76
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8242
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https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/8/14208/daily_accounts_book2_396_Q-Ware.Jpeg
6dd247dc585e6ec4f21dc805da03adf8
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/65" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Originally establishing a tobacco shop on Jefferson Street in 1879, brothers James B. and Daniel T. Harrison moved their shop to their current location in Huntsville’s Southside Square in 1897. After the building was damaged by a fire in 1901, the brothers rebuilt and expanded their store, reopening as Harrison Brothers Hardware in 1902. After James’ death in 1908, Daniel T. and Robert Harrison, their younger brother, ran the store. In 1940, Daniel T. Harrison passed away leaving Robert the sole owner of the store. In the 1950s, Robert’s sons, Daniel F. and John Harrison, took over the store. In 1952, Robert Harrison passed away. In 1981, Daniel F. Harrison passed away leaving John Harrison as the sole owner of the store. The Historic Huntsville Foundation purchased the store in 1984, after the store closed due to John’s death in 1983. As one of the first major projects of the Historic Huntsville Foundation, the store was reopened in October of 1984 and is staffed by several volunteers. The Historic Huntsville Foundation currently continues the operation of Harrison Brothers Hardware in Huntsville, making it Alabama’s oldest operating hardware store.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
daily_accounts_book2_396_Q-Ware
Title
A name given to the resource
#35 Assortment & Ware, March, 1900.
Description
An account of the resource
This is an image of page 400 in Harrison Brothers Hardware Company customer account ledger 1, 1897-1904. On this page, almost every customer purchased 1#35 Assortment & Ware, a Queensware product. Prior to March 1900, the Harrison Brothers only sold tobacco products. The transactions on this page correspond to customer account pages in Harrison Brothers Hardware Company customer account ledger, 1897-1904.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Harrison Brothers Hardware (Huntsville, Ala.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1900
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1900-1909
Subject
The topic of the resource
Harrison Brothers Hardware (Huntsville, Ala.)
Commerce--Accounting
Customers (Consumers)
Crockery
House furnishings
Rockingham pottery
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Daybooks
Still Image
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
Daily Accounts Ledger 2
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
<a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/14188" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harrison Brothers Hardware Company daybook 2, 1898-1902.</a>
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
HBH_Merchants_and_Mill_Workers_RCEU_2023
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/27/24/default.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/cpHTAOyeDdI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/cpHTAOyeDdI/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/cpHTAOyeDdI">Ernst Stuhlinger (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-11T13:31:22.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/27/16/default.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/DUdLGOCNc64" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/DUdLGOCNc64/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/DUdLGOCNc64">Gerhard Reisig and Konrad K. Dannenberg (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-08T17:29:40.000Z
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/27/23/default.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/f5A-Ux2ek8M" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/f5A-Ux2ek8M/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/f5A-Ux2ek8M">Eberhard Rees (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-11T13:27:03.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/27/26/default.jpg
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/I6xd4GZQOpo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/I6xd4GZQOpo/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/I6xd4GZQOpo">Helmut Zoike (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-11T13:41:43.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/27/20/default.jpg
8aa7a20b73242d33108448223ae27186
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ld5keSnzEpE" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/ld5keSnzEpE/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/ld5keSnzEpE">Werner K. Rosinski and Dr. Rudolf Hermann (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-11T13:13:01.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/mE3W-UlEw2M" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/mE3W-UlEw2M/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/mE3W-UlEw2M">Jim Fagan (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interview)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-08T17:48:09.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Ox9cp6J7MDo" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ox9cp6J7MDo/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/Ox9cp6J7MDo">Fritz K. Muller (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-11T13:17:06.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/rly4Imigcn8" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
Imported Thumbnail
If a thumbnail images was imported for an embedded video, its id is recorded here and the thumbnail is hidden on pages displaying the embedded video itself.
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/rly4Imigcn8/default.jpg
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/rly4Imigcn8">Dr. Konrad Dannenberg (Space History Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by Dr. Donald Tarter as part of the UAH M. Louis Salmon Library's Space History Interviews. Due to the age of the interview and the fact that it was originally stored as a lower quality WMV, it will not be pristine.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-05T18:27:24.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
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Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/tDOhcCRIv4g">Willibald Prasthofer (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
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2015-05-11T13:18:28.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/voPjKKowtP4" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/voPjKKowtP4">Otto Hirschler (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
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2015-05-11T13:05:58.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
-
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Space History Interviews
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Space History Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/xpA6ak4cmIw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/xpA6ak4cmIw">Anthony Young (Space History Interviews)</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist on April 10, 2007
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007-04-10
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Publisher
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UAHSalmonLibrary<br />published via YouTube.com
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-05-15T15:13:00.000Z
Oral History
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Description
An account of the resource
These video interviews detail the reconstruction of significant social events which led to and influenced the development of the basic World War II German rocket program. Using information from the videos, Dr. Tarter presented a paper entitled "Peenemunde and Los Alamos: Two Studies" at the 38th Annual Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Brighton, United Kingdom, October 1987. Contents converted from VHS.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/YwrAl0gLuaI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="http://youtu.be/YwrAl0gLuaI">Georg von Tiesenhausen (Dr. Donald Tarter Video Interviews)</a>.
Description
An account of the resource
Interview conducted by Dr. Donald Tarter on January 1, 1987.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1987
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
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2015-05-11T13:34:23.000Z
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Oral History
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Oral History Collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Oral History Collection
Description
An account of the resource
The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Oral History Collection contains oral interviews with the men responsible for some of America's greatest achievements in outer space and the individuals who helped make UAH what it is now.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/81YTnrFqQWw" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81YTnrFqQWw&feature=youtu.be">Roger Chassay (Space History Interviews)</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist on May 8, 2007 as part of the UAH M. Louis Salmon Library's Space History Interviews. More information can be found at http://libguides.uah.edu/archives. Note: Due to the age of the interview and the fact that it was originally stored as a lower quality WMV, it will not be pristine.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2007-05-08
Source
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http://youtu.be/81YTnrFqQWw
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Publisher
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UAHSalmonLibrary<br />published via YouTube.com
License
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<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
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2015-04-29T19:17:59.000Z
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Chassay, Roger
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/39">Roger Chassay Collection</a>
Oral History
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Oral History Collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Oral History Collection
Description
An account of the resource
The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Oral History Collection contains oral interviews with the men responsible for some of America's greatest achievements in outer space and the individuals who helped make UAH what it is now.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/kKJDkHGcr9g" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKJDkHGcr9g&feature=youtu.be">Dr. Charles Lundquist (Space History Interviews)</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by David Christensen on February 10, 2005
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2005-02-10
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://youtu.be/kKJDkHGcr9g
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UAHSalmonLibrary<br />published via YouTube.com
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-06-16T15:07:47.000Z
Subject
The topic of the resource
Explorer 1 (Artificial satellite)
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lundquist, Charles A.
Oral History
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Oral History Collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Oral History Collection
Description
An account of the resource
The University of Alabama in Huntsville's Oral History Collection contains oral interviews with the men responsible for some of America's greatest achievements in outer space and the individuals who helped make UAH what it is now.
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/OZgbZP7-hHU" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZgbZP7-hHU&feature=youtu.be2">David Christensen (Space History Interviews)</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist on February 9, 2006 as part of the UAH M. Louis Salmon Library's Space History Interviews. More information can be found at http://libguides.uah.edu/archives. Note: Due to the age of the interview and the fact that it was originally stored as a lower quality WMV, it will not be pristine.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2006-02-09
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://youtu.be/OZgbZP7-hHU
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UAHSalmonLibrary<br />published via YouTube.com
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-04-29T19:13:54.000Z
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Christensen, David L.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/42">David Christensen Collection</a>
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Space History Interviews
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Space History Interviews
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Player
Device to play media
<iframe width="480" height="360" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/ULS5p5NZhWI" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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Title
A name given to the resource
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULS5p5NZhWI&feature=youtu.be">Saverio "Sonny" Morea (Space History Interviews)</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Interview by Dr. Charles Lundquist on Feb. 21, 2006.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2006-02-21
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
http://youtu.be/ULS5p5NZhWI
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
UAHSalmonLibrary<br />published via YouTube.com
License
A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/static?template=terms">Standard YouTube License</a>
Date Submitted
Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal).
2015-06-04T19:39:17.000Z
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Saturn Project (U.S.)
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Morea, Saverio
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/9">Saverio Morea Collection</a>
Oral History
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/43/517/vbas_space_journal_055_116.pdf
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PDF Text
Text
JOURNAL
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LANDING ON PLANET ONE HUNDRED MILLION YEARS YOUNGER THAN EARTH
WILL SPACE TRAVEL BE MANKIND'S SALVATION?
LAWS OF PROBABILITY SHOW BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETS1
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HOW SPACE TRAVEL WILL ANSWER THE RIDDLE OF LIFE!
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WHAT ARE MENTAL QUALIFICATIONS FOR SPACE PIONEERS?
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against
speedingjets
High over the Gulf of Mexico off the
Florida coast, a flight of F-80 jet drones
streaked through the stratosphere in a
simulated attack on Continental U.S.A.
Forty-seven miles away a mobile unit of the
Army's Hercules missiles quickly went into
action. The first shot brought the leading
jet down in fragments. The second, fired to pierce
the first one's blast, was right on target.
Its payload of instruments telemetered information on
the blast to scientists and engineers at the firing site.
In all, six of the Nike missiles were fired, and all six were
"right on the button." Developed and built for
the Army by Western Electric, Bell Telephone Laboratories
and Douglas, Nike Hercules is already augmenting the earlier
Nike Ajax in the defense of our cities. An even more
advanced version, the much-discussed Nike Zeus
anti-missile missile, is under development
at Douglas and Western Electric.
Not only did. recent tests prove the
accuracy of the Army's Nike Hercules,
but firing from a Field Army type
mobile system proved its flexibility.
The Armed SerV-i es'
Partner in Defense
�Please [enter] [renew] my subscription: For one year (4 issues) at $2.00
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SPACE JOURNAL
P.O. BOX 94
NASHVILLE
TENN.
�JOURNAL OF THE ASJRO-SCIEHCES
BOARD OF CONSULTANTS
i
'
t
I
Professor Hermann Oberth
Helmut Hoeppner
Dr. Eugen Sanger
Frederick I. Ordway 111
Dr. Karel Hujer
Ronald C. Wakeford
Dr. Siegfried Gerathewohl
No. 5
Harry H.-K. Lange
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
MANAGING EDITOR
Ralph E. Jennings
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
James L. Daniels. Jr.
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Mitchell R. Sharpe, Jr.
ASSISTANT EDITOR
[DITO RIAL
2
2
5
9
14
GRAPHICS DIRECTOR
33
Harold E. Price
EDITORIAL CONTRIBUTOR
David Akins
STAFF ARTISTS
Thomas Spencer
Con Pederson
Ernest Harper
Clarence E. Brown
F. Harold Eaton
BUSINESS MANAGER
Richard T. Heagy
PUBLISHER
Hale Carey
SPACE JOURNAL STATEMENT OF POLICY
MECHTA AND OPERATION SCORE
ARTICLES
24
LAYOUT DIRECTOR
March-May 1959
Interstellar Space Ship Astra-Alpha Lands on Planet "X."
Harry Lange's Imaginative Cover Combines Ideas from
"The Ultimate Necessity of Space Travel" and "Project
Star," Articles Appearing in This Issue.
David L. Christensen
Lee R. Moore, Jr.
CONTENTS
C O V ER
ART DIRECTOR
B. Spencer Isbelt
I
-4
Vol.
42
44
THE ULTIMATE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL
Dr. Philip N. Shockey
SURVIVAL IN SPACE
Dr. Siegfried J. Gerathewohl
REALITY, RELATIVITY AND COMMON SENSE
James P. Gardner
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BUILDINGS ON THE MOON
Dr. John S. Rinehart
DYNAMICS OF LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE
John Hulley
RADIATION AND SPACE TRAVEL
Dr. Jan S. Paul
PROJECT STAR
Helmut Hoeppner and B. Spencer Isbell
FEATURES
4 OTHER BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETS?
30 METEORITES
43 MEN OF SCIENCE
32 SPACE POETRY
: D E P A RT M E.N TS ··
51 SPACE BOOKS
53 REACTION
55 INFORMATION FREE
CREDITS
Photographs on p. 39, 40, Yerkes Observatory; p. 37, 38, Nation al Geographic Society; photograph of Dr. Shockey by Keith
Barrette;
CONTRIBUTORS
Mary Jane Day, M. Raymond, Anne Billings, Ruth Sauma, M oily Scott
SUBMISSION OF MATERIAL
The submission of material to this Journal is always welcome; short articles of 500 to 3000 words are preferred. Send the
original on white bond paper, typewritten, double spaced; plus two carbons. Leave at least a one-inch margin on all
sides and key all illustrations with the text. Photographs shou Id be 8 x 10 inches on glossy stock. The author's name and
title should be on the manuscript. A picture of the author a nd a short biographical note are required for publication.
Security clearance for all material submitted is the responsibility of the author. Please send material to SPACE Journal
P. O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alabama. All material accepted fo r publication becomes the exclusive property of SPACE Journal.
SUBSCRIPTIONS
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Journal, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee.
ADVERTISING
Advertising rates will be furnished on request to Space En terprises, P. 0. Box 94, Nashville, Tennessee. New York and
eastern states: Hale Carey, Mgr., Room 447 Graybar Bid. 420 Lexington Ave., New York City; western states: Douglas
Lance, 1948 Highland Oaks Drive, Arcadia, California.
PUBLISHING
SPACE Journal is the official organ of the Rocket City Astronomical Association, Inc. a nonprofit, nonpolitical, scientific
and educational organization in Huntsville, Alabama. © by SPACE Journal. All rights reserved. The Journal is published
quarterly by Space Enterprises, Inc., in Nashville, Tennessee. Application for second-class mailing permit pending at Nashville,
Tennessee. Space Enterprise, Inc.; Fred D. Wright, Pres, George J. Merrick, V-Pres, Richard Heagy, V-Pres; Thomas Schlater,
General Counsel, J. M. Summar, Treas., L. E. Nordholt, Director.
I
space journal
�ST ATEMENT OF POLICY
The immediate and eager acceptance of SPACE Journal by scientists and technicians,
business and industrial leaders, students and educators, as well as the general public, has brought
into focus the wide recognition by the American people of the total challenge presented by
the problem of Space exploration.
Such general acceptance has placed SPACE Journal in the
unique position of interpreter of ideas in all fields even remotely related to Space travel.
It
is the interpreter which translates the individual languages of the various specialists into a uni
versally understood "layman's English"-this role is vital, since in this highly specialized age
even the scientists are often laymen i(I fields other than their own.
SPACE Journal is rapidly becoming the forum wherein the exchange of ideas
among industry, science, education, and the public can be made. It is bringing to
view the resources of all the arts and sciences bearing on the problem of Space ex
ploration.
Thus SPACE Journal as a universal medium of communication promotes the overall objec
tive of the exploration of Space by helping the specialists to understand each other, the scien
tists, engineers, businessmen, and educators to understand each other,
and the taxpaying
layman to understand them all.
In such a role, so greatly expanded in scope from that of its beginning, and so
vital to an uninformed public, SPACE Jou rnal has deemed it advisable to disavow
any connection with the Army, Navy, Air Force, or other military and civilian seg
ments of the government and to terminate its affiliation wih the Rocket City As
tronomical Association.
In pursuit of our broader aims, we announce that, begin
ning with the next issue, this magazine w ill no longer be published as an official
organ of the Rocket City Astronomical Association.
We believe that this action will afford us the liberty of presenting all views without the re
strictions that exist when a publication is acting as the voice of any type of organization.
SPACE Journal will continue as an independent publication "dedicated to the Astro-sciences"
and to the peaceful exploration of Space for the benefit of all mankind.
MECHTA AND OPERATION SCORE
The year 1958 closed with a significant advance in Space technology, but the year 1959
opened with an even more significant one.
Th e old year closed with the successful launching
of the United States Air Force's Atlas in Operation Score; and fhe new year began with Mechta,
the spectacular Lunar probe of the Soviet Union, which is now in orbit around the Sun. However,
more lies between the two events than a mere two weeks.
Both Operation Score and Mechta bring u p a question about the direction in which Amer
ican Space technology is advancing.
While w e know relatively little about the technical details
of Mechta (and there is no reason to assume t hat we will ever know the complete details), we
know at least one thing about the Atlas and Operation Score.
It worked.
It was successful.
The magnitude of its success was made all the greater because of the faith the Air Force had
in its product. In the not too remote past, th ere were rumors that the Atlas guided missile,
still having its growing pains, would be cancell ed in favor of a more "sophisticated" missile
system.
This attitude toward sophistication in our present missile and satellite design bears
closer scrutiny.
Project Vanguard is not so recently dead that one cannot remember the reason
given for accepting it over the Jupiter-( was that it was more sophisticated.
Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines sophisticated as "Deprived of original sim
plicity; made artificial, or, more narrowly, highly complicated, refined, subtilized, etc .• • . "
Surely the very definition, when applied to our present position in Space technology, begs the
question: What price reliability?
Without belaboring the obvious, it does seem that there is more than a trace of sophistry
in such views of sophistication when the term is used as the last word and final criterion for
judging the absolute value of a guided missile o r a satellite vehicle. And Mechta should make us
wonder, too, just how sophisticated it and the Sputnik vehicles are.
2
space journal
��OTHER BEINGS ON OTHER PLANETSt:
Today man is looking out at the star-filled heavens with new curiosity, asking if tomorrow's
space explorers may find other beings on other worlds. Based on science's rapidly expanding
knowledge, the answer is "Yes." Eminent astronomers ore sure conditions suitable for life exist
elsewhere.
Our galaxy, called the Milky Way galaxy, contains roughly 400 billion stars and Dr. Gerard
Kuiper, director of the Yerkes Observatory, believes that about 10 billion of the stars do have sets
of planets orbiting around them. These are invisible to terrestrial telescopes because planets are
cold masses emitting no light of their own. Assuming that our planetary solar system is typical,
Dr. Kuiper estimates that there are about 100 billion planets in our own galaxy alone. In the entire
universe there may be over 100 billion galaxies like ours and Andromeda.
If other solar systems are like ours, about 1 0 ¼ or 10 billion planets in our galaxy are orbit
ing in a temperate "life zone," at just the right di stance from their sun where liquid water, air and
vital chemicals could exist. Where these ingredients do exist, so may living cells. "Life is probably
the inevitable consequence of chemical evolutio n wherever physics, chemistry and climatology
are right," Harlow Shapley of the Harvard Univer sity Observatory maintains.
To support their conclusions, astronomers tur n to the mathematical theory of probability which
holds it inconceivable that out of 10 billion "inhabitable" planets in the galaxy our earth is the
only one where conditions are right for the evolution of life. In fact, though man's 5 ½ billion-year
old earth is actually middle-aged by celestial standards, there may well be a multitude of other
planets on which life has been evolving millions of years longer than on earth. If spaceships which
approach the speed of light could be built and if man ever reaches distant planets, he may, on
arriving, find himself to be just a primitive Johnny-come-lately compared to the local inhabitants.
*Reprinted by permission, from LIFE Jon. 6 Mon's New World. Co
pr. 1958 Time Inc.
�the ultimate necessity of
space travel
BY PHILIP N. SHOCKEY
good it is to go to the Moon, but the very fact
that we don't know is reason enough to scien
tists for going."
It appears that the brilliant men who will
make Space travel possible are too close to
their subject to see its most practical side. Per
haps a more reflective view can be provided
Philip N. Shockey was born in 1931 and
attended s<!condory schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsyl
vania. After receiving his BA and MS degrees
in geology from West Virginia University, he
attended Cornell University and earned his
doctorate al that institution in geology. He hos
taught at both of these colleges. A former field
geologist for the West Virginia Geologic and
Economic Survey, he hos also been on assistant
geological consultant for the South Pennsylvania
Gos Company. He hos also worked as o geologist
for the United Stoles Geological Survey. A
member of the Geological Society of America
and the Society of Sigma Xi, he is presently the
chief geologist and vice president of the Penn•
Idaho Mines, Inc. He lives in Salmon, Idaho, the
western locotion for Penn•ldaho Mines, Inc.
by some of the older sciences-geology for
example.
Geology deals with the history of Earth,
and because this history covers billions of
years, geologists are used to thinking in terms
of billions of years.
Apparently, most rocket
scientists and engineers, like most people,
conceive of time in such short duration as to
be only an instant, geologically speaking.
In conjunction with the other sciences, geol
ogy has made increasingly rapid strides for
ward since the turn of the present century. All
News reports concerning this country's ef
of this new knowledge makes more secure
forts toward the conquest of Space are alarm
man's climb to outer Space.
ing in several respects. The most alarming
subsequently, specific geologic contributions
As will be shown
fact, however, is not that we may be lagging
appear to be: (1) more reliable and detailed
behind Russia but that our engineers and
interpretation of past Earth environments, (2)
scientists have difficulty justifying Space proj
more exact dating of past Earth events, and
ects more ambitious than the establishment of
(3) corroboration and augmentation of cos
an Earth satellite. There seems to be general
mogonic data.
Although far more remains
agreement that these satellites will have at
to be learned about Earth than is known, some
least a half dozen practical uses.
pertinent conclusions can
Yet, when
a trip to the Moon or some more ambitious
be drawn from
available geologic and allied data.
Space project is mentioned, the men who will
Earth formed, more or less synchronously,
make that trip operational must struggle for
with the other planets of our Solar System
justification of their plan.
some five billion years ago. This figure repre
For example, in a story from Newsweek
magazine (Dec. 16, 1957, pp 66-68), the
American
have
Rocket
sent
Society was
reported
to
sents a currently acceptable age to geoscien
tists.
During the past
few billion years,
life
President Eisenhower a 20-year
evolved on Earth from nonplant-nonanimal
project proposal the goal of which is to place
ancestors of the most primitive marine organ
American scientists on the Moon. This program
isms; to terrestrial plants and animals; and,
was authored by a 15-man group, which in
finally, though not necessarily ultimately, to
cluded
man.
Krafft
Ehricke
of
Convair-Astro
Therefore, it may be said that life on
nautics and Dr. Wernher von Braun, the Army
Earth has struggled for billions of years to
missile
reach the prevailing state of awareness.
expert.
Ehricke,
architect
of
the
program, said, "I really don't know what
This state
of awareness permits limited
5
space j0urnal
�WILLIAMSONIA
PTERANODON
BRONTOSAURUS
NEOCALAMITES
LEPIDODENDRON
HORSETAILS
prognostication.
FAN PALM
COMPSOGNATHUS
Cosmogonists have presum
ably worked out the evolutionary development
ASTRA--ALPHA
CYCADELLA
the present rate of progress, this would seem
to be far more than adequate time.
Human
By projecting the Sun's
frailty may, however, precipitate through war
development, cosmogonists predict destruction
another and successive Dark Ages so that
of Earth through gradual "burning out" of the
we can never achieve this goal.
of stars like our Sun.
Reportedly, effects from changes in the
Thus, the question is no longer why must
Sun will become significant within 50 billion
years. 1
rather where do we want to go in Space.
Whether figures and hypotheses cited here
We must escape beyond our Solar System to
Sun.
are absolutely correct is not important. Cumu
lative evidence clearly points to the fact that
we become proficient in Space travel but
environments approximating that of Earth.
In this regard, some cosmogonists, perhaps
Earth had a beginning some billions of years
the majority, think that planet formation is a
ago, and it shall certainly have an end some
natural result of star formation.
billions of years hence.
possible that many stars, when formed, de
This conclusion im
That is, it is
mediately answers the question of why we
velop a system of planetary satellites like our
must venture into Space.
own Solar System. Therefore, it is reasonable
When o.ne considers that our planet is
to believe that there are many billions of
doomed, at least as far as life is concerned,
planets, because there are many billions of
it is impossible to put meaningful value on the
stars in our galaxy alone.
titanic
through
forward
billions
struggle
of
of
years.
life
on
This
Earth
struggle,
The nearest star to Earth is in Centaurus
4.3 light years away.
Available telescopes
whether conscious or not, appears agonizingly
cannot define planets orbiting about this or
futile if the gigantic mass contribution can not
any other star.
Fortunately, this contribution can be per
petuated regardless of its development on
doomed Earth.
The obvious answer is that
all achievement must be transplanted from
Earth prior to a significant change in our Sun.
If
this appears impracticable, it should be
recalled that billions of years ore available
to achieve the proposed gool.
In view of
'See "'life on Other Stors," SPACE Journol, spring issue, 1958,
p. 16.
space journal
However, the probability of
other solar systems is so high that we can
be perpetuated.
6
ARAUCARITES
safely assume their presence and let actual
discovery and the means of reaching them
await further technological developments.
By the time escape from Earth is practicable,
cosmologists will have chosen a star in our
galaxy similar to our Sun and with a satellite
planet much like Earth.
The important differ
ence will be that the new Sun will not be so
far along in evolutionary development as the
Sun we now have. Geologists will be able
PLATEOSAURUS
HORSETAILS
�to assist in selecting the plant by extrapolat
gists chose a planet only some four billion
ing knowledge of the Earth.
years old but otherwise identical to Earth. In
It is interesting to speculate on the surface
this event, it is possible that the new planet
,appearance of our proposed new home. If
the cosmologists ore able to find o planet
would have about the appearance of Earth
virtually identical to Earth in so for as gross
one billion B.C.).
properties are concerned, adjustment of life
the simplest forms of marine organisms in
during late Pre-Cambrian time (approximately
During this period only
there to the overall environment should be
habited Earth; land surfaces were barren of
simple.
plants
Assume, however, that the cosmolo-
and
animals;
and
the
atmosphere
7
space journal
�1_
On the
democracy, will survive scrutiny by a world
other hand, if 1 0 planet about five billion
population applying the scientific method to
years old were chosen,
all phases of life.
probably was deficient in oxygen.
it possibly would
Maximum freedom of
appear similar to present-day Earth, having,
fidelity and self-expression will be demanded
among other forms of life, intelligent beings.
by a scientific world population, and de
1
Thus, if the cosmologists con determine ac•
mocracy is the only form of government that
curately the age of the planet to be colonized,
satisfies these requirements. When, through
it may be possible for geologists to predict
education, superstition and fear are replaced
approximately,
historical
by truth and courage, a new world religion
geology, the environment to be expected by
based on fact and closely allied with nature
the colonists.
will replace present religions.
on
the
basis
of
For further illustration, assume
that in the year 2500 A.D. all is ready for
In addition to the harmony required to
colonization of 1 0 carefully selected planet.
make interplanetary colonization possible,
there may be another good reason for its
achievement.
Whichever major theory of
Assume also that by this time the age of
Earth has been determined as 5.5 billion
years, plus or minus several million years, and
that the age of the Earthlike planet has been
determined as 5.4 billion years, plus or minus
several million years.
Then, other things be
ing similar, the colonists might encounter an
environment like that on Earth around 100
million B.C., when reptiles ruled the land.
Dinosaurs, flying reptiles, and other terrestrial
and marine animals and plants might confront
the colonists, who, through geologic deduc
tion, would be prepared for such a spectacle.
In addition to assisting in selection of plan
origin of the Universe is accepted, there is
no reason to believe that we are the most
intelligent life in our galaxy, to say nothing
of the Universe. (The existence of extra-Earth
intelligence is considered to be about as prob
able as the existence of other solar systems
and only awaiting discovery.) On the one
hand, life may hove been in existence for
an infinity of time, or as long as there has
been a Universe. On the other hand, life
may be on the order of the age of Earth.
Granting the first possibility, some universal
make
intelligence may be unbelievably greater than
other important contributions to the conquest
of Space. Ores from which Space vehicles
our own. Granting the second possibility, en
vironmental differences may have promoted
will be made and some of the fuels which will
far greater development of intellect on some
propel them will be found and produced by
planet other than Earth.
employing geologic principles.
advanced intellects plan and may even have
carried out interplanetary colonizations for
ets for
colonization,
geologists
will
Furthermore,
firsthand geologic examination of any visited
Space target will be most important in estab
lishing suitability of these bodies to human
purpose.
Consequently, geologists will be
among the first scientists landed on Space
targets.
This necessary endeavor should have a
profound and beneficial effect on the human
r·ace. The project is so huge in scope that
Presumably, these
the same reason that we must.
As a planet,
we will have to be acceptable at least to
galactic society; or we may not be permitted
to survive.
In conclusion, it appears that we have ade
quate resources and more than adequate time
to make Space travel a certainty. The weak
est rung in man's ladder to outer Space is the
no single country will be able to carry it
human element, whereby fanatics may re
through; the physical and mental resources
peatedly obliterate progress by plunging the
of all the world will be required. This unified
effort should produce nonviolent political and
religious revolutions terminating in world
wretchedness. Annihilation of the human race
harmony. These revolutions
on education, and they have
It is difficult to see how any
formal religions or political
8
space journal
will be based
already begun.
of the existing
plans, except
world into war and physical and intellectual
seems possible.
Clearly, education is the first
duty of all concerned-everyone on Earth.
Although education cannot eliminate fanatics,
it certainly can prohibit their rise to power in
a world of enlightened people.
�....
survival
1n space
•
By Siegfried J. Gerathewohl
Siegfried J. Gerathewohl wo, born
in Ebersboch, Saxony, Germany, in 1909. After
,tudying physiology, psychology, and education
at the Institute of Technology, in Dresden,
ond at the University of Batavia, in Munich,
he received hi, doctorate at Dresden in 1936.
He also holds o degree as o Diploma P,ycholo•
gi,t from the University of Munich.
As o Captain in the Germon Air Force on
1940, he become chief of the Psychological
Te,ting Center at Homburg. He ho, also been
chief of the Deportment of Industrial P,ychology
for the Bavarian Motor Company in Munich.
In 1946 he joined the Aero Medical Center in
Heidelberg, Germany, and, in the next year,
was transferred to the School of Aviation Medi
cine at Randolph Air Force Bose in Texas.
The author of two books and more thon 70
articles on military psychology, aviation psy
chology, and aviation medicine, he is a member
of the Notional Academy of Sciences, the
Aeromedicol Association, the American Psycho•
logical Association, the ScientiAc Society for
Aeronautics, and the Germon Rocket Society.
He is also on associate professor of experimental
psychology at the United Stoles Air Force·, Air
University. In 1958 he received the Arnold D.
Tuttle Memorial Award for his re,eorch into
the problems of weightles,neu.
telecasts, and along Sunset Boulevard, but
recently into big business. Since the exploita
tion of this idea proved fairly profitable, the
eyes of all sorts of adventurers were magically
drawn toward the stars and the infinity of
outer Space.
While the lay public followed this develop
ment with enthusiasm, the majority of scientists
looked upon it with either awe or contempt.
The rocketeers, of course, propagated the
idea of Space travel from the start with a
sense of mission which-as astronaut Frederick
I. Ordway put it-"aroused a vaguely un
comfortable recollection of some of the Bibli
cal prophets."
Ever since Lucian, the satirical Greek writer
who lived about
1 800 years ago, let his
Mooomen set out to vanquish the inhabitants
of the Sun, the imagination of Earthlings has
been inflamed again and again by the dream
Now, that the technological
disciplines have finally recognized their new
born child, astronautics, as being legitim<Jte,
the medical, social, and psychological sciences
are moving to claim it slowly and somewhat
reluctantly.
of interplanetary travel. Space flight has be
Never in his history of existence has man
come one of the fascinating subjects under
been faced with a more fateful decision. The
discussion
venture into Space is more revolutionary and
today.
It
appeals
to
everyone
regardless of age, sex, or profession. It is the
hazardous than the invasion of land by the
thrill of the ice-cream counter in the drugstore
aquatic animal in the Paleozoic Era. For these
as well as of scientific panel discussions at the
creatures were merely migrating from one
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Publica
terrestrial habitat to
tions on this topic can be found everywhere
million years for adaptation. But the Space
another,
having
100
from the comics to science fiction, from pulp
invader is leaving Earth altogether; and he
magazines to learned journals, from novels to
seems to be in quite a hurry, too. In prepar
research reports in the Pentagon. Although
ing himself for this gamble, he must overcome
authorities on this subject have written obit
a variety of novel and difficult problems of
uaries for one reason or another, Space flight
body and soul engineering. As he usually does
just refused to stay dead. Moreover, it made
in case of serious trouble, he turns to the
its way not only into radio broadcasts, TV
doctor.
9
space journal
�has
higher intelligence and greater versatility are
nor con it be expected to do so in the future.
environment along on his trip. As a matter of
Unfortunately,
the
human
organism
changed but little during its known existence;
Breeding on entirely new crop of Space travel
ers seems too lengthy and cumbersome in
this time of ours. Hence, we must think of
assets for his survival. He can take his own
fact, rocket power, pressure breathing, 0xygen
systems, temperature control, sealed cabins,
meteor bumpers, power steering, antituml,ling
more practical and effective means for fitting
devices, ejection capsules, artificial gravita
not constructed to expand into verticality, he
periscopes, radio, radar and television, elec
If man should wander unprepared into the
-just to mention a few requisites of futuristic
Homo sapiens to his expedition. Since he was
must be redesigned for survival.
tion, astro-navigation charts, telesc0pes and
tronic computers, univacs, and skywatch men
would suffocate within
travel-already have been tailored to his de
blood would boil in the vacuum. Mercilessly
automation that he may even be bored to
and the bombardment of cosmic rays and
To be a little more serious, the success of a
void
of Space
he
seconds because of a lack of oxygen. His
mands and will be brought to such a state of
exposed to the ultraviolet rays of the Sun
death on his venture into Space.
meteorites,
Space pilot is about
his
burned
and
riddled
body
90
percent purely an
would be torn to bits by pressure differentials
engineering problem, although natural ability
debris" into the darkness and silence of in
rest.
and
would
drift
weightlessly
as
"Space
finity.
and training skill may well account for the
Let's be more specific about this matter. As
The question of protecting man in a Space
was indicated before, we seriously believe
volved in S p> ace travel. Its solution begins
higher form of conventional flying, but some
venture out.
rocket craft cannot take off or land whenever
environment, then,
is the primary one in
with the selection of the specimen who is to
Many answers have been given, by more
or less qualified men, to the question of what
that Space travel per se is not just a somewhat
thing profoundly different.
and wherever he desires.
The pilot
of a
He cannot get
out of his ship in an emergency. More than in
makes a Space pilot really successful; and
any other type of piloting will he be told from
gent, and sincere. But some of them just miss
the air and guided automatically along a
of the comic strips upon American civilization,
nor will he be allowed to control his vehicle
have been centered subconsciously on such
input and feedback are mostly absent or
most of the answers are well-meant, intelli
the ground what to do. He will be fired into
0
the point. Because of the tremendous impact
predetermined course. He is neither capable
the thinking of some of the contributors must
during certain phases of the trip.
famous personalities as Buck Rogers,
qualitatively different.
Flash
Gordon, and the Space Cadets. Granted that
Control
During conditions of
sub-gravity and zero-gravity there is no fly
picking the right man is one side of the story,
ing by the seat of the pants. Actually, gliding
And this training can be done in many ways.
anonymous push-button affair
and cruises out into open Space, the walls
when he plunges back into the disturbing tur
terrestrial atmosphere. _Only if his ship is
his flying skills be required.
then training him to perfection is the other.
through Space is not flying at all. It 1s an
The moment man leaves the air behind him
pletely unfamiliar type of locomotion. Only
and a com
of his cabin must contain an approximation of
bulence of Earth's atmosphere will some of
equipped with all the necessities of life and is
We are not even sure whether or not a
protected against the hostile environment out
good jet pilot will be a good Space pilot.
side will man be able to survive. The many
Things are too different out there.
be reproduced artificially .w.ithin the Space
Space flyer is his environment. If the engineers
more sensitive,
there is no reason to assume otherwise-the
functions of Earth's atmospheric shield must
ship. Although the human organism is much
demanding, and vulnerable
than that of many other living beings, his
10
space journal
Thus, the main requirement for a successful
succeed in constructing the hardware-and
problem of Space travel is near its solution.
�tors, the significance of which has never been
actually established, is purely academic. And
so are the statements about preliminary
elimination percentages which say that "of
every 1,000 persons who can meet the initial
rigid educational, physical and age require
ments for space training, only five will ever
enter Space-just enough for one rocket
ship crew." How can we know? To publish
such data before even knowing what tasks
will actually be required of the pilot seems to
be putting the Space cart before the horse
Dr. Gerothewohl in the F-94 croft used for experiments
on weightlessness.
Although there exist only a few hints about
the actual working conditions of Space crews,
some rather general conclusions about the
job requirements can be drawn. Some pre
liminary designs suggest that the actual Space
craft will be much like the imaginative rocket
ship. Admittedly, the quarters will be neither
spacious nor luxurious, but working and living
facilities are expected to be reasonably habitable and utilitarian.
Instruments may be
numerous and complex, but every effort will
be made to take the load off the pilot. Once
launched with a catapult-like acceleration
which may increase his weight ninefold, the
pilot will have to monitor the ship to a cer
tain degree during the cruise, which will
include periods of sub-gravity and complete
weightlessness that may exert some strain
even on previously conditioned crews. Descent
and landing, after an extended glide, will be
like that of a large jet aircraft or glider plane.
In none of the many scientific and semi
scientific treatises on Space travel has the task
of the crew been specified in SOP (standing
operating procedures) terms. This, of course,
is a remarkable lapse. Perhaps the designers
still do not know what it will be. It may be that
they are still working on cybernetics and auto
mation. It is not easy nowadays to make
things simple. But only if we can formulate a
realistic job description for the Space pilot,
can we reason intelligently about the specific
difficulties with which the future Space ship
skipper will have to cope. And only then can
we arrive at a set of physiological and psycho
logical requirements. The selection of rocket
pilots and Space crews by means of predic-
power.
Fortunately enough, there are some men
who have already flown rocket planes. They
are not actually Space flyers, but they have
reached the border of Space, at least. They
do not claim to be supermen, nor do they
believe their problems to be unsurmountable.
They have made this point clear in many a
conversation, and some of it was brought to
light in a panel discussion on "Sky Unlimited"
a few years ago. Their main concern is techni
cal. Only if provoked do they touch their
body and soul problems. This is what test pilot
Scott Crossfield thinks about selection:
As far as selecting pilots during the war,
for two years I was on carrier-type training
in the Navy. I spent that whole two years
trying to find men whom I could pick for
my students. Everytime I was made out a
liar.Who can tell who is going to be a good
pilot, or the best pilot?
And he underlined
statement:
General
Flickinger's
The process of selection is a natural one
in which those individuals with the requisite
flying schools, motivation and technical
knowledge gravitate toward the work •..•
That is probably the oldest method of selec
tion we have for test pilots ••• . A good
quality to look for in a research pilot is
successful tactical experience. A man must
know his airplane and be interested in what
he is doing.
And Major Arthur Murray says:
••.as was pointed out, pilots just gravi
tate into these jobs . . • • We rely on a
man's aggressiveness, rather than his in
herent ability, physiological age and other
factors ....We work with pilots such as you
see here today.
Thus it seems we do not have to worry
about the selection of Space pilots today be
cause there are enough candidates who are
eager to apply whenever the need arises.
Even if we wanted to, we cannot do very much
about this problem because there are no tests
I I
space journal
�available which would select the successful
off Phenomenon,"
test pilot or Space cadet.
The Air Force tests
scribe this effect as "a feeling of being
ore of no help either. There is no known ex
isolated, detached, or separated physically
ample that they ever succeeded in picking the
from the Earth." (J. Aviat, Med.; vol. 28,
best, or the most capable, or the outstanding
man for a particular job. They come out with
a usuable average, at best, but Space ships
need more than statistical probabilities. 0n
the other hand, there exists quite a reservoir
of capable, experienced, and highly motivated
combat, test, and research pilots. Take Scott
Crossfield, who said recently on TV, that he
would give his left arm if he could fly the X-15.
Perhaps we start at the wrong end again. It
seems more important to pick the right men to
direct the program than to pick at our ever
Clark ona Graybiel de
pages 1 21-1 26, 19 57 .) They let test pilot Bill
Bridgman describe his sensations during a
flight at the borderline of Space while he ex
perienced the break-off:
Fifty-nine thousond, sixty thousond, reel
ing off sixty-one thousand. I hove left the
world. There is only the ship to identify
myself with. Her vibrations are my own,
I feel them os intensely as those of my
body. Here is a kind of unreality mixed
with reality that I cannot explain to myself.
I have an awareness that I have never ex
perienced before, but it does not seem to
project beyond this moment . . . .
This is interesting; but, although this effect
eager pilots.
Being finally afloat in Space, the crew may
was experienced by about 35 percent of the
face grove psychological adjustments. Some
jet pilots interrogated, it was not considered
doctors think that "by for the greatest prob
generally to have a signifkont influence on
lem involves the implications of a seemingly
their ability to operate a plane. Captain Ivan
complete break from the Earth and the protec
Kincheloe, who held the altitude record, did
tive societal matrix in a small, isolated, closely
not think much of it either. And Lt. Col. David
confined container with a few companions.
Simons, who rode in a small gondola longer
little is known today about the effect of
than any other person, was scored only when
confinement and social isolation on individual
he struck an electrical storm. Nobody will
and group behavior, particularly under the
deny that the experience of being high up
hazardous
of
in a small capsule may produce uncomfort
flight." In a recent publication on the "Break-
able feelings, but it does not make much
and
threatening
conditions
Mojor H. D. Stollings, Dr. H. Strughold, and Dr. Gerothewoh/ discussing experiments in front of the Air Force T-33
used for eorly experiments on weightlessness.
A
�difference whether one is l 00,000 feet or
miles from the ground, if the chance of sur
vival is about the same. The Space flyers will
be in continuous contact with Earth. They con
listen to the radio, coll whenever they feel like
it, hove radar pictures and eventually televi
✓
.�\ _;)
sion for their orientation and entertainment.
r ,,.,�Jc
Hundreds of small boats, submarines, light
houses,
observatories,
and
outposts
//
}
------· ✓• )
ore
'-/
manned and maintained under extreme con
ditions of isolation and danger; but their un
"
selected inhabitants do not crock. It seems
that Columbus was more detached and des
perate in his trip across the ocean than the
Moon traveler will be five hundred years later.
Moreover, the point is not that people get
scared, but that they snap out of it. Most men
con adjust to a certain degree of danger,
and only a few crack up; but again we are
facing a dilemma because there is no test
that would predict them with certainty. Says
Scott Crossfield:
If o test pilot hos real pyschologicol prob
lems he would never be in this business. I
hove never been able to get anyone to tell
me what they are. You're darned scored.Un
fortunately, perhaps, it seems to be the
characteristic of most aggressive pilots that
they more or less sustain this apprehension.
To my knowledge, in the post, none of the
flight test pilots hos hod o physical checkup
prior to o mission, unless there hod been
some reported difficulty. All pilots ore re
quired by military regulations to obtain
physical examinations.
And Crossfield is completely normal. So are
the others who have seen blood, sweat, f1ak,
and disaster. However it seems that the people
on the ground are more inclined to worry than
the men in the air. How did Lindbergh feel
when he mode his way over the northern seas?
Of course, we can spend a million dollars on
soul searching, but there seems to be some
Dr. Gerothewohl's ideal space man, having four arms
and hands /two hands developed into tools) lo do the
many things necessary for survival in Space, would
include antennae instead of ears, telescopic eyes, direct
01cygen supply from built-in tonk, rocket fuel intake,
and legs which act os flns during flight.
task, however, may be modern man's real
crossroads of decision. It seems unlikely that
we will hove any real test other than letting
him try it. It is a test of courage, not of skills.
This thought is like that of Tony LeVier who
said about the requirements of flying the
F-1 04:
This bird is easy to handle and can be
flown by a child. But you must be condi
tioned to it. I hove looked at the faces of o
bunch of test pilots when they saw the bird
for the first time. Some just liked it. Some
looked pleased. But some looked terrified.
They were frightened. I could have picked
the ones who can fly it just by looking at
their expression.
To condition these men seems to me the most
important thing of all ...
No better comment can be mode than this:
other worthwhile projects to sink the money
We have the men and they ore eager to go.
in. The soul is not the weakest link in Space
They will be thoroughly conditioned through
Oight.
tlieir experiences of test and research flight.
What is most impressive of all these pre
They ore ahead of the engineers and the
liminaries is neither the human factor nor
fiction writers. They do not take these stories
interplanetary Space, but the powerplant that
seriously about the "psychotic Russian Space
will make the ship akin to a celestial body.
girls," who ore said already to hove on edge
Seeing a rocket on the test stand is a unique
on them; and they ore not alarmed about
experience; it is terrific and horrifying. To
manning the Space croft "with male and
imagine that a man will ultimately walk over
female pairs of unmarried psychotic midgets.'·
to such a three-stage, man-mode volcano,
(Time, September 16, 1957.) They know that
board it through on elevator, calmly check
they are the crop to choose from, and that
his instruments a hundred feet atop the deadly
one day they will toke off. But this will not
furnace, and launch it with a roar, has still
toke place before they hove at least a 99
something of the science fiction about it. This
percent chance of returning safely to Earth.
13
space journal
�reality,
relativity
and
common sense
BY JAMES P. GARDNER
James Patrick Gardner was barn in Win•
nipeg, Manitoba, Canada, and grew up in
Granite City, 1 llinois.
He was educated at
Parks College of Aeronautical Technology of St.
Louis University and at the University of Alo•
bomo. His field was aeronautical engineering.
Since leaving college, he has been employed by
the Missile Design Section, Future Projects De
sign Branch of the Structures and Mechanics
laboratory at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency.
in the ultimate sense.
With these things in
mind we are ready to re-examine our ideas
of space, time and motion.
We think of everything that moves as hav
Common sense is that layer of preju
dices laid down in the mind prior to
the age of eighteen.
-Albert Einstein
ing some sort of conveyor.
A train moves
along a track with some velocity relative to
the track.
A ship moves through the water
with some velocity
relative to the
water.
Sound waves travel through the air with
some velocity relative to the air.
say something has a velocity,
No individual was more aware of the in
we usually
importance of
herent difficulties associated with the accept
the relative velocity concept may be illus
ance of a new idea than was the creator of
trated by the following example.
the theory of relativity.
The more basic the
idea, the greater the difficulty.
14
mean relative velocity. The
When we
Probably the
Suppose we have two rifles, each of which
fires a bullet with a muzzle velocity of 1,000
foremost cause of this difficulty is the tendency
feet per second.
to confuse reality with human experience.
In
we will assume that sound waves travel at
early childhood we begin to form positive
ideas in relation to space, time and motion.
exactly 1,000 feet per second. The two rifles
are mounted on a stationary bench and are
Anything that challenges these fixed notions
equipped with a mechanism which will allow
To simplify the experiment
is considered a violation of common sense
us to fire them simultaneously, and a metal
and therefore unreal.
drum is placed 4,000 feet down range to
Fortunately there is a way out of the dilem
serve as a target. When the guns are fired the
ma if one is willing to take the necessary
bullets will travel down range, strike the drum,
steps.
and the impact sound will travel back to the
The first step is the recognition of
man's place in the world as a casual observer
starting point.
with rather limited equipment. The second
step is the acceptance of the fact that man
impacts at exactly the same time, or eight
seconds after we fire, since the time required
does not have the capacity to conceive reality
for the bullets to travel to the target will be
space journal
In this case we will hear both
�exactly equal to the time required for the
sound to travel back lo the starting point.
Now let us repeat the experiment in a
Now let us try another similar experiment.
This time we will replace the rifle on the car
with a horn. We will let the car travel in the
slightly different manner. We will mount one
some direction and with the some speeal as
rifle exactly as before, but we will mount the
before, and we will assume that the sound
other on an
from the horn will bounce bock from the
automobile
which is moving
toward the target with o velocity of 115 feet
target like on echo. As before, the instant the
per second.
Both rifles ore fired the instant
car posses the stationary bench the horn is
the car posses the stationary bench and again
sounded and the bullet is fired. In contrast to
we wait for the impact sound waves to return.
the previous experiment both sounds will re
This time the sound waves will return approxi
turn to the starting point simultaneously. The
mately
Although both bul
reason for the different result is as follows:
the
lets
½
left
second apart.
muzzle
A bullet moves independently of any medium
velocity, they each hod a different velocity
the
rifles with
with whatever velocity it is given unless it is
relative to the ground. The bullet fired from
acted upon by some external force. A sound
the moving rifle hod a higher relative velocity
wove is dependent upon some medium of
(muzzle velocity
transportation.
+
same
car velocity) therefore it
must arrive at the target first.
is propagated by the air which may be con-
r::::.r.�==:Jl-(-(-(-(-(- ==-
�-;::::::;-
In this case the sound wove
�
FEEJ':>
( (-(-(-<-(-(-(-
- (- (-(- (- (-(-( - (-(- (-( -(-(- ( _\-<,-:..'c-=.! (-::::..!;=.!.:::.,!
17'/i
i"::.J.,..§
SECOND
�-:==,- -(-(-(-( -(-(-(-<-,-,_ <-r-,
..:-
1
_,_
'--·--·-· ..,...eC
-··
-,
,
'
1
(
(
((-((-(-(-(-(-(:
(--:)
(�
�
�
J ------- 41
➔
I 15 FEET PER SECOND
�
c_1):.--'1;.- i("" e
"--- --�"'fill
-o':'�
---.
�
,1x-,
.. , .. ----- ·- ... �
B
H-(-(-(-(-H-c-r-c-(-(-<-c-,_r
l
l-H
Hl.
�-(��=
(
(-((
C
--,--, ___ ,_'=
(-l-,-l-
,-·-�
�
=,;
=1;�3Ml -····-. ;//
.l--�iC- 1!> -=(-) •
_ ___.,
("'
-�&Y:-�-:::;;-;�----tf
.... _,. ...... ---
.,,,If&-
C
..
FIGURE I
15
space journal
�sidered at rest relative to the earth.
So we
find that the sound wave moves with a con
stant velocity relative to the air and is inde
pendent of the velocity of the source. This is
an important point which will be referred to
later.
We are now ready to perform an hypo
thetical experiment which will be helpful in
explaining the Michdson experiment which
opened the door to the theory of relativity.
The experiment is shown in Fig. 1, and pro
ceeds as follows. Points
A and B are located
on a river 100 mi•les apart. We will assume
that the river is flowing from A to
velocity of 10 miles per hour.
Our boat has a speed in still
The basic equation of motion is:
=V
or
distance
time= -- velocity
On the downstream trip our velocity relative
to the shore will be equal to the sum of the
16
space journal
V(<lown�tr('l\111)
therefore:
= 20 + 10 = 30 mph
100
tcA to Bl =
30= 3.33
hr
On the upstream trip our velocity relative
to the shore will be equal to the difference
between the velocity of the boat in still water
and the velocity of the current.
= 20 - 10 = 10 mph
Therefore: tcs
= 100 = 10
V(upstr('n111)
to A)
100
=-= 10
10
We wish to
water of 20 miles per hour.
t
velocity of the current.
B with a
travel by boat from A to B and back to A,
and would like to calculate the time required
for the trip.
velocity of the· boat in still water and the
hrs.
hrs.
The total time for the trip is:
10
+ 3.33 = 13.33
hrs.
Now let us stop the current and repeat the
experiment.
V(downstrcnm or upstrl'am)
Total time
= 20 mph
= -20- = l O
200
hr.s.
We have a time difference of 3.33 hrs.
�This time difference will vary proportionally
propagating through empty space, so they
to a factor involving the ratio of the current
decided that space must be filled with some
and boat velocities.
mysterious substance.
By the use of some
The mysterious sub
simple algebra we can derive the equation
stance was called ether and was endowed
for the time shift and time shift factor.
with some unique characteristics.
It could
propagate a wave, but it could offer no re
sistance to motion.
The next step in the ether hypothesis was
obvious.
If
space is filled with this ether
which propagates lightwaves, and it is at rest,
then it should be a simple matter to find our
(the Earth's) velocity through this medium.
This is what Michelson set out to do.
Since light must move through the ether
much as sound moves through the air, we
know from our experiment with the rifle and
the horn that the wave velocity is independent
of the velocity of the source. We also know
from the boat experiment that velocities meas
ured in opposite directions through a moving
medium will result in a time shift.
With these
assumptions Michelson set out to measure the
Earth's velocity through the ether.
His ap
paratus is shown in Fig. 2, and operates as
follows.
Two
arms
of
equal
length
are
mounted perpendicular to each other on a
table which may be rotated about a vertical
axis.
A light source is placed at S, a half
mirror at the axis A, and an optical instrument
is mounted at the observation point 0.
A
mirror is placed at the end of each arm at
8 and C. The optical instrument at O is called
It is clearly seen that a time shift is intro
an interferometer which is an instrument which
performed
can be used to measure the slightest shift in
which involves motion in opposite directions
the fringe pattern resulting from two interfer
through a medium which is in motion.
With
ing light beams. For instance, if a light beam
this in mind we are ready to review the fa
is split into two beams, allowed to travel a
mous Michelson experiment.
given distance, and then re-united, an inter
duced
when an
experiment
is
In the last half of the 19th Century there
was much speculation in regard to the method
of propagation of electro-magnetic waves, or
more specifically light waves.
As was men
tioned before, we think of everything that
moves as having some sort of conveyor and
ference pattern will be observed. If the ve
locity and therefore the travel time of one
of the beams is slightly altered, a different
interference pattern will be observed.
This
change is referred to as a shift in the inter
ference fringes.
it is reasonably assumed that light was no ex
In the Michelson experiment, if we con
It can be easily proved
sider the Earth at rest and the ether flowing
by experiment that light does not use air as
by, we have a situation similar to that in the
a conveying medium.
If air is not the con
boat experiment. We are substituting a light
veyor, what is? This is essentially the problem
which confronted the 19th Century physicists.
river. The light beam starts at S and proceeds
They found it difficult to imagine light waves
to A where it is split into two beams, one of
ception to the rule.
beam for the boat and a flowing ether for the
17
space journal
�6-
MIRROR C
1
-
!:.
-
MIRROR A
.,.
J
MIRROR B
LIGHT SOURCE S
NOTE:
HALF SILVERED MIRROR (A) SPLITS LIGHT BEAM
INTO TWO BEAMS; ONE (SHOWN BY BLACK
LINE) PASSES THROUGH AND OTHER (SHOWN
INTERFEROMETER o BY RED LINE} IS REFLECTED.
FIGURE 3
which passes through A and proceeds to B,
upon existing fundamental concepts which
and the other is deflected 90 degrees and
proceeds to C. The two beams are reflected
were the very foundation of modern physics.
Many leading physicists of that day took up
at B and C, re-united at A, and proceed to 0
the challenge and attempted to explain the re
where they enter the interferometer. If the
sults of the experiment by slightly modifying
entire apparatus is rotated 90 degrees so that
or extending present views, but this path
the light beam from A to B is first moving
usually led to further complications and con
parallel to the motion of the ether and then
tradictions. Of these attempts probably the
perpendicular to the motion of the ether, we
most brilliant was made by H. A. Lorentz in
would expect to find a time shift as we found
the field of electro-magnetics.
in the boat experiment. In this case motion
that the negative result of the interference
perpendicular to the ether stream is compara
experiment could be explained by applying
He showed
ble to motion with no current in the boat ex
a theory previously advanced by Fitzgera Id
periment.
Michelson performed his experiment with
which stated that the physical dimensions of
a body are altered if the body is in motion.
extreme accuracy, and several variations were
This change in dimension is known as Fitz
introduced to eliminate the possibility of error
gerald contraction, and is described in the
due to external influence. To his amazement,
following manner. If a body is in motion its
in each case no appreciable shift in the in
length measured along the line of motion
terference fringes was observed, and no time
will be decreased by an amount proportional
shift could be recorded.
to the ratio of the velocity of the body and
The results of this experiment had a greater
effect on physical science than perhaps any
the velocity of light. As the velocity of the
body approaches the velocity of light it will
in history, for they cast a shadow of doubt
gradually become shorter until at the velocity
18
space journal
�of light its length will become zero. If this
theory is applied to the Michelson experi
ment, we see that the arm of the apparatus
which is parallel to the Earth's motion will be
shorter. When the apparatus is rotated 90
degrees, the other arm will be shorter. The
equations of Lorentz show that this change
of length due to velocity is the right amount
to cancel out the effect of the time shift and
cause the observed negative result. Lorentz
believed this shrinking to be a physical reality
resulting from magnetic field interactions
within the atomic structure of the material.
He compared this effect to that which can be
observed in certain electrical phenomena in
volving charged bodies moving in electric
fields.
The electro-magnetic theory necessitated
the introduction of new hypothesis and heavy
restrictions, and therefore could not be fully
accepted as an explanation of the experi
mental results.
One other possible explanation was
brought out. This was the theory that the ether
moved with the Earth thereby eliminating the
ether stream. This possibility was disproved by
experiment.
As one attempt after another failed, the
scientific world wondered what to do with
these experimental results which seemed to
violate every rule of science and common
sense ever laid down by man.
The answer came in a short paper written
by a 26-year-old physicist, Albert Einstein,
who was then employed as a patent clerk in
Switzerland. In his paper entitled "The Prin
ciple of Relativity", Einstein introduced a
whole new concept of the physical world. He
showed that the difficulties encountered in
explaining the results . of the Michelson ex
periment were due to false concepts in regard
to space and time. He showed that the con
cept of space and time as individual and
absolute entities was completely meaningless.
He interpreted the results of the Michelson
experiment as indisputable proof of the fol
lowing statement which is the basis of the
theory of relativity.
"The velocity of light in vacuo is the same
in all reference systems moving uniformly,
relative to each other."
This sounds like a harmless statement at
first, but let us examine it closely with the
aid of an example to see what it implies.
Suppose we have two rocket ships A and
B which move at very high velocities. We will
assume that A moves with ¼ the velocity of
light, and that B moves with ½ the velocity
of light. The velocity of light is approximately
l 86,000 miles per second. We will use the
Solar System as our reference System, and all
velocities are relative to this System. We will
let A and B travel in parallel directions and
assume that they are together (passing each
other) at our starting line. At the instant A
and B cross the starting line, a light is flashed
which sends light waves in all directions. Each
rocket ship is equipped with a stop clock
which is started the instant the starting line
is crossed. We will introduce a third observer
C who is also equipped with a stop clock.
The third observer will start his clock the in
stant the rocket ships cross the starting line,
but will remain at the starting line as a sta
tionary observer. We will ask C to calculate
his distance from the light wave front after
his clock indicates a passing of five seconds.
He knows the velocity of light is constant and
is equal to 186,000 miles per second relative
to any reference system, so he simply multi
plies l 86,000 by five and reports that the
wave front is 930,000 miles distant. We will
ask A to perform the same calculation. He
is also familiar with the hypothesis of rela
tivity and therefore knows that the velocity of
light is constant relative to his system, so he
performs the same calculation as C did and
reports that he is 930,000 miles from the
light wave front. Finally B is asked to report
his distance from the wave front at five sec
onds and on the basis of the hypothesis of
relativity he arrives at the same answer as
did C and A.
Now we must ask how three different ob
servers each with a different velocity and
each starting from the same point at the
same time can be the same distance from a
point (the light wave front) the same number
of seconds later? Apparently the wave front
is in three different places at the same time.
This certainly is a violation of common sense!
19
space journal
��In search of an explanation, we are con
meaning. It is only the combination of the two,
fronted with a choice. We either must accept
or the defined point at the defined time which
this result and look deeper for the cause, or
can really describe an event. Because of this
we can forget the hypothesis of relativity and
interlocking of space and time, comparisons
go back to the old method of adding and
of length, distance, and velocity cannot be
subtracting velocities. The Michelson experi
made between systems which are moving
ment has shown the disastrous results of the
relative to each other unless the lows of
old method, so we will take the first choice.
transformation, which were first derived by
We must accept the fact that the wave front
Lorentz, are applied. These laws enable us
1s where the observers say it is since their
to calculate the length of a body which is
calculations are based on the hypothesis of
relativity, but we cannot accept the possibility
in motion relative to a given reference system.
of the wave front occupying three different
positions at the same time. The answer to
the puzzle lies in our concept of time which
are stated as follows:
we have considered absolute, or the same,
for all observers regardless of their state of
motion. We are actually forced to give up
the concept of absolute time and accept the
fact that it is impossible to compare time
measurements directly between systems which
are moving relative to each other.
In our
rocket ship experiment we can consider the
time measured by the stationary observer C
as our basic time for comparison. I do not
wish to give the impression that there is
anything special or absolute about the time
measured by C. We only use this time as a
basis for comparison because we considered
C to be at rest in our reference system.
Since A is moving with some velocity rela
tive to C, we must assume that his clock runs
somewhat slower than the clock at C. Since
B is moving at a higher velocity than A rela
tive to C, his clock must run slower than A's
clock. So we hove three observers performing
on experiment based on time, and each ob
server hos a clock which is running at a dif
ferent rate. No wonder our results were
ridiculous!
Actually the wove front was much closer to
A and B than it was to C when C's clock
showed a passage of five seconds since they
were traveling at high velocities in the direc
tion of the light wave. The clocks carried by
A and B were running slower, so when they
finally recorded a passage of 5 seconds the
wave front was the some distance from them
as it hod been from C.
In the theory of relativity, time by itself
has no meaning, and space by itself hos no
These laws ore in the form of equations, and
-
. t,
Where:
Lo=Length of a body at rest relative to a
system.
L'=Length of a body in motion relative to C3
system.
t'=Time lapse of a clock in motion relative
to a system.
to=Time lapse of a dock at rest relative to
a system.
v =Velocity of a body or clock relative to
a system.
c =Velocity of light in any system.
These laws which ore based on the con
stant velocity of light as given in the hypo
thesis of relativity completely explain the
results of the Michelson experiment. If these
same equations are applied in the boat ex
periment, we see that the change of length
and time will exactly compensate the effect
of the moving current. As stated before, in
this case the boot represents the light beam,
and the current represents the relative ve
locity. If the contraction and time change
equations ore properly combined they result
in the time shift factor which was derived in
the boat experiment.
At first the theory of relativity strikes most
of us as, at best, on interesting philosophical
diversion, but if we seriously ponder the sub
ject we become aware of the significance of
it's implications. In certain areas these impli
cations seem to border on the supernatural.
A good example of this is the slowing down
21
space journal
�of time. Time, which is usually taken quite
is illustrated by the classic example of the
for granted, is actually somewhat of en ab
Space traveler who leaves the Earth, flies
straction in itself. When we think of time we
about in Space for a few weeks with a velocity
usually think of a clock which is a periodic
near that of light, and then returns to Earth
mechanical device which is calibrated to the
to discover that several hundred years hove
rotation of our planet. If the rotational speed
elapsed. During his voyage his clock was
of our planet should suddenly increase or
almost stopped due to his high velocity rela
decrease, we would be forced to throw away
tive to the Earth. He was of course completely
OIi of our clocks.
unaware of this slowing down of time since
So we see from the preceding discussion
that time is meaningless unless it is associated
all of his physical and mental processes were
slowed down in the same manner.
or interlocked with physical events. The theory
Examination of the transformation equa
of relativity shows that the velocity of light is
tions shows clearly that relativistic effects do
the upper limit or maximum
with
not come into play unless velocities near that
which any physical body can move since to
of light are attained. We do not experience
velocity
exceed this velocity we would find ourselves
such velocities in everyday life, but as man
dealing with negative time or clocks running
moved into Space such velocities must be ob
backwards.
tained if we wish to travel to another solar
An interesting result of this time dilatation
system within an individual's life span.
"Doggone it! Are they THAT hard up for Space Cadets?'"
22
space journal
�I
EDITOR'S NOTE: Recent investigations in
kinetic energy; or, in formula LE=Eri+E k.
astronautics have resulted in a new concept
But this is true only in a state of equilibrium;
which may help relate the macrocosm to the
for example, a satellite in orbit around Earth
microcosm, with the tie between them being
or one of its sister planets, the swinging
time.
pendulum of a clock, etc. But if we consider
Briefly the idea is this: in basic physics we
the total energy required to bring a mass into
learn that the total energy of a mass is equal
a new state of equilibrium, then this formula
to the sum of its potential energy and its
no longer holds true-according to the new
concept of "displacement energy" or LiE.
To illustrate, let us analyze the football
quarterback who makes a "jump" pass. Be
fore he leaps into the air, his body possesses
potential energy. As he springs into the air,
two things happen: time elapses and his
potential energy is converted to kinetic ener
gy. However, during the time he is moving
upward, energy must also be expended to
lift his energy needed to throw the ball. This,
then, is the "displacement energy," and it
must be accounted for in any computation of
the total energy needed for such a pass. Thus
the formula must now become: �E=E p +Ei. +
LiE.
The same holds true for launching a
satellite into orbit around Earth, lunar probes,
and interplanetary Space flights.
Within the microcosm the concept of
E
may also have far reaching consequences.
It may even impinge upon a unified concept
of universal occurrences. In this respect,
E
seems comparable to Maxwell's "displace
ment current," which explains, among other
things, the action of a capacitor (condenser)
in an electric circuit. Indeed, there is a
striking similarity between the two concepts
in that both involve the consideration of
time as the essential determinant.
The discovery and formulation of this im
portant concept was made by Helmut Hoepp
ner, formerly of the Army Ballistic Missile
Agency and now Senior Scientist for As
tronautics at the Chrysler Corporation, and
his co-worker at ABMA B. Spencer Isbell, also
editor of SPACE Journal. Both Hoeppner and
Isbell credit Professor Hermann Oberth with
assistance and encouragement during their
work on L'iE.
-Mitchell R. Sharpe
23
space journal
�design criteria for buildings
on the moon
By John S. Rinehart
John 5. Rinehart, o physicist, received his
Bachelor of Science degree from Northeast Mis
souri State Teachers College in 1934, his Moster
of Science degree from California Institute of
Technology in 1937, and his doctorate from the
State University of Iowa in 1940. He hos taught
at Kansas Stole College, Wayne University, and
Harvard University. A former associate director
of the Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory, he
has also worked for the Naval Ordnance Test
Station ond the former New Mexico Experimental
Range. He is presently a professor of mining
engineering al the Colorado School of Mines
and director of the Mining Research Laboratory.
A member of Sigma Xi, the American Physical
Society, and the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, he is the author of
War Weapons for Air Warfare and The Behavior
of Metals Under Impulsive loads. for his serv
ices during World War 11, he was awarded o
Presidential Certificate of Merit.
During this revolution it turns exactly once on
its own axis so that it always presents the same
side to Earth (but the Sun illuminates all points
on the Moon at some time during this revolu
tion.) The Moon wobbles a bit so that actually
we see about
¼
59 percent of its surface.
Its diameter is 2160 miles, approximately
that of Earth, but its mass is only 1 /81
that of Earth; thus its density (pounds per cubic
feet) is only 0.61 times that of Earth or about
280 pounds per cubic foot.
From this we
derive, from Newton's universal law of gravi
tation, a most significant and important result,
namely, that the gravitational attraction at the
Man will, within the foreseeable future, con
Moon's surface is only 0.165 (approximately
struct permanent buildings on the Moon to
serve as living quarters for Moon explorers,
1 /6) that on the surface of Earth. Thus on the
surface of the Moon every object will weigh
laboratories for astrophysical and astrochemi
only 1/6 as much as on the surface of Earth.
cal research, maintenance shops for the ve
hicles of the Space traveler, stations for
The mass of each object is, however, inde
communication networks, and numerous other
tinually keep the distinction between mass and
structures.
weight clearly in mind.
built?
24
How are these buildings to be
pendent of its location. In design one must con
What are the basic design criteria?
The environment of a building on the Moon
How do they differ from those applicable to
Earth-situated buildings? What special facil
The Moon has no observable atmosphere.
differs markedly from its environment on Earth.
ities must be provided that are not needed on
There is no haze, no clouds, no winds, no rain
Earth? What are the environmental differences
and hazards? What determines the material
or snowstorms. The building is either bathed
in intense sunshine or looks upon stark, black,
we use? What problems must the architect and
cold Space. It will be continuously plagued
the construction engineer face? How are the
by a great gnat-like rain of interplanetary
materials to be transported?
dust.
The Moon is a large, essentially spherical
body which moves in a slightly elliptical orbit
had any, because of its small size and, hence,
around Earth in accordance with well-estab
low gravitational pull. The velocity of escape
The Moon has lost its atmosphere, if it ever
lished physical and astronomical laws: New
from the Moon is quite low, 1 .5 miles per
ton's
laws
of
motion;
Newton's
universal
second, as contrasted with 6.9 miles per
gravitation law; and Kepler's laws. Its mean
distance from Earth is 238,857 miles, and it
second for that of Earth. The gravitational at
takes 27.3 days to revolve once about Earth.
hold to it the nitrogen and oxygen molecules
space journal
traction of Earth is strong enough to grip and
�This is not the
They probably do not present a health hazard
case on the Moon. The thermal velocities of
but they may be sufficiently abundant to dis
the gas molecules are sufficiently high that if
color glass or plastic after long exposure.
that form our atmosphere.
gas molecules were ever present, they would
It is also not possible to define accurately
long since have wandered off into Space. A
enough the nature and distribution of meteoric
few molecules of heavy gases such as carbon
matter to estimate it as a potential hazard
dioxide, krypton, and xenon may have re
to lunar structures.
Extraterrestrial material
mained behind or may be seeping out from
exists in three forms: the most abundant by far
the Moon's interior but these are not signifi
is interplanetary dust, the dust which forms
Thus the atmospheric pressure is zero,
the zodiacal light, a faint band of light seen
cant.
and any building constructed there must be
extending from the Sun at the end of twilight;
internally pressurized with an atmosphere ,n
the next is debris from comets, which, when
which human beings can survive.
they streak through our atmosphere produce
The Moon's surface, unshielded by an ab
intensely
luminous
trails,
called
meteors,
sorbing atmosphere, con feel the full force of
and, lastly, the meteorites, probably great
the Sun's rays and become extremely hot on
masses of stone and iron and fragments of
one side while the other side will quickly hove
planets which once resided between Mars and
radiated its heat into Space and become ex
Jupiter in our solar system. The interplanetary
Day and night on the Moon
dust ranges in size from 1 to 300 microns
ceedingly cold.
ore each about two weeks long.
in diameter; meteors are fragile, porous bodies
The temperatures on the surface of the
of low-gross density; and meteorites are solid
The velocity with
Moon have been carefully measured, using a
chunks of iron and stone.
telescope equipped with a vacuum thermo
which any of these might strike the Moon
couple. On one occasion this was done during
ranges from 1.5 miles per second to about
an eclipse and it was found that the surface
44 miles per second. There will be no atmos
of the Moon cools very quickly, reaching a low
phere to check its velocity as is the case with
temperature in 20 or 30 minutes after the Sun
Earth,
stops shining. The temperature at lunar mid
the meteors are rendered impotent.
day is 214 °
F; at sunset-32
°
°
F; and at
where
the
interplanetary
dust
and
The fall of a meteorite is a relatively rar"'
F. It is possible to guess the
event: about five per day reach Earth. Inter
sort of temperature environment, maximum
planetary dust is by far more abundant in
of
changes in temperature, any structure placed
Space with the abundance of this dust in the
vicinity of the Moon being about 5 x 10-21
on the Moon will be subjected to. Any structure
grams per cubic centimeter. The Moon sweeps
placed there must be able to withstand these
up this material at the rate of 110 tons in
extreme temperatures and especially the tre
a 24-hour period.
midnight -243
and
m1n1mum
temperatures
and
rates
mendous temperature gradients.
Thus the chance of a large building being
The ultraviolet radiation, normally absorbed
by Earth's atmosphere, will be sufficiently in
tense to render panes of glass or plastic use
less as
windows.
Thus,
shutters
for
such
windows must be provided.
struck by a meteorite or a meteor is negligible,
one hit in perhaps several thousand years.
lnterplanentary dust is the real hazard, and
we do not know how great it is. The particles
ore small; and even though of great velocity,
The Moon is continually bombarded by
they could be easily warded off with an um
particulate matter: cosmic rays, charged par
brella-like shield. The best estimate is that
ticles, and meteoric particles. Not much is
about three or four particles, with diameters
known about the rote of influx of cosmic rays
ranging from 0.0002 to 0.0004 inches, would
Ill
strike each square yard of exposed surface
indicate that they are considerably more
abundant in space than we have thought.
per day. A meteoric shield must be a part of
any structure built on the Moon.
although
recent
records
from
Explorer
25
space journal
�-
Scale model of a Moon building designed and built by the Wonder Building Corporation of America, as a permanent
structure for our Moon explorers. The plastic bubble-type ob servolory in the foreground is protected from ultraviolet radi
ation by sliding metal doors. The overhead structure is a meteorite shield to protect the building proper. The dome
in the center of the barrier is a traffic control tower. The proposed building would be 340 feet long, 160 feet wide,
and 65 feel high.
From a practical viewpoint, the exact nature
of the surface of the Moon is our greatest
unknown. On a grand scale we know that the
Moon's surface is covered with large and deep
craters, huge mountain ranges, and vast flat
areas. But we can not look at the Moon in
the intimate detail needed to provide us with
realistic design data for construction. Resolu
tion with our best telescopes is about one
mile.
Opinion is now divided as to the nature of
the Moon's landscape. At an Air Force sym
posium on this subject in April 1958, three
eminent astronomers summarized their variant
ideas:
1. The maria (large dark flat areas) are
almost certainly covered with lava and will
make flrm landing spots for Earth's space
ships.
2. The rock has turned slowly to dust by
bombardment of rays and particles from the
Sun and Space. The dust, kept stirred up by
the same agents that formed it, has flowed like
a slow liquid into the Moon's low places so the
26
space journal
maria are not filled with lava, but with dust
perhaps several miles deep. Dust near the
surface may be as fluffy as baby powder.
Unwary ships might disappear in dry quick
sand.
3. Although the Moon may have plenty of
dust, its surface has been solidified. There may
be a thin layer like dust on a grand piano,
but the underlying material, cemented to
gether (not stirred up) by bombardment from
Space, is probably "crunchy" and strong
enough to support air alighting spaceships.
With this lack of knowledge and great
divergence of opinion, we can only design
for the worst condition: a sea of dust upon
which we must float our structures.
Without defining the specific function of
the building we know that it must provide for
the following:
1. Living quarters, including rooms for
sleeping, cooking, eating and recrea
tion.
2. Physics, chemistry, and biological
laboratories.
�become important in design of the heating,
3. A control tower for communication,
studies,
power, water, sewage, and ventilating system.
tions, traffic control, etc.
cause man will be able to lift himself with l /6
meteorological
servations,
earth obobservaastronomical
Ramps and stairs can be much steeper be
4. Air conditioning, heating, power and
the effort required on Earth. A crane designed
refrigeration plants, oxygen produc
for a one ton load on Earth can be lift at least
tion units, extreme-temperature regu
six tons on the Moon. We must, on the other
lating devices, water supply and sew
hand, be careful with our elevators for here
age disposal plants.
we are accelerating and decelarating masses.
5.
A machine shop and equipment main
No consideration need be given wind or
tenance area. Further, we know that
snow loads since they will not exist. Our major
the structure must be built as on in
stresses now come from the artificial atmos
tegral floatable unit.
phere contained within the hermetically sealed
We assume the following: (1) that the loca
tion of the building on the Moon will be fixed;
(2) that the building will be constructed from
materials brought from Earth; (3) that the
building will provide the functions listed above;
building. Normal atmospheric pressure, 14.7
pounds per square inch, is a realistic figure to
use for design purposes; 1 0 pounds per square
inch would be sufficient. The problem is not
unlike that enco-untered by the designers of
high-flying aircraft except
perhaps in one
and (4) that it will be a permanent-type build
respect which could be significant. On the
ing in the sense that it will be occupied on a
Moon we can play the gravitational forces
continuing basis for several years.
against the air pressure forces, achieving some
A Moon building presents its own peculiar
problems, and first is the matter of gravity.
The force of gravity on the Moon is approxi
mately l 6 that of Earth. This means that the
deflection of a cantilever beam or any other
load-supporting beam or column will be only
l /6 as great as it would be on Earth. Changes
in gravity will not affect the strength proper
ties of the materials. For design purposes we
can,
in static
situations
only,
replace
the
gravity of 32 feet per second which repeatedly
appears in our strength of materials formulas
by 116 its value, say five feet per second.
A whole new field of design is opened up.
It is as if we hod an exceedingly high-strength,
lightweight construction material.
We must, however, be wary of any dyomic
situation. We do not change the mass of our
material by transporting it to the Moon. It
would be just as difficult to accelerate a car
kind of equilibrium which may gain us an ad
vantage.
This is a matter that needs look
ing into. Broad expanses of curved structures
can be used, but we must tie the whole to
gether with rods or similar means so that it
does not explode.
Rapid, intense heating and sudden, severe
cooling present difficult but certainly solvable
design problems. The parts of the structure be
coming shaded will immediately become very
cold, while those in the Sun will remain heated
to a high temperature. During the lunar day,
when the Sun is upon the structure, devices
must be provided to regulate the influx and
efflux of heat. These should be tied together
to the heating and ventilating systems. But
we must also be prepared to be without our
principal energy source, the Sun, for two
weeks at a time. This means providing energy
storage facilities of no mean proportion.
on the Moon as it is on Earth. Thus, designs
The potential hazard from cosmic rays,
involving vibratory or rotary motion must con
while still one of the big unknowns, is proba
form to the normal Earth pattern. An electric
bly not great enough to warrant modifying
generator designed for Moon use would not
building practices. Eventually the living quar
appear substantially different from an earthly
ters may be lined with thin sheets of lead.
one.
The bombardment by meteoric matter is
Reduction in gravity will influence the con
serious but can be dealt with. The best ap
vective flow of air and the rate of flow of
proach is to use the scheme long in use by
liquids downhill. These changes are likely to
tent dwellers to protect themselves from the
27
space journal
�fury of rainstorms; o canvas canopy covering,
need not be built to withstand the tumultuous
placed above and separated some distance
forces exerted by a watery ocean. The dust on
from the roof of the lent, which dulls the force
the Moon is as calm as o mild pond.
of the impact of the raindrops and diverts the
According to Archimedes' principle o body
material away from the roof of the tent. On the
immersed in o fluid is woter buoyed up by a
Moon, the conopy must be of o metal, with a
force equol to the weight of the fluid it dis
thickness sufficient to stop meteoritic dust. A
places. A 10,000-ton ship, for example, hos
1 /32-inch thick aluminum shield should be
320,000 cubic feet immersed when it is float
sufficient. We cannot hope to protect against
chance encounters with large meteoric bodies
ing. Now, how will the dust oceon oct in this
respect? We ore sofe in concluding that it will
anymore than o canvas shield protects oginst
act os o fluid of low density: for design pur
large hailstones. Provision should be mode
for replacing sections of the shield as they
poses, obout
Finally, we ore concerned with foundations
for the building and here is the greatest
30 pound per cubic foot. Thus the lower port
There seems to be but little else
the volume, V, so covered being given by
V (ff1 )
Totol weight of building (pounds)
30
to do but lo design the building as o structure
which floats in a stationary ocean of dust,
The dust will tend to support the lower floor
anchored in place by large, heavy blocks
or hull. At o 6.6-foot depth, the pressure act
suspended by long cables from the body of
ing on the floor will be just equol to atmos
the structure. In many ways its construction
pheric pressure. If the hull is embedded to
will resemble that of a ship at anchor, o freely
depths greater thon this it must be designed
flooting,
self-contained
t
I
times the density of water or
of our building will be covered with dust,
become damaged.
difficulty.
0.5
unit.
The
building
need not be streamlined. Fortunately, olso, it
so os not to be crushed by the weight of the
dust.
Cutowoy view of the ,nteroor of the Moon building shows c omportmenls for reseorch, liv,ng quorlers, observotoroes, etc
The enlronce ,s of the right end of the building where there is on arr Ioele Pressure doors separate the ma,n oreos from
eoch other and prevent loss of internal oir pressure in cose of o puncture of the overhead sh,eld ond bu,/ding by
meteors
eruov ANO READING
C.OMPA.R.TMENT
ME.5S HALL
SHOPS
LAB.
LIVING QUARTERS
LAB
E.MERGE.I\IC.Y OXYGEN
28
space journal
J
I
�Heres a full scientific report
on ·space flight-its past,
present . . . and future!
Since the building is floating, weight must
be fairly uniformly distributed if it is not
to topple over or settle unevenly.
If the Moon's surface proves to be suffi
ciently solid, it will provide normal support for
the building and may be used as foundation
blocks.
There is no one building uniquely qualified
for placement on the Moon. Design require
ments allow as well as demand a diversity of
structural types, proportions, materials and
SPACE
FLICHT
forms. The Buck Rogers portable and infla
table plastic balloon house is o perfectly
practical type of temporary housing.
Permanent housing must be fabricated from
more durable materials. Aluminum suggests it
self immediately because of its high strength,
Satellites, Spaceships, Space Station and
Space Travel
low weight, and ease of fabrication. Aluminum
also provides a good reflecting surface which
Bv CARSBIE C. ADAMS
aids in cooling problems.
President, National Research and Development
Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia
The basic elements of the Wonder Build
ing
Corporation of
America's "Truss-Skin"
NOW-the exciting and factual account
of what is involved in space flight
-and how our scientists and
engineers are bringing us into
this new era-is given by ex
perts.
roof system ore well suited for construction of
Moon buildings because of its great flexibility
and
versatility.
Some
details
hove neces
sarily been modified, including the develop
ment of means for hermetically sealing the
structures.
The basic scientific information needed to
complete first designs of functional and at
tractive buildings for use on the Moon ore at
hand. Our task has been the very specific one
)
of taking these scientific guide lines and pro
From man's earliest skyward thoughts to today's ACTUAL 7>/cms
for Jl,iaht in spare . . . the men, discoveries, and lechnologlral
advances responsible are now brought berore you In a striking
review.
The treatment is soundly technical, fully annotated, and fasci
nating In Its portrayal or far-reaching concepts and the growth
or the means or thelr realization.
Here Is an Integrated picture or the ways In which the many
fields that lend their knO\\'ledge to astronautics are working
together to make spaee flight a reality. You learn about the
<'Ontrlbullons made by:
ACT NOW
Keep up with the fast changing
and swiftly moving field of space
l
l
and space science.
Fill out the enclosed post-paid card
and become a regular reader of
SPACE Journal.
-material,
-space medicine
-<hemistry
-and olher fields
-astrophysics
ducing a practical model.
-<ommunications
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Dr. Wernher von Braun says
of the book in his preface, "I am
certain that il will soon attain
the stature or one of the few
great classics on this fasrinal!n�
and many-faceted subject." It
thoroughly covers the theories,
methods, equipment. and pivotal
scientitlc and human factors
for everyone with either a Cun<'
lional or general interest in any
aspect or the development of
pracllcal space fl lght.
:J.,,ee
:Je,,-day
Gxaminalion
----,I
r------------------
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
327 W. 41st St., N.Y.C., Dept. SJ-59-1
Semi me .\<la111,·
81'.\('E FLl(:IIT
tor l(J dU,\'.'\. CXltolllli.H 1011 un 8JJ
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29
space journal
:
�--METEORITES
GLOBAL REPORTING
*
Russia
Soviet cosmic ray studies are being pursued at a new Pamira Mountains scientific center in
Central Asia. The center is equipped with a 70-ton electromagnet, a cloud chamber, an ionization
hodoscope, and automatic control equipment. When the apparatus is assembled, Soviet scientists
will be able to detect the flux of cosmic particles over a wide area. Studies of nuclear interac
*
tions at energies of 50-billion electron volts ore going on, too.
A Soviet satellite for relaying TV broadcasts appears to be in the planning stages, with
scientists anxious to carry out preliminary tests of both the rocket vehicle and the broadcast relay
apparatus. The decision to push ahead with such a pion was mode lost January by the TV section
of the USSR Scientific and Technical Society of Radio Technology and Electrical Communications.
It is claimed that a steady reception would be assured throughout the Eastern Hemisphere. Thus,
the TV satellite would give the Russians on "electronic foot" in the door of countries inhabited by
*
some
2.2
billion persons.
The Moscow City Council is sponsoring a contest among Soviet sculptors for the design of
a monument in commemoration of the launchin g of Sputnik
I.
Many models and designs hove
been submitted and ore currently on view in Moscow for public reaction. Visitors to the ex
hibition ore asked to write their comments on v arious designs as on aid to the panel of judges
that will make the final selection.
*
Great Britain
A Space medicine symposium, organized by the British Interplanetary Society and the
Royal Air Force, Institute of Aviation Medicine, was held on 16 October 1958. The subjects
discussed included the effects of conditions Ii kely to be encountered in Space (excessive ac
*
celeration, weightlessness, radiation, temperature extremes, etc.) and means for their mitigation,
food supplies, psychology, current research pro grams, etc.
The new British rocket testing center "Spadea dam" is now under construction near Carlisle,
Cumberland. The project, which includes a complete settlement with restaurants, recreation halls,
stores, hospital, fire house, is being erected with g overnment funds. After completion it will be mode
available to the rocket and missile divisions of Rolls Royce and de Hovillond.
*
FRANCE
The French atomic scientist C.-N. Mortin hos come to the conclusion that the Russian Sput
niks were not launched from the Caspian Sea a reo but from the Ukraine. He reports his reasons
in
30
Les Satellites Artificiels.
space journal
•
�*
United States
The United States Air Force recently disclosed that it has been recovering recorded scien
tific information from outer space with some of its Thor and Atlas missile flights that carry op
erational nose cones.
The nose cone, developed by General Electric, is equipped with a "messenger" that records
data during flight. Before the nose cone returns to Earth, the "messenger" is ejected from it
by a small jato unit. The "messenger" itself is a small plastic sphere 18 inches in diameter.
It contains a tape recorder, a junction box, a battery pack, dye markers, and a sofar sounding
bomb. The plastic is strong enough to protect the instruments yet light enough to allow the
*
"messenger" to float in water.
4
A four-man experimental Space station, launched by an Atlas missile and orbiting 400 miles
above Earth, has been proposed by the Convair Division of General Dynamics Corporation.
According to the proposal which the firm says could be a reality within five years from the starting
date, an Atlas without nose cone or associated weapons gear would be fired into orbit. The shell
would be equipped as a Space station. Escape gliders are fastened to the back for return to Earth.
*
United Nations
The abolition of national claims to the Moon and the planets of the Solar System is expected
to be a major issue on the provisional agenda of the United Nations Assembly. Secretary General
Dag Hammarshkjold voicing the proposals of the United States and Russia has called for inter
national agreement which would rule that outer Space should be a community affair with individual
power claims to celestial bodies illegal.
31
space journal
�INT 0 SPACE
The Moon has beckoned for ten thousand years
To tribes and generations of mankind;
And now this world is ringing loud with cheers
As men set out, another world to find.
The Greeks before us watched the stars, and dreamed
Of travellers beyond this earthly sphere;
They gazed enraptured ot the Moon, which seemed
To beckon-and which filled their souls with fear.
The Middle Ages came and passed, devoid
Of any hope, beyond the realm of dreams
That men could ever travel in the void
Through which the Moon sends down its golden beams.
For space flight once was just a prayer, but now
We stand upon the verge of knowing how.
by Wade Wellman
"Through science we seek to owoken man to his philosophical significance in
the setting of the Universe. This activity of science hos never been more dominant
than ii is today. for, whereas the men of yesterday were interested in extending
their frontiers merely over the face of the Earth, we ore today extending our fron•
tiers into Outer Space, thinking not of one world but of many."
ANDREW C. IVY
"I believe that the time hos arrived for
medical investigation of the problems of
manned Rocket flight, for it will not be the
engineering problems but rather the limits
of the human frame that will make the
final decision as to whether manned Space
flight will eventually become a Reality."
WERNHER von BRAUN
�dynamics of life
in the universe
By John Hutley
John Hulley was barn in Florida and edu•
cated in Europe and the United States, gradu•
ating mo9no cum laude from Harvard in 19AA.
A veteran of World War II, he has worked far
the Office al Strategic Services as a historian
and was chief of the European Regional Stoll
in the Washington headquarters of the Marshall
Pion. Al present he lives in Washington, D. C.
where he is doing original research into Space
philosophy from the ecological approach.
The preceding article (Space Journal, Sum•
mer,
1958) described human activity
from
on ecological aspect: seeking expansion and
survival, humans may carry life from planet
to planet.
Illustrations were taken from na
ture os we observe it on Eorth 's surface. The
next step is to examine the hypothesis from
the point of view of nature os we observe it
in the Universe around us. At this level, the
interacting forces ore simpler ond more
fundamental.
During most of recorded history, men have
gazed upon the heavens with a mixture of
wonder and foreboding. In the heavens they
personified forces which could give, alter or
remove life. These personi.ficotions represented
a view of reality which approximated the
truth. One important error, however, was the
shortness of time-concepts; the end of the
world hos been anticipated on specific dotes
which turned out to be incorrect.
In recent centuries, the pendulum hos swung
the other way. The extreme view was adopted
that the present order of things is eternal.
The first telescopes revealed only stable
revolutions in our planetary system. Discarding
historical beliefs, early scientists substituted a
relaxing view of invariable and perpetual
motions in a calm Universe.
Today we have bigger telescopes, as well
as spectroscopes and radiotelescopes, sup
plemented by increasing microscopic observa
tions and a growing kn0wledge of Earth's
history. The application of physical sciences
takes us out of static analysis and introduces us
to the dynamics of the Universe. In the words
of C. Payne-Goposchkin,
Ten years ago in our hypotheses of cosmic
evolution we were thinking in terms of
gravitation and light pressure.••. Tomor
row we may contemplate a galaxy that
ts essentially a gravitating, turbulent
electromagnet.
(Scientific American, September, 19 53)
Modern astronomy is approaching a, middle position between the extreme views of
earlier times. We live in a cosmos, the forces
of which can indeed create, change or remove
life.
All bodies in the Universe-stars, comets,
planets, asteroids, meteors, cosmic clouds and
dust-are composed of the same atoms; all
are radiant, but in different degrees. Stars rep
resent the highest degree of atomic activity.
Nuclear fusion occurs at temperatures ranging
from thousands to millions of degrees. This
process transforms an original supply of hydro
gen into other types of atoms. In their forma
tive stages, stars may cast off the aggregations
of matter which form the lesser bf>dies of
the Universe. While the degree of stellar
radiation varies, it is always intense.
On smaller bodies, atomic activity is sub
stantially below the level of nuclear fusion.
On their surfaces, the relative coolness permits
33
space journal
�the stability of atomic structure. Under certain
limited conditions, a planetary surface may
support processes which cannot occur in the
nuclear furnace of a star. With the right
combinat· ion of atoms, with sufficient gravity
to retain atmosphere, and under the stimulus
of stellar radiation, complex transformations
and activities may develop on the planetary
surface.
Chemists have long since shown how the
more complex inorganic compounds arise from
simpler ones. In recent years, American scien
tists have also shown how molecules essential
te organic life may develop. They have at
tempted to simulate the conditions and stimuli
occurring on our planet several hundred
million years ago.
At that time, the surface probably consisted
of oceans of the simpler atoms. Without plants,
there could be no oxygen or ozone shield.
Consequently stellar rays would beat directly
upon the oceans. The resulting reactions have
been partly reproduced in the laboratory,
with various groups of atoms and electrical
stimuli. The product was amino acids. These
are key acids necessary to the build-up of
proteins, which in turn ore essential to organic
life.
What has particularly interested scientists
is the fact that varying combinations of atoms
under varying stimuli produced amino acids.
The tendency to evolve molecules essential
for the life process occurs in varying con
ditions.
Together with other finds, these experiments
narrow the gap between chemistry and
biology. The bridge between the two has not
yet been found, but the continuing progress
sustains scientific opinion that it exists: life
naturally evolves in appropriate situations.
So far as we can observe, the evolutionary
process may be taking place on at least one
other of the planets in our solar system. Ob
serving the uniformity of the Universe and
the commonness of our Sun, leading astronom
ers today infer that similar processes are occur
ring on a proportionate number of the bil
lions of planets estimated to be in our galaxy.
On the basis of our present understanding
of Earthly evolution, it appears that plant
life must come first, because it depends direct-
34
space journal
ly on Solar radiation. Once it appears, it
discharges oxygen. The resulting build-up of
atmosphere absorbs or scatters back about
30 percent of the Solar energy, including
particularly the ultraviolet. This protection
both preserves life and slows down the rate of
transformation at the planetary surface.
The evolution of species occurs through
genetic mutations. These may be stimulated
by residual radioactivity at the surface; by
such radiation as pierces the atmosphere; by
thermal, chemical and unknown forces, inter
nal or external. Experiments have shown that
mutations are induced by such stimuli.
Radiation from stars like our Sun changes
susbtantially. In the long run it rises steadily.
Medium-term fluctuations raise or lower its
intensity. These changes in stellar radiation
not only determine whether life will evolve,
but also the rate of duration of its evolution.
The long-run trend determines how long a
planetary surface will be favorable to organic
life. According to E. J. Oepik (Scientific
American, June, 1958), Solar radiation be
came sufficiently intense for continuous life on
Earth about 750 million years ago. Prior to
that date, medium-term fluctuations may hove
stimulated the origin of life several separate
times before continuous life became possible.
About one billion years in the future, similar
discontinuities may result from fluctuations
around the long-term trend toward excessive
radiation.
Fifty million miles further from our Sun,
Mars now receives much less radiation. Ob
servations indicate that only primitive forms
of life, such as algae, lichens and fungi, have
developed on its surface thus far. Provided
the water shortage is not prohibitive, it should
become more favorable as increasing radia
tion makes Earth less so.
Conceivably the ice-laden surfaces of Jupi
ter and the further planets may in turn become
more hospitable to such life as can adapt to
their gravity. At some point, however, the long
run curve of solar radiation will begin to
rise sharply. Our Sun's expansion will reach
explosive proportions, and lif�, y,,ill no longer
be possible in this planetary system.
During the hundreds of millions of years
that the long-term trend favors life on a partic-
��ular planet, the medium-term cycle markedly
hod acted as barriers to its earlier ver
affects it. Oepik attributes Earth's 250-million
sions. (Scientific Monthly, Moy, 19 57)
year recurrence of Ice Ages to periodic de
Mobility is essential to this process. The
clines in Solar radiation.
During the six mil
lion years of an Ice Age, the ice cap may
advance and
recede.
Such
glaciations
as
doily weather. As new species evolve, capable
of utilizing environmental forms of energy
well as other crustal disturbances select those
more effectively than others,
species which can adapt to them.
through migration. Plants ore as migrant as
they expand
The evolution of new forms may also be
animals in the long run; the seeds of most
affected by fluctuations in radiation. Paleon
botanical species ore adopted to transport
tology divides the history of life on Earth
by wind or water, on the fur or feathers of
into a series of ages. Ages are characterized
animals and birds as well as in their intestines.
by the prolonged stability of their various
Over
periods of time,
continuing
inter
species; the rate of evolution is slight. Shorter
change of species permits those best adopted
intervening periods separate the ages; during
for any locality to displace those less adopted.
these, the extinction of old species and muta
The result is the development of interdepend
tion of new ones apparently occur at a massive
ent ecological communities which take maxi
rate.
mum advantage of the solar and other energy
Changes of temperature and radiation
may account for these simultaneous extinc
tions and mutations.
continuing process. The origin, rate, direction
and possible conclusion of evolution are forms
of interaction between variable stellar radia
tion and planetary enviroment.
The tendency of evolution is to absorb on
increasing amount of Solar energy through
the activity of increasingly complex forms of
life.
available in any particular climatic region.
Occasional natural calamities may denude
Elemental sensitivity to radiation is thus a
Simple forms, like algae, utilize Solar
energy directly. A fuller use is achieved by
interdependent organisms. Plants, insects, birds
and other animals are able to absorb more
energy by specialization and exchange.
Through mutation, these complex interde
pendent forms evolve. In the words of H. J.
Muller,
whole areas. Migration permits species to sur
vive such events and subsequently to revitalize
those areas. Land which hos been laid bore
by fire, flood or other local catastrophe re
ceives solar energy only to dissipate it into
Space. Gradually the seeds of cru�e plant
forms, borne by wind, birds or other carriers,
take root. Certain types of insect life migrate
into the area, attracted by the plants. When
they have adequately developed the top-so-ii,
more advanced plants move in,
displacing
the previous inhabitants and making possible
the arrival of higher types of animal life. Thus,
over a century or two, the area progresses to
what ecologists coll a "climax" community
a close-knit and delicately balanced system of
plants, insects and animals.
Living matter, unlike non-living, is by rea
son of its doubling and redoubling al
36
environment varies with seasons, latitudes and
Oce0<1s bar mig�ation of most land species
other than man.
Until
times,
the
ways tending to expand, not like a gos
separate
that becomes more dilute and feebler
varying in their degree of
in the process, but with increase of its
energy-utiHzation. As a general rule, larger
moss and no relenting of its pressure out
areas developed more advanced forms of life
ward
and
because they afforded greater opportunity
crevices. In fact, the pressure of the liv
for variation and selection. In the Americas
ing matter tends to increase with its ex
and in Australia, species were fewer and often
and
into
diverse
corners
continents
modern
supported
communities
adoption and
pansion, since at the same time, by
more primitive than those of the Afro-Eurasian
means of its mutations, it is trying out all
land moss. They were still sparser on islands.
sorts of new versions of itself and per
About a million years ago our highly-spe
petuating and sending furthest forward
cialized form of life evolved on the large con
Physically weak and dependent on
those that con expand the fastest and
tinent.
that con enter regions and situations that
other species for the conversion of
space journal
Solar
�energy, man has an intelligence which per
mits the use of tools. During 99 percent of the
period from then till now, our ancestors ex
perimented with stones, sharpening them for
use in catching and processing other animals;
their societies receded and advanced in the
face of the cyclical glaciations of the present
Ice Age. Then about 10,000 years ago, they
developed carpentry. They began to ex
ploit the environment, and gradually became
the most mobile of species.
During the last five centuries, men have
overcome the ocean barrier. As they crossed
the seas with increasing frequency, our fore
fathers carried other forms of life. In part this
process was intentional: they took their favorite
trees, flowers and pets, as well as the plants
and animals they wanted to consume. Probably
to a greater extent, it was unintentional: seeds,
insects and sometimes even larger forms of
life chanced to accompany the voyagers. Dar
win, among others, noted the beneficent
effects of human mobility in advancing the
levels of organic life on areas previously cut
off from one another.
Transoceanic mobility was a big step when
it occurred. But it has become evident that
human powers far exceed this accomplish
ment. Men explore the highest mountains,
descend to the oceans' depths, balloon into
the atmosphere. The development of aerial
Aight and the first probings of outer Space
have led to preliminary experiments in the
direction of interplanetary exploration. There
seems to be no limit to our mobility so long
as environments at both ends of the trip are
hospitable.
To expand our efficiency we have exploited
other organic life and reduced the net absorp
tion of Solar energy. But the cost is small com
pared to the possible gains. The achievement
of interplanetary mobility would make it possi
ble to expand wherever the temporary condi
tions in a variable Universe permit.
Here on Earth, we are familiar wit-h minor
variations and disturbances. Atmospheric
changes give us cloudy or clear skies, wind,
rain, snow, hail, lightning and the like. We
adapt to these. The tilt of our planet's axis
gives us seasons, and we adapt to these.
Occasional disturbances include local hur
ricanes, tornadoes, floods and earthquakes.
Photograph by Dr. V. Ben Meen
CHUBB CRATER FROM THE AIR-The crater, perfectly round and
more than two miles across al the rim, is an unmistakable landmark
from the air. It was explored and proved to be of meteoritic origin
by a Notional Geographic .Society-Royal Ontario Museum expedition
during July and August, 1951.
Our mobility permits us to min1m1ze losses and
afterwards to restore life to demand areas.
On a larger scale the cosmos offers many
hazards, as well as stimuli, to planetary life.
These occur at • a leisurely pace, spanning
millions of years. But they are correspondingly
much greater, and sometimes destructive to
celestial bodies. Long as are the time-periods,
they are only fractions of that needed for the
evolution of advanced life. Consequently an
effective organic response must include suffi
cient specialization and mobility to adapt to
them.
In addition to the cycles of Solar radiation,
other events occur. As yet we know too little
to predict them all; but the time spans between
major events appear to be much longer than
between minor ones.
Some of the hazards of the Universe are
relatively small-useful as reminders that they
do exist. Perhaps a few thousand meteors
strike our atmosphere each day. Occasionally
one is large enough to come down to the
surface and even more infrequent ones are
37
space journal
�A National Geographic Society-Royal Ontario Museum Expedition under the direction of Dr. Vidor Ben Meen,
Museum geologist, in 1951 probed the mysterious crater daily for four weeks and concluded that it was formed by
the crash of a meteor some 30 to 150 centuries ago. Frederick Chubb (above, left), pro$tpecfor and explorer who
first spotted the crater, and Dr. Meen (right) describe their field procedure to a visiting scientist, Dr. I. W. Jones,
chief of the Geological Surveys Branch of the Quebec Dep artment of Mines.
large enough to mark the surface. Canyon
Dioblo in Arizona is ¾-ths of a mile across
and 600 feet deep. Chubb Crater in Canada
is bigger. Other craters may have been
formed and subsequently erased by wind,
rain and organic life. The 30,000 craters on
the earthward side of the Moon may illustrate
what our planet would look like without these
erosive forces.
Asteroids are much fewer and less likely
to collide with our planet. On the other hand,
their size-up to 400 miles in diameter
would end life over a substantial area. Comets
range from 4 to 20 times Earth's diameter;
but they are so thin that collision would or
dinarily have little effect.
Collisions between planets or other large
objects may occur. The asteroid belt, the
38
space journal
meteors and the bodies reflecting zodiacal
light are all thought to be remnants of a
planet which used to circle at one remove
from us, between Mars and Jupiter. We do not
yet know the cause of its break-up; it hos
tentatively been attributed to collision.
Another possible type of planetary dis
turbance is a shift of axis while remaining in
orbit. Magnetic analysis of ancient rocks in
dicates that Earth's polarization has been at
various times opposite and perpendicular
to its present direction. The location of ice
cap remnants below, and on, the present
equator may be interpretec' in support of
what Gold and Hoyle call "polar toppling."
However, there is no agreement yet on the
evidence or on the internal or external forces
which might cause such shifts.
�On a water-dominated planet like ours,
polar toppling would induce continental floods.
A Great Flood, the story of which is told in
most ancient sacred/epic works, perhaps really
happened. As those oral traditions indicate,
however, partial survival of animal life is
likely, especially if preparatory measures have
been taken.
The chance of collision between stars of
different galaxies seems to be greater than
it is between
stars of the same galaxy.
Galaxies are quadrillions of miles across, and
move at thousands of miles per second. In con
sequence, their paths occasionally intersect.
Members of the Coma metagalaxy, for in
stance, are sufficiently close together that in
tersection of two or more of its galaxies must
occur every 150 million years on the average.
Several galactic intersections are currently
under observation (a most striking one at
NGC 5128). But they are too far away for us
to ascertain much about them, except that they
are the loudest transmitters of radio noise in
the Universe. Stars are so widely spaced that
galaxies probably pass through one another
with only a few actual collisions. Near misses
might affect stars and their planets in various
ways.
Such effects could stimulate life on
some, retard or destroy it on others.
These are the types of turbulence which
Comparison of the enlarged view of the Moon's crater
Copernicus indicates striking similarities to craters on
Earth.
© National Geographic Society
�·::es--
Locking the Earth's dense atmospheric protection, the Moon hos been scarred by a perpetual deluge of meteorites.
scientists
are
investigating
today.
Natural
simultaneously,
conditions,
stimuli,
events disrupt the courses of celestial bodies,
planets
just as hurricanes and other phenomena oc
disturbances
casionally overwhelm localities on Earth. liv
ing organisms must be especially sensitive to
will vary. Some variations will encourage the
growth of advanced forms of life. Others will
such events.
not. Some areas may be relatively rich, others
The variable character of the
Universe
probably makes the advancement of evolution
and
intervening
time periods
relatively barren in the evolution of plant and
animal communities.
size, age and radiation. Their planets may
The evidence of this planet suggests that
hundreds of miltions of years are required
vary in size, composition and distance fr<>m
to reach our level. Over so long a period
different on different planets.
40
their suns. If evolution proceeds on billions of
space journal
Stars vary in
�environmental changes may exceed favorable
limits. Radiation is a principal determinant.
A planet now well-suited for life may, in a
preceding age, have undergone an excessive
drop or increase in radiation. Fire or ice may
have left only primeval organisms to take ad
vantage of the intervening favorable period.
Other hazards may have had similar effects.
More often than not, the evolution of life
on a planet may be interrupted before it
reaches advanced stages. This conclusion par
allels biological observations here. Nature's
lavish method is to initiate far more life than
need ever reach maturity.
On the other hand, some planets may sup
port a more luxuriant variety of life than has
evolved on Earth. These would offer species
which could advantageously be transferred
to less developed planets. Somewhere, too,
beings may hove evolved at least as complex
and as mobile as ourselves. Possible relation
ships between such beings from different
planets stretch our imagination (and may
stretch theirs also).
Among planets, differences would probably
be much greater than those which our ances
tors discovered between the continents and
islands of Earth. The natural remedy is the
some. Mobility allows life to recede, advance
and adapt to changing conditions. Through
mobility, it can strive for optimum development
in every area where conditions ore currently
favorable.
Migrant life con revitalize areas denuded
by turbulence. It can seek opportunities on
planets just entering favorable periods. It
can explore the attendant bodies around new
stars. In the earlier stages of evolution, galac
tic intersection makes the future of an in
dividual planet uncertain; but to an advanced
and agile community, it offers a rare op
portunity for intergalactic migration.
If time, wisdom and circumstances are ade
quate, we on Earth may become mobile in
Space. Seeking expansion, our species is fully
involved in the organic response to the chal
lenges of the environment. We are part of the
Universe. We shore the natural instinct to en
large the domain of present as well as of
future generations. Like those who went before
us, we probe new frontiers. We are explorers,
pioneers.
AT LAST -The
Complete
International Story of
ROCKETRY
AND SPACE
EXPLORATION
By Andrew G. Haley
President, International
Astronautical Federation
HERE IS the whole exciting story of
modern rocketry from its earliest
beginnings through World War II,
right up to today's launchings of
missiles and satellites. Here are the
famous men and milestones in the
development of rocketry . . . facts
on rocket production in the U. S.
and abroad, and a glimpse of the
fantastic future of Man's conquest
of space.
How Rockets Work
This huge book (almost a foot
high!) tells you the complete history
of rocketry-its origin, the "back
yard" rocketeers of the 30's--the
German V-2, and World War II's
contribution. With 170 dramatic il
lustrations and authoritative text, it
explains in simple, nontechnical
terms exactly how rockets operate.
Describes the Atlas, Titan, Thor,
Nike, X-15, rocket airplane of the
future, the Sputnik, the Vanguard,
and the Explorers.
A Glimpse of the Future
This u1,-to-the-minute book looks ahead
to rockels propelled by ions, nuclear
energy, and even light itself; to manned
satellites and space craft; and to the in
credible explorations of the universe that
now appear within reach.
Examine it Free for 10 Days
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for 10 days-F'REE. If not delighted with
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41
space journal
�radiation•
1n
space
travel
BY
What,
effects of
stages of
tions ore
JAN
S.
then, are the actual limitatic,ns and
this radiation? As with the beginning
many undertakings, certain Gssump
sometimes necessary. Here we must
PAUL
A Geiger Counter used in connection with radiation ex
periments conducted by the Explorer earth satellites.
Jan S. Paul wos born in lowo ond lives in
Colifornio. She specialized in nuclear engineer•
ing when much of the free World hod never
heord of the field. She ocquired her Ph.D. from
She served with
Phoenix University in Italy.
the British ond toter the U.S. forces during
World Wor II, ond with the Air force Public
lnformollon Office in Korea. Dr. Poul is now
specializing in radiation pathology and is en•
gaged in teaching ond reseorch.
With the confirmation of the presence of
bands of dangerous radiation in Space, the
concern over the effects of such radiation on
man and materials ceased to be the sole con
cern of nuclear scientists, and became a part
of the Space and rocket engineer's thinking
as well.
What is the significance of all this? First of
all it should not be assumed that such find
ings will prevent, or even appreciably slow
down the research now going on; we may
still travel to the Moon and beyond in due
time. The basic problem of keeping radiation
inside a reactor is much the same as that of
keeping it out of a Space ship. Therefore,
with many of these basic problems already
solved, the direction from here will be pri
marily in adaption and modification.
assume that this radiation is the same basic
type with which we are familiar on Earth and
that the same basic irradiation principles are
true. The National Committee on Radiation
Exposure has set the permissible radiation
dose at 15 roentgens per year, or 0.3 rotent
gens per week, based on the curie system of
measurement in which radioactivity undergoes
3.700 x l 0 10 disintegrations per second.
In such case, 15 roentgens is the maximum
safety factor for which Space engineers must
plan, design, and build. But just what happens
to the human organism beyond that limit?
Experiments, conducted for the most part on
animals, have brought to light the following
facts:
An excess overall total dose of l 000 roet
gen will produce a shortening of average
life expectancy by five years.
An excess dose of l 00 to l 000 roentgens
causes a marked decrease in the weight of
the spleen and thymus.
�The kidneys are affected by excess doses of
l 00 to 500 roetgens; and an excess dose of
50 to 300 roentgens was found to affect the
sex organs.
However, only one organ, the eye, need
ever cause immediate concern. It was found
that a dose of l 2 .5 roentgens-less than one
year's total exposure if directed only at the
eyes-could cause tendencies toward cata
racts. But let us note carefully two words
could and tendencies. What this means is that
for certain persons 1 2 .5 roentgens of radia
tion on the eyes could be dangerously harm
ful, just as for some, the sting of a bee or
the bite of a spider may prove deadly, while
for others the effect would be simply uncom
fortable.
The obvious conclusion appears to be that
Space engineers will work out protective
ratios to take care of the overall exposure and
to keep the dosage below the l 5 roentgen
level. Perhaps leaded glass goggles will be
the vogue for all Space travelers. Regardless
of the technicalities, one fact remains: man will
travel through Space safely. These bands of
radiation may call for changes in ideas and
designs in Space gear; but they will neither
halt, nor slow down to any appreciable ex
tent, man's conquest of Space.
foRME.R A.E.C. (MAIRMAN L•EWIS STRAUSS
ONCE STATED,'' TM ERE AR'E. THRE E KINDS OF
PM VSICISTS; THEO�ETICAL, APPLIED, AND
POLITICAL�' THE NAME OF E.OWAR.P TELLE�
STANDS OUT IN ALL CAT.A60RIES. As AN
EXAMPLE-MIS PORE RESEARCH IN STELLAR
FUSION WAS LATER APPLIED IN PE.VELOPIN6
TME MVt>RO<iEN 80MB. TELLER. THEN M A D
TO OEFENI> TME DECISION TO MAKE. THE
BOMB AGAINST MANY OF MIS SCIENTIFIC.
COLLEAGUES LIU> BY ROBERT OPPENHEIMER
AND A L ASl<iE SEGMENT OF THE PUBLIC.
TELLER, OF <.OUR�E., OID NONE OF THIS
SINGLE MANt>ED, BUT HIS L£APERSHIP WON
MIM THE UNOFFICIAL TITLE� FATHER OF THE
l-f-8oM8': EVEN BEFORE THAT,HE WAS
INFLUENTIAL IN PERSUADING &INSTEIN TO
WR.ITE HIS NOW-FAMOUS LETTER. TO F.D.R.
,.
THAT INITIATED MANHAT TAN PROJEC T'
ANO TME ATOMIC AGE.
ITELLER.
ORN �o YEARS A<:ro 1N HUNGARY,
FLED STRIFE TO�N A ND
ANTI-SEMITIC EUROPE WHEN THE
NAZI THREAT LOOMED. 1-41S STRON6
PEVOTION TO MIS ADOPTED COUNTRY
IS EVIDENCED BY HIS M16MLV VOCAL
COHCERN OVER RUSSIAN PROGRESS
IN SC.IENCE. �E MAS BEEN TIRELESS
IN HIS EFFORT TO AWAl(EN TME U.c;.
�LLER WORKED E)(TE.NSIVELV
WITH THE LATE ENRICO FERMI
AT CHtc.AGO'S INSTITUTE FOR
NUCLEA� STUDIES. AT PRESENT
HE IS CARRYING ON RESEARCH
AT CAL-TECH.
*
*
*
43
space journal
�project star
By Helmut Hoeppner and
B. Spencer lsbefl
Editor's Nole:
Helmut Hoeppner (left) wos born in
Ue<kueb, Turkey, in 1911 ond attended the
Technical Academy, Chemnitz, Germany, ond the
Technical University, Dresden. After groduolion,
he worked for the Klemm Aircraft Company in
Stuttgart, Germany. He served a short tour in
the German Luftwaffe and then became an
associate of Dr. Wernher von Broun ot Peene
munde, where he worked on the development
of the V-2 ond other rockets. He become on
engineer for the Messerschmitt Aircraft Company,
Augsburg, ond helped to develop lhe ME-163 and
ME-262 jet aircraft. From 1951 to 1954, he wos
employed by the International Business Machine
Corporation in Stuttgart. In 1954, at the sug
gestion of Dr. Wolter Dornberger, he come to
America as on aeronautical engineer for the Bell
Aircraft Corporation, Buffalo, New York. In 1956,
he joined his former co-workers ot Peenemunde
at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. He
is presently a Senior Scientist for Astronautics
with the Chrysler Corporation in Detroit, Michi
gan. A member of the Germon Rocket Society,
the British Interplanetary Society, ond the Ameri
can Rocket Society, he hos published many
articles ond reports in the field of astronautics.
B. Spencer Isbell (right) is a native of Bir
mingham, Alabama, and attended the University
of Alobomo, where he majored in both mechani
cal and aeronautical engineering. Since 1951
ho hos been employed as on Aeronautical Engi
neer ot Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville, Alabama.
He presently serves on the technical staff
Office of Director, Develop111ent Operations Di
vision, Army Ballistic Missile Agency. He is a
member of the American Rocket Society, the
British Interplanetary Society, the American As
sociation for the Advancement of Science, ond
the American Astronautical Society. He is on
the editorial staff of Astronautical Sciences
Review and is editor of SPACE Journal.
First Interstellar Voyage by Earthmen
Interstellar Space travel will be feasible as
soon as man has mastered travel between the
planets of our own Solar System. Contrary to
the present contention by many astronauts that
man's technology will require hundreds, and
even thousands, of years to carry him beyond
our planets, he can extend his explorations to
the stars within a few years after he reaches
Mars. If man's past history on Earth is any
indication of future events, there is little doubt
that he will find the justification and soar past
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and
44
space journal
This is on introduction lo a series of
articles on interstellar Space travel which
SPACE
in
periodically
appear
will
Journal. The authors confined this presen
tation to a discussion of the project's
concept, assumptions, ond design ap
proach. A more detailed explanation of
the system, design, and performance will
be given in future installments of the
series.
Pluto to one of the Sun's nearest neighbors
within the family of stars we know as our
galaxy.
Today, it is anyone's guess what motiva
tion will provoke Earthmen to venture beyond
the vastness of their own Solar System. Per
haps John Hulley 1 has found the key to the
answer in his ecological approach to a defini
tion of the role of humanity. Hulley postulates
that the primary purpose of the Homosopiens
is to carry life from planet to planet. Dr.
Philip N. Shockey suggests other possible mo
tives in this issue of SPACE Journal. The rea
son may evolve as a by-product of inter
planetary travel. Exploration of our own Solar
System is certain to solve many of today's
mysteries. The newfound knowledge could
reveal previously unknown dangers to life in
this Solar System-triggering one of man's
oldest prime movers, self-preservation.
As strange as it may seem, astronomers
know more in some respects about distant
stars than they do about the planets in our
own Solar System. The planets ore visible
only in the reflected light of the Sun. Stars,
on the other hand, shine in their own light,
permitting astronomers to learn much about
them through spectroscopes and other equip
ment. An example of this advanced knowl
edge of the stars is that, by comparison, our
Sun is a third magnitude star. There ore
1
The Purpose Of Mon In The Universe", SPACE Journal,
summer issue, 1958.
�. •·
,
.
•
•
.
·.
...
...
·.
·,
•
•
•
·♦ ,:.
:
+
•
..
.
,-
EARTH
• -;.,.t"
e·
�
..·
NOTE: FULL SOLAR SYSTEMS
NOT SHOW ��It REASONS OF
CLARITY AN� ANETS ARE
NOT TO SCALE.
�billions of stars in the Universe radiating more
energy than our Sun. And, too, other stars
have many more planets orbiting around them
than does our Sun.
As the destination solar system for this
study, we have selected our Sun's closest
neighbor-Proxima Centauri. With this selec
tion, we assume the existence of a planet "X"
orbiting about Proxima Centauri with environ
mental conditions (gravity, atmosphere, and
celestial mechanics) similar to those of Earth.
Since the first interstellar Space pioneers
will face many circumstances beyond our pres
ent capacity to foresee, planet "X" could be
one hundred million years younger than Earth.
Aside from the probability that planet "X"
would not be the same age as Earth, the
prospect of visiting a planet in an evolutionary
stage of development so different from Earth
as we know it is of such interest that it could
be added to any primary objective Project
Star might have.
A glance at the illustration on the opposite
page will help the reader to appreciate two
considerations important to the concept of
Project Star. It is apparent that the distance
covered by our projected journey is small in
relation to distances involved in our Solar
System and the Universe as a whole. But, the
distance of Proxima Centauri from our Sun
and planet seems enormous, indeed, when
compared to the interplanetary distances to
Venus or Mars. This second consideration
should bring to mind the often-published times
( 146 days to Venus, 260 days to Mars) needed
for such trips. These time estimates are based
on the planet's closest approach to Earth
(34.5 million miles for Mars and 25 million
miles for Venus) and the speeds attainable
from existing or proven designs for propulsion
power.
The major obstacle to interstellar Space
travel, and Project Star, is time and man's
limited life span. Before this or any inter
stellar voyage can be undertaken, a power
plant must be designed and developed which
will propel Space ships at a speed close to
that of light (about 186,300 miles per second).
At least one distinguished missile and Space
expert, Dr. Eugen Sanger, director of the
Institute of Jet Propulsion Physics at the Tech
nical University of Stuttgart, Germany, has
46
space journal
predicted that man may be traveling at 670
million miles an hour (almost the speed of
light) within the next 50 years.
It is not within the scope of this article to
discuss either the feasibility of photon (light)
propulsion or traveling at or near the speed
of light. The design feasibility and relativistic
effects will be discussed in future articles of
this series and by other contributors to SPACE
Journal. The important thing here is to make
it clear to the reader that Project Star must be
based upon such an extreme assumption.
The considerations necessary to Space ship
design are relative to both the environmental
conditions through which the ship will move
and the transportation system. It is logical,
therefore, to approach the problems of inter
stellar travel by considering simultaneously the
conditions encountered and the concept of the
system. The interstellar Space ship must travel
through the Earth's atmosphere and gravita
tional field, the near vacuum and practically
gravity-free conditions beyond the sensible
atmosphere, and, finally, descend through the
atmosphere and gravitational field of the
destination planet. Since we have assumed
planet "X" to be 1 00 million years younger
than Earth, and we know that Earth's atmos
phere was more dense at that time, we can
assume that planet "X" has a very dense
atmosphere. This means that we will have
three distinctly different environmental con
ditions to move through. With this in mind,
we can divide the transportaton system into
three phases: first, the placement of units into
an orbit around Earth; second, the long jour
ney from the Earth's orbit to an orbit around
planet "X"; and third, the placement of units
to planet "X". The phases are of course re
versed for the return trip to Earth.
Consider for a moment the complexity 0f
the four-dimensional planning necessary for
efficient and economical Space travel by an
analogy to Earthbound transportation systems
which involve only two-dimensional planning.
Airplane arrivals and departures are impor
tant to the operation of our airlines today.
But whereas the airplane leaves one stationary
airfield and arrives at a second airfield, also
stationary; the Space ship departs from �
planet or Space satellite which is moving and
must meet another planet or orbiting body
�PLANET "X" LANDING AND TAKE-OFF VEHICLE
ASTRA-d... -001
A
------- --------- ------------------- ---
K
J
3rd STAGE
(RETURN)
M
F
-·
K
L ----
-- ----------- ---------,
J
---- --- -- -- - - ---- -- ---
2nd STAGE
1st STAGE
OXIDlllll
DECELERATION
STAGE AND
LAUNCHING
PLATFORM
H
'"'--....,
•
CROSS SECTION OF
RING CONTAINERS
CJ
FUEL AND OXIDIZER TANKS
A-DETACHABLE NOSE CONE
8-RE-ENTRY NOSE CONE
c-CONTROL ROOM
D-CREW QUARTERS
E-ELEVATOR ENTRANCE
F-ENGINE ACCESS TUNNEL
G-ELEVATOR SHAFT
H-TELESCOPING ELEVATOR SECTION
I-ELEVATOR EXIT
J-CONVENTIONAL ROCKET ENGINES
K-COMBINATION TURBO-RAM JET ENGINES
L-FINS/OUTRIGGERS
M-WINGS/OUTRIGGERS
47
space journal
�Veloc1ty Distribution Curve for Project Star
CONSTANT LIGHT SPEE0
\..7
J
-t-----�---.,C.---+--� i--------1---��
/c . PLANET 'X'
EARTH
O 5 YEAR---+ot--------◄.I YEA-S-------..o---0 rnM
which is also moving. If for one reason or an
other an airplane is off schedule, its passen
gers may be delayed for several hours. Should
Space ships for any reason be off schedule,
the loss of time for some voyages would
amount to years. Suppose, for example, on
our return tr-ip from planet "X" to Earth, the
Space ship foils to reach Earth's orbit at the
calculated time. Earth would have moved on
in its path around the Sun. The Space ship
could chase ofter Earth and overtake it, pro
vided there were sufficient propellant avail
able. If not, the Space ship must "coast" in
an orbit near to the Earth's orbit around the
Sun until Earth and Space ship have caught
up with each other. The loss of time could be
more than one year.
The vehicle design and system concept for
Project Star are based on the three phases of
the journey and a four-dimensional planning
system already mentioned. For optimum effi
ciency and economy, the four-dimensional
timing system requires that certain units (pro
pulsion stages, fuel containers, servicing units,
etc.) be preplaced into their appropriate
positions (orbits) along the way. The pre
placed units become, in effect, satellites or
"Space stations." They are also functional
parts of the transportation system and ore
assembled in orbit entirely from components
(empty containers, instrument comportments,
and attachment devices) of the Space vehicles
required for the three phases of the journey.
This means that a compromise in vehicle
design is made to permit the dual purpose and
economy. But the compromise in vehicle de
sign is held to a minimum by optimizing
design features, for example, the outrigged
engines and staging principle, where the
engine propellants ore o/ways burned first
48
journal
Sl!)ace
r
from the lowest containers, even when upper
stage engines are operating. This design prin
ciple is incorporated into all configurations
used in Project Star. And once this system of
preplacing components into their appropriate
orbit of departure and return is established, it
becomes a perpetual thing-on optimum sys
tem for repeated voyages into Space.
Just out of the sensible atmosphere (at
about 300 miles above the Earth's surface) o
satellite hos an orbital velocity of about
17,000 m.p.h. to escape the Earth's gravita
tional field from that orbit requires a com
parative velocity of 24,000 m.p.h. The differ
ence between the obital velocity and escape
velocity is 7,000 m.p.h. The difference must
be added in the same direction the satellite is
moving in it's orbit to toke advantage of it's
Earth hos a velocity of
orbital velocity.
about 64,000 m.p.h. in its orbit around the
Sun. To escape the Solar System from the
vicinity of the Earth's orbit requires a com
parative velocity of 92,000 m.p.h. Again,
the difference (28,000 m.p.h. between the
Earth's orbital velocity and the Solar System's
escape velocity must be applied in the some
direction the Earth is moving in it's orbit to
toke advantage of the orbital velocity. There
fore, starting from a 300 mile orbit around
Earth and applying additional velocity in two
steps (first, to escape Earth; second, escape
the Sun), we need in addition to the two
orbital velocities a total comparative velocity
28,000). When
of 35,000 m.p.h. (7,000
both velocity differences are combined into
one step instead of the two separate steps
described above, only one energy displace
ment is involved and the additional compara
tive velocity necessary is 29,000 m.p.h.
Solar system escape velocity should be
+
�attainable within o decode by conventional
Centouri.
chemically propelled powerplonts.
In fact,
assembled in the orbit around Earth and will
we hove selected the chemical rocket engine
propel the outer Space ship to and at a
as the power source for the first phase of
velocity approaching the speed of light.
Project
Chemical propulsion is con
photon-propelled phase will accelerate for
sidered superior for this application because
half o year at the rote of two G's which is
it furnishes o great amount of thrust quickly.
only one G more than the acceleration man
The chemical
endures in his normal course of living on the
Star.
propulsion system or
"Earth
booster stage" will be used to pre-place units
needed for the second,
third,
and return
phases of the journey into on orbit around
Earth.
The booster will be recovered and
used eventually to transport the Space cabin
units and the interstellar passengers into the
Earth orbit.
The second and long phase of the journey
will cover the 25 trillion miles from Earth's
orbit to planet "X" 's orbit around Proximo
A photon propulsion system will be
The
surface of Earth.
After acceleration at two G's for six months,
the Space ship will hove almost reached the
speed of light and will cruise at that velocity
for about four years and five weeks.
There
after, the ship will decelerate at the rote of
two G's for another six months until it has
reached the destination planets orbit around
Proxima Centouri.
The photon propulsion system will be left
Interstellar Return Configuration in orbit aroond planet "X". Earthmen are attaching photon thrust unit and re•
moving aerodynamic nose cone in preparation for the long outer Space phase of the journey back lo an orbit around
Earth.
49
space journal
�in an orbit around planet "X" to be picked up
again on the return trip through the long
phase of outer Space. After the disconnection
of the photon unit and other preparations for
atmospheric re-entry, the third and last phase
of the journey to planet "X" is undertaken.
Since the atmosphere of planet "X" is denser
than that of Earth, the choice of a third and
different type of propulsion power is neces
sary. The dense atmosphere would enhance
the operational efficiency of an air-breathing
type of propulsion. A turbo-ramjet powerplant
in combination with conventional chemical
rockets seems to be ideal for this third phase
of our journey. The rockets would be used
for the initial port of the descent, until the
ship reached the sensible atmosphere of the
planet. Whereupon the turbo-ramjet engines
would take over. Unlike the ballistic-type
trajectory or path of ascent that characterized
the first phase of our journey from Earth to
See the Stars, Moon, Planets Close Up!
3" ASTRONOMICAL REFLECTING TELESCOPE
the orbit around Earth, the approach to a land
ing on planet "X" must be a path of gentle
spirals. The spiral approach is necessary to
avoid disaster as a result of aerodynamic
heating.
By controlling the thrust of the six outrigged
turbo-ramjets and with the aid of retro rockets,
a final vertical landing can be made after the
long, spiralling descent hos sufficiently slowed
down the landing croft.
The one-way trip to planet "X" will take a
little over five years-barring any unforeseen
circumstances and provided the scheduled
timing for each phase is successfully accom
published. With certain alterations in the
system, the three phases of the journey will be
reversed for the return trip to Earth. There
fore, traveling even near the speed of light,
the first interstellar Space trip will require at
least ten years.
In the event that planet "X" is in a stage of
evolution younger than Earth, then the scene
illustrated on the cover of this issue of SPACE
Journal may well be what the interstellar
Space pioneers will first see when they arrive
on planet "X". Future installments of this
series will further discuss how Project Star may
become a reality.
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50
space journal
BARRINGTON, NEW JERSEY
YOU <:,AVE ME OIJITE A START. I T�OUG.HT FOR A
(10f1ENr IT WAS A BILL COLLECTOI\I
�SPACE
& FORTHCOMING
Rev ewed
Da vid
by
L
Christen sen
Ralph E. Jennings
M. Raymond
Conrad Swanson
trip to the Goethe Festival in Colorado in
1949, Dr. Schweitzer has remained with his
patients, books, and Bach. This most recent
excursion
reflects his
profound
nobility
of
spirit and "reverence for life."
Peace Or Atomic War? By Albert Schweitzer.
-Ralph E. Jennings
47 pages. New York: Henry Holt and Com
pany. $1.50.
Few men in contemporary civilization are
as universally admired as Albert Schweitzer.
Once Around the Sun. By Ronald Fraser. 160
pages. New York: Macmillan. $3.95.
This little addition to his published works con
Dr. Fraser's book succeeds admirably in
do nothing but enhance his reputation. What
is needed now, Dr. Schweitzer feels, is action
national Geophysical Year is. This book ties
its purpose: to explain just what the Inter
on the part of all peoples, the United Nations,
together all of the many facets of IGY activities
and most important, negotiations ot, the high
est level-the Summit. To quote President
and shows the interrelationships between them.
Eisenhower, Dr. Schweitzer calls for "a gigan
way: he presents the known boundaries of
tic leap into peace" and a new spirit of good
sense and morality. This book cannot be
ignored. It is a testament of conscience and
of faith for today and tomorrow. In this hour
of destiny, Albert Schweitzer, the most notable
world citizen of our age, has sounded ao
urgent call to end the nuclear-arms race.
" ••. At this stage," he says, "we ha-ve the
choice of two risks: the one lies in continuing
the mad atomic arms-race, with its danger
The author organizes his material in a neat
geophyics and then explains how various IGY
activities will either expand, refute, or prove
them.
While the average, interested layman thinks
of the IGY in terms of Earth satellites, Dr.
Fraser-and
rightly
so-devotes
only
12
pages of his book to the rocket and satellite
phase of the progr.am. In this way he illustrates
that the most glamourous feature of the entire
program is merely one link in the chain and
of on unavoidable atomic war in the near
future; the other in the renunciation of nuclear
that it is neither more nor less important than
weapons, and in the hope that the United
States and the Soviet Union, and the peoples
The book does not go into all of the details
associated with them, will manage to live in
peace. The first holds no hope of a prosperous
future; the second does. We must risk the
second.''
It will be significant to the reader to learn
that this book is based upon three appeals
broadcast from Oslo, Norway, on April 28, 29,
any other.
of each phase of the IGY. Reasonably, it could
not. The book is broad in scope, and within
the confines of 160 pages it manages to pre
sent in a clear and readable manner the
greatest scientific investigation man has ever
undertaken. The fact that the book is so
readable is due in no small part to the facility
and 30, 1958. Except for a few brief visits to
which the English scientists in general have
Europe to raise money for his hospital in
with their own language.
Lambarene in French Equatorial Africa and o
-M. Raymond
51
space journal
�I_
Satellites, Rockets and Outer Space. By Willy
Ley. 128 pages. New York: Signet Key Books,
The New American library. $.35.
It is hard to say whether this little paper
back is a synopsis or an introduction to
ley's Rockets, Missiles, and Space
Travel. It appears to be both at once. like the
Willy
hope that (this book) will be of use to readers
who are willing to take a little trouble to think
about the subject," declares the author, "but
who hove no great acquaintance with the
background and physics which would be
necessary for a more elaborate examination
of our knowledge of things outside the Earth."
longer work, the book is written in clear and
Although little hos been changed from the
simple language, and yet it covers a lot of
material. The title almost sums up the con
first edition, written as it was more than
twenty years ago, the reader will find that the
tents. In general the book brings some parts
basic principles discussed by Dr. Woolley are
of the earlier Rockets, Missiles, and Space
ittst as important today as they were then.
Chapter headings are: 1, Time and Longitude;
II, The Solar System; Ill, Stellar Distances and
Travel up to date.
In addition it contains
some excellent advice for youngsters who
ore planning a career in astronautics-and
even defines the word astronautics. Perhaps
Magnitudes; IV, The Temperature of the Stars;
its best feature is the author's neat summing
up of flying saucer research and his convinc
V, The Composition of the Stars; VI, The Ga
laxy; VII, The World's Observatories. The last
chapter, by the way, is not a tabulation of a
ing dismissal of the saucers as being from
great number of observatories, but centers
Space. The two short chapters on Russian
missiles and American missiles are interesting,
attention on a few of those of historical in
but technical flaws in describing American
missiles tend to make the reader doubt the
terest plus a short discussion of the Greenwich
Observatory, and brief mention of Mt. Wilson,
Palomar, and lick.
validity of his data on Russian missiles.
-C.
D. Swanson
Another excellent feature of the book is
the section "Beyond the Satellites."
It
is
particularly appropriate now since it is con
cerned primarily with shooting a rocket to the
Moon, the problems involved, and what we
may expect to gain from such a shot. All in all
the book is well worth its price; all the more
so since it contains four excellent, full-color
pictures of the Jupiter-( launching the first
Explorer satellite, the 500,000-pound static
test stand at the Army's White Sands Guided
Missile Range, the Jupiter missile in flight, and
pages. London: Souvenir Press ltd. 1958.
First published in Moscow in 1955, this
book has been revised to include limited data
concerning the first Russian satellites.
The
English version is translated from an Italian
translation of the original, which may ac
count for some of the numerous technical
errors.
Although the Russian author prepared the
the Redstone missile being fueled.
-M. Raymond
text under the supervision of a Professor at
A Key to the Stars. By R. van der Riet Woolley.
sented that is not already well known or
the Soviet Academy of Science (V. V. Do
144 pages. New York: Philosophical library.
$4.75.
For a small book (5" X 7 ½" X
½ ")
this
volume contains a surprising amount of infor
mation. Dr. Woolley, Astronomer Royal of
England, writes as on authority, but in a
smooth, flowing and readable manner of pres
entation. The occasional use of the first
person gives conversational flavor to the dis
cussion of subject matter sometimes difficult to
put across to new students of astronomy.
52
Sputnik Into Space. By M. Vassiliev. 147
space journal
"I
bronravov), there is very little information pre
readily available to Space enthusiasts.
The
book does reveal, however, the deep-rooted
Soviet devotion to rocketry, and its many
Space travel aspects. The fact that the origi
nal
book and
similar
documentation
was
available for some time prior to the first
Sputnik launching causes one to wonder why
the event was not anticipated by the Free
World to a greater degree.
-D. L. Christenson
�REACTION
VOX POPULI
originated
In order to prevent delays, all reoction moil and manu
scripts submitted to SPACE Journal must be addressed
to SPACE Journal, P.O. Box 82, Huntsville, Alabama.
Similarly all subscriptions or inquiries concerning sub
scriptions must be addressed to SPACE Journal, P.O. Box
94, Noshvlle, Tenn.
as
terms with
definite physical
meaning) will confirm that....
In fact, I don't believe it is the best way
and that Mr.
Kumogai hos overlooked at
least two conditions of lunar village life in his
proposed plan. His designs show utilization of
horizontal floorspace exactly as any architect
Dear Editor,
Upon reading the fall, 1958, issue of SPACE
Journal, I noted that there was no part Ill
to Dr. Stuhlinger's "Life on Other Stars." Is
the series complete in two parts or are there
more parts forthcoming in future issues?
Takoma Park, Md.
Ronald Chiabotta
There is a third and concluding part to
Dr. Stuhlinger's series.
We hope to
have it ready for the spring, 1959, issue.
Needless to say, Dr. Stuhlinger has been
very busy lately; but he has promised
us the remainder of his series very soon.
Editor.
would consider it on Earth; but you'd virtually
hove no upstairs or downstairs on the Moon.
Stepping up on a choir two feet high on
Earth is equivalent to stepping up to the next
floor, 12 feet overhead, on the Moon. Thus
it would be as easy, or easier, to enter a
room upstairs as to walk into an adjoining
room on the some floor. You con "stock" any
deportment vertically as well as spread it
horizontally on one floor. With that you'd
probably hove romps extending upward in
every room; they're as sensible as having a
door to every room!
Dear Editor,
Mr. Kumagai has incorporated something
atmosphere
new in his village on the Moon, slanting floors
inside the village dome-with only the Moon's
in several buildings 18 degrees (comparable
l /6 gravity. Air resistance to the human body
to a 3 degree slope on Earth.)
It's quite
becomes a definitely noticoble factor when
conceivable that the Moon's l 6 gravity will
one wonts to drop down three or four floors to
not give a man much of a feeling of "up"
visit someone else's office.
and "down"-to the extent that he might
Secondly, there will be a pressure of one
When
(or even half on atmosphere)
these
factors
ore
considered,
it
have trouble standing up straight, actually
seems that the villagers will hove considerable
catching
opportunity to enhance their sense of "up" and
himself
toppling
over
before
he
realized that he was off-balance. Of course,
"down"
he would topple slowly with plenty of time
will be constantly practicing and developing
to react; but that slow motion would be as
their sense of balance to a degree known
much harder to sense, perhaps not until he was
on Earth only to tight-wire performers....
leaning over to quite a sharp angle. In han
Berkeley, Calif.
dling equipment, placing tools where they
Reader Gibson has some interesting and
relevant points. Added to those which
Dr. Rinehart puts forth in his article in
the current issue, our readers should get
some idea of the complexity of the
problem of building a structure of the
Moon which will offer its occupants both
comfort and some degree of orientation
wouldn't roll off, even in such common tasks
as eating, it could be rather irritating.
Certainly, a sloping floor will enhance any
one's sense of "up" and "down", and any
actor who hos performed on Europe's sloping
stages (where "upstage" and "downstage"
without
slanted
floors;
also,
they
Joe Gibson
�3
space journal
�akin to that which they knew on Earth.
With Dr. Rinehart's basic design criteria
and the Wonder Building Corporation's
scale model, we have taken a positive
step in solving the problem. Perhaps
other readers, particularly architects,
would like to add to our growing knowl
edge of what must be done to place a
village on the Moon. Editor.
Dear Editor,
. . . These photos show some in-school at
tempts by early-grade students to model their
impressions of Moon features. I hope you find
them of interest...
certainly serve as a stimulus to young
sters with a latent interest or inclination
for the sciences. Editor.
Dear Editor,
Let me thank you for the opportunity of
reading your magazine. It is a great pleas
ure to share the views and thoughts of our
Space scientists about the physical and philo
sophical aspects of coming Space travel. .•.
I am one of those unfortunate individuals
who is able to criticize the objectivity of
an article like Dr. von Braun's ["The Acid
Test", summer, 1958]-since I have recently
come from Soviet Hungary. Between 1941 and
today I had the opportunity to make com
parisons between the German and Russian
dictatorship and Western democracy. I might
add perhaps some more explanation to Dr.
von Braun's, because in our case none of
the tyrannies were even our own, though we
enjoyed a flowering-if not free-scientific
life.
I have to say frankly that after a certain
time, under those circumstances, there is
hardly any individual resistance. The will to
survive, the old instinct for self-preservation
takes over-up to a point. There was a saying
in Hungary, at the beginning of the war,
"Somebody is going to eat us. The German
at least washes his teeth; the Russian does
not." This attitude and the totalitarian state's
This attitude and the totalitarian state's first
preference policy toward science are the ex
planation.
The models were done in clay or salt-flour
alum medium. They represent one project for
the children in expressing their ideas about
the Moon in order the better to understand it.
Cockeysville, Md.
Ruth K. Stroh
Considering the fact that the models are
made by third graders, we are surprised
at their realism; and we wholeheartedly
endorse the project. l□aginative proj
ects such as this one used in conjunction
with well-disciplined courses in the
three R's can do much to reclaim Ameri
can primary education from the Dark
Ages into which it has fallen during the
past 30 years. Such projects, too, must
54
space journal
Naturally there is a breaking point, de
pending upon a nation's pride, patience, and
temperament, where something snaps and the
nation just simply must kick out some of those
teeth regardless of the consequences. That
happened in Hungary but because of the lack
of any help the only highly negative result
was the new caution with which Russia read
justed its grip individually to each satellites'
tolerance level.
That is why I agree with every word of
"The Acid Test". I do hope that the Western
world will make full use of the experience of
people like us.
Toronto, Canada
Steven L. Simon
�INFORMATION FREE
BY ARNOLD E. HAGEN
The following sources of free ond inexpensive moteriols ore mode ovoiloble to the reoders
of SPACE Journal as o convenient service in ob taining worthwhile information concerning the
astro-sciences ond other related topics. Students, teachers and porents will find mony of the
listed items of extreme interest ond value. We ho pe thot this information will be both helpful ond
informative. Send requests to the addresses listed below. Each company or institution represented
in the column reserves the right to withdraw its offer whenever it sees fit.
Civic orgonizotions, government agencies and industrial firms ore encouraged to submit ma
terial for consideration for use in this column. Send moteriol to Arnold E. Hagen, "INFORMA
TION FREE," P. 0. Box
703, Compton, Colifornio.
SONIC BOOM-SOUND OF PROG
RESS-This interesting booklet that
is concerned with supersonic fighter
aircraft that con 0y foster than the
speed of sound in level 0ight
should be a must for all scientifically
minded people. Includes many ex
cellent
drawings
showing
shock
waves created by airplanes flying at
speeds foster than sound.
North American Aviation, Inc.,
Dept. IF, International Airport, Los
Angeles 45, California.
THE EARTH AND STAR-Included
in this 16-poge booklet ore the an
swers to such questions as: How
much does the Earth weigh? How
fast does it spin? How fast does it
move through Space? These answers
and a wealth of additional fascinat
ing information ore included in this
timely booklet. Many photographs
ond illustrations in color.
SPACE TRAVEL & GUIDED MIS
SILES-Mon hos envisioned travel
through space for hundreds of years.
Today it is rapidly approaching real
ity. This 14-poge booklet explains
clearly and factually how Space
0ight engineers base their research
on scientific discoveries and precise
mathematics. It also tells on exciting
story of how scientists developed the
guided missile, the world's most
amazing weapon.
Field Enterprises Educational Corp.,
Public Relations, Dept. 1 F, Merchan
dise Mort Plaza, Chicago 54, Illinois.
ASTRO MURALS-Send for this
interesting catalog that tells you how
you con bring the exciting wonders
of outer Space right into your own
home. These ore the first exploita
tion of famous celestial phenomena
for use as decorative wall covering
in homes, schools, and institutions.
For o sense of space and sheer na
tural beauty with a classic timeless
quality, these spectacular block and
white murals ore unsurpassed. Astra
Murals is the only company in the
entire world selling celestial en
largements exclusively. These "resis
tone" treated murals ore exciting for
use in dens, living and bedrooms.
Astro Murals Inc., Dept IF, 231 W.
58 St., New York, N. Y.
THE INVENTOR'S GUIDE-Informa
tion on how to sell your unpotented
ideas, useful gadgets-devices for
cash or royalty. This interesting
�booklet is looded with useful infor
motion concerning unpotented inven
tions.
Inventor's Creotive Service, Dept
IF, 354 South Spring Street, Los
Angeles 13, Colifornio.
CLOUD CLUES TO HELP MAKE
WEATHER WORK FOR YOU-Just
obout everyone wonts to be some
thing of o weother forecaster, but
you'll probably need all the help you
con get in order to become your own
reliable weather man. By leafing
through this 15-poge booklet, you'll
see the cloud sequences ond learn
the different kinds of clouds that fol.
low each other in a kind of weather
pattern. Excellent photographs and
illustrations in this fact-filled educa
tional booklet.
New Holand Machine Company,
Dept IF, New Holland, Pennsylvonio.
SHOULD YOU BE AN ATOMIC
SCIENTIST?-This article, originally
addressed to parents, first appeored
os on advertisement in the Saturday
Evening Post, Lodies' Home Journal
ond Collier's,. Written by Dr. Law
rence R. Hofstad, vice president in
charge of the research staff of Gen
eral Motors. Excellent material for
educators, guidance workers and
parents.
New York life Insurance Company,
Dept IF, 51 Madison Avenue, New
York 10, N.Y.
SOME FACTS ABOUT THE LIBRARY
OF CONGRESS-Send for o copy of
this informative publication which
gives detailed informotion about the
world's largest library. It was created
by and for Congress in 1800. Its
usefulness today is extended not only
to Congress but also, through many
services, lo other government agen
cies, to other libraries throughout the
country and the world, ond to the
generol public.
Office of the Secretory, Dept IF,
librory of Congress, Woshington 25,
D.C.
vary from time to time as copies of
some of the publications become ex
hausted and new ones ore added.
For this reason individual booklets
ore not listed in this notice. Excel
lent material for educotionol and ref
erence use.
United Stoles Atomic Energy Com
mission, Dept IF, Educational Services
Branch, Washington 25, D.C.
CAREERS IN SCIENCE-Information
obout careers in science at the No
tional Bureau of Standards. The No
tional Bureou of Standards is o
mojor laboratory of the Federal
government. It is devoted to re
search and development in the physi
col sciences and provides the bosoc
standards of physical measurements
for government, science and industry.
U.S. Deportment of Commerce, No
tional Bureau of Standards, Dept IF,
Washington 25, D.C.
THE EYE OF THE INTERCEPTOR
Since World Wor II, all-weather in
terceptors hove become the backbone
of our air defense. Their evolution
hos been impressive. Read about the
interceptor, its control system, and
its armament. Also important facts
about the job of the airborne ormo•
ment-control system.
GUIDED MISSILES FROM ENGI
NEERING THROUGH PRODUCTION
Interesting scientific booklet that tells
about a new concept for on age-old
weapon. Excellent material for Social
Studies and Science classes.
KEY MAN IN ELECTRONICS MANU
FACTURING, THE ENGINEER-The
engineer at Hughes Electronics Manu
facturing Activity in El Segundo,
Calif., is o special kind of man .. .
with special abilities and special in
terests. Read this interesting booklet
and learn obout the oc:tuol service
that these important men provide for
the Notion's defense.
THIS IS HUGHES AIRCRAFT COM
PANY . • . ELECTRONIC RESEARCH
. ..DEVELOPMENT .•.MANUFAC
TURING-This 28 page booklet is on
over-all panorama of Hughes-<>f the
organization, people and octivities
which hove built the company. To
day, engaged exclusively in elec•
lronics research, development and
manufacturer, it is on acknowledged
leader in airborne weapon systems
and guided missiles for the Military
...ground systems for aircrofl sur
veillance and control ••. and com
ponents, instruments and systems for
commercial and industrial electronics.
Hughes Aircraft Company, Public
Relations Department, Culver City,
California.
FREE MAILING SERVICE-to teach
ers who request leaching aids, NAEC
sends (to elementary teachers) o free
copy of Aviation Education Bibli
ography (Elementary School), pictures,
and other teaching aids. Suitable
teaching materials are sent also to
secondary teachers. In addition Sky
lights, the NAEC monthly fact sheet,
is sent throughout the school year
without charge to all teachers re
questing it.
To boys and girls who request
pictures ond facts, NAEC sends free
photographs, booklets, and Skylights.
National Aviation Education Coun
cil, 1025 Connecticut Ave. N W.
Washington 6, D.C.
THE COPYRIGHT OFFICE OF THE
U.S.
A.-This JO-page booklet in
cludes brief answers to some com
mon questions about copyright, o
listing of important dates, o chart
showing registration trends, as well
as lists of copyright office publica
tions and application forms.
Copyright Office, Dept IF, The Li•
brary of Congress, Washington 25,
D.C.
THE GYROSCOPE THROUGH THE
AGES-The gyroscope is the oldest
mechanism in the universe. It existed
before any living thing could be
found on the Earth's surface becouse
the world itself is o gyroscope.
learn more about this interesting
subject by reading this 2B-poge
booklet.
Sperry Gyroscope Company, Dept
IF, Division of Sperry Rand Corpora
tion, Great Neck, l. l. New York.
ATOMIC ENERGY INFORMATION
-The Educational Branch of the
Atomic Energy Commission distrib
utes, upon request, in single copies,
educational kits at the elementary,
high school, college and teacher lev
els. The items that go into these kits
56
space journal
" ..and HE wonts to know how the Braves come out?"
�C
r
'r
I
I
l
OBJECTIVE:
Cape Canaveral makes news-many failures
Hnd a few successes. To the man in the street, the
Space ,\ge is a competition of sputniks, a sports
event with the solemn overtones of science.
Survival
Journal. com c� ing the> l..nowledge of the e\.perls
interpreted for the la� man.
The immediate and cager acceptance of SPACE
Journal is indicative of its ultimately enormous
audience - and the enormous potential of its
market. A breakdown of SPACE Journal's paid
subscriptions is as follows: Business and industry.
43..5%; ccllege ancl military, 12.2%; other
students, 18%; libraries, 4.5%; teachers, 3.3%;
non scientific professions, 4.3%, information and
mco1a. ad\'crnsing writers, 3.6%; general, IO'L
The military are engaged in a race for effective
intercontinental ballistics, with subsec1uent
unclear corollaries.
The ultimate objective of the Space Age is
survival - not merely from supersonic bombs
and satellites but from the limitations of the
earth planet.
As an advertising medium, SPACE Journal's
impact and readership cannot be gauged b� its
still unJ..-nown net paid circulation.
The spiraling population forecasts a ghetto
civilization with insufficient food and depleted
energ� sources. Our future mine fields ma) lie in
asteroids, our central st,1tions operate on cosmic
rays, our food supply and suburban developments
depend on colonies on other planets.
SPACE Journal advertisers include:
Avco Research & Development Laboratory .
Brown Engineering Company, Inc . . . Chrysler
Corporation . . . Douglas Aircraft Company . . .
Edmund Scientific Company . . . General
Astro,uwtics Corporation . . . The Martin Company
ortll American Aviation. Inc., Rocketdyne
Division . . . D. Van ostrand Company, Inc. . .
Precision E11gineering, Inc. . . . Reaction Motors,
Tnc . . . . Reynolds Metals Company . . . RolJhins
Aviation . . . Sperry Rand Corporation, Ford
Instrument Compan11 Division . . . Thiokol Chemical
Corporation, Redstone Division.
Missiles are already a big business. costing over
$3..5 billion, with a possible e\'entual $20 billion
program. Toda� 22 industries, 3000 suppliers
and 80,000 people arc involved.
The need for information extends not onh to
industry but to all the armed forces, the entire
educational system. and the taxpayer who must
foot the bill. Herein lies the field of SPACE
SP ACE•J ournal
published by Space Enterprises, Inc., Tuck Building,
ashville, Tenn.
AD\'£1\TISI'sG RLPRESE"ITATI\'ES:
Hale Carey, 420 Lexington Avenue,
DOUGLAS C. LANCE
ew York Citv.
,I
1948 Highland Oaks Drive, Arc adia, California • Telephone Elgin 5-6769
�e
e
e
e
e
THE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL - BY DR. PHILIP N. SHOCKEY
DYNAMICS OF LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE - BY JOHN HULLEY
RELATIVITY AND SPACE FUNDAMENTALS - BY JAMES P. GARDNER
THE RADIATION HAZARD TO SPACE TRAVEL - BY DR. JAN S. PAUL
DESIGN FOR BUILDINGS ON THE MOON - BY DR. JOHN S.
RINEHART
SURVIVAL IN SPACE - BY DR. SIEGFRIED J. GERATHEWOHL
for on Uncreased Cover, Send 25c to Space Enterprises,
Box 94, Nashville, Tenn.
SPACE JOURNAL PROUDLY PRESENTS ARTIST HARRY LANGE'S PANORAMA OF EARTH'S FIRST INTERSTELLAR SPACE SHIP
(DESIGNED BY ASTRONAUTICAL ENGINEERS HELMUT HOEPPNER AND B. SPENCER ISBELL) LANDING IN ANOTHER SOLAR
SYSTEM. WITH A DEFT HAND AND PAINSTAKING CARE FOR AUTHENTIC DETAIL, LANGE HAS CAPTURED THE FASCINATING
SCENE ENVISIONED BY DR. PHILIP SHOCKEY IN "THE NECESSITY OF SPACE TRAVEL" APPEARING IN THIS EDITION. DR.
SHOCKEY SUGGESTS THE PROBABILITY THAT SHOULD EARTH MANS' FIRST INTERSTELLAR SPACE TRAVELERS FINO A PLANET
WITH NEAR-EARTH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, THE PLANET WOULD NOT BE IN THE SAME EVOLUTIONARY STAGE AS
EARTH. THIS RENDERING SHOWS THE DESTINATION PLANET IN ITS CRETACEOUS PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT. THE MONSTERS
CREATED BY NATURE AND MAN STANO IN STARK CONTRAST.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Serials Collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Serials Collection
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<i> Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 5, March-May 1959.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rocket City Astronomical Association
Space Enterprises, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Von Braun Astronomical Society, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1959
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Periodicals
Identifier
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vbas_space_journal_055_116
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1950-1959
Subject
The topic of the resource
Cold War
Extraterrestrial radiation
General relativity (Physics)
Interstellar travel
Life on other planets
Lunar bases
Outer space--Exploration
Space vehicles
Space race--United States--History--20th century
Description
An account of the resource
This issue includes a statement announcing <i>Space Journal</i>'s termination of all connections with the U.S. military and with the Rocket City Astronomical Association. At the time, commander of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) at Redstone Arsenal Gen. John B. Medaris was concerned that the publishers and writers, all in the employ of ABMA, were using their government positions for personal gain through the magazine. Topics covered in the issue include the dangers and feasibility of space travel, designing buildings for life on the Moon, and the existence of life elsewhere in the universe.
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
This item is digital only. The item was generously lent to UAH by the Von Braun Astronomical Society for digitization.
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
-
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PDF Text
Text
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VCIJTME IX ISSUE II
USAT GENERAL CC BALLOU
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24 MAY 1947
ABOARD
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It is our desire to make_ this ·tr� aboard for your pleasure and conven
_,-;; pleC1.sont remcmbcr�ncc.
ierrqe, such as movies, a daily news
p-per, libre.ry, and recre&tional
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enterV/·311
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1ined. This is your hofoo for <'-pproxim_,
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tely the next eleven d2ys. This cr-ossVfo v-nnt you to alw�ys remember that our
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job {3.POilttx1 this vessel is to make your
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o,_� li,;r rroplr rntGr o,1ly .;� ;vou open
:,;:::.., dooI' ft)r th em. 'l'\,:.;,:· ::1a��- h:;f.d,t :t.e at
tr 1 8 thrcshc'].ri 'but y: ..l ir....;ist u·'.'un thcJr
cm t:� rin;: •
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ir.diviJu, ls in ynur , :.· :�f.L�rG (',f ·�ct
ivity. We pr0mir-,0 to · �)� ·. the 110y",gc :.!S
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. •
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There ,viJ.l be r1ai l�v ·,.•o!'shi!,- services
.
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ri•� C' .1.; _ C,, rvl ...
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,Jc'.30 to 1900 h')UI'S �1 :-.:LJ_y.
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th;rvice,:::: \'f.li.l bo c•,•.��uc;;,,.. :· ir the .firE;t
clJ.ss lounc;.,.:.:.
C1•r,':t, r·•l:-i�
4
SFir rs STXFF
l,:,\STER.t, ______.______;,!I3LS i-;- Ol0C·N
-:;ET... F ENG�i':-·�· P-----tL�. :-�� r 1�LL.: .
lS'I' CFFICER--------.' I.J' .,:,_,:,Tr':.;;-.SCd
1.S'I' M3:..:i'l' EFGTI{3��R--FP©��- �·er, J I'PCL
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l'.CVIE SCHEDULE
},:ovi�.:s ·;-,ill be! h,:ld e3.�h evening at
1930 1Ld .:'.130 hours for let class pass
er.,;er ."3 i�. th.lo loun,}1 and for Et/. at 1930:.
:.nd 2'!.JO Pc.urs i:-1 1-LJ Troe,p ls-ess.
rP
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SEif 1 ;-3 TEr.1�':U-�CLCGY
I c:r'r:31,s you h::tv� n:;ver 11�ct occ::lSion to
traditior.s of the
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\,,; 1-C.4�
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1,.:..,c,..
sea, 'ilr.ich er::. ··.s colorful r.nd salty as
th 0 '.">us i t:s..:: 1.f. lL.;r0 Q.ro so.r:,G th:.. t '(r'_ay
r'::.'oV(; u3eful to yous In the first plac0,
t .it: sr:i:-> is ,':! 11She II prr.:,trbly bcc:.uso of
hr�n· b0�1.1t·· l'ie:r u.npred:i.ct.':> ble n2turE>,
11She II is ::J.e,�idc!dly nvt :1 t,')a t; th3.t is
.., insul t-- 11 };o:: ts 11 :n-c v1h:: t 3he ccJ.rrics on
.. J<. ;:,''h e t s -9. snip.
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..\�3.:1 you ccr:-1e abo:��rd, you will find
th.:-:t yo'...l .::.l".3 not standin;; on a fl0or, but
"ck 11 �•. .,.1�
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fonnt"i•1. · .,1"1(.n you f�◊ to th� 1:·r�nt of
J... • ' �'ii\ :lCI.
• '
Y\...•U (; ·� 11 t'iiC oow, you
t'r.v . '.t.11:l
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\,1,"l'.'dG t:1(; ,;.t, rJ 1·r1, ,\"OU :�ro going aft. Tn0
s�d:.i�r i·r t.r.� n,::.dC.:10.. of th:, �;Li"") is ,
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P•�l t, � . ,:, "l!- · th_; f ic. e l, n � cur r..i..c.:ht is
Ll·1c] ,·-\.,:: ·:·Lv '"' l'(. ;:�1 (:. T�kT �� ere r-,o floor::;
:'n:1 1:1.� l L� :.... ut i.,r, .;1'" ·:r-.:- decks 2.n.d hulk.t�,� ··� ....., '". .,I"\ I.• ·J'\ .9ne� I. o_,.
... -, clt. eve .:�n� b f; 1ow
r•:.<L;r 1:,... ,::.1 u.,·.:.:t:-iirs �met dcmn:,t<lirs.
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For 1st cla�3 fS8�sn�0rG:
090:') to 1300
?01· E1.. 1330--1600 1n 1i 1_�.1 0-21.00.
7?r b -'
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1st CL �r :xi.:� l0c.:1t0d b-..-fri:ind the
dir:.ir. ,;.,: roar:,.. The TIA PX i�➔ loc�tcd on
f.!)3c}: y the Trccp Cf.fic,3 .,
- r ' / .�
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f�EJ1: J..L:'.RJ.:: 11 cont.irn.i�rn riL� ,:in_; uf tlie
:,Id ..1 s 0] c.;tric?.l :larrn:· �.-�-tl,m i'c1r �
ten s�conds.
:.1erJ.oc�. 0f
.
�."" ,.,... c-,r
D·RI1JL·• \,._c "'Ven
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rrh: lo;1c., hl;:3t on tho :sh.Ln ::; V;hi=,tlc.
iu'4�')
Tn.•
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♦
1o1
l�n Ladd
.
LI Lf.l', r�Y } cu rs
For Offi.c0:.:�: .:-m:l l;;t '-'lass passcn6ers
1300 to 11.iCti. Fer E:� 14CJO tc 2200. The
libr-::ry is lclic:.'.teJ by the S0e:;cic:.l Srv
cf .tic0 on B Dec;k an.ids hips.
1
I�
1<.
I
�-�'
'
WILIKm.::!� AN BORD
SS GEN.::RAL C .c • BAIL0U
nehr.:sto zu £:;OS�r.lten, und w�r sind ge- Es ist unscr Wunsch, ctafuer zu sorgcn,
wiss, dass Sio willcns sind., hi0rzu
dass Ihnen diose RGisc zu_=o;incr hngo/
ch Kraeftcn beizutraccn. r.;q wird e;..qe
nchmo� blcibendcn Erinr.10:runs werden moce-. n?
go, Wir wer9cr\'allm�. tun, was in un scren·. fro he Fahrt werdcn, w0nn Alle vom gl�i-,
chen 6u ten, Gcis,to bos00�t sind •
Kraeftcn stoht, :·um $iC:'.. zufri9den Z';l
.
stcllen, und- Ihnen _:u tc Untcrhnltung zu
.
!}al.ton,
st
Gotte�dic
tacglich
we:roen'
Wir
voraussicht
soll,
bi_eton. Dicscs Sctiiff
r:i
c
liqh ���- �aee lang! Ihro Heimstaette sein. �-u dcm c-111? F�.h:rgae�te, _.Offi�ier: 'fld _'
!1.aru:is �h::i.ften hcrzlich. e1.ngcladei:i. ��d,
Die Re1;��strccke ist annaehcrnd .'6500 km
Rel1.g1ocq"o Buecher., -Dipcln, Neues Testa:lang
, , •
ment, Gobctbuoch'?r, usw. sind nuf An�. ·
frage im :Cuero des_ Schiffspfarrers ..er�
Der Stab des Special Service an Bord ,
h�eltlich. (:G-Deck,· b�i der Schreibst�bo),
Lt� SPENCER und U,ffz. CHRIST0FHER,
Datil Bue;ro ist tacglich v0n 0830 bii:3·
hat eine Reihe von Vorberoitun�cn gc·
1900 Uhr gcoeffnet.
trdffon zu Ihrer Untcrh.:,lt�n:�, z.B.
Chaplain Beahm,
Kino/Vorfuehrungen, cine Ta;;eszeitung,
.)
1
Chap�ain.
ort
Transp
tmc
Zcrstreu
c'.ndere
Bordbuccherci
eino
ungen. Jedcr , der boreit ist, zu W1scr9n·
.
ll.or[iB�r .Go:t te�dienst: ',
Programm bcizutragen, ist herzlich
. Protostnnt±scho:r: 0930 Uhr·
w:Ll).kommen.
1010 11
Katholischcr:
Es ist unscr Destrcbon, Ihnen die Ucbcr im h.ufenthnltsraum 1, Klasse.
fahrt auf dicsom Seti.ff •So an,socnchr,1 und
·· Schifi'sfuehrung:
untcrhaltsam wie moo6lich zu cestalton.
l
Einc Bordkapello wird ,-:-.uf6ostellt. Wer
mitwirke:.;n will, wircl :;ebot en, sich n�it
dom Special Service Offizior, des sen
;.�ucro sicl'l mitschiff s <".uf dem B-Deck
hofindet, in vcrbindung zu s�tzon.
l
K2 pitaon:· Niels H • OLSON
'·
l. Ingeniour: James MALLARD
1. 0ffizior: Alf AMBERSON
1. Ing. Assistant: Frederic J. ·F. RO:tv:
l
·zahlmobst<Ht: J-rt.me-e-BROWN -. -
Oberst?wrird: Botrun FOLLINSBY
Beeruessungswortc
Trnnsportleitcr: Capt. Offie LEEPER
unscros Sch iffspfarrors.
Marketendoroi und 2, Transport Offizier:
Lt, Herman JAGGERS
Wir habon heute eine Roiso an,:etreten,
f.fa.rrer: Cnp�. Andrew BEAHM
Transport-U.icnstlciter: Lt, D,W. SPENCER
diei dio meisten von Ihnen n:it t;rosscr
BegeisterW1g erfuellcn wird. Dies trifft Schiffsa:rzt: Lt. CARROL
vor allem dmm z{1, 1•)om1 uns dicsc F:ihrt · · Ool·�rschwcstur: Lt. PAVLOVICK
wieder in die Gcmeimlct<? ft unsarer
Oborw�chtmstr. T/S6t', J. DUBE
Vlfir
:ficbcrn
dnnn
vor
Lieben fuohrt.
Eifer
wie ein Kind,, dass zur,1 · Lael.en an der
W i c h t i g l Feuer an Bord ist
nacchston Eck,;0 springt, um sich oin
cine schli.r1unc Snche I Sie wollen es be
Eiskrem zu 0rstchen. Di.0s·0s Gefuehl dor
stir.u.1t auch nicht. Derum seien Sic bitto
Zusammcngchocrigkeit ,-:.::�r von joher
nuesscrst vorsichtig, be:i.m Fortwerfon
etwas Schoenos, un<l rl:i.c Sehnsucht da
Ihrer Zigarettc.n:rcs�e usw. Loeschen Sie
nach ist begreiflich.
sic sorbfacltig qus, ehe Sie dicse in die
.
ilschb0cher oder sonstigen dafu�r nufge
ti·iiodorum Andere untcr {ins crleben otwns
stcli.ton Bohacltcr tun. Rnuchcn i.m Bott
...:/1.nz Er�tmaligcs; ncuo E"jm-3 t 1 hcuc
sowie be:i.m Ein � und Aussteigen ist nicht
li'roundc, einc vocllig n...:,uo Um,_,cbung.
6estattct.
Sic sind .:::ospannt, wo.s si0 druoben schaf
.
! 'on warden; vde und wic 6ut sio es
Lichtbildvorfu0hrun5en.
chn.ffch w0rden. Di(."! r�-:cholo '--'-ie des
.obcns ist :.;infnch. 11 Fr,:::.u1�liches EntVorfuchrungcn finden ,icdon Abend um
1
1
0bcnko11'JLOn bringt F::." �u:1.c:�chaft • Zu
1930 und 2130 Uh;r• fuer dio rassae;iere
L0scr Leb�nsauff.:1ssun[� cclr:ngon Ihre
J... Klasse iri ihrem Aufenthaltsrawn, fuor
i.t?1.cnschen ab.Jr nur c':--.•1n, wcnn ihnon
Soldat ..:m um 1930 und 2130 Uhr in dor
,inc cffon0 Tuer t;cbot,.m wirrl. Siu mocgon M:nn nschaftsmcsse statt.
,. ,
· m der schwellc zoogc;rn, r:c1ch Sic: hchar
re n darauf, dass oio vollcnds cintrotcn� Hcuto Abend Aufenthnltsraum 1.- -Klc.sse:
11roor;erange 11 m.it Dana Andrews
Nir heissen Sic an Jcr::l c1.icscs 8cJ·i:\.ffE;S
lFt,m;.schuftsmosso: 11 0.s,s .. 11 mit Allan Ladd,
herzlich wil.lkon'Il1en� ,1.ls M0nschen 0us
l
ei n er eigenen Lcbenss:,haere • :V{ir vorIhn
en die Rc:Lro aufs nngo sprechcn,
.
.
I
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it" , i'ri.!. :�·:: -�- .
· }:25
rd. ·
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E��-��:t,.� t}!!�:l�h · · ,
.,.
·. ��h@�� _pte�ke an Do
... ·. p2._�oa::_±9fs �.•: Kl:�$��;\' ' Viell1;:;ic�t''fi£�1;.eh,: �ie noch keine �l�-.
i��ft. ··:i.
·mli_
.·.:..d
90 P.ii·
t,
. . ¼Pc?- Ullr.. .. .
e:;enheit, tH:8 r�.03.-tionelle; Spr�ehe d r
. hr
·: : : .$ee
, �r: J4�M§ff��;��nt l.4;9o , . i2oo
i
U ..
.fahrt eoo�.n�:i;e_J;"nen ., dxo so f�_rb��
;qie Soo eclbcr 1st-�.
\ind 11gc1a.!t8fil1
, d i-e Ihnen von
Hier ein:i-go. · �cisp;ele
..
Im
.
s�. 1erden.. Vor . allem:
Nu.tzen
j
$ngiisch99J§i �d? a Schiff "weiblic� II i
iq.lich }V9S�� .acin9r Scho.enhe�t
wabrscbeg
und ... w1,;f c.r1"'s,eify.es kapriziooscn Wcseqs;
G�ppf;fm� t S .
;
. .
f
.
. ;,sie t bt o��schieden kein Boot ctas
f,i�r M..f; PM���i�vo i. KJ.::-.s$c o9Po...l3oo·
g
· waer� oino Deloidigun - - 1 Boote
fi.rnr' Ma,rm.ij�h&twn;
lJ;o, ... lhoo W)d .
. .
' ·, fuel'.lrt sic au.f d�m - Dootsdeck mit, 1 1S�e 11
l.9o.o · - 2100 Uh:r,
··
•., • 1' · i.st ein , 11$chiff
.. , ·
.... Ill
i
·M1:3,nn,:},GflE!f��# PringQn ;inrc 'Mos��/W,13WQ;i.8,e, :'. Sie we:rctoh c:n
'o�tstellen°, das� S�e
�
P � C?&gi@r·� ;l,.llrr; ��hincnl\--::rt9� _mi t, .. . . . _- · .' ,. -, n,ictl� ·. f\Uf, cir).�� n)ue sboden II sond�rr:i . atf,f
Die Ma.r�l9tenq©�i fuo:r fl&s��s:i.�re b�, :: · ·emem ''Dock'' stehoij, Und fall:, Sie ,z�-..
·'
f;i,,mtgt §;Leh PGim, 61,,c;i,�e�u�l, D;i.e .. M/'\i:m"'
trinkon w�cnschen,, gehen Sie zum
s�lvlftim�rlcett;,nd<:Jroi mH,tscnii'fs au! tiem
IIJcut:tlebuttll ., n;i,cht zum Trinkbrunne°i'•
B�eqk be 1: ger SehroibrJtubc •···
Sie zwn Vordorteil'•_dos Schi ffes,
wenn
.
'
.. ·· , gchcn, eo bev.ei;on Sic sich .
zum.
Dug
·•
"nach vorn 11• Wenn Sic in Richtung zum
LcHHrt l-rnine' N�h�emittcl' urnkornmen -'
S9hif.hende, b�sser gesc;gt ., f'zum Heck"
;N<=lhm.en S;iG 1 �gvie'.l. Sip yiµJ.lQ�, aber
gehen, da.nn bewcgon Sie sich 1,1 riach
liafil��n �,i1;1 oit.te �oine Resto .1
achternn. Das Mittolteil des S,chiffeo
hois�t 1 'Mittsc::hi.f!' 11• Wenn Sic in
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
William A. Mrazek Collection
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
This collection is digital only. This collection was generously lent to UAH for digitization by Ursula Mrazek Vann.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
William A. Mrazek Collection
Description
An account of the resource
William Anthony Mrazek “(October 20, 1911 to February 8, 1992)” received his education at Deutsche Technische Hochschule, Brünn, Germany, graduating with an engineering diploma in 1935 (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek worked at Peenemünde from 1941 to 1945 as a loads engineer (Lundquist, Wade). He worked with Wernher von Braun at Peenemünde. <br /><br />Mrazek was brought to America through Operation Paperclip and arrived at Fort Bliss on April 8, 1946 (Wade, Lundquist). In 1950, Mrazek moved to Huntsville, Alabama, and worked for the U.S. Army’s rocket programs until 1960.<br /><br />By 1960, Mrazek became Director, Structures and Mechanics Division at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, and by February 1969, he became the Assistant Director for Engineering for Industrial Operations (Wade, Lundquist). Mrazek later served as the “Chief Engineer for all Saturn development and fabrication work, reporting to the Saturn V Project Manager,” from “1965 to 1970” (Lundquist).<br /><br />Mrazek retired from the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1973 (Lundquist).<br /><br />Works Cited<br /><br />Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.<br /><br />Wade, Mark. "Mrazek, Willi." <em>Encyclopedia Astronautica</em>, http://www.astronautix.com/m/mrazek.html.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_mraz_003_011
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Ballou Ballyhoo</i>, vol. 9, issue 2, May 24, 1947.
Description
An account of the resource
This newsletter was produced by the crew of the USAT <i>General C.C. Ballou</i> and includes information about services onboard, ship terminology, and news bulletins. The family of William A. Mrazek, an engineer who was already in the United States at Fort Bliss, Texas, immigrated from Germany to the United States on the <i>Ballou</i>. The newsletter was produced in both English and German.
Creator
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General C.C. Ballou (Transport ship)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1947-05-24
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1940-1949
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ocean travel
Operation Paperclip (U.S.)
United States--Emigration and immigration
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Newspapers
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
William A. Mrazek Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
This collection is digital only.
Language
A language of the resource
en
de
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_mraz_2019_03
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10207/Convenertranstel_011509130952.pdf
8ad52657be772a9c70f39504fde5f6ea
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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Convenertranstel.pdf
spc_stnv_000220
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Convective Energy Transport in Stellar Atmospheres: A Convective Cell Model.</i>
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
OAP - 143.
Description
An account of the resource
One of the Orange Aid Preprint Series in Nuclear Astrophysics, September 1968.; Supported in part by the National Science Foundation [GP-7976], the Office of Naval Research [Nonr-220(47)]. ; ABSTRACT: The motion in a convectively unstable region is expanded into an ensemble of convective cells. Each of these cells interacts with the surrounding medium according to the semiempirical model proposed by Turner (1963 ). Possible detailed models of the flow patterns within each cell are presented. The radius and velocity of these cells are given as functions of distance moved. The convective flux and rms velocity are given as averages over the ensemble of cells. As in the standard mixing length theory the principle uncertainty remains the average initial radius of the cells.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Ulrich, Roger K.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1968-09-01
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Transport theory
Convection
Stellar atmospheres
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Essays
Source
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Saturn V Collection
Box 28, Folder 10
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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spc_stnv_000200_000224
Is Referenced By
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17952">View this item at ArchivesSpace </a>