108 20 8239 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10878/Liquhydr_110110140123.pdf a3a41e72af2bd4dc1311e88a6598689b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Liquhydr_110110140123.pdf spc_stnv_000404 Title A name given to the resource "Liquid Hydrogen." Description An account of the resource Review detailing the use of liquid hydrogen in Saturn rockets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-05-23 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Liquid hydrogen Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Saturn S-IV engines. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000400_000424 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10725/newsreleaseliqhydrog_041207113432.pdf a4e7fd99fdc6931a87d2a6edcfa70b4e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context newsreleaseliqhydrog_041207113432.pdf spc_stnv_000550 Title A name given to the resource "News release : Liquid Hydrogen." Description An account of the resource Press release covering the nature and use of liquid hydrogen Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-05-23 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Liquid hydrogen Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Press Releases Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000550_000574 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/11029/douairnewreldisintgroqualtesprofrosIVsta_041107131816.pdf bd52a42d30528b2ac04804b237f3a84b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context douairnewreldisintgroqualtesprofrosIVsta.pdf spc_stnv_000258 Title A name given to the resource Douglas Aircraft news release. Description An account of the resource ABSTRACT: Discusses intensive ground qualification testing program for S-IV stage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-09-25 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Saturn launch vehicles--Testing Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Press Releases Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000250_000274 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/11030/dougairnewsrel_071107103358.pdf f1454b271274d8fe293f623505a3f774 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context dougairnewsrel.pdf spc_stnv_000259 Title A name given to the resource Douglas Aircraft news release. Description An account of the resource ABSTRACT: Discusses intensive ground qualification testing program for S-IV stage. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-09-25 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Saturn S-4 stage Saturn launch vehicles--Testing Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Press Releases Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000250_000274 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/2345/spc_stnv_000117.pdf 51a201750a9890d8cac13ae810163818 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Asecolookatmanmachandautotestoper_111607151040.pdf spc_stnv_000117 Title A name given to the resource "A Second Look at Man, Machine, and Automatic Test Operations." Description An account of the resource A summary found following the errata page reads: "This paper presents a second look at the subject of the man-machine relationship in automatic test operations. 'Man, Machine, and Automatic Test Operations' was presented by the writer at Battelle Memorial Institute in November of 1963...It is the purpose of this second look at the man-machine interface to pinpoint those concepts which have proven their worth with time and those concepts which have proven to be weak, and as a result modified with time." This paper was prepared by George F. Meister, Jr. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Missile and Space Systems Division. Meister, George F., Jr. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-11-09 Subject The topic of the resource Automatic test equipment Human-computer interface Human-machine systems Launch vehicles (Astronautics) Saturn Project (U.S.) Huntington Beach (Calif.) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 19, Folder 33 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000075_000118 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="%E2%80%9Dhttp%3A//libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17554%E2%80%9D">View this item record in ArchivesSpace</a> Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Douglas Paper No. 3941 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Still Image https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10691/presrelsacrcaloct4_041207114716.pdf 2b355167cd1c0472d1af3da2f11687cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context presrelsacrcaloct4_041207114716.pdf spc_stnv_000613 Title A name given to the resource "Douglas Aircraft Company Press release." Description An account of the resource Press release covering the static firing of the S-IV rocket for a full seven minutes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Saturn S-4 stage RL-10 engines Saturn launch vehicles--Testing Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Press Releases Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Letter to Mr. David L. Christensen. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000600_000624 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10280/thethorhis.pdf 6d79fc6a4422cc33f30a8dec134415e6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Thorhist.pdf spc_stnv_000909 Title A name given to the resource The History of Thor. Description An account of the resource This history is intended as a quick orientation source and as a ready-reference for review of the Thor and its systems. The report briefly states the development of Thor, summarizes and chronicles Thor missile and booster launchings, provides illustrations and descriptions of the vehicle systems, relates their genealogy, explains some of the performance capabilities of the Thor and Thor-based vehicles used, and focuses attention to the exploration of space by Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Launch vehicles History Thor Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 8, Folder 28 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000900_000924 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17325 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10398/Sixengiclusof_102110102741.pdf 1b903f24ca33d669815ff9c3e2b199b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Sixengiclusof_102110102741.pdf spc_stnv_000804 Title A name given to the resource "Six-engine cluster of the Saturn S-IV rocket." Description An account of the resource A press-release detailing the successfuly firing and the specfic launching information of the Saturn I-V rocket-launch. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-10-04 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Rocket engines Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Press Releases Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Saturn S-IV engines Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000800_000824 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14409/001.pdf 57c118af0b27289322b6f8f251bd3c0e PDF Text Text NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas CONTRACT NAS2-11725 OCTOBER 1986 fVJASA ��SK (.58 NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Huntington Beach, California Prepared for Ames Research Center under Contract NAS2-11723 fUASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1986 ��CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION METHOD MECHANICS SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY GENERAL FINDINGS ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS APPENDIX A APPENDIX B ��SUMMARY Ten former NASA astronauts were Interviewed t o provide Information f o r use In planning f u t u r e space f l i g h t missions. Although no s t a t i s t i c a l analysis of t h e material was performed, t h e responses do provide Insight Into numerous aspects of space f l i g h t . Including psychological aspects, t r a i n i n g , command s t r u c t u r e , health and comfort, physical aspects, and many o t h e r s . The responses by t h e Astronauts t o t h e questions a r e presented together with coRTients by t h e researcher, himself a physician with long experience with the space program. Additionally, spontaneous matters t h a t came up 1n t h e questioning periods a r e reported upon together with t h e r e s e a r c h e r ' s comments on t h e s e a s w e l l . The r e s u l t s , which maintain the s t r i c t c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of the Individual respondents, contribute t o t h e basic Information required by those planning f u t u r e missions In space. INTRODUCTION This I s a report of information obtained during t h e course of separate Interviews with ten former NASA astronauts t h a t took place during t h e f i r s t half of 1984. The purpose of t h e Interviews was t o e l i c i t Information t h a t had not been previously reported and t h a t might open leads f o r f r u i t f u l research endeavors applicable t o the United S t a t e s Space Station program. There a r e many reasons why t h i s Information might not have been reported. I t might have been forgotten during the Astronaut's p o s t - f l i g h t debriefing, o r he might not have f e l t t h a t i t was Important a t t h a t time. There may have been personal reasons why he did not care t o mention some Items. Some material may have developed in h i s mind as a r e s u l t of r e f l e c t i o n s since h i s f l i g h t and of h i s observations of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y t h a t have occurred since h i s own mission. Every e f f o r t has been made t o safeguard t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of t h e inquiry, a s described in t h e section on c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y . 1 �METHOD A 11st of fifty-one questions (Appendix A) was formulated by the Investigator. Published documents, discussions with NASA personnel, and the Investigator's own personal knowledge of space f l i g h t human factors entered Into the formulation of the questions. Some changes were made In the l i s t of questions as Insights were gained during the course of the Interviews. The original thought was that each subject would be asked each question on the l i s t , but I t soon became apparent that t h i s approach would not be the best way t o proceed. Some of the questions clearly referred t o specific programs. Project ApoUo for example, and would be of l i t t l e use in Interviewing a person whose experience was restricted t o an e a r l i e r program. Further, I t was seen that s t r i c t adherence t o the l i s t of questions would result In s t i l t e d , stereotyped replies - the questions became boring rather than stimulating. After the f i r s t two o r three Interviews, I t was decided t o use the questions only t o stimulate discussion. Although some questions were given t o a l l ten contacts, some were only given t o one or two. with each question being presented t o an average of 6.2 contacts. This I s somewhat misleading because In certain Instances questions would stimulate answers t o l a t e r questions, and the responses were combined. (See Question 4) Ames Research Center provided the Investigator with a l e t t e r of Introduction (Appendix B), which described the program and I t s goals, and which reviewed the background of the Investigator. The l e t t e r gave absolute assurance that the Information given would be safeguarded In such a manner that no statement could be attributed e i t h e r t o an Individual o r t o his specific f l i g h t . The contacts were each paid a consultant's fee of $50.00 per hour. I t was originally Intended for Mr. Donald K. Slayton t o be present a t each Interview so as t o take advantage of his background, training, and knowledge of manned space f l i g h t operations. I t proved nearly Impossible t o coordinate the schedules of the Investigator, of Mr. Slayton, and of the contacts. 2 �without delaying the progress of the project to an unacceptable degree; Hr. Slayton, therefore, was present during only two of the interviews. The first interviews were with people known personally to the investigator or to Hr. Slayton (or both). These individuals made suggestions for subsequent interviews. MECHANICS The contacts were first called by telephone and the purpose of the study was explained to them. If they consented to being interviewed (and some declined because of their busy schedules), an appointment was made, and a copy of the letter of introduction was mailed to them in sufficient time to allow them to review it before the interview. Because of the preconceived opinion of the investigator that the presence of a tape recorder would be inhibitory to the free flow of information, the original plan specifically excluded the taping of the interviews. When the first individual was contacted, and when it was explained to him that a tape recorder would not be used, he said he felt the taking of handwritten notes would be distracting to him. interview. He then asked that a recorder be used in his When subsequent contacts were made, each person was given his option of using a tape recorder or not. reluctance to being taped. None expressed even the slightest One even asked for a copy of the tape for his children. In all cases the investigator traveled to the community where the contact lived. The interviews took place in the contact's office on three occasions, in his home on three occasions, and in the investigator's hotel room on four occasions. The environment was very informal. used only to stimulate discussion. question was selected and asked. As stated earlier, the questions were When the conversation lagged, another This usually resulted in a great deal more spontaneous conversation. 3 �SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY Each contact was assured at the time of the initial telephone conversation that anything he said would not be traceable to him or to his flight. The letter of Introduction contained these same assurances, and they were repeated in the investigator's letter that forwarded the NASA letter of Introduction. Finally, the subject was given the same assurances orally at the time of the Interview. It was apparent that most of them appreciated the assurances of confidentiality and were probably more open In their discussions as a result of those assurances. After each Interview the tapes (12 In all) were brought back to the Investigator's residence, where they have remained stored In a safe location. They are identified only with a numerical code number. does not appear on the cassette label. material verbatim In most Instances. The contact's name The Investigator transcribed the Paraphrasing was rarely used and then only when It became necessary to clarify syntax that was peculiar to the oral Interview situation. There are a few portions of the tape that have not been transcribed because they referred to the personal social relationships of the contact and the Investigator. The Investigator transcribed a11 the recorded material on an Apple He personal computer In his home, using the Apple Writer II word processing program. No secretarial assistance was used In either transcribing the taped material or In the preparation of this report. tapes of these Interviews. No other person has heard the To facilitate preparation of this report, the transcribed Interviews were printed on 104 single-spaced sheets. than the Investigator has seen these typed pages. No one other When not In use. they are kept In a combination-locked safe In the Investigator's office. Each transcription Is saved on a magnetic disc, and duplicate discs have been made and stored separately. 4 �GENERAL FINDINGS The subjects were, without exception, extremely cooperative. towards the investigator or the project was expressed. No animosity The investigator could detect no evidence of conscious withholding of information. A broad range of experienced people were interviewed, including persons who had flown on all NASA programs, with the exception of the Space Shuttle. Interviews were conducted with crew members from Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Stcylab. The Apollo contacts included men who had participated in the Earth-orbiting phase of the project, and in the lunar landing phase. One of these latter contacts landed on the moon and another was a Command Module Pilot who remained in lunar orbit alone during a lunar landing mission. No meaningful statistical evaluation can be made for several reasons: 1. The list of questions was not rigidly adhered to. All subjects were not asked all questions. 2. Answers to questions were subjective in nature. 3. Many spontaneous questions generated by the subject's comments evolved on the spot. interviews. Some of these were not really applicable to subsequent On the other hand, some of these spontaneously generated questions were asked at subsequent interviews, but no effort was made to contact earlier subjects to ask them to answer the newly generated questions. 4. Only ten people were interviewed. In this report the questions will be stated, and in cases where the question was presented to several individuals, an evaluation of the replies will be attempted. Spontaneous statements of importance and answers to spontaneously generated questions are included at the end of the answers to the list of fifty-one questions. NOTE: After the answers to each question, there is a section labeled "COMMENTS'. This section contains the investigator's own subjective remarks 5 �and evaluation of the statements made by the contacts. A COMMENTS section w111 be found after each spontaneous comnent as well as after the answers to the prepared questions. ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS 1. Opinion of the Crew Health Stabilization Program. Surprisingly, only 2 of 9 who were asked this question were opposed to the program. All stated either spontaneously (5) or upon questioning (2) that they thought It was helpful In keeping the crews Insulated from annoying contacts. •1 thought 1t was kind of fun. It kept the world away from us." •It allows the crews to concentrate on what It Is they have to think about. flight. They are not being pulled In a number of directions just before the It allows them to focus on the task and the training ahead." CoiMents; Inasmuch as the Crew Health Stabilization Program is no longer practiced with as much rigidity as It was In the early Apollo flights, 1t might be wise to develop some policy for providing a similar degree of privacy and seclusion for future missions. 2. Thoughts on Space Station maintenance activities. NOTE: Because of the similarity of responses to this question and Question 4 regarding tools, the responses to both questions have been cond>1ned here. This question was presented to all the contacts. Two had no comments on the subject. One man said that multipurpose tools were Important. Inclusion of files, wrenches, and other common tools. Swiss Army knife was especially valuable. tape with the adhesive on both sides. He urged the He stated that his He also suggested providing sticky This would be useful In restraining small parts to the workbench surface when making repairs. 6 �One man commented that the Apo11o tool kit was very good. Another urged that maintenance should be kept simple - at the 'black box' level. One respondent thought that neutral buoyancy training was good practice for maintenance, but another stated that it was misleading at best. He urged that any procedures developed in a neutral buoyancy tank be checked out in the zero-g aircraft before being adopted for use in space flight. Only one person mentioned the importance of foot restraints. One recommendation was to project maintenance instructions, and even diagrams, on the inside of the helmet visor in the manner of a Head-Up Display (HUD). A quotation from one of the contacts might prove interesting: •You design things for routine maintenance done there by people with tools in order to keep the system simple, and with simplicity you gain reliability. You get the reliability through that route rather than through redundancy and automation." Comments: The most significant response to this question is contained in the' last quotation. The recent remarkable successes in satellite recovery operations add emphasis to the quotation. Future satellites and future Space Station equipment should be developed with the plan in mind that crew members are capable of performing routine bench-level maintenance. 3. Alarm Systems. This question was presented to seven contacts. Two of them mentioned that they noticed a decrease in the loudness of sounds somewhat proportional to the reduction of pressure in the helmet. experience. Another denied that he had had that Other comnents included the reconmendation that the volume of the alarm be proportional to the severity of the situation; that for critical 7 �energencles t h e r e should be simultaneous visual and a u d i b l e alarms; and t h a t audible alarms should be a "warble t o n e ' a s i s used by some European police cars. Two individuals mentioned t h e g r e a t importance of e l i m i n a t i n g f a l s e alarms. One suggested t h a t a study of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f a l s e alarms might reveal a "signature" f o r f a l s e alarms. This s i g n a t u r e could be Incorporated i n t o a computer, and alarms could be evaluated a g a i n s t t h e s e signatures before being sounded. Comments: The suggestion t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e " s i g n a t u r e s ' of f a l s e alarms might be worthy of f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 4. Tools f o r o n - o r b i t r e p a i r and maintenance. Inasmuch a s t h i s was covered adequately in Question 2 , r e l a t i n g t o maintenance a c t i v i t i e s , t h e answers t o t h i s question have been combined with those obtained i n response t o Question 2 . Comments; 5. None. Food and meals. Of t h e ten persons Interviewed, one had no cormnent; t h r e e suggested t h a t meals be s elected from a menu i n - f l i g h t ; and f i v e advised t h a t a l l individuals e a t t h e same thing a t each meal with no s e l e c t i o n . Hention was made by these individuals t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y chow l i n e had much t o reconmend i t . One of the f i v e suggested t h a t snack Items be provided f o r f r e e s e l e c t i o n from a pantry, but he s t i l l did not recommend t h a t t h e r e be Item s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e main meals. One person said he f e l t a menu determined ahead of time by crew interviews was of l i t t l e value because people lose some of t h e i r a b i l i t y t o t a s t e when in zero-g. He a t t r i b u t e d t h i s t o loss of convection c u r r e n t s carrying aromatics i n t o t h e nose. He s a i d t h i s could be helped by providing strong condiments - pepper i n o i l s o l u t i o n , hot mustard, and s o f o r t h . 6 �One contact suggested the Investigation of foil-packaged foods that are marketed under the brand name of RETORT FOODS. These are not freeze dried, and may be eaten hot or cold. One contact urged that more attention be paid to the nutritional aspects of the diet. He distinguished between those aspects of food preparation that are conventionally performed by a dietician and those performed by a nutritionist. He suggested NASA pay more attention to the latter aspects of menu and diet selection. Comments; Those who advocated the military chow-line approach have probably not seen today's chow line. In present-day military dining halls, there is a remarkably broad selection of items available. One of the contacts suggested that each crew member be asked about his dislikes rather than his likes. disliked foods would not be provided in his menu. The This seems like a reasonable approach. 6. Trash disposal. This question did not stimulate much discussion in the early interviews so was eliminated later on. Two subjects suggested that trash be pyrolized - convert trash to energy. Two others who were asked had no comment. Five were not asked. Comments; 7. None. Clothing design. The overwhelming opinion was for a two-piece garment with lots of pockets (seven out of nine, with two "No Comments"). The advantage of being able to shed the upper garment for comfort in warm areas was comnented on twice. All agreed that many pockets were a necessity, but pocket closure should be with Velcro rather than with buttons, which could catch on things. Two unusual comments included the suggestion that a "dress" uniform be provided for special occasions- this for morale purposes. colors and styles was important for morale. 9 Another was that a variety of One individual stated the need �for strict dress-code enforcenient as an aid to maintaining discipline. One subject stated he had had some experience with polypropylene outdoor clothing and thought it might be worthwhile investigating. He said it was quite comfortable, but brought up the question of its fire resistance. One suggested a different garment for wear during exercise periods. One man suggested that two-piece uniforms have some means of fastening the shirt/jacket to the waist of the trousers to prevent uncomfortable gapping at that point. He suggested Velcro. There was a need expressed for a place to carry an emergency checklist at all times. Free choice of underwear was suggested. One man suggested that slippers be provided for off-duty wear. Coweents: As might be expected, there was a wide range of suggestions regarding clothing. When some of the more extreme suggestions are eliminated one reaches the conclusion that the basic in-flight uniform should be a two-piece garment with many pockets. The suggestion for the provision of a place to keep an emergency checklist available at all times is a good one. B. Personal hygiene equipment. Three contacts had no comments, and three were not asked. The remainder had comments that did not fit any pattern: One wanted to use an electric toothbrush and an electric razor. Another preferred manual toothbrushes and a blade razor. One man said that all on board should use whatever turned out to be 'issue' equipment. He also mentioned that he would insist on daily shaving as he felt it to be good for mental discipline. mental set. 10 He felt it establishes a good �Although not r e a l l y classed a s personal hygiene equipment, one man commented t h a t showers were important but he f e l t a sponge bath might do a s well. Comments; One might question t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of providing e l e c t r i c razors, what with t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of producing "whisker dust" In t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e face of t h e u s e r . Since e l e c t r i c razors seem t o be more p r a c t i c a l i n the Space S t a t i o n environment, i t might be worthwhile t o conduct s t u d i e s on t h e Shuttle t o determine whether o r not whisker dust r e a l l y i s formed in the v i c i n i t y of t h e external nares in a zero-g environment. One might a l s o perform animal s t u d i e s t o determine whether o r not dust produced from t h a t animal's own guard h a i r s produced any lung pathology when inhaled on a d a i l y basis f o r extended periods of time. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . The question was asked of only four people, and two of them had no comments. One person s a i d , "Put a loop of rope around i t and snub i t down." Another suggested t h e use of a "Brooklyn c l o t h e s l i n e " . loop of rope strung between two p u l l e y s . l i n e with c l i p s . This i s a continuous Objects could be attached t o the On t h e other hand, another contact mentioned, in response t o a d i f f e r e n t question, t h a t he had t r i e d such a device in t h e Weightless Environment Training F a c i l i t y (WETF) and found i t worked very well, but when he t r i e d i t in t h e zero-g a i r c r a f t i t became tangled t o such an extent as t o prove u s e l e s s . Comments: 10. None. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "Up" and "Down". Because of t h e s pecial i n t e r e s t of t h i s question, a g r e a t deal of time was spent on i t . Of t h e t e n subjects questioned, nine were very d e f i n i t e in s t a t i n g t h a t t h e r e was no need t o t a k e any p a r t i c u l a r pains t o i d e n t i f y up and down. Several commented t h a t down was always where t h e i r f e e t were. There appeared t o be no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e answers from individuals who had flown in confined spacecraft and answers from those who had flown in spacious 11 �vehicles. One Individual said he himself was not bothered by the lack of up and down, but stated he f e l t I t would be wise t o ensure t h a t everything In a given volume have the same orientation. One contact related that one of his colleagues had spent "hours and hours' In the simulator, then went Into f l i g h t and became 111 even before he had gotten out of the s eat . The point of t h i s observation I s t h a t t h i s person had excellent up and down references but became 111 anyway. In response t o a direct question, one man said t h a t even seeing his colleagues In an orientation different from his own did not disturb him. Two men conmented that the use of a simulator may drive the configuration of the Space Station, a t least In areas where simulator training 1s extensive. The simulator will have t o be constructed with an up and down orientation because I t I s used In a one-g f i e l d . The Space Station area must match the simulator for training If I t I s t o serve any purpose. The following quotations are presented: (1) 'Before I came Into the space program I tended t o have a great amount of familiarity with mathematical techniques of rotation and translation of axes systems...! tended t o look a t something and j u s t figure t h a t I had a rotated coordinate system. (In space) I ' d look out a t the Earth, and I ' d recognize the Earth had I t s own set of Earth-centered coordinates. The spacecraft had I t s space-centered coordinates. Whenever I saw the two In the same field of view 1 just automatically thought of the spacecraft as being oriented t o the Earth, but more Importantly, I had my own body-centered coordinates, and the Input, If somebody allows them t o , can be of those things. . . . I f you operate 1n egocentric coordinates "down" will be towards your f e e t . I t makes no difference whether you're going over the Earth upside down o r diving under I t , or any of those things, If you really look a t I t as your world Is where you are, and everything else I s oriented around you." (2) One contact said he thought I t fun t o look a t the world upside down. "Trying t o force a one-gravity mode of operation Into zero-gravity I s a mistake. I t defeats a l l of the freedom which you a r e given." 12 �(3) When he would go from one compartment t o another, one person s a i d , •There would be moments of d i s o r i e n t a t i o n and you would kind of f l i p your body around and you'd pick t h e work s t a t i o n you were going t o work a t , and then a s soon as you got your body flipped around t o where you were within about 45 degrees of t h a t work s t a t i o n ' s local v e r t i c a l then everything clicked in and you were comfortable." (4) " I think t h a t maybe i f you s t a r t i d e n t i f y i n g up and down you may be reminding people of t h i n g s they should be f o r g e t t i n g . " " I think we adapt e a s i l y t o most any environment, but I j u s t d o n ' t think there i s a g r e a t deal t o be gained by t r y i n g t o force people t o think as they do here on Earth when they a r e , i n f a c t , in space." Comments: If t h e opinions of t h i s small sample of people a r e f e l t t o be s i g n i f i c a n t one must conclude t h a t special e f f o r t s t o i d e n t i f y "up" and "down" in Space Station will not pay l a r g e dividends. The comment t o maintain a constant local v e r t i c a l i n each module seems worthwhile following, i f i t i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y f e a s i b l e and charges no penalty from a design standpoint. On t h e other hand, none of t h e ten subjects interviewed admitted t o having experienced any degree of nausea. If none of t h e ten contacts became i l l , and i f approximately 40X of S h u t t l e crew members become i l l , we a r e drawn t o four possibilities: (1) The sample i s s o small t h a t chance alone resulted in my interviewing only those individuals who did not become i l l . (2) There really i s some difference between those interviewed and Shuttle crew members. (3) flight. The persons interviewed did not admit t h a t they become i l l i n From t h e obvious s i n c e r i t y and d i r e c t n e s s of t h e s e ten contacts, I am convinced t h a t none of them became i l l . This, I must admit, i s a very subjective assessment, but i t i s my conviction t h a t they were a l l t r u t h f u l and f o r t h r i g h t in t h e i r answers t o my questions. This opinion i s substantiated by t h e f a c t t h a t one individual did admit t h a t he would have become i l l had he not paced h i s o n - o r b i t a c t i v i t y f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o r four days. This person's conments a r e found in t h e SPONTANEOUS COMHENTS s e c t i o n , which follows. 13 �(4) The flight environment of these ten contacts was different from the Shuttle environment. I suspect that the reason for the observed difference 1n distribution of nausea In this group Is a combination of (1) and (4). 11. Use of vented gases for attitude control. This was only asked of four contacts. One remarked that vented gases had been used as an expediency to control tumbling In Gemini V. Another had no coment regarding the use of gases for attitude control, but he did suggest that they be used to run turbines for power. One said he did not think It such a good Idea - use control moment gyros Instead. Comments: 12. None. Importance of private cwnnunlcatlons. This question was asked of all ten Individuals. Responses varied from, 'Hot all that Important' to 'Absolutelyl' Host of the respondents thought a private line was Important for personal connunlcatlon with families, but of equal Importance was Its use In operational control of the flight. One subject gave an example of a situation In which Instructions had to be paraphrased to keep them from being heard by the press. The paraphrased Instruction was misinterpreted to be a Joke and was not followed. The example cannot be further Identified or described here as it would reveal the source, but suffice It to say that the well-being of a crew member was Jeopardized by this misunderstanding. One contact said, 'The Administrator [NASA] doesn't have a microphone In his office with the world listening Into everything he says. astronauts have the same privilege?' 14 Why can't �Another s a i d , 'They ( t h e press) have no more r i g h t in your bedroom on o r b i t than they have in your bedroom on Earth. They a r e not allowed t o go t o your doctor and find out how you a r e and what you a r e doing (on Earth so they d o n ' t have t h a t r i g h t i n s p a c e ) . Coffinents: I d o n ' t c a r e who's paying t h e b i l l . " The respondents' r e p l i e s t o t h i s question were based more on t h e i r feelings of p r i v i l e g e r a t h e r than on t h e a c t u a l need f o r and u t i l i t y of a private communications l i n k . They admitted t h e importance of the r i g h t t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o t h e i r f a m i l i e s , but they did not seem too concerned with the beneficial e f f e c t such communications would have on mission accomplishment. The comment regarding the u t i l i t y of a p r i v a t e link t o discuss purely operational matters was s i g n i f i c a n t . I would l i k e t o point out t h a t during s t r e s s f u l t r a i n i n g exercises during the Mercury program I had many opportunities t o use t h e private l i n e and found i t t o be of g r e a t b e n e f i t in assessing the s t a t u s of t h e t r a i n e e . The t r a i n e e s more than once made statements a s t o t h e i r physical s t a t u s t o me on t h e p r i v a t e l i n e t h a t they would not make on t h e open loop. As an individual, and not a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i n t h i s study. I would strongly recommend t h a t an absolutely p r i v a t e communications l i n k be provided. The "Earth end" of t h e link would be under t h e control of t h e crew member. That i s , t h e crew member would decide who he would t a l k p r i v a t e l y t o , h i s family, t h e f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r , t h e physician, o r anyone e l s e . One of t h e contacts in t h i s investigation even mentioned t h a t a person spending many weeks o r months in a Space S t a t i o n might wish t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o h i s broker! 13. Use of portable f a n s . Five contacts were asked t h i s question, and none of t h e f i v e ventured an opinion. Comments: 14. The question was not presented t o t h e o t h e r f i v e . None. Opinions regarding t r a n s l a t i o n a l a i d s , control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices, o r i e n t a t i o n cues, and p r o t e c t i v e gear f o r personal wear. 15 �Five of t h e ten contacts were not asked any p a r t of t h i s q u e s t i o n . Of the f i v e remaining, only p a r t s were asked, o r only p a r t s were answered. Four subjects expressed s a t i s f a c t i o n with t h e coninon "wicket-type" switch guards. One person s a i d he could not v i s u a l i z e r o l l r a t e s of such a magnitude as t o require personal p r o t e c t i v e equipment such a s headgear. He a l s o said rounded corners and o t h e r methods should be used t o p r o t e c t a person moving about in t h e cabin. be required. Comments; 15. One o t h e r person s a i d he did not b e l i e v e headgear would None. Opinions regarding t h e a i r l o c k on Skylab. This question was presented t o only t h r e e people, and only one of them had an opinion. He s t a t e d , "There should always be a s a f e haven one can g e t t o . The racetrack design I s good. To have a s a f e haven in each module I s too c o s t l y , I t takes up t o o much room." Cocmaents: 16. None. Ideas regarding crew q u a r t e r s . This was addressed by nine out of t h e ten Interviewed. f e e l t h a t p r i v a t e crew q u a r t e r s were necessary. very Spartan conditions. Only two did not One of t h e s e two advocated He commented t h a t we c a n ' t a f f o r d t o build a Space S t a t i o n t o accormodate anybody and everybody. We must s e l e c t crews t h a t can t o l e r a t e Spartan l i v i n g conditions f o r ninety days. they can hang up anywhere." "Olve them a sleeping bag The o t h e r one of t h e s e two s a i d he compared a ninety-day Space S t a t i o n t o u r with an overseas m i l i t a r y t o u r o r a camping trip. He s a i d , " I d o n ' t t h i n k you need t o have a p r i v a t e room and a l l t h a t as long a s you have a place t o s l e e p . " 16 �One of t h e remaining seven who commented s a i d he saw two c o n f l i c t i n g requirements, one was t h e need f o r q u i e t and privacy, and t h e o t h e r was t h e need t o be near t h e work s t a t i o n t o respond t o emergencies. He suggested t h a t NASA explore t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing a "sea cabin" f o r one o r more crew members. He a l s o f e l t t h a t any alarms sounded In t h e crew q u a r t e r s should be p r i o r i t i z e d - perhaps only a " B a t t l e S t a t i o n s ! " type of alarm. One contact with Skylab experience said he thought t h e crew quarters should be a t l e a s t twice t h e s i z e of t h e Skylab q u a r t e r s . He a l s o advised t h a t they not be located near t h e exercise area t o diminish t h e noise l e v e l s . One person commented t h a t t h e Apollo s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were adequate, and one commented t h a t t h e Skylab s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were good. With t h e exception of t h e two "Spartans", everyone believed p r i v a t e , individual, comfortable q u a r t e r s should be provided. Comments: There seems t o be no question but t h a t p r i v a t e crew quarters should be provided. These should be a s large a s I s practicably possible. It Is evident t h a t t h e e a r l y Space S t a t i o n w i l l not be large enough t o provide commodious q u a r t e r s , but I t seems t h a t , given t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , privacy I s more t o be desired than volume. 17. Medical t r a i n i n g f o r crew members. This question was presented t o e i g h t of t h e ten c o n t a c t s . The most common response was t h a t e i t h e r a f l i g h t surgeon be on each crew, o r t h a t two of t h e crew members should be t r a i n e d t o t h e level of paramedics. One respondent said he believed a l l crew members should have extensive t r a i n i n g 1n physiology so t h a t they would b e t t e r understand medical o r physiological problems t h a t arose In themselves o r In o t h e r s . He a l s o f e l t t h e r e should be a f l i g h t surgeon on board f o r long-term exposures. Another f e l t t h a t every crew member should have t h e equivalent of paramedic t r a i n i n g , and t h a t a physician was not necessary unless he was dual t r a i n e d - a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t f o r example. One o t h e r contact suggested t h a t i f a physician were assigned he should be 17 �dual t r a i n e d . Another contact reconnended t h a t NASA. 1n t h e i r s e l e c t i o n program f o r mission s p e c i a l i s t s . Include s u f f i c i e n t physicians a s t o provide one f o r each Space S t a t i o n crew. Comments: C l e a r l y , a minimum of two people on each crew must have some competency 1n providing medical c a r e . other can take care of him. If one of t h e s e two becomes 111, the A good compromise would be f o r one of t h e crew members t o be a dual-trained ( a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t ) physician and t h e other a s a dual-trained person with medical t r a i n i n g e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t of a paramedic. 18. Need f o r group dynamics t r a i n i n g . Group dynamics t r a i n i n g was b r i e f l y described a s a psychological technique which helps people t o work together and t o give each o t h e r mutual support and tolerance. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . Only two f e l t no t r a i n i n g was required, and one f e l t I t should be given only If a problem a r o s e . stated he had heard t h e Russians had had a problem. One One commented a s follows: *I think t h a t I t ' s going t o be Increasingly important t h a t they have a t l e a s t some amount of t h i s [group dynamics t r a i n i n g ] because you would l i k e t o have a preconditioned a t t i t u d e of how t h e y ' r e supposed t o work t o g e t h e r . You d o n ' t want t o have some highly motivated mission s c i e n t i s t back t h e r e [ I n the space lab o r an analogous p a r t of a Space S t a t i o n ] who d o e s n ' t understand where t h a t p r i o r i t y I n t e r f a c e s with t h e s e o t h e r p r i o r i t i e s . " Another commented t h a t he f e l t f u t u r e crews, who would not have a s much I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g a s those of today, should be required t o function In some s o r t of environment together before they launch. He suggested t h a t Survival School might be useful f o r t h a t purpose. One contact was e s p e c i a l l y concerned In regard t o t h i s m a t t e r . His coenents took up more than a page of single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t , and Included t h e following statements: 16 �' I think t h a t [ t h e lack of p s y c h i a t r i c o r psychological support] i s one of the shortcomings of NASA over t h e y e a r s , and I d o n ' t know i f they've solved t h a t problem yet today, and t h a t i s t h a t t h e r e i s no a c t i v e program having t o do with t h e behavioral sciences t h a t helps e i t h e r t h e astronauts in dealing with one another o r t h e a s t r o n a u t s and t h e i r families dealing with t h e situation." ' I think i t i s unfortunate t h a t astronauts have never been given any kind of opportunity f o r behavioral science understanding. There has been such a stigma associated with psychologic o r p s y c h i a t r i c therapy t h a t everyone stays away from i t l i k e i t i s some kind of poison." ' I though i t was j u s t r e a l l y too bad t h a t t h e r e was not some s o r t of a program in NASA t o help i n some s o r t of an upbeat way - t o give them access t o these people - give them some t r a i n i n g on techniques of dealing with t h e s e problems. The problems a r e t h e r e ! " Another c o n t a c t ' s comments f i l l e d t h r e e single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t pages, but were mostly personal experiences with h i s f r i e n d s , and cannot be reported here because of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of revealing t h e source. He l e f t no doubt in t h i s i n t e r v i e w e r ' s mind t h a t he was strongly i n favor of professional psychological support f o r t h e crews and f o r t h e i r f a m i l i e s . Comments: 19. See comments t o Question 1 9 . Should f a m i l i e s have s i m i l a r psychological support? This question was posed t o e i g h t of t h e t e n c o n t a c t s . One had no comment, two said i t need not be provided, and one s a i d i t should be provided only on a voluntary b a s i s If t h e family member f e l t t h e need and asked f o r i t . The r e s t f e l t i t should be provided In some degree o r another. A commonly expressed suggestion was t o keep t h e f a m i l i e s very well informed about a l l a s p e c t s of t h e program, and t o g e t them involved with whatever i s going on. One man s a i d , "The more you involve t h e wives i n t o t h e 19 �operation, t h e more support you g e t from them. Keep them Informed and give them l i n e s of conmunlcatlon t o , f o r example. Mission Control Center." He also s a i d , ' I know when I was t h e r e [assigned t o NASA], t h e wives and t h e families were r e a l l y I s o l a t e d . They were r e a l l y pushed back In a c o r n e r . I s , t h a t kind of treatment was I n f e c t i o u s . The program t r e a t e d t h e wife t h a t way, and p r e t t y soon we s t a r t e d t r e a t i n g our wives t h e same way. really tragic." The problem " I know I t cost a l o t of guys t h e i r m a r r i a g e . " I t was He continued by saying. 'You c a n ' t t r e a t people l i k e numbers, and t h a t ' s what NASA d i d . t h e wives were unhappy, w e l l , t h a t ' s t o o bad! If 'Think of a l l t h i s Important work t h a t your husband I s doing and go home and s h u t u p ! ' I t d i d n ' t work." On the other hand, another contact s t a t e d , "The t h i n g s t h a t d o n ' t k i l l you make you s t r o n g e r . I , f r a n k l y , think t h e experience was a p o s i t i v e experience f o r my w i f e . " He was not one of those In favor of a formal program f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . Comments: Because Question 18 and Question 19 a r e s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , comments t o both of them w i l l be presented h e r e . For some reason t h e r e seemed t o be more enthusiasm expressed f o r providing some s o r t of psychological support f o r t h e crew members than f o r providing s i m i l a r support f o r t h e families. I had expected t h e reverse would prove t h e c a s e . I t would seem Important t o ensure t h a t f u t u r e Space S t a t i o n crews have t h e opportunity t o work very c l o s e l y together in s i t u a t i o n s t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e mutual support. Although I t might be d i f f i c u l t t o j u s t i f y giving survival t r a i n i n g t o Space Station crews, t h a t s o r t of s o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n would probably pay large dividends when t h e crew occupy t h e Space S t a t i o n . I t might a l s o be of benefit f o r NASA t o Introduce a c e r t a i n amount of psychological t r a i n i n g I n t o t h e program. The contacts, f o r the most p a r t , were not concerned about providing psychological support f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . However, t h o s e who were In favor of such support were very p o s i t i v e In t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s . My personal f e e l i n g s in t h i s regard, and many of t h e s e f e e l i n g s have been generated by t h e very strong �and sincere statements expressed by two of t h e c o n t a c t s , a r e t h a t NASA has been remiss In not Including t h e f a m i l i e s a s p a r t of t h e program. I t seems that more d e t a i l e d b r i e f i n g s might be given t h e wives so t h a t they would have a better Idea of of what t h e i r husbands a r e doing. This action might not Improve the effectiveness of t h e husbands, but nevertheless should be provided if only f o r humanitarian reasons. The question of r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s was never presented a s a formal question, but I t did come up spontaneously In t h e discussions with most of t h e contacts. From t h e i r expressions of belief and f a i t h 1 t I s my conclusion t h a t a resident chaplain a t JSC would be of g r e a t value t o t h e program. 20. Crew I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g In a one~g simulator. Because of t h e many very strong polarized f e e l i n g s brought out by t h e questions on group dynamics t r a i n i n g (Questions 19 and 20), I t was f e l t t h a t t h i s question should be eliminated. misinterpreted i t . I t was asked of only one contact and he His answer r e l a t e d t o command s t r u c t u r e of a Space Station crew, and will be included with t h e answers t o Question 45. Comments: 21. None. Problem of ambient nois e. Here I s another question t h a t was, f o r a l l I n t e n t s and purposes, eliminated. The contacts a c t u a l l y answered I t when speaking of t h e need f o r quiet In p r i v a t e q u a r t e r s . The question was posed t o t h r e e I n d i v i d u a l s . One Implied In h i s answer t h a t noise was not a big problem - one g e t s used t o I t . On t h e o t h e r hand, unanticipated noises o r motions of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a r e very d i s t r a c t i n g . The third said t h a t on h i s f l i g h t , crew member noise prevented sound sleeping In shifts. Comitents: None. 21 �22. Wardroom, e n t e r t a i n m e n t , e x t e r n a l v i e w i n g , and E a r t h p o s i t i o n . All t e n c o n t a c t s a g r e e d t h a t a wardroom was I m p o r t a n t . There was near-unanimous o p i n i o n t h a t p e r s o n a l l y s e l e c t e d books and music t a p e s were I m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o t a k e a l o n g . Other suggestions Included the p r o v i s i o n of movies on VCR t a p e s , and one I n d i v i d u a l s u g g e s t e d t h a t books, movies, and o t h e r forms of a u d i o - v i s u a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t c o u l d be p u t on l a s e r video d i s c s . Hany I n d i v i d u a l s commented on t h e f a c t t h a t r e a l - t i m e coimerclal news progratming and e n t e r t a i n m e n t shows c o u l d be u p - l i n k e d w i t h l i t t l e difficulty. Only one person had no s t r o n g o p i n i o n on t h e need f o r windows, b u t even he s a i d t h e y were h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e , b u t n o t o f prime I m p o r t a n c e . One person s a i d , 'Nobody e v e r g e t s enough t i m e l o o k i n g o u t o f w i n d o w s . ' Another s a i d , 'They should make s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e a s many windows a s p o s s i b l e . ' He suggested one be p u t n e a r t h e e x e r c i s e d e v i c e s o one c o u l d l o o k o u t w h i l e exercising. One man s a i d t h e windows a r e e x t r e m e l y 1nQ)ortant from a recreational as well an Inspirational standpoint. p o r t s and t i m e t o u s e t h e m . ' spacecraft the better. He s a i d , 'You need viewing One of t h e c o n t a c t s s a i d , ' T h e more windows In a One of t h e most e n j o y a b l e t h i n g s you have t o do up t h e r e 1 s t o look o u t t h e window. I n f a c t , even a b u b b l e window might be n i c e . * One of t h e more a r t i c u l a t e c o n t a c t s s a i d : ' I , f o r o n e , am t o t a l l y convinced t h a t t h e magic of s p a c e and t h e v a l u e of being t h e r e I n v o l v e s being a b l e t o s e e w h a t ' s o u t t h e r e . . . I t 1 s from t h e human s t a n d p o i n t t h a t I t h i n k you need l o t s of viewing p o r t s . Important. I d o n ' t c a r e I f 1 t does c o s t more money. I t h i n k t h a t ' s very The r e t u r n I n keeping p e o p l e ' s I n t e r e s t , and t h e m o t i v a t i o n and a l l t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g , t o d o more and more, and t o g o f u r t h e r , 1 s v e r y d r a m a t i c a l l y enhanced by b e i n g a b l e t o see.' Comments: The most c o n s i s t e n t answer t o a n y of t h e f i f t y - o n e q u e s t i o n s was t h e s t r o n g p o s i t i v e e x p r e s s i o n of a need f o r a wardroom w i t h some s o r t of entertainment equipment. Individual preferences. The s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h i s equipment c l e a r l y followed Of equal unanimity was t h e e x p r e s s e d need f o r many 22 �and large windows. This has such g r e a t importance t h a t i t would appear important t o consider t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing bubble windows, a s was suggested by one of t h e c o n t a c t s . 23. Body waste c o l l e c t i o n and d i s p o s a l . Six contacts were asked t h i s question. Two had no ccHwnents, and two said they f e l t t h a t t h e Skylab system was adequate, although they did not l i k e t h e idea of bagging t h e f e c e s . One man said even t h e Apollo system was a l l r i g h t in s p i t e of t h e need t o bag t h e f e c e s . The t h i r d comment related only t o urine collection and t h a t person said he f e l t t h e ordinary a i r c r a f t , r e l i e f tube was adequate. Although he d id not say s o , i t was c l e a r t h a t he meant such a device would have t o be adapted t o t h e zero-g environment. Comments: 24. None. Personal c l e a n l i n e s s . Since t h i s question had a l s o been addressed in Question 8 , Personal Hygiene Equipment, i t was presented t o only f o u r of t h e c o n t a c t s . Two of them had no comment; one recommended t h e use of a spring-driven razor; and another, who uses a blade r a z o r , s a i d he f e l t frequent o r d a i l y shaving was good f o r crew d i s c i p l i n e . Conments: 25. This was t h e second contact t o make t h a t comment. This was considered in t h e comments t o Question 8 . Exercise. This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . important. All agreed t h a t exercise was One s a i d he f e l t e x e r c i s e and good food were t h e two most in^ortant things t o provide f o r long-duration space f l i g h t . Two others said they f e l t e x e r c i s e was important from a psychological and morale standpoint a s well as from a physical well-being point of view. Five people recommended t h a t both a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill be provided. One mentioned only a treadmill and one mentioned only a bicycle. a �Two people mentioned that it Is also necessary to exercise the upper torso and arms. One of these recoimiended spring or bungee devices for this purpose. Another thought a Nautilus-type of exercise device should be provided. One person said he thought the Cxergenle was a very useful device, but another stated that he tried to use it on his flight and found that the nylon ropes heated from the friction of use and stretched, making the device useless. Another person said he believed there is a need for something that will provide structural stress to the skeletal system, but he had no ideas on how to do that. Only two people suggested a duration for the exercise period. One suggested ninety minutes and the other sixty minutes. Coniwents; The need for exercise was strongly supported by all. It Is my understanding that investigations into the types of exercise equipment needed are being conducted. I can only urge that these Investigations be continued both on the ground and In flight. 2b. How to manage books and manuals. This question was presented to only four of the ten contacts. One stated he preferred books, but could learn to live with Information presented on CRTs. One contact had no comments, and the other two said that they did not think that everything had to be In data banks. Some material can best be presented in book form, and other material can be stored In data banks for retrieval when needed. The feeling seemed to be that recreational material was best presented In book form, but technical material (with the exception of emergency checklists) could be stored In data banks. Cowaents: None. 24 �27. Han/machine interface. This question was put to five of the ten contacts. One suggested that color be used more in the design of the Space Station, and one said color was not a11 that important. One had no comment. One man suggested that NASA employ what he called "functional artists" to help in designing the interior of the Space Station. He stated that the wardroom should be of a "relaxing* color and the flight deck should be of an "alerting" color. One individual urged caution in accepting the use of digital displays. He said: "Digital offers various advantages in terms of accuracy, precision when you need precision, but the human being is an integrator, he doesn't take snapshots, and there is a lot of information and intelligence lost when you're looking at a digital display." Comments: The science of architecture is advancing at a great pace. NASA would be well advised to use the services of this discipline in establishing interior design criteria for the Space Station. I was impressed by the warning about digital displays. From a purely personal standpoint I find it easier to integrate analog informational displays than I do digital displays, but this may be purely cultural. An interesting area for investigation would be to assess whether people get more or less information from one display than the other. Unquestionably, it is easier and quicker to read, for example, the exact time from a digital display, but does one find it also easier to tell how many minutes have elapsed since a given event or how much time remains before a given action must be taken. I am sure similar analyses could be made of altimeters, and other displays of changing quantifiable information. 25 �2B. Three s h i f t s o r one? This question was asked of s i x people. One had no connient. Only one of t h e remaining f i v e f e l t t h a t a l l crew members should be allowed t o s l e e p a t t h e same time. times. They f e l t t h a t someone should be awake and on watch a t a l l One man s a i d t h a t t h e crews should be a b l e t o work longer than eight-hour s h i f t s . He s a i d , 'You're not t h e r e on a v a c a t i o n , even f o r three months.' One contact s t a t e d t h a t timelines should be f l e x i b l e enough t o accomnodate t h e mission, and t h e crew members should be i n d o c t r i n a t e d in t h e occasional need f o r working on t h e i r off-duty time. For exati^le, an Earth resources task night require t h a t t h e Earth resources s p e c i a l i s t t a k e photos a t a p a r t i c u l a r time on a p a r t i c u l a r o r b i t , and t h a t might occur during h i s o f f - d u t y time. This question a l s o asked t h e contact t o comment on whether e x e r c i s e should be an off-duty endeavor o r a duty-time a c t i v i t y . obtained. Only t h r e e answers were One man said exercise should be done during o f f - d u t y hours. The second said t h e question was i r r e l e v a n t because one i s never ' o f f d u t y ' In space. The t h i r d said he thought half of t h e e x e r c i s e should be done during on-duty time and half of i t when off d u t y . Comments: As was t h e case i n most of t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e was no r eal unanimity of opinion unless i t was t h a t someone should be awake a t a l l times. This seems t o be a most reasonable and l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n . 29. Importance of real-time TV. Here i s another example of a question t h a t was covered f a i r l y well i n an e a r l i e r question. See Question 22. which addresses wardroom accommodations. This question (29) was asked of only t h r e e persons. One had no comment: one thought i t was very important; and t h e o t h e r did not b e l i e v e i t t o be of g r e a t importance. Comments: None. �30. Who should s e l e c t t h e crews? All but t h r e e of t h e contacts were asked t h i s question and, a s one might expect, t h e r e was a wide range of opinion i n t h i s regard. person a r e summarized in t h e following paragraphs. (1) A crew s e l e c t i o n committee has v i r t u e . made by one person. The r e p l i e s of each No r e a l p a t t e r n emerged. The s e l e c t i o n should not be Perhaps t h e Captain should be s e l e c t e d f i r s t . He would then s e l e c t a second person; t h e two of them would s e l e c t t h e t h i r d ; and s o on until a l l crew members had been chosen. (2) Overall Management should make t h e s e l e c t i o n . The Commander should not have s o l e s e l e c t i o n a u t h o r i t y , but he should have veto powers. The peer review concept has v i r t u e i n t h a t i t i d e n t i f i e s t h e unpopular individuals. (3) The crew should be s e l e c t e d by Management - they have more information a v a i l a b l e t o them than does anyone e l s e . i s a useful t o o l . The peer review process Management needs an input from t h e crew Commander. This contact believed t h a t a small group of crews should be selected and flown frequently. This saves expensive t r a i n i n g time over t h e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e , which i s t o have a l a r g e pool of candidates from which crews a r e selected t o fly less fre q uently. (4) Believes a nucleus of crew members should be s e l e c t e d . These people fly frequently and t r a i n t h e i r own replacements ( t h e r i g h t - s e a t man eventually moves i n t o a l e f t - s e a t assignment). Whatever system i s used, i t should be well understood by a l l t h e candidates. Each should know what the s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e , and how t h e process o p e r a t e s . (5) Mentioned t h a t he l i k e d t h e way Slayton handled t h e s e l e c t i o n process, but believes t h e s e l e c t i o n pool i s much too l a r g e . (6) Also mentioned t h a t he liked t h e way Slayton did h i s job i n t h e p a s t . (7) NASA management should s e l e c t t h e operational crew. authority should s e l e c t t h e t e c h n i c a l crew. Some o t h e r The combined group should work together f o r a period of time, and t h e Commander should be a b l e t o e x e r c i s e veto power over members of both groups i f he f e l t an individual would not f i t in. Conments: I am i n c l i n e d t o go along with respondent Number 3 . Number 7 made e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same comments. 27 Respondent My disagreement with Number 3 i s �only i n regard t o t h e concept of peer review. I an s u r e i t does point out the unpopular i n d i v i d u a l s , a s s t a t e d by c o n t a c t Number 2 , but a t what expense? I am s u r e t h e unpopular individual i s already known by Management by t h e time they g e t around t o s e l e c t i n g t h e crews. One i s i n c l i n e d t o ask how important i s popularity anyway? 31. Does EVA require t h e 'buddy system"? Only four people were asked t h i s question. One had no conntent, and the other t h r e e said they believed i t was necessary. One of them s a i d he thought the buddy might be a f u l l y s u i t e d a s t r o n a u t who remained i n s i d e t h e s t a t i o n , but was ready t o go outside a t a moment's n o t i c e . None said they though t h e buddy system was unnecessary. Comments: 32. None. How can t h e EVA s u i t be in^troved? This question was asked of seven people. Again, t h e comments were not c o n s i s t e n t , and r e f l e c t t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s personal views. There i s a l s o some overlap in t h e answers with t h e answers t o some of t h e o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . (1) For prolonged EVA t h e astronaut should be provided with a 'motorman's f r i e n d * , a d i a p e r , water, but no food. (2) For missions t h a t w i l l require EVA soon a f t e r a t t a i n i n g o r b i t , t h e EVA crewman should be s elected from a pool of i n d i v i d u a l s who, by t h e i r past experience in o r b i t , have shown t o be r e s i s t a n t t o space motion s i c k n e s s . Nevertheless, vomitus containment apparatus should be provided ' j u s t in case.* (3) Consider using honey water a s a source of energy and f l u i d . glove needs improvement s o a s t o provide b e t t e r t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . The A wire saw (Gigli saw) should be taken along on every EVA f o r emergency u s e . (4) Mentions b e t t e r gloves with improved t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . (5) Suggests t h a t t h e problem of f i n g e r t i p i n j u r y could be solved by c l o s e r trimming of t h e f i n g e r n a i l s . (6) Recommends t h e hard, r i g i d , high-pressure ( 8 p s i ) s u i t . (7) One man had no comments. 28 �Cownents: The suggestion t o use honey water a s a source of nourishment and of fluids c e r t a i n l y deserves i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Methods f o r c o l l e c t i n g urine and feces (a diaper should be adequate f o r emergencies) a r e e s s e n t i a l , and I believe t h a t some s o r t of vomitus containment device i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l . People s t i l l become i l l , even on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e Earth in a one-g f i e l d , ^ and there i s no reason t o suspect t h i n g s w i l l d i f f e r i n space. ^ problem comes up with t h e food s t o r a g e equipment, t h e r e might well be some gastroenteric I l l n e s s e s developing. In f a c t , i f a F i n a l l y , i t seems logical t o develop a suit t h a t provides a t l e a s t 8 - p s i p r e s s u r e , more If f e a s i b l e . The advantages to such a garment a r e t o o well known t o warrant elaboration in t h i s r e p o r t . 33. EVA r e s t r a i n t s , t e t h e r s , hand holds, l i g h t s , e t c . After receiving t h r e e "no comments" i n a row, t h i s question was eliminated. I t was asked of f o u r c o n t a c t s and only one had any comments. His are as follows: "There i s a need f o r a s m a l l , multipurpose t o o l k i t with interchangeable end-effectors. Small l i g h t s on t h e f i n g e r t i p s a s were used in the Mercury program a r e extremely u s e f u l . These can be d i r e c t e d b e t t e r than a helmet-mounted l i g h t . " Comments; effective. 34. The use of f i n g e r t i p l i g h t s on t h e Mercury s u i t was most This might be i n v e s t i g a t e d again f o r t h e Space S t a t i o n s u i t . Suggestions regarding mortuary a f f a i r s . This question was posed t o f o u r of t h e persons interviewed. Two s t a t e d that the sensible t h i n g t o do would be some form of o n - o r b i t d i s p o s a l . said, in some s e r i o u s n e s s , "Shoot me i n t o t h e Sun!" (One He was aware of t h e high-energy c o s t of doing t h i s , s o t h e r e was some l e v i t y i n t h e remark t o o . ) 6ut they a l s o recognize t h a t t h i s would not be acceptable in today' s s o c i e t y . I ^ One of t h e contacts s a i d t h e problem should be addressed and solved before we go t o Space S t a t i o n , but he had no i d e a s . The f o u r t h person agreed with the necessity t o bring t h e body back i n a condition s u i t a b l e f o r an open-casket f u n e r a l , but he had no ideas on how t h i s could be accon4)lished. 29 �Conroents; One approach t o mortuary ser vices might be t o c o n s u l t with various museums of natural h i s t o r y . One of t h e modern methods of taxidermy i s t o place the animal In a l i f e - l i k e pose and f r e e z e I t in t h a t p o s i t i o n . A vacuum i s then drawn on t h e container, and t h e animal i s c o n p l e t e l y d e s i c c a t e d . The desiccated specimen i s then placed in a sealed c a s e . This technique could be adapted t o t h e Space S t a t i o n as a method of preserving t h e body of a deceased crew member u n t i l a r e l i e f vessel makes c o n t a c t . 35. Foot r e s t r a i n t s a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This question was given t o four s u b j e c t s . Three had no comments, and one s t a t e d t h e t r i a n g u l a r shoes used in Skylab worked f i n e . Topics explored in t h i s question were a l s o addressed i n Questions 33 and 36. Comments: 36. None. Locomotion a i d s . Only two s u b j e c t s were asked t h i s question. One had no comments, and the other s a i d , 'Only what i s needed f o r f a c i l i t y and s a f e t y . The best locomotion i s j u s t t o head out and across!* Co—mnts: 37. None. Body r e s t r a i n t s f o r t a s k s requiring extreme s t e a d i n e s s . This question was presented t o only t h r e e s u b j e c t s . Two f e l t i t t o be no problem, and one s t a t e d t h a t perhaps a r i g i d arm could be i n s t a l l e d a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This could be swung out from a stowed p o s i t i o n and used t o clamp t h e a s t r o n a u t i n t o p o s i t i o n . Comments: None. 30 �38. Thoughts on a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . This topic was discussed with nine c o n t a c t s . make. Two had no connients t o One s t a t e d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t he thought t h e r e i s a d i s t i n c t medical need for a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . Three were of t h e opinion t h a t a r t i f i c i a l gravity should not be considered unless an overwhelming physiological need developed. One expressed t h e opinion t h a t when t h e time comes when we can build very-long-term-exposure f a c i l i t i e s , a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y should be provided because t h e time expended in e x e r c i s e (he estimated one t o one and a half hours a day.) a r e nonproductive hours which could be put t o b e t t e r use i f a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y were provided. No respondent f e l t a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y i s required f o r psychological reasons. One was very s t r o n g l y opposed t o i t . Our conversation went a s follows: 'Another thing - I wouldn't worry about a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . i s considering a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y any more. I hope nobody I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of time. And you destroy many of t h e advantages you gain by being weightless. Particularly f o r those people who may have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap. don't have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap in space. They They ought t o be permitted t o participate a s f u l l - f l e d g e d workers and crew members i n space. 0. There i s some consideration being given t o t h e so-called t e t h e r system, which w i l l provide a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . A. Well, I ' l l t e l l you - I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of money, a waste of manpower and i n t e l l e c t s t o even worry about i t . have a good reason t o do i t . F i f t y years from now you may I d o n ' t t h i n k you have a good reason now. Certainly calcium loss i s not a j u s t i f i c a t i o n , i n my o p i n i o n . " One person f e l t t h a t t h e r e was a need f o r an a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y area in the Space S t a t i o n , but he had no ideas a s t o how t h i s could be accomplished. He said: 31 �•There are some good benefits from zero-g, but I would hope that in the Space Station there would be some area or some volume of the Space Station that would have artificial gravity. I don't know whether it should be the gravity of Earth or the gravity of the moon, but some light gravity field would prevent the deterioration, the decondltioning, of the cardiovascular system, and also the sickness that comes Initially with exposure to the weightless environment.' Comments: I am in agreement with the contact who stated that the provision of artificial gravity negates one of the more Important reasons for being there. Of course, it Is self-evident that If an overwhelming medical or physiological need arises for artificial gravity. It must be provided, but lacking that, I can see no justification for It. The concept that the provision of artificial gravity would eliminate the need for exercise and thus be an economically justifiable approach warrants study. The economics of this question Is beyond my area of knowledge, so I do not feel competent to coiment one way or another on the suggestion. 39. What about autonomy? This question was presented to eight contacts, and all but one had very definite opinions on the subject. Four contacts stated that they believed the Space Station Commander should be the final authority. ground should perform strategic planning only, Four felt that the other comaents included one that the Control Center should be used only for their more extensive resources. Two others stated that Hisslon Control Center should be used for routine data analysis only, and this because 1t was more economical to do this kind of Information processing on the ground than in the Space Station. Another connent was that the Control Center should be informative, not protective, and finally, one person commented that the Control Center should be absolutely honest with the flight crew; no information should be withheld from the crew using the Justification that they were being protected by this action. This respondent also said that the crew must be open and honest with the ground as well. 32 �Conments; All of t h e contacts were i n c l i n e d towards more autonomy f o r the Space Station, and l e s s r e l i a n c e on t h e ground. logical and a p p r o p r i a t e . This trend seems t o be most I concur with t h e conment t h a t t h e g r e a t e r analytical resources on t h e ground should be used in preference t o i n - f l i g h t analysis. 40. U t i l i t y of a miniature helmet-mounted TV camera. This question was presented t o only two c o n t a c t s . useful, but only f o r c e r t a i n (unspecified) t a s k s . One said i t might be The o t h e r contact had no connents t o make on t h e s u b j e c t . Conntents: 41. None. What about an expendable launch vehicle rescue c a p a b i l i t y . The question was put t o f i v e people, of which one had no comment. Only one person was e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e concept and he s a i d : "I d o n ' t s e e why n o t . I t would be expensive, but i t would be only a one-time expense. Once you got t h e t h i n g ready t o go, t h e expense of recycling i t would not be t h a t g r e a t . You could even go with a s o l i d . have t o be reserviced a s o f t e n . I t would not Over a period of years t h e r e ' s going t o be some times when i t j u s t might be needed, and i t would c e r t a i n l y pay f o r itself.' One said he would r a t h e r put t h e emphasis on more on-board r e l i a b i l i t y . Another said he would r a t h e r use t h o s e resources t o expand t h e o r b l t e r f l e e t so as t o provide a quick-rescue c a p a b i l i t y . One individual said he would rather have t h e escape c a p a b i l i t y b u i l t i n t o t h e Space S t a t i o n i t s e l f . Comments: 42. None. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? This question was presented t o only f o u r c o n t a c t s . that they had no comments. 33 Three of them said �One s t a t e d he did not want t o g e t Involved 1n a lengthy discussion of the question, but did want t o venture h i s opinion t h a t we a r e s t i l l designing too much redundancy I n t o experiments because t h e s c i e n t i s t s r e f u s e t o accept t h a t man can make up f o r i t . Cowwents; The comments following Question 2 point out t h e u t i l i t a r i a n value of man on t h e scene. Again, we should design equipment f o r r e p a i r and maintenance on o r b i t r a t h e r than provide layer s of redundancy. A3. Ideas f o r design of a safe haven. This question was put t o seven people. Two of them had no comments. One s t a t e d t h a t he did not think we needed more than two s a f e havens on t h e Space S t a t i o n ; another man said he thought every module should be I s o l a t a b l e ; and a t h i r d suggested designing t h e s a f e haven s o t h a t t h e occupants could continue t o be productive. He f e l t t h i s was e s s e n t i a l t o t h e i r morale. One contact s t a t e d , " I would put my e f f o r t s I n t o Introducing realism t o t h e public." When asked t o explain t h e statement he s a i d t h a t we must prepare the public t o accept the f a c t t h a t we're going t o lose a s p a c e c r a f t sometime. pomnents: The suggestion t o provide means f o r crews t o remain productive as a morale booster In t h e s a f e haven I s one t h a t deserves some thought. 44. Philosophy f o r EVA use. Of t h e f i v e people who were presented with t h i s q u e s t i o n , one had no comment; two f e l t t h a t I t should be used r o u t i n e l y ; one s a i d I t should be used when c o s t e f f e c t i v e ; and one s t a t e d only, " I am s u r e i t would be u s e f u l . " Conmmnts: 45. None. On-board command s t r u c t u r e . This question probably stimulated a s much discussion a s any of t h e 51. was presented t o a l l ten c o n t a c t s . Six of them unequivocally recomaended a strong Commander with a c l e a r and d i s t i n c t chain of conmend. p o s i t i v e voice In t h i s group was one who s a i d : 34 The most It �•The Commander 1s the boss—just like 1n a military vehicle [or] In polar exploration trips. He's the boss. varied opinions on things. He can appoint deputies. He's a real strong individual. 'This is the way it's donel [Strikes table for emphasis.]. He can ask for He's going to say, We're not even going to question it.'" A considerably milder comment was made by another contact who said that a clear chain of command was needed but, "...you don't need a man beating his chest." The nearly opposite view was expressed by a contact who said: "Yog know the stereotype of Marine Drill Instructor - you don't need those kinds of abilities up there - you need people with a broad perspective; people who are interested in enough different things outside their own area of expertise. I think that would be especially apropos of the Commander of the mission." He went on to say, "When you go to autonomy in space and you have your scientists up there [there are going to be conflicts which the Commander will have to solve]. You have to be able to compromise, and accommodate all those kinds of things. The Commander will have to be real diplomat." Another contact recommended a strong authoritative Commander, but he has to be the kind of person who knows how to lead, and "...just to give an order is not the best way to lead." But, he said, there also has to be a strong connand structure. One man who stated there must be a chain of command suggested that there night possibly be a Commander for each shift with interaction between them. He said that the Commander should be not be resistant or blind to suggestion and inputs from the rest of the crew. When asked if he would recommend a military hierarchial system, he replied that he would prefer a NASA hierarchial system, which he said is not as rigid as the military system. Another contact also recommended a dual command system, but constructed around different lines. He suggested a military Commander and a scientific 35 �conmander. The military Conroander would be in ultimate charge, but as long as things are going well, he would delegate command to the chief scientist. He agreed tha,t this might be somewhat analogous to the relationship that exists between the Captain of a carrier and his Air Sroup Commander. The contact stated that the ultimate responsibility must be assigned to one person. said, 'You cannot have a voting situation up there." NOTE: He The term "Hilltary Commander" as used above was not meant by the speaker to imply that he advocated the Space Station be conuianded by a DOD representative. Conments: He used it as a figure of speech. Most of the respondents focused on the role that the Conmander must play, and how he must act in exercising that role. One contact really caught the significant part of the question and stated that even more important than the Commander's actions was the need for a strong comaand structure. It has been my observation that some Military Commanders get the job done by virtue of the fact that their subordinates are afraid of them; others because they are respected:and others because they are idolized. Regardless of the Commander's attitude, the job always gets done unless the conmand structure breaks down. Even the autocratic Commander gets the job done unless he attempts to dissolve the command structure. When he does that, the organization falls apart and the mission is a failure. 46. How Hi-Fi should the Space Station simulator be? This question was given to five people. Only one recownended that the simulator have as much fidelity as possible recognizing the limits imposed by gravity. Two men felt that a complete simulator, a duplicate Space Station, was not needed. Part-task and modular simulation should be adequate. These were thought to be especially valuable devices for problem solving. one man suggested that the Space Station control room should be fairly well simulated, but the other functions of a Space Station need not be 36 �duplicated on the ground. He suggested a minimum ground training period and conpletion of training In the Space Station itself under the supervision of the crew. He presupposed that only part of the crew, perhaps two out of ten, would be replaced at any one time. One man had no comments. Conments: The suggestion that part-task and modular simulations should be adequate seems to be a reasonable approach. The concept of training after arriving on station is an interesting one and might be an area for investigation. 49. Accommodating diverse groups of people. Seven people were asked this question. Two people expressed disapproval of the concept of taking the "man on the street". Both of these contacts felt that, in the foreseeable future, we would be taking selected people. One mentioned that we would select them first for their skills, second for their motivation, and third for their physical and mental health. mentioned construction workers. One contact He thought we would ask for volunteers from the population of construction workers, then we would select the most skilled and the most fit. Three contacts mentioned their opposition to the practice of applying arbitary age limits. They felt that the results of a physical examination should determine a person's fitness to fly, not his age. One mentioned a Dr. Vincent in Houston who has a program that is an excellent predictor of mental acuity. The respondent thought some of the airlines were using Or. Vincent's technique. One stated that we could markedly relax our physical requirements because there are no stresses in space. Another felt that most of the problems will be societal, and the Commander will have to deal with them. 37 �Another suggestion was t h a t planning f o r medical c a r e f a c i l i t i e s must take Into consideration t h a t crew members of t h e f u t u r e may n o t be 1n t h e b e s t of health o r of optimum age. Comments; I was pleased t o hear one of t h e contacts s t a t e t h a t we could markedly relax our physical requirements because t h e r e a r e no s t r e s s e s In space. I do not know. In any g r e a t d e t a i l , what physical l i m i t a t i o n s NASA places on s e l e c t e e s f o r space f l i g h t , but senators and school t e a c h e r s a r e now being considered. From a purely s c i e n t i f i c standpoint 1 t seems reasonable t o f l y a group of "average" people t o see whether they perform any d i f f e r e n t l y than the highly selected and superbly f i t persons we have flown In t h e p a s t . There was r e a l l y no reason f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e cream of t h e crop a f t e r Mercury and Gemini. Both of those e a r l y missions had t h e unknown p o s s i b i l i t y of requiring t h e a b i l i t y t o s u s t a i n hIgh-Q reentry followed by a survival experience l a s t i n g several days a t sea o r on t h e d e s e r t . e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f i t human specimen was required. Obviously an We might be surprised t o find out t h a t the average person who I s accustomed t o a more sedentary l i f e might even perform I n t e l l e c t u a l t a s k s In space a t l e a s t a s well a s t h e more f i t person does. I have not followed up on t h e suggestion t h a t Or. Vincent In Houston be contacted because of h i s a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t mental a c u i t y s e p a r a t e from age. 50. Thoughts regarding s a f e t y hazards. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . nothing t o c o n t r i b u t e . One said t h e only thing he could t h i n k of was a k i t t o s e a l meteorold punctures. redundancy a s p o s s i b l e . Three s t a t e d t h a t they had Another suggested only t h a t we build In a s much One person said t h a t a s i d e from t h e pure vacuum of space, living In t h e Space Station I s no d i f f e r e n t , from a s a f e t y point of view, than l i v i n g on Earth. The hazards a r e t h e same and you p r o t e c t against them with s t r u c t u r a l design. You c a n ' t p r o t e c t a g a i n s t a l l e v e n t u a l i t i e s . f e l t compartmentallzatlon w i l l solve many problems. 38 He �Another person made t h e s e f i v e p o i n t s : 1. Follow e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s . 2. Have two c u e s t o a p r o b l e m , i . e . , a u d i o and v i s u a l warnings i n case one o r t h e o t h e r i s m i s s e d . 3. Eliminate single-point failures. He s a i d NASA has done a v e ry ?oo(l job of doing t h a t . 4. When a f a i l u r e d o e s o c c u r , f a l l back t o a s a f e p o s i t i o n iimediately, and examine t h e f a i l u r e . 5. Use e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y w e l l - t r a i n e d p e o p l e i n p o s i t i o n s of p r i n c i p a l responsibility. One respondent urged t h a t NASA d o c a r e f u l f a i l u r e mode a n a l y s e s , and where they discover h a z a r d s t h a t t h e crew w i l l have t o l i v e w i t h , t h e n make s u r e t h e crew i s well t r a i n e d , o r e v e n o v e r t r a i n e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e m . One of t h e most l e n g t h y and t h o u g h t f u l comments was: 'The hazardous s i t u a t i o n i s a c o m p l i c a t e d one i n which you a r e n o t q u i t e sure what t o d o . The s i m p l e r t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e l e s s d a n g e r t h e r e i s of screwing i t up. I t h i n k t h e most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g from t h a t s t a n d p o i n t i n Space S t a t i o n i s t o c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y and c o l o r - c o d e a l l t h e v a r i o u s p i e c e s of equipment a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of h a z a r d . The most s e r i o u s b e i n g r e d , t h e n e x t yellow, then maybe y e l l o w - a n d - b l a c k s t r i p e s . now. B a s i c a l l y l i k e t h e m i l i t a r y does Mark 'NO STEP' and 'HAND HOLD', and s o f o r t h . A c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t should be made t o s e e t h a t we d o n ' t g e t s h a r p c o r n e r s and t h a t s o r t of t h i n g . "The dangers a r e g o i n g t o be i n t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t p e o p l e w e a r . With a l o t of people up t h e r e working around t h e r e i s g o i n g t o be a s u i t p u n c t u r e , o r swneone i s n o t g o i n g t o p u t t h e w r i s t s e a l on p r o p e r l y and a g l o v e w i l l pop off. Those a r e t h e k i n d s of problems we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e . We a r e n o t going to have any problems i n s i d e . " Cowitents: Of a l l t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , I c o n c u r most c l o s e l y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l who made t h e f i v e p o i n t s . They s h o u l d be remembered and p r a c t i c e d by a l l who have any r o l e i n s a f e t y d e s i g n o r p r a c t i c e s - and t h a t i n c l u d e s n e a r l y everyone. 39 �51. Suggestions which would help maintain crew h e a l t h . This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . t o make. Two s t a t e d they had no comments Proper n u t r i t i o n o r d i e t was mentioned by t h r e e people, a s was proper e x e r c i s e . Recognition t h a t people have t h e same psychological needs In space as on Earth was mentioned frequently. One c o n t a c t urged t h a t t h e time l i n e be structured t o provide time f o r q u i e t r e f l e c t i o n and contemplation. The b e n e f i t In crew member contributions t o t h e mission w i l l outweigh any cost In time. Another said t h a t we must choose s e n s i t i v e . I n t e l l i g e n t people t o serve on Space S t a t i o n . You d o n ' t need t h e "machonnan", and b r u t e - f o r c e kind of people - they should be kept o u t . One man s t a t e d , "Try t o make I t a s much l i k e a normal c i v i l i a n l i f e a s possible, recognizing t h a t we're going t o have a connand s t r u c t u r e , and by t h a t I mean If a guy wants t o have a g l a s s of wine with dinner o r a s h o t of brandy a f t e r , he ought t o be e n t i t l e d t o do s o . I t ' s home!" He's not f l y i n g an a i r l i n e r - One other man had mentioned t h a t he thought moderate consumption of alcohol was probably b e n e f i c i a l . Another man, who I am s u r e would have agreed with the comments above regarding wine with t h e meals and brandy a f t e r , nevertheless warned against what he perceived a s t h e c u r r e n t s o c i a l acceptance of overindulgence by m i l i t a r y p i l o t s . s a f e flying t h e next day. He f e l t t h a t behavior was hazardous t o The mental health aspects of t h e Space S t a t i o n were considered by another contact. He s a i d , "He should allow a routine-enough work c y c l e and approach t o Space S t a t i o n operations so t h a t If someone does g e t s1ck they can go take a day off and r e s t . L e t ' s ease off on t h e work load. L e t ' s l e t the astronomers have some time t o j u s t s i t t h e r e and look through t h e telescopes. Hhat's wrong with t h a t ? g r e a t Ideas anyway." Coweents: T h a t ' s where a l l t h e g r e a t astronomers got a l l t h e i r Here a g a i n , I was pleased t o s e e t h e emphasis on f a c t o r s Influ e n c i n g m e n t a l h e a l t h . If one lesson should have been learned from a l l of 40 �our space f l i g h t p r o j e c t s , i t i s t h a t we must guard a g a i n s t overloading the crew metrtier. I was most impressed by t h e l a s t comment recorded, " L e t ' s ease off on the work load. L e t ' s l e t t h e t h e astronomers have some time t o j u s t sit there and look through t h e t e l e s c o p e s . What's wrong with t h a t ? That's where a l l the g r e a t astronomers g o t a l l t h e i r g r e a t ideas anyway." I can only applaud t h a t a d v i c e . SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS As stated in t h e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d METHOD, t h e 51 questions were a c t u a l l y used only t o s t i m u l a t e d i s c u s s i o n . Although a g r e a t many comments were received in response t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e were some additional statements •ade either spontaneously o r a s a r e s u l t of thoughts stimulated by t h e questions. Some of t h e s e spontaneous statements a r e presented in t h i s s e c t i o n . 1. I t had been several y e a r s , and even decades, since some of t h e contacts had flown. One of them opened t h e interview with t h i s statement: " I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g your coming around doing t h i s . I commented t o [ h i s wife] t h i s morning t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time anybody has asked my opinion about anything s i n c e t h e day I l e f t NASA. And, consequently, i t i s of a l o t less value than i t might have been a year a f t e r I l e f t NASA." Conments: In l i g h t of t h e remark made by one c o n t a c t t h a t h i s remarks might have had more value had he been contacted a year a f t e r leaving t h e program rather than several years l a t e r might suggest t h a t NASA give consideration t o establishing a procedure whereby a l l former a s t r o n a u t s would be interviewed a year or two a f t e r they leave t h e program. 1 f e e l confident t h a t individuals who are no longer competing f o r a f l i g h t p o s i t i o n , o r who a r e no longer hoping for advancement i n , o r rewards from, t h e system might well be a very valuable source of information. Among t h e t e n people I interviewed, 1 f e l t t h a t some of there were so long out of t h e program a s t o be of l i t t l e value t o t h i s project. On t h e o t h e r hand, some who were more r e c e n t menders of NASA had •any good conments which t h e y probably would not have made had they been corepeting f o r f l i g h t assignment. 41 �2. One stated that he feU gymnastics might be a good training procedure, particularly use of the trampoline, in combatting space motion sickness. Cowwents; 3. None. In view of the fact that EVA astronauts do not appear to use their legs very much, one contact was asked his opinion regarding a suit without separate legs. He replied; •Some of the EVA tasks would require that you anchor your feet somehow, because that's the way you apply the torque. If. of course, you have some umbilical 'belly-button' kind of thing with which you attach yourself rigidly through your center of gravity, then you could obviously use your arms pretty well without a foot restraint. I would kind of think that having your legs separate would give you much better torque and muscle control." In response to the same question another contact said•But If you're thinking In terms of a Space Station where you're going to have to do some manual work with your arms, and you look at the situation Where you put In a torque motion. I don't know how you would counteract that without having your feet somehow [stabilized], speaking of construction work 1n space he said. "It Is In that kind of a mode where I would envision that you might want [to use your legs].' Comments: 4. None. When speaking of training, one contact mentioned what he called an advocacy position In training, it Is sitting down ahead of time and asking what^one will do If a certain event takes place. He said: •Within certain limitations you could take the advocacy role ahead of time. It's a 'brain-washing', and I know that's a bad word, but you train to the point where, when you get there, the actual case Is a piece of cake. many times It doesn't have to be a hands-on kind of training. And You can sit In a room and discuss what we're going to do If this happens and why do that one. But you gotta go through that exercise. 42 It's a very Important part of �getting ready t o go." The contact then gave two examples from h i s f l i g h t where f a m i l i a r i t y with the system and procedures saved t h e mission. Cofiments; The remarks regarding "advocacy" t r a i n i n g were i n t e r e s t i n g t o me. The mental exercise of s i t t i n g q u i e t l y alone o r with o n e ' s colleagues and contemplating possible events and how t o cope with them I s probably an excellent way t o t r a i n f o r foreseeable e v e n t u a l i t i e s . Perhaps such t r a i n i n g methods could be encouraged. 5. At the close of h i s interview, one contact offered t h e following independent thought: "One of t h e t h i n g s I d o n ' t think we're doing t o o w e l l . . . i s designing things l i k e t h e Space S t a t i o n , taking advantage of t h e r eal and unique environment. Using t h e d e l t a temperature and t h e d e l t a pressure a s driving forces t o some degree in equipment design. We're s t i l l designing things f o r here t h a t we then make a l l s o r t s of special precautions t o operate up t h e r e instead of designing them t o r e a l l y optimize the environment they have t o be in. I think when t h a t happens we w i l l have problems t e s t i n g i t down here, but i t w i n [work b e t t e r up t h e r e . ] " When asked f o r examples he said t h a t he had none a t t h e moment. Comments: 6. None. Another contact i n explaining why he thought he did not g e t motion sickness i n f l i g h t s a i d : "We would go up and do parabolas in t h e T-38 where we could do between 15 and 23 r o l l s on a given parabola. with each r o l l . We put our head i n d i f f e r e n t o r i e n t a t i o n s I ' d do t h a t maybe twice, and a l l of a sudden t h e sweat would break out—you'd s i t t h e r e with t h e world going around and you'd t r y t o f l y s t r a i g h t and level f o r f i v e minutes u n t i l you could g e t t h e world back together again, then you'd go a t i t a g a i n . [before t h e f l i g h t ] . I did t h a t down a t t h e Cape I got t o where i t r e a l l y took something t o g e t me s i c k . I d o n ' t know whether i t was t h a t conditioning t h a t helped o r whether i t was t h a t I was j u s t more n a t u r a l l y r e s i s t a n t than some. 43 You can do t h e same thing �in a swlnwing pool. nystagmus.* You can get some pretty high rates—until you get severe He continued t o cowaent that performing r o l l s In a zero-g parabola and holding the head in different positions a t the same time was the most efficient way of producing nystagmus that he knows. He got t o the point where he could make the world 'twitch* in any direction depending upon how he held his head during the r o l l . £ommsntsj_ NASA might give some thought t o investigating t h e training routine described by the contact who stated he and his partner executed 15 t o 23 rolls while in a zero-g parabola, with t h e i r heads in a d i f f e r e n t orientation for each parabola. I am astounded a t the piloting s k i l l which t h i s maneuver requires, but if i t can be done I t might be of value i n anti-motion sickness training. I know that aerobatics have been attempted t o t r a i n against motion sickness, largely without benefit, but t h i s i s the f i r s t I have heard of stimulating the semicircular canals while in zero-g. 7. One contact was asked for his ideas regarding the changing crews. He said that i t might be necessary t o bring up one o r two s p e c i a l i s t s for short periods t o perform specific tasks, but he f e l t i t was important t o change the e n t i r e basic crew a t the same time t o maintain a cohesive u n i t . Comments: 8. None. Another Interesting concluding remark was: "There i s one other thing I always make a pitch on. and t h a t i s that they do not realize that people in space f l i g h t o r in zero-gravity condition are no different than down here. You have zero gravity and a b e t t e r view, but other than that you are dealing with the same person and the same working environment and they can do exactly the same thing they can do down here. If a person i s exceptionally good as an observer o r working out something analytically, or if he i s good a t doing any kind of a detailed task (for example, a photo interpreter), you can put him up there where he i s looking a t 44 �the real thing. He can do just as good a Job up there as down here. no reason for not using a person's intellect fully. There is So far, the way space flights have been constructed, they want to dictate everything by checklist and take away your ability to think. Coninents; 9. See comments following Statement 9. Another man expressed the same thoughts in this way: "My big 'soap box' effort is the thing about let's not forget who we are and what our needs are as people, and carry those things with us. Let's not lull ourselves into thinking that this is such a special environment that all the rules change and everything is different, and that people will give up this and give up that In order to be up there. They will do it for a ten-day mission, but they won't do it for ninety days." He went on to say, "One of the problems we ran into on our mission was that we forgot to think about those things, and we got ourselves caught up in a workaday thing where we were working fourteen to sixteen hours a day, and working strictly following a carrot - following a very precise agenda every day. Halfway through the mission we began to get inefficient and made mistakes. Me finally recognized our problem and did something about it, and came out at the end of the mission in good shape. We finished everything we were supposed to do and got it all right." Comments: I commend the two remarks regarding utilization of people for their capabilities and their human abilities to NASA for serious consideration. I agree with both comments. If we are to put people in space we must take advantage of their capabilities and their "humanness", whatever that is. He should recognize the tendency to overschedule and actively correct for that tendency. 10. One contact believes that the absence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space might have some physiological consequences. this radiation is commonly referred to as Schumann resonance. this subject he said: 45 He said that Speaking to �•W1th1n the Ionosphere-Earth surface cavity there is, I think, about an 8-H2 to 32-Hz oscillating field with a series of peaks in that field that is generated by lightning storms on Earth, but the net result of all that electromagnetic activity is that we're exposed from conception to death to this oscillating field, and there is some evidence that if you play with that field here on Earth, particularly by superimposing a 5-Hz, 4-Hz, or 3-Hz field on what is already there (and it is very difficult to isolate the individual from it unless you go underground) and you get some neurological problems. It does affect people, and it is probably related to what happens to you when you get a relatively low-frequency strobe light flashing at you. A lot of people feel very very uncomfortable neurologically when that happens. course, it's absent. In space, of Once you get above the ionosphere that field is absent, and there is some concern among physicists who have a background in neurophysiology that there might be an instantaneous effect contributing to the Space Adaptation Syndrome, but they are more concerned about what the long-term effect may be if the brain actually uses that frquency on occasion or continuously to reset it's own timing signals in it's central processor. So, 1 would FLAG that as an unknown." This contact was also concerned about "intermittent sleep." could cause difficulty from the standpoint of loss of REH sleep. sleep is different from simple insomnia. He felt it Intermittent Intermittent sleep is that situation where a person wakes up and goes back to sleep several times during a sleep period. It should cause no problem over short periods, but if continued for two months or so it might. It has been noticed in sleep labs on the Earth, but the contact was of the opinion that it occurs more frequently in space flight than it does on the Earth. Comments; I cannot connent on the role of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space and its physiological consequences and I am unaware of "Schumann Resonance", but I do want to underline this individual's connent as a possible route of inquiry, which NASA might investigate. I also am unable to comment on this same contacts remarks regarding "Intermittent Sleep". 46 �11. One man mentioned t h a t he f e l t h i s mind worked b e t t e r i n space. When asked t o elaborate on t h a t s u b j e c t he s a i d : ' . . . i t might be j u s t t h a t you a r e doing i t f o r r eal r a t h e r than in practice. The f a c t t h a t you're i n 100X oxygen environment - t h a t should allow you t o perform a l i t t l e b e t t e r . I think i n a place of reduced g r a v i t y , t h a t could have a contributing f a c t o r t o o . including mental. Cownent; 12. [There was a ] changed response p a t t e r n , That i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e in the weightless s i t u a t i o n . " None. One contact mentioned t h a t i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted to the zero-g environment. He s a i d t h a t he knew t h a t i f he moved about Quickly he would become s i c k , s o he moved very slowly and very d e l i b e r a t e l y until he became accustomed t o t h e environment. He a l s o mentioned t h a t upon h i s return t o Earth he had " v e r t i g o " . as if t h e bed was i n c l i n e d about 30 degrees head down. for about a week. He f e l t This sensation lasted He mentions t h a t he was unable t o c l e a r h i s e a r s during parachute descent a t t h e end of h i s mission and wonders i f t h a t did not contribute t o h i s f e e l i n g s of " v e r t i g o " . He believes i t would have been interesting t o go through v e s t i b u l a r t e s t i n g during t h a t period, but o t h e r matters seemed t o occupy t h e time of t h e physicians. Comments: The contact who said i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted t o the zero-g environment was t h e only one of t h e group t h a t admitted t o even the l e a s t t r o u b l e . I found i t i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t he experienced a head-down sensation a f t e r return t o Earth. I would have expected him t o experience a head-down sensation in f l i g h t due t o migration of f l u i d t o t h e head and a head-up sensation upon return t o Earth. 13. Several s u b j e c t s mentioned d i f f i c u l t y sleeping i n f l i g h t . The consensus seemed t o be t h a t f r e e - f l o a t i n g s l e e p was not comfortable o r r e s t f u l . One man mentioned t h a t i n o r d e r t o g e t a comfortable n i g h t ' s s l e e p , t h e head and hands have t o be r e s t r a i n e d t o prevent them from moving about i n random fashion. 47 �Coimients; I believe this last remark regarding the unsatisfactory nature of unrestrained or free-floating sleep has been made before, so It requires no further Investigation, but should be kept In mind when sleep restraints In the Space Station crew quarters are being designed. 48 �APPENDIX A 1. Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program; Discuss in context of SS vs Skylab, Apollo, and STS. Worthwhile? Retain? Eliminate? Modify? 2. Do you have any thoughts on facilitating SS maintenance activities of the crew? 3. Discuss alarm systems: False alarms. Lights. Horns. Voice. Tactile. 4. Any thoughts as to tools for on-orbit repair and maintenance? Including "work bench", location, equipment, etc. 5. What about food and meals? A11 eat same foods on same days? Individually selected menu? Suggested changes/improvements. 6. Any suggestions regarding trash disposal? 49 �7. Any thoughts on clothing design? One piece c o v e r a l l s v s . pants and s h i r t ? Pocket l o c a t i o n , design, closure? Off-duty and on-duty. Any d i f f e r e n c e ? Special clothing f o r e x e r c i s e ? What kind of sleepwear would you choose? Any personal Items of c l o t h i n g f o r you? 8. Suggestions a s t o personal hygiene equipment. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . 1 0 . Skylab crews found t h a t they o r i e n t e d t o t h e f l o o r In small compartments, but t r a n s l a t e d h e a d - f i r s t in large compartments. Does t h i s Influence your thinking In regard t o I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "up" and "down"? Would visual o r i e n t a t i o n cues a s t o "up" o r "down" be helpful o r harmful? [At l e a s t one Skylab crew member reported t h a t he always o r i e n t e d down towards h i s f e e t . ] n . What about using vented gases f o r a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l , o r what about using opposing vents t o cancel any e f f e c t from venting? 1 2 . What I s the Importance of p r i v a t e coniminlcatlons with o p e r a t i o n s s t a f f , medical s t a f f , f r i e n d s , and r e l a t i v e s ? 1 3 . Some Skylab crew members reported t h a t p o r t a b l e f ans were of l i t t l e use f o r crew comfort, but were useful f o r equipment c o o l i n g . Others reported that they a r e u s e f u l , e s p e c i a l l y t o cool a person during and a f t e r e x e r c i s e . I s your opinion? 1 4 . Oo you have any Ideas concerning: Translation a i d s ? Control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices? Orientation cues? Protective devices f o r personal wear (helmets, g l o v e s , e t c . ) 50 What �15. Skylab crew's coimients about the airlock Included such remarks as: It was too small for two crewmen. Insufficient stowage volume. "Like a rat's nest during EVA.' Lack of foot restraints. Poor location; -Between Multiple Docking Adapter and Orbital Workshop. -In mainstream of traffic. -Failure of any one of three hatches would be cause for mission abort or even catastrophic situation (EVA crewman being trapped outside). OUESTIOMS: Here any of these problems present on STS? What suggestions have you for Space Station? 16. Any Ideas about the Individual crew quarters? Location. General arrangement: (1) Size (Skylab nominal was 28 In. x 38 In. x 78 In.). (2) Restraints. (3) Stowage. Noise. Lighting. Temperature. Ventilation. What kind of sleep restraint? Should washing and toilet facilities be Included? -Cofflode? -Urinal? -Both? What about shift occupancy? Communications? Warning signals? 51 �17. How much medical training should crew members have? Equivalent to CNT? More? Less? 18. Oo you believe crew members should engage in 'group dynamics* training before being assigned to SS? Should one CH be trained in this discipline? 19. Should families be given similar psychological training and support? 20. What about crew interaction training in a one-g simulator? 21. How much of a problem is ambient noise? 22. Wardroom: What suggestions for entertainment? Will external viewing be of great importance from a recreational standpoint? Is It Important that the Earth appear "down"? 23. Discuss body waste collection and disposal. 24. Personal cleanliness. Shaving. Haircuts. Showers. 25. Exercise. What kind? 26. How best to manage books and manuals. Should everything be in data banks with CRT display? 27. Han/machine interfaces. Brightness. Shape, color, texture. 52 �28. Three shifts or one (or two)? All sleep at the same time? How long a work day? Eight hours? Hore? Less? Should work time Include one to two hours of exercise, or should all exercise be performed In off-duty time? 29. How Important would be real-time TV, Including network news? 30. l>/ho should select the crew? What Input should crew members have In regard to crew composition? 31. Does EVA require "buddy system" or can one person do It alone with monitoring from the Inside? 32. How can the EVA suit be Improved? Urine collection. Fecal collection. Provision for food and water. Vomiting. 33. EVA Restraints and tethers. Hand and foot holds. Lighting. Helmet mounted? Tools. 34. With a twenty-one-day rescue time at worst, do you have any suggestions regarding mortuary services? 35. What about foot restraints at the work station? Locking grid and shoe. Stirrups. Clangs. Velcro. Other. 53 �36. Loconotlon aids. Lines, slldewlres. Distributed handles. Other. 37. What about body restraints for tasks requiring extreme steadiness? 3B. Any thoughts on artificial gravity? Need. Methods. Rotating SS. Tether. Continuous or Intermittent? 39. What about autonomy? Is "control" by NCC a pain, or Is It reassuring? 40. Would a miniature helmet-mounted TV to record EVA activities be useful? 41. What about an ELV rescue capability? capsules. For example, a Titan with reentry 42. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? 43. Any Ideas for design of a safe haven for two to three weeks' occupancy? 44. What about EVA? Use only for contingency? Use for contingency and major tasks only? Design for and use routinely? 45. On-board command structure: Strong, authoritative Comnander with clear chain of command? Participative management? Coenlttee decision making? 54 �46. How H1-F1 should the SS simulator be? 47. Is the orbiter overdesigned for safety? Can safety requirements be relaxed for SS? Any examples? 48. Any suggestions as to docking techniques or aids? Proximity operations. Approach corridors. Plume impingement considerations. Others. 49. In the future many diverse groups of people will have to participate in Space Station activities. For many of these people—scientists, construction workers, and so forth—there will be no arbitrary age limit. Can you think of any investigations that should be performed now, either to select those persons or to accommodate them in flight? 50. Do you have any thoughts as regards safety hazards? 51. Do you have any suggestions as to measures that would help maintain crew health? 55 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration APPENDIX B Ames Research Center Moffett Field. California 94035 rUASA aeiirioAdnai: LMA:239-2 Dear Space Missioa Participant: The purpose of this letter is to introduce Dr« William K« Douglas and a project that he is conducting under the sponsorship of NASA's Anes Research Center. The Ames Man-Vehicle Systems Research Division under its Space Human Fac tors Office is in the process of planning research that will help to as sure high levels of crew effectiveness on future space missions, including NASA's proposed space station. Several expected differences between the space station and previous missions suggest that such research is warrant ed. Such differences include more heterogeneity of crew members in back ground and experience, broader variety of work requirements (including more EVA), larger crews, and longer durations. To accommodate some of these changes, plans and designs are being developed for configurations of the total station, individual modules, and work stations, as well as for habitability Issues and operational pro cedures. In many cases the appropriate design or plan for promoting and maintaining effective crew performance under the changing conditions is unknown. Numerous cases involving new designs for work stations and habi tats have been documented, in which serious performance problems have ar isen because of either the lack of human factors information or the failure to incorporate available information. The Division has been active for several years in research to support the aviation community in developing methods for avoiding such errors in design, and operations. One of the more valuable sources of Information that has directed our research activities has been the Aviation Safety Re porting System (ASRS), which we direct (through a contract, under the sponsorship of the FAA). The system solicits voluntary comments and recommendations from pilots and air traffic controllers that concern any procedural problems encountered in the aviation system, and how these might be corrected. The reports are completely deidentified to insure anonymity of the reporter. Publication of the obtained information is generally in the form of a report that synthesises Individual comments and recommendations related to some particular Issue. Information such as that generated by the ASRS has proven of value, not only by indicating problems that require research for their solution, but by Indicating when research is unnecessary, either because Information is available to effect a solution, research is already in progress, or the 57 �problem Is not amenable to research. When research has been prescribed, the value of Its product has been enhanced significantly by the direction received from such information. The project being conducted by Dr. Douglas Is consistent with the intent and spirit of the ASRS. We are convinced that the experience of partici pants in previous space missions can form the basis for cogent recommenda tions for design, operations, and appropriate research relevant to future space missions, similarly to our experience in aviation. Therefore, we have asked Dr. Douglas to solicit thoughts regarding apace station design and operational requirements. The information obtained will be used to help us (and others) supply guidelines to designers, and to discover inadequacies in available knowledge that Indicate a need for further research. Dr. Douglas has contacted you as part of that process. Dr. Douglas was the first flight surgeon for the Mercury astronauts. We sought his assis tance in this project because of his reputation for sensitivity, objec tivity, general knowledge of and appreciation for the human in space mis sions, and his acquaintance with many members of the astronaut corps. We are requesting your participation because of our sincere interest in helping to assure a high level of effectiveness for future manned space missions. Dr. Douglas' approach will be informal. He will ask you a series of questions designed to focus your consideration of design and operational Issues, which we judge are important to the success of future missions. In your answers to the questions we are asking you to project from your experience to the expected conditions on a space station. We are not interested in documenting or reporting problems, either person al or general, from past missions. Rather, we are asking for your judg ment of where impediments to task performance, motivation, morale, etc. could arise; what changes in design and operations would you recommend, based on your experience and expected mission differences. Dr. Douglas will be assisted on the project by Mr. Donald K. (Deke) Slayton, whom you may know personally. Mr. Slayton's experience and knowledge should be of great assistance to Dr. Douglas in interpreting and syn thesizing the information, and producing a useful report. Please be assured, should you elect to participate, that the information obtained by Dr. Douglas will be completely deidentified from you as the source. Not only will your individual anonymity be assured with respect to specific information that you volunteer, but the identity of those per sons interviewed will not be revealed by Dr. Douglas or Mr. Slayton. 58 ��1 fttcori No. NASA CR-3942 4. Titlf and SuMiM 2. Geynwuwi HICHDH NO. Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions J Autttorlll 3. Reopant't Cralog No. & Report Dite October 1986 e. Performing Orgeniotlon Code 8. Perfornung Or^izabon Report No. William K. Douglas 9. ^lormina Orfonitation Nama and Addras McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company 3301 Bolsa Avenue Huntington Beach, CA 92647 17 Soomortnf A^ncy Nama and Addra« National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 MDC H1363 10. Work Unit No. 11. Contract or Grant No. NAS2-11723 13. Type of Report and Period Ceiwad 14. Sporaoring Agency Coda FLS IS Supplamantary Nolat The author was the flight surgeon for the original Mercury Seven Astronauts. Point of Contact: Trleve A. Tanner, MS239-2 (415)694-5185 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. CA 94035 FTS464-5185 IS Aeanoei Ten former NASA astonauts were Interviewed using a set of 51 questions developed to encourage the contacts to discuss any thoughts, opinions, con clusions, or suggestions which might have evolved since they left the astronaut program. Strict confidentiality was maintained. The reader will not be able to attribute any recorded remark to an individual person or to a particular mis sion. At least one astronaut from each of the NASA manned space flight programs, excluding the Space Transportation System (Shuttle), was Interviewed. The report records the answers to the questions asked, spontaneous comments, and the Investigator's oim personal evaluations of the material obtained. No statistical analysis of the material was attempted. The professional opinions of these ten experienced astronauts will be of value to persons concerned with the design and operation of mannoH space craft and manned space stations. 17 Key Warm ISunxtad by AutbarNIl l& OtiMutMn StPMiweW Crew health, maintenance, alarms, food, Unclassified - Unlimited clothing, personal hygiene, "up and down" identification, private communi Subject Category 54 cations, psychological support, crew selection, group dynamics, crew quartet s 19 Secieity OmuI.|o(itM'•pert) 20. Sacurilv Otmri.lef tN* page) 21. No. of Pagn 22 Unclassified Unclassified 62 'Forseleby the Nst>onii T*hriieel Infemriitttn Semee.Spnflgfield, Virgmi* 22161 . A04 ^ NASA'LANGLEY, 1986 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration Code NIT-4 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID NASA Permit No. G-27 Washington, D.C. 20546-0001 0*hcrat Business Penalty toi Pftfjie Use. S300 rwvsA M-sCT^ AcxrB • njS>lMA^IkK. If Undelfvcrablc (SBCCiun 156 MtnuBl) Do Not Return � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214 <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000074 Title A name given to the resource "Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions." Description An account of the resource This is a series of interviews with various anonymous astronauts from various programs including Skylab, focused on the future of manned spaceflight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas, William K. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1990 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Skylab Program Human factors in engineering design Neutral buoyancy simulation Provisioning Airlock modules Extravehicular mobility units Experimentation Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection Box 16, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/33/4741/loc_gold_000424_000424.pdf 722b16bf0779b8c7232b197ad85b64a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Goldsmith-Schiffman Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Goldsmith-Schiffman Collection Description An account of the resource "My ancestors were all German Jewish immigrants, members of four families who settled in Huntsville, Alabama before and following the Civil War. The Bernstein, Herstein and Schiffman families arrived during the 1850s, and Oscar Goldsmith arrived in 1879. Subsequent generations united these four families in marriage. Members of the extended family have figured in every phase of the history of Huntsville, both economically and socially; from the agrarian years of the nineteenth century through Huntsville’s growth after World War II, to becoming known as Rocket City USA; and socially, from the time of institutionalized slavery before the Civil War to segregation followed by the civil rights era." -<a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/southern-and-jewish/highlighting-the-history-of-huntsvilles-jewish-community/">Margaret Anne Goldsmith in an interview with My Jewish Learning</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_gold_000424_000424 Title A name given to the resource Letter to J. P. Fuller from Lewis Douglass. Description An account of the resource Lewis Douglass writes to J. P. Fuller authorizing I. Schiffman to take control of his land. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglass, Lewis Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1909-11-30 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1900-1909 Subject The topic of the resource Business Land use Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived I. Schiffman and Company Box 27, Folder 1904 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_gold_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/39/544/spc_mraz_0000059.pdf c36d5d7458a2f7c4ce66f7d8669f5017 PDF Text Text CITATION WILLIAM A. MRAZEK Upon William A. Mrazek, internationally noted space engineer and scientist, by choice a citizen of the United States and a resident of Alabama, whose truly exceptional foresight and judgment in planning, scheduling and directing design and development activities have been highly instrumental in an extraordinary number of space "firsts, 11 including: the nation's first successful ballistic missile, the nation's first successful intermediate range ballistic missile, the nation's first success ful satellite, the Army's first solid propellant missile, the vehicle for the nation I s first two manned space flights, the highly successful Saturn C-1 the largest known booster, and the Saturn C-5 the vehicle to be used for the initial manned lunar landing; Whose willingness and ability to impart knowledge of vehicle systems to industry has hastened the assimilation of technology by contractors and has thereby contributed greatly to the space effort and to the national standard of living; And whose tremendous technical capability has led him to be termed Marshall Space Flight Center• s chief engineer. By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Board of Trustees of Auburn University, I do now confer the Degree of: DOCTOR OF SCIENCE, HONORIS CAUSA together with all the rights, privileges and obligations thereunto pertaining. �1�iHi. �aug President· ' � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William A. Mrazek Collection Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection is digital only. This collection was generously lent to UAH for digitization by Ursula Mrazek Vann. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context William A. Mrazek Collection Description An account of the resource William Anthony Mrazek “(October 20, 1911 to February 8, 1992)” received his education at Deutsche Technische Hochschule, Brünn, Germany, graduating with an engineering diploma in 1935 (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek worked at Peenemünde from 1941 to 1945 as a loads engineer (Lundquist, Wade). He worked with Wernher von Braun at Peenemünde. Mrazek was brought to America through Operation Paperclip and arrived at Fort Bliss on April 8, 1946 (Wade, Lundquist). In 1950, Mrazek moved to Huntsville, Alabama, and worked for the U.S. Army’s rocket programs until 1960. By 1960, Mrazek became Director, Structures and Mechanics Division at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, and by February 1969, he became the Assistant Director for Engineering for Industrial Operations (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek later served as the “Chief Engineer for all Saturn development and fabrication work, reporting to the Saturn V Project Manager,” from “1965 to 1970” (Lundquist). Mrazek retired from the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1973 (Lundquist). Works Cited Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015. Wade, Mark. "Mrazek, Willi." Encyclopedia Astronautica, http://www.astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_mraz_0000059 Title A name given to the resource Citation for Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa degree presented to William A. Mrazek. Description An account of the resource Given by Auburn University president Ralph Brown Draughon, the citation notes Mrazek's accomplishments as "Marshall Space Flight Center's chief engineer." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Draughon, Ralph B. (Ralph Brown), 1899- Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Mrazek, William A. Aeronautical engineers Honorary degrees Type The nature or genre of the resource Diplomas Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived William A. Mrazek Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. This collection is digital only. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_mraz_2019_03 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10952/Huntisasdec68_040709153450.pdf 60e6e99d0e7c002ab551c0b878feb87e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Huntisasdec68.pdf spc_stnv_000330 Title A name given to the resource Huntsville Isascope: Volume V, No. 9. Description An account of the resource The following article is a digest from the Book, "From Peenemunde to Outer Space", commemorating the fiftieth birthday of Wernher von Braun, March 23, 1962 condensed by H. M. Hammac). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Driscoll, Daniel H. Schuler, Albert E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-12-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Measuring instruments Rocket engines Liquid propellant rockets V-2 missile Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 29 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000325_000349 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18015"> View this item in ArchivesSpace. </a> https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/3276/loc_burw_-64.pdf aa823131810e5755a56a6162508dca74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Burwell Family Collection Title A name given to the resource Burwell Family Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a> <a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a> Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context loc_burw_000064 Title A name given to the resource Approval for Edwin D. Burwell Jr. to travel to Ireland for four days. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Driver, Don. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 8/29/1945 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1940-1949 Subject The topic of the resource Burwell, Edwin D., Jr. United States. Army--Leaves and furloughs World War, 1939-1945--Military personnel Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Burwell Family Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource loc_burw_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/109/7572/r01c01-02.pdf d9fdee329b190118d4802afaa348f1dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries C: Cabaniss Personal Correspondence Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries C: Cabaniss Personal Correspondence Description An account of the resource Subseries C, Cabaniss Personal Correspondence (CPC), consists of correspondence from letters from friends, relatives, and their children. Most of the family correspondence involves these children and families of S. D. Cabaniss, and his brothers and sisters who appeared to have been enormous burdens in these difficult years. These papers are sorted "to whom," "from whom," and then chronologically. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01c01-02 Title A name given to the resource From Allen, Drury M., Jr., to Cabaniss, Charles Eugene, 1866-1869? Relation A related resource r01c-210910 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Drury, Allen Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1860-1869 Subject The topic of the resource Cats Cousins Charlottesville (Va.) Letters of introduction Cabaniss, Charles E. Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries C, Box 1, Folder 2, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1262/spc_stnv_000119.pdf 374a312919d60522d6a137389f89f4a6 PDF Text Text DOUGLAS PAPER NO. 4054 SATURN UISTORY DOCUMENT University of Alabema Research lnstitclte History of Science & Technology Grout, -.rm3p"4"&$IT. Date --,-,Doc. ,, No. ,, -----,em ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT PREPAREDSY A.W. DRYDEN QUALITY ENGINEER Q U A L I T Y E N G I N E E R I N G . R E L I A B I L I T Y ASSURANCE SPACE SYSTEMS C E N T E R DOUGLAS A I R C q A F T COMPANY. I N C . HUNTINGTON BEACH. CALIFORNIA PRESENTED T O Z l S T ANNUAL T E C H N I C A L C O N F E R E N C E F O R T H E AMERICAN S O C I E T Y FOR QUALITY CONTROL CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 30 MAY T O 2 J U N E 1987 �ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT O F SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer Reliability A s s u r a n c e Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc. Space S y s t e m s Center Huntington Beach, California INTRODU CTION T h i s p a p e r d i s c u s s e s the techniques implemented a t the Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc., M i s s i l e and Space Systems Division (MSSD), to m e a s u r e and e n s u r e t h a t alignment of s p a c e vehicles conforms to design r e q u i r e m e n t s . The intent of the p a p e r i s to d i s s e m i n a t e useful specialized information and knowledge to enable those i n t e r e s t e d to keep a b r e a s t of technical advances. Equipment and methods u s e d to align l a r g e s p a c e vehicles a r e i l l u s t r a t e d . Combinations of s t a n d a r d c o m m e r c i a l tools, optical i n s t r u m e n t s , s p e c i a l l y designed tools, f i x t u r e s , and equipment a r e employed to prove vehicle alignment. Special techniques developed to align l a r g e cylindrical, s p h e r i c a l , and c o n i c a l s t r u c t u r e s f o r rotational displacement, relationship of t r u e c e n t e r l i n e , and engine geometry to vehicle a x i s a r e discussed. Considera- tion is given to f u t u r e alignment p r o b l e m s c r e a t e d by technological advances and quality c o n t r o l s to e n s u r e hieh s t a n d a r d s that m e e t t o m o r r o w ' s requirements. SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT- -ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT Alignment i s the adjustment of a component' o r the interfacing of a s u b a s s e m bly and m a j o r s t r u c t u r e to a p r e d e t e r m i n e d line, point, o r basic r e f e r e n c e system. Alignment r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t be imposed upon c o n t r a c t o r s to e n s u r e uniformity of product. A c c u r a t e alignment d a t a a r e of g r e a t value in d e t e r - mining v a r i o u s design p a r a m e t e r s . �Contractual Requirements In the space program, numerous c o n t r a c t o r s participate jointly in the design and fabrication efforts to produce multistage boosters and space vehicles. To m e e t the demands f o r g r e a t e r dimensional accuracy and interface and interchangeability r e q u i r e m e n t s , the contractors must adhere s t r i c t l y to a rigid s y s t e m of measurement. Contractual alignment requirements provide the c u s t o m e r with objectives that e n s u r e that s t r u c t u r a l components achieve acceptable and compatible s t r u c t u r a l integrity. Data f o r Product Evaluation Accurate alignment data a r e extremely important since they enable the engineer to evaluate the effects of allowable s t r u c t u r a l and control misalignments. Data furnish the b a s i s f o r the analysis of permissible and expected dimensional tolerances, load distribution, load limits, and s t r u c t u r a l adequacy. Types of Structures Aligned I t i s interesting to note the various configurations involved in alignment, Figure 1 i l l u s t r a t e s the t h r e e types of s t r u c t u r e s that a r e of p r i m a r y concern: cylinders, partial s p h e r e s , and cones. The basic cylinder section i s conStructed of aluminum alloy segments. The i n t e r i o r of the segments a r e milled to a waffle -like pattern, then formed to contour. The s e g m e n t s a r e progressively joined by welding until the cylinder i s complete Figure 1. Saturn IBIS-IVB Location of Major Components (Reference 1). �"Orange peel" segments of partial spheres o r domes a r e formed to a spherical radius, then mounted in special fixtures and welded progressively to completion. The thrust structure i s an example of a conical component. The assembly consists of attach angles and stringers riveted to aluminum skins and joined - to the engine mount casting. ALIGNMENT METHODS The size of large components and their relationship to required accuracies generate numerous problems in the a r e a s of alignment and measurement. To meet these complicated and challenging problems, i t i s necessary to develop mechanical and optical techniques f a r more sophisticated than those applied to normal a i r c r a f t methods (Reference 2). Specially designed tools a r e fabricated to assemble huge components to exacting tolerances. emphasizes precision and simplicity. The design A tool-proving cycle i s performed thoroughly to guard against the p r e s s u r e s of tight manufacturing schedules and l o s s of dimensional integrity (Reference 3 ) . Proven success in the performance of the tools i s necessary to ensure accurate results in the alignment process. Tooling a s an Inspection Medium Use of tooling a s a medium of inspection permits g r e a t e r flexibility, f a s t e r set-up time, and e a s i e r verification of control points. Liaison between quality engineering and manufacturing engineering in the tool design and fabrication phase enables implementation o f inspection media. Desirable features a r e a s follows: 1. Rotation capability that provides a means for turning the vehicle to perform inspections during manufacturing. 2. Floor target reference points which establish a basic reference plane independent of that of the assembly tool, thus enabling detection of any change o r misalignment in the assembly tool by comparison of the reference systems. �3. Interfacing planes accurately machined to within 0.0 10 in. to e n s u r e control of p a r a l l e l i s m while l a r g e vehicle components a r e being a s s e mbled. 4. Mastered hole patterns and index points f o r control of interchangeability requirements of l a r g e geometries. Index points furnish positive component location and protect against rotational misalignment. Dial Indicators--Dial indicators a r e fine precision instruments which have a number of applications and a r e capable of reaching virtually i n a c c e s s i b l e areas. Fabrication of indicator attach points a s p a r t of the a s s e m b l y tool facilities i n - p r o c e s s checking and inspection. Inspections combining rotation and u s e of indicators a r e performed to (1) verify horizontal datum plane runout and to (2) obtain concentricity and centroidal data to verify compliance with engineering requirements. Optical Instruments --The u s e of optical i n s t r u m e n t s and optical tooling has rapidly become e s t a b lished a s the only a c c u r a t e method of performing m e a s u r e m e n t s o n objects which a r e too l a r g e to p e r m i t u s e of s u r f a c e plates o r s i m i l a r fixed machined s u r f a c e s a s a b a s i s f o r mechanical measurements. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the u s e of optic a l equipment and tooling to verify vehicle alignment (Reference 4). Jig T r a n s i t s -- The jig t r a n s i t e s t a b l i s h e s a v e r t i c a l plane, in any location desired, between two e s t a b lished points a n d / o r p r e c i s e l y a t right angles to any o t h e r line Figure 2. Verifying Alignment with Optical Equipment and Tooling sight. of^ I I �P r e c i s i o n Sight L e v e l s - - P r e c i s i o n sight levels establish a horizontal plane at any d e s i r e d height. Microptic Clinometer- -The precision microptic clinometer, an i n s t r u m e n t capable of measuring minutes of a r c , is used to m e a s u r e angular displacements with consistent a c c u r a c i e s of 10 s e c of arc. Values can be r e a d directly. ALIGNMENT POSITIONS It i s important to consider alignment position. A simple approach i s m o r e often the c o r r e c t and m o s t economically feasible. Experienced judgment m u s t be e x e r c i s e d in a g r e a t number of instances. Horizontal Alignment Horizontal alignment, though d e s i r a b l e i n many r e s p e c t s , has limitations which m u s t be considered: 1. The vehicle configuration must be complete. 2. In the horizontal position, loads a r e shifted and in many i n s t a n c e s s t r e s s e s a r e c r e a t e d , making it difficult to obtain a c c u r a t e data. 3. Additional tooling f o r supporting and handling the vehicle is often required. 4. F o r c e d implementation of nonscheduled manufacturing flow and outof-position techniques a r e utilized. Vertical Alignment Vehicle v e r t i c a l alignment through the c e n t r a l axis m u s t be accomplished during the manufacturing phases. The following significant f a c t o r s favor adoption of v e r t i c a l alignment techniques : 1. L a r g e s t r u c t u r e s and subassemblies a r e joined with the vehicle i n a n o r m a l flight attitude. 2. Tools designed to join the a s s e m b l i e s provide an inspection medium, 3. Alignment verification is compatible with the manufacturing schedule. �The c r i t i c a l alignment requirements f o r achieving v e r t i c a l alignments a r e established by measuring the following: 1. Rotational alignment. 2. T r u e centerline location. 3. Relationship of engine geometry to vehicle. Rotational Alignment--Figure 3 i l l u s t r a t e s the method established to verify displacement of assembled components. Marks, precisely punched upon the attach-angle s u r f a c e of the subassemblies during fabrication, f o r m the component position axis. Optical tooling establishes a network of invisible lines of sight which c a n be arranged, r e a r r a n g e d , and adjusted i n a variety of sequences a s p r i m a r y and secondary lines of sight. Using these lines, inspectors can adjust and prove dimensional relations, angularity, squareness symmetry, and perpendicularity of l a r g e assemblies that r e q u i r e accurate alignment. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the floor r e f e r ence t a r g e t s which f o r m the b a s i c datum points for the position axis. A jig t r a n s i t i s adjusted to e s t a b l i s h a line on the floor r e f e r e n c e target. The assembly jig can be rotated to OUWUL 1AllKn m PHI sn room . c r w LT a m - RwHtiQararl coincide with the line of sight of the jig transit. mn ,.)14110 allow the position points of the jig to . The jig t r a n s i t i s a r c e d to observe attach-angle punch mark. Adjusting the optical m i c r o m e t e r attached to the t r a n s i t objective l e n s r n ~ w u u u i r l a m nacla r r r w r n m p e r m i t s displacement observations to be measured and recordec' T r u e Centerline Location- -Analysis Figure 3. Verifying Displacement of Assembled.Components of recorded displacement data provides' the nieans f o r determining �location of t r u e centerline and implication of m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r . Relationship of Enqine Geometry to Vehicle- - A single-engine configuration i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. Relation- ship of engine to vehicle i s verified with a special alignment fixture positioned on the engine exit plane and indexed in tooling holes located in the engine exit flange. Two clinometers positioned on the machined surface block in the c e n t e r of the fixture a r e adjusted to p e r m i t center-level bubbles to r e a d tUT RUf MLIMlUWLt M J U l l t O tUT R u t UUmAIIO ffiLE - W i l T E i r t x t l R u t IClIUl10. ffiU - r o r ~ ~ r c t r ~ c v iia-1 ua 6 to the n e a r e s t 1/10 min. E S W I N ~ 111- mim I Figure 4. Single-Engine Configuration Clinometer angles and directions f o r position planes a r e recorded. The "adjusted" exit plane inclination angle i s computed to the vehicle horizontal datum plane. Data recorded m u s t be accurately established i n o r d e r to be useful and meaningful. F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s a vehicle with a 6-engine cluster. Manufacturing techniques implemented to i n s t a l l the engines made i t n e c e s s a r y to verify engine alignment by horizont a l methods. Figure 5. Vehicle with Six-Engine Cluster �FUTURE ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS F u t u r e aerospace business will involve building, testing, firing, recovering, and refurbishing large payload boosters. Large crews on manned space vehicles and longer missions can be expected. Vehicle dimensional tolerances and s u r f a c e smoothness requirements probably will not exceed c u r r e n t tolerances. Other tolerances may be more critical because of the need f o r high- performance structures, space limitations, and operating-temperature range. Size alone often will c r e a t e problems. New materials and requirements for e x t r e m e reliability will necessitate development of highly refined manufacturing techniques and new skills. Continued development of inspection c r i t e r i a and quality control methods i s n e c e s s a r y to keep pace with advancements of the space age. �REFERENCES 1. A. J. Munson. Welding Huge Components of Saturn Space Vehicles-Manufacturing Steps in P r e p a r a t i o n f o r the Shot to the Moon. Machinery, Vol. 70, No. 2, October 1963. 2. A. W.- Dryden. Stage Alignment P r o c e d u r e s Saturn S-IVB Stage. Douglas R e p o r t No. SM-46843, April 1965. 3, J. Madsen. Manufacturing Control f o r Advanced Vehicles. P a p e r No. 1647, 24 September 1963. 4. John D. McGrae. Optical Tooling in Industry. C h r y s l e r Corporation, 1964, Douglas M i s s i l e Division, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000119 Title A name given to the resource "Assurance and Measurement of Space Vehicle Alignment." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Douglas Paper No. 4054 Description An account of the resource Prepared by A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer, Quality Engineering, Reliability Assurance, Space Systems Center, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Huntington Beach, California. Presented to the 21st Annual Technical Conference for the American Society for Quality Control, Chicago, Illinois. 30 May to 2 June 1967. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dryden, A. W. Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-06-02 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Alignment Contracts Government contractors--United States Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 23, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17692 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10875/Letttothepres101268_120808163249.pdf de900e2e728448b2f941b8c27350edde Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Letttothepres101268_120808163249.pdf spc_stnv_000401 Title A name given to the resource "Letter to The President and White House." Description An account of the resource Correspondance between the President and Hugh L. Dryden regarding administrative limitations of the President's power. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dryden, Hugh L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-10-12 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Manned space flight Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Correspondances Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Is part of: Dr. von Braun / NASA HQ Correspondence July 1968. Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000400_000424 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10945/lettdrhughodigfromhughdryd_031607081156.pdf 1a1d4d6b0e40a4891ad8de6bb56ddcdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context lettdrhughodigfromhughdryd_031607081156.pdf spc_stnv_000373 Title A name given to the resource Letter to Dr. Hugh Odishaw. Description An account of the resource Letter to Hugh Odishaw from Donald Hornig regarding a previous meeting as well as an F-1 engine report. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dryden, Hugh L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-03-06 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project F-1 Engine Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Correspondence Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 5, Folder 21 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000350_000374 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/16650">View this item on ArchivesSpace.</a> https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/119/7714/r02g07-36.pdf eca20bda04c28923b58fbc7911c1bed3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 02, Subseries G: Roberts Correspondence Title A name given to the resource Series 02, Subseries G: Roberts Correspondence Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r02g07-36 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection Series 2, Subseries G, Box 7, Folder 36 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Title A name given to the resource Query Letter Concerning 1863 Pikeville Refugees, undated Relation A related resource r02g-210915 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dugan, Frank H. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12-26 Subject The topic of the resource Alabama–History Alabama–History–Civil War, 1861-1865 Associations, institutions, etc. History–Sources United States–History–Civil War, 1861-1865 Type The nature or genre of the resource Correspondence Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1140/spc_stnv_000056.pdf 3c1d866c81cec99dbfe2a16cc984fec6 PDF Text Text . . t..: ..:,;.:. \ ...... L . , 1 { .; : ,'. LA....- ;'.';,I e>,.< - i <.. ,... : . . <. . .<.;, -> 5 d A , . -. ;j&..$?,;:,;;,;; ,:.' ........... ..,... y:\. :;::'. &. . ,: ':..... "...J:,--.. . P ;.. .-.<. . . . :,. . " ,.,' . .'->, -2 i *>->,.., \.<:.'..:., SI:,. ,> . ri 4 ;! > ' ' ' ,i' .\, , ..... :: . . -:,. : , ..... . ! . "". . ' L.:;. , : '~ - .' <t:$;3d; , ;,:::>. >, .r.<<;:;;::-..::: . . . ...... ,*,.- :.; . : % < ? 2 ,r.' ... 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DUGGAN Fiars2.,.ahl Spaco F l i g h t Center National 2.esonautics and Space Aclrdn-is lration Huntstaillo, i2.2. .- No. 6 3 - 3 9 . L - . \. *::'.: ,! ,\ v:;..;: *::. . ' , ,., :,; 'li: ..:.... ;. .... -:M c . ,.> ....... % . ; . $ , . <:.. < . .;.&i>:. b;.:;: :: .: :......... .-h %.::.;. .... ...:. :..% '.- ......". .." : pUGUST . ."-..* U..,. . ;::,*'Yh AlAA GUIDAXCE AND , :. ".; . .'I, $ . . '2. \-~~'.. ,-:,j , r,:-,,..; .., v L . .i: -A .L, 1 , c.:.,;.:':........ -3.>,>..*, . . . t .\. ;.; .<-. '.. s:3, v..\ .... *. , .> ", F ' . -.: ? R,, L. 5: - :..:...,, ... . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . -.... . .,, .. .,'.. ..% ' . . ,. . , ., .. . < . . . . ,-: .. . ., . . .......... . . . . . . . . . k.. . . ,. . . . ;.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . c.... ........................ .-;.:.'.:-\!:: , . ,. , , : . '. , , .,, .. . . . . . . , . ,, . . . . .- -. . . . . G.h :.. . , *J , E I , . . <.,A ,'.:. .'. " . . C.. . -. .;. . 1 ;, , ,.... :':.: ..\, ,.> .........:\\ *i. . i* ,;. ... ':.;;. ' "1 . ..-.--j. ...I ' , , ,,, , 6. ... " . ... .. .. . .----------. .... ,+ 7..- . .. 6:. ..........*. ,&;. . , :-/" , L ..$ . _. .. . . . . . /</ ,-.. . . . :.. .\ , ' ... .J .? : ,,; ::d:----L-.;".:,. >./ ; ,,' . ,L" :: 'j . . <, .: ~<G -,.',; . . * ..-...:....... . .>.......:.....";;>22-4' ;. '..,...I. - /- <--:.= C . . .- 7 7 i"" .-----. . ----. . .., / . . - ' i . - ��.,-- ;;;;p!iPier , is 109 db maximum and i s controlled by an AGC voltage from the range tracker. MODULATOR - POWER SUPPLY ASSEMBLY The modulator-power supply i s b u i l t as one assenbly. The roduiator i s an a l l s o l i d s t a t e device that receives a 144 pps sync pulse from the timer and produces a pps, I:&s, 3500-volt nodulator pulse iot- the transmitter. The modulator c i r c u i t consists of a d.c, resonant charging network and an opsn-cndcd, pulse forming network t o generate the oodu l a t o r pulses. The power supply is a dace-to-d.c. converter with a 26 V d o c . input t h a t supplies s i x regulated v o i t c g e i ?in4 O n d ~ ~ f i r a g ~ l e tVvitags ad f o r t h e f ivo assemb 1 ies of the a1 timeter. tracker is to track the delayed video I-eturi? s i c j nal and produce a g s t e whose width i s a iuncticn of the d i s t a n c e t o the eartii, It s l z c Senerates AGC signals' t o control the Cjdiri of the I F amp!;fTers and a r e l i a b i l i t y signal w h i c h i n d i c s ~ e s t h a t the t r a c k e r is lflocked-on" the return s igrzl and t h a t the a l t i t u d e d a t a being tran;:a;ttcci i s re! iabie. ~ The t r a c k e r can search f o r , " I c c k - ~ n,~and t r a c k returned signal w i t h power levais as i c w a:, -Ci dbm, and w i t h range r n t c s u p t o 6 ;.m/s. 7:-tc t r s c k e r has two rrodes of operation: rke l g t r a c % i ! mode and the t l s e a r c h t rmcde. Figure 3 i s a simplIfIed biock diagram of the t r a c k e r i n the H t r a c k s lmode of operaiion. TIMER ASSEMBLY The timer c o n s i s t s of the timer sub-assembly and a 21.233664 MHz clock o s c i l l a t o r . The o s c i l l a t o r supplies the time base f o r a l l functions of the timer (Figure 2 ) . The clock frequency i s divided t o produce the 144 pps sync pulse and i s f u r t h e r divided t o produce the 36 pps t r a n s f e r signal t h a t c l e a r s and resets the storage r e g i s t e r and accumulator. The 36 pps signal i s divided by 18 t o provide the 2 pps time s i g n a l . This time signal i s the i n put t o a 9 - b i t counter t h a t provides a binary coded elapsed time output. The a l t i t u d e data is generated by gating the 21 MHz clock signal i n t o an 18-bit accumulator. The < z i n g signal i s the counter g a t e from the range .acker. I t s width is proportional t o a l t i t u d e . The counter gate occurs 144 times per second (four times the r a t e of the t r a n s f e r puls?), which means t h a t the IS-bit a l t i t u d e word i s the count a c ~ cumu lated during four counter g a t e i n t e r v a l s . This provides an a i t i t u d e readout t h a t i s the average of k a l t i t u d e measurements made over a 1/36 of a second i n t e r v a l . This method a l s o slows the data r a t e t o a r a r e reasonable va Iue. The 18-bi t storage r e g i s t e r receives and s t o r e s the 13-bi t a1 t i tude word f rom the accumulator. The storage r e g i s t e r i s cleared and r e s e t 36 times per second, j u s t prior t o r e s e t of the accumulator. Data i s avai lable f o r telemetering f o r approximately 23 ns out of every 28 ms. Clear and r e s e t functions a r e performed during the remaining 5 ms. The stored 18-bit a l t i t u d e word i s read by the te!emeter;ng equipment a t a r a t e not synchronous w i t h che t r a n s f e r pulse r a t e , which r e s u l t s in periodic readings t h a t occur while the 18-bit s t o r age r e s i s t e r i s i n the process of being cleared and r e s e t (new data s h i f t e d i n fron the accumulator). i n order tnat these erroneous readings w i l l not be nisin:er?reted, an " i n h i b i t " signal i s generated 5 LLi:een -- torag age c l e a r t 1 and "storage resetu ( t h e 5 ns pc;;od previously mentioned). This i n h i b i t s i g nal is used as a "flaga1 on t h e telernetered data t o denote unrel iable data. pP 1 .L,+ Rb,NGE TRACKER ASSE3BLY The primary function of the a l t i m e t e r range The negative s t a r t pulse from t h e t r a n s m i t t e r s t a r t s the counter g a t e f 1 ip-f lop and the l inear sweep generator. The l inear swaep generator gener a t e s a i i n e a r ramp function t h a t r i s e s to approximately l G O voi t s i n 3 6 0 0 4 s, The pick-off dioce a t the output of the 1 inear sweep generator a 1 lows some portion of t h e l i n e a r sweep t o psss t o tne range g a t e generator c i r c u i t . The portion t h a t i s passed depends upon the magnitude of t h e d.c. voltage fed f r o n the servo amp1 if i e r t o the p;ck-oii diode. The portion of the l i n e a r swee? t h a t passes ~ h r o u g hthe pick-oci d i ~ d eis t h a t whicn occuis a f t e r the sweep volrage has reached t h e n a g n i t u l s of the d . ~ . voltage from t h e servo. Since the amplitude of the l i n e a r sweep i s a Functir: of t i a e , the magnitude of t h e d.c. voltage fro,? the servo determines a t what time along ehe i inear swccp the pick-off diode w i l i begin t o pass the sweep, The portion of the sweep'that i s passed t h r o u ~ h the pick-off diode i s amplified, shaped, and d i f f e r e n t i a t e d t o form a sharp pulse a t the i n s t a n t the sweep i s picked o f f . This pulse i s used t o range g a t e and t o generate the generate the 2-/$s' s t o p pulse which terminates the counter g a t e , -ine , counter g a t e i s fed t o the e r r o r sensor where i t concrols a high speed video switch. The I? gated video pulse i s a l s o fed t o t h i s switcn. the end of t h e counter g a t e does not coincide with the c e n t e r of the returned video pulse, an e r r o r signal causes t h e servo output voltage t o cnange i n the di rection necessary t o return tne end 05 the counter g s t e t o the c e n t e r of t h e video pulse. As the a l t i t u d e changes, t h e e r r o r sensor and servo c i r c u i t s mair,t : n ;he range g a t e a d t h e efid of the counter g a t e coincident with the recurned video pulse. As long as coincidence i s n a i n t a i z e d , range loss relay K-101 i s energized and t h e t r a c k e r I n t e g r a t o r s i n the operates i n t h e I'track" mode. servo c i r c u i t s t o r e range r a t e information, whicn a1 lows the t r a c k e r t o continue tracking a t tne same r a t e during s h o r r duration s i g n a l fades, i l I u s t r a t e s typical wavsshapes of 'the Figure tracking c i r c u i t s i n t h e "tracki1 mode of operation. AGC C i r c u i t s (Fisure 5) The range t r a c k e r produces t h r e e AGC s i g n a l voltages: fixed AGC, noise A C C , and pdise AGC. These t h r e e voltages a r e fed t o an "OR" g a t e , which a l lows only the most negative voi t a s e t o pzss. ~~-&,?>;hz �Noise AGC i s used during the I1searcht8mode. It i s generated by the IF noise and i s adjusted fdr optimum searching action. the storage c i r c u i t t o maintain "icck." Pulse AGC i s used i n the mode of opera tion and i s generated f ron the 2 - 4 s rangegated video pulse alone. The a ] timetei- aatenns was rjes l ~ c e de n d b u i l '; by the Antenna Developiiient Ijnl t ot ;',SF::. I t i8 a planar 3 by 4 s l o t a r r a y . The s l o t 5 a:e ctched on one s i d e of a l/b-inch t h i c k , coppcr-lsrninsted rexoli t e sheet. The o t h e r s i d e of t h i s shze'c h z s an etched feed l i n e which divides the poSwer cqvsi iy a n d i n phase among the s l o t s . To bloc!: one 5 i d e of the s l o t s , another l/8-inch ::hick, copper- 1c:~iI:;~iteJ r e x o l i t e s h e e t i s used, duplicating the povtcr divider on one s i d e where the lamination on tha other side i s l e f t intact. Fixcd AGC i s used during the t r a n s i t i o n from "scarchI1 to lltrackll mode of operation to prevent thc I F amplifier from s a t u r a t i n g , Video Gatinq (Fiqure 5) The returned video pulse i s gated a t several poinks i n the range tracker t~ gate out noise and other unwsnted s l g n a l s wh! la allawing kka v f J e 6 return signal t o pass. The width of the gates depends upon whether the tracker i s i n the search mode o r track mode. The f i r s t gating c i r c u i t (Al) encountered by the returned video i s relay controlled. I n t h e search mode, the g a t e width i s approximately 35004s long. The f i r s t 100As following the transmitter pulse i s gated out by an i n h i b i t pulse f torn the blanking g a t e generator and the l a s t 3300 ,L(s of the time interval between transmitted pulses is gated out by a blanking gate from the sweep g a t e generator. This gate s e t s t h e maximum and minimum tracking 1 i m i t s of the range t r a c k e r as required by the mission of t h e a l t i m e t e r and prevents processing of unnecessary noise. I n the track mode, gating c i r c u i t A1 i s cont r o l led by the 2-14s range gate. This al lows only the 1-,d/s video return and I - A s of noise t o pass t o the o t h e r c i r c u i t s of the tracker. The second g a t e (A2) gates the video i n t o the pulse AGC and r e l i a b i l i t y signal c i r c u i t s . i t i s always controlled by the 2&s range gate; theref o r e , very l i t t l e AGC voltage i s deveioped by t h i s c i r c u i t u n t i 1 t h e return video pulse and range g a t e are coincident. Gated storage c i rcui t A4 gates and s t o r e s t h e video pulse energy during each range g a t e i n t e r v a l . Th i s stored vo i tage produces the pulse AGC voltage ,. and the "re1 iabi 1 ity" signal which causes the range tracker t o swi tch from 18search1rt o ll.trackltmode of operation. ANT Eb!!IF\ One anfeqna i s used f o r both %fentimitt;n: ?nd recei V I ng. This antenna conP i guration oroduccs a pattern normal t o i t s a p e r t u r e having 16 db cjain a; the c e n t e r of the lobe. The level of s i d a lobes i a r e l a t i v e l y low, but high enough t o a s s u r e aaequate signal s t r e n g t h u r i n g ' t h e e a r l y portion of t h e f l i g h t t r a j e c t o r y . 9 PROBLEM AREAS The two major problems encountered i n t h e design of t h e Saturn radar a1 timeter stern f r o n the lack of knowledge of radar returns f roa a l t i tudes beyond the c a p a b i l i t y of a i r c r a f t . Existing theory as t o the r e f l e c t i v i t y f i g u r e of sea-water v a r i e s over a wide range, even a t t h e r e l a t i v e i y low a l t i t u d e s f o r which data e x i s t s . Transmit:zr power requi reinent f o r the a 1 tlmeter was based ci? a conservative r e f l e c t i v i t y f i.gure, and what ccltild be realized within e x i s t i n g weight and space l i r i i i tations. Accuracy of the system depends heavily c n the shape of the return echo. Existing theory s t a t e s t h a t above the c r i t i c a l a l t i t u d e of the s y s t e a , the return pulse r i s e time becomes equal t o the tracsmitted pulse width. Attempts were made t o verify t h i s theory, but f l i g h t t e s t s t o a l t i t u d e s of 22 k~ revealed very l i t t l e increase i n retiirn pulse r : s e time.2 For lack of experimental data a t a i t i t z d e s of 50 km t o 430 k ~ t,h e tracking system design was based on the assumption t h a t e x i s t i n g theory as t o -. return pulse shape i s c o r r e c t . An e r r o r i n t h i s ..'. assumption w i l l r e s u l t in a b i a s e r r o r i n t h e a i t i tude data. EXPERIMENTAL F L i GHT Gate A3 allows a l l of t h e video and noise from gate A 1 t o pass t o the noise AGC c i r c u i t , except the video t h a t occurs during the range gate interval. I n the search mode, approximately 350yds of noise and video e n t e r s the noise AGC c i r c u i t t o provide AGC voltage. I n the t r a c k mode, however, the only video and noise reaching g a t e A3 i s t h a t which occurs during the 2 M s range g a t e i n t e r v a l . The i n h i b i t pulse from the range g a t e generator prevents t h i s from passing through A3; consequently, p r a c t i c a l l y no noise AGC v o 1 t a g e . i ~ developed. Gsted storage c i r c u i t A 5 gates and s t o r e s the e r r o r signal used by the servo loop. During t h e search node, the 3 5 0 w s of noise plus video i s used as the gating signal t o determine t h e direction i n which the servo i s driven t o acquire the returned signal. During t h e t r a c k mode, t h e 2-y$-' s range gate i s used t o g a t e the e r r o r signal i n t o The radar a l t i m e t e r was flown as an experimental passenger aboard Saturn vehicle SA-4 on March 28, 1963. The t r a j e c t u r y o f t h i s vehicle was not ideal f o r a l t i m e t e r operation because of the t i l t angle of rhe vehicle over the p o r t i o ~of L LL IZ t r a j e c t o r y of i n t e r e s t . The antenna main lobe was centered 90' from t h e main a x i s of the vehicle f o r optimum- s i gnal return during hor i zonta 1 il ign t ( f o r which the a l t i m e t e r was designed), with minor lobes centered 45' from the main lobe (Figure 6 ) Tne a l t i m e t e r lllocked-onll t h e return pblse when :hz vehicle was s t i l l a t a t i l t angle of 47' from t h s horizonta 1 . lrLock-onll occurred a t approximate :y 105 seconds a f t e r l i f t - o f f and was maintained until approximately 125 seconds a f t e r lifi-sf:, a t whicn time the retro-rockets were f i r e d and :he v e h i c l e began to r o l l . The a l t i m e t e r tracked From approximately 40 km t o 62 lun above the E a r t h ' s s u r f a c e . Telemetered t e s t data indicates t h a t t h e a l t i n e ~ e r operated properly throughout the f 1 i g h t . . ~CQCU-3 , - * ,*.- -- �f i g ~ r e7 shows the f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t h e a l t i tude d a t a . The g e n e r a l t r e n d i n t h i s f i g u r e has no signia;icancc and i s o n l y t h e r e s u l t o f some d i f f e r encing c a l c u l a t i o n s which were done t o emphasize the h i s h e r frequency o s c i i i a t i o n s . T h i s f i g u r e shows: t h a t the data contains noise bursts t h a t o c c u r about every second; t h a t an a l t i t u d e s h i f t o f about 30 n o c c u r r e d a t o u t b o a r d engine c u t o f f (oECO) ; dnd t n a c t h e rehdam o r r e f i p 06bbt *$Q rn, wXie1-i i s w i t h i n t h e a1 t i m e t e r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . Tne cause o f :he n o i s e b u r s t s and t h e a l t i t u d e s h i f t a t OECO has n o t y e t 5een c o m p l e ~ e l ydetermined. The o u t p u t d a t a f r o m t h e a l t i m e t e r i s compared w i t h t h e a c t u a l t r a j e c t o r y i n F i g u r e 8. The c a b l e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e a l t i m e t e r and t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e v e h i c l e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y and t h e a l t i m e t e r antenna c o n t r i b u t e about +I5 m t o 2 0 m b i a s i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s shown. The o s c i l l a t i o n s about t h e mean a r e caused by t h e n o i s e i n t h e a l t i m e t e r o u t p u t . T h e d e v i a t i o n s (a1 t i m e t e r minus a c t u a l t r a j e c t o r y ) v a r y f r o i i l +bO,m t o -20 m. The AGC v o l t a g e du;lng t h e lock-on ? - r i n d i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e c e i v e d s i g n a l 5;i*ei,gth v z r i z d bcewcen -60 dbm and -80 dbn, - i he n e x t e x p e r i m e n t a l f l i g h t F I 1 1 o f f e r a Gore f a v o r a b l e t r a j e c t o r y and wl i l a i l o w t e s t i n g o f :ha a i t i m e t e r performance t o an a l t i t d d e i n excess c ? 200 h. 1. S a t u r n Antenna Systems, SA-4 ( ' J o l ~ m e 2) , G. 6 . M a r s h a l l Space F i i g h t C c q t e r , A s t r i o n i c s D i v i s i o n , I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n Eranch, R? S y s t c n s S e c t i o n , Antenna U n i s , December ! G , 1962 2. A Study 0 : The Radar R e f l e c t i v i t y O f Sea Water A t V e r t i c a l I n c i d e n c e , by Radar A l t i r c e t r y Research L a b o r a t o r y , H.M. Summsr, Techn;ca? Di r e c t o r , Auburn Research F o u n d a t i o n , Auburn, Alabama, d a t e d dune 1, 19-52 ( F i r s t R e p o r t W ; t ~ > Data Supplemaat) and March 1, 1563 (Second ~eport) . MODULATOR LOCAL 14- MIXER idA " * , ~1-4~ : ~ ~ ~ a I RALGE TRACKER !----I I -1 TIMLA Eii ALTITUDE vi023 ��WI:jE#t;& RADlATfCf: S)k4HEC>,:,?A332 A::TEiJEW FIGURE 6 RCOUCED ALTIMETER OUTPUT I U E I E R S L RETRC lGYtTlUl ALTITUDE DIFFERENCE (METERS) OECO (ALTIMETER MINUS ACTUAL TRAJECTORY) I RANGE TIME (SEC) poYw?rrFIGURE 8. ALTIMETER DATA COMPARED TO ACTUAL TRAJECTORY 6 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000056 Title A name given to the resource "Saturn Radar Altimeter." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. No. 63-352AIAA Description An account of the resource Paper given at the AIAA Guidance and Control Conference, August 12-14, 1963, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Duggan, O. T. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Saturn launch vehicles Altimeters Radio altimeters Altitudes--Measurement Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 9, Folder 25 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000051_000074 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1272/spc_stnv_000129.pdf a306bb731d0e758b829ce5bf73574869 PDF Text Text V H E A S T R O D Y N A M I C I S T ' S R O L E V I S - A - V I S T H E SYSTEMS E N G I N E E R bv REYNOLDS DUNCAN, JR. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama J. Smm U,-,iversitY WB~?'? ~esaarch\'*itUte ;enc;@, HistmY oF Sc Date ---------- Doc.NO. -------I . �Z)EE AS$RODY&MXCIST'S ROLE VIS-A-VIS THE SYSTgMS ENGINEER J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr. Aerospace Engineer NASA-Marshall Space P l i g h t Center W u n t s v i l l e , Alabmna The prablem o f e f f e c t i v e two-way c o m u n i c a t i o n s is t r e a t e d , w i t h emphasis p l a c e d upon t h e compilat i o n a d p r e s e n t a t i o n of astrodynamical d a m f o r w e by t h e systems e n g i n e e r i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p h a s e s o f m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g . Such d a t a s h o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d i n a form which is e a s i l y understood and v h i c h c a n n o t b e e a s i l y m i s i n t e r p r e t e d by p e r s o n s w i t h l i t t l e o r no k n o w l e d g e o f a s t r ~ d y ~ r a i c s . Wherever a s t r o d y n a m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s may b p o s e c o n s t r a i n t s upon a m i s s i o n , a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n o f t h e p o s s i b l e consequences f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . When a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , they should be indicated, along w i t h any p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r u s e . The r e s u l t of t h e astrodynamicist's e f f o r t should be a well-informed systems e n g i n e e r who h a s t h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e of t h e e f f e c t s o f astrodynamical parameters upon a m i s s i o n and t h u s w i l l be a b l e t o perform meaningful t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s w i t h r e g a r d s t o system d e s i g n a & performance. I. l n t r o d u c t i o n The r o l e a n a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t may p l a y i n a m i s s i o n des.ign s t u d y c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s : t h a t o f s u p p l y i n g background o r p r e p l a n n i n g i n f o r mation and t h a t o f p r o v i d i n g additions:, u s u a l l y more d e t a i l e d , i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u s e d u r i n g t h e s y s tem and subsystem d e s i g n phase. The t y p e and amount of d a t a s u p p l i e d t o the systems a n a l y s t d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p h a s e depends t o a l a r g e e x t e n t upon t h e completeness and u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e background i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d t o him e a r l i e r . The t y p e and method o f p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h i s background i n f o r m a t i o n i s t h e major t o p i c o f d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s paper. Background i n f o r m a t i o n , a s used h e r e , r e f e r s t o a s t r o d y n a m i c a l d a t a o f a g e n e r a l n a t u r e which may c o n t r o l o r i n f l u e n c e t h e d e s i g n o f systems a n d / o r subsystears. The g e n e r a l f t y o f t h e d a t a i m p l i e s t h a t t h e d a t a may b e used f o r m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s on a v a r i e t y o f m i s s i o n s . Of c o u r s e , a l l p o s s i b l e missions? c a n n o t b e covered, b u t by res t r i c t i n g t h e launch, p l a n e t t o b e t h e e a r t h and s p e c i f y i n g a s i n g l e t a r g e t p l a n e t , a manageable gr0.q o f c h a r t s and g r a p h s c o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d c o v e r i n g s u c h p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s d i r e c t and brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s f o r a l l r e a l i s t i c launch e n e r g i e s , and a r r i v a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s v a r y i n g from f l y b y t o low o r b i t a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e m i s s i o n s . The d a t a p r e s e n t e d s h o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t o r impact o f i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r s upon t h e o v e r a l l c l a s s o f possible missions. The p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s h o u l d b& a c m p l i s h e d i n s u c h a way a s t o i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e r a n g e s o f v a l u e s o f t h e parablerere. T h i s i s p r e f e r a b l e t o p r e s e n t i n g sample t r a j e c t o r i e s whieh g i v e only s p e c i f i c values of t h e parameters f o r Whenever t h e v a r i ous s e l e c t e d t r a jsc t o r i e s p o s s i b l e , p a r a m e t e r s which a r e f a m i l i a r t o t h e u s e r s h o u l d be used and when t h e r e i s any p o s s i b i l i t y o f m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e meaning o f t h e . p a r a m e t e r s , a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e i r meaning should accompany t h e c h a r t s o r g r a p h s . Also, t h e v a l a e s o f any c o n s t a n t s used i n the g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a should b e g i v e n , a l o n g w i t h a n y assumptions which were made which might a f f e c t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e d a t a . These may seem t o b e s m a l l p o i n t s , b u t t h e omission o f such items a s t h e s e may c a u s e problems i n t h e p r o p e r u s e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a . One o f t h e primary c a u s e s of t h e s e omissions i s the f a m i l i a r i t y of the astrodynamicist with the m a t e r i a l h e i s p r e s e n t i n g . Although t h i n g s may b e taken f o r g r a n t e d i n a d i a l o g u e between s p e c i a l i s t s i n t h e same d i s c i p l i n e , making t h e same assumptions when p r e s e n t i n g d a t a t o p e r s o n s i n a n o t h e r f i e l d u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n a c o m u n i c a t i o n problem. Thus, t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s h o u l d b e t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems e n g i n e e r d a t a which is e a s y t o understand, e a s y t o u s e , and which c a n b e r e g e n e r a t e d w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l informa t i o n . To i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e p o i n t s , some g r a p h s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d which would be used i n a m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s s t u d y o f a n unmanned m i s s i o n t o Mars d u r i n g t h e 1973-74 launch o p p o r t u n i t y . D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e g r a p h s w i l l c e n t e r around t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n which should accompany each graph i n o r d e r t o make t h e comunication of t h e information a s e f f e c t i v e a s p o s s i b l e . Space does n o t p e r m i t t h e d i s p l a y o f a more complete s e t ' o f c h a r t s and graphs which might b e used i n such a s t u d y . If. Supplemental I n f o r m a t i o n A graph such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 1 would b e one of t h e f i r s t graphs c o n s u l t e d i n a m i s s i o n a n a l v s i s s t u d y . F i g u r e 1 shows t h e o v e r a l l launch o p p o r t t i n i t y a s d e f i n e d by t h e launch energy, G. From t h i s c h a r t , t h e maximum ranges o f t h e launch d a t e , a r r i v a l d a t e , and time o f f l i g h t c a n b e o b t a i n e d . accompany in^ t h i s graph s h o u l d be i n f o r mation g i v i n g t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f Type I, 'llype I f , C l a s s 1, and C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s a l o n g w i t h a n explana t t o n o f C, a d a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e isccur8cy o f t h e d a t a . Also, mention s h o u l d b e made o f any pariameters which may e f f e c t t h e Cg determined launch o p p o r t u n i t y a l o n g w i t h any p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e a such a s broken-plane t r a n e f s r s . The accompanying i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h i s f i g u r e might b e p r e s e n t e d a s follows. - Definition of T e r n Type X t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e spacec r a f t would t r a v e l l e s s t h a n 180"around t h e s u n from t h e time t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h u n t i l i t a r r i v e s a t Mars. Type 11 t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t would t r a v e l b e t w e n 180' and 360' around t h e s u n . C l a s s 1 and C l a s s 2 t r a j e e t o r i e s a r e s u b c l a s s e s o f Type X: and 'Sypra I1 and d i f f e r p r i m a r i l y I n t h e f l i g h t times r e q u i r e d , C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s having l o n g e r f l i g h t times t h a n C l a s s 1 t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r t h e same launch d a t e and C3. The parameter, C, , comes from t h e e q u a t i o n which g i v e s t h e v e l o c i t y of, a n o b j e c t when t r a v e l i n g �Figure 1 - 1973-74 Launch Opportunity for Mars �250 days LAUNCH Figure 2 - DATE 1973 Type I Launch Opportunity for Mars �o n a c o n i c s e c t i o n . The c o n i c e q u a t i o n f o r t h e v e l o c i t y o f a n o b j e c t is (I) where is the e a r t h ' s gravitational constant, R i s t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t e r of t h e e a r t h , and a i s a measure o f t h e s i t e o f t h e c o n i c s e c t i o n . Bxpressed i n tenna o f %, Equathon (1) becomes C, is t h e i n j e c t i o n e n e r g y p r o v i d e d t o the spacec r a f t by t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e and i s e q u a l t o t w i c e t h e t o t a l e n e r g y p e r u n i t miss. A s R becomes v e r y l a r g e , C3 a p p r o a c h e s V?. When t h e s p a c e c r a f t leaves the g r a v i t a t i o n a l influence of the e a r t h , V becomes V-, which i s t h e " v e l o c i t y a t i n f i n i t y " o r t h e "hyperbolic-excess v e l o c i t y . " - I n f o r m a t i o n N e c e s s a r y t o U t i l i z e Graph The C3 l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e , a s p r o v i d e d by performance s t u d i e s , i s a l l t h a t i s needed. I n f o r m a t i o n O b t a i n a b l e from Graph Ranges o f l a u n c h d a t e s , a r r i v a l d a t e s , and f l i g h t t i m e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e C, l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e launch v e h i c l e . See F i g u r e 2 f o r a n e n l a r g e d view o f lower v a l u e s o f f o r Type I t r a j e c t o r i e s . See F i g u r e 4 f o r h and a r r i v a l Vm c u r v e s f o r t h e lower e n e r g y Type I t r a n s f e r s , These p a r a m e t e r s may l i m i t t h e s i z e o f t h e C, detgrmined launch opportunity. A d d i t i o n a l C o n s t r a i n t s t o Consider '. ( s e e F i g u r e 4 2 ; a r r i v a l V- ( s e e F i g u r e 4 ) ; ccmmunica t i o n d i s t a n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s ; t r a c k i n g c o n s t r a i n t s ( b o t h e a r t h o r b i t a l and deep s p a c e ) ; o p e r a t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s on minimum l e n g t h o f launch period. Assumptions Made/Accuracy o f , Data/Cons t a n t s Used Two-body c o n i c s were used i n t h e computation o f t h e d a t a because t h e c o m p u t a t i o n time r e q u i r e d f o r c o n i c t r a j e c t o r i e s is much l e s s t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r n u m e r i c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d t r a j e c t o r i e s . Accuracy of the d a t a i s considered adequate f o r mission a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s . u (sun) = .13271544E12, t h e a n a l y t i c ephemeris used t o o b t a i n t h e p l a n e t a r y p o s i t i o n s is d e s c r i b e d i n E n g i n e e r i n g P l a n n i n g Document No. 406, J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y , J u l y , 1966. Possible Alternatives It may b e p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h e launch opportuni'ty w i t h t h e u s e o f b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s . T h e s ~a r e t r a j e c t o r i e s on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t t r a v e l s p a r t o f t h e way t o Mars i n one f l i g h t p l a n e a n d , a f t e r a v e l o c i t y c o r r e c t i o n i s made, t r a v e r s e s t h e remaining d i s t a n c e i n a d i f f e r e n t f l i g h t p l a n e . The t o t a l e n e r g y expended (C, + p l a n e change bV + a r r i v a l Vm) i s l e s s f o r t h i s t y p e of t r a n s f e r t h a n f o r e i t h e r a Type I o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r y when t h e h e l i o c e n t r i c t r a n s f e r angle for a single-plane On t r a n s f e r (Type I o r Type T I ) is n e a r 18$. F i g u r e 1, t h e b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s o f i n t e r e s t would b r i d g e t h e narrow gap between t h e Type Z and Type f I c o n t o u r s . U n a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e the a d d i t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n a l complexity of t h e m i s s i o n and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i t t l e o r no r e t u r n o f s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e t a r g e t p l a n e t i f t h e plane-change maneuver f a i l s . The s i x subheadings used above r e p r e s e n t a usea b l e and e f f e c t i v e method o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n which should riccompany F i g u r e 1. The ma t e r i a 1 p r e s e n t e d under t h e s e subheadings i s , t o a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s , of a v e r y f a m i l i a r n a t u r e , and might b e c o n s i d e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n which i s n o t worth i n c l u d i n g s i n c e "everyone knows it." But, a g a i n , it is t h i s f a m i l i a r i t y o f t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t w i t h h i s m a t e r i a l t h a t i s o f t e n t h e c a u s e o f comnunication p r o b l b s . I f t h e above subheadings were used a s a g u i d e o r c h e c k l i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g whether t h e i n f o r mation accompanying t h e c h a r t s and graphs s u p p l i e d t o t h e systems a n a l y s t i s complete, then t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a c o u l d b e reduced. I n t h e d i s c u s s i o n of the ensuing g r a p h s , t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l n o t b e broken down aad p r e s e n t e d under t h e above subheadings. I n s t e a d , t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e graphs w i l l be d i s c u s s e d and t h e terms o r concepts which would b e p r e s e n t e d i n g r e a t e r depth o r d e t a i l i n a n a c t u a l r e p o r t f o r u s e i n m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d i e s w i l l b e mentioned b u t not necessarily discussed i n d e t a i l . It s h o u l d b e noted t h a t t h e supplemental i n f o r mation f o r F i g u r e 1, a s p r e s e n t e d above, c o n t a i n s not o n l y Lnformation which may b e u s e f u l f o r t h e c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e graph b u t p e r i p h e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n which p r o v i d e s t h e u s e r w i t h a backdrop a g a i n s t which t h e d a t a on t h e graph c a n b e viewed. T h i d p e r m i t s t h e systems a n a l y s t t o i n t e r p r e t t h e d a t a i n a more e f f e c t i v e and meaningful manner. The v a l u e o f a graph such a s F i g u r e 1 i s t h a t i t provides an indication, i n the large, of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by t h e launch energy. However, s i n c e t h e g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t probably c e n t e r s around t h e lower v a l u e s o f C,, graphs such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 2 should a l s o be provided. A complete s e t o f C3 c u r v e s f o r Mars would i n c l u d e seven o f t h e type p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1 and f o u r t e e n o f t h e t y p e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 2 (seven graphs o f t h e lower C, v a l u e s f o r t h e Type I t r a n s f e r s p l u s seven graphs o f Also t h e lowet C3 v a l u e s f o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r i e s ) . i n c l u d e d would be seven graphs showing t h e brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s which c o u l d b e used t o b r i d g e t h e energy r i d g e between t h e Type I and Type I1 c o n t o u r s . These t w e n t y - e i g h t graphs would r e p r e s e n t t h e f i f t e e n y e a r p e r i o d r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e a r t h and Mars t o r e t u r n t o a s i m i l a r s p a c e - f i x e d geometry. S i n c e t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n which should accompany graphs o f t h e type shown i n F i g u r e 2 would b e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t which i s provided w i t h t h e F i g u r e 1 type o f g r a p h , t h e e n t i r e group o f l a r g e and s m a l l s c a l e C3 c u r v e s f o r both 5 p e I and Type 11 could b e i n c l u d e d under t h e same supplemental informa t i o n s h e e t . The graphs r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e broken-plane t r a n s f e r s would d i s p l a y n o t only t h e launch energy c u r v e s b u t curves r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e AV needed f o r t h e plane-change maneuver i n o r d e r t h a t a proper a s s e s s ment o f t h e energy requirements can b e made. The method o f computation o f t h e AV would need t o b e e x p l a i n e d and a d e t a i l e d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e compari s o n between s i n g l e - p l a n e and broken-plane t r a n s f e r s should a l s o be provided. �8 = DECLINATION OF = INCLINATION OF ORBIT P : Figure 3 - Constraints It would a p p e a r from F i g u r e 1 t h a t a continuous o p p o r t u n i t y t o l a u n c h e x i s t s from a b o u t t h e middle of J u n e , 1973 t o t h e m i d d l e o f assuming t h a t a C, o f 3 0 & / s e t h e maximum launch energy a v a i l a b l e . T h i s month launch o p p o r t u n i t y would indeed b e a v a i l a b l e i f t h e o n l y r e s t r i c t i o n f o r a Mars m i s s i o n was t h e launch energy. However, t h e r e a r e many o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t s which need t o b e c o n s i d e r e d and which impose some r a t h e r s e v e r e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h i s twenty month launch o p p o r t u n i t y , Consider f i r s t the d e c l i n a t i o n of the outgoing asymptote, F i g u r e 3 shows t h a t i s one of t h e two a n g l e s which d e f i n e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e o u t going a s y m p t o t e ( t h e o t h e r a n g l e b e i n g t h e r i g h t ascension). The o u t g o i n g asymptote i n d i c a t e s t h e d i r e c t i o n t h e s p a c e c r a f t must b e t r a v e l i n g r e l a t i v e t o t h e e a r t h when t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e . The t h r e e views shown i n F i g u r e 3 i n d i c a t e t h a t any v a l u e o f i may b e used t o obtain the d e s i r e d value of 6 a s long a s i 2 h. T h i s may n o t seem l i k e much o f a r e s t r i c t i o n e x c e p t t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f i which c a n b e o b t a i n e d (assuming t h a t t h e n e a r - e a r t h f l i g h t t a k e s p l a c e i n a pace-fixed p l a n e ) a r e l i m i t e d by t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e and t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s . The minimum i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p a r k i n g o r b i t which may be o b t a i n e d from a l a u n c h i n g a t Cape Kennedy i s approximately 21;.28', which c a n be a c h i e v e d by l a u n c h i n g due E a s t on a launch azimuth *. - THE ASYMPTOTE E A R T H ' PARKING I HYPElE8OLA VALUES ACHIEVE OF THE i MAY SAME BE 8, USED t i L 81 , R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e Parking O r b i t P l a n e t o t h e D e c l i n a t i o n o f t h e Outgoing Asyslptote 111. E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e h and ,V OF MANY TO s OuttOiNG PLANE PERIGEE. NOTE: THE of 90' E a s t of North. The maximum v a l u e o f i i s determined by t h e range s a f e t y r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d / o r t r a c k i n g requirements which r e s t r i c t t h e a v a i l a b l e range o f launch azimuths. Thus, a r a n g e of launch azimuths such a s 70' t o 110' would r e s u l t i n a this maximum a t t a i n a b l e v a l u e of i o f a b o u t 35' would r e s t r i c t t h e u s a b l e v a l u e s of R t o a r a n g e o f +3s0. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between launch azimuth and h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n Section IV. - The h y p e r b o l i c - e x c e s s v e l o c i t y a t a r r i v a l , Vm, is a n o t h e r parameter which r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y . It p r o v i d e s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e minimum amount of veloc'ity which t h e s p a c e c r a f t must l o s e i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a n o r b i t a b o u t Mare. Of c o u r s e , t h e s m a l l e r t h e d e s i r e d o r b i t a b o u t Mau, (assuming t h e shape of o r b i t , e , i s c o n s t a n t ) t h e g r e a t e r w i l l be t h e impulse o r AV t h a t t h e spacec r a f t w i l l have t o supply. Thus, knowledge of t h e range o f v a l u e s o f Vm would p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s i z e o f r o c k e t motor and amount of f u e l which would be n e c e s s a r y t o a t t a i n an o r b i t a b o u t Mars. Shown i n F i g u r e 4 a r e p l o t s of c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . The h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t l c a l s c a l e s a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e used i n F i g u r e 2 s o t h a t t h e e f f e c t af t h e s e two parameters on t h e o v e r a l l Type I launch o p p o r t u n i t y c a n b e e a s i l y e v a l u a t e d . A more e f f e c t i v e way o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e combined e f f e c t of C a r Vm, and h i s t o reproduce t h e c u r v e s o f Vm end h on t r a n s p a r e n c i e s which would o v e r l a y t h e Cg c u r v e s . It can b e s e e n from F i g u r e 4 t h a t f o r Type I �. - . ARRIVAL DATE - .- MAY APR 1974 JAN DEC 1973 NOV 21 ! , , 6 44 JUN 73 1 , , , 16 21 26 , I JUL Figure 4 - , 6 ./ , , , , , , , , , , , 10 15 20 25 30 4 9 AUG SE P LAUNCH DATE I 1 16 21 26 31 5 Curves of b n d Vm f o r the 1973 Q p e I Launch Opportunity for Mars . I 14 i �t r a n s f e r s , t h e e a r l i e s t a r r i v a l d a t e a t %rs would p r o b a b l y b e determined by ,V a n d t h a t e a r l y launch d a t e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d by h . The r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y by V- and 6 a r e more s e v e r e i n o t h e r launch y e a r s than is t h e c a s e i n 1973. For m i s s i o n d e s i g n purposes, c u r v e s o f 6 and ,V would a l s o b e provided f o r use w i t h F i g u r e 1 t y p e g r a p h a s w e l l a s t h e lower enargy Type I1 graphs. A f t e r imposing upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y t h e c o n s t r a i n t s which have thus f a r been d i s c u s s e d , i t m y b e u s e f u l t o i n c l u d e some p i c t u r e s t o i l l u s t r a t e what some o f t h e a v a i l a b l e t r a j e c t o r i e s would look l i k e . Shown i n F i g u r e s 5 and 6 a r e t h r e e o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s t h a t c o u l d b e used f o r a 1973 mission. The t r a n s f e r s , and t h e o r b i t s o f e a r t h and Mars, a r e drawn t o s c a l e and a r e viewed from a v a n t a g e p o i n t above t h e North E c l i p t i c P o l e , with t h e s u n a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e f i g u r e s . An examinat i o n o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s would r e v e a l t h a t i n t r a v e r s i n g t h e d i s t a n c e from e a r t h t o Mars, a l l three of the transfers require a heliocentric transf e r a n g l e o f l e s s t h a n 180°, and thus a l l t h r e e a r e Type I t r a n s f e r s . Using t h e p r e v i o u s l y mentioned r e s t r i c t i o n s on A and f& (6 5 +3s0, C j 5 30 & / s e c 2 ) and p l a c i n g a r e s t r i c t i o n upon VW 5 4.0 laa/sec., i t can b e s e e n from F i g u r e s 2 and 4 t h a t t h e t h r e e EARLY LAUMCH - EAALY ARRIVAL t r a j e c t o r i e s f a l l on t h e boundary of t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y d e f i n e d by t h e upper l i m i t s o f V , :, and $ . The t r a j e c t o r y shown i n P i g u r e 5 is c h a v a c t e r i z e d by v a l u e s o f C3 and which a r e n e a r t h e upper l i m i t s of t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e s o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . The two t r a j e c t o r i e s shown i n F i g u r e 6 a r e t h e r e s u l t o f launches which o c c u r l a t e i n t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y w i t h t h e s h o r t f l i g h t time t r a n s f e r having high ,V and C3 v a l u e s , and t h e long f l i g h t tit r a j e c t o r y r e q u i r i n g t h e maximum a 1 lowa b l e value of &. P l o t s o f t r a j e c t o r i e s such a s t h e s e would be o f v a l u e i n h e l p i n g t o visualize t h e s i m u l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e t r a n s f e r s which a r e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g a launch o p p o r t u n i t y . For completeness, a group o f t h e s e p l o t s i n t e n d e d f o r use i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y would a l s o i n c l u d e i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a few Type I1 t r a n s f e r s a s w e l l a s some broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s . IV. Launch Windows Thus f a r , t h e d i s c u s s i o n of m i s s i o n d e s i g n c h a r t s h a s c e n t e r e d around t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y a s d e f i n e d by 6 , Vm, and C3. T h i s launch o p p o r t u n i t y ( s e e f i g u r e s 2 and 4 ) is a g r i d , w i t h e v e r y p a i r of launch and a r r i v a l d a t e s r e p r e s e n t i n g a s m a l l s q u a r e w i t h i n t h e g r i d . The p e r i o d o f time w i t h i n e a c h o f t h e 24 hour s q u a r e s d u r i n g which a launch c a n o c c u r *D LA'E LATE . A L ~ I C ~ -I L A ' E A R R I V A L LAUNCH E A R L Y ARRIVA! - Pigure 6 Figure S 1973 Type I T r a n s f e r s Drawn to S c a l e �Figure 7 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function o f Launch Time w i t h D e c l i n a t i o n a s t h e Parameter e i s known a s t h e launch window. Note t h a t w i t h i n each launch window t h e v a l u e s o f C,, 6 , and Vm remain r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t . The u s e o f a launch window is d e s i r a b l e s i n c e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e l a u n c h i n g of a v e h i c l e a t a p r e c i s e t i m e , would n o t p e r m i t a n y unscheduled d e l a y s i n t h e launch prep a r a t i o n s and would n o t a l l o w any h o l d i n g time f o a w a i t improved w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . The d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window depends upon t h e r a n g e of a v a i l a b l e launch a z i m u t h s , t h e l a t i t u d e o f t h e launch s i t e , and t h e d e c l i n a t i o n of t h e o u t g o i n g asymptote, S i n c e t h e v a l u e o f 6 is e s s e n t i a l l y f i x e d , and t h e launch s i t e i s r e l a t i v e l y f i x e d ( a t a l a t i t u d e o f t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t can b e v a r i e d t o a b o u t 28.28'), a c h i e v e a n extended p e r i o d d u r i n g whi,ch t o launch is t h e launch azimuth. The use o f a v a r i a b l e h u n c h azimuth implies t h e use of a parking o r b i t s o t h a t t h e Eirtel b u r n of t h e o r b i t i n g b o o s t v e h i c l e c a n be properly pos~.rionedw . t t h r e s p e c t t o t h e outgoing asymptote. F i g u r e 7 shows t h e s i z e o f t h e launch window t h a t c a n be o b t a i n e d by v a r y i n g t h e launch me b f s w i t h the a s t e r i s k s ( * I s ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y a r e t o b e r e a d a g a i n s t t h e upper launch t i m e s c a l e , w i t h t h e remaining A ' s t o be r e a d ' a g a i n s t t h e losJer s c a l e . ~h~ e x c e p t i o n i s 6 = 0' which i s r e a d a g a i n s t b o t h launch time s c a l e s . m e d o u b l e v a l u e d n a t u r e of t h e launch time i n d i c a t e s t h a t two s e p a r a t e launch windows may e x i s t w i t h i n one 24 hour p e r i o d . When t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s is k n a j n and t h e v a l u e o f 8 is known ( t h i s c a n b e o b t a i n e d from graphs such a s shown i n F i g u r e 4 1 , t h e n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a v a i l a b l e launch window(s) c a n be o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner. A s s m i ng t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y (5 110', 2 70') and R h o f +15', f i n d t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e h = 15'* curve with the horizontal l i n e representing a lqunch azimuth (LAZ) of 70' and n o t e t h e v a l u e of * launch time on t h e s c a l e -1.93 h o u r s . Now move a l o n g t h e 6 = 15'* c u r v e towards t h e upper r i g h t (always move a l o n g t h e c u r v e s o f S i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g time on t h e launch time s c a l e ) u n t i l t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h LAZ = 110' i s reached and n o t e t h i s time on t h e s c a l e below -6.93 h o u r s . Take t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s e two times and f i n d t h a t t h e launch window d u r a t i o n i s f i v e hours. Now t r a c e a l o n g t h e 6 = 15' c u r v e i n a s i m i l a r mannet from LAZ = 70' t o LAZ = 110' and, r e a d i n g a g a i n s t t h e lower launch time s c a l e , t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e launch window w i l l be found t o b e 22.07 h o u r s minus 17.07 h o u r s , o r f i v e hours. When t h e ran$e of launch azimuths i s s w e t r i c a l a b o u t 90' ( a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h 70°and 110' ) t h e l e n g t h o f t h e two launch wir~dowsw i l l b e i d e n t i c a l . Assume now t h a t t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e 6 8 _< LA2 5 loo0 and t h e v a l u e of 6 is +30°. Tracing along t h e = 30°* c u r v e shows t h a t i t never r e a c h e s t h e r a n g e o f al1o;able launch azimuths and t h u s does n o t prov i d e any launch window. However, t r a c i n g a l o n g t h e = 30' does p r o v i d e a launch window o f 23.77 h o u r s minus 17.50 h o u r s , o r 6.27 h o u r s . The launch times shown on F i g u r e 7 do n o t correspond t o t h e S a s t e r n Standard o r Greenwich Mean times o f launch the time shown on t h e s c a l e s is a r e l a t i v e and n o t a n a b s o l u t e time. S e v e r a l o t h e r s e t s o f c u r v e s , used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h F i g u r e 7 , would be n e c e s s a r y t o supply t h e a c t u a l launch times. The primary r e a sons f o r p r o v i d i n g a f o l d e d launch time w a l e on F i g u r e 7 were t o make i t e a s y t o compute t h e l e n g t h o f time between t h e end o f t h e f i r s t launch window and t h e beginning o f t h e second and t o h e l p r e l a t e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h a t on F i g u r e 8. The p r o c e d u r e whieh has been o u t l i n e d above f o r u s i n g F i g u r e 7 i s v a l i d only f o r p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of 6 . When n e g a t i v e v a l u e s o f A a r e ueed i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o move t h e a s t e r i s k s (*IS) from t h e top launch t i m e s c a l e t o * - �thi? bottom launch time s c a l e and then proceed a s before. I n a d d i t i o n t o the d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window, t h e time t h e boost v e h i c l e must spend c o a s t i n g i n t h e parking o r b i t can a l s o be expressed a s a funct i o n of t h e launch azimuth and 6. The use of a c o a s t a r c provides an e f f i c i e n t method f o r t h e prop e r p o s i t i o n i n g of t h e f i n a l burn a r c of t h e boost vehicle t h i s is . t h e burn which removes t h e spacec r a f t from i t s e a r t h parking o r b i t and p l a c e s it o n t o t h e d e s i r e d i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y . Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide a means f o r determining what t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o a s t time ( o r c o a s t a r c ) must be i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e proper e a r t h d e p a r t u r e geometry. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 i s accomp l i s h e d i n a manner very s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n Figure 7. Knowing t h e v a l u e of fi needed and t h e range of launch azimuths which can b e used, t h e range of c o a s t a r c s ( c o a s t times) which a r e required can be found on t h e s c a l e s a c r o s s t h e bottom o f t h e graph. The a s t e r i s k s (*'s) have t h e same meaning on Figure 8 a s they d i d on F i g u r e 7 , including t h e switching of s c a l e s f o r n e g a t i v e values o f h . The primary d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 a s opposed t o Figure 7 is t h a t t h e s c a l e s f o r t h e c o a s t time and c o a s t a r c on Figure 8 a r e a b s o l u t e , and t h e r e f o r e i n d i v i d u a l values of c o a s t time (coast a r c ) can be read from t h e graph (on Figure 7 i t was only p o s s i b l e t o read time spans, a s t h e i n d i v i d u a l times on t h e graph were r e l a t i v e ) . For example, assuming a launch azimuth range o f 70' 5 LAZ _< 110' and a 6 of +IS', i t can be seen from Figure 8 t h a t t h e c o a s t a r c - r e q u i r e d f o r one launch window ranges - " from about 85' t o 150°, while a range £ran a b o u t 210' t o 275' is necessary f o r the o t h e r launch window. Since t h e values of t h e c o a s t s r c a r e a b s o l u t e , then i t can a l s o be s a i d t h a t i f a launch azimuth of 70' i s used t o achieve a 6 o f +15', it would be necessary f o r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e earth o r b i t a l c o a s t i n g a r c to* be e i t h e r 1 5 6 o r 275'. *By using Figures 7-and 8 t o g e t h e r , t h e behavior of t h e c o a s t a r c a c r o s s t h e launch wtn%ow(s) can be observed. From t h e above example i t i s h n n n t b d t t h e c o a s t a r c s f o r t h e two launch windavs r a n g e To determine from 85O t o 150' and 210' t o 275'. which is t h e i n i t i a l and which L s t h e f i n a l v a l u e of the c o a s t a r c s it i s necessary to r e f e r back t o Figure 7. Using Figure 7, t r a c e a l o n g t h e curves = +15' i n t h e sense of i n c r e a s i n g launch time. of Notice t h a t both launch windows open using a launch azimuth o f 60' and both c l o s e , f i v e hours l a t e r , with a launch azimuth o f 118. Now, using F i g u r e 8 , t r a c e along t h e 6 = +15' curves and n o t e t h a t t h e only way t h e behavior of t h e launch a z i m t h , a s noted on Figure 7, can be d u p l i c a t e d , i s t o t r a c e along t h e curves o f d e c l i n a t i o n from r i g h t t o l e f t . This method o f nro\reprent alpng t h e l i n e s of c o n s t a n t -%a -&be d e c l i n a t i o n , always moving t o t h e c o r r e c t procedure f o r u t i l i z i n g Figure 8, i.e., within a launch window, a s t h e launch t i m e i n c r e a s e s , t h e c o a s t time (coast a r c ) decreases. 2he ranges of c o a s t a r c s (and c o a s t times) obtained from F i g u r e 8 can be matched t o t h e launch windows o b t a i n e d from Figure 7 by combining t h e values from t h e a s t e r i s k (*) s c a l e s t o d e f i n e one launch window and combining t h e values from t h e unmarked s c a l e s to form t h e o t h e r launch window. ' K e r e f o r e froan the range LAUNCH AZIMUTH (dep) COAST TIME (rnlnl Figure 8 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function of Coast Arc and Coast Time with Declination a s t h e Paradleter �o f launch azimuths and t h e v a l u e o f b used i n t h e example above, t h e following information i s obtaina b l e front Figures 7 and 8. Two launch witidows a r e a v a i l a b l e , both o f f i v e hours d u r a t i o n . The f g r s t launch w i d o w opens w i t h a launch azimuth o f 7@ and a c o a s t time o f d m u t 37 minutes. As t h e launch tZme *ncreases, the launch azimuth slowly i n c r e a s e s and t h e c o a s t time slowly d e c r e a s e s u n t i l , a t t h e end of t h e f i r s t window, t h e launch a z i m t % has reached 110' and t h e c o a s t time h a s d e c l i n e d to about 21 d n u t e s . About 1 0 hours l a t e r the second launch window opens w i t h a launch azimuth of 70' and a c o a s t time o f about 67 minutes. Acxoss t h e window, t h e launch azimuth and c o a s t time v a r y slowly, a s b e f o r e , u n t i l a t t h e end o f tIy f i v e hour wendow, t h e launch azimuth a t t a i n s 110' and t h e c o a s t t i m e reaches 51 minutes. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e launch azimuth and 6, t h e c o a s t a r c 19 a l s o a f u n c t i o n of such t h i n g s a s t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s , t h e i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h e t&e aneomely of' t h e iWje.ction. i t i W a t h e escape hyperb o l a , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i r s t and second burn a r c s of t h e b o o s t v e h i c l e , t h e r a d i u s o f c l o s e approach of t h e escape hypefbola, and t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e . Constant values were assumed f o r a l l of t h e s e parameters and t h e values t h a t were used should c e r t a i n l y b e included w i t h thh supplemental information provided w i t h t h e graph. It may n o t be necessary t o i n c l u d e a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e meani n g of t h e s e parameters, b u t t h e aystems a n a l y s t should be provided w i t h t h e knowledge t h a t assumpt i o n s were made and should be given t h e values of . t h e c o n s t a n t s t h a t were used. The values o f t h e c o n s t a n t s used i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a o f Figure 8 a r e , i n t h e o r d e r given above and beginning = 6583 km (a 100 w i t h t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s : 12.125 n a u t i c a l m i l e a l t i t u d e parking o r b i t ) ; C, k d ? s e c 2 ; u = 16.2'; 4 = 20.47'~ I)1 = 29.0'; RCA = 6583 km; m = 28.28'. Since Pigure 8 could be expected t o be used w i t h a wide range of Cj '8, and a change i n t h e C3 does a f f e c t t h e v a l u e of t h e c o a s t time ( c o a s t a r c ) , t h e e f f e c t o f a v a r i a t i o n i n C, upon t h e launch window w i l l be discussed b r i e f l y . A s f o r t h e e f f e c t of t h e o t h e r parameters upon t h e c o a s t time, s u f f i c e i t t o say t h a t i f a launch i s made from Cape Kennedy w i t h a S a t u r n V c l a s s v e h i c l e , t h e information obtained from Figure 8 would be completely adequate f o r use i n mission design s t u d i e s . I f t h e launch window information obtained from Figure 8 i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y which r e q u i r e s a n i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h a t i s d i f f e r e n t from 12 .I25 I& /sec2, then a c o r r e c t i o n should be made t o t h e c o a s t times ( c o a s t a r c s ) provided by Figure 8. Figure 9 shows t h e amount of t h e c o a s t time c o r r e c t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of Simply combine t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o a s t time C,. c o r r e c t i o n from Figure 9 w i t h t h e values of t h e c o a s t time obtained from Figure 6. + COAST TIME ( m i n l , % - To complete t h e supplemental informatioh which would accompany Figures 7 and 8 i n a mission design document, mention should be made of t h e use of "dog- leg" maneuvers which could be used t o extend t h e launch window. Of course, t h e p e n a l t i e s i n c u r r e d from t h e use of a "dog-leg" maneuver should a l s o be d i s c u s s e d . A s mentioned previously, i f t h e s i x subheadings l i s t e d under S e c t i o n I1 a r e used a s a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental information which should accompany each c h a r t o r graph, then t h e l i k e l i h o o d of misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s can be reduced, and t h e systems engineer can u t i l i z e t h e d a t a with f u l l knowledge of t h e options which a r e a v a i l a b l e t o him. Figure 9 .. . V. - Parking-Orbit Coast Time Correction a s a Function of C, - < ~t eal l i t e O r b i t a l Considera t i o n s The f i n a l phase t o be considered i n a mission design study i s t h e a r r i v a l of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e trjirget p l a n e t . The a s trodynamica 1 d a t a supplied t o the' systems a n a l y s t i n support of t M s phase of t h e study i s c h i e f l y concerned with t h e r e p r e s e n t s t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a l l a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s about Mars, and t h e method by which these o r b i t s can be a t t a i n e d . It i s n o t f e a s i b l e , w i t h i n t h e l i m i t e d space a v a i l a b l e i n t h i s paper, t o p r e s e n t and d i s c e s s the c h a r t s and graphs which would b e used t o c l a s s i f y and l o c a t e s p e c i f i c o r b i t s of i n t e r e s t . The d i s c u s s i o n w i l l d e a l p r i marily with the major s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a i n t s which must be considered i n the course of t h e o r b i t s e l e c t i o n process. Since t h e primary reason f o r an o r b i t a l reconnaissance mission t o Mars i s the s c i e n t i f i c invest i g a t i o n of t h e p l a n e t , i t would seem reasonable t o c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e s c i e n t i f i c c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These requirements might i n c l u d e r e s t r i c t i o n s on, o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , t h e o r b i t ' s s i Z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n f o r such purposes a s photography, W photometry, meteorology, f i e l d s and p e r t i c l e s measurements, S-band o c c u l t a t i o n s , magnerometer measurements, o r r e l e a s e of a lander capsule. When a l l of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s which r e s u l t from experiments such a s these a r e imposed upon t h e o r b i t , t h e r e s u l t i n g number of p o s s i b l e o r b i t s which could be used i s , a t b e s t , s e v e r e l y reduced. Nat, consider t h e engineering c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These c o n s t r a i n t s a r e imposed s o t h a t t h e various s p a c e c r a f t systems and subsystems w i l l o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y , and thus permit t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s mentioned above t o proceed normally. The engineering c o n s t r a i n t s may p l a c e requirements on the o r b i t f o r such things a s power generation ( s p a c e c r a f t must remain i n s u n l i g h t �.- p 5 -. a s much a s p o s s i b l e ) , navigation ( s p a c e c r a f t must maintain f i x on n a v i g a t i o n a l s t a r t s ) ) , and commun i c e t i o n s (spacpcraf t must maintain c o n t a c t with e a r t h f o r t h e transmission of d e w ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o these c o n s t r a i n t s t h e l i m i t a t i o n imposed by t h e performance of t h e s p a c e c r a f t retro-propulsion system must be conaiderad. This performance ca2ab i l i t y p l a c e s a lower bound on t h e s i t e and shaoe of t h e o r b i t s which can be a t t a i n e d about Mars. The l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by t h i s c o n s t r a i n t a r e represented on t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y launch opportunity c h a r t s by t h e parameter VW (see Figure 4). When a l l o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a t n t s which have thus f a r been discussed a r e imposed, i n t o t a l , a s requirements upon t h e o r b i t , t h e number of o r b i t s which can provide t h e d e s i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is o f e n zero. Thus, s i n c e i t w i l l very l i k e l y be t h e c a s e t h a t everything which i s required o r d e s i r e d cannot be achieved, i t w i l l be necessary f o r t h e systems a n a l y s t t o perform t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s i h o r d e r t o maximize t h e t o t a l s c i e n t i f i c r e t u r n from t h e mission. The arrtrodpnamicist should t h e r e f o r e supply d a t a which would r e p r e s e n t , i n an e f f e c t i v e manner, t h e impact of each of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e s i z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n , and o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s , and which would i n d i c a t e t o t h e a n a l y s t t h e a v a i l a b l e ranges of t h e q r b i t a i parameters s o t h a t t h e s t u d i e s can be perfomed i n a n e f f i c i m t and m n i n g f u l manner. , The e f f e c t i v e t r a n s f e r of d a t a from t h e a s t r o dynamicist t o t h e systems engineer can be accomp l i s h e d r a t h e r e a s i l y i f e l i t t l e c a r e i s taken i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemenU1 information which should aceompany each of t h e c h a r t s and graphs. The use of a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n may help t o e l i m i n a t e omissions which may occur because of t h e a s t r u dynamicist's f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h h i s own m a t e r i a l . The o b j e c t i v e of the astrodynamicist should be t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems engineer material'whicF can be used e s s i l y and e f f e c t i v e l y , and which w i l l cont a i n a l l of t h e supplemental information necessary t o enable t h e system a n a l y s t t o perform meaningful tradeof f s t u d i e s atid make knowledgeable d e c i s i o n s . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here, </a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here, </a>and <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket. Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite. A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000129 Title A name given to the resource "The Astrodynamicist's Role vis-a-vis the Systems Engineer." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. AIAA Paper No. 69-124 Description An account of the resource By J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr., Aerospace Engineer, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. AIAA 7th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York City, New York, January 20 - 22, 1969. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Duncan, J. Reynolds, Jr. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrodynamics Communication of technical information Space flight to Mars Systems engineering Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 14 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18064