82 20 8242 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3343/spaceintelligencenotes_19610600.pdf b47fd3e0219bc838ec0315081e041348 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19610600 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, June 1961. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 2, No. 6 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include various featured articles about Soviet meteorological satellites, rocket planes and cosmoplanes, Youri Gagarin on the manned Soviet space flight, various planets, telescopes and instruments, lunar catalog, human colonization of planets, space physics and geophysics, animal experiments during space flights, space stations, Soviet space carrier vehiclce launching technique, literature on devices used in USSR satellites, women and laboratories in space, Soviet literature, and available technician information. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-06 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3355/spaceintelligencenotes_19620600.pdf 985b821e53bc27936ac5119babeb2592 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19620600 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, June 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 6 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the successful first international space launchings and the release of some details from the flight of Soviet Gagarin; from the semitechnical literature such as the discovery of oxygen in the atmosphere of Venus and Russian plans for the world's largest telescope; from the technical literature including astrionics, astronomy, astrophysics, celestrial mechanics, climatology, earth sciences, ionospheric physics, instrumentation, materials, metallurgy, production engineering, and spacecraft; on books; and selected bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-06 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3367/spaceintelligencenotes_19630600.pdf c4c732b6ffc562b522af2c6ea0514b34 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19630600 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, June 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 6 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the failure of Mars I, Soviet claims that Earth as a "Saturn" ring, and the confirmation of a new atom part; from the semitechnical literature such as the Canadian satellite Alouette; from the technical literature including astronomy, biosciences, communications, geosciences, lasers, life sciences, materials engineering, theoretical physics, tracking, and vehicle engineerings; science and technology section translations; on books; and technical articles in the journal literature. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-06 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3340/spaceintelligencenotes_19610301.pdf 7a8a5420abffd719e5f345f39d4d6f67 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19610301 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, March 1, 1961. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 2, No. 3 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include the "rise of the Soviet intelligentsia", Soviet publications regarding future developments in astronautics, a contract signed between the Soviets and a New York publisher for exclusive English language rights to Soviet scientific books, the development of cosmic microbiology, a review of the danger of radiation sickness, and Intelligence Briefs. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-03-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3352/spaceintelligencenotes_19620300.pdf be02ecabae355da6bf876b6f55145928 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19620300 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, March 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 3 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as Soviet plans for an industrial complex on the Moon and Japan's increasing rocketry efforts; on popular literature such as proposals for a "stationary" satellite; from technical literature such as astronomy, atmospheric physics, bioastronautics, geophysics, mechanics, materials engineering, nuclear physics, optics, and physics; on books; and on selected bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-03 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3364/spaceintelligencenotes_19630300.pdf 8e02ef8ff319140f302aefbaf5458a74 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19630300 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, March 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 3 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the Soviet Mars 1 spacecraft, the announcement of a new French satellite tracking radar, and the details of space cooperation between Americans and Russians; from the semitechnical literature such as the "correction" of Newton by Soviet scientist, and Soviet preparations for a manned orbit flight; from the technical literature including astrionics, astronomy, astrophysics, geology, instrumentation, life support, materials fabrication, physics, space medicine, and theoretical physics; on books; and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-03 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3354/spaceintelligencenotes_19620500.pdf 93cec5773b02bede6631d78621a89e62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19620500 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, May 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 5 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the Russian proposal of a joint moon flight and artificial gravity to aid future cosmonauts; from the semitechnical literature such as the possibility of Russian development of thermonuclear weapons in space; from the technical literature including aerodynamics, astrophysics, geophysics, materials, metallugy, meteorology, nuclear physics, physics, process engingeering, propellants, and spacecraft; on books; and selected bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-05 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3366/spaceintelligencenotes_19630500.pdf 381dadfbb035cba1151d73c27361bb2d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19630500 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, May 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 5 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the new French tracking radar, Soviet generators' use of wind power, and the reality of the US-Soviet joint space effort; from the semitechnical literature such as experiences from the US and Soviet of manned space flights, physical conditioning during space flight, and the possibility of "Moon glow" and "Moon shine"; from the technical literature including astrogeology, lasers, materials engineering, physics, space flight, and science and technology section translations; on books; and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-05 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3336/spaceintelligencenotes_19601101.pdf efe50f62666dc0c9743931b69691c1f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19601101 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, November 1, 1960. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 1, No. 1 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include the use of television in Soviet space research to transmit pictures of the reverse side of the Moon to Earth, a proposed plan to use a ring of small particles around the Earth to create heat and light, an experimental Soviet space ship in orbit with two dogs onboard and other essentials for future manned flights, a Soviet published book on problems associated with flights to the Moon, discoveries and theories of the composition of the surface of the Moon, and international reactions to U-2 flights over Russia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960-11-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3348/spaceintelligencenotes_19611100.pdf b7b66f1b02cacb8ff8103fa64093e2a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19611100 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, November 1961. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 2, No. 11 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include the third list of NASA translations of Soviet publications, Soviet nuclear tests, the primary education of Soviet youth compared to American education, U.S. and Russian measurements of Venus, corrosion behavior of titanium alloys, Polish study of nonlinear pressure oscillations during combustion, the development of a transistorized device for registering cosmic rays by the Soviet Union, speculations on future space achievements, the Soviet Lunik II carrier vehicle and payload, and a review of Soviet literature. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3360/spaceintelligencenotes_19621100.pdf 14b5603ee6f524f1b6c892aee4e9a419 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19621100 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, November 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 11 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents pages, topics include various articles from the world press such as Russian claims of astronauts orbiting four miles apart, Soviet photos of thermal radiation, and the Soviet launch of Cosmos 10; from the semitechnical literature such as the description of the Vostok spaceship; from the technical literature including astrionics, astronomy, astrophysics, atmospherics, chemistry, flight mechanics, instrumentation, life sciences, physics, power, production engineering, and propulsion; on books; and selected bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3372/spaceintelligencenotes_19631100.pdf 92a4de6b804d9e70ca0f45a75ec19436 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19631100 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, November 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 11 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as rocket firing progress in India, the election of a new president, and the exchange of measurement experts between the US and USSR; from the semitechnical literature such as Soviet aims in astronomy and space research; from the technical literature including communication, materials engineering, space flight, tracking, and vehicle engineering; and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3347/spaceintelligencenotes_19611000.pdf babe979cb2f111c567228460470f2aad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_1961100 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, October 1961. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 2, No. 10 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include the second list of NASA translations of Soviet publications, a detailed account and analysis of the flight of the Soviet satellite Vostok II, the revealing of the international satellite communications system SPACEWARN, Russian study of anabiosis for possible use in space flight, the retardation of Earth's rotation, the development of an experimental model of an electromagnetic flowmeter by the Russians and their success in converting glass into microcrystalline materials, and various other studies conducted by the Soviets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3359/spaceintelligencenotes_19621000.pdf f42b78ccc0323a811c0e27b87568f3ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19621000 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, October 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 10 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as space-war preparations within Soviet military, the disclosure of six Soviet space failures, U.S. and Italy's new joint space program, and USSR to attempt sun data shots; from the semitechnical literature such as the Moon as a power source, the launching of Cosmos 8, lunar atmosphere creation, and the charting of space threats; from the technical literature including astronomy, astrophysics, biosciences, chemistry, communciations, geoscience, instruments, materials, metallurgy, oceanography, photography, physics, production engineering, propulsion, radio astronomy, spacecraft, and telemetry; on books, and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3371/spaceintelligencenotes_19631000.pdf 4f8e9740a0f35abc44c13e14a19c3e7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19631000 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, October 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 10 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as ice from space, US tracking station plans, the presence of intelligent beings on Mars, and sun eruptions possibly causing atomic geysers on the Moon; from the semitechnical literature such as sun power; from the technical literature including astrogeology, life support, materials engineering, physics, theoretical physics, and nuclear physics; and bibliography. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-10 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3346/spaceintelligencenotes_19610900.pdf e272778a7e4745cce44415f96864af3a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19610900 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, September 1961. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 2, No. 9 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics include NASA translations of Soviet publications, the satellite orbit of Vostok 2, the space launching of Soviet spacecraft, a reported luminescent ionosphere around Venus, Russian plans for a manned space station, possible Russian concentration on rocket shots at the Moon, new volumes available of a Soviet space publication on artificial Earth satellites, transmission into space with AM short-wave telegraph-telephone transmitters, Soviet high-speed photoelectric spectrophotometer, future Soviet space communication techniques, and various Soviet experiments, research, and discoveries. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1961-09 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3358/spaceintelligencenotes_19620900.pdf f76d7a2a050de37c92a8560d33d75e4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19620900 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, September 1962. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 3, No. 9 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as the possibly launch of a Soviet space laboratory station in 1963 and the report of the existance of water on the Moon; from the semitechnical literature such as Russian studies of ways to send a man to the moon and the intensification of Soviet radiation studies; from the technical literature including aerodynamics, astronomy, astrophysics, chemistry, geophysics, mechanics, metallurgy, microscopy, nuclear physics, physics, production engineering, and spacecraft; on books; and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1962-09 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/195/3370/spaceintelligencenotes_19630900.pdf afda87a820df3f8baa19ad2559797405 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Space Intelligence Notes Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spaceintelligencenotes_19630900 Title A name given to the resource Space Intelligence Notes, September 1963. Description An account of the resource This is Vol. 4, No. 9 of Space Intelligence Notes, a publication of the Space Systems Information Branch at the Marshall Space Flight Center. According to the table of contents page, topics include various articles from the world press such as re-useable research rocket, high speed cameras, Soviet plans, and space pursuits; from the semitechnical literature such as the effects of noise and vibration on man; from the technical literature including astrophysics, atmospheric physics, chemistry, instrumentation, life support, orbital mechanics, organic chemistry, space flight, and vehicle engineering; space and technology section translations; on books; and bibliographies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-09 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics--Soviet Union--History Outer space--Exploration Satellites--orbits Serial publications Soviet literature Space flight Space race United States--Relations--Soviet Union Type The nature or genre of the resource Newsletters Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_intelligence_notes_2021_02 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/60/spc_schl_007_058a.pdf 5fc365b722840fa417d4dd33bab2f6e5 PDF Text Text SPRING 19S8 50.¢' • FATHER OF ROCKETRY Rolph I . Je nnings • LIFE ON OTHER STARS Dr. Ernst 5tuhlinge r • THE REMARKABLE 'X' CRAFT fre d e ri(k I. Ordway III • ROCKET MAIL TO THE MOON Dr. Harold W . Ritchey �~ ENG..); Exp loring New Concepts Of Precision Design, .. /UUJMUHl.- EERING , IN C. Engin eering And Manufacture Of: AUTOMATION, SERVOS, MACHINES, SPECIAL GAGES, MACHINING MISSILE COMPONENTS, AND FABRICATING. 2300 CLIFTON ROAD NASHVILLE, TENNESS EE TEL. BR 7·0566 .. �r spa ce journal content s Vol. I, No.2 Spring 1958 de~i gn p ~ tented FRONT: L"yout and mooring by H ll rry Ltlnge. Sketch is space 5hip by Dr. Robert H. Godd,trd. Photo of Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger's ion space ships orbiting around Mars is from Walt Disney's "Mars and Beyond." BACK: Oil painting by Le e Moore illustrates die m a r~er dissipa _ tio n upon impact of first rocket to reach Moon. BOARD Of CONSULTANTS Df. W or nner "on B,~ un P r, Ern, t St uh lin ge r Prof. Her monn Ob. ,th HI ITOR_iN_CHIEF 4 SPACE JOURNAL ____ So Spencer Isbell I STRIDE INTO SPACE ________________ The New York Times 8. Sp enco r l , b. 1I EDITORIAL STAff ___ _____ ____ ____ R"'lph E. Je nn ings Rolph E. J onning ' MM~q . rg Editor James L. D~ n i . I •. Jr. A"oc i&t o Edi tor Milch. 1I R. Sh. rp e, Jr. A"oc;&te Eddor David L. Ch,i,t en' en A"i,loot Editor 21 __ ___ _ ___ __ Dr. Ernd St uhlin g er ______ Or. Ha ro ld W . Ritchey THE REM A RKAB LE 'X ' CRAFT ________ Fre deri ck I. Ordway III G RAPHICS STAff Lee R. Moore, Jr. ___ _____ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ sp",ce pre view ___ __ ___ _ _______________ space cadoons ___ __ __ _____ _ ___________ __ _ _____ reaction Dir.ctor H .re ld E. Price G r .p~·c, Loyou t Oi,,,olo, H."y H .-K. Lon go Ad Diredor E. . .. 1t H. Ro b. ,ho n Phot09r5phy DirecTor 35 BEYOND THIS STAR __ ____ _________ ___ J a mes l. Da niels, Jr. BUS INE SS STAFF Yew,,11 Lybrond Jomo. P. GMdMr Geor90 A Ferre ll GENERA L MAN AG ER R,<h.,d T. H•• ~y PUIIUSHER St., e y ~_ ~o , n. Jr , SPECIAL CRt DIT S Of. Photo~ .. p~, ono mot.".1 10' · ·F.t~ .. 01 Rook.h," COPY"9hted ono "ere I"n',o.d b. M". E"he. C. Godd •• d· mo'. r;.1 fo' "Mo" .,d ~y<>"d" .. e'. f"",,t-od by Con Podoroon: ··Oul·O,," Spoc. ·· <",'oon' ... ~r. c,U'ed by Con f~d . ""n 0.<1 O.;,V L.,go: . ,1100', 0';on fo' "$'r:de in'. S".~o· -, b, Gordon W; lI h:le "0 leo Moo,. : ."1""";0" '". "'Lde 0 ' 0''", St.,," .'. by Iho", o, ,pe,oO' o"d He;" 0 . ,de,ell. : -llu,". "'" 10' 'R<x~.' Moi' '0 ,~. Moon" i, b, Lee "'00'. ' .,0 ,11 " ,1'."0"' fo, "Boyo"o I~" St. , "' .,. b, Ho", H _K, L. n~ •. Pho'09roph, OI od i " ' M." ' ,,o 8eyo,d" .'. cop"i9h,.d by W.lt O'"ey p,odo""""'. CON TRIBUTORS R<»~ M_ Motto" )e'l HamiU",. "'oll~ Doe Scott. M oo~ ) e"""~' , " I, i, Ho".,d. Go'don D. WIII,'I. . ",I, . E. ~ om. ,_ eo. Ped.",on. Horol" EMon , SUBSCR IPTION INfO RMATIO N Un ;lod S·ol., ond Coo.d. $2 p'" v'o ' . Fo.ei~n $3 per ' ' ' ' . ~I"'e ""d . U 9~ , N•• ,,,,II •. TO"""M . PUBLISHING INfORM ATION SP"CE Jo"ool i, p,bl',hed q"ortdv by Spooo E, ·.,p·:,.,. Inc :, P: 0 , a", 9~. No,,· " d l. T.,,",,ee '0' SP"Cf Jo,,".1. 1.< .. A Mop,oli! 0'9"""" '0" 01 'n. Rode' Cily' ",-,ooo", i<o l """,,;.';0' , H o" """.' "I.b.m •. All molor;.1 copV';~".o b, ~~"ce Jo" ••1 Inc ~ ep,,,d"<I;on of ""y "'''''0" " .I~oul """0 ' po""'" on ., pm· n;b;,.d _ ~,io'eJ '" U. S_ " . Space E"e",,, •• , 10<. , (;eo'jO J. 1.10" " P'e.,oe"" SIM'e r F, Horn J r. V,Pre •. : R:e'.'o l. H e.~v , V· , ••. ; Thom., Sent.I., . Secre-.,,, M."" I $"",,,,.,, T, .. , _: L E. Nordho ld, hod W,i~M. D;,.<I"" . ED ITOR IAL I N fO RMAll,)!>! "" "'OOUIO'-P," ",",I b. IV,,'''':''o. 000 "bmitted ;0 d,o li<. te "ith t.'"to po,lo~o ;j tho •• ,e '0 b. '"'" '"eo , Soou,ity <I. or._,,;:e fo, . 11 Mo'o,i.1 "b""neo " tho ,.""", ib;IiIV 01 the ._,hot . S.,d . 11 ",o",e.,p," 10 Spooe Jo",'ol , P. O . Bo, 82. H",,,,, ill •. AI.bom • . "bsc,:ptio", '0 SPACE Jo",oo l, 1o, journa l K~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _space _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ �(OITORIAL g \'Iit~ spa ce j ournal By B. Spencer I sbell .ditor P UTNIKS a nd now our own Explorer ha\"e changed a 101 of things b)' opening the eyes of Ihe p ublic to t he bct lllal space tra ' <c] has become :1 re:llil)'. As ),ou might guess, the impact of 5.1tellite launching s upo n this fledgling publication has lx.'1!n ,·ery favorable. One ne ws comtllenn<lor SHItN. " It (SpUllI ik) has shot treme ndous Ihr ust inlO whal sla rlt.'"<l Oul as AmeriC:L·S fi rst, fa lteri ng space magazine called SPACE JOllrnal-dcdi. GIlt.'<:! to publicizing fa CHIal discussions of interphLnetary m l,·e]." S The St.'Cond edilion of SPA CE J Ollrn(l1 was prepared prior 10 thc birth of Explo re r; and , therefore, il was iml>ossibie 10 exploit Ihe \"aSI amount of new information for inclosure in this edi lion, Tht"!re is liule doubt that Explorer will h:l\e its effe.:;:t on expandi ng the horizon for SPAC I~ Jour n:.!. Volume I, No. I broughl many ··lellers to the C(litor·'; (I few arc published in {his ed ition's Re action Department. Amo ng other things. some tellers requcsted predictions of what thc future will bring in Ihe realm of space ltavel, explanations of rclativistic agi ng, a nd repon s on whal progress has been made toward de,·elopi ng an '"electro-Sta"itic" propulsion s),slem for space ships. Forthcoming issues will include articles which will atte m pt 10 satisfy these requests. The next issue will includc ~.n :lr(icJe on what we have al re"dy learned (rom Explo rer. \~ith due respect for our more imlgina ti,·e readers, we wero;: mo rc impresscd-and should add , quite concerned- by the volume of mail rcceiv(.""(1 from our younger (a ns. AI· mOSt illva ri ~. bly the)' wanted detailed information th:.t would help them to bu ild t heir ow n rockets ( usually proposed as :. basemem project ), These young people "pvc"r resourceful, if11 ngimLl ive, and capable of SOIlLC startli ng acco mplishments. Thc)' will be our neXI ge neration of scienlists and e ngi neers. \X'hile t heir quest for knowledge and experience is certainly laudable, the dangcr to life and p roperty in herent in amateur rocke t building and fi ring ohen creates a highly undesi.l:able situatio n. This d ~L ngcr is recognized by the professional engineer :ond scientist. as well as the org:l!l i ~:lt i ons actively c ng~l gl'"<l in rocket and missile work. Dr. E<!w:lrd H. Sey mo ur, Director of l{cse:.rch at It eaction " ·I otors, Inc., has prcpared a SF.eei a] !cner to young scient ists. \'\fe feel Ih:1I il may help an evcr- increas ing n umber of youngste rs who a rc interested in und ertaki ng o;:xperimems of th is type. 2 sp",ce iournal �r TO T H E AMATEUR ROCKET BUI LDER W e were happy to ' <.'eein' your recent [clter. a nd 10 Jearn of your plan' for a n cxpu imcmal rocket. T he rocket engine is an intriguing dC"icc, and working On ils develop m ent Can be an inle r~5'inS manufacturers. we arc encouraged 3I w3)" and ,,,.idying I'roje<:l. (0 As r ocket engine sec young people become c nl hus;as!;, about this area of ani"ily, for i, is you ng men like you who will be Ihe e ngineers a nd scientists of to m o r row and bdping .0 maiola in progress in this vital field . Alt hough the approach 10 a n experimental \",i1 such as yOIl oudi ned a p pea rs re aso nable, we have found .h a. it is n ol po.,ible for U5 10 determine t he fea sihility, Or c"en mOre importan t. the sa fet), of such ;' unit wi.hout more informa· lion. All cxpc;rimcnta l work must be reviewed carcfullr to determine how cal"h pic~e is to be built, and what trpc of operating procedure is to be u \.ed. use 'he Sa me approach in our work. \'ife Each new d c, isn is carcfulLr ch ecked , " nd teStS arc ru n with cucfully planned an d supervised procedures. Almost all rocket engine test ing, esp(>ciallr new designs, is done behind explosion_proof. a re s.~fely re inforced COnaete barricades, separatcd from the uoit undcr ,cst. training and c05tl)" ~q ui p m ent, this ro " wh~r~ a ll Ol",rating T o t he am a teur, w;thou, of rl:s~arch pl:rronnd ext~nsi"e is extremely hazardou s. For your own sa fl:!)" as wcll as till: safNy of ot hcrs. we Cannot emphasize tOO st ron);"ly the dangers inhcrcnt in this typc of work. Ox ),!;en and propane, for instance, contain more enNgy p<! r I>ound than dox'S TNT, J( it h appens to be rdcasc<l explosi"ely instead of in normal bu r ning, considerahle danlage and injury can OCCur. am so rry we Can nOt give yOu a mOre dire<:t answer to yonr qucs! ion, but experience h as shown u s that i. is noOt e"ery day, and th e importance of avoiding injury and damagl: is so );"rea t that we fecI . ha t this must be our p olicy. I would urge ,hat )'ou diseu" rour planned work w ith your high school se;ence t each~r, "nd inve~'i~ate .It~ possiltili.y of form ing an amateur r ocket cl ub. It is far beuer to .ha re wi.h o thers the joyS and h a rd ships, f~ilures, (and incidentallr, th e ~xpen",s) of work on such an th ~ Successes ,.nd <:xcitin~ l"oj"'t. Th e, e are a number o f such sroups throughout th e country, m any o f th em affiliated wi th th e Ame rican Astronautical Fed~ra .ion, a "ational organization dedica.ed 10 th e coll",. ion "nd di.,."minmion of inform'lti on and th e promotion of space flight, or with t he Ame r;can R oc k~t Soci~ty. W h~ther ro n form s nch a gro up or nOt, an)' fu.ure wo rk you d o shou ld be u n der the guidance of a rC'lponsibIe adult such as your s.:ience teach~r, Should you d <><:ide to follow . he i,,,crest you h a,'c already shown in this field, and we ce rlain l}' hope ro u d o, you will be coming into an ex~iting pro· fessio n at th e m OSt d"""a,ic ,iml:. T hroushout the co u rse of history. man h as always bc<: n intrigued b y exp loration of t his blan k e. of air that surrounds u s. lII"ny o f his attem p ts to pie rce it. including Some o f those c urrem lr in progress, h a "e '",en pla gued wi th failure. Nonetheless, he has p<!rsi;ud w ith a wi ll to SUC· ceed that has put wi thin our srasp the means to accomplish hi s m ost fascinating drea m-fl ight into outer space. Dr. Edward H . ~~'mour Director o f Research R eaction lII otors, Inc. 3 space journal -"--------------------------------------------------------- �S PACE PHILOSOPH Y stri de into space R ep ri n t ed F rom The New York T imes A J.R EADY NOW it is clear that O Ctober 4, 1957 will go dow n imperishably in the annals o f humanity as th e date o n which o ne of mail's fi llest a<:hievements was acco m pl ished, That which WOlS so recent ly a subject only for theoret ical speculatio n or sciellce fi ctioll h;ls now become re;IIi!},: a ma n ,made sp ace s.:ue!!it e now revoh'cs, for a time, around o u r globe. \x/ ilh t hat feat h um anit y has mke n a gi:m t stride toward space. The dream of the greatest minds amo ng mllny past generat io ns is now well on the way to ward becoming reality. The sphcre which now revolves in t he he avens ;.bo\,c us is t he guarlllllce that m an ca n soon brc:ok comple tely the fetlers of grav ity which have hitherto bound life to thi s tiny planet. The long road to the stars is now open . It was the Soviet scie nti sts lind lechnidans who bui lt :Lnd laun<:h(.-d this concrete sy m bol of mall's com ing lihcrlltion from th e forces which have hitherto bou nd him to earth . To them m ust go the congratula _ tions of all humanity. This is a feat of which lIll mankind Call be proud . The $oviet cit i..-;ens w ho accomplish(,-d it set the peak on a huge tower w hi ch h,Ld bee n raised by men of ma ny nlllions in t he decades and cenruries earlier. Newl'On and Ke p ler, Galileo and Cope rni cus. Tsiolkov_ sky, God dard and Obcrth, al! these and many others m;ode their contributio ns to buildillg the edifice of knowledge which made possible th is superlati ve Olchievelllent_ Every great ;ochievcment o f modern wehnology o pe ns up two rollds before humanity. One is the road of hope and pro m ise, a road made possible if m en of a ll n atiOIlS li nd all beliefs will work IOgether for the good of humanit}'. The o t he r is the rOlld of despair and di saster, the rOlld which is 4 space journal followed if t he great ach ie"ements of un ive rsa l scie nce arc used for the purposes of aggression , death and destruction, So it is w ith the space siltelli{e. The rocket m OlOrs wh ich se n t it inlO the upper atmosp here can be harnessed for a great cooperative h um an assault on the barriers of diswnce whic h still sepa ra te us from c,'en o ur nearest neighbors in space. Or they can be incorporatc<1 inw in tercontinental ballistic missiles deliveri ng hydrogen bombs upon defcnscles.s milliOIlS. It is fo r a ll ma nki nd ('0 <Iecide which of these tWO roads shall be mken. And the fantastically rapid lCmpo of modern scienti fiC a nd technical advance perm its no dawdli ng over reaching the dec ision. �.. DEDI CATI ON lathe r 01 rocketry B y R alph E. J enn i ngs (ED ITOR 'S "';OTE: Th., aUlhor i, indebted to Esther C. Goddard for making available 10 him p;clures and ;nforn,,,I;on " 'hieh han nen,. before been published. In a lener .0 Mr . Jenning'- Mrs. Goddard ,Ia.ed : ' 1 am delighled Ihal rou plo,,, 10 dediC'llle Ih", $oCCond i,we 10 m}' La.e hU5band and hi, work on rockets." SPACE Journa l lakes prioe in presenling ' 0 ;IS r",aucu ,om" hilherlo "np"blisheo on,,,er;.L concerning .he life ami work of a g,,,,at Am",ican sdenl;sl. ) he ao;:quired h is M.A. and Ph. l). Aher l WO years as a resea rch fellow at P rinceton Uni,·e rsit)'. he went 10 Clark Unh·crsi l)' where he was 5ucccssi"ely lin instructor. assista nt p rofessor. and professor of physics. While at Clark. Dr. Godd ard set down some recol1eo;:tions w hkh began: "Owing to t he widespread intcrest whic h is certain to a r ise ItHer regardi ng space navig:l{io n, o r T il E Fm ST t:LlG HT of :1 liqu id oxygen-gasoline rocket w~s obtai ned on Marc h 5, 1926, in Auburn , Mass., and was reponed 10 the Smi lhsonian Institution May 5. 1926... . The rocket lraveh.'<1 a distance of 184 fccr in 2.5 seconds, as timed by SlOp watc h, making the speed along the traje<:tor)' abouI 60 miles per hour." Thus wrote Robert Hutchings Goddard in his second Smithsonian repot!. " Liquid-Propellant Rocket De,·elopmenl." \X/ hat seemed 10 be an insignificant evenl aCtuall)' marked the binh of a new era. For when Robert Godda rd's rocket lra,eled 184 fec i. the distance was a step fo r ward in sc"en-Ieague boots b), Ma n in h is long str uggle up from darkness toward maSter), of his c n,·ironmenl. In t hc words of Har ry F. Guggenheim, presidellt of the Guggenheim Foundat ion, Dr. Godd:lrd "was iusI as surcl)' the fa ther of modern rocketS as the \V r ight Brothers were of t he airplane." H e was o;:erw in ly the greatest experime ntal pioneer in this subjecl- nOt (I mere d (lbbling inventor, but one w ho unde rstood t he pr inciples involved and was capilble also of developing the nec(.'Ssar), t heor ies, as was to be expco;:ted from a man with his suco;:essful academic career. Bo rn o n October 5, 1882, in \X' ora'ster, Mass., young Goddard attended school in Doston and then entered \\'I'o ro;:eSle r Polytechnic Institute, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1908. He was a ph)'sics instrunor at \'(lo rceSter until 1911, d uring which period COPY I!lGIIT IlY ),IRS. 1I01l ~:RT II. GOOOAltO Dr. Roherl H. Goddard lIlakillg adjustmellts at tbe upper elld oftbe rockel com· busrioll chulIlber. ArOll1lt1 tbe cbamber are slIIa/l coils oj copper tubillg for "aporizillg liqllid lIitrogell ill order to "rodllce pressure for the Juel tallits alliJ Jor opera/· illl{ cOlltro/s. PUIII/JS were used Jor Ille /iqllM Jlle/s. Pbolograpbel/ ill 1940. 5 space iournal �record of suggestions..•• T he suggestions wcre very dh'c rsified, and concerned the possibility of using the magnetic field of the eanh; sllCOting ' nllteria l to a 'spacc ship' by means of elcclric, and other , guns; an airplane opera ted lit high speed by lhe repu lsion of charged particles; :Irtificiall y stimu lated rodio-activil),; artificial atoms of g reat energy, consist ing of mov ing posili\'e nnd negative charges; p ropulsion in space by repu lsioll of charged panicles; reaction agai nst dis p lacement Currents in space; re· sltmds frame before tbe world's first flight 01 a liquitl-propclltlill rocket 011 i\larch 16, 1926. interpl nnemry studies, it seems wonhwhile to nOte t he developme nt of the writer's ideas a nd experiments upon the su bject . . Dr. Goddard neve r published these notes. \,(I h:1I he published principally we re his p:ltcnlS and twO repons to the Smit hsonian Institution, the product of yea rs of independent and methodical experimenta tion. ''<'hat he did not p ub lish were h is spec u lations on sp:lce flight-Ix.'Cuusc he thoug ht more of them, not less o f them. At o ne point, he fil ed these spt.'Cui;ltions a way in a fr iend'S S:lfe and ma rked (hem: "To be op'ened on l)' by an o p timise" They are now being opened, in the cou rse of prep:lring Dr, Goddard's biogr:l_ phy. Mrs. Godda rd is engaged in editi ng h is expcrimem:il nOtes for publication. Scie n tistS and laymen alike wi ll be interested in Dr. Goddar<i's resume of some of these speculations whic h he set down between 1904 ami 1908 wh ile he was an undergraduate nt 'X/orccstcr. " I bought a n umbe r of green-cown.-d notebooks," he w ro te, "and started to make a systemat ic 6 space journal thelter III Jhe If/tlrtt Farm, Aubllrll, i\ltlJS. PholoC",ph ttlRe,t 0 11 Jllly /7, 1929, pulsion o f high ly healed materi:d particles at the focus of parl~ bolic mirro rs; Ihe lise of solar energy, by light de\·iccs. on u 's pace sh ip;' th e idea of the mu hiple charge rocket ; the usc of liquid p rope llants; a nd several other plans." A su mmary of 26 methods was w r inen on December 28, 1909. Like other men of vision who have made " a lllable contributions to fund ame ntal and his im portant wo rk were lill ie known Juring his lifetime. In Ihe cou rse of h is pioneering im 'csligations, I)r. Goddard achieved m any "fi rSts" in rocket research, anyo ne of which would be sufficien t 10 assu re him a permane n t phlcc in the history of mo<lern science and eng i n(.~ ri ng. �7. He deveLo]X-J thc mathern,nica! theory of rocket propuLsion and flight . 8. H e fi rst proved. both mathemat icaLLy a nd by actual test, that a rocket will work in a vacuum. \'('hen the United St(ltes entercd the fi rst \'('orld \'('ar, Dr. Goddard volunteered his services and was given the task of exploring the military possibilities of roc kets. He succeeded in developing a trajectory rocket which (ued intermine[J{ly, tllc charges be· ing injected imo the comhUSl ion chamber by a method simi lar to tha t of tbe repeating r ifle. H e also devcJo]X-J sewral types of projectile rockets intended to be fired from a launching tube held in the hands ,IOU steadied by twO short legs--much like the bazooka of \'('orld \'\!ar U. Dr. Godd,ml ill bh laborato r), at Clark UlIiI·ersity witb tbe rocket tested 011 May 4, 1926. Tbis rocket h tbe second "//Iodel 0/ a iifJllid-propeU'1II1 rocket first f/OWII 011 Ma rc/) 16, 1926, Amo ng the principal oncs arc the following : 1. He developed the basic idea of the bazooka in 1918 during \'('orld \'('ar 1. The weapon was nor uscd until \,\'orld \'('ar H. 2. He developed a rocket motor using liquid fuels and uscd it in a liquid· fuel propelled rocket in L926. 3. H e was Ihc first to shoot a rocket faster tha n the speed of sound. 4.. H e developed a gyro5Copic steering apparatus for rockets ten years before it was developed in Europe. 5. He was thc first to use vanes in the blast of the rocke t motor for steering rockets. 6. H e patented the idea of "step-rockets." These weapons were demonstrated quite successfully at Aberdeen P ro,·ing Grounds 00 Novembe r 10, 1918, before represcnt~'· ti ves of the ~lrmed services. However, the armist ice on the foLLowing d:,y pllt an end to the war and also to immediate interest in these weapons . .i.\"lany a great man owes much of his success to the loyaLty, devotion, and eacourage· ment of a woman who is vitally interested in his career. These qua lities were brought into Dr. G oddard·s life by Esther Kisk whom he married in 1924. She took an acri,'e ioterl'st in his experiments and served as the official photographl'r of his tests. Dr. Goddard's resea rch and exper iments during (he oext twO decades were summa rized in twO papers, "A Metho<l of Reaching E"Heme Altitudes" and ·' Liquid-Propella n t Rocket Development." These tWO famous reports d id much to estabL ish on a world· A rocket tested 011 Jill)' 10, 1927. Note tbe similarit), of arrallgemel/l to Jbe V ol. 7 space journal . �w ide basis the sc:entific and engineering w lues in rocket nnd jet propulsion research. Dr. Goddard even made some tests to fi nd OUt how much powder would be required to make a Rash visible at a dista nce of 2!4 m iles, lind from this he c:.lcu lated thllt II rocke t weighing about 3 \4 Ions would be requ ired to carry sufficient Rash powde r to make a visible fl ash o n the moon. He went o n to make fhe further r.It he r vague state· ment (G odd ard's imlics): "Th is pla n of sendin g a Illass of flas h powder to the su r· f:"c o f the moon, althoug h a maner of ru m;\, gencnd interest, is not of o b vious sciemi fi c importance, There are, howeve r, tICI'eio/wHlm s 01 Jhe gelle l'nl lIIe/botl under t/i1cuSlioll, wbicb ;1I1'o h 'e n IIlIlIIber of im· portallt fealllres 1I0t herei.. mcntioned, whic h cou ld lead to results of m uch scien· t ific in teren. T hese developme nts invoh'e nlany experimenta l d ifficulties, to be S\Ire; b ut th e)' depend upo n noth ing tha t is really im l>ossible." It may be arri"ed at by con· jL'Cwre that the unspecified de"elopments might be tIl ken to include manned inter. p\ane("olr), It;H·C!. Dr. Goddl. rd 's precocious talents and prophetic w ri tings are analogous (0 those of Leonardo da Vinci whose original and dar· ing theories might we ll ha"e revolutio ni zed the thollght of h is day had they been ex· tracted earlier from his "oluminous manu· scripts, whic h remai ned unpublis hed until recent ti mes. Dr. Goddard 's proposal to explode :. load of flash J>owuer o n the moon set o ff a Roman Holiday nmong newspaper men. The idea of it blinding man·ma<\e flash on the Illoon c:'ptureu t he imagina t ion of the public, And (0 compou nd the excite· ment, Ih is was nOt tho! in5:Ule proposal of th e stCreotYI'L-d l':lflUloid scientist of comic strip lore who slirround<.-d hi mself in his slu m attic w it h bubbling caldrons of green mist. It was the ide:. of a d isciplined, p sp;:holog ically well.adjusted teache r of ph ysicS. It wns the p roposal of a man who rocket ;11 t be sbop a' R oswell, Neill ,\ lex;co, 011 f eb",ar) 6, 1940. i /lfscd ,"'!liPS jor fllels alld II'US approximalel)' 1Z feet IOllg, 8 space journal �r AmeriC"J. n magaz ines on an ar licle which presu med to suggesl Ihllt ato m ic energy would onc d ay propel II rocket into inlerplanetar), space. One edilor rep lied: " The speculation is imeresling, but the impossi. bility of e,'e r doing it is so cen a in th at it is nOI p rac tically useful. You have writlen well a nd clearl y, but nOI helpfu ll y to science as I SC(! il.. I relUrll the p aper wi th thanks:' Specul at ion on whether our ge ne rat ion will li"e to see the p redictions of Robert Hutchings Godd nrJ become real ized fans is not of pa ramount concern. Bllt whet her (here is 10 be li n llggressivc con tinu ation of fund amental research in n climate of tolera nce is the concern of eve r)' li"ing Ame rica n. It is imperative Ihnt such a climate incl ude aid, encouragement, and prop· er recog nilio n for men like Goddard who in spite of tC1:hnical d ifficullies, disbelief, and ri dicu le persist wi th dogged reso lu tion u nt il they rea lize the ir a ims. The true fu lfillmem of our hopes for a p<'IIceful a nd beuer world lies in the (ru it of the ir labors. Tbe begimling oJ a fligbt 011 March 17, /938. Th e IIi/mch;II!; lou'er shows a calapull arrill/gell/em, had eMlled his Ph.D. in his ow n flcld and who us a commissioned office r had improved sisnal rockclS for the Navy. 10 addition, Dr. Godd nr<I's work had the blessings of the Srnithso ni:w Institution. A few months :ther Dr. Goddard had been elecled 10 t he BOil Td of Directors of the Amc riClm Rocke l Society, he died on AugllSI 10, 1945. " The life·wo r k of Goddard," wrote th e di rcclOrs. "both as a scientist and a man, will always remain a brillian! inspira. t io n 10 those who are privileged to carry o n his e ndeavors, and 10 enr}' other bold explorer on the frontiers of science. In lime 10 come, h is name will be SC I among the foremos t of American Icchnical pioneers." Fifty )'clln ago, in Ja nuary, 1907, Goddard as II SlUde nt lit Worcester Tech received rejcclion lette rs from Ihree highl y esleemed 9 space journal . �SPAtf. AMALYSIS lif' on oth,r stars B y Ern s l Stuhlinger di,.ctor, , . ,u,ch projuh ollie. .,my b.lli,!;c, millil •• ~.ncy (Editor. ,.ot~: This is ,he firs. inn.llmenl of • Ihree·part arlide. The Olhe. ' ....0 parIS ....·ill follow in l ubsequenl iss ue, of 51'ACE Journal). N l:ORMER TIMES there was no q uestion about life on other stars. The com· mon belief followed a literal interpretation of the teachings of the Dible. Our earth was though I 10 be the center of the uni\'e rse, the only place inhabited by Ih'ing beings. At Ihe lime of creation all the plants and aninlaiJ had come into exislence as they arc now, acco rding to ODe well-conceivcd master plan. No change occurred-no development, I Figll'tJ 1. Relative sizes 0/ Ihe plalJeIl al letJlI 10 space journa l no expansion. The nalura l K iences, 100 much in their infancy, a nd 100 stricli)' limilcd to a selcclcd few, did nOl provide enough cogen! evidence to the conlrary to make a mooificadon of this com mon belief necessary. Some few hundred years ago, the h uman mind entered into a new phase of itS evolution. It developed an inquisiti\'e curiosity 10 know morc about the worid. Tooay our earth is no longer accepted as the perfect masterpiece of one six-day creation. It is recognized as a small planet among billions f,011l fbe e(.frtb. �PLUTO, . -1 • MOO N, . '0,27 • MERCURY I • r - 0.39 MAR S, . -0.52 • VE NUS, .. 0.97 • EARTH •• -!.O NEPTUNE •• >3.9 URANUS , r - 4,0 Pigure 2. Relati ve shes of the plal/ets. and bi ll ions of Stars in a boundless universe. E\"olution, not perfection, setS the grandiose stage on which we are the actors and the Spcct:ltots as well. We came to realize that the human mind has the capability of learning and, to a certain degree, of unde rsrand· ing how this world came into being, how it is built, and how it de\'elops. To Ihe \'isible world a rou nd us which was accessi ble to our forefathers, modern scientists h;n 'e pdded ncw wo rlds: the world of the tHoms, ;md the world of the stars. \Xle ha\e fOUlul tlmt there :Ire universal h.w5 of natu rc va lid equally in th ese three worlds which help us to unde rstand their interrelations and some of thei r mystcries. The natural sciences today offer uS the foundation for a concept of the world which is nor o n ly more correct, but also much grcater, a ~d far lIlore magnificent, th om any concept our forefathers could de\"elop in their tilnes. Life o n other stars ? It would have been a profanity in medieval times 10 believe that it might ha"e existed. Today this q uestion is one of the 11100t challenging problems of science. There is hardl y onc grea t scho lM who d ocs not g ive it his attention, and many of t hem arc rew;Lrdcd br brill iant new ideas. The remarkable fact is that e\'ery branch of natu ral science bears upon t his problemastro nomy. physic~, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, and all the others. Once we have the answer, its impact will be felt C\'en b r sciences as sublime as philosophy and theology. The questioo of whether life exisUi outside th e bounds of ollr earth cannOt be answered by a plain yes or 00 tod ay. If the answer should be positive, it may well be th at ""c will have it as soon as a manned sutellite around the earth offers a platfor m fo r observations. \'\' 1' certainly will know when our (ust imerplane wry space ship takes us to t.hrs; and this nmy pmsibl)' happen be· fore the cnd of our centurr. It is anot her thing if we ask what the prubability is that life ex ists on other celes· tial bodics. \Xle know the external cond itions lI nder w h ich life was ab le to de\"e lop and subsist on earth. Wc know much abou t th e environmental conditions which prel'ail on other planets in our solar sy5teOi. and cven on other fi xed stars. Comparing the necessary conditions lor life with the exist- II sp~ce journal �II ing conditio ns o n stars, we can conclude wit h a h igh degree of probability whe t he r lifc shoul<1 be cxpeclCd (here, a nd into what forms it may have dc,·eloped. This way of reasoning may seem rather bold. Howe,-cr , count less obscn~.l { i o n s o n t his ciln h have shown Ihm w henever the conditions for a certai n dc\C~ l opll1c[)[ a rc favo rable, natu re docs nOt hcs italc 10 sian this dc\·clopmcnt. Scientists arc confident that this Tille, so ohen confirmed on eaflh, may St ill be applied when the dC\'clopmclH is IIml of living organisms, a nd w hen t he place is nOt confined 10 this c:Lr\ h. Our original questio n about t he e xistence of life outside the ea r th, t he refore, reduces 10 the question of cnvironmcoml condi· tions on other Slars and of nlXessary condi . lions (or the development of life. These q uestions clI n be answered to a considerable degree uxl:.y, pa rt ially from d irect observa. tions :lIId experi ments, part ial ly fro m extra· pollH ions and log ica l de<;luc l ions. Althoug h we usually Ih ink of planets only when we discuss Ihe chances of finding life o n other celestial bodies, 1I't' sholdd II0t ol'ulook Iht' pOJSibility 0/ lift (Itf'tlQPillg Illso 011 Iht "("uk" COlI/fioU CIII of a dOl/ble jlllr, whe re lig ht and hea l wou ld be avail· able fro m Ihc "bri ght" com ponen t. In t he p rese m anicle we reSl r icl our considerations 10 p laner.like bodies whic h are much small· er than the central Slar t hat gives t hem light and hear, \X'e will div ide our sub ject fro m he re on into Th ree pans; T he as tro nomical as· FigJlre 4. T he Crab NebJlla, a Ieflof'er of " mPeNIQI'a e,.plQsiQIl i,1 /054 A.D . pc<:ts, t he physica l cond itio ns, and the biolog ical problem, The present article will dea l wit h the astronomical aspt.'(:15 o f life on othcr stars. \X' hen we Ihink of life o n orher celestial bod ies, we are incl ined 10 associate its I>ossible exislence wit h c nv i.ron melllal con· dilions as we havc t hem on o ur earth. T he average lemperattlfe should nOI be: al>o\'e 60 C to 80 C, and not m uch below the freezi ng point of water; the re should be a n atmosphe re wi l h at lcast somc oxygen or carbon d iox ide; Ihere shou ld be wate r; nnd Ihere should be occasional sunshine, or nn eq\livalellt smrsh ine. As we will sec hLter, these cond itions ilfe mandatory. T hat such an accumu latio n of condi lions lIlay well occur in planetnry s),StemS is proven by our own enrth. T he question is thclI: \X' hal is Ihe probability thai a pl:lnemr)' s),stcm like thc solar fam ily occurs among the fi xed Stars? De fore answe r ing th is q ues tion, we take a sho rt look at t he Structu re and the history of t he solar sys· tern, of our galaxy, and of th c stellar uni· "erse, Jiigure 3, Relati,'e tlis/at/eel o/Ibe platlets / rolll ,be Hili . �One of the mOSt impressive fe:lIures of t he solar syuem is the smallness of its componentS as compared to t heir distances. If we should build a model of the sun and ilS planets, a nd if we chose a sphere of three inches in diameter, for example. an orange for the su n , the planets would have the following diametcrs and distances: Mercury, 0.01 inches u 10 feet; Venus. 0.026 inches at 20 fcc t; earth, 0.027 inches at 27 fee t; !\lars, 0.015 inches at 40 feet; j upite r, 0.3 inches at 135 fcct; Saturn, 0.25 inches at 255 feet; Ura n us, 0.12 inches at 525 ft.'Ct; Neptune, 0.12 inc hes at 810 feet; Pl uto, wit h as )·et unknow n diameter, at 1,060 feet (Figs. I, 2 and 3.) In the same mode l, the nearest fixed star would h:1\'e a dista nce o f 1,000 m iles fro m the sun, and the e nd of our ga laxy would be 20 million miles away. Besides the nine planets, we find a belt of ma ny small astero ids berwecn the orbits of Mars and j upite r; about 1,500 of them ha\'c been ide ntified. The mass of the sun comprises about 99.8% of the tota l mass of the solar system; the planets only I:;gllrtl , . Th, big sp;rlll1leblllll ;" AmlroflleJIl. 0.2% . On the o ther hand, the combined angu lar momentum of the planelS is about 98%., and that o f t he su n 2%. of the total angular momentum of the system. The sun consists of o,'er 90% hydrogen; heavy clements arc rare. On the earth, heavy c lements arc much more abu nd ant. The composition of the planetS, disregarding thei r atmospheres, is "ery probably similar 10 that of the e;lrth. The la rge angular mOlllentum o f the p lanelS is a very strong p roof agains t the assumption that the planets were in former times a part of the su n, or e\'cn that the sun and Ihe planet5 werc formed in onc p rocess out of a big diffusc nebula. A more satisfactory expla natio n is possiblc only if anothe r star, in add ilion 10 the su n, is assumcd to havc participated in the plane. togcnic process. Theories by Chamberl in and Moulton, a nd in n very advanced and refined form by jeans, succeeded in describing many of thc detailed features of the solar syStems by assuming the closc approach of anOlher Stur. Gravitational �I forccs WQuld p rod uce huge tidal wa,"es a nd would c ,"en pull large amounts of mat· rer out of the $u n , in the form of II giga n tic " /illlnlcOI." This lila ment would finall y break up unde r ils own gravitation aod form a number of separate bodies wbich finally would mo'"c around the sun in plane. {'.try orbits. Their angu lar m oment um would ha\"e been provided by t he passing Slar. The s;\ffiC p la net-fo rming process would a lso accoun t for the moons of lhe pl:Lncls. One conspicuous faer remains 1I1lcxpinincd by this lhcory~thc fast rota· lio n of some of the pl:mcls. I n order to make this rot ation unde rsta ndable, J effreys supposes a "gm~ i ng collision " between a StH r and the sun, instead of n dose approach. Frictio nal forces, in addition to g ravita. tional forces, oou[(1 then accounr for the rotlu;omll motions o f Ihe planet. \'(' ilh t his assumplion, the obsen'ed rOtlllion and the total maS5 o f the planeu can be explained s.,t isfactor ily. Howe\'cr, the lurge :mgula r momelllum o f the planeu then remains a myStery. A new idea was introduced by R u~ 1I a nd de\'elop<.od further by Lynleton. They pointed out tlmt many of the Stars, almost one-half of them, a re twin nars, revolving arou nd each other at d istances w hich may count fro m aOOm a third of a light year down to less tha n the diameter of o ne of them. POI:lri S, ollr north sta r, is k nown to be II (I'lintupl et; CaSto r is e\'cn composed of six indi vidual Sta rs, all orbiting Mound ellc h other. R usse ll ass\lllled Ihat our sun hlLd a [win, 100, 0.1 about the dist;mce of the major planets. This twin was hi T and snmshc,d to pieces by anot her star. Some of the frag ments re mained in solar orbits; they a rc our planets now. This theory is able to explain Ihe rota· lio n. Ihe angula r momenrUlll, t he distances, a nd many o ther features of the planets. lis sho rtcoming is the eXlremeiy sm;11I prob. a bility for a direct hit between stau. To help th is situation, Hoyle made the sug· 14 space journal geslion that t he tw in Star may nOt hn\'e been h it by another sta r, but may ha\'e go ne through the naturJI cycle of its e\'olution, w hic h terminatc<l in a C:lIaclysmic explosion. The hea\')' pieces of this ex· plosion were hurled fa r Out inro sJY.Ice; a huge cloud o f gases a nd dust remained in the sola r gra\'itado na l fiel d , but with the angular Illo men tu m which was left over from the twin sta r. This gas and d ust cloud first spread OU I arou nd the sun in a riog. shaped disk, but later il contracted into discrcte blobs becausc of eddy currents and gravilllliona l inst1lbililies. Most of the mass contained in (he g(IS nnd dust cloud was finally concenlrnted in the ninc planets. This th,--'Ory of planetary origin is part of a comp rehensive "New Cosmology" by H oyle and L),ltletOn. Allhough it is by no means free of conlro\ersies, it offers very intriguing desc ri pl ions o f the life cycles of 5(,ITS, of their energy hal;lIIce, and of the ir compositio ns. T he explosion of the sun's twin sta r, in the light of this theor)", would be a "supernO\'a," the laSI phase of o ne specific grou p of SUles called supergiants. Three supernovae were observed within our ga laxy in historic t imes: the firs t was seen in 1054 by the Chinesc; rhe second in l 572 by T ycho Brahe; :I nd the third in 1604 by Keppler. The firSI 5u pe rnO'~1 left a gllscous mass, the well·k nown Crab Nebula ( Fig. 4), which has heen ex panding dur ing the paS t 9DO rears with a peri phcral velocity of abou t GOO miles per second. Supernova explosions arc kno wn from other galax ies. Their outburst of light is so treme ndous t hai they ca n be observed from the earth. Althou1,;h the final development sta1,;e of a supergi(lnt which leads to a supernova mo.)" weB extend o\"er millions of )Cars, the explosion itself I:1St5 only fo r a few da}s. T he frequency of supernova explosions, according to I),'ade a nd Zwicky, is about once in "DO or 500 rea rs per gal:lxy, a fi1,;\ue wh ic h agrees well with rhe three supern ovae ohscT\'ed wit hin OtiC ga laxy during the last 900 yea rs. �H oyle's theory is well Cllpablc of explain. ing many of the outstanding features of our planetary SYSlem. It e\'en explains why we find an abundance of heav)' e lemenu on tile planetS, but not on the sun; heavy nuclei a rc fo rmed in energy-consuming nuclear processes during the collapsing phase of a superg iant, shortly before its explosion. During this same phase it is likely t hat a supergiant emits electromagnetic waves which are obsen-cd by redia astron· omers on earth. The last phase of the entire process, the cont raction of the gas lind duST cloud into diSl; retC planets, has heen studied in great det:lil by von \'(feiz_ saecker. );xpanding Ihe law5 of fluid dyna mics to an aSlConomical scale, and Ill'plying them to the specia l case of II gas and dUSt cloud around the sun, he could derive many of the speci:11 properties which we observe in t he plane tary s)'stem. It cannot be said today whether this concept of planelogenesis comes close to the truth. H owever. it ~ms to lead to less controversies than older theories, and we may well IIdopt it unti l bener theodes are available. The probllbilities (or all the individual steps of {his planemry history can be est ima ted from observations and mathe· matical deduct ions; we finally can calculate how of len a planetary SYS{ClII may ha\'e ,Ie,-eloped within our galaxy since its beg in ning. Th is article is fa r tOO short to give an indiOltion of the demils of the various theories or of rhe methods of o bsen'ation and reasoning which a rc applie<1 by aStrOnomers to o bmin n u merical resultS. The rollow ing !l umbers a nd f'gure$ are there_ fore only transmitted as (acts without fu rther arguments. Pigllrtl 6. A Sla r 'cloud' ill SagilJarills. This is onl) II lIl;'llll e porlion of the slars ,.isible i'J Olle glllax)'. lVi/bill Ibe ellrtb's range of absen'lltioll Ibere lire abOli1 100 mil/;oll ga/a:des. Each glllllX)' ilia), colliain 100,000 se//- slI#tlillillg plal/ets. 15 space iournal �Our galaxy has an age of aboul " billion years. \Vi(h one SU I>c rnova explosion e"cry 400 years, about 10 million supern ovaI.' must have exploded (luring our gabxy's life span. Eve ry second o ne of (hem may havc hee n one component of a twin star, giving risc to a c irculllstell:ar gllS and dust doml, and subscquemly to a family of planets. E\'en if it may be tOO oplimislic to assume Ihal each of the resulting 5 million planetary syStemS COlllains at leasl one planet wilh condilions favorable fo r Ihe developmem of life, it is cen ainly not un realist ic to expect that onc planetary fumily out of 50 includes a mcmber o n whic h condi tions similar to those on our c,tnh prevailed at o ne time o r anOther. Tbis lIIeUIlS (bllt we sbollid eX/Jeff tbal Ii/' ill Jome form may bal'e det ·eloped. dllrillg tbe laJt 4 billiD" )earS, f)l1 ubolll 100,000 ,IiUert'''' pial/tis wilbitt Ollr gala:.:y. O ur own !;lllalCy show the structure of a spi ral nebula. Its size and shape resembles "ery closely one of its neMeSt neighbors in spnce. the benutiful spirn l ne b ula in Andronu.xI(1 ( Fig. 5). w h ich is "only" 1,500.000 light rears away. The diameter of our own galaxy is about 60,000 light years. It conmins belween 10 and 100 billion Slars. Comp;oring (his treme ndous number of stars within our galaxy with Ihe 100,000 planets which may possibly bear life, we must conclude that lifc is, on a n absolute scale, a fre<.luCIlI e"ent within Ihe galaxy. Re\;olively speaking. however. it is elC(reme- I'ig ure 7. A rllISler 0/ galaxies ill tbe CorOIl(l 110realh. A lllbtl il/distillct b/otciJes ill Ibis (Ibotogr(lpb, uboll~ '0, are galaxies app rox;. 11/lIlel)' Ibe size of Ollr OW". 16 space journal Iy rare. Only one in about a million stars is privileged (0 send its warm ing sunshine out to a satellite o n which livi ng organisms dc,·elop. Our most powerful telescope o n Mount Palorll(lT IS able to discern ynlaxies as far out as one bill ion light reMS. \Vithin rhis obscT\'ation range there are about 100 million yalaxies ( Fig. 6 and 7). I:ach of them may (;ontain lOO,<XlO life-sustllining planets, lI·hirh leads /IS /0 a to/al 0/ tell thousalld billioll plallets, witbi" totllly'J obJfrr.·"ble mlil'erse, ubicb IIllly be il/b(lbited b)' liI·il/g beillgs. The toml n umber of stars in Ihis vo lume is te n billion billions. It is well to remember that this yiga ntic n umber is numerically eq ual to (he n umber of mo lecules within one cubic centimeter of air. H ow long will life continue to prosper on our earth? The heal bala nce of the eMlh depe nlls almost em ire!y on the su n. Solar heat is cons(;lntly produced by the fusion of hy{lrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. This hcat production will go o n with :I slowly increasing rate for :lbom 50 billion yea rs. \X' hile the hydrogen supply is g radu_ ally consumed, the sLln will slowly heat up and, at the sa.me time, swell to a diameter about as brge as the orbit of ,\I:lrs. From then on the S\lIl will stan to sh ri nk. II w ill not expl<xle like :I supergi:mt, but ,"cry gradually cool off. At the end, (he sun will be a black dwurf. Lnng before t h:lI, life on any of t he sobr " hltlelS will Im"e become impossible Ix.-causc of Ihe he:ll increase during the hydrogen-helium con\'ersion. BUI (here is a good chance that life w ill persiSI on eart h for se"eral billions of rears-as far liS t he sun is concerned. In (he neX I edil ion of SPACE J ournul wc w ill (liKUSS the "ar),;ng p hysica l conditions whic h arc found on a pla nc.! in (he coursc of its life cycle, and we will sec: in pllTt icular w helher the earth is prepa red to su pport life for some more billions of years. �SPACE PROJECTION ro ck, t mail to the moon What should the stamp cost, based on current propulsion technology? B y Dr . H . W . Rit chey lech~ic81 dirodor Ihio~o l chemic81 corpO'8 l ion red, lona divi.io" M OST AS P ECfS of space travel oave been covered extensively in a great volume of literature that has appeared on t ois subject over the laSt few years. The problems of propulsion and control have received a treme ndous amount of attention. Other problems relating to the survival of the h um an being in space and his psychological and physical reactions to wide variations in g ravitational fields have also received considerable attention. Perhaps t he one greatest problem now impeding progress is that of the subconscious inhibitions buried in toe minds of those technologists now «'pable of effecti ng space travel. This problem may be solved for future gencwtioos by the publicity now being released in the semi-tech nical publications and on television. The yo unger generation, now in the for mative swge, h'n'e seen animated cartoons and other demonsn;.tions of the feasibility of space travel to the extent that they now look upo n it as an accomplished fact. On the other hand, our present generation of scientists, even those who arc able to prove logically by eng inee ring calculations t hat space travel can be accomplished, have been so subjectively inhibited by their early condi t ion ing that most of t hem still regatd it as impossible in some segment of their mind bur ied deeply in subconscious. Only wi t hin the last few years has it been respectable in sciemific circles to discuss seriously the feasibi li ty of space trave l. The actual fact exists that we arc now capable of sending an objcct outside the influence of the e~rth's gravitational field and, therefore, with an adeq\l~te system of guidance could send this objcct almost anywhere in {he solar system. The design chMacteristics of a rocket system capable of propelling an object outside the earth's gravitational field are so weB understood that it is possible to make reasonably accurate calculations of (he cOSt of such a propulsion system. Such a propu lsion system could carry rocket-mail letters to the moon or to a planet, ~nd we are then able to estimate to a fair degree of accuracy the cost of a rocket·mai! stamp needed to send a rocket·m~il !eHef to ourer space. The problems inherent in the necessary prop ulsio n sySl'em have already been solved by progress in the field of so!id-propellant rocketry. In the so!id-p ropellant rocker engine, the propeJlant is properly mixed and " injected" into the combustion cham- 17 space iournal �bet at the manufacturing plant. II A com- posi te type of sol.id p ropellant can be processed a5 a slurry in the m an ufacturing p lant lI od OUI directly in to the pressu re veuel. A typical engine of this type is shown abo.·c. The charge burns o n all the exposed inside su rface of a speciaUy·s haped propel.l ant cavi ty. Since bu rning occurs from the inside outward, the flame docs not contact the walls of the pressure vessel until near the c nd of t he b urning period. If a proper fue l bind er is used. the charge can be bonded 10 the walls of th e p ressure vessel lind pc nnilics i n we ig ht (I re pa id for support of the propellant. Although the performance characteristics of present rockets cannOl be disclosed, calculati ons urili:dng obvious assum p tions concerning propellant de nsit ies and de nsities of the high-stren g th st rucmrol matcria ls can be used to show that it should be rc lat ivcly easy to make a SOlid-propellant rocket engine in wh ich 86"AI of the gross weight would be propel1:1111. Si ncc both this ratio and Ihe propellam sp<.'Cific impu lse are related 10 combust ion c hamber pressure, it is assumed that this ratio can be at tained wit h a propellam u hibiting a 5ea-Ie\'el impulse wit h an optimum nozzle of 195 Ib-s«/Ib. H such u rocket is designed 10 operate somew here ncar opti m um in the ,'cry low-pressure co ndilions e)Cisting at h igh ald tude, this speci fic im pu lse figure will r ise to a "alue of about 230. M:Hl y muJciswge. solid·propellan t rocket ve h icles IHlve been fired and the ca pabi lities of staging and of high.altitude ignition lw,'c already been dcmo nstrated in such missiles as t he Loc k heed X 17 ;Hld the multismge, solid-propellant test vehicles fired by NACA. For the purpose of estimating thc f1lke·off weight ill an "escape "elocily" missile, the stage load rotio of 1:4 has been assu med; in other words, each rocket cnginc weighs four times all the load that it carrics. ThC5e performance valucs and design criteri a arc thc n used in the following equation for rocket mo' tion; 18 space journal , v ~ V ~ I •• ~ • - W, - W, ~ I." x g x 2. 303 log W, W, velocity. ft/sec propella nt specific impulse, Ib-sec/ lb g ra"italio nal accelcration, 32.2 It /sec? initia l we ig ht of syste m fi na l wc ig ht of system Thc calculated velocity, unco rrccted for drag and gravitational efT~t, is shown in T ab lc L This ve locity is the n COrtt'Cted for drag :tod gravitati omll effect b y su bfracting an o\'cr:tll gross " loss" figurc, convcned 10 equi valenl vclocity loss. It has becn assumcd that eac h rocket stage is a fa ithful linear scalc rcp roduction, in w h ich case t he fo llowing sclle re lat ions hips obtain: Burning lime of Rockel B = scale facto r times burning lime of Rocket A T hr u~ t of Rockct B _ :scalc raClor 5quared timcs thrust of Rocket A Gross wcighl of Rocket B = scale factor cubed times g ross wc ight of Rocket A Using thc5e rclationsh ips it is easy to esti mate the time of burning and obtain a corrcction for the so-C'J.llcd "8" losses of ,·e lacity. This corrt'C ti on is also shown in T able T. II is morc difficult to arriyc al :to accu ratc corr~ti on for at mosp he r ic d rag, eSf>Cci:llly sint"C dcs ign of the specific aero· dynam ic con figu rat io n is beyond th c scope of this article. Based on c)Cpcricncc, how· e\'cr, it wou ld seem reasonnble and adc(l\I(\CC to incorporate a corrC(;tion of 2,000 it/s« as the loss to be incurred by atmospheric drag for the smaller, "h igh_g" rockct, and 1,400 ft/sec for fhe larger rackct. T hus, as Table I illustrates, it is possible 10 attaiD escape vclocities wilh a one-pound payload using a missilc hlt\'ing II lotal take-off weight of less than 3.200 pounds. It is also beyond the scof>c of this article to estimate thc productio n cosu of such a m issilc ; however, expericnce w it h relatively small numbers of rockets made in research- �I TA BLE I M A il ROC KET TO TH E MOO N - SPECIFICATI ONS "oG' ...... " ~ ., .. ,.. '''''"f .... "lA., ~" " "0 . H',.,'" .... H . .. ' , ,,'" ,.,g.",, ' , . ......, ' • '0 ' 1 f ( . RETRO ~ ... nO"'D < IT 0 Wl1HO UT ... "", '0'"'' II ... ~OC ( H W ,TH 5 5 , 0 .85 230 8dOO 1 ~8dOO I 2.0 , 25 20 0 .85 230 8400 8400 ,.< , 125 100 0.85 230 8400 8400 59 2 '" SOO 0 .85 230 6400 8400 10.0 1 3125 2500 0.8 6 no 7200 8400 17.1 AVDW 15, 625 12,500 0.86 7200 29.2 195 195 40 , 80 0 40,800 lOSS 1,400 2,000 D' AG 1055 2,000 1,400 37,400 37 ,4 00 lOlA' •.. "" , --~ without " ,e t, o -,ode'"' aml-Jc>'clopmCnt qu a nti ti es wou1d indicate th at 20 such syStemS could be :.ssembled ill a total cost not exceeding 5 10.00 per pollnd of missile weight, amou nting (0 $}2,000 1:>cr vehide. Cer tain olher problems wOllld natllnrl]y exist if such a project were to be attempted. r or e xample, there is hardly m:ed to se nd a roc ket-m a il letter (0 the moon unless someone were there to receive it. This problem is norrllally not related to the COSt of t he smmp. l(Od, therefore , the cost of placing a recipient in Ihe rig ht location has nOI been included. T here is also the problem of either hil ting the mrgc. object with i' free-flight ballistic missile or providing some type of wilh ",e lro -rocke t" ' termi nal guidance. Since the moon subtends a "isual angle of aooU! [0 mils, it shollid not be tOO difficult a task to la unch a rocket in the right dircction and with sufficient velocity to hit the moon on a frecflight ballistic trajectory, T he recipient POSt office on the moon, of course, IllUSt bear the COSf of fmding the rocket at thc impact poinl a nd recover· ing it. Here we get into a nebulous area where it might ver y well be argued th a t the COSt of finding and recove ring a rocket wou1d far exceed the COSt of the vehicle itself. [n fact, the expe nse of remi ng one of the cOIH"cmional l;wnching sites for [aunching the >-e hicle might very well (all LnlO the sa me category. l.et·s assume, howeve r, 19 space journal �tlmt it rc(!uircs inve~trllem of two man-da ys time li nd $2,000 in amortization of C<juipment in order to Iliunch the rocket_ So far as recovery is concerned at the other end of the !Inc, ir hardly seems reasonable to per_ mit the rockel to impm;:t on the moon's surface with the incre mental "elocity C<ju ivalem to free-fa ll in the moon's g ra,-i. rnrional field p!U$ what ,'e!odty is left at the "tu rn -over" ]loOi m , In other words, in order to pte,'ent th e rocket from being completely dcsltop:d o n impaCl, it would be neccssary to ,:a nee! out about 8,500 ft/see accu lll ulau.'(1 vClodty shortly before impact. Th is would be done by \.sing the last stage as a " Tetro-rock et" and by adding on a new firsl stage weighing fOUT times the 3.125 poullth appe:. ring in T able I. This adds a n addil iona l 12.500 pounds to our rake-off weighl a nd :.ddilio na l $1 25,000 to thc COSI. The pay!o:ld will be a one-pound object consisting of a steel shell, a properly constirutcd dre marker. li nd the mail will be micro-filmc<1 on 16n1l11 film. Eac h Hamp will allow the scnder twO pages of correspondence which would be tr:Ltlslllitled in the form of twO micro·fillll frames, Since vo lnt ility of the dye Illarkcr would be a matter of eXlreme importance. the dye marker will consist of carbon black and a small e"plosi,-e chnrge, the tom l of which we ighs four ounces and which will be at· rlmged to explode on impHct SO that the impact point will be mnr kc<l by the black powder, The steel shell comaining t his load will weigh two ounces. The burned-out ' retrorocket" itself will act as a buffer agai nst impact damage, and it is e"pec(ed that the steel shell conraining ten ounces of 16mm micro-fi lmed corresponde nce would $uT\' ive a n illlpact at sc,'era] hu ndred feet per second . The COSI of recove ry and delivery at the receiving end will , in accortl:tnce wit h U. S. Postal policy, be subsidi zed by the U. S. Governme nt , and, Iherefore, these COSts (lfe not includc<1. T he len ounces of micro·film w ill contai n 12,800 16mm frames, and will r('(luire 6,400 l>O$tage stHmps 10 send 6,400 leuers. A summary tabulation of the COSt of mail service is as fo llows: $125,000.00 Addcd Siag e 32,000.00 Other roc kels 2,000.00 Amort iza tion launchi ng e(lu ipment 250.00 Two mun-days (consult· am rate) 159,250.00 -:- 6,400 525.00 pe r stamp Di vidi ng by Ihe number o f letters th nt m ay be mlllsmiued, this leaves U$ a COSt of 25.00 for rockel-mail stamps to the moon. the 20 space journal mOOll. �L SP.t,Cf. FLIGHT remarkable x-craft By Fr e d e ri ck I. O rdway, III "'n.p. e •• dent 9 ue •• 1 •• Ironeulic. co.poretion T H E UN ITED STATES h as seen R uss ia slowly dose the wide ak- power gap that once se parate(1 the twO nat ions. Mil itary experts 1I0W agree that in many areas lhe Soviets arc <Iuantinlti\"e l)' ahead of us, and as far as quality goes they a rc catching up rap idl y. To offset any c hattenge to our ae ri al supremacy, the Un ited StalCS has embarked 011 an ambitious experimental research air· eraft program th:lt, it is hoped, witt insu re the mailllena ncc of leadership in superior q ua lity a irpla nes and missiles in the years to come. i\hny of th e exotic spaceships of th e scie nce-fiction world we re prefixed by th e letter X; tod ay many of the astO n ishing rese:lrch missiles and pl:lnes being developed by American tcchnology have the same in· trod uctory Iclter. The X-series is our pre"iew of tomorrow's aeria l wcaponr)'. The idea for seui ng up a researc h series of :Ii rcraft bcgan d uring the course of \': 'orld \\7 ar It , bu t work was no t t)Cgun seriullsly until the end of hostilities in 19'15 . T he Air Force, Navy, and National Ad visory Conuninee for Aerona utics Bell X-I Bell X-III (NACA ) coocei"ed of, aod ha"e conti n ued development o n, an ad " anced series of re· seMch vehietes. t)(:t:lils, from few to rather complete, arc available on more t han a do~en X -craft. \X' e fi nd that thcre arc three t)'pes of veh i· clcs that ha\'e been gi"en the X.designation: (I) manned rocket ai rpl anes, (2) manned turbojel airplanes, and (3) unmllnned missiles. Ra ther than tfy to look at them in n ume r iC'.!.1 order (X- I, X ·2, X·3, X·4, etc.) it should be more in teresti ng to th ink of them by caICgory. Since the most exci tin g frontie rs of flight 'Ire usu:tll y :tssocialcu wi th man :LS well as speed a nd altitude, leI us look at what has been (lone with our pilOted rocket airplanes. The l.icll X·I was the first a irplanc in the world (Q reach supersonic speeds in Ic,-ei fl ighl, crossing whut W:lS known as Ihe "sound barrier" in October of 19-1"7. T his WIIS an c "c nt of tremendous il1lpor. ra nee to the aero nautical sciences, :md was accomplished by designi ng and fl)' ing :l rocket.prOI)C!led ;,i rplane th a t was ~ Imost lilenl ll)' a m:lnn(.-d m issile. The pl:Lne was lJeff X-Ib /jell X·2 21 space journal �driven by a powerful Reaction Motors GOOQ·pound t hrust rocker e ngine operating on liquid oxygen a nd alcohol. It p rov ided milir;u·y a nd induslrial aeronau tical reo searche rs with invaluable data about t be t hen.virtual1y.unknown reg ions o f high. speed flight, a nd d ata derh'ed from rhe program were fed into late r combat air· p lane des ign. A modification o f the early model was the X·IA. five feet longer thall its prede. cessor. After thorough teHing in 1952 and 1953, this I:.rget plane amazed t he wo r ld by tt;lve!! ing ,I( 2V2 t imes the speed of sound, or 1,650 miles per hour, in Dc· cemlJcr of 1953. In another flight it reacht.'d :1 record altinuJe of 90,000 feet, whic h liter:,lIy brought ma n to the fron· tiers of sl).lce. \'I:' hile the X·I cou ld only sUSI:dn PQwered flight for 2V2 minutes, the X·tA could e n joy four minutes of full power since it ca rried considerab ly more fue l. An X·1 11 was bui lt and speciall y instru' mented for resc<Ltch on high speed frictio n he:lling. As the myMeries of the sound harrier were dispelled, thosc of the " thermal barrier" wNe explored. All of thesc X·I ai rp lanes were nornlally air·l,. unched from specially adapted bomber.t)·pc four.engine airpln nes. Th is ('nil bled the X.plant'li to util i:,.e their precio us fuel on ly for the re· scarch purposes (or which they were de· signl.'d. without wa~ting ill. )' for take·off and cli mb to Hlti t ude. The planes can and Imve. howc,'er, wkcn off from the g round under Iheir own powcr. It is imercsting to know that the X·IA :md D plu nes weigh about 16,000 pounds and arc crammed with 1,000 pounds of in. strulllentation to record the variety of tests that the pian(.'s \U1dergo at the outer reaches of the tLlmosphere and at extreme ,·elocities. NOt al[ ai rplanes of the X·I series were successful. X·I Numbe r 3 was destroyed during a fuel opcralion, a modified X·IA exploded in 1955, and a model D of the series also WaJ destroyed. It is "'1.'11 know n that air in motion possesses kinetic energy. Now if we de· 22 space iournal cide to b ri ng to a halt rapidly.movi ng air, the e ne rgy contained in it 1I1L1St be con· ye rted soUlehow, a nd we find that we end up with heat and pressure energy. A simple equation tel ls aeronautical.design engineers and ilerodynamidsts what the tCIllpt:'taturc rise will bc of :m object encountering a rllpidly.mov ing air Slfealll. As ai rplanes and missiles roar t hrough the utmosphcre at e\·er.;nc re:,sing speeds mo re and mo re ,"elocity energy is convc rted in to hcat. \'\Ihlle some o f this heat is cond ucted through wh:1! is called t he boundary layer and w h ile, especially at extreme altitude, some is radiated out the air frame , much has to be absorbed . Specially prepared timniu m, stainless steels. ilnd ceramics are used to prOlOCt the aircraft from th is heut. Moreover, each craf! hilS a cerrain heat capaCit )'; bur " ircraft designers kn ew that sooner o r lau~ r re· frigeration syStems would ha,·c to be in. corporated if man anJ materiHls were to sut\·i,·e the "thermal barrier." It is ohvio us th:1! the denscr the atmos. phere the more acme the heat p roblem beCOUles. To study the thermal phenomenon propedy, greal speeds a nd high.altitude mpability arc necessary. If we were to fly tOO low a t tOO high a velocit)" we would burn up like a meteor. Man ht.s found trmt if he w,mts to go substantiall y funer than he d oes today he mUSt gCt be)'ond the thick anllos pheric blnnket ilnd into the rnrefled upper le,·cls. Till.' X·2, :mOfher Hell- Air PorceNAC.t\ rocket rescMc h nirplane, w:.~ spe· c ifica ll y designed to explore this thermal barrier. In J ul), of lasl yea r il had reached a top speed of thrcc limes the speed of sound or ahout 2,200 miles pcr hour. To get th is eX1C1I periormllilce a Curliss-\\ltight liquid.propellilnl rock"t engine. de"eloping 15,000 pounds of thrust, w .•s u!ICd. Perhaps e,"e n more astounding than the 5p'-'Cd produced was the record altitude flight of 126,000 fCCt , o r nearl)' 21 miles straight up. The powerful rocket engine a llowed d am 10 be gained of airplane l)('rformance at hig h angles of :Llmck. When spee<ls �I of .Mach 2 to 3 are reached, the temperature of the skin may r ise from 250 0 P to 650 ' F at high alt itudes. Designers have therefore fitted the X-2 with t'emperature· resistant glass and a heat-insubted cabin to provide protection for the pilot. Furthermore, special alto),s were used in critical parts of the plane. In else of airpbme malfunction, the elbin could be ejected and parachute· lowered to an ah itude where the pilot could separate and complete the (lcscent with his own parach \lte. One of the X -2's exploded a nd was intcmionall), jettisoned fro m its mothe r launching aircraft in May 1953. The last X -2 crashed because of stability prohlems, killing the pilot, Capt. M. Apt. So the X·2 progr;lm is officiall)' over. T o carr)' on the work st:Lrted b)' the X- I and X-2 ;lirplanes (as well :.s the rocketpowl.'red Nav)' D-5S8-2. not a part of the X.program), one o th er manned rocke t craft is being developed, dle X·lS. The Bel! X _I E witt be used for .Mach 2 research until these new pl;lnes are ready. Its (ust flight occurred in June of this )'ear. Details are shaping up about the North American X-IS , which is sponsored by the Air Force, N avy and NACA. it will in\·estigate the unknow n velocity regions at five, six, or more times the velocity of sound, and il" will p robe 100 miles above the su r f;,ce of our planet. IFe ellll almost COI/.shier the X-15 as II IIMlmed stUlcesbi/J, alUl it will t1rob"bly be Ibis progressioll Olltwards illl)eiocit}, Iwd "di:Jt"'lce Irolll tbe eartb" that will bring /IS to lull·fledged IIUII/lled spflCe fligbt . \'(Ie S'IW that the old X-I planes produced 6,000 pou nds of thrust, white the X-2 built up 2 V2 times that; as much power as put Out by a typical Navy cruiser. T he X-IS's rocket engine, to be built by Reaction Motors of New Jersey, will release 60,000 pounds of thrust, :lnd will fire from 1 to 3 minutes. Despite this enormous amount of power, despite the fact that the a irplane is designed to explore areas where no man has yet been, and despite the fact that frictio n heat generated may rise 10 ISOO Df to 2500° F, the plane is considered quite safe. Depe ndi ng on the c ircumsta nces, the p ilot, in case of a mishap, will have a 90 to 100 per cent survival chanl·e. The airph10e has been carefu!!y designed from th e human enginee r ing poi nt of vicw, with :,erome<!ical scientists of the Air Force ;1Od Navy cooperating closely w ith the manufacturer. It will be heavil)' inst r umented to record conditions of ree n try from sp.Ke into (he earth's aUllos, p here, heating, st;lbility ,It high speeds and a1cimJes, and comro!' The X_IS wi!! be the first, {fUe hypersonic boosted glider. The initial flight test is expected in 1958. Although less spectacular, high I)' import'lm work is bei ng, ;'nd has been , accomplished by rurboiet-powered research a irc raft such as the X-3, x·4, X-S, X-l3, X-1 4 and X-lS. A!! manned , these planes have probed a v<Lriety of aero nautical unknowns, :md results are rapidly :lnd effi· ciently being "ploughed back" into industry. DOllglas X-J �The X-3 h as often b<.-en referred to as the " Flying Pencil" ix'Causc of its long (nearly 67 feet), thin shape. Powered by tWO ' Xlestinghousc jets. it produces 14,000 pounds of th r ust and land s at a brisk 215 miles per hour. The wing loading (a term dcnoti ng thc gross we ight of the airpla ne divided by thc a rea prcsented by its wings) is somc 200 pounds for cach square foot, a "ery unusua l figure. This m i(l·w ing airplane carries 1,200 pounds of research instru mcntation a nd a rcf r igen ltion system for cool ing the cockpit and instrumen ts. An imcresting fact is th:or it uses somc of its fuel to circulate in the nose arca fo r cooling. The a irpla ne was desi gned to tCSt out slIStll;lIed, \'ery high speed flight. and was a joint A ir Force, N:lvy and NACA projecl. Much of the craft was madc of lilanilllll. Meanwhile, the X- 5 is :! plane featuring a var iable sweep wing; that is, t he backward 51(.nl of the w ings can be :tdjustcd durillg flight . W h ilc landing and taki ng· off the sweep is about 20 degrl'e5, and in fli g ht it can be positioned b:lck to ~ degrees. The w ing·sctting mechanism is coupled 10 an a pparatus th aI immediately compensates for the shift in the center of g ravity of the IO,OOO-I'ouod ai rpl ane as the wi ngs arc changed. T he usc of sweptback wings bOlh delays and red uces transonic elTects, but the exact degree of swccp is often a problem. AsSO(:;ated widl 5W(,'CP, howe"er, is a number of <Iiffie"!ti,, such as t he thickening of Ihe so·callcd hound:lry In)'c r ncar the tips. flow \'clocitics along t he wing, necessity of large anglcs of aWlCk at high lift. and d ynamic stabi lit y. Thc X·5 was designed to im·cstigare the aerod)·namic cfTecu of swccpback and change of sweepback . Two airplanes ha"e crashed in thc leu program. 'Xle now turn ((I anot hc r type of turbojetpowered research airpl:.ne known :IS the V'\'OL {meaning Verlica l T (l kc'off (' n<l Landing ) , represented by the X·I3, X .1 4, and X·lS. All t hree planes ha"e come into Norlbrop X-4 T he Northrop X -4 :H1J Bell X-5 rep resent a d ilTe re nt sort of airp lanc in that they arc not prim:! rily designed for speed and altitudc testing. Thc x -4 is charactcrized by a tailless configuration wilh swept wings, being pattcrned after thc well-known "fly_ ing wing" design. Ele\'ons on the Iraili ng edge of the wing act us uilerons and ele,'ators. It is u SllIa ll plane, weighing only 7,000 pounds (11\d measuri ng less th:1II 27 fccI long. Much valuable in formation has been gained on sUl b il ity ,md {light charucteristics from th is a irplane in rhe subsonic speed region. Bell X-5 24 space jou rnal , ; �the news vcry recently, and all three ofTer different approaches 10 the same end. The X- 13 is pop u lar ly knowo as the Verl i jcf, and its a pproach 10 vertica l takeoff is very d i rcc~: SCI the plane in a l u il- downward, nose-upward positio n, a nd lake otT. It is launched from a trailer bed which is hydraulically r:l ised infO the ven iCli position . • The plane hangs from a hook on a stretched albIc, and when ready 10 fly build s up power from its Ro lls.Royce A von e ngine ulltil thc thr ust (,,,",eros Ihe weight of t hc :lirplanc. In Apr il the first " mulSit ion" flight was made when t he plane ,·cTli(.-ally look nIT, "conve n ed" 10 the horizontal position. flew at a rcspccra bl)' high speed, agai n con vened and nmd c a ve rt ical la n<l ing. A jet reactio n CIl,l[Tot system is A SUI'(,rson ic VTOL lighter has reporl(,'(!' Iy been des igncd based on the X · 13 which, it is claimed, could climb to 15,000 ft'Ct d ur o ing the ti me II cOIH'cmional fighter is be· coming airborn e. Th is and o ther VTO l.s w ill probably re\'0Iutioni7.c the concept of aerial warfare in tha t no ebborate (a nd vu lnerable) land ing fields and carriers will be necessary. Gi.·e the VTOI. a littlc sp;\ce in the b;\ck )';\rd lind thllt is all it :lsks. The sh rouds of mili!;,ry sccreg' have o nly been lifted from the Uell X·14 which might be call(,'([ a hori 7.0ntal VT OL. lis two Armstrong·Siddeley ASV. S Vipcr jet engines produce hot disch:lrge gases wh ich are di.·erred downward du r ing take-off 10 p ush the a irpiline upw:trds. The total JUSt e mployed during periods of rising, lower. ing o r JUSt ho."ering; the pi lot del1ectS the jet exhaust by thrOllle control. Onl y 24 fect long. the plane has Jirecti onall)·-controlled bleed jets on the wingrips, and exceltern performance character istics (good climb. m"neu\'Cr"bility, etc.). The Air I;o r«:, Na\·y. and N ACA have "II su p ported th e program at one stage or anmher, al· though Ihe Ai r Force supports the as such. x·n IJell X·14 thruSI is 3.500 pou nds. As the plane rises, the exhauu gases arc di rected by special vanes more and more rearward and hor i· zonml fl ig ht can commence. Three com· p ressed ai r jets arc used to comrol a!litude when the plane hovers. The pl:'ne has a lready completed preliminary f1 ig hl lests both co n\'emionall y and unde r VTO I. con· ditions. RY"'I Verlijet X·13 T he fina l X·VTO t plane lIbout wh ich we know sollll'lh ing i5 H iller Helicopters' lilt· wing X . IS, which feature s four turboprop engines, with twO COunter-rotating propel. lers. This approach [0 Ihe VTO t a.rt relies o n tilti ng Ihe w ings fro m the hori· zo nlal 10 t he vert ica.l posi tio n and allow ing 25 space journal �the ClIrboprops to literally screw the plane up into (he air. Small turbojets in {he tail provide comrol dur ing hovering operatio ns. This p lane will pro b;tbly be used to nans- I. port troopS anJ supplies to and from arcas through thc atmosphere into sp:lce (a pproximately 200 miles) then tilt and , with m otors still fi r ing, emcr the earth's atmosphere at fiftccn times the spccJ of sou nd. All this is done to test re ·entT), proble m s where no airfields arc av:,iJablc. J{ eportS arc tim! it (:UIl rno \'c along rather rapidly. H iller X-J8 Wre now come TO the third a nd hml\ category in our su r vey of the X-sedcs, Uflm a nn('d missiles, the X-7, X - tO "oJ X-17. Lock/)«etl X-7 [Oleh is powered by " different type of engine; each has ils own specific rC5Cilfc h purpose. Lockheed has twO, the X-7 al1<1 X·17, and North Arncriclo one, the X -IO. A 11 :ITe c"lled {cst veh ides. The X-7 is powe red by two ramjet cogines, being what is called a (CSt bed for the type of powe r pl;ont that propels the Boman: intercepter missile. The missile has heen under development a nd test fOT approximatel y ten ),ears and will continue at leaS[ one more. It is usu:lll)' air-launched and boosted by :l rocket e ngine to accelerate the missile to the point where (he ramjets, whic h need ra m :lir 10 sustain their opemlion, C:ln take over. Unlike most missiles, X·7 is not expendable, and Gm be parachute. recovered for continued use and evaluation. It ohen lands nose fu st on a nose spike. Dat;L arc tra nsmitted to the surfacc by a radio telcmc u y system. The X-17 is a more a m bitious rocket, being a three-st"ge affair, 40 feet long. Normally, the roc ket will take off and fly 26 space iOlKnal and the vit;d nose-cone aspect of the forthcoming intercontinental ilnd intermediaterange b .. llistic missi les. On one flight, whcn the tilt ing mechanism did not function, the missile flcw to an altitude of more t han 600 miles a nd a r,mge of more than 700 m iles. During flights in April and July speeds of 9,000 miles per hour were reported and later confirmed. .i\fore than 20 of thc G·wn . solid.propelled rockets havc been fired from the Air Force M issile Test Center, most with good results. \Vhi le the findings TO d ate have bccn i,pplieJ by thc Air Forl'e to its Atlas, T itan and Thor b"I!istic missile projects, the Navy may coorinue to fly the X - 17 as a test vchicle for its submari ne-based Polaris l R.BM . \Vhere"s the X·7 and X-17 use ramjc[s and rockets resp<.-ct i\'ely, the X·lO is provided with twO wrbojet engines. It is a test vehicle fo r the rt.-cent!y-cancelled Navaho XS M-64A imercontine ntal-range cruise �l..ockheed X·1 7 Nortb AlIIericlIIl Nambo X-IO \ m issile, nnd it is e mployed 10 check out nerodynnmic problems, electronic co mpo nents, :md gu idance features. Flight testing of the X·tO has been successfully CO Ill pleted according 10 the A ir !'orce. It has a lnnding gear nnd ca n be reco vered after fli ght fo r re-use, offering a great savin g in money. Na"aho, the end product, was to ha\'c bee n I>owc roo b)' Tam jets and boostoo by three 120.000'pound li(IU id rockeu. ila"ing brieR)' lookoo at t hese spectllcular X-crnh , we mn)' ask : "" 'l?hat next? 'Vhat w ill happe n 10 to 15 yea rs hence?" Th e Air Force has IIlreally predicted lIIt1l11lt!d rocket tI;rcrlljt flJillg tit um times t he speeli oj SQI/lld u'i/hill tI~is lime perimi. If the X ·15 re~c hcs 100 milcs, a laler X·plane, which may then be calletl a spaceship, may re:tc h 500 m iles, 1.000 miles, or more. T he I>op u iur dist inc t ion bctwo:."en airplanes and missiles 1Il1ly fude as the y blend imo tomor· row' s space "chides. !I1ilitary pial/lien lire alread), Ihillkiug oj Ih e possibility 01 II'ars jOl/ghl ill the s/,(f(e slI rro mulilig tbe e"rlb 11111/ ils Jlilllospberic bl'lIIkel. ,\ t th e $,'I me t ime our cruis<', interceptor, :lIld ball isti c mi ssi le prog r~ ms w il! become highly sophisticated. 'Ind again, if peace conti nues, techniques c\'oh'oo could lead to rockct nnd ramjet·propelled commercial air liners ('d rr)' ing passengers at thou s.'I nds of miles per hou r at the Olller fr inges of the uimosphe re fi nd, of course, spaceships. Tbere seems lillie doubt Ibtlt b~llisli~ mis· siles <llId rOcitel ~irpllllles u ·HI be lII~ted IlIIII del'eloped ;1110 lIIalllled r ebides IbaJ will 0118 lilly re'lch t be 1110011. 27 space journal �SPACE P RE V I E W " mar s and beyond " N DECEMBER 4th of last year, view· ers of ABC·T V's " Disneyland" hour watched the third of \\1all Disney's T omor. row/and space ser ies unfold, MarI and Be)mJd, in the 48'millllte documentary "so:;:iencc·factual" fo rmal, sur passes its tWO O excellent predecessors, ,\ 11111 ill Space and Ala" (lOul tbe M oo'i. Now being re leased in T cchnicolor for IhClllrical dist r ibu ti on, Ma rJ a"d Beyond rcprescnu the culmi natio n of IWO rears' research, w riting and artistic en<lcavor br D r. ErllSI StuhlillKer, a /ea(ling scielltist ill t be rocket IIlId !SliMed lIIissile fieM (/e fl ,) ami D r. "" ember /10 11 /Jral/II, rQcket ellgillee r (right), cOllfer Q II a sCIl/e mode/ of Ih e IIt omic· electric splice sbi/! Ihal wOII/(1 make 1,01$ib/e Ib e I OllK trip 10 MarI ill tbis scelle frolll IVlIlJ D ist/ey's j\I / IRS IIml BEYO N D. 28 space journal ----------------------------------------~i �I a dO;j;cn Disne y specialists, under the n'r· s:u ile direction of W ard K imb.111. The film aS$Li15 the enormous subject of life o n other worlds, firST by a ca n oo n sequence tr.lcing ma n's cosmic specu lalio lls througho ut his· lory, then by a sober ,·iew of comcmporary scientific hypothesis and conjcnutc. E"olution of the solar system and life, the conditions of m an a nd hi s environment, and t he condi ti ons he may expect on other ,,1:1110::1$ IIfC conside rations wh ich form the I11I1;n th read leadin g us to the rC(1 planet liS the only other habitable sphere with in Ollr solar f:ullily. After a dramat ic pc r usal of (aCI5 lind spccu i:ltiol1 on Mats a nd its m ys· ecries, co nducted by towcll Obscrval'O ry 's Dr. Earl C. Sliphcr, II Its {/escelll slowed by a (Irag rhllte, a Martiml Imutillg rmlt Ilears tbe m r/l1ce of Mtlrs, method of space !light new 10 t he gcneral public is p re. sc n{c<I: the io n propubion system devised b)' Or. Er nS( S t u hling~r . In a simulated trip to the fo urth planet. the atomic-e lcctric spaceshi p and irs orbit are broug ht om in a nimated ill ustra tion which captu rcs the imagination. The ac· curate presenrution. carcfu l allcm ion to de· rail, and concise narratio n cstablish Dr. Stuhli nge r's ha rd ware as a revolutionary but .sound means of ext raterrest ri,,1 navigation. In tclcscoping the }'ear·and ·a·half "oyagc into :1 few minutcs on the screen, lll ar$ alld lJe)oml achic ,'cs th e dream li ke re:llity of a Chcslcy Bo nc5tcl1 pa iming brought to lifc. Crew members 0/ a M art;a" ship obsert'e a lefet'hiOIl srree'l the progress 0/ Ihe lille 0/ the other ships hi tbe fir$l exped;. tio" 10 the plauel ,\Iurs, 0/1 Thc olllswnding virtue of this motion picw re is pe rh aps its success in prese ming a difficu lt s\,bjccl to $0 w ide an audience. "I";me, in a rev iew of u n usual praise. points oul , "The)' d id not confuse thc popu lar wit h Ihe vu lgar, avoided th e error of talk · ing down to t he viewer." SPACE J ou rn al recommends ,ll4rs alld He)o/Ill to all aStrona\us who want to in· troduce th eir ne ighbou to the age of space. I;or those who saw it on television, you will be surprised ar the added dimension afford ed by a l:lege scree n and the superb colo r for which it was designed. Crew memhers ;11 bottle suits mOI'e Ihe rorkel fa"di"K rrafl aU'a), from Ibe Martiall ship a"d il/lo positiol/ prior 10 attemptillg Ihe hazardous 600 mile drop 10 the M artiall SIIr/aCtl. 29 space journal �SPACE CARTOON S out-our space "Good heaIJem, tlfe Ibe 1110011.''' }'Qtl CQillC to build it to "Uh_ob •••" J.I-l£ ~Dv£nTU1~:£\ 30 space iournal �RIE O\ CTlOI VO X pDpuli (EDITOR'S NOTS: The ~m edition of SPACE Jnurnal broughc che following reactions from r..,.ders. ) "" , , , You may not remember . hi5 little SlOry. Professor Obcr.h, because it is so typical of you that it might ha\'e happened many times, hut it is as fresh in my memory as if it had occurred yesterday, It was early in 19·'13 at PeenemeunJe, the Ge rman rocket developme nt center on the banks of the Baltic Sea. \'(Ie test·f.red one of the first V2 rockets, and bec'.IIlSC the art of rocketry wns still in its infancy in those J t,ys. there was no "pad safety" to hold us hack from the launch ing site, When a missi le was fired, we stood under some pine trees not more than 300 feet away from ,he firing plalio r m. and we were happy to feel the dust and ,s,"l nd. and e\'en the fringe of • the hot biaSI, right in Oll r faces. T he V2 missile wen! off fine dun Jay, anJ our eyes followed it until it had d isappeared in the deep· b lue Baltic sky. When I turne(1 my eyes earthward agai n, saw your filce close 10 me. I h:.J never seen you before, but immediately recognized you from pholOgraphs. YOII gazed at a disrnnt point somewhere in the sky, but not at all in t he direct ion in whic h the hig rockel had jusl disappeared, I felt very happ y to stand so close to such an extraordi. nary man and perhaps 10 listen 10 what he miglll say, n ut you did not care to ta lk. After a long silence, I finally said, " It must I .--.-,.~=---= .. _-_.------._--.- - . --- 31 space journal �certai nl y be a most gratifying experience for you, Professor Oberth, to see how beautifull y you r ea rly dreams and concepts of large rockets hll,"e now come to life." But }'ou ne ither answered nor changed your ex pression. I was convinced tbat I had said so me thing "ery stupid, if not offensive. Afte r a long ti me, you slowly turned you r head , and you ke pt turning unt il you looked fa r ouc in the opposite dircction . After anothe r long pause, you talked, selecti ng rour words as carefully :Lnd slowly as only a dee p .probing thinker does: " 1 have the greatest ad miration fo r the engineers und Il'chnicians who buil t this rocket. But be· yond th at, it does nm lILean IILILch. \'\Ie havc known before that a rocket w ill work within and beyo nd che atmosphere. This rocket is only the first litt le step toward a much grea ter project: the exploration of ou ter space. Out th ere, there arc still so lIl uny thi ngs whic h we do not know and which a re perhaps far beyond our im"ginat ion . The re exploration is w hat really counts. \'{Ie must not fo rget this goal in the en th usiasm cha t a mere technical success may g ive U5." After th is. you contin ued to look sile ndy into the depth of space which was far away from your eres but so ve ry close to you r heart. H urll$vi lle, Al a. Ernst Stuhl inger Dear Editor, Vol. I, N o .1 , was handed to me fo r comment. . . . . I have just fi nisll(xl read ing it from co,'cr to cove r, somet hing I very rarely fllld time to do with any journ a l. P lease enter my su bscription, effective with the fir S! issue if possi ble. I fear you have (!Stab· lished slU;: h a hi g h level o f :lChievemcnr with t his first issue tha t yo u will not be ab le to sustai n ie, but the I>cst of I,,(:k 10 ),OLL in t his ende:l,·o r. In(:id ent aUy, regarding Dr. von Braun's contribution ( React ion, p. 39) in which he all r ib\L te5 rhe " Becau$C it is t here" remar k to Sir Edmund H illary; I ha,"e not checked any refe rences on t his but wasn't th is rc- 32 space iournal mark actually mad e by eiche r Ma llory or In·inc quite a few yea rs befo rc !-lillary's t imc? Yours sincere ly. Capt. Edwi n R . Arc hi b."lld USAF Holloma n AF8, N ew Mexico Dear Edito r, I hne JUSt read )'ou r magalci ne SPACE Journ al, and I like it very muc h. Howe,'c r , I wish to !,oint OUi an error in the React io n Depa rtment. In his first paragraph, Dr. VOIl 8raun refers 10 th e answe r " l3ecLuse it is there" to the questi on o f wh y anyone shou ld want 10 climb Mt. Eve rest. I-Iowe"er, this a nswer was not give n by Sir Edm und l'l illar)', but by George leigh-Mallory, who dis."lppeared on Mr. E"erest in 1924. On this, his third attempt 10 co nquer Mt. J~ ,"eres[, he and h is companion, Andrew Irvine, were hLst see n by N . E. Odell, hig h up the mountain. I'm sure that Sir Edm und was moti. vated by the d r ive to which Dr. vo n I3ra un refe rs, but hc d id not make the remark :lllrib uted 10 him. Yours truly. Euge ne Edelstein New York, N . Y. R ~gd~rI A rfbibnld ami f!.d~ls/~ill <Ire correel ill snj'itlg Ib,,1 Ibe sl<lletllellt I/'ns firs l lII<1de by George Leigh-Alallar,. Dr. 11011 Brallli is <llso corren ;1/ <lUribll/;llg tbe reo 1II<1t1t to Sir Edmlmd. Itl tb t! fi/111 fiocllllle"t· ;lIg tb e eXf!Cllit;o" , Sir EdllI/lml /lJed tbe pbrnse, g;Ii;lIg Le;gb-Mallory crefiil, alld said tbat be /lias 1IIolil'''/{u/ b)' tbe sallie reaso ll. Elli/or. Dear Edi tor, I w ant a one·year su bscription to SPACE Jo urna l. Start me wit h the winter issue .. Eadl iss ue of SPA CE J our nal COSIS SO cents :LIld it is published quarte rl y. \Xlhy docs it COSt $2. 2S for a one-yea r su bscri ptio n ? \Xl hy the ext ra 25 cents? Yo urs trlLl y. Leo Bigos III Ibe rllSb /0 gel Ihe first issue 0111, a good mall)' 1!J;'lgs bettll/lt! eOllfusednmOllg tbem tbt! priet! on tbe fO~'t!r of tbe �I scrolld prillll"g oJ the first ediliOIl. 'rhe (OrTecl price per co/') is 50 cellI!; )early Jlfbscriptioll prire;s 2.00. GrQwj,lg paillJ of " Jledglillg publirlllioll were also tbe callst! 0/ tbis de/a)e,1 steo"d cJilioll. The ubeJule ;s /l OIlJ Slabiliud. &iitor. Dcar I:ditor, I :un enrolled in a Icacher training pro· '. • gram at the local un;.crs ity and study ing the dcvc lopnU'nI of a ~Lm UlI;t now in the upper clemen wr y leve l. W'ilh the cmpl13sis placed on man and science in the world IOday, we ha,·c choSl' n the Study 01 Ainu as the theme of our initial unit dcvcJo p' mCIH; its relation to his en vironment; its effects [II difTerem altitud es ;",<1 depths; and the co m pcnsnlio ns Ihal a rc n«C55:.r)' to enable him 10 :';0 beyond the stratosphere (:111<1 into space. if (:n:r). Do you hl"'C any pamphlets or in form:uion tlml we could have in relation to our IOpic? A bibliography and a lin of sources of inform:uion would also help grcatly. Ewa, Oahu. l!:awaii i\laSo"lko K iyabu A Iisl is 0'1 Ibe ",ay. &iilor. Dcar Editor, You·,·(' starled a publ ication which is mosl welcome. an([ J ca n'l co ncei"e of " beller group 10 hand le it. The SPACE Jou r. nal ce nainl y n~doo 10 coulHcract some of Ihe poo rl y wcineo "space a rticles" now appea ring in al m OSI e"ery newspaper and m ag:11,ine o n Ihe newssta nds. BUI my first reaction, when [ saw your firSI issue al Ihe local m agazine shop, was disgust. II's nOt bad enough that we're behind the Russiuns on Ihis thing. I thought - now here's another sensa tio n-ha ppy p ub. lisher It yillg to ma ke a fasl buck on it. .. , So I bo t hered to pick up your fust issue ami g lance down the list of contributo rs on Ihe co,'er. \V'ell, il looked rat her good -50 then. finally. I searchoo ins ide for the small print telling who did publish this magazine. /\nd I bought it. Consequently, my first suggestion would be thai )'ou incorporate 50me of that small print somewhe re on Ihe front co\'er, giving due cred it 10 the Rocket Cit y Astronomical Association of H untsv ille. Alabama, Secondly, I wou ld suggest thnt you ski p Ihe pocU)' . • • . But th e mOSt serious re'1ueSt I ha,'c 10 m ake is th at ),ou omit any science fiction. at least until the magazine reaches a sufficient size to spare a few pages on a sho rt slOry, InStead. I would much rather ha\'~ some good biographical studies of such men as Newton. Copernicus, and I:ermi, as well as GOOd:lrd and lowell---Qr eyen H. G, \'(' e lls or Daedalus, . , . Chic:'so, ll1 inois Joe Gibson Tballks for tbe ideas, Joe. A"d (IS a slart. ree tbe currem issl/e for a., <I,lide 011 Prof. Go(l(ltml. Editor, OeM Ed ilor, I htuc read 5C\'cral arlicles in you r first issue of SPACE Jou rn:ll, aod find myself particularly intrigued widl D r, Yon Braun's "Where Arc We Going?" nnd Mr. W hi p_ p l ~'s " \'(/ hy Conquer Space." I find that the inspiration expressed by these could use some backing in S P ACE Journal in OIher forms than Icehoi",11 articles. . . . . I call 10 mind particularly Ihe appeal 10 youth, And I can So"ly from my own ex. perience that m)' present interest in astron_ omy has its founda tion s not o nl y in the popular books 50 readily a\'a ilable on thc subject , but 11 150 in li n aCli\'c participation in some astro nomical experiment, I am sure Ihat lmd I nOI observed an eclipse of the moon in 19.f3 o r 1944, or lookl..x) at the sky w ilh bi nocu lars lind 1:lIcr II telescope (ho m em:,deJ. I would not have show n much ell1husiasm fo r Ihe HatS, For m~ny peo p le Ihe reading of books a nd art icles is ad· c(pHl!e. bllt I fecI Ihol expericnci ng t he fecI of looking through a Iclescope on a cold night o r developing t he f,cst negrll i\'e of an attempted moo n pholOgmph odds an essentia l ingredient 10 th e flourishi ng of an interest, Somehow. I fee l t hat suc h an ingredient should be pllt into SPACE Journal. As an eX:lfllple YOll migl\l sup pl y information on the frl..'quencies and noture o f the signals 10 be used by the \,:l riO U5 satellites' lransmitters 50 Ih:1I amaleurs with Iimiled equipmelll can cnjo), so me of this "acti ve p."lrtic ipation," That the R ussian Sputni k had o ne signa l 50 com'enientl)' 10000led in the 33 space journal �spectrum as to be available to inexpensive short w,lve receivers was well suited {O this. The satellite (.·ould be easily heard and, for example, its pulse rate established (counti ng pulses) and its signal strength could be graphed. And thnugh no useful d ata may be recorded in sllch a fashion, what is there lost, if this helps boost someone's interest in the conquest of space? I do not particu larly have in mind that another Moonwatch be established. J USt something that can put the amateu r in direct connlct w ith the activities, nOt through reading alone, but by "accive partic ipation .. · ' ,>,hat would be lost? Ikrkeley, Calif. ',>,ill iam E. K unkel Absolutely 'lotbing would be (mt, alld it is O/le of tbc aims of tbe SPACE jOf/rnal to stimulatc ;11$1 S/lcb illtercst amollg <I//latcurs. Ir1e pla'i to do i/lSt that ill fortbcomitlg isSllCI. Editor. Dear Editor, It is with considera b le enthusiasm that I discovcr<.>d )'our journal, not in the sedate and musty atmosphere of the public Jibr:try of Los Angeles, but deep in the skidrow section of Main Street. There in a bookstall famous for its girl)' magazines, foreign car publications, art smdies, and pin-ups, my ere fe11 on your exciting effort to interpret SP,KC [(....·hnology for the world. Particul"rl), of interest arc the philosophical remarks or intellectual justification for your acrivity. This I believe is importa n t for Americ;l11s, as we do not often u ndersmnd anything w h kh is devoid of economic motive. Thus far there has been no mcntion of oil wells, uranium deposits, or d iamond mines on Mars.. Just the pure possibility of discovery. I approve of this. The technical side of th is is of i[]{erest to me as I h,l\'c a sm;111 part in the technics of space travel: 1 work for a company Ih,1.[ manufaClllres vihrorrons, the vibral"ing wire type of tra nsducer wh ich me:tsures pressures with t;reat ,1(CUr;lCy ... t et me compliment yOllr staff on its rarc huma n appro;,ch to one of the greatest teChnological efforts of all time. Dr. von 34 space journal Braun, for a European, has considerable insight into the th inkint; of Texas. Ev ident_ ly they, roo, have been co ndiIione<l by "space" limitations, Y ours sincerely, V. E. Jenkins Tusti n, Calif. Los Allge/es, it appears, possesJeI OIIC of tbc more (/iscrimifltllillg skidrows ill 'he Call/Itry. SPACE 10m·//al, it also "PPCIITI, elljoj's evel1 a widcr audie/lcc tball we bad at first supposcd. Il7bilc tbc fint issllc contained 110 "mel/tiOll of oil wells, "'·allium tICIJ05il$, or ditmlO"d mines on ,\I"rs," succeedi"g issues will illclude <lrticles 011 all pbases of tbe 1I1IlII)' facel$ of sl,ace e.v/JloratiOIl. . illellitl· ing thc col/Jmerci,,1 possibilities of estabJisbiug illtlllstr)' 011 Mars, if such be feasible. SPACE 10url/al is collcef/zed with alll'rob_ lems alit! I,o ssibilities illvoll'cd ill space travel, alltl i" tbe futurc it willlJrillt (1Tlieles accordillgly. Editor. TH E ROC K ET CIT Y AS· TRONOi\I ICA L ASSOCIATION re-elected four officers and three board mcmbers to their posts for 1958. Re·elected were: Dr. ' ,>,eruher von Braun, who on January 29 received the Space Flight Plaque of the American As tronomica l Society, presiden t ; Mr. Conrad Swanson, vice president; Mr. Geort;c Farrell, secretary; all,ilhelm Angele, M r. B. Spencer Isbell, and i\l r. Gerhard H eller. Assoc iate board members elected wete i\I iss Susanne H iltc n and " I f. H artmut Schillint; to fill the positions vacaled by M.r. Gerd Schilling and M.r, Gerald SwanSOil. �I SP ACE FIC T IO H beyond th is star B y James l . Daniels, J r. B RAO PIU;SSED T HE BurrON be- side the buoyant cushion on whic h he lay. The seamless fabric CO"cr ing slid down from h is body and J isappcan.'<1 into t he footboa r<1. He stretched to loosen h is dormam muscles. So rhis was t he laska of the attempt. I..aska, day; he was eyen \Ising their wonls now. So flu, !iO far-from th:ll blue-green Earth wi th ils you ng gree n hills and azure sky. wilh irs sun_warm days and rhi nestone ni ghts. More than six months now, earth time, he had been here 0 11 this dead moon so far from Earth. Now, if the csc-.. pe ancmpt worked, he must go back with the disappointing an· s .....ers-the few that he had. The only reward for the whole long· heralded expedition was the p roof of (he Animate P rogression theory the Palomar Group had championed so long. The regimcntation, the 5lagn:1n1 Sffile of humanitr herc, the whole cr:unpot.-d and smffy, tomb-like existence of a dead·soule<1 pcople in these Domes on Ihis :jirless ic), world-C"en with its ever· lasting nuwmation , it was nil so dead, like these undecorated metal walls around him. • Bnld rolle<! up w sit on the side of the bed. T hc warnlth of h is feet wuehing the cool floor ~ICltlarl.."{1 the silent weathertron somewhcre in the cemer of the building. Th!! elose air sti rr!!d and freshened in th e room. Across the narrow room the blank door in the wall b)' the View-scree n broke silen tl r open. The liquid blonde girl who entered came toward hi m, smiling-flowed as if wil hout feet under her g listening Jegelinging skin. K ay-ba r! She alone could make him think of the folly of the a llempt. H e held out his (lrms for her. She g lided into them. "You sleep so long, was warm (l Ito. Ill)' One." Her voice "Am I suc h (I fool to go?" Urad held her out from h im. I ler face s,'"ldde ned. " Is the lime so soon, Urad?" T he answe r hurt within h im. " I suppose knew th:1I you would know, Ka y.bar, b ut couldn't (ell yo,,:' 1·le stood lip, Sl id ing her hnnds from his nrms, and turned away. The skylight had folded back, nnd the perpetual sodiulll light caSt pale re llow on the "~dlls of the room. Up beyo nd the mile-high cry stal dome the awful sputtering g iant, J upiter. W(lS almost direnl)' over· head. " 1 gue5S no 10"er in rour cons of history, 1I0r in the shorr t ime of man on earth, e ,'er faced a part ing an)' differently. How does a m:1II tell his woma n, ' I am going- amI wi t hout )'ou.' l:wfI when he is going to leln'c her. not jllSt hundreds of mi les or thollsu nds, bm millions, behi nd him." " I, like your I::. rth·poe u ' love rs, would sa)', 'T ake me with )'ou.''' She touched his should.:;r gent ly, Her breath was warm ugl. inst his back. I-Ie clasped the 11(lIIds she folded around h is waist. "But I will not so (lsk. I know thllt YOLl ha\'e ro, da rling; that it is not for you r p«Jplc or m ine; not for rour world or millc, bUI e"e n for all our kind, that you go. Goodbye, Brad, and may you Ih'e 10 see your green hills of Earth agai n." Urad's brCflth ached in his throat as she sli PIl,ed away and Out of the room. 35 space journal �" \'(filh how sleps w<.' lea\'<.' the dream couch, w which I wandered afur," I-Ie finished the line wilh his words, fo r truly his cOIning h:I<J been afar. lm'efrom own from A long dme afterward. in the San i-closet, with the cleansing son ic W:I\"<.'$ dngling his skin like a neC(lie shower, he closed his eyes to dream of Earth. He had been tingling with neeJI('s of excitement when he had first climbed [hosc long Slone stairs up to the oak.panel door of the Observatory. I I was t('n r('ars lal('r before he was ready. bcforc [h('y e,"en loid him that hc would be one of the three Ollt of Ihe thirty in the organization. the P:.tomar Group, who would take that long jump beyond (he pale bl ue Earth into dark space-to find those ancient answers. Since the mid-century war the basic ques· lion had been simple: "Can man endure in the face of contimlL'<I fratricide, with weapons in hand tnat can oblileratc life?" 36 space journal , Hut the sim plicity of the question had be· lied the complexity of the answer. Neilher Science nor Philosophy had been able to begin to answer. The ]>ondering of the q \lcsdo n had been bel:ned , pessimistic, and negative. In desperalion. Drs. Wherry, Carl, and others of Ihe first Palomar Group in the sixties had IllrnC(1 (0 the discarded theory of Animate Progression. which was simply Ihat solar syStem life had begun in eo ns past on the outermost planet when proper condi ti ons had e"olved; then as that planet wilh ils own cooling. the diminishing he:1I of the sun, and its own outward drihing from the sun, had lost its atmosphere a nd d ied, the life of the plnnet had moved on. or hud been mo\',,'!! by unknown coslllic forces, to the next planet nearer the Sun. The process had repeated irself u ntil our own Earrh had e\'olved life a nd l)Op ulated itself. Most scienti fic and research groups, infl ue nced by such limited theorics as \Xlildl's atmospheric cornposirion theor)"which would preclude ex istence of earth· �, lorm life on the other planers-had dis· claimed the An imate t heory and scoffed at the Pa lomar Group. But the grou p con· ti nued it.s astronom iC'll 1 resea rch. \'Vh ile the wodd sciences de\'oted research toward greater weapo ns and man rushed madly toward annihilation, the Pa lomar G roup de\'oted itself to t he Animate P rogression research, turning its spectroscopic swdles 10 each pi:lnet in rurn, constructing a n ac· curate sp:lce AIi:lS, and preparing men for space travel. Confident t hat t he guided missile and man ned rocke t programs wou ld inevitably overcomc ti,e tec hnological harriers to space trave l, the G rou p directed research tow;lnl sclecling the beSt possibility among the solar system planets lo r surv iving life. They reasoned that if [he Animate theory were correct t here would be a strong possibility that life had surv ived o n at least one of the o lder 1,IaneIS in the progression, and if such life had survived then the inhabitants by "irtue of the very cons of thei r existence shou ld be far wiser than earth's man. T he proper presentation of the question of man'S surviva l wou ld be to such "O ld Ones," if the)' uistcd. " b nned satell ites in the late sixties had helped (0 make possible t.he technological b reakthrough. The Moon Obsen'awry had been completed in 1971 and the Palomar Group, now redllime.:1 by science and the governmen t, 1110v&l. in the re in ri me for unobscured observations of Mars during its dose llpproach in August of Ihat year. Mtlrs prove<1 to be a ruSty d ri e.:l.up p lanet, but, d uring the nex t yetlr, electro·spectroscopic studies, without 1:1lrth's vapor Hnes to inter· ferc, revealed tim! Ve n u~ aClUally did have WlHcr vapo r in ils atmosphere. f urthermore. tI,a! atmosp he re wns actually evolving into a com l)Osit ion thar would support li fe for ms such as found on Eurth. Heartened by their Jisco\'eries, t he Grou p searched w ith re· newed lcal for some sign of sur vivi ng life on the outer planets. h was only w hen they began t.he ir study of the satellites that a real posSibility was fo\,nJ, Europa, the thi rd moon o f J upiter. Only sligh tly sma llc r than and tw ice as far from its parent as I:arth's 1I100n, it fasci. nuted t hc Group because o f its h ig h re fl ec· ti"if)', so high that fro m t he Moo n itS albedo pro"ed to be twe n ty times that of Earth. There SCi!med no way to explain it other than t har ir muS! be due to something a rt ificial. A nd art ifice in the Un;"crse could only mcan life. No t long aftt( the cad)' chemical space (Irives had taken man fO t he I\100n, Dr. Reinhold, wo rking with Neulfon ics Elec· tric, hnd dC\'cloped his G·Null Converter. R einhold had simply coupled Stuhlinger's Ion drivc experime n ts w it h the f orce·field Trtlnsmiue r developed in 1970 by H och· berger at M .1.T. and had comc up with a device for tra nsmitting a positive force ficld to a p rescribed area ahead of t he shi p and simultaneousl), pola ri zing t he entire sh ip to negnti\,e. It wou ld sim pl)' draw the shi p forward b)' lIU(nction, with its speed regulated by the strengt h of the field. By reversing the direction of the field from front to rea r and adjusting the strength, thc ship could be eased downward against a gra\,ir.n ional pull nt a controlled speed, thus simplifying landings on an)' planetary body. The legendary Paragraviry Device was a fact. • • • • i-iencc, the destination was determ ined, the course c harred, :md a feasib le sh ip un· de r construction when Brad Hudson. Myron Drake nnd Sieve Arnhearst were Sl'lecte<1 fO form t he crew of the SfA RI'fRE. T he Sf / JRPIRI? had bunched from t he moon in the spring of n inety. three. Fo r the ent ire nine months there had no r been a single major malfunction-just the vast da rkness and the mo notonous h"m of the G·Null Converter in the compart· ment next to h is bun k. At times it had not been easy to hold back the shrill \'o ice in· side t hat kept trying to sh riek out agai nst the h um and the weightlessness that "'en t he mag net ic sole5 had not been sufficiem to overcomc. The), st iU left o ne wi th the feel ing o f hanging from the ceiliDg by the shoes. Another n inety hours would bri llg tbe sh ip in to the J up iter gravitational field. 37 sp.!lce journal �38 space journal ------------------------~ �T hen wou ld come (he real test of Reinhold's Com "cncr. If it could build up sufficien t braki ng power 10 ho ld aga inst t he J upi te r fie ld, at least un ti l they cou ld get into a n orbit arou nd t he tin y Europa! Re inhold had been confidcm , but th en he was the (:lI her o f the thi ng and was (J ot the o ne hav ing 10 leu i l . Brad was som ewhat 11 (>prehensh -e. H is r ig id stomach m uscles assu red h im of t hllt. • • • Forwa rd, in the bu lbous nose of the ship, t he shore squa t A m hearst am id dial s and panels h unched suddenl y forward w ith his eyes g lued to t he ele<:troocope, sca n n ing the now baskct ball·s iwd J upiter and the rapid e ll ip ti c swing o f Euro pa aro und it. " Beue r gC I up here, you t WO," A m hcarst's hoa rse "oice b las ted sudden ly loud over t he he lmet inte rco m . Brad Soar u p as the lank y D rake brushed paS! h im with his robot-like wadd le_ Afte r twO yea rs of (raining and ni ne months out, Dra ke st ill had n't lea rned to coordi nate h i5 moveme ntS wi th t he alternate left- right, on-off, automatic switc h ing of the magnetic soles for walking. Brad followed the long man 10 the from. Beyond the forward port, J upitcr was ballooning at a terr ific rate. " \Vhat ?" Drake's calm rationa li ty came t hrough, C"en in his voice. The cool· headed bean pole had been the smbilizing factor th roughout the long ,·oyage. Amhearst, in :lnswer , mot ioned IOward the forwa rd port. " Europ:I'S Ihe lillie mile 10 t he right now. Y Oll {;:Ln see it with t he naked eye."' And Ihere it was, a tiny brighl light, sliding across Ihe red Aurry of J upiter'S south tropi. cal disturbance. "Now l:heck the electro· scope!" Am hea rSI slid b.1Ck from the face picce. Urad p ressed his own helmet to the scope. T he enla rged scope image broug ht the little moon a Ihousand ti mes closer. It was ice wh ite wit h crystal-like specks dotting the face of it. "T here's lifc--or was!" Brad forced himself to re lax against his childis h desire to jump up and down. H e enriched his oxygen supply and breathed deliberately slow and long. \Vithin ten hours Ihe crystal spotS had resoh'ed in to dea r dome like Stnl{;t uces on the ice,co" ered moon, spaced geometrically m'c r t he su r face. T h us, the high albedo was accounted for. In a nother live hours city· likc arrays o f Structu res could be seen in each of t he g ian t Domes. Dur ing h is third ten· hou r w atch since t hc ol»cr vatio ns had begu n Brad could make o ut cylind r ical a nd hemis pherical bu ild ings, g lint ing b r igh tl y me ta l.lic in t he art ificial ye llow glow inside the Domes. By now Ihe appre hoosion had again rep laced the exci teme nr: W ou ld the li fe th at had crea ted th is hu man· like arc hi tecture still exist inside t hose bu bbles t hat had no do ub t enab led t he m to survive afte r the death of their wo rl d? T he apprehension doub led into cold sweat when Brad called th e ot hers to statio ns for the fie ld reversa l. 110r now wou ld be the teSt- hu rtl ing in. wa rd toward J upi te r Ilt one hu ndred thous... nd m iles pe r hou r. Dmke and Amhearst sl rappcJ in and checked. Brad glanced o,'er the panels and d ials. "Nowl" he 5o.. id. He locked the la nding Con tro l in lO the orbit of Europa. H e sucked in his breath and he ld it, Aashed the red panel ale rt, and {;ut t he Con,'ener to Zero. He pressed the Field Re,'ersa l leve r to Automatic. The Field· D ial needle snllppt.oJ across the face of the dial and locked on Re\·crsc. Now, wou ld it hold? Brad breathed again. lea ned back and adjusted his body straps. The slow ing bodylUgging tlcceler~lI ion began. Fi ve hours of this and t he n lan<ling. Quite suddenly Ihe b lackness came, and he knew no more. \Vhen Ihe inwa rd Aow of returni ng con · sciousness ehbed, Urad was aware of an ac hi ng while lig h t. It S<.-etned 10 ha ve no sou rce. H e was not on the ship! H e mUSt have rni.scalcll l ~lIed the decell'ra t io n rate. So the AulQmat i{; had landed them. He lay on a dllis of some k ind in the center of a rather bare and cold hemisp heriC-oil roo m. On one side of the room were te n whitecloaked figures scared behind a panel of desks. After a momenl Brad reali~ed that he was the object of their attention. He bl inke.:l again, (o r the len were idemicalstmiglu coal·black ha ir, pale skinned and heavy browed. As Urad studied the cold 39 sp ace journal �impassive faces, the one in the cemer spoke. "You, Space Comer, are in the presence of Primesters. I am Ko-Pa ll, the J udge Superior of th is world. \Xfe b(we ascertained that you are the Prime One of the comers." If/bill of tbe olber$.' Urad cou ld not spea k. " To know you nnd your race we have kept )'OU unconscious as we found you, for ou r psyc ho.physio exam inations. Now, we must exam ine )'ou in a conscious state. You w ill tOuch t he protr usion unde r rour right hand, please." T he b:ISS ,·oice /l owed Out with a hrp nolic resonance. The ma n's f(lce rem;, ined expressionless, but there was a sinister hardness a round the da rk glinting eres. Brnd fingered the knob under his palnl and pressed. T he dais resolved itself imo a n eas)' cha ir shape, leaving him in a comfortable up right position. So smooth was the tr1H1sfoTm;,tion tha t Drad's reltex tensing had not time to brace his bod)' agai nst it. Now the tenseness weLU au I . The r;Ul{ness in his head !Old him that his hod{s relaxed condition was Slill part of the elTC(:t of whatever narcoleptic inducing agent they had used on hint. " YOII have of course hccn thoroughly exam ine<1 by our l'srcllO- Physiological 1X."Ople and aLIT Dio·7...QO logiC;11 staffs while you were narcothi7.ed. as h""e the o t hers of your people." D rake. AIII!ullr$t_ tl·bere are the) ? Urad stra ined to speak. " In a moment," Ko-Pall s.1id, "YOII w ill be able 10 speak. As for your friends, if that is rou r concern , they life safe. They, tOO, ;. re being studied. \X' e will not harm )'ou. I aSSure )'OU tha t Ollr interest is pu re ly scientific and ratio nal. Idlc curiosity has no place in our world. You w ill, of cour§('. obscn'e that we corwer§(' in rour langwlge. This we know will not surprise )'01L. as rOil people had on your "chide p r imit i"e electron ic tnLnslators ' ;,"d deciphering devices; hence, rOLL Me ;Iware of the sim pl!! process of defining and reproducing ;1 language. You k now t hat the neX t ste p is a de"ice for imposing the mechanics On the brain of Ihe lea rne r. All extension of m ncmonics docs il." Of course, Urad t hought. So /I'e Bartb· 40 space journal 1/1611 hll!!e gOlle $0 far with 16(bnology tbat we f orgot Ibe simple lillIe hUlllal1 elemBllls. -rbirty dll)'s bath September-. " If you arc wondering about the Prime· SIers you see here, we arc thc go,·e rn mc tH. The Primesters' specia l illlerest in ),011 is political not clinical or scientific. Our Science a nd T ech·Councils have th ose areas. Our exam ination need not be feared . Now, you arc advanced as a life form , otherwise you would 110( !la,'C ,'cntured through space. You are ad"anced as a race, otherwise you could not. Natu rally we must dete r mine whether you ;rre a t hreat to OlLr world. Our Tech-Councils, tlfter their eXIlIlIi· nation of you r ship and other equ ipment, hn"e all assured us that you can be such a threat. Now, we must ;Iscermi n your politi . cal intentions and I:>otemiai for we know that it is pol itical and commercial Ilmbition, not scientific potent ial, that initiates cooAict." Ko· Pall clasped whi te bony hands before him on rhe black metallic desk top . "W'e ;Ire. of course, a m a~cd that your life form, e"en though more primiti,'e in its e.-olu· tio nary nate, is similar to ours, fo r our reSClrrch has prove n com patibilit y of man y ;md radically different life for ms wi th the uni"c rse. \'(Ie ha"e dc term in('d that you arc of Planet Th r~ of Our Solar S)'Sfem?" The cold man paused as if wa iting for an answer. Brad's '"oice (:ame now, but hoarsely. "Yes. we are from I~arth." " \Xle had detected life there but thoug h t it more primiti"e." Ko· Pa ll's face d ispla)'c<1 some slight signs of inte rest now. "\Vhy did you come here?" Brad's '·oice came easier. He explained the Animate theory. the question of man's sor"i"lll. a nd the nal\1r111 curiosity of 1:lL rthlings. \Vhen he had fioishe<l, the Primeste r Council filed solemnly out, like a panel of robed English judges. The)' let him slc.:.-el' e ight hours in a cubicle off the central room-then back for quenion5. Question eight, sleep eightmethodically (he)" continu(.-d fhe e:o;aOl ina· lion. co"ering cver)' face l of ea rl h life. Sociel), and gm'ern ment, they prolx.-d unt il �(here was nothing in his mi nd in those areas t hey d id nor know. The food COli · «'n mues Ihcy b rought him w(' rc tasteless. He grew weary. Ko- Pall grew morc persistent, a] mOS I sadistic, un til th e cold ha n] face and mClhods fused inw a brinle si n ister • personal ity. And B rad knew fhe man was d:l!Igc rous. He beaullc so cTuc ll y h uman -the racket boss, the d ict'dlor. In his nea r ly n umbed 5 1111(', Brad s:nv the possibility of answer to Eanhrn an's dilemma fade and die in Ihc face of this self·centered man. So here, nfle r cons of ('xistcnc(', was man. Surviv ing, yes, bUI s[;l1 thc sa me selfis h, powe rmad Cf(~alurc that was dlc younger 1::lrth kind. T hen, abruptly, Ihe cxamin:uions ceased w illi Ko- Pall's p ronOllnce mc n l tha t t he Ear t hmen were teu l), a ducal to Europa. B rad k new that here would be Ko-Pall's • , stepping stone fa mo re powe r, the eli m ioa· t ion of the t hreat. T hey had sem him to ~ hl-bar the n" I u- bnr the D ireclOr of Bio-Sciem:es for Euro pa. It "':1$ to this w i;,;ened little /11:10 with cri nkl)' cornered eyes and gemle mouth, :ond 10 his daughte r Kay.ba r, thnt Brad owed h is survival these six mon ths since the Primester's inquisitio n. Ko- Pa ll had conceded 10 Mu·b:lrs· demand and hud grallted a six· mont h observat ion pe r iod. Under this guise " III-bar had taken 13md into his own apartment. There. w it h Kay_ bar's <ln ily com pany, Brad hild learned the comforts of this hermetic world- t he sonic shower, where now he su)()(1 tingling; the d cct ronic app lian ccs wit h no wires; th e tcle" ision and tclepat hic SClnners. projccIOrs. il!ld monitors, c,'en to control sleep and rest: the diseaselcss cities; the illg:!e nnd plnn k ton food production ; Ihe ar ti ficinl su n light and I>ower harnessed to Jupite r's ceaseless hyd roge n eruptive acti"ity, tha i was thc great n ed Spot. And with Ka)'- ba r he leMnc<;! the 10"e he had nO! had time fo r in his I;art h ),ears of ime nse st udy and mlin· illg. \X' ith M u·b.1r Brad lea rn ed t he ho rrorsregimentation a nd hollow commu nal liv. ing, controlled genes thul rep rOl.h,,:ed euc h human type necdc<;! for specifIC blots in t he economy, w h ich expluined the similarity of the P r irneSlers. He learned of t he incessan t nnd aocient m ig rnt ion of the race. He leurned how ,\Iu-bar, in revolt against the order. had ahe red the state prescri bed genetic st r uct ure for h is own da ughter Ml that she Imd been born a throwb:lck, an individulil . unordered, unpatterned, q uile h uma n-nnd \'err fe male. Now in his da rk cubicle shower, Bead tried \0 bring it ;'uo focu$--the cold "i ndic· th'e Ko- Pall, the rfll iona l but dy ing world, his ow n lo nely years of fierce objectivity, his own self·sufficient Earthkind. Eres closed, he leaned aga inst the close meta ll ic shower w ;.]1. [r)·iog to reclaim Mlrtle di rt>ction from (he swirling weariness, w hile the whole unive rse coalesced, and all the outward flow o f sense And life from t he center o f h is being re"e rscd a nd w horled inward to compress within dIe boundar ies of consciousness. And he was awa re of the buf_ fe li ng flow-Ihe baffl ing reco il And wi ldly r ichocheting out flowing force of self. For ooe bright 1110melll, poised on the p recipice of "ast incomprehensible k nowing, he knew the basic fl nw of the man :lII il11al: that ration al ou t.flow ing. t hat cente ring ;n self of all that is k nowledge, a ll t hat is bei ng in time and space, all that is li fe-the misconception rhat humanity is in itself comp lete, the cen ter of the cosmos, und that mn ll is in cont rol. T hen in a moment it was gone and Br:ld was there again in t he sho wer, JUSt a setlred lillie man in an a lien land five hund red millio n miles from ho rne. -To btl cOlltbllled ill thtl 1It1.\·t isslltl of SI'ACIJ }(JllmalIT IS OF GR EAT IMPOR_ TA NCE that rhe gene ral public be give n an o pportunity to ex· periellcc--conseiousIy und illle]· ligeflll)"-the efforts and resu its of scientific resea rch. It is not sufficient t il tH each result be rake n "p, elaborated, and applied br a few specialists in t he field . Rest r ict ing the body of k nowl· edge to a small g roup deadens the ph ilosophical spi rit of a 1)(.'0pIc alld lead s to spiri t ual povert)'. - AJ be rt Einstein. 41 space journal �F[Co Win d M, ,,,o,y Co",p~I., _ on old .,h •• 1I0"'[I<>liollol .y.I .... op.'· 01. wilh Doppl... No miuile syttemt can be illustrated because of Ihe level of classificalion. fiCo is doing extensive work in ABMA's Redstone and Jupi· ler programt, in Iho Navy', Torlar and Terrier programs, and in other projects. 42 space journal FICo Vi '''''~nd • • Computillg Tim.r - <onl.ol. up 10 RYe .... iol <0 ....0. •'",,,lton...,,.ly. Highly 'O .. pod. ±S' ....",o.y. 6" long _ 2" d io ... FIC.. Mogn.ti< Vo ri .. ,lon C.. mpu'" - p,.et"d...... IOf ...,n"ol ' i on in ...... lIo'<igaIiOt'!. fiCo ASN·6 P.... nt ~o .itloll Com_ p~ t . . Sr.t .... - [ndl ... t ...... nd 'On· '.01 a re .hown. d '0"'" Ii., f lC .. Te. t s.t _ fa. night ,h,ck a ,,, of lIavigaiionol .y.,.... S.II· <ontain.d and po,'abl • . FICo hh ..".1 T."'p . .... u•• [nd iu,_ t ... _ .ang. 200' C 10 lOOO' C wilh fiCo Anolog·to·Dlgl, .. 1 Conyo,te. _ for oi.bo... ... dng .y.t... I.. , h .. l'Fi< <..nhol. �I Ford Instrument provides the systems • Navigational Systems and Compulers Exhaust Temperature Indicators Cru ise Controls Sensing Systems fo r Traffic Control • Guidance Systems Drone Controls MinHe Launching ond Control Compulers Computing Timers for Aerial Phologrophy Computer and Control Components Plouin9 Equipme nt FORD INSTRUMENT CO. DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION 31·'0 Thomson Av enue, Long It la nd Cily 1, New York Beverly Hills, Colif. Daylon, Ohio f., i"'-,mat'" ... fI C. ', aero one! .Issile " ",,,5 I11III (ClpClbililies, write to fiCo', AIRBORNf EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT. 43 space iournal �44 space journal �I snow nor or gloom of night • , "We ;.... now capable o( • .,ndmg" an object ouuide the "arlh'. gnvltational held. Such a propulaion .yatem could carry rook'" rn"'II"lIero loth" moon, and we nre able t o cUunal" 'he COlt of a ro ck~ 1 m"il ltamp needed . The probluTIS i nh~r"nl in the oyl t ern have a.l ready been lolved by progre •• in .olid propellan t rocketry." 0,. . H. W. Ritchey Projecu .ueh ", "Rocku Mad to the Moon" m .. y be nec,,"ury looner , han we think. S1<,illed, te~h nlcal1y t ... IMd ,nd.v.du",h are needed byThiokollO "nabl .. '"ell t,,\u,e projecU . Adda .. "''1U1rie'' \0: DIVI!oIO .... . HUNTSVi llE. ALAtAM" : : = • 45 space journal �guidi ng ha nd f or tomo rrow's power Skilled hands coupled with keen minds made tOOay's rocket powcrplants a reality. Minds that formulate new theories in powcrplant design ... and hands that prove these theories by careful experiment, tcst and application. Guided by such hands and minds, RMI has led the way fo r over fi fteen years - designing and producing record-break ing powcrplants for such supersonic vehicles as the X-lA , Skyrocket and the Viking missile. Today and in the future, RMI engineers and scientists will continue to blaze the trail toward advanced propulsion systems for" manned and guided flight. Engineers, Scientists-Perhaps yo u, too, can work wilh America'sft,sr rocket family. You'll find the problems challenging, the rewards great. P r og r es s D . NVILL _. 40 space iournal i �PUR1F1ER CHAMseR WHERE RELIABILITY SPELLS SUCCESS • . • • • Custom designed, precision built. Robbins Aviation products have been instrumental in the successful attempts of man to penetrate outer space. Progressive research and development in our laboratories will help to assure the success of future space exploration efforts, .. MANUAL • LEAKPROOF .. EASILY SERVICED • 1 • AUTOMATIC '* FOR DETAI LED INFORMATION WRITE CUSTOMIZED DEHYDRATION SYSTEMS " Wh r i~ Ih~,~ Mt'n I;m~ ~""",:" 10 do ;/ righl Iml ol"''''r_ lim~ ~"(),,gh to do ,', Ol'U.'H DO IT l iGHT THE fiRST 'I"'~! USE lOllll<l5 VALYUI 17]5 W. FL O RENCE AV E. l OS ANGEL ES 4 7, CA LIF. 47 space journal �IS YOUR FUTURE SECURE? Be sure you get your future copies of SPACE Journal by subscribing today one year only $2. DETACH HERE ANO MAIL SPACE Journal P. 0. Box 94 Nashville. Tennessee Name _________________________________ Address ________________________________ Occupation ____________-----;_______________ 48 space iournal �, On the lefl. aoon'. i~ the huS" cylinder of sirtl a nd aluminum ~no..-n U Rt:DSToSt: (built by Chry~tcr Corporation) the larg<'81 balli.,ic ",i•• ile in full indll~trial produc. tion. I'crftx: led ill Illl all.iltlpo rlnll ' projec t at I I 1Inl~\'ilk, Ala!>ltrna, by th e Army, Red,lOne i~ more Ih~n Il ...·CII(IOn. It ,3 a mile"IOne of irnmru:;e proporuolU. On the right-and goin!; inlO 11'OO:]IIcl;on unde r anI'''' Arl11 y ~onlraC I "jIlt Chry~lcr Corpora lion - is Jt'Pl'TE R - the first off· Kpring of R{'II,lone. DODGE a n inlcrmooiale ra"g<'l mi~ile clIpable of tranoling 1.'ioOO mil.:-•. \\ illlOut Red< lol)l', Ju pi ter would uever have come jll \O heing with the 1l!lonishing '''I,;<li'y tha i hn markco:i iu STO",t h from e~ perinM'nla l iM.. 10 produc_ tion ~talll~. Milly of t he f'rinciplc! u!<!(] in J upiICr- Vf()pllt~ion. suida uc<: alld oou· Irol, mcasuring &ys t em~ ani l fligh t con trob THE FORUI'ARD LOOK PLYMOUTH It ·~ - hale be e n pro l<e d in &ucce n fu l li ed-tone firino~< Ch rysler Corporalion i5 proud of il8 role in helpi"~ to create two ~ neTlition~ or Iluided n\l S!i lc~< Along wilh the men who have made the Arm y Hllllisti c Mi,.ile A,,'ellcy the mo.t succe5I!ful rn i~iJe head· quarters in Arneri~, we are no,,· continu_ ing Ihi5 prOorarn of progreu . This, /00, is CHRYSLER CORPORATION DE SOTO • CHRYSLER IMPERIAL �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space Journal, vol 1, no.2, Spring 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1958_spring Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Life on other planets Rocketry Cold War Goddard, Robert Hutchings, 1882-1945 Propulsion systems Space flight Space race--United States--History--20th century Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/50/SpaceJournal_1957-Summer_LowResolution.pdf 1213a4b8a297ab9378c6e5ec9338cc6a PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Serials Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Serials Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Space Journal, vol. 1, no. 1., Summer 1957. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rocket City Astronomical Association Space Enterprises, Inc. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Serials Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1957 Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Periodicals Still Image Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spacejournal_1957_summer Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Astronautics Observatories Propulsion systems Redstone missile Satellites Space flight to Mars Oberth, Hermann, 1894-1989 Description An account of the resource This issue of Space Journal includes articles written by Fred L. Whipple, Hermann Oberth, and Ernst Stuhlinger, as well as a foreword by Wernher von Braun. The issue also includes drawings for an observatory to be built at the top of Monte Sano Mountain in Huntsville, Alabama. Produced by the Rocket City Astronomical Association (now known as the Von Braun Astronomical Society), Space Journal was published in Huntsville from 1957 to 1959. This digitized copy was generously provided by Jeff Bennett at the Von Braun Astronomical Society (VBAS). Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.