . , gave o f f i c i a l cause of Feb. 17 death o f Acquanaut Berry M. Cannon a s "acute hmorrhagic pulmonary edema and congestion due t o acute cardior e s p i r a t o r y - f a i l u r e due. t o ,'carbon dioxide poisoning. " E a r l i e r UST spokesman had acknowledged t h a t one of r i g s used by Cannon �February 25 (continued) a n d colleagues on f a t a l dive contained canister empty of chemical used t o absorb carbon dioxide *om acquanautsl a i r supply and a l s o t h a t C w o n "was not i n contact. " USN opened formal inquiry i n t o death Feb. 26. (AP, W S t a r , 2/20/69, A 3 ; 2/21/69, A15; 2/25/69, AT; UPI, NYT, - 2/25/69, 28; UPI, W Post, 2/25/69, ~ 7 ) . USAF and Lockheed Georgia Co. j o i n t l y announced six-month delay in C-5A product ion schedule a t t r i b u t e d t o labor s t r i k e s and material shortages caused by Vietnam War. F i r s t a i r c r a f i would be delivered t o U W i n December r a t h e r than June. Announcement followed successful test f l i g h t during w h i c h 250-ton a i r c r a f t reached complete stop on 1,500 ft of runway--$ distance required by converrtional 85-ton , 2/26/69; AP, W Post, 2/27/69, Al8) a i r l i n e r s . ( ~ i n d s e ~NYT, . FAA arnounced it had amended its Dec. 3 r u l e intended t o ease congestion a t f i v e of Nationt s busiest a i r p o r t s . Amendments provided f o r e x t r a sections of scheduled air c a r r i e r f l i g h t s without regard t o established quotas a t all a i r p o r t s except John F. Kennedy, increase i n f l i g h t quotas a t Kennedy between 5:00 pm and 8 : 0 0 pm t o accommodate scheduled air taxis and other general aviation aircraft;, and e f f e c t i v e date of June 1 instead of A p r i l 27 and tezhination date of Dec. 31. (FAA Release 69-23) . Senate Foreign Relations . C a n m i t t ee recommended U. S r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y and said it would send t r e a t y t o Senate f l o o r f o r action by March 6 . (W Post, 2/26/69, ~ 5 ) February 26 : N A d successfully launched ESSA IX (TOS-G) ninth meteorol o g i c a l s a t e u i t e i n ESSA s T i m s Operational Sat e U i t e (TOS) system *om ETR by two-stage Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor ( ~ ~ ~ ) - ~ e booster. PrFmary NASA mission objective was t o place and operate spacecraf't iLn sun-synchronous o r b i t with l o c a l equator crossing time between 2:15 pm and 2:35 pm so t h a t daily advanced videcon camera system (AVCS) p i c t u r e s of e n t i r e globe could be obtained r e g u l a r l y and dependably. S a t e U t e achieved nearly polar, sunsynchronous, c i r c u l a r o r b i t w i t h 935.2-mi (1,505 -h) apo ee , 888.6 -mi (1,430-lcm) perigee, U5.2-min period, and 101.88 inclination. An advanced version of cartwheel configuration, 3.20-lb cylind r i c a l ESSA IX c a r r i e d f l a t p l a t e radiometer t o measure atmosphere's �February 26 (continued) heat balance and two AVCS cameras f o r d a i l y global weather coverage. Photos would be stored on board s a t e l l i t e onPmagnetic t a p e u n t i l readout by ESSAts Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) s t a t i o n s a t Fakbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Va. S a t e l l i t e was backup t o ensure full coverage a f t e r f a i l u r e of one AVCS camera onboard ESSA V I I (launched Aug. 16, 1968) and would be primary stored-data s a t e l l i t e in TOS system. Spacecraft underwent o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver t o place it in wheel mode and spin r a t e was adjusted. Only agomaly w a s TO rpm spin r a t e ( r a t h e r than expected 10 rpm) a f t e r spacecraft spin-down. ESSA financed and managed TOS system and would operate spacecraft af'ter NASA completed checkout l a t e r i n month. GSFC was responsible f o r procurement, launch, and initial checkout of spacecraft in o r b i t . (NASA Proj Off; ESSA Release ES-69-9; W S t a r , 2/26/69; SBD, 2/27/69, 212; UPI, W Post, 2/27/69) - . U.parameters: S. S. R. launched Cosmos C C U N I I f'rom Baikonur Cosmodrome. apogee, Orbital 331 l a (205.7 m i ) perigee, 202 h (126.5 m i ) ; period, 89.8 min; and inclination, 65'. S a t e l l i t e reentered March 6. (GSC e,2/28/69; 3/15/69; F,2/27/69, 212; C Trib, 2 / 3 / 6 9 ) . L generating e R C announced it had completed assembly of Brayton Cycle space power system, which appeared promising as source of e l e c t r i c a l power f o r s p a c e . f l i g h t s up t o f i v e years long. Self-supporting, closed-loop system operated when mixture of helium and xenon was heated t o 1 , 6 0 0 ' ~ and c i r c u l a t e d t o drive turbine. Turbine operated alternator providing e l e c t r i c power and compressor which helped c i r c u l a t e gas through system. Cycle would undergo t e s t s i n simulated space environment i n summer. ( L ~ R CRelease 68-9) . Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced President Nixon had nominated John K. Shaffer, Vice President of TRW, k c . , as Federal Aviation Administrator. Shaffer would replace ActFng FAA Admtnistrator, David D. Thomas, who would remain a s Deputy Administrator. (DOT Release 2469; W I , NYT, 2/27/69, 73; Kllpatrick, W Post, 2/27/69, AB) - �MSFC announced it had extended contract with Mason-Rust f o r February 26: continued support services at Michoud Assembly Facility f o r s i x months. (MSFCRelease 69-46) Contract modification amounted t o $3,786,203. February 27 : White House announced President Nixon had e s t a b l i s h e d i n t e r departmental ad hoc cormittee t o review SST program's technology, comercial p o t e n t i a l , schedule and c o s t s , and environmental. s i d e - e f f e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y sonic boom phenomenon. Under Secretary o f Transportat ion J m e s M. Beggs was designated chairman of 11-member committee, which a l s o included Science Adviser, D r . Lee A. DuBridge; Secretary of t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. ; and .NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Charles W. Itarper. (E, 3 / 3 / 6 9 , 323-30; AJ?, W Post, 2/28/69, A5; W Star, 2/28/69, A3; Miller, B -Sun 9 2/28/69, - , Commemorative stamp t o be issued May 5 i n honor of Dec. 21-27, 1968 Apollo 8 mission would include phrase "In t h e beginning Cod. " on ?hoto of earth as seen Prom moon, taken by Apollo 8 crew. Post- .. master General Winton M. Blount said phrase, read from Genesis by Astronaut William A. Anders during lunar o r b i t Christmas Ebe 1968, would be included in response t o many requests. Stanrp would be first U.S. stamp with r e l i g i o u s wording. since 1961. (UPI, W Post, 2/28/69) , FRC announced award t o Serv-Air Inc. of one-year,cost-plus-award-fee contract f o r administrative t e c h n i c a l support services. Contract, e s t h a t e d at $750,000 per year, included provision f o r two one-year extensions. (FRC Release 7 -69) NASA and B r i t i s h Science Research Council (SRC) had agreed Pebruarv 28: t o conduct cooperative p r o j e c t t o launch f o u r t h h i e l s a t e l l i t e , NASA announced. A r i e l IV would be launched by Scout booster fsom WTR i n l a t e lgl o r e a r l y 1972 carrying one U.S. md four U.K. experiments t o explore i n t e r a c t i o n s among plasma-charged p a r t i c l e streams and e l e c t r o magnetic waves i n upper atmosphere. SRC would be responsible f o r spacecraft design, f a b r i c a t ion, and t e s t i n g ; NASA would provide Scout launch vehicle. Both agencies would p a r t i c i p a t e i n t r a c k i n g , d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n , and d a t a reduct ion. (NASA Release 69-35) Tenth anniversary of DOD's 1,450-lb Discoverer I satellite successfWly launched into p o l a r orbit by Thor-Agena booster. Tracking a c q u i s i t i o n was hampered by s t a b i l i z a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s �February 28 ( continued) and s a t e l l i t e reentered i n e a r l y March 1959. Agena- launch vehicle- -most widely used booster i n U. S. --had completed more than 250 successf'ul f l i g h t s i n DOD and PWA operat i o n s since i t s f k s t mission Feb. 28, 1958, and had carried firsb spacecraft t o achieve c i r c u l a r o r b i t , f i r s t t o be controlled i n o r b i t by ground command, and f i r s t propelled f'rom one o r b i t t o another. It had been continually updated and used a s v e r s a t i l e , multipurpose vehicle. (A&A 1915-60; Space Propulsion, 2/28/69, 199; S 3 2/17/69, 162) . LaRC issued RFPs for design and f i n a n c i a l proposals f o r planetary . lander and project i n t e g r a t i o n portions of XASA ' s .Viking project Viking spacecraft--consisting of lander and orbiter--were t o be procured f o r t w o planned flights t o Mars t o seakch f o r s c i e n t i f i c d a t a i n 1973. (NASA Release 69-36; SBD, 2/25/69, 196) - . NASA announced it would negotiate with North American RockweU Corp. f o r modifications t o four Apollo spacecraft f o r ApoUo Applications program. Com3ined value of spacecraft and modifications was estimated a t $340 million. (NASA -Release 69-84) . I byn Science, Bryce Nelson reviewed Science Policy i n the USSR, sponsored Directorate f o r S c i e n t i f i c Affairs of Organization f o r Economic Co-operation and Development (oE(=D). It indicated, he said, t h a t Soviet s c i e n t i s t s and p o l i t i c a l leaders "need t o spend considerable time thinking about how t o correct imbalances i n t h e i r R&D system. Section on science and industry, by R. Amman, M. 5 . B e r r y , and R. W. Davies of Univ. of Birmingham, concluded U. S. S. R. had succeeded outstandingly i n aviation rocketry, space exploration, atomic energy, machine t o o l s , and i r o n and s t e e l technology but i t s R&D system seemed sluggish. Main bottleneck was r e l a t i v e u n a v a i l a b i l i t y of t e s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r manufacturing a d proving prototypes. C e n t r a l planning system i n U. S. S. 8. reinforced separation between R&D e s t a b l i s h ments and industry and contributed t o reluctance of f a c t o r i e s t o innovate. Increasing use of contract system, with .industries placing g r o w number of T&D contracts with i n s t i t u t i o n s of higher learning, was h e l p i r g bridge gap between research centers and industry. (science, 2/28/69, 91'7-8) �I n Astronautics & Aeronautics e d i t o r i a l , w r i t t e n j u s t During February: before h i s appointment as Secretary of A i r Force, incoming A I M President, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. said, "I believe t h a t t o o d e r stand adequately the challenges t h a t confront those of us i n aeron a u t i c a l and aerospace a c t i v i t i e s , we must take a s our perspective the comnitments t h a t challenge the nation as a whole. President Eisenhower, President Kennedy, and President Johnson, each i n h i s own way, had a major impact on aeronautics and astronautics. And f o r each, his support of aerospace e f f o r t s was a function of his b e l i e f that such efforts were instrumental f n t h e accomplishmerrt of n a t i o n a l goals. In t h e hture, a s i n t h e p a s t , governmentd support of aerospace w i l l be based l a r g e l y on i t s demonstrated relevance t o t h e needs of the nation." 2/69, 26-11 , (A&A, �PROVISIONAL rnEx-FmFlUARY Aberdeen, Md., 62 See A n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. Accident, a i r c r a f t , 52 Advanced videcon camera system (AVCS ) 73-74 Aerobee 150 (sounding rocket), 6 1 Aerobee 150 M I , 48, 52, 55 Aeronautics, 49, 57, 67, 76, 7 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T. 69, 7 2 AIM. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics a d ~stronahtics A i r Force Museum, 49 A i r p o u u t i o n , 47 Air t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 47, 55 A i r Traffic C o n t r o l l e r s Organization, 55 Aircraft, 48-50, 52, 57, 58, 60 A i r U n e s , 52, 63 A i r p o r t s , 55, 69, 70, 73 Allen, H. Julian, 68 American Assn. of SchoolAdministra.tors, 58 American I n s t i t u t e of ~ e r o n a u t i c sand Astronautics (AIM), 7'7 American Management Assn., 7 2 American Physical Society 51 Arnes Re search Center (ARC 68 A=, R., 76 Anders, L/C W j l l i a m A. (USAI?), 75 Anniversary, 66, 75-76 Antenna, 56 Antiballistic m i s s i l e (AM) svstem. 50, 51, 54, 59, 64, 68 ApoUo (program), 47, 65 Apollo ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 54, 57, 7 G A P O ~ O8 f u g h t , 47, 49, 58, 60, 69, 75 Apollo 9 flight, 64' Apollo Applications (AA) program, 47, 56, 76 Applied Physics Laboratory (~ohnsHopkins Univ.), 47 Aquanaut, '65, 66, 72-73 ARC. See Ames Research Center. A r i e l IV (u. K. s a t e l l i t e ) 75 Astronaut, 40, 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, ,, 66-68, 75 Astronauts Memorial Conmission, 68 Astronomy, 53, 70, 71 A t l a n t i c City, N. J., 58 Atlas-Cent aur (SLV-3~)(booster) 70 ABM. , , I, , , �FEBRUARY 1969 Atmosphere, 48, 52 A t m i c Energy Commission (uc), 53, 54 Atoms f o r Peace program, 52 AustraJia, 54 Automated radar t r a c k i n g systems (ARTS), 70 Award, 4-8, 58, 63, 69 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 74 Barth, Robert A., Jr., 66 Baudouin I,-King of Belgium, 58 Beechex, ~illiam,-'64 Beggs, James M. , 67, 75 Belgium, 48, 58 BeUcomm, LC. , 48 Berlin, West, 48, 62 Berry, M. J . , 76 Birmingham, U n i v . o f , 76 Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 75 Boeing Co. , 5'7 Boeing 747 (jet -.t r a n s p o r t ) , 57 60 Bonn, W. &many, 48, 6 1 Borman, Col. Frank (uw), 50 goodwill t&, 48, 52, 58, 61, 6,2, 66-69 Brayton Cycle (space power generator), 74 Brussels, Belgium, 48, 58 C-5A (military cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 60, 73 California, Univ. of, 53 Berkeley ~ e i t .of Nuclear Engineering, 68 Cambridge Univ., 53 Camden, N . J . , 69 Camera, 70, 73-74 Cannon, Berry L., 66, 72-73 Canopus ( s t a r ) , 70 Cape Keraudren, ~ u s t r a l i a ,54 cbicago, m., 55 China, Communist, 54 , Chrysler Corp. Space Div., 62 Churchill Research Range, C i v i l Air P a t r o l , 62 Clarke, ArtW C. 49 Clifion, H. Edward, 65 48, 52 , (ii) �FEBRUARY 1969 Colon de Carvajal y Maroto, Cristobal, 67 Columbus, Diego, 67 Commerce, Dept. of, 63 Cormnission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, (2 Communications satellite, 47, 50, 56, 69 Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 68 Communications Satellite Corp. (~om~at~orp), 50, 64, 68, s, Computer Sciences Corp., 60 Condon, Dr. Edward U., 64 Congress, 65 Congress, House of Representatives b u s introduced, 67, 68 bills passed, 68 Conrmittee on.b e d Services, 50 Committee on Interstate and Foreign Comerce, 52 Congress, Senate, 55, 73 Committee on Foreign Relations, 68, 73 Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 53 CONTACT! The Story of the Early ~irds,6 ' Cosmonaut, 50, 52, 61 Cosmos CCIXV (u.S . S.R. satellite), 55 cosmos CWI, 72 Cosmos CCLXVII, 74 Crab Nebula, 53 Creason, R. L., 7 2 Crowley, Mrs. Peggy, 58 Cuba, 65 Davies, R. W., 76 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 50, 53, 54, 56, 75-76 De GauUe, President Charles (F'rance) , 52 Dewart, Prof. Leslie, 49 Discoverer I (satellite), 75-76 DOT. See Transportation, Dept of. Downs, Dr. George S., 7 1 m i d g e , Dr. Lee A., 53, 55, 62-63 Earth resources, 47 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 56, 70 Edwards AFB, Calif. 49 Eiffel Tower, 52 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 59, 77 Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 48 . , (iii) �, Environmental Science Services Administrat ion (ESU) 74 ESSA IX (ToS-G) (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 73-74 Expanded Use of Federal Research F a c i l i t i e s by University I n v e s t i g a t o r s , 70, 71 Explorer (program), 63 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e 70 F-8 ( f i g h t e r aircraft 57 F-l4A. (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 50 F-U3-A (supersonic fighterj, 62, 67 F-U.33, 62 Fabiola, Queen of Belgium, 58 Fairbanks, Alaska, 74 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 55, 58, 7 3 , 74 Federal. Couricil f o r Science and Technolow, 71 F i s h e r , Paul C . , 6 1 F l e m i n g , A r t k S . , Awards 63 F l i g h t Research Center ( F R C ~ (NASA), 57, 75 France, 48, 71 FRC. See Flight Research Center. Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 68 Fuchlow, Capt William D. (USAF) 62 Gagarin, Col. Y u r i A. (u.s.s.R..), 52, 65 General a v i a t i o n , 52, 73 General mamics Corp., 60 General E l e c t r i c Co., 65 Germany, west, 48, 61, 62 Gill, C. James, 48 Glenn, Col. John H. Jr. (USMC,Ret ), 55 Glendale, Ariz., 50 GCA Corp., 62 Goddasd Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 47, 64, 74 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Fhysics Rranch, 64 Golden Key Award, 58 Goldstone, C a l i f . , 71 Great S a l t Lake, 6 2 Green, D r . Robert L., 58 Grumman Aircraft Engineer* Corp., 50, f l Gunn, Charles R . , 69 The Hague, Netherlands, 48 Hallgren, D r . Richard E . , 63 Hand, Alfred, 69 Hedin, Sven, 64 Hoagland, Hudson, 64 j, . , , . �FEBRUARY 1969 Housing and U r b a n Development, Dept. of (HUD), 53 HuwwT, 58 Uyh, L t . ( u . S . S . R . ) , 50 I n t e g r a l Launch and Re-entry Vehicle (ILFW), 60 INTELSAT. See International Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium. ink elsat-I11 F-1 (comunicat ions s a t e l l i t e ) , 5 1 Intelsat-111 F-2, 5 1 Lntelsat-I11 F-3, 50-51 I n t e r i o r Dept , 65 3 3 % e r m t i o n d Aeronautical Exposit ion, 67 International Aviation Service Award (FAA), 69 International cooperation, space, 49, 52, 54, 56, 65, International Telecommunications Sat e U i t e Consortium Ion propulsion, 60-61 Italy, 48 Jet Propulsion La-mratory (JPL (Cal Tech), 71, 7 2 Jobe, Capt Robert Earle (US&? , 62 Johns Hopkins Univ., 47, 55, 58 Johnson, Presiderrt Lyndon B., 51, 77 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Kennedy, President John.F., 49, 56, 77 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (NASA), 60,: 68 Key Biscayne, Fla., 56 Kiesinger, Chancellor' K u r t G. (w. ~ermany) , 61 Kramer, James J., 63 ~remlin,50 Laboratories, 70 Laird, Secretary of .Defense Melvin R., 50, 68 Langley Reseasch Center ( L W ) (NMA), .57, 76 Lannan, John, 5 1 Lapp, D r . Ralph E. , 47 Las Vegas, N w . , 62 Laser, 47 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 68 Leonov, L/C Aleksey (u.s.s.R. j, 61 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C(NASA), ) 60, 74 Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, 63 Lick Observatory, C a l i f . , 53 Li'sbon, Portugal, 48, 68 Lockheed Georgia Co. 73 Lockheed MissFLes 8: Space Co. , 60 London, U. K. 48 . ! . , , , �FEBRUARY 1969 Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Tbor ( L T T A T ) - D ~ (booster), ~~~ 50, Lunar module (m), 54, 57 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USAF), 66 McDowell, James, 48 Madrid, Spain, 48, 67 Mahnken, Conrad V. W., 65 Mandelbaum, Leonard, 65 Manned space f l i g h t , 47-49, 57 59, 60, 65 Manned Spaceflight Center ( M S C ~(NASA), 60 Mariner (program), 71 Mariner 111 (Mars probe Mariner IV, 70, 7 1 Mariner V I (Maziner F) probe), 70-71 Mariner V I I (Mariner G) Mark, D r . Hans M. 68 Marks, Leonard H . , 71 Mars (planet), 70, 72, 76 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC) (NASA), 60, 62, 75 Mas on-Rust Co 7 5 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (a) 51 , Materials technology, 5.8 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 56, 59, 73-74 Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 75 Miller, D r . Joseph S . , 53 Minnesota, Univ. o f h s t i t u t e of Technology, 48, 52 Missile, 50, 54, 59, 61 MIT. See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. Moon exploration o f , 60, 61, 63, 75 landing manned 47, 55, 57, 58, 68 Moscow (u.s.s.R.~, 64 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. Muscat and Oman (sultanate), 58 NASA O f f i c e of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) Lunar and Planetmy Programs Div., 71 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 59 National Aeronautic s and Space Admini s t r a t ion (NASA) , ., ' achievements, 49 anniversaxy, 66 award, 48, 58, 60, 63, 6 9 73 �National Aeronautics and Space Administration (continued) c o n t r a c t , 48, 54, 57, 60, 62, 75, 76 cooperation, 56, 62, 65, 75 cooperat ion, i n t e r n a t i o n a l 48, 5 2, 75 launch probe, 70-71 s a t e U t e , 50-51, 73-74 sounding rocket, 48, 52, 55, 61, 62 personnel, 53, 58, 68 Pro Qrm aeronautics, 49, 57 APOUO, 47, 65 Apolro Applications, 47, 56, 59, 7 6 p l a n e t a r y , 47-48, 72 , Viking, 72, 76 t e s t , 57, 60-61 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NAsc) , 49, 63, 69 National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 72 National Research Council (NRC) Div. o f Engineering, 59 National Science F o u n d a t ' i o n . ( ~ ~ 51, ~ ) , 68 Nat-ional Society of Professional Engineers, 4-7 National Transportation S a f e t y Board, 52 Navigation s a t e l l i t e , 47, 59 N e l l i s AJ?B, Nev'. , 62 Nelson, Bryce, 76 Ness, D r . Norman F., 63 New York, N.Y., 51, 55 Nike-Apache ( sounding rocket ) 6 2 Nike -Tomahawk (sounding rocket ) ' 6 2 Nixon, President Richard M., 52, 58, 64, .72 a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e , 50, 59 science, 51, 70, 71 space program, 54, 56 supersonic t r a n s p o r t , 55, 75 North American Rockwell Corp., 60, 76 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 52, 67, 73 Nuclear power, 47 Oceanography, 6 3 , 65, 66 OtConnell, Joseph J., Jr., 52 Office of Science and Technology (Rresident's), 53, 55 , , �FEBRUARY 1969 OIKeefe, D r . John A . , 64 Organization f o r Economlc Co-Operat ion and Development (OECD ) D i r e c t o r a t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c Affairs, 76 Osgood, John, 67 OSO V ( o r b i t i n g Solar observatory), 72 0 'Toole, Thom,as 57 P a c i f i c Ocean, 66 Palne Field, Wash., 57' P a h e , D r . Thomas O., 58 Palos Verdes, C a l i f . , 69 P a r i s Air Show, 60 Paris, France, 48, 52 Paul VI, Pope, 66 Portugal, 48 P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory Committee, 53 Press comment a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system 59 Press conference,' 52, 54, 62-63, 68, 69 Probe, 53, 70-71 P r o j e c t Tekbite, 65 Pulsar, 5 3 , 71 , Rabi, Dr. I. ., , Radar, 59, 63, 7' . Radiotelescope, 53 R e i c h l e ~ , Paul, 71 Research and development, 51, 53, 76 Richardson, Robert, 63 Rivers, Rep. L. Mendel, 50 Roberts, W a l t e r O r r , 55 Rogers, Secretary of S t a t e William P, 67 Romania, 58 R o y a l Crown Cola I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 55 Royal Society of S c i e n t i s t s , 48 St. J o b , Virgin Islands, 65 St. Louis County Mo San Antonio, Tex., 4.7 S m Clemente I s l a n d , Calif., 66 San Diego, Calif. 7 2 Saturn 13 (uprated Saturn I ) ( b o s t e r ) , 62 Saturn V ( b o o s t e r ) , 60 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M.., Jr. (USN), 58 Science, 51, 53 , , . , �FEBRUARY 1969 Science Policy i n the USSR, 76 Science Research Council (SRC) (u. K. ) , 75 Scientists, 51 Scowt ( b o o s t e r ) , 75 Sealab 111, 66 Seamans, Secretary of the A i r Force Robert C., Jr., 7 S e a t t l e , Wash. 57 S e n t i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 50, 54, 59, 68 SERT I (space E l e c t r i c Rocket T e s t ) , 6 1 SEW XI, 60-61 Serv-Air, Inc., 75 Shabad, Theodore, 50 Shaffer, John H., 74 S h i v e r , Ambassador R. Sargent, Jr 52 Snow, Lord Charles (c. P. ), 49 Sonic boom, 75 Sounding m c k e t , 48, 52, 55, 61, 62 Space, military use of, 56 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 47-48, 54, 56, 62-63, 65, 68, 69, 7 ' 7' Space r e s u l t s , 47, 49, 59, 6 3 Space s t a t i o n , 60 Spain, 48 Spectrometer, 48, 52, 70 Sperry Rand Coxp., 53 Sperry Gyroscope Div., 53 UKITAC Federal Systems Div., 70 Stamp, commemorative, 58, 75 S t a r , 53, 70 S t a r Tracking Rocket A t t i t u d e Positioning (STRAT) system, 55 S t a t e Dept., 54 STOL a i r c r a f i , 63 Stoltenberg, Minister f o r S c i e n t i f i c A f f a i r s Gerhard (K ~ e r m a n y ) , 6 1 , ., Sun, 48, 6 1 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 55, 75 Sweden, 64 Syvertson, Clarence A . , 68 Taccomsat I ical Cormmicat ions s a t e l l i t e ) Television, 51, 59, 64, 70 Thomas, David D. 74 Thor-Delta (booster), 69 Thorad-Agena (booster ) 60, 75 a act , , , 56 �FEBRUARY 1969 Tibet, 64 T i r o s Operational S a t e l l i t e (TOS) system, 73-74 Titan 111-C (booster), 56 Tracking, 47, 60, 70, 75 Transportation, Dept. of (DOT), 55, 60, 67, 74 Trhethylaluminum (TMA) exper b e n t 62 TRW, Inc., 74 Tyle, Sir M a r t i n , 53 Uebel, Theodore C. 69 Unidentified f l y i n g obj e c t (UFO), 64 Union of Concerned S c i e n t i s t s , 51 United Aircraft Corp. P r a t t & Whitney Div., 50 United Kingdom ('u.K. ) 48, 75 House of Commons, 48 United Technology Center 60 Urdversities, 51, 70, 71 University Corp. f o r Atmospheric Research, 55 U. S. A i r Force (w) a i r c r a f t , 48, 49, 60, 62, 67, 73 c o n t r a c t , 60 U. S. Army 'BaUistics Laboratory, 62 U.S. Coast Guard, 65 U . S . Navy (urn), 47, 50, 57, 65, 66, 72-73 U.S.S. E l k River, 66 U.S.S.R=O~ Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,50, 62 budget, 61 cooperation, space, 52, 71 launch sat e l l i t e , , , , cosmos, 5 5 , 72, 74 missile and rocket program, 54, 64, 67, 60 nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 52 probe, 53 science and technology, 76 space program, 6 1 weapons, 6 1 Van Derwalker, John G. 65 Van ard I1 (satellitej, 66 h e l l a t i o n ) , 71 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 55 Venus V (u.s. S.R. Venus pobe), 53 �FEBRUARY 1969 Venus VI, 53 Vidal, Eugene Luther, 69 Vietnam War, 61 73 Viking ( P r o ~ r a n j ,72, 7 6 V i l l a r d , Henry Serrano, 67 Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John A., 55, 74 Waddell, Jack, 57 Waller, Richard A., 65 Wallops Station (NASA), 62, 74 Wampler, Dr. E. Joseph, 53 Washington Academy of Sciences, 69 Washington A i r l h e s , 63 Washington, D. C. 5 5 , 63, 69, 7 2 Weapon systems, 52, 53 Webb, James E., 53 Weightlessness, 61 Welsh, Dr. Edward C., 49 West German A i r and Space Research Institute, 61 Western Test Range (wR),60, 75 Whit comb, Dr. Richard T., 57 White House, 54, 62 White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. Mex. , 55, 61 Wilson, Rep. Chaxles H. 67 Wilson, Prime Minister Harold, 48 Wing, aircraft, 57 Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, 64 Wright, O r v i l l e , 67 Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 49 WSMII. See White Sands Missile Range. XB-70 (supersonic research aircrart) , 49 , , GPO 8 7 8 0 3 s �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000123 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics February 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-02-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 23 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18073