58
20
8239
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/132/9384/r10_02-15.pdf
f890715763ae4934963f466f0dbbae7a
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Series 10: Books and Pamphlets
Title
A name given to the resource
Series 10: Books and Pamphlets
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
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r10_02-15
Source
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Series 10, Box 2, Folder 15
Title
A name given to the resource
"Shelby County Road and Historical Map"
Relation
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r10-211020
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/125/8513/r04c03-18.pdf
abf8756184b2d72f8d8df739f3474712
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History
Title
A name given to the resource
Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
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Identifier
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r04c03-18
Source
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Series 4, Subseries C, Box 3, Folder 18
Title
A name given to the resource
"Shorter College for Young Ladies" Catalog, 1896-1897
Description
An account of the resource
Southern States
Relation
A related resource
r04c-211007
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10396/sigdistautocheck_071807104428.pdf
3ed2b5cada43e05860c30f094d69846c
Dublin Core
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Title
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Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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sigdistautocheck_071807104428.pdf
spc_stnv_000802
Title
A name given to the resource
"Signal distribution in automatic checkout systems."
Description
An account of the resource
This paper deals with several selected aspects of the signal distribution in automatic checkout systems. These are: 1) The use of relay matrices as control elements; 2) The inclusion of self-checking capabilities; 3) Problems of systems integration. These aspects are not unique to automatic checkout systems. However, due to the nature of automatic checkout systems as presently being designed around digital circuitry, they find either fuller or different applications than in other types of systems. Also, while they are on the surface somewhat disconnected in nature, they tend to interrelate during the implementation of an automatic checkout system.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Meister, George F.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-06-20
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Automatic test equipment
Space vehicles
Onboard data processing
Signal processing
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Design Reviews
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 14, Folder 14
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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spc_stnv_000800_000824
Is Referenced By
A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource.
http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17161
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10413/Skywritfeb1469_032210105433.pdf
11922a8d77f899cca06233713159094c
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Skywritfeb1469_032210105433.pdf
spc_stnv_000819
Title
A name given to the resource
"SII, with all spray foam insulation MTF-bound."
Description
An account of the resource
News article detialing the innovation of the SII's design, specifically how it is made lighter.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Elliott, J. S.
North American Rockwell Corporation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969-02-14
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Periodicals
Aerospace industries
Apollo project
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
News Articles
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
Box 30, Folder 24
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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spc_stnv_000800_000824
Is Referenced By
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http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18074
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/125/8522/r04c03-09.pdf
46b4cd9d46df5e4f73730c80ae1ef6f8
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History
Title
A name given to the resource
Series 04, Subseries C: Alabama History
Still Image
A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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r04c03-09
Source
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Series 4, Subseries C, Box 3, Folder 9
Title
A name given to the resource
"Sims Settlement" History by Dixon, Ruth and Priest, Bob, Limestone County, Alabama, 1989
Description
An account of the resource
Alabama Counties
Relation
A related resource
r04c-211007
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/76/11327/loc_burw_film_018.mp4
bf7175eaf23bd901b5d96c05b88e752a
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Burwell Family Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Burwell Family Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/145" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Burwell Family Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Description
An account of the resource
<a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1943-1944</a>
<a href="http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/items/show/3333" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View Edwin D. Burwell's World War II service timeline, 1944-1945</a>
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Materials donated and digitized by Dudley Burwell
Dublin Core
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Title
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"Sisters. Stone Mtn. Kids at beach."
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
loc_burw_film_018
MC_115_018
Description
An account of the resource
Film clips of family vacations. Notable events include a trip to Chattanooga and Mazatlan, Mexico.
Christmas [00:03, 13:25]
Chattanooga Choo-Choo [01:49]
Play [13:09, 18:29]
Train [01:53]
Stone Mountain [07:45]
Mazatlan [17:59]
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Burwell, Dudley
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1978
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
Spatial Coverage
Spatial characteristics of the resource.
Box 3 Films 015 - 018, 020
Subject
The topic of the resource
Family life
Christmas
Locomotives
Chattanooga (Tenn.)
Mazatlan (Mex.)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Home movies
Moving Image
Super 8
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Burwell Family Collection
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
Donated by Dudley Burwell. Digitized as part of a gift from the Doris Burwell Foundation in 2021.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10398/Sixengiclusof_102110102741.pdf
1b903f24ca33d669815ff9c3e2b199b2
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Saturn V Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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Sixengiclusof_102110102741.pdf
spc_stnv_000804
Title
A name given to the resource
"Six-engine cluster of the Saturn S-IV rocket."
Description
An account of the resource
A press-release detailing the successfuly firing and the specfic launching information of the Saturn I-V rocket-launch.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1962-10-04
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn project
Rocket engines
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Press Releases
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Is Part Of
A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.
Is part of: Saturn S-IV engines
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_stnv_000800_000824
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/75/1581/spc_spac_000361_000362.pdf
810d2a2beae82aeb9d328dd9a4bea36a
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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Space City Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Space City Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Space City was to be an outer space theme park fantasy based in Huntsville; it was to capitalize on space's growing popularity as putting man on the moon became closer and closer to reality. The park's construction began in January 1964.
Though a popular idea with the residents, the park ran into various difficulties and was never opened to the public or even fully completed. Construction was abandoned, and the land was put up for auction on October 17, 1967.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/166">View the Space City Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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spc_spac_000361_000362
Title
A name given to the resource
"Skooter Building."
Description
An account of the resource
This flier has an image of the "Skooter Building" as well as a description and some specifications for it.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hot Rods, Inc.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Amusement parks--Planning
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Advertisements
Fliers (Printed matter)
Still Image
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Space City Collection
Box 3
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_spac_2020_02
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
This collection was generously loaned for digitization by Dustin Shannon. The collection is digital only.
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/69/14387/sdsp_skyl_000052_001.pdf
827ef65ee83ef8f90448cec871c07b30
PDF Text
Text
JACK R. LOUSMA
Pilot
Also making his first space flight. Jack R. Lousma was
one of 19 astronauts selected by NASA in April, 1966.
He served as a member of astronaut support crews for the
Apollo IX, X, and XIII missions. A major in the U.S.
Marine Corps, he has logged more than 2,600 hours of
flight time.
LAUNCH ESCAPE SYSTEM (LES)
APOLLO COMMAND MODULE (CM)
APOLLO SERVICE MODULE (SM)
Space Div
Rockwell International
ALAN BEAN
OWEN GARRIOTT
JACK LOUSMA
2nd Skylab crewC.
SPACECRAFT - LUNAR MODULE
ADAPTER (SLA)
ALAN L. BEAN
Commander
•INSTRUMENT UNIT (IU)
International Business Machines, Inc.
Commander for the second manned Skylab mission, Alan
L. Bean is a veteran of the Apollo Program, having served
as lunar module pilot for the flight of Apollo XII in
November, 1969.
During that Apollo mission, he
brought the lunar module to a precision landing within
300 feet of the targeted landing point. He helped install
the first nuclear power generator on the moon. He has
logged a total of 244 hours, 36 minutes of space flight,
which includes seven hours and 45 minutes outside the
spacecraft on the lunar surface.
•S-IVB STAGE
McDonnell Douglas
Astronautics Co.
-1 J-2 ENGINE
Rocketdyne Div
Rockwell International
. INTERSTAGE
A captain in the U.S. Navy, Bean became a NASA astro
naut in 1963. He was born in Wheeler, Texas, on March
15, 1932. After graduating from Paschal High School in
Fort Worth, Texas, he received a BS degree in aeronauti
cal engineering from the University of Texas in 1955.
•FIRST STAGE BOOSTER
Chrysler Corp.
Bean holds many awards, including the NASA Distin
guished Service Medal, Navy Astronaut Wings and the
Navy Distinguished Service Medal. During his career, he
has flown 27 types of military aircraft, logging more than
4,410 hours flying time.
8 H-1 ENGINES
Rocketdyne Div
Rockwell International
OWEN K. GARRIOTT
Science Pilot
Each member of the space team has an im
portant role in achieving the Manned Flight
Awareness objective of preventing errors
and defects in space flight hardware and
operations. The error prevented helps en
sure a safe and successful mission - and
eliminates the cost of correction. Error-free
performance truly means more space pro
gram per dollar.
MANNED FLIGHT AWARENESS
Marshall Space Flight Center, S81A - DIR
Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama 35812
Making his first space flight, Owen K. Garriott was
selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in June, 1965.
He has since completed a course in flight training and has
logged more than 1,600 hours flying time.
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING IN OR
Garriott was born in Enid, Okla., on Nov. 22, 1930. He
graduated from Enid High School and then received a BS
degree in electrical engineering from the University of
Oklahoma in 1953. He also holds a master of science
degree and a doctorate in electrical engineering from
Stanford University in 1957 and 1960, respectively. He
has performed research in ionospheric physics since ob
taining his doctorate, and he has authored and coauthored more than 25 scientific papers and one book.
He was awarded a National Science Foundation Fellow
ship at Cambridge University and at the Radio Research
Station at Slough, England, 1960-1961.
He was born in Grand Rapids, Mich., on Feb. 29, 1936.
He attended Ann Arbor High School and received a BS
degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of
Michigan in 1959. He holds the degree of aeronautical
engineer from the U.S. Naval Post-graduate School
in 1965.
Lousma has been a Marine Corps officer since 1959. He
was awarded the MSC Certificate of Commendation in
1970.
BACKUP CREW
Vance D. Brand, Commander
William B. Lenoir, Science Pilot
Don L. Lind, Pilot
SL-3 EXPERIMENT ASSIGNMENTS
Number
M071
M073
M074
M092
M093
Ml 12—
Ml 15
M131
M133
M151
M171
M172
T003
M479
T002
T027
M487
T020
SOI 9
S020
S063
S073
SI 49
S183
S228
S230
S052
S054
S055A
S056
S082A
S082B
S190A
S190B
S191
S192
S193
SI 94
S071/
S072
Title
Cluster
Location
Science
Pilot
Cmdr.
Pilot
•
•
•
•
0
•
•
•
•
•
•
0
Mineral Balance
Bioassay of 8ody Fluids
Specimen Mass Measurement
In-Flight Lower Body Neg Press.
Vectorcardiogram
Blood Studies
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
Human Vestibular Function
Sleep Monitoring
Time and Motion Study
Metabolic Activity
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
MDA
OWS
OWS
•
•
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
OWS
•
OWS
•
Body Mass Measurement
In-F light Aerosol Analysis
Zero Gravity Flammabiliiy
Manual Navigation Sightings
ATM Contamination
Measurement
Habitability and Crew
Quarters
Foot Controlled
Maneuvering Unit
UV Stellar Astronomy
UV/X-Ray Solar Photography
UV Airglow Horizon Photo
Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light
Particle Collection
Ultraviolet Panorama
Transuranic Cosmic Rays
Magnetospheric Particle Collection
White Light Coronagraph
X Ray Spectrographs Telescope
UV Scanning Polychromator/
Spectroheliometer
X Ray Telescope
XUV Coronal Spectrohehograph
UV Spectrometer
Multispectral Photo. Facility
Earth Terrain Camera
Infrared Spectrometer
Multispectral Scanner
Microwave Rariiometei/
Scatterometcr Radai and Altimeter
L Band Radiometei
Orcadian Phythm of Pocket Mice
Orcadian Rhythm of Vineqai Gnats
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
OWS
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
ATM
MDA
OWS
MDA
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
©
0
0
0
0
0
TBD
T8D
•
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
•
0
0
0
0
0
•
•
•
•
0
0
0
0
0
MDA
MDA
•
•
0
MDA
CSM
CSM
•
•
•
0
0
�SCHEDULE OF EVENTS
DATE
TIME/EDT
EVENT AND BRIEF DESCRIPTION
JULY
7:08 a.m.
Liftoff of Second Skylab Crew
7:10a.m.
First/Second Stage Separation
7:18 a.m.
Spacecraft in Orbit
9:26 a.m.
First Spacecraft Maneuver to
Accomplish Rendezvous
2:21 p.m.
Final Maneuver Toward Rendezvous
With Skylab
3:38 p.m.
Docking With Workshop Cluster
3:21 p.m.
Undocking From Cluster
8:38 p.m.
Landing
28
of persons in NASA and industry worked around the
clock to conceive, design, produce, and test the methods
needed t o save the mission.
The effort was successful.
A sun shield was deployed over the station's habitable
area reducing temperatures to acceptable levels. Later,
the astronauts made a space walk that resulted in a suc
cessful deployment of the jammed solar array wing.
PARASOL (Sun Shade)
SEPT.
22
NOTE:
At printing time of this brochure, the above timeline
was tentative and subject to change
MISSION PROFILE
The second Skylab crew will be launched to a rendezvous
with the orbiting cluster atop a Saturn IB and aboard a
modified Apollo Command and Service Module.
They are first launched into a preliminary orbit. Several
sequence maneuvers are required to reach the orbit of the
Skylab cluster. After docking, the crew rests before en
tering the station.
Present plans call for the crew, early in the mission, to re
place a sun shade which was deployed above the cluster
by the first Skylab crew. Tests have shown that the sun
shade deteriorates in strength due t o exposure t o direct
rays of the Sun. The shade will be replaced by the astro
nauts working outside the orbiting station. They will
deploy two long poles. The new sun shade will be sent
out along the poles in a manner similar to raising a flag.
While the first crew completed a 28-day mission, the
second crew plans to remain aloft for 56 days.
The
mission will be similar t o the first one, but places more
emphasis on solar astronomy and earth resources experi
ments.
SKYLAB REPAIRS
Two problems developed during the launch of the
unmanned Skylab cluster on May 14, 1973. The meteoroid shield, a thin, .025-inch aluminum cover on the out
side of the station, was torn loose during launch. This
caused extreme overheating of the station.
The second problem involved the loss of one of two large
solar array wings attached t o the sides of the station. The
second wing deployed only partially. This caused the loss
of more than half the electrical power needed to operate
the station.
Because of these problems, the launch of the first crew
was delayed eleven days. During this interim, thousands
TYPICAL WORK DAY IN SPACE
The mission will be run on Central Daylight Time and the
sleep periods will run fairly constantly from 1 0 p.m. to
6 a.m.
After entering the workshop, the first two big
jobs will be shutting down the command module and
activating the Workshop.
During a regular mission day, the crew will spend the
morning hours from 6 t o 8 preparing for work. Check
lists and plans for the day's work will be sent t o Skylab
from the ground, and received on a teleprinter aboard
Skylab.
The major experiments are solar astronomy, using the
Apollo Telescope Mount; earth resources, using the
camera and sensor package; biomedical, involving the
crew and several items of equipment; and another large
group called the corollary experiments.
SATURN WORKSHOP
Each of these major areas, with their various experiments,
must be fitted into the crew's work day. Conducting
earth resources experiments will depend upon the orbital
position of Skylab and the condition of the cloud cover
on earth. When the solar astronomy experiments are
being conducted, the ATM consoles must be manned dur
ing every daylight pass. However, solar flares or other
sun conditions might call for manning the console at odd
hours.
Two out of every three days, each crewman will be a sub
ject in the various medical experiments. At other times
he will monitor equipment while another crewman is the
subject.
Element
Command
and Service
Module
Function
Crew Ascent
& Descent
The one period in which the astronauts will attempt to
stop work and get together will be the dinner hour. At
this time they can take a look at the flight plan and
tighten up loose ends.
Docking
Interface
Apollo
Telescope
Mount
Airlock
Module/Fixed
Airlock Shroud
Instrument
Unit
Orbital
Workshop
Solar
Observation
Power Control
& Distribution
Launch
Vehicle
Control
Primary Living
& Working Area
Environmental
Control
ATM/EREP
Controls
& Displays
Experiment
Laboratory
Utility Center
Stowage
Data System
SKYLAB OBJECTIVES
President Nixon: "...the Skylab... will be aimed not at
advancing the exploration of deep space, but at gaining in
space new knowledge for the improvement of life here on
Earth.
It will help develop new methods of learning
about the Earth's environment and the Earth's resources,
and new methods of evaluating programs aimed at pre
serving and enhancing the resources of all the world. It
will seek new knowledge about our star, the Sun, and
about its tremendous influence on" our environment."
Extravehicular
Activity Port
Length (ft)
34.3
17.3
13.3
17.6
3.0
48.1
Diameter (ft)
13.0
10.0
-
10.0
21.5
21.6
366
1,140
~
613
~
9,550
Working
Volume
(cu ft)
�
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Robert McBrayer Collection
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Robert McBrayer Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/112">View the Robert O. McBrayer Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
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sdsp_skyl_000052
Title
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"skylab 3 SCIENCE & ENGINEERING IN ORBIT" brochure.
Description
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This brochure describes the duties and responsibilities of the Skylab 3 crew, including experiments and repairs.
Creator
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
Subject
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Madison County (Ala.)
Huntsville (Ala.)
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Manned Flight Awareness
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Skylab Program
Skylab 3
Lousma, Jack R.
Bean, Alan L.
Garriott, Owen K.
Saturn launch vehicles
Apollo Telescope Mount
Experimentation
Skylab 1
Space habitats
Skylab 1
Space habitats
Type
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Brochures
Text
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Robert McBrayer Collection
Box 7, Folder 10
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/199/14398/sdsp_skyl_000063.pdf
e44cf24b1a3363bf266af0833e7cd70b
PDF Text
Text
M&-1
JSC-08833
SKYLAB 1 / 4
SYSTEMS DEBRIEFING
(COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE/
SATURN WORKSHOP)
PREPARED BY
TEST DIVISION
PROGRAM OPERATIONS OFFICE
0
NOTICE: This document may be exempt from public disclosure
u n d e r t h e F r e e d o m of I n f o r m a t i o n A c t ( 5 U . S . C . 5 5 2 ) . R e q u e s t s
for its release to persons outside the U. S . Government should be
handled under the provisions of NASA Policy Directive 1 3 8 2 . 2 .
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
Houston, Texas
MARCH 6-7, 1974
�SKYLAB 1/U
SYSTEMS DEBRIEFING
This document is a verbatim transcription of the postflight command
and service module/Saturn workshop systems debriefing conducted by the
Skylab h crew at the Johnson Space Center on March 6 and 7, I971*- Where
possible, questioners have been identified by their last names. However,
the attendees and questioners are too numerous to identify or list here.
The astronaut participants are as follows.
Gerald P. (Jerry) Carr
William R. (Bill) Pogue
Edward G. (Ed) Gibson
CARR
t'OGUE
GTBSON
•
Commander
Pilot
Scientist Pilot
The subjects for this portion of the debriefings are listed as
follows.
Command and service module
Electrical Power, Fuel Cells and Cryogenics, Propulsion,
and Batteries
Structures, Mechanical, Thermal and Docking
Environmental Control, and CSM Crew Station
Guidance, Control, and Rendezvous
Communications and Television
Operational Cameras and Photography
Launch Vehicle and Emergency Detection System
Saturn workshop
Instrumentation and Communications
Structures and Mechanics
Contamination
Thermal/Environmental Control Systems
Electrical Power System
Attitude Pointing and Control System
Crew Systems
EVA Systems and Operations
In-Flight Maintenance
A series of three dots (...) is used to designate those portions of
the communications that could not be transcribed because of garbling.
One dash (-) is used to indicate a speaker's pause or a self-interruption
and subsequent completion of a thought. Two dashes (- -) are used to
indicate an interruption by another speaker or a point at which a re
cording was terminated abruptly.
ii
�SYSTEMS DEBRIEFHG
Morning Session
JOHNSON
I'm Jerry Johnson . . . on the sequential subsystem.
To
start off with, we thought you might be interested in
looking at what we found on the circuit breaker.
QUERY
Flip your switch and'... you get through.
JOHNSON
We thought you might be interested in seeing what we found
out on the circuit breaker.
CARR
Okay, good.
JOHNSON
The BAT A circuit breaker.
X-rays here.
I've got some photographs and
These are X-rays of the breaker before it
was taken apart.
And here's a normal breaker and this is
the CB-20, which is the BAT A breaker, and as you can see
this bottom contact here is canted.
It should be flat
like you see here - CARR
Oh, yes.
JOHNSON
- - for the contact.
are on a slant.
And what happens is the top contacts
Well, as the breaker comes down, it contact
on the outer edge; and then as you push it all the way in
and it latches, it rolls over to a new surface area in the
�*
JOHNSON
(CONT'D)
middle.
Well, in this particular one, when you close it -
I have the views reversed here - As you can see, it just
barely makes contact here on this one little edge, instead
of being flat or over in the middle on a bigger surface
area.
And another view of the pictures, of what that does
on the contacts themselves.
that contact.
As you can see here, this is
Normally, what you'd expect to see - here's
a breaker here, is as you close it, it makes contact and
then it rolls to a new area.
In effect, it makes contact -
a normal contact like over here, would make here an arc you always have an arc involved.
And then as you mash it
on in, it rolls over to a new, clean surface area.
Well,
on this particular one, it was always coming down and stay
ing in this one spot; it stayed right there.
So it was
actually always hitting on this - where the arc is.
CARR
So we essentially did have contamination just - -
JOHNSON
Right.
CARR
- - because it didn't roll.
JOHNSON
Right.
Now this area over here - we found out what causes
that is, when you push in additionally, like we were having
you do, it would flex it on over here to a new area.
CARR
I see.
See?
�a>
JOHNSON
That's what was causing that.
And the reason we mentioned
to you to - on the load test - Well, mainly, the reason
we first mentioned the cycling is we thought if it was
normal configuration you should have been getting seme
sort of wiping action.
But that wasn't happening; so
on the ground in a few of these cases when we put a load
on it and cycled it, it was reasonably clear.
Something -
in terms of surface contamination or something.
So that's
the reason we went ahead and asked you to run a load test
of 20 amps or so.
CABR
Okay.
Well, I'm sure glad you were able to find good
proof positive of why we had the problem.
That's great,
JOHNSON
There was definitely a problem with that surface.
GIBSON
When you cycled it and it finally worked, what really
happened?
JOHNSON
Did you - -
The only thing I can think of is - what we think of is
if you arc in here enough to - throw this material out of
the way enough to finally get down to - -
GIBSON
Good metal to metal, huh?
POGUE
One side isn't enough, huh?
3
>
�JOHNSON
No.
P01UE
And out the other, huh?
JOHNSON
See, the current flows into one side and
. . . and back out the other.
have to have both sides.
See?
So you actually
So even though the one side
was good, all it took was one of them being bad there
to mess it up.
CARR
Yes.
JOHNSON
But you're right; we definitely found something wrong
with it.
:ARR
Well, I guess our conclusion was that in the future,
when we test batteries and things like that, that maybe
we shouldn't be happy with just open circuit voltage;
that we should make sure that a system will carry a load,
and that maybe we should change our way of testing things
in the future and make them carry a few amps too, as well
Just check and make sure their voltage is good.
Because
heaven only knows when that first got to the point where
it wouldn't carry a load.
It could have been on day U
or something.
JOHNSON
Yes, I think I agree with you, particularly in a long
mission like that.
And where we got the capability to
�JOHNSON
(CONT'D)
charge the batteries back up, there's probably - it actually
gives the battery people - they might want to comment,
but it actually gives them a better data point here in the
mission, too, I think, if that's done.
Doesn't it, Bob?
BRAGG
I would like to - -
QUERY
Get a mike, Bob.
BRAGG
I would like to make one comment; my name's Bob Bragg.
Would like to make one - there is a reason that we - at
least from the battery standpoint, that we have been look
ing at open circuit.
And that is that for a solar-sync
battery you can tell more about its status and what its
status is by watching the open circuit than you necessarily
can under a load test.
And we - this was established
pretty early in the mission, that this was how we wanted
to do it.
thing else.
Now, to tell - continuity of a circuit is some
And you're probably right; you do need - if
there is a question that we will not be able to get a con
tinuous circuit - QUERY
Right.
BRAGG
- - we'll be able to do something like that, I guess.
CARR
Okay.
So we shouldn't say when we're testing batteries, we
want to carry a load; it's more to test a circuit.
5
�BRAGG
Yes, on the battery standpoint, that's right
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Okay, we do have a couple of questions here.
Okay.
One thing we
want to know is, after splashdown - of course, we don't
have any data on the DSC at that time, or any airborne
data, because we killed the main buses.
But we wanted to
know, did you notice any - if you were doing any checks
on the battery currents or voltages, did you notice any
indication of a high drain or any indication of flicker
lights, like a short or something, momentarily?
o
POOUE
After splash?
QUERY
Yes, after you were on the water, or like in stable II.
POGUE
I certainly didn't do any checking, and I did not notice
any flashing.
Jer would have been in a better position
than the - to notice flashing.
You had the only lights on.
CARR
Yes.
I didn't notice any flashing at all.
QUERY
Well, what prompted the question was that the engineers
out at Rockwell had noted that on the circuits associated
with the four SPS circuit breakers that the pins were either
missing or just a corroded piece left.
6
Of course, what
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
happened is they had - they came off the battery bus up
stream of the main bus and they still had power on.
And
in the salt water, there was probably a current drain on
that circuit.
Now it wasn't enough to open the circuit
breakers, because they were still closed.
But we Just
wondered whether you had see any indication on board of
any current or something.
CARR
I didn't notice a thing that would indicate it.
It was
such a bright, clear day that any - you know, the postlanding floods - you didn't even really know they were on.
QUERY
Right.
Okay.
The other question we had goes back up
around CSM SEP time and has to do with Ed - Ed made a com
ment ; at the time he hit the manual RCS TRANSFER switch,
he heard a noise.
Was that more of a click or clack or
Just kind of a zip noise?
(Laughter)
GIBSON
. . . my choice?
QUERY
GIBSON
Just a dull muffled thud which - I suspected at the time it
was due to a relay closure somewhere.
be a - may have been something else.
It may or may not
�QUERY
Well, the reason for I was asking for kind of - the motor
switches we have in the vehicle kind of give you a zip you know - type thing when they get .. . -
CTB30N
No, it was more of a - -
QUERY
Relays have more of a click or clack.
GIBSON
- - . . . muffled.
QUERY
Okay.
Well, in looking at the data, of course, it - we
have indications that both of the RCS TRANSFER motor switches
did transfer.
GIBSON
Okay.
QUERY
Because one of the motor switches gives you RING 1, AUTO
and both SYSTEMS DIRECT, and the other one gives you RING 2,
AUTO and both SYSTEMS DIRECT.
And we saw on the ROLL circuit
both RING 1 and RING 2 indications come up on the data,
which indicated - right at transfer - we did get both RCS
TRANSFER motor switches.
CARR
That's auto transfer?
QUERY
Right.
GIBSON
Okay.
Auto transfer.
Must be - -
8
�Well, it looks like - I got with Chuck Finch, and looking
at the data, it looks like - right at the time in the trans
cripts where you indicate you were throwing the switch and
heard the noise, it looks like we picked up - an RCS engine
valve being picked up for the first time.
In other words,
Jer always actually had operated the hand controller and
picked up a valve, so that could have been a clank in the
solenoid.
And it looks like it's almost exactly at the
same time.
So as soon as I hit the switch, I heard something and Jerry
got firing and I thought that was i t .
Yes .
Okay ... - It looks like ... what happened.
Yes.
We - after finally realizing what the problem was,
why we didn't get that - those auto coils, then I was
willing to back off and say, well, then maybe we misinter
preted the data when we decided we hadn't gotten auto
transfer.
And of course, the sound that Ed heard - -
�GIBSON
That was the only thing that led me to believe, other
than the fact that he didn't get firings, that we did not
get an auto transfer.
QUERY
Right.
Well, when we read that in the debriefing, that's
when I went back very carefully to see that; because if
one of those motor switches hadn't trasferred when you
hit that switch, of course, you would then have transferred
one.
CARR
Yes .
QUERY
And it would've been more of a zipping sort of noise like
a real fast running ... Well, you've probably heard the
motor switches go, I'm sure, in the command module; they've
kind of got a little zip to them or something.
But the
data had indicated they'd already transferred, and then
a couple at the back we located.
CARR
Okay, that all sounds fine; that all sounds good to us.
QUERY
Okay.
That's all the questions we have on the electro-
power distribution.
Now the battery and fuel cell people
are here too, and - but if there's any questions you fellows
have -
10
�QUERY
Fine.
Go ahead ...
QUERY
Well, we don't have any more on the power, but we do have
one general question on the RCS ... subsystem manager.
QUERY
You got it.
QUERY
One other question we want to address to you guys is of
general nature.
One of the things that always interests
us with hyperbolic direction control system is contamination.
This is a big concern in the Shuttle Program too.
We're
wondering if at any time during your excursions outside,
or even inside at the windows or anything, you noticed
^
anything on the order of contamination that you might have
attributed to a RCS activity.
We had a pretty good lot of
it this time with big burns, we did.
So it's a good data
point to see if we actually got anything that was detectable
srt this . ..
GIBSON
Yes, we did.
We could see on the outside of the total
cluster a darkening of all the light colored surfaces.
One was - we attributed it to two reasons:
One was solar,
and we could tell that by shadowing effect, and the other
was some sort of a contaminant which was getting all over
the outside of the vehicle.
And we know it was a contam
inant by seeing it on the command module windows.
>
that ... - 11
And
�QUERY
It wasn't - it was permanent; it wasn't temporary in nature?
It was permanent?
GIBSON
Yes.
It Just increased as the mission went on.
To try to
associate that in time with the RCS burns we made, that we
did not try to do.
CARR
When I went out on EVA and went over the Sun end of the ATM
and took those pictures of the command module, I definitely
saw contaminants around the RCS quads.
It looked to me
like it was probably - had - you know, was definitely con
nected with the RCS quads.
QUERY
Now we expect it in the plume shape ... That's more of a
thermal discoloration than a contaminant.
But you're dif
ferentiating those two.
CARR
No, I wasn't.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
But you could see what looked like - -
QUERY
This is one of the pictures you took, and what I see there
I would expect that - -
CARR
Yes, there are some better pictures than that, Dwayne.
think that - is that a little bit fuzzy?
12
I
I think what that
�CARR
(CONT'D)
is ... 16 millimeter frame that's been blown up to a still.
I got several Nikon frames of the command module with the
35-millimeter lens, which ought to be much better photo
graphy.
good.
And the exposures on that particular frame are not
The contamination that you could see does not show
up in the l6-millimeter film.
QUERY
A better indication might even be the comment you made on
windows.
CARR
Yes.
Something right around - -
You got the word about what we saw on the windows in
the water?
We had film over the windows, and as they got
into contact with the sea water, it wrinkled up, much like
a top on a custard or something like that.
QUERY
CARR
No, we didn't.
That's interesting.
And then after a while, as the swimmers moved around there
and sloshed water up on it, touched the window and every
thing, all this contamination was gradually washed away or
bunched up into sort of like ...
GIBSON
It looked like there was enough left over to get a sample,
though, and I'm wondering whether anybody did try to get a
sample of contamination.
13
�QUERY
No, I looked over the thing pretty good.
You know, we got
it back in the hanger there, and there wasn't anything on
it at that time.
GIBSON
Is that right?
QUERY
Yes.
QUERY
Well, they might have even washed it down.
GIBSON
Oh boy.
CARR
But the windows were very definitely - command module windows
We were hoping you'd be able to ... - -
very definitely had a film of contaminant on them that we
could see from the inside.
When you got on low Sun angle
you could see that there was sort of a tan cr beige con
tamination on the window.
And you could tell just by the
reflection of the light.
QUERY
It's a shame we didn't get some of that.
GIBSON
That occurred quite early in the mission too.
QUERY
Was there any particular change once - right after that oh, your two longer burns, 80-second and 180-second burn?
GIBSON
We didn't try to make that correlation; it would have been
useful to do, but we didn't.
lit
�CARR
I don't know how we could've made any correlation.
It was
Just a gradual buildup, so that near the end of the mission
you could look out the window and you'd say, boy, there's
sure a lot of crud on the windows, and it wasn't that way
in the beginning of the mission.
GIBSON
We might have been able to take pictures at the same
time, before sunset, before and after the burn.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Very good.
Okay, that's all I had.
Now you guys had
some questions about all the things that transpired in the
^
RCS system.
CARR
We'd be glad to try and - -
I think we've been pretty well clued in on RCS and what
the deal was, the ring 2 problem, and of course, the one
we induced ourselves that gave us a little trouble for a
while until we got into the direct mode.
QUERY
You got the story on the valves ...
GIBSON
Yes.
I guess one question I still have on the leakage
we had on the helium.
We saw it come down, and it appeared
as though it came down to close to 2000 pounds, and start
to level out.
And this applied to the people on the
ground as well as to us, if we really had a propellent
leak as opposed to a - -
�a>
QUERY
GIBSON
QUERY
No.
helium leak.
That was initial decay?
Yes, it was almost an - exactly a theoretical orifice
blowdown, a gas-helium blowdown.
perfect curve all the way down.
We plotted it later and
It ended up, actually,
600 when the guys got it on the carrier and bled it off.
It was a - And we pretty well knew that, even in real
time.
And there were communication problems.
Some of
the problems we were sure you guys found ... you probably
know about.
But we looked at that thing; we said, hey,
we're 95 to 98 percent sure that's helium.
effects we saw looked like helium.
did foul us up:
But one thing that
Every so often one of you would say,
hey, there goes some more ice.
GIBSON
All the
And we were a little - -
We tried to make that clear that we saw that before.
We had - -
MS
CARR
There was one place where you didn't hear us, and that
was - -
QUERY
So we got a little edgy ... what are the consequences,
you say.
And you just go ahead.
We used ... rings all
the time, because I know on the mode, the ... mode, you
16
�had the backup going.
quences.
And there were no adverse conse
On the other hand, if you'd gone the other way,
there were some ... problems, so that I ... well let's
Just play it safe and not worry about it.
the decision went.
And that's how
But it's unfortunate that the word
got to you, obviously, later, that we felt it was a propellant leak.
Yes, that Just had us wondering about where the propel
lent leak was.
We had a communication problem over here, between this
desk and over there.
And then the problem with you guys -
so we had little minutes here and there, and bad communi
cations ... but we were Just playing it fat and cozy, is
what we were doing.
Okay.
No problem operationally on the STS.
It was Just
that we thought propellants might be floating around - -
Yes, well if it had been ... it would've dumped them.
It
would've had to dump that whole fuel into that ... bag,
which would have been a little problem handling.
why we tried to get the message to you.
That's
You know, you
might've wanted to put your masks on so you don't have to
worry about fume ingestion, things like that.
17
�CARR
Yes ... - -
QUERY
But that got kind of fouled up.
CARR
Yes, we never got that word.
We found out later that we
had decided not to wear the masks.
RCS system just occurred to me.
One question on the
We had you know that
quad Bravo problem, PSM to the quad.
lem?
What was the prob
It was never absolutely clear to me just exactly
what our problem was.
I was under the impression it was
an isol valve.
QUERY
Yes, the propellant isolation valve, the oxidizer, ran
out or they filled on quad Bravo.
That is, the propellant
isolation valve was crosstalking with the manifold pres
sure early in the mission.
It wasn't a gross leak, but
every time the pressures would go up on one, you could
see them reflected in the other and they were - there was
a little bit of lag situation.
So we knew £t was just a
leak, and we debated a long time on whether you really
wanted to perturbate the procedures in doing something
about it.
The idea we finally came up vita was, we could go
ahead and use the PSM to quad propellant isolation valve
which was holding good.
Then we could still isolate all
the quad propellant and saturate all the other quad systems
18
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
from that quad; so if you developed a leak in another
quad for instance or another - any place other than line,
you wouldn't leak quad B propellant through that valve
you thought was closed out.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
it was Just a scheme to positively contain all of our
propellants and know where they were all of the times for
propellant management.
There was a - As it turns out,
it was probably just a small piece of contamination kind of leak and typical of the isolation valves.
Then
it wasn't a great concern and it caused a little bit of
perturbation of procedures but that's all.
That was all
about - propellant management was what we were trying
to do.
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
Any more on propellants?
QUERY
We don't have anything.
QUERY
You get the thermal and SMD?
QUERY
QUERY
You have any fuel cells?
19
No, that was propellant.
�QUERY
No, we didn't have any.
CARR
We got an extra day out of those fuel cells, didn't we?
It seems to me we shut them down a day later.
QUERY
No.
CARR
Didn't we?
QUEF'1
No>
didn't.
we
We got about 18-1/2 days; actually, a
little bit less ...
CARR
Okay.
QUKRY
You
Just had that one thermal question, P.D.?
Yes, . . . if he has - he has another question . . .
QUERY
Like t0
pursue this contamination a little bit further.
We looked at - QUERY
Mike.
Leave the mike open.
QUERY
Okay.
QUERY
We looked at that l6-millimeter film - -
QUERY
You have to turn your switch on.
QUERY
Okay?
There you go.
We looked at the l6-millimeter film and we've seen
some things on this film frame, this one picture that we
20
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
have a print of.
We'd like for you to look at it and see
if you could explain what we think we see.
CARR
Our problem is that picture is so bad that it really
doesn't show too much of what was there.
I -would hope
that you could get the Nikon photography pretty quick
here, and I'm told that the color on that is a lot better.
Yes.
That's the sort of stuff we saw.
QUERY
Is this a charred section that ... black or could you tell?
CARR
I couldn't tell.
I didn't really have time to look at it
closely, but I didn't have the impression that it was
charred.
QUERY
What about this section in here?
Is that - -
CARR
That looked to me like it was kind of oily.
QUERY
Oily?
And what about from here down through here?
Looks
like we have some dribbling of seme sort in here.
CARR
Yes.
I noticed that too and didn't have a feel for what
it was.
But it looked like something had come out of
that area there and was just kind of eating the paint.
QUERY
Did it look like it had eaten the paint?
21
i
�)
CARR
Yes.
There was - it was a stain or a smear on there that
was covering the paint Just like that photo shows you.
That's a pretty good photo.
It shows that stuff is there,
but the coloring is wrong because everything is darker.
All these white surfaces that you see are more gold or
beige than you see there.
These pictures - the 16 milli
meters - apparently we Just didn't have the f-stop right,
and everything got overexposed and is much whiter than
it ought to be.
And like I say, I'm told the Nikon stuff
is darker-looking photography and said if it's darker,
it's probably more correct than the 16 millimeter.
And
I think I took two or three frames of the command module
from that same position that that movie was taken from.
That was - I crawled out over the Sun end of the ATM
and Just essentially let go and took as many pictures as
T could before I had to grab again to make sure I didn't
drift away.
QUERY
On the same EVA as this one?
CARR
Yes, um-hum.
QUERY
Thanks.
QUERY
That's the only question that we had.
We do have the Earth
landing system people and mechanical systems people in
case you have any questions for us.
22
�)
CARR
No.
The ELS just worked like a champ.
GIBSON
What do the pictures show in the landing as to why we got
the stable II?
From us, subjectively, inside, it appears
as though we hit and immediately went stable II.
And it
wasn't being - because we were dragged over at all; it
was just the dynamics of the hit.
I wonder if one of
those pictures shows the same thing.
IANGLEY
I'm Art Langley.
We certainly didn't expect you to go
into stable II, but it's not unfeasible if you hit the
wave slope at the proper time.
It's quite common that
you can flip at that particular time.
CARR
It sure had ... - -
GIBSON
Did you see the motion pictures?
Were they able to show
anything, or was - QUERY
There are not any available.
GIBSON
Okay.
CARR
In area structures, I must say that the folding and un
folding, the stowage and unstowage, of the center couch
was extremely easy, much easier than one g.
Of course,
you know one g is - that's a hernia operation, and in
zero g, it's just a piece of cake.
23
And it was typical
�CARR
(CONT'D)
of any high-inertia situation in zero.
The large, massive
pieces of equipment with high inertia are much easier to
manage in zero g than are the little pieces.
And the
Y/Y strut, which is nothing but trouble over in the
simulators Just worked beautifully in the Spacecraft.
But everything worked well from a structural standpoint,
you know, whatever structural pieces we had to fool with.
The hatch worked Just fine; it was sort of a snuggy fit,
working it up into the tunnel and getting it in there.
But again, that was no great problem either.
The probe -
is that part of your structural area?
QUERY
Yes it is.
CARR
Wopked according to Hoyle.
photographed it.
The drogue situation - Bill
Have you had a chance to see the
photographs yet?
QUERY
No.
Not the drogue - photographs of the marks on the
drogue.
POGUE
I have not seen them either - sort have been interested
to take a look at than.
CARR
That drogue really took a beating.
We're interested to
know whether or not we added any scratches to it or
2h
�CARR
(CONT'D)
whether it was already there, because I really battered
that workshop on that when we finally got captured.
I
wasn't about to drift back out of there again and I
really rammed it.
POGUE
Yes, but I don't think you hit it that hara, Jer.
Anyway
we got some good photos.
QUERY
Any more questions?
Why don't we give these to Gibson,
the SPT.
CARR
Okay.
Thank you.
QUERY
As long as the ... S people are on their way over they'll
probably have some good questions from them.
CARR
Do you know if the SWS systems people have been alerted
that there's a good chance of starting early?
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
That's what you guys get for designing such a good system.
It worked so well that there's nothing to talk about.
QUERY
We like it better that way.
QUERY
At the end of the - -
CARR
Is your mike on there?
25
�QjJERY
At the end of the deactivation and after tunnel closeout,
Jerry mentioned that you were concerned about not doing
the PGA suit integrity check.
You were aware then that
the CSM suit circuit integrity check - if you have a
successful suit circuit integrity check, you don't need
to do the PGA?
CARR
That's what I thought, but reading the checklist indicated
it and inferred to me that we were supposed to do one and
then go back and pick up and do the other.
And that's
the way I read it and it bothered me because it seemed
to me having done the suit circuit check we were sure - QUERY
This then appears that we may need to make a clarification
on the next CSM trip ...
CARR
I wasn't about to do it anyway because I didn't figure
the time and I thought the suits were good and tight.
QUERY
We had a good suit circuit integrity check then.
There
is no reason to do the PGA itself.
CARR
I guess the only other thing in ECS on that day that
really bothered us was that doggone flapper valve that
hung up.
We had to throw on two suit compressors and
then pop that - -
26
�QUERY
We have the CSM subsystem manager, Don Helves5 he'll be
here shortly.
CARR
Okay.
Q UERY
Okay, could you speculate on what might have caused the
damage to the overwrap of the LiOH element which was
rejected.
CARR
You know you changed out the - -
Those two canisters were just rattling around loose in
A-6, and we were putting pieces of equipment in there and
taking them out all through the mission.
Just bumped it and scarred it.
And I think we
What we did was we pushed
the plastic up against something sharp or hard inside,
v
We Just ended up lacerating it.
And I wasn't sure -
Well, the fact that the plastic was puffed out instead of
sucked in tight like most of the canisters was enough for
me to think about it.
And I went over and looked in that
locker 151 or whatever the locker number is.
There was
a thousand canisters in there and so I just picked a nice
looking one and took it.
I had so many things to choose
from that I didn't worry about it.
But I think all we did
was - let's see, the Dewar cooler S192 was in there and
it's got lots of sharp protrusions on it.
That was
rather rattling around in A-6 with these two LiOH canisters.
27
Si'
�CARR
(CONT'D)
And the S009 was in there Just floating around.
So
everytime you'd open that locker to get something, you'd
bump those things.
You know they play pinball machine
for the next 2 hours, bumping into each othe»", and so I
think that's the reason.
QUERY
I would like to hold these other two questions in abey
ance until they get here.
QUERY
Okay, I only have two very quick questions to work out.
In your technical debriefing you reported your problem
involving the VERB b6 coming off the SIVB, and we were
wondering how you achieved the plus-X translation or
did you not have any plus-X translation when you came
off?
Because you shouldn't have had any if you were in
CMC control without having done the VERB U6.
You were
still on the ... DAP and it wouldn't accept any plus-X
translations.
CARR
Good point; hadn't thought about that.
QUERY
What did you mean when you say, "We pickled off."
That's
a new term to me.
CARR
That's a close-air support pilot's term.
punched the button that fired vis off.
28
That means we
Pickling off the
�CARR
(CONT'D)
bombs - There's a pickle on the top of your stick on your
airplane.
You punch the button and that pickles off the
bombs or whatever it is you're shooting.
So what we did
is we threw the switches to sep from the workshop, I
mean from the SIVB and I frankly don't remember if I had
plus X or not; it's been so long ago.
QUERY
You didn't use DIRECT VOLTAGE?
You would have remembered
that.
CARR
Yes!
That's right.
But the thing is we did separate
from the workshop - the SIVB.
And I felt no problem
there.
CARR
And I don't even know whether I got plus-X or even tried
to use it.
But the thing was, when you're going to start
the pitch maneuver, you're supposed to start it in
ACCEL COMMAND and then throw it to RATE COMMAND when you
got CMC AUTO to pick it up for you.
The thing there, as
I remember, was just to make sure that you started pitch
ing in the direction that you wanted to.
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
And when I threw it back to RATE COMMAND, then CMC AUTO
ground to a halt.
y
And so the only thing I could think of
29
�CARR
(CONT 'D)
to do was to do another VERB 1*6 to make sure the DAP knew
it was driving and it was going to pay attention to the
VERB 1*9 data that I put in there.
And it worked.
So I
assumed that what I had done was probably right; then the
next time I did it, it worked perfectly.
QUERY
We don't think that there was any sort of a problem with
DAP or anything because it worked so fine the rest of the
mission.
CARR
Well, I don't understand why that son of a gun ground to
a halt on me because - -
QUERY
Well, it would depend upon several factors.
We don't
have the data to go through the sequence of events, the
time line of mode changing, and so forth, but we attempted
to reconstruct what might have happened that would have
explained it, and if you had done a VERB 1(6 and then
followed that after you get the maneuver started, follow
that with PRO, PRO on your VERB 1*9, you would have to do
them in that order because VERB 1*6 -
If you had PROed on
your VERB 1*9 first and then did your VERB 1*6, that would
just put you into an attitude-hold mode and it wouldn't
attempt to drive you back in anyway.
So you would have
had to do the PRO, PRO after you'd done the VERB 1*6.
And
then that would depend upon what sign of attitude errors
30
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
you had at the time.
If you had a positive attitude
error, then it would attempt to pitch you up and you had
Just commanded the pitch down maneuver; so they would be
then in opposite directions and would stop the rate and
attempt to drive you back the other way.
So it would be
a function of what the sign of your attitude errors and
how many errors there were at the time.
Of course, we
have no way of knowing.
CARR
Yes ; well, that must have been it.
QUERY
But procedurally, you can cause a ... to occur.
CARR
Kind of off of that thing, the VERB 1+6 should have been
done way back around tower jett.
We put VERB 1+6 in twice
in the boost card.
QUERY
Yes, and your checklist prior to sep, called for it again.
CARR
Yes.
And then, we called the undock DAP, don't we, prior
to sep?
We set up the undock DAP and we're supposed to
do another VERB 1+6 and that's the one - I figured when it
did work right, I figured, well, I must have forgot to do
a VERB 1+6 after I loaded the DAP.
over again and everything worked.
31
So I did it and started
�GIBSON
When we finally turned around, we were pretty far out,
so I'm sure we got seme plus-X.
How we got it in there,
I'm not sure.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
You may have very well done it twice then, especially if
you had any appreciable separation distance.
CARR
Yes.
We had good separation distance.
There was no
question that we were well separated from the workshop,
I mean from the SIVB.
QUERY
Okay.
That's kind of a tricky procedure and there's
several things that you can do that can dork [?] it up.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
We've had a problem with it before.
CARR
It was no big thing, you know.
I was prepared to just
go ahead and do the whole thing in either ACCEL COMMAND
or MIN IMPULSE, but it was kind of a surprise to have it
grind to a halt after I had already set up the rates.
QUERY
Okay.
32
�CARR
And then I was willing to accept - Just doing a VERB h6
solved the problem, so I was willing to accept that
possibility that I had probably forgotten to do a VERB U6
after I loaded the DAP.
QUERY
If you could have remembered whether or not you had
gotten plus-X, that would have told us whether or not you
had done the first one or not, but it's kind of academic.
The only other question we had:
We would like to verify,
if you can for us, there was no other TRACKER fail light
that occurred during the mission other than the one you
had during the rendezvous sequence around the NC-1?
CARR
Man, I'd forgotten we even had that.
QUERY
Well, you made no mention of it.
CARR
The data's so bad and the tapes are so bad during the
rendezvous - You know, we tried to do the tech debrief
ing, and we can't remember the rendezvous very well.
It was apparently so nominal.
And so we asked them to
bring us over the tapes so we could listen to them and
they were so lousy we couldn't figure out what had
happened there either; so I'm sorry to say the rendezvous
is pretty hazy in our minds.
33
And I knew something else
�CARR
(CONT'D)
was - we had a problem and that's it - the TRACKER fail
light - and I don't think we ever had it again.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
If we did, I'm sure we would have told you.
QUERY
We didn't see any evidence of it in the data, but, of
course, there's a lot of periods we don't get clearly
when the G&N is OFF.
CARR
I don't remember seeing another one.
QUERY
All right.
G&N guys just now walked in so unless they
have any other questions, I guess we're through.
QUERY
You had something about the CU fail.
Do you happen to
remember when you had the TRACKER fail - You may not be
able to recall it, but when you had the TRACKER fail, did
you ever go back and see if the T packs really read zero
at that time?
CARR
Yes.
I'm pretty sure.
Isn't that one of the steps in
the malf procedures?
QJERY
Yes.
CARR
And I remember we got the malfs out and went through them
very carefully.
3b
�y,
QUERY
There's a question in our minds.
You thought you did
and that would help us solve the problem?
CARR
Yes.
I do remember that one thing - making sure that
the T packs went to zero and we called NOUN 92 I think
it was to make sure that the CMC was commanding to zero,
as well as the T packs being in zero, and it seems to me,
Ed, you were down in the hold then at that time and I was
having you verify those things to me.
GIBSON
Yes.
QUERY
The
I remember that.
call went up when the problem disappeared that you
were in the process of doing a 52.
I believe you recall
that you do not know when it went out, when the TRACKER
fail light went out.
CARR
Yes, it must be.
QUERY
Okay.
GIBSON
A long time ago.
CARR
B°y>
Is that true?
I can't remember.
Thank you.
I'll say.
It's pretty bad when you can't even
remember the anomalies.
(Laughter)
35
�QUERY
We appreciate the good words about the G&N system in
your tech debriefing.
CARR
Well, it worked like a champ the whole time and when we
flunked that horizon check on the shaping burn, I was
supremely confident the G&N system was GO, because we
had just gotten finished doing a start check and Ed said
he could probably mark on the start without even going to
O
MANUAL. And I was supremely confident that we had a good
G&N; I'll tell you, the guys in Flight Control are still
scratching their heads as to why we didn't - why we missed
the horizon check by 8 degrees.
Doesn't make sense at
all, but it happened.
QUERY
If you're interested, I have that strip chart of the
separation problem prior to entry if you'd like to look
at it, but that's all I have.
CARR
I think we understand pretty well now just what happened
there.
I might also add that when we were using the
system for the trim burns, it was really nice.
We could
call up NOUN 56 and take a look at the rates, and it's
really pretty nice when you can finish up a burn with the
command module driving that whole big logging truck and
you're reading four balls and a small number for your
rates.
5)
The old CSM DAP was just doing a magnificent job.
36
�QUERY
That's the last on that?
CARR
Go ahead.
QUERY
On the ECS secondary coolant loop checkout at ... to
Then let's get back to ECS.
insertion, the evaporator steam pressure dropped to
lower limits.
In an attempt to obtain a satisfactory
operation, you noted that twice you obtained steam
pressures of 0.15 to 0.16 psi by going to the RESET
position of the SECONDARY COOLANT LOOP, EVAPORATOR and
RESET switch, but you were unable to sustain the proper
pressure or cause the evaporator outlet temperature to
come down.
During these attempts, do you recall if you
returned the switch to EVAP or OFF position after each
of these partial closing of the back pressure valve?
GIBSON
First - As I recall, we went back to the EVAP the first
or perhaps the first two times; didn't get it to work.
And then went to the RESET to close the valve and then
went to OFF and that's when I recall it working.
That's
pretty hazy recollection.
QUERY
What we're trying to ask, did you leave it in the OFF or
the RESET position for any length of time?
GIBSON
We didn't leave it in RESET position for a long length of
time.
What?
58 seconds it says.
37
Oh, that's for the
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
primary.
It's close to that for the secondary, I guess,
so it'll drive it full scale.
QUERY
But it only operates in AUTO mode when you're in AUTO
and - -
GIBSON
Yes.
QUERY
- - and the RESET only closes the valve and shuts down
everything else and OFF shuts down everything and appar
ently what happened when you left it in OFF, it dried out.
Or did you leave it in RESET for any length of time;
that's what we really - -
GIBSON
On the order of a minute or two at the most.
QUERY
Because in the RESET, the water flow valve is inhibited
and it cannot drain.
GIBSON
Okay.
It was only in RESET for on the order of a minute
or two at the most.
QUERY
Okay.
GIBSON
I think that was - Now I don't recall the explicit
action of doing that, but I remember that's the way we
were trained and that's the way we understood the system.
QUERY
Yes.
38
�GIBSON
Whenever we went to -
Q'ffiRY
Well, the primary works when you can control it in the
manual position and the secondary cannot be controlled
in the manual.
GIBSON
Yes.
POGUE
Yes; we knew that.
39
�3
GIBSON
Okay.
I'm giving you the best guess of recollection;
that's more about the way we were trained than - QUERY
Your training was in the primary mode at the Cape in the
chambers?
GIBSON
Yes.
QUERY
And evidently you thought you could do that with the
secondary.
GIBSON
Yes, probably so.
QUERY
I had to look it up to finally realize you couldn't do it.
(Laughter)
And then number 2 was during ECS systems
reactivation, the water glycol evaporator servicing pro
cedure.
Apparently, it was interrupted due to the flapper
valve operation with the CDR's suit flow control soaking
valve, and our ground data indicated that considerable
excess water was added to the primary evaporator.
And
that after the flapper was sticking, the secondary evap
orator was serviced nominally.
Your self-debriefing
indicated that the SECONDARY EVAPORATOR WATERFLOW switch
was left in the ON position for maybe 30 minutes due to
interruptions.
CARR
No, that was the PRIMARY.
1*0
�QUERY
Yes, that's really our good question.
CARR
The SECONDARY was left a little more than the 3 minutes,
but it wasn't significantly more.
But the PRIMARY was
right in the center of that big flapper valve flap, if
you'll pardon the expression.
And 32, I started the det
and it was reading 32 and I remembered that we should
have turned that switch to the other position.
QUERY
We did experience quite unusual startup activity on the
primary coolant - -
CARR
I would expect so, with that much water in there.
QUERY
I think that's because of your pipe - pipelines.
CARR
Yes.
I thought about that when we saw the ice.
I figured
that that's what the problem was - was why we have all
this ice because that water valve was on for so long.
QUERY
Of course, at that time I think most people thought it
was from the RCS.
CARR
Well, we did not make it clear on the air-to-ground that
the sparklies started by before we activated ring 2.
Now
the folks on the ground just didn't realize that, but we
knew that what we were seeing going by was very likely
the - Hi
�GIBSON
We made that statement once hut I think it was not under
stood and we should have made it again when we realized
that people were misinterpreting fireflies and their
source.
QUERY
You have any more questions?
QUERY
There was one question I had, Ed.
It wasn't clear in
the debriefing here as to whether you actually activated
the postlanding of the ventilation system.
didn't deploy the ducts or anything.
CARR
No, it was not.
not to do so.
You say you
Was that activated?
As I understand it, we were instructed
It was mainly because people were concerned
about the propellents in the area.
QUERY
You got that part of the instructions, but the part of the
instruction about the oxygen masks and that sort of thing?
GIBSON
All we heard was something about oxygen, and it was only
when we were listening to the TV station in San Diego
that we realized we had decided not to use it.
(Laughter)
QUERY
That's all the questions we have.
GIBSON
I'm wondering a little bit about the amount of water
Do you all have any?
which we finally found down there in the LEB of the CSM.
U2
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
Jerry, as you know, used to take towels and towels full
of water out of there and during the on-orbits day and
before we came back, we tried to get as much water out
as possible.
I was Just wondering how much can be accu
mulated up behind the panel that you Just can't get to.
Because after the first burn, I was moving around down
there in the LEB and put my foot in a big puddle of
water.
That's when I realized we might have a fair amount
down there, and apparently they found some in the equip
ment .
I guess S201 was concerned about getting water on
their film.
QUERY
They said it was a possibility.
Well, I guess this was - this suspicion; it wasn't any
colder than previous Skylab missions.
The lines are
insulated, but like the valves are not.
So you are going
to get condensation back there, and previous crews have
experienced the ice become condensation.
And when you
do a burn from Apollo coming back from the Moon, whenever
they do a burn, they have to get down and mop it up.
all congregates down there on the floor.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
I can't really answer your question, assess how much.
We tried to do that and we really failed.
U3
It
�GIBSON
There was no way for us to get down there and mop it up
because there's so much equipment stowed down there that
Jerry couldn't get to the surface where it was all
congregated.
CARR
But every day I did - Everytime I did the housekeeping,
HK7, in the command module, every 7 days, we'd fire up
the secondary loop; and that would melt the ice down
there next to panel 377, I think it was, the BYPASS valves
down there.
It would melt all that ice, and then I had
about four towels full of water that I could get up out
of it.
And so I really conducted a neat wieking experi
ment for the student who lost his other working experi
ment down in the workshop.
But you could just take that
towel and lean it up against those lightning holes that
are over to the left of that panel.
There's little -
about 3/l6-to lA-inch holes back there.
You could just
push a towel up against that and hold it.
And you could
almost hear the water slurping out of there and into the
the towels.
And it worked pretty well.
Prior to - Well,
during the deactivation phase, I tried to get as much of
that water out of there as I could.
all out through wieking action.
I tried to get it
But you - obviously I
didn't get it all because Ed discovered it aovn in the
aft bulkhead after the first burn.
lots of ice.
But it was there and
There was a patch of ice about that wide
UU
�CARR
(CONT'D)
and about that long right down that vertical bulkhead,
and I think if you look at the - look at the spacecraft,
you can see where I did some battering on it to - to
break some of the ice off.
And then I got smart later
and found out that if I did my water sopping right after
the 7-day housekeeping exercise, I didn't have to chip
ice; it would all melt and go into the towel.
I started doing it that way.
And - so
But there's a lot of paint
chipped off the command module right there.
I might also
add for, I guess, the structures people or somebody that
we had corrosion.
You might take - Walt you might tell
your people to look at the left girth shelf, right by the
A
the water glycol panel, 326 I believe it is, and at the
inside edge of the cabin relief valve handles.
There
was considerable metal corrosion underneath the paint,
and the paint was lifting.
And it was white, powdery
aluminum oxide underneath.
And this was the only area
that I saw this, but it was right - right around that
area.
It looked like it probably hadn't been properly
treated before they painted it.
And there was a good
amount of corrosion under that.
But down ax the area
where I was chipping ice, that was - it looked like it
was well Ilodyned [?] and the paint would come off
when I'd bang it, but the metal underneath looked pretty
good.
�QUERY
Okay.
Are there any more ECS questions?
QUERY
No.
QUERY
Okay.
QUERY
This next area will be comm.
questions so you ... CSM comm?
U6
We don't have any specific
�CARR
On the CSM coram?
I guess the only comment we have on
coram was that I hope that next time we build a - a
spacecraft or any sort of a space station, that we should
think simplicity in comm.
The command module comm system
is a complicated system full of traps that - that put
you in a position where things come down on the air-toground that you didn't want to come down, and on the
others - the other side of the house, you try to talk
down air-to-ground and it doesn't get down.
Or things
get recorded when you don't want them recorded and vice
versa.
And then you take a complicated system like that
and plug it into another system that grew like Topsy in
the -
in the SWS.
The whole system was just a great
big bag of snakes and you could see the first few weeks
of all three missions, we were all screwed up on comm
until we finally
got it settled down.
And then all the
comm problems would settle down, and then only occasional
ly would you embarrass yourself, with some dumb thing
happening.
But it's Just that you had so many different
ways to configure the system and it - it Just bit you;
every time you turned about you got bit by the comm
system.
QUERY
And -
Can you attribute that, Jerry, to - to - to design
rather than to procedure?
1+7
�CARR
Simplicity of design is what you've got to go for, and and a lot of people will come hack and say, well, if you
want flexibility, you're not going to get the simplicity
that you want.
And to that I say hogwash.
You can design
a system that's flexible and - but you've got to design
your - the - your panels - the - your man-machine or your
man-panel interface so that you know what you're doing
when you're throwing a switch.
GIBSON
The largest problem I saw in trying to understand the
comm system from the operator's standpoint, is you can
never follow the flow of information - -
POGUE
GIBSON
Six, 9, and 10.
never sit there and say-here's - here's where it comes
in the antenna, here's the power amplifier that goes
through here, and follow the flow and - and see the
controls and displays that go with that flow.
It was
just a hodgepodge of switches sitting in front of you
with no way of reb - or groping at it.
It was kind of
like grabbing an elephant; you Just didn't quite know
where to start.
CARR
But another good thing about comm systems, too, is - is
some indication of your modulation, whether or not you're 1+8
�T>
CARR
(CONT'D)
you're modulating, getting down and getting up - little
gain meters or lightB or anything, I think are good.
And
they ought to be designed in coram systems of the future.
If you're going to tie your tape recorders into your coram
system, you ought to have a little - little idiot lights
that tell you either you are or are not recording.
And
of course, we only had a little bit of that, and that is
the green light in the service - in the SWS that said,
yea, verily, you're recording.
POGUE
We had talkback, of course, but it was only visible from
one panel.
CARR
Yes.
GIBSON
But that really goes back to our own inputs many years
ago.
I mean we - we asked for it so -
CARR
We got it.
GIBSON
Yes, we got it.
CARR
But, we're convinced not that your recording capability
ought to be completely divorced from your comm.
Our -
our idea is that you - in a - in a space station sort of
thing of in Shuttle, that each guy ought to have his own
recorder - tape recorder with him.
b9
And when he fills up
�CARR
(CONT'D)
a - a tape, then he can put the tape in a dump mechanism
and throw a switch that tells the ground that there's a
full cassette sitting on the dump.
And the ground can
dump it and clean it, and then they'd turn on another light
that tells the guys up there that this tape has now been
dumped and cleaned and ready for use.
And you just need
a few extra cassettes, and you'd have a very, very simple
communication system where you could get your voice data
up and down without getting messed up in the comm.
And,
of course, this would be separate from your data - your
data recorders, which are ship systems.
QUERY
I got a question.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
I'm really with the workshop ... but ...
I guess I don't
understand what you mean by completely separate.
You
mean have separate mikes for the recorders?
CARR
Sure; carry around your recorder on your hip with a mike,
And if you need time-tagging on your - your thing, you
could - you could probably have a jack or something that
you could plug into whatever workstation you're working
at, so that you could - you could time-tag your data.
But -
50
�QUERY
You mean the - the SIAs in the workshop?
CARR
Yes, they're confining.
We're going to talk about that
some more in just a minute.
QUERY
But - but you're saying that it would have been much better
if we had had tape recorders that - individual tape
recorders, some way or another we'd dump those
CARR
Right.
QUERY
- - and they have their own microphone and that sort of
thing?
CARR
Right.
POGUE
We certainly did not have enough flexibility in the
workshop comm - recording.
51
�r
1
QUERY
Yes, I realize.
CARR
Well, I'll tell you I was never confident Just exactly
Okay.
where any signal was going when you - when you talked.
You got channel A and channel B in the workshop and three
audio panels in the command module and capability to
inter - interconnect and change over and all those different
antennas.
POGUE
Indian-wrestling with the ground when you came up on AOS.
QUERY
Any more comments?
CARR
No, that's it.
QUERY
Okay, the operational cameras and photography.
GIBSON
Hello.
QUERY
Okay, we have a few questions to ask you about cameras.
Realizing that we had a number of problems, we'd like to
try to - to get a few answers to help us solve problems
for the - for the future.
Okay, first of all, were you
ever required to reindex on 11+0-foot film magazines,
16 millimeter - to reindex the film in the aperture to the
little orange lens?
POGUE
It was always right on.
52
�QUERY
It was always right on?
That sounds good.
Okay, early in
January, we sent up a couple of procedure changes on
l*00-foot magazine operations, you know, delete putting
it into thread mode when you remove it frcm the camera.
So that we got the impression from the ground that after
we deleted these procedures, that some of your problems
cleared up?
Is this true.
POGUE
That's corre ct.
CARR
Yes.
When we quit messing around with these cameras and
running them at 2b frames per second and thread and then
go on to operate and all that stuff, we immediately
reduced the number of failures that occurred.
POGUE
I think that the failures that occurred after that were
random and, occasionally, maybe one or two problems due
to the fact that the selection was inadvertently to Was it single frame - time - whatever it was?
QUERY
And exposure, yes.
POGUE
Due to that.
The - You're aware that - I know that we're
all supposed to know, when you move that lever around,
where it's supposed to be pointing, but you are aware of
the - -
53
�QUERY
Right.
POGUE
- - optical distortion that exists there.
QUERY
Okay, when DAC 06 blew the fuse early in the mission, was
that the first time you had attemped to use that camera?
CARR
Golly, I can't remember.
I don't know.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
That's just too long ago and -
QUERY
Okay, you were - it was a procedure that was instituted
to remove 6 feet of film from each canister before you
tried to thread it.
Okay, we gather that you did that.
Do you recall if any of the film that you removed looked
curled or disordered?
POGUE
Discolored is the best word on -
QUERY
Was discolored?
POGUE
Yes.
QUERY
Okay, what about - -
POGUE
But only about the first 3 or It inches.
QUERY
Yes, okay.
Did it feel sticky?
51*
�POGUE
No, never sticky, always hard, "brittle maybe, but the only I would say that any character change was restricted to
the first few inches.
QUERY
Yes.
Okay, pertaining to the DAC 08 failure, do you recall
having any kind of difficulty interfacing the magazine
to that camera at any time?
POGUE
No.
CARR
Can you review what our DAC 08 failure was?
QUERY
That was the one that you suspected had a claw problem;
that it wasn't pulling film, it -
POGUE
I think that was you again, Jer.
CARR
Oh, that's right.
No, it seemed to be perfectly normal
as far as the interface between the - the - the transporter
and the - and the camera itself.
But it just seemed that
no matter what magazine you used, the claw would just
rip holes in the - in the perforations.
QUERY
Yes, well we found the - the problem was not with the
claw but rather with the little drive coupling.
The foot
had been bent over on that little coupling, and we were
trying to determine, you know, how that might have, you
know, some difficulty with making a magazine or ...
the reason for the question.
55
That's
�CARR
I don't remember any problems with mating any of the
magazines.
You - you - There was always the possibility
that you'd put a magazine on, and if you didn't get it
locked in Just perfectly, it wouldn't - it wouldn't mate
in.
But the thing is, you wouldn't get bhe green light
then.
QUERY
Normally that - that should - that should occur.
You
shouldn't be able to operate the cameras if the thing isn't
CARR
That's right, and we found that interlock system to be
pretty doggone reliable.
QUERY
Okay.
POGUE
The only trouble we had on that was that one transporter
did not have an end-of-film light that was operating,
and we reported that a couple of times.
We went ahead
and used it.
QUERY
Yes, that was - that was one of the other cameras.
I don't
recall which one, but we - we found a problem that was
happening to it.
It was - Okay, during the last EVA,
in the flyaround and reentry using DAC 02, when did you
notice the failure?
56
�POGUE
You mean that stuck in the 2 k frames a second?
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
Jer
CARR
Oh, let's see.
I'm not sure, but it seems to me it was
one of those nervous times when I decided, well, I'm going
to check this camera one more time and see how it's
running, and then - then's when I realized that it was
running at 2b instead of 12.
It was one of the pin
firings that I had done.
QUERY
You don't recall - -
CARR
It seems to me that prior to undocking, isn't there a
place in the checklist prior to undocking where you you recheck or where you make sure the camera is set up
properly with all the - the right settings?
QUERY
I believe that's true.
CARR
That's - I'm pretty sure that's the time when I realized
that that son of a gun was running much too fast.
QUERY
Yes.
57
�QUERY
Okay, it - it appeared from looking at the film that that the EVA turned out okay.
But your flyaround and
reentry was the one that looked like ...
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
That problem could have occurred - We were trying to,
you know, pinpoint whether we had a - maybe a terminal
problem during a EVA or - or what it was that might have
caused this failure.
CARR
Quite frankly, I don't remember noting any problem.
I
took that - that DAC down, and, let's see, I stowed
1^0—foot magazine in Bravo 3 or one of those lockers
down there
it.
where the transfer checklist told me to put
And then, after a while, I got to thinking.
that's ridiculous.
I said,
I'll put the DAC in the window, and
the film will be down there, and Bill will be suited, and
we're going to need the film, and it's in the wrong place.
So on entry day, when I was just closing out - doing the
final closeout on the command module stowage, I decided,
well, I'm going to get that film out and put it on the
camera.
And I did that and tested it.
And I honestly
can't remember noting at that time - apparently I didn't
notice, if it was running at 2h, that it was.
58
But I
�CARR
(CONT'D)
did make a test firing then.
And then - then the next
time I test-fired it was just prior to undocking when
the - where you come to the place in the checklist where
you check the - the shutter speed and the - and the
exposure and all that.
That's when I believe I said,
oh, for crying out loud, this son of a gun is running at
2h.
And we're probably going to shoot our whole wad before
we ever get to the flyaround.
QUERY
Well, it looked like you got - got the flyaround pretty
good but not much of the reentry.
CARR
Yes.
By the way, Bill got one good Hasselblad shot of
the - of the chutes.
QUERY
Yes, good.
QUERY
And one of the helicopter.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
Not so good.
QUERY
(Laughter)
GIBSON
What was wrong with the camera?
QUERY
(Laughter)
We'll Just say from - from our point of view, but -
59
�CARR
What did you find with the camera?
QUERY
That camera we found a blown transistor in the electronics,
CARR
A blown transistor.
QUERY
That's why we think possibly a thermal problem, but we're
not sure.
CARR
Yes.
Son of a gun, we were down to 3 DACs and - and
then we had to pick the one that was bad.
QUERY
(Laughter)
QUERY
QUERY
Okay, I have a curiosity question, Bill.
You reported
sometime fairly early in the mission that - was one of
the UOO-foot cassettes, that the tab had pulled back in,
that you went into your sleep quarters and tried to Did you have any success?
POGUE
The reason was - you know I - I fully intended to go back
and try it again later but never did have time.
There's
not enough room to get your finger in there or anything,
to push that - QUERY
Yes, that's true.
60
�POGUE
- - Lead that film back in.
You know that this happened -
The problem occurred twice, once with me and once with
Ed.
And - no, excuse me, the tab three times.
That time
I lost the - the leader completely, and I reported that
I must have put it on the wrong side.
see how I had done it.
hadn't.
But I couldn't
Then later, I became convinced I
I had the thing on right ... shoved it back in
twice more.
And I know that I had it on the right side
because that - you know that it has the little orange
marks only on one - on one side for lining it up, and
if you could see the orange marks after you put the
supply in, you've got it loaded right.
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
SO
I had it loaded right, and that thing was - and I - I
think it was a different - QUERY
Transporter?
POGUE
- - A transporter each time.
tab back in there.
But that thing was shoving that
The other two times, fortunately, I
was able - it had enough left - I'd get the Swiss army
knife or something and pull it back out.
QUERY
Yes.
61
�POGUE
Really weird.
Now I'll tell you this - it - I'd never
seen that happen before, and I was convinced I had made
some kind of goof-up the first time.
QUERY
That is odd.
Okay, I - I have no other questions.
Jim
has some on the 35 millimeter.
QUERY
Okay, just about all my questions relate to NK 02, being
as we had a problem with the - with the film.
And
I'd like for you to just discuss with me the - the
problems you had loading the camera, getting the back
closed.
Was it an every-time affair, or was it just the
certain cassettes?
POGUE
Every time.
QUERY
Every time?
POGUE
That's right.
CARR
We never had that nice tight line.
It just wouldn't close?
There is a picture
right up there; we're showing somebody else what was that line on the - the end of the door wss - never
looked to us like it was completely closed.
It looks
like the little cam locks, or whatever H is that pulls
it in, just really hadn't quite pulled it all the way.
62
�POGUE
But it did look like the - the back was closed far enough
that it - We had a good light seal and everything, and I
had no reason to suspect that there was any sort of
geometry problem.
QUERY'
CARR
The film ... seen here looked flush to us.
QUERY
The film was not fogged, so you didn't have a light
problem.
The light wasn't getting in.
Didn't - did it
did the back at all appear to be bent in any way?
POGUE
Not to me.
CARR
Like I was saying, it appeared to be flush, it's just
at the end - -
POGUE
The little - there were two little lugs down there.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
They weren't working right.
GIBSON
always engaged, except ... - -
POGUE
The geometry in the back looked completely intact.
QUERY
But you had no problem with NK 01?
camera.
63
That was the other
�CARR
No.
POGUE
No, sir, just the NK 02.
QUERY
Do you remember whether that happened on the first - The
first film you shot in there was an IR roll, your body
pictures for the medical people.
And you even had it
then?
POGUE
As far as I can remember, I had trouble on it the first
time on.
QUERY
Something happened after - IR 01 looks good, and every
other roll after that is completely out of focus.
Do you recall - you know what the pressure plate is in the
camera?
POGUE
QUERY
Can I show you a picture?
Yes.
Okay, and the question I have - I don't knew whether you
can recall or not, but was it there?
POGUE
You know, I honestly can't remember.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
I don't think it was, Bill.
GIBSON
Well, now wait a minute.
64
I suspect it wasn't.
�POGUE
How in the world can you lose a pressure plate?
CARR
If it had gotten loose, it would have ended up on a screen.
QUERY
CARR
If we'd have found that on a screen we'd have said, Man
where did this come from?
QUERY
That's right, but I don't know how it got out of there.
POGUE
Just a second, let me look at ...
GIBSON
You really notice the difference between that and Nikon 01,
*** you notice the difference.
QUERY
Yes, yes.
I see a barreling effect of the film, which
says the pressure was not in there holding the film in.
And I see overlapping of - of - from frame to frame, either
overlapping or not properly spaced, which says the
pressure plate wasn't there.
know.
It - it - it's ... - -
65
Now how it got out I don't
�GIBSON
What - what held the plates there?
QUERY
It's held by four rivet-type things.
physically pull it and get it out.
You can - you can
You got to pull it
this direction and pivot it this direction to get it out.
It - it's tough to get out, but it can - you can get it
out.
GIBSON
I don't know why the heck - how it would ever get out there.
QUERY
Now, I don't know how it got out, but every - everything
I see on the film says it wasn't there.
POGUE
I'll bet you're right, because that would explain all that
defocus and everything.
QUERY
That's right.
GIBSON
How the heck did it ever get out and where did it go?
Where did it go?
QUERY
I don't know, because we went back to the - SL-3 film
and looked at all the film that we shot in NK 02, and it
was there then, because it's all good.
QUERY
••• (laughter)
That little green Martian guy went in there
and took it out between missions; I don't know.
66
�QUERY
That's what the film looked like to us, that it Just flat
wasn't there ...
CARR
. . . got t o he i n the same place as those mask weights
are for - -
POGUE
Yes , the SMMD weights.
(Laughter)
POGUE
You can lose things in the spacecraft and never recover
them.
GIBSON
How'd it even come off though, Bill?
POGUE
That's - that would require positive effort.
QUERY
You - yes, you physically got to try to get it out; it
just won't come out by itself, because it's caught this
way one direction, and this way another direction.
GIBSON
And that makes me think that, even though it sounds like
a neat idea, a nice solution, but I don't think any of us
ever worked on the cameras that - -
QUERY
Yes.
GIBSON
- - with that much aggressiveness to try to take something
like that off.
67
�QUERY
No, you would have known; you couldn't do that by
accident.
QUERY
No.
CARR
But I don't remember seeing ... - -
QUERY
The only thing I can see that would have caused it - the
only other thing - you could take the camera and just
stretch it this way and that's - (Laughter)
QUERY
Could you have pressure - pressured it in to where it was
flat against the back?
QUERY
It's strained steel and you can sit thez'e and hold it all
day long and when you let it go, it's going to spring
back out.
I even shot some film on - on one here on the
ground, pulling one side loose, and it - still there's
enough pressure to hold the film right.
CARR
Have you tried removing the plate and taking some pictures
and comparing them?
QUERY
Yes, and it's very close.
CARR
It is?
68
�QUERY
QUERY
Very close.
That focus varies which also leads me to believe that the that the film was floating in there.
QUERY
Yes.
QUERY
It varies; it looks like, you know, it's 3 or U feet, or
sometimes 6 feet and it Just - -
CARR
I never felt like the back of NK 02 was loose when we were
using it.
It always felt tight, but it was Just always
disturbing to see that one seam there - that it wasn't as
snug and - and clean looking as was the NK 01.
QUERY
I even tried leaving the back completely open and
Just taping it with the gray tape like you had on board,
and the film still is in focus.
So the only answer I
came up - We tried even putting ... maybe there was a
spacer ring between the lens and the body.
But that -
that had nothing to do with it.
QUERY
No.
GIBSON
No, no we ...
QUERY
We had - We had the problem before we ever put that
K-l adapter in.
69
�I
GIBSON
Yes, we used a whole host of different lenses, too.
QUERY
Yes, I think you would have found it.
You might have
shot it once that way, hut then you would have seen it.
Not r- not every roll.
POGUE
Well, that's going to be one of the unsolved nysteries - -
QUERY
That's right.
POGUE
- - of Sky lab, because I can not figure for the life of
me how a piece of - came out of there.
GIBSON
Do you recall whether the SL-3 guys had any occasion to
work with that camera?
QUERY
That - oh, yes.
We shot probably 20 rolls with that
camera on SL-3.
GIBSON
To work on the camera, I should say.
QUERY
Oh, to work on it?
CARR
...he says our first roll was in focus.
QUERY
The first roll - -
No, I don't think we ever worked on it.
MS
70
�GIBSON
... whether they might have loosened it up by having to
do any work on it, and it came off very easily.
Because
I know we never did any extensive work on it.
QUERY
The thing that would really fool you, too, is that your
eye tells you by looking through it that you have good
focusing, but if the pressure plate's gone, you don't
know where the film is; it's not holding the film flat
anymore.
POGUE
That's right.
QIJERY
And that's the only answer that I can come up with, that it
somehow got out of there, and I don't know how it got out
of there either.
But that's the only thing I can see that
would do that, because you could just about bend the back
in half almost.
Well, you have - you know, you'd have
to have a space that wide before the pressure plate wouldn't
hold it in there.
And then you would be light fogged very
bad, and there was no streaking - no fogging in the film.
CARR
Wait a minute, now.
We always had to really hold that
thing down tight to get it to latch.
There was something
pushing that back open when we were trying to close it and
latch it.
71
�QUERY
Which - which should be the pressure plate.
The pressure
plate should - you know, you should feel the resistance.
It also springs out as you open it - As you pull the lever
down those ...
CARR
Yes, and I remember one time when you and I loaded it
prior to an EVA.
I was holding it down, while you were
manipulating the lock knob.
And it took some force on that
knob just to hold that thing down there.
it would just come open.
If you let it go,
So that tells me there must have
been a pressure plate in there.
No pressure plate, it
probably would have just - QUERY
Should have plopped right in place.
CARR
Yes.
No, we never had that.
We always had to push that
thing against some sort of - GIBSON
Also holding a Swiss army knife also helped in order to
get the - the back plate to hold down, which hit against
the edge, and you had to put the knife in there and pry it
back a little bit.
QUERY
Pry it back so it'd go down.
It sounds like it must have
got bent a little bit, but that - even if it was bent a
little bit, as long as you got it closed ...
72
I don't
�7)
QUERY
(CONT'D)
know, I don't have the answer for that.
one on the flash operation.
I have one other
Did you have any trouble with
chat flash at all, or - POGUE
We changed the battery about a week before the end of the
flight.
QUERY
Is that right?
flight.
You used the same battery all through the
So you had plenty of battery power.
CARR
Oh, yes.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
The biggest single problem we had was forgetting to charge
the darn flasher.
We'd take a picture without charging
it, and then we would have to take it over again.
QUERY
Yeah.
CARR
But other than that, the flasher worked like a gem.
POGUE
This is a very good unit.
If you notice the - the
pictures we took there at the end, where we - using the the fixed settings for the strobe.
manual, or something like that.
QUERY
Yes.
73
You know, it Just says
�POGUE
Every one of those shots came out great,
QUERY
Yes.
POGUE
I t ' s when you - when you s t a r t e d - w e l l , I ' d say - Some
of the fixed operations with the K-l adapter we had an
awful lot of trouble with.
You've seen those.
QUERY
Oh, yes, yes.
CARR
What about - what about some of those body photos that are
so grainy and fuzzy?
QUERY
Was that done with the flash?
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
I assumed it wasn't done with the flash.
It - it looked
like it would either
CARR
No, no wait; it was done without a flash.
POGUE
It was done without a flash.
CARR
This is - this is the - the photos we took when we did
an IR picture - the three views?
POGUE
Yes, one-half of the stereo.
was the three views.
7U
It was stereo, otherwise it
�POGUE
Yes.
That's right.
QUERY
And they were without the flash?
CARR
Without the flash .
POGUE
That's right.
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
They were rotten pictures.
QUERY
I also assumed they were probably early in the mission.
POGUE
No, we continued taking - taking them without the flash,
because that's what the card said.
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
Of course, the stereo - we always had trouble counting
down, and getting both cameras - or that they wanted the
flash to go off a little bit before the - -
POGUE
If they - if those worked out, it was Just a fluke.
(Laughter)
POGUE
Because that - that - that was really ridiculous ... that
strobe . ..
75
�>
QUERY
We had - we had ... something and we couldn't sell that,
so I knew it would "be a real pain for you.
I don't know,
that's the type of picture you tend to get without a
flash.
We lost more because of the radiation to the film,
whereas you didn't see it near that bad on Apollo
you had a 10, 15-day mission.
when
But as long as you were up
there, the radiation really gets to that film.
CARR
And the flash helps overcome the radiation.
QUERY
Oh, yes.
CARR
You're really supersaturated to begin with.
Okay, so that's why those no-flash pictures are so grainy
looking.
QUERY
Plus, we're pushing the film a lot more without a flash
than we are with a flash.
CARR
QUERY
Yes.
We're pushing it another stop or better, which makes it
look grainy.
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
That's basically all we had.
questions of us?
We could
76
Do you have any other
�POGUE
There are two - two comments I'd like to make.
The photomic
head is a beautiful piece of equipment, but because of our
continual changing of - shifting of photomic heads and so
forth, every time I picked a camera up, the little buttom
had been pushed, and the little white ring was showing.
QUERY
Which said the battery - -
POGUE
Which said we were discharging those batteries like crazy.
So about halfway through the flight, all of them were going
out, and I didn't trust them any longer.
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
Which meant then you had to use a spotmeter.
Because of
my accommodation going down the tubes, I actually had
trouble reading that spotmeter; Jerry didn't.
I had to
put my glasses on to read it.
QUERY
POGUE
I see.
So once you take - I mean, I don't know what can be done
about that, but it's hard to read, and maybe Just keep
that in mind.
QUERY
Yes, hopefully we'll have something different from now
on.
After ASTP.
77
�POGUE
The photonic head is the way to go.
You know, the batteries
are small; you just carry a handful of them up.
QUERY
POGUE
CARR
Right.
We used - I think we sent up five ...
I changed all out.
And - and I had one spare.
And I - -
He was really hoarding that spare near the end of the
mission.
(Laughter)
POGUE
We only had one, and, of course, you would like to keep
that on the color interior, because that was the thing
to use it on.
QUERY
I think if we had it to do over again, on ... - one of the
electrics we didn't fly with a photonic head, on account
of weight, but I think we would so it would save you
swapping heads.
MS
Yes.
QUERY
That was a real pain.
CARR
QUERY
And swapping the light, the flash unit, was a pain, too.
The flash ...
78
�CARR
Because you had to take that lens off to remove the foot
that holds the - or you had to change the whole photomic ...
POGUE
... because there were medical photos and after postflight - for postflight medicals, one of The photographers
just put some velcro on his photomic head and was - was
using it that way.
And I thought, why didn't I think of
that?
MS
(Laughter)
POGUE
Because that's all we really needed to do.
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
We wouldn't have had to keep unscrewing that thing.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Well, when we started out with those cameras there was
Right.
no - ever an intention of having a flash, and then that kind
of developed so that a few did.
The next generation of
cameras will have a flash unit.
POGUE
I'll tell you, I'm really impressed with that flash unit,
because you notice, regardless of the distance, they
all came out pretty good.
79
�QUERY
That's really good.
Hopefully, we'll get one - the one
problem with that one was that you only can shoot at
2 feet or farther way.
If you got much closer you could
wipe out something.
POGUE
Yeah.
QUERY
Now you could kind of get it away from the camera to do
that.
And hopefully, we'll have one in the next generation
that will be where you can get a lot closer.
POGUE
I did some where I held the flash unit over to one side.
QUERY
Yeah.
As - as I recall, those came out real good.
On
the - the - I forget the ED number, but the plant growth the rice seeds [ED61/62] - now that was done with Just a
high-intensity light hanging on the side.
And those came
out real good.
CARR
Yeah.
POGUE
In other words ... - -
GIBSON
What came out well was everything except what you wanted
to see.
MS
(Laughter)
80
�GIBSON
The rice seeds themselves were so blurred because they
were emersed in that - that agar, which is translucent.
QUERY
Right.
GIBSON
So you really couldn't see the details.
But all the
numbers on the outside of that container really came out
beautiful.
CARR
Oh, yeah.
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
Yeah.
Well, I think this was what - you know - they were
expecting to see, but at least they give you some idea
what - how the other roots - I don't know.
QUERY
I guess that's all we have.
GIBSON
Are you going to, even on ASTP, have a reflex finder for
the Hasselblad?
QUERY
Not on ASTP.
GIBSON
Because, boy, we look at the - -
CARR
Why don't you get rid of that Reseau plate and put that
reflex back in it?
81
�"5
GIBSON
Boy, I'll tell you, we look at the pictures, and you can for example, you're looking at a smoke plune, and you say
why didn't I include the whole smoke plume in the
photograph.
QUERY
Yeah ... - -
GIBSON
You just couldn't line it up; you don't know what you are
looking at.
QUERY
Right, that's - -
GIBSON
That reflex finder is so beautiful.
CARR
I'm sure you noticed in a lot of the pictures that the
item of interest was in the - you know - not in the center
of the picture.
It was offcenter somewhat.
QUERY
Right.
CAER
And that was strictly because we were using - looking down
the side of the camera.
And we even tried the ring sight
a little bit, but I'm not so sure that did a lot of good.
POGUE
Really the ring sight still doesn't - it helps, but it still
doesn't give you the - the full field of view you're
getting.
82
�GIBSON
Yeah, when I used the ring sight - I remember the few
times that we actually had it on the camera and used it,
and it did help.
But it still didn't show the full field
of view, which lets you know what you're getting in the
picture and whether you want overlapping pictures.
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
Well, also, for stereopairs it's awful nice.
CARR
Yeah.
QUERY
The - the one problem with that is, early when we first
started flying Hasselblad we couldn't ever get the
mirror to not break in vibrations.
It sits there and flaps,
whereas the Nikon camera - it locks down, has a positive
lock that holds it in place.
Maybe we can overccme that
with the newer technology we have today, but POGUE
Well, what's wrong with installing it in flight?
QUERY
That's difficult to do.
POGUE
It is?
QUERY
You would never get it - you would never get it to line
up properly.
You'd have to keep the distance between
it and the - the screen exactly the same as the distance
83
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
back to the film plane.
And it would be a real problem.
That's a real precise alignment.
You could never do it
in flight, I don't think.
POGUE
You could ... - -
GIBSON
. . . package i t so you could take that packaging out during
flight?
QUERY
Yeah.
That's possible; you'd cram it full of foam or
something so that you could yank it out and have the
mirror locked up.
That's a possibility.
POGUE
Uh-huh.
QUERY
That's a real possibility.
CARR
Well, I guess our message to the camera people is that
the cameras we had were good for their dayt but there's
better stuff on the shelf down at the camera supply right
now.
And let's don't perpetuate the stuff we got Just
because it worked neat for Gemini and Apollo.
up with the times.
we do.
Let's stay
And I know you guys feel the same as
We made the same pitch to the managers, and that
is, let's keep up with the times with our photographic
equipment.
There's no reason to saddle ourselves with
old stuff Just because it was reliable and worked well in
its day.
81+
�QUERY
Right.
POGUE
There's a couple of human factors and things, too, when
you're going to select these new cameras, and that is cables, for instance, have nothing to do wiuh cameras as
such, but they ought to all be coated.
I think we
mentioned that at tech debriefing.
QUERY
Right.
POGUE
And we ought to have cable caddies.
You ought to be able
to easily attach and remove cables with the magazine
and transporter installed.
And you can't do that.
You
just tear your fingers up trying to get those on and off
because there's not room.
You know, the little things
like that that enhance the operational use of the camera.
There was a continual sort of irritation when you were
actually - had to take - the thing that was really bothering
us was that every time we took a transporter, handled a
transporter, we - we got all nervous because we had so
much trouble with them.
And so every time you touched
that transporter, took it off the mag, off the camera
itself, you figured you were flirting with disaster for
that 1*00 feet of potential film.
QUERY
Um-hum.
85
�POGUE
And you - but you had to take it off to remove the remote
timer or to remove the power cable and then put it back
on and then check it again.
There for a while we were
checking it again, too.
QUERY
Um-hum.
POGUE
Little things like that can sure make that operation go
smoother.
GIBSON
We shouldn't shortchange ourselves on the amount of
equipment we take up, especially the small stuff.
The -
the manual release cable, manual timer - CARR
Yeah, that was something.
GIBSON
We had times where we had both people wanting to use it
and you'd have the whole time line constrained because
you only had one of them up there.
CARR
Yeah.
QUERY
And that thing weighed nothing, a tenth of a pound or
something.
POGUE
I always wondered - -
QUERY
In a sense you would have been better off if you could
have ...
86
�POGUE
You could carry 10 of them in a suit pocket.
QUERY
Yes.
GIBSON
One thing that vould also help in the future that I think
really slowed us
Tip
of those pictures.
in taking pictures is the documentation
Writing it down and then getting it
into a voice recorder, for some reason that seemed to
take much longer than taking the picture.
QUERY
Yeah, I'm sure.
GIBSON
And maybe we could find a much more efficient way of doing
that.
QUERY
Hopefully - -
GIBSON
Especially for Earth resources, you could do a heck of a
lot better.
QUERY
Hopefully we'll have that data recording system vhich
not only records the time but also the f-stop and the
shutter speed as well.
GIBSON
So all you have to do is then give some verbal description
of what picture you took.
QUERY
That's right.
87
�GIBSON
That surely would be better.
QUERY
I think that would help.
GIBSON
We were inhibited in taking an awful lot of pictures.
That's sort of ...
If
you only had 2 minutes at the window you knew you could
never take a picture and document it.
QUERY
Right.
CARR
Well, a couple of times I took my pictures during the day,
and then finally at 10 o'clock at night I would try to sit
down and document everything that I did.
And that's hard
to do.
QUERY
Well, another - -
CARR
It's better than nothing.
POGUE
- - another thing, too, when you get a golden opportunity
to take a long series of photographs, you start - first
you see something that you've been waiting 3 weeks to get,
you see, and you grab the camera.
You start taking
pictures and then all - after you've taken about 15, well,
you don't - if you take. 15 or not, you don't knov when you
started - what frame you started with, or whether the
previous guy forgot to log his.
in a mess.
88
And, bqy, you're really
�CARR
Yeah, there were a lot of ... positions, where we'd sit
down and say, "All right, what frame did you finish with?"
"Well, I'm not sure; what did you finish with?"
MS
(Laughter)
CARR
"I think I took six pictures."
But one thing, you guys
really shortchanged us on the little log.
We had to make
our own logs.
QUERY
Yes, there wasn't enough on - -
CARR
Oh, golly, yeah.
You only gave us maybe 25 percent of
what we needed.
POGUE
We used 10 of those apiece.
GIBSON
The guy who was last one to write on the page was the one
who had to make out the next one.
MS
(Laughter)
CARR
Yeah.
GIBSON
So you'd find it - for half the day you'd find one line
He had the problem ... - -
at the bottom and everybody was afraid to take pictures
MS
(Laughter)
89
�POGUE
MS
Either that or he'd draw another line between that
(Laughter)
QUERY
(Laughter)
POGUE
CARR
Squeeze in an extra one in there.
But we found it was - it was good for us, too, to try to
be meticulous about keeping track of our pictures.
QUERY
CARR
Yeah.
But of course, unfortunately we left one little book
up there stuck in the window which represents - I think
it was about 22 pages of data.
POGUE
CARR
Most of it is voice recorded.
Little bitty pages like that, but about eight frames per
page, eight pictures per page.
But it looks like we're
probably going to have to sit down and help Dick Underwooc
and those guys figure out what some of those pictures wen
Luckily, near the end of the mission where w2 knew we
had lots of film, we start taking great ... of pictures,
and all you got to do is identify one feature and you Just
identified eight or ten frames.
90
�QUERY
Yeah.
GIBSON
Have you seen any of the Nikon out-the-window stuff yet?
QUERY
Unofficially.
GIBSON
How did some of the 300-millimeters turn out?
QUERY
They looked good.
CARR
No sir.
QUERY
You didn't?
CARR
No.
QUERY
... much better than anything we seen previously.
GIBSON
We used ... 1/1000 of a second and stepped the ... opened
Yeah, I've seen it.
it up accordingly.
I assume you used a bracket a lot on those.
And also, the bracket I didn't think
was the way to go; I used image motion compensation.
Look
through that viewfinder and track a given subject as you're
taking a picture.
That seemed to be - otherwise, you're
just sitting there watching the ground speed by and you
know you're going t o smear i t .
POGUE
Well, you sure can see it in that 300 lens.
GIBSON
Oh, yeah.
91
�CARR
Yeah.
The "bracket was too floppy, too flexible.
It
vould've been better if we'd Just - if you're going to
have that bracket, to design it to fit into the two holes
that hold that big piece of bridge structure that goes
across for S063.
QUERY
For S063; right.
CARR
And you could have had Just sort of a lighter bridge with
a camera hanging down there with some sort of a ball
Joint so that you could move the camera.
QUERY
Uh-huh.
GIBSON
But a bracket doesn't seem to make sense in taking pictures
going over the ground.
It only makes sense If you're
taking pictures of something fixed inertially in space,
when the spacecraft is fixed and you're taking a picture
of a star or a comet.
But taking pictures of the ground,
you - you're best off following it with your eye and
getting image motion compensation.
QUERY
Well, you did a beautiful Job because they're much better.
The other pictures, the only reason they put that bracket
on originally was to - to try to help seme of this body
motion you get in the pictures as well as being able to tell
you, "Hey, at a certain position you're going to be able to
see something come up in 2 minutes."
92
�GIBSON
I thought most of the smear which they had on SL-3 was
due to the ground whistling by rather than body motion.
QUERY
I'm sure it was.
Plus, I - I'm sure they didn't shoot at
that - CARR
Well, proper body restraint helps a lot, too.
If you can
get yourself well restrained you can sure do a better Job
of taking a picture.
POGUE
Another thing - yeah, and if you'd put the lens up against
the window cover protector, a lot of times that would and then Just lever it.
GIBSON
Pivot it on there.
That's what we used to do:
hold one end up against the
edge and then Just watch it and raise yourself up as you're
going over.
CARR
Right.
QUERY
Well, they were very good; better than we've ever seen with
the 300.
And the EVA pictures are probably the best we've
ever seen on EVA, both on the 16 and the 35.
outstanding.
They were
Very good.
GIBSON
Well, I hope we finally get to see them one of these days.
QUERY
When the DOD releases them?
93
�GIBSON
Something secret in those EVA pictures?
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
Every one of the CX films is tied up on the 35; they haven't
been released yet.
QUERY
CARR
But they do look good.
Any more questions on that?
That's about it, I think.
That's all the comments ve have.
MS
Thank you.
GIBSON
Thank you.
QUERY
Okay, George McKay [?] from Marshall's here; he'll take over.
CARR
Your locomotive has square wheels,
MS
(Laughter)
GIBSON
But don't tell the Chrysler people that.
McKAY
Now I'm going to ask you to remember in great detail the
first 10 minutes of this 3-month mission.
MS
McKAY
(Laughter)
It's going to be real exciting, I'm sure.
Now, I guess the
thing that - it's probably moat obvious to everybody at this
time that most of the excitement took place on the ground.
9b
�McKAY
(CONT'D)
And I guess the thing I would ask you was, do you recall
anything that wasn't as you expected in terms of the
sensations and sounds and what - what have you?
CARR
Well, I don't think we were prepared - you know - for
much of any of that.
Having never done anything like that
before, you never know exactly what to expect.
can tell you exactly what it feels like.
GIBSON
And nobody
There's no way.
And each guy that gives you an idea of what they thought
it was like seems to describe it in different terms, very
subjective.
I felt we were on top of a tall building
and the bottom floor exploded.
You really felt - felt a
lot of - initially I felt a lot of vibrations associated
with isolated explosions, which were different engines
lighting off and most likely to holddown clamps letting go
I thought I was going to be able to initially identify the
holddown clamps going, and think I can get the general
time frame but I don't recall that I was able to get the
specific instances of them letting loose.
CARR
Subsonic, it seemed to me we were getting a lot of the
acoustic stuff and we were getting a lot of vibration.
When you got ignition you got lots of vibration.
And to
my way of thinking there was no doubt when the holddowns
let go, because then you immediately start getting the
95
�CARR
(CONT'D)
acceleration along with all that acoustic and the structural
vibration.
I didn't recognize anything or know anything
that felt like any kind of pogo or anything like that.
But it was a good strong acceleration, and when we went
sonic, or through sonic, things immediately quieted down.
And then all we had left was what little structural
vibration there was and, of course, the constant increase
in g as we were pushed back into the seat.
GIBSON
That buffeting sensation as you're going through max q,
which was to me very similar to when we were ccming back
in and reentering and went through max q there.
QUERY
Was that max q or transonic?
CARR
Well, it was around the time ... - -
GIBSON
Pretty close but it was - -
CARR
- - pretty close.
GIBSON
I think it was just about - -
QUERY
Well, max q comes about 15 seconds after transonic.
GIBSON
Oh, is that right?
QUERY
Yeah, you get quite a - -
96
�POGUE
I think it was probably the transonic - -
GIBSON
Maybe it was the transonic then.
CARR
Yeah, I think so.
QUERY
I think one of the things that - well, one question I
wanted to ask:
Yeah.
did you notice a decrease in the acoustic
levels, let's say 10 or 15 seconds after liftoff.
Did
you any significant decreases at that time?
QUERY
It'd be about the time of tower clearance.
CARR
Yeah.
I think during the whole period of time, from
ignition all the way up, it's - or all the way through
the sonic - the transonic area.
That is, the vibrations
and the acoustic vibrations - structural and acoustic are diminishing slightly.
But it's very marked; once you
go transonic and get supersonic and get out ahead of the
noise, there's a very marked difference.
But it's sort of
a - I felt sort of a gradual smoothing out.
The most
vibration, the most buffeting and everything, is right at
the pad.
And then as you begin to get away from the
tower and things begin to pick up speed, it's very slowly
smoothing out.
But when you go through sonic velocity
there is a rather distinct change in the vibration feelings
97
�3
CARR .
(CONT'D)
that you get and I just decided that had to be because /
the fact that we moved out ahead of the acoustic
vibrations and now we're Just feeling structural vibrations
GIBSON
But on the pad and close to it you do have a awful lot of
acoustics, maybe because you're
CARR
GIBSON
-
T
Oh, yeah.
- - you're - things are so quiet now, all of sudden when
it does cut loose it's such a marked change that you feel
that.
Maybe you get a little oblivious to it after you've
experienced it for a minute or two.
QUERY
GIBSON
CARR
I don't think there's any way that - -
T^e first 5 to 10 seconds I thought was pretty noisy.
I felt a lot of the bang-bang in the spacecraft that I
felt and heard when I observed launches, both Saturn V
and S-IB.
You know, the bang-bang, pop-pop sort of thing.
And I felt like I could feel and hear that while we were
in close to the tower, and you know that's strictly the
acoustic side of the house, but QUERY
I don't think there's any way that you can properly
describe this.
I guess the first questicr - one of the
first questions we ever got when the astronauts began to
98
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
familiarize themselves with the Saturn equipment as
opposed to brand X, that we - the first question we got
was "What does it sound like; what does it feel like?"
And of course we didn't know, and I guess we still don't
know.
But everybody describes these things differently.
And of course the people who have ridden on the Sat V
and the I-B both say that the I-B is much quieter and it's
much smoother.
So if you're so impressed with the I-B
part of it, you know - (Laughter)
GIBSON
... satisfied ...
QUERY
Like to.
We've got some good ones left.
subjective thing.
But it's a very
And we've never been able to get a good
handle on it, and we've been asking these questions for a
long time, mostly because the people have been asking us
questions.
And the only thing that we can say is it's
normal.
(Laugher)
GIBSON
Have you got it on the onboard recorders, the way
QUERY
Yes.
GIBSON
- - ... vibrations?
99
�QUERY
Yes, we've recorded many of these things and we continue
to do so.
And the results that we're getting now are
quite repeatable from flight to flight„
We've damped out
all the little closed-loop cycles that we had inside the
thing.
GIBSON
I'm wondering if you would play one of those for us whether
we could tell you whether that's representative of what
we hear?
QUERY
We don't ordinarily put them on tape.
I don't think I've
heard but one myself, and the CARR
I don't think it would do any good to play a tape, unless
you feel it while you're listening to it.
I think it's a
completely different thing.
GIBSON
Well, I don't know - -
QUERY
Yeah, a lot of it would be in the feeling region as opposed
to the audio region.
CARR
Yeah.
GIBSON
Yeah, that's part of it, but if you really wanted to get
a feedback from us as to whether you actually got anything
of worth there - -
100
�POGUE
You know - -
QUERY
Depends on what you're actually experiencing when we - -
GIBSON
- - I think you could get something worthwhile out of it.
POGUE
When you start getting down around 3, 5 cycles per second,
or 3 to 5 hertz, you start picking up an awful lot of
physiological response, which - if you Just played a
acoustic, or just a regular cassette-type recording, you
Just wouldn't get it.
QUERY
Right.
101
�QUERY
So, if you're so impressed with the IB part of it, you
know - -
CARR
Holy cowl
(Laughter)
GIBSON
Can you get us a Saturn V ride?
QUERY
Like. to.
(Laughter)
We've had some good ones left.
But it's a
very subjective thing, and we've never been able to
get a good handle on it.
And we've been asking these
questions for a long time, and mostly because the people
have been asking us questions.
can say is it's normal.
GIBSON
And the only thing that we
(Laughter)
Have you got any onboard recorders in the way of sound
vibrations?
QUERY
Yes.
Yes, we've recorded many of these - these things
and we continue to do so and the - the results that we're
getting now are quite repeatable from flight to flight.
We've damped out all of the little closed loop cycles that
we had inside the thing and - GIBSON
I'm wondering i f you would play one of those for us
whether we could tell you whether that's representative
of what we hear.
102
�i)
QIJERY
We don't ordinarily put them on tape.
I don't think I've
heard but one myself and - GIBSON
Okay.
CARR
I don't think it would do any good to play a tape unless
you - unless you feel it while you are listening to it.
I think it's a completely different thing.
GIBSON
Well, yes.
QUERY
A lot of it would be in the feeling region e.s opposed
to the audio region - -
POGUE
Yes.
GIBSON
Yes, that's part of it, but if you really wanted to get
a feedback from us as to whether you've actually got
anything at work there - -
POGUE
GIBSON
You know, Ed
in terms of what you actually experienced, at least,
I think you could get something worthwhile out of it.
POGUE
When you start getting down around 3 to 5 cycles per second
or 3 to 5 hertz, you start picking up an awful lot of
physiological response which, if you Just played an
acoustic, or Just a regular cassette-type recording, you
Just wouldn't get i t .
103
�QUERY
Right, and personally I have always felt that there was
more of this pop, pop on the IB than there was on the on the Sat V and the instruments don't show that.
POGUE
GIBSON
Well, from ray observations I would have said the opposite.
I thought the first stage was relatively smooth and I
thought I could feel a little chugging on S-IVB.
QUERY
GIBSON
Well, it's sort of a softer thing.
It's ~ -
It's softer, but I thought that the thrust was more
intermittent, at least it felt
9
CARR
Yes, these guys both said they felt like we were kind of
going like this on the S-IVB, and I didn't have that
feeling.
QUERY
I don'-t remember feeling that at all.
The - the - the words that we have heard all along that
the SII when that thing was involved was even more of
that and it's Just a seemingly softer thing.
It's not
really a pogo or closed-loop thing; it's Just a sort
of a - the Atlas, I think, had much the same kind of a
feeling to it and perhaps even more so than.either one of
these two and - but that softness tends to - to damp out
the - the higher frequencies and it is very quiet for the
most part.
And the SII being the softer is the quietest
one of the group.
10 It
�QUERY
On the J57 engine with the afterburner on some of the
early models of it had the - the characteristic of what
we used to call a hard light with a burner.
A normal J57
afterburner light was Just baroomph, and it went, but if
you didn't get things tuned Just right and your eyelids
weren't opening just right, you'd get a - a bam, a sharp
bam.
POGUE
A choked flow temporarily.
CARR
And - and I felt a lot of that on the booster, on the S-IB.
Bam, bam, bam, and you could feel it going on.
And, of
course, I would characterize the S-IVB ignition as being
more like the properly tuned afterburner on the J57.
It
lit in smooth; it ramped up and then Just moved right on
and I - like I said, I didn't feel this gentle sort of
a pulsation that Bill and Ed felt.
Well, the H-l is of a different generation than the J-2
and the plan was, back in the design days, was to ram the
thing right on through start as rapidly as possible,
because the period in between is relatively unstable,
you don't have the pressure drops and the damping and
so forth.
And so it starts very hard in comparison to
either the F-l or the J-2, and it starts very easily
too, as a matter of fact.
And so as a result, you'll
get the these shocks on start.
105
�POGUE
You couldn't feel all eight of them, but there was defi
nitely a ripple effect.there.
GIBSON
Was there abnormalities from your standpoint?
QUERY
We only had two that I consider to be significant.
We
had a little control helium leak in the engine, the
J-2 engine which caused us to use a bit more helium than
usual.
The part of the engine cycle that was involved
in this leak was terminated at the main engine cutoff,
so it did not leak any more after that time and it was it's interlocked with or interconnected with the stage
helium supplies, so the stage helium made up a large
portion of what was lost.
And except for the fact that
we really don't know where the leak was, we got it down
to three - three possibilities, one of which I consider
to be impossible and one has never happened before and
the third was never supposed to happen again.
And so
we - we haven't accomplished very much on that thing
except to go back into the 210 and make sure that none
of those possibilities exist for that - for that engine.
And then the other one we had which I consider to be
significant was in the APS, one of the thrusters.
The
oxidizer side was partially blocked, apparently due to
corrosion.
If the valve has a little seepage through
106
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
there, with the humidity and things that you have down
at the Cape, by the time the propellent's been on there
a couple or three days, you can get some corrosion which
will block the system.
This is the first time that we
have seen that at all on flight hardware.
We've sort of
deliberately introduced that in times past, but none of
these things were significant and without the data, I
guess we never would have really noticed it.
CARR
I don't know if you folks got in on the data that we saw
it when you were blowing down the APS, I gue3s it was.
But we could see the - the mustache on the S-IVB.
When
we - right after we'd done the separation from it and we
were moving away, we saw the - the poof.
It looked like
it had a - had a handlebar mustache.
QUERY
I don't think anybody mentioned that to us, but really the the stage was quite controllable insofar as that 30 percent
is concerned.
I guess we could get by with - in most
cases there, with at least two thrusters out and a part
of another one in most of the combinations that you could
get.
So we had control all the way through, but we were
well satisfied with mission.
launch vehicle as we've had.
107
That was about as good a
�GIBSON
Yes, it went right down tfre pike.
I was watching on the
DSKY and the predicted and the actual were right together
all the way. I wish we could have done that well in
simulations. (Laughter)
QUERY
Yes.
GIBSON
We never seemed to have a trajectory which matched the
one we were flying on the simulator.
So we never got used
to seeing one that matched.
QUERY
We - we've been well pleased in the more recent flights
because Just one right after another have all been like
that, right down the center and the amount of propellent
left at the end of the burn and everything was within Just
a very few 100 pounds of what would be predicted.
And
so I really think that you couldn't get a more reliable
setup than what we have now.
GIBSON
I got a - Just a gee-whiz question and that's, when we
are going through the region which gives us the contrail,
what exactly determines the cutoff of that contrail at a
high altitude?
Is it a decrease in density?
I guess,
initially, it's a temperature effect that causes the
condensation to finally come out in water vapor.
What
happens as you get up to a higher altitude and it cuts
off sharply?
108
�QUERY
I wouldn't have an answer to that question.
The thing
that is involved there is there's all kinds of different
flow regimes going on back in the back changing as you go.
And- it seems to me that you ought to be able to produce
a contrail almost any time with all the hugs amount of water
vapor that's being generated there, but it would appear
that as you begin to get the plume interference is when when the thing dies out.
As a the plumes begin to spread
and eventually get to the point where you get flashback up
into the boat tail-as the plume impinges, some of it
goes back into the boat tail - and along about that time
is when it appears that the contrail dies, when the con
ditions are appropriate to get one.
That is one of the
heating regimes, I guess, that we've watched the most
closely.
But we've never - I don't think we ever spent
near as much time and effort in describing what goes on
in the base region through the different flow regimes
that you get during assent.
I don't think we ever would
have had enough time in the whole program to do that,
l
because there's so many different combinations with all
those engines back there.
QUERY
Yes, I - that's very true because - in aerodynamics - I
listened one time to some 15 different - -
109
�QUERY
QUERY
Would you use your mike, please?
Turn it on.
Yes, I think, from an aerodynamicists' point of view type
of thing, that the description of a contrail is part of
the base pressure, base heating regime where there are a
great number of variables, both geometric and atmospheric
o
in thermodynamics, that influence the plume and the
base heating and the base pressures and that type of
thing.
And it wouldn't surprise me at all if you're
never going to find out exactly when to predict something
like that.
GIBSON
It was essentially a temperature effect though, in other
words these combinations of - of the geometry of the
plumes and the thermodynamics involved would change the
temperature to the point
QUERY
It's a function of about lU or 15 different things, of
which temperature is one.
GIBSON
Okay, I was just thinking condensation would end up being
a function of temperature primarily and all those other
things affect temperature, but I don't know.
QUERY
You - we get several different pressure to pressure to
pressure temperature relationships, one through - first
one regime and then to another and to another all within
110
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
the same operating period, you see, and our people have not
really reached a good, firm agreement about how combustible
are the products that are coming out of the engine after
it's - after it's finished, you know, there's much less
that type of thing.
We had quite some arguments seme
years ago when we decided to put the bG exhaust products
into the star area between the four inboard engines
whether it would be warmer or cooler to do that particu
lar job.
And so it finally turned out it was cooler,
but there are some people who still don't believe that.
And then recently when we started flying the later versions
where the thrust was up about 5 K per engine, which is
really very small in terms of the total thrust there, we
picked up some increase in radiant heat but no increase
in total heat, and the increase in radiant heat was quite
o
significant and we still don't have a real good explanation
of why.
We can correlate the thrust level, but that's
all we can do and the environment is so complex and the there is just no way that you can get enough instrumentation
to say what is going on here is different from what is
going on there.
GIBSON
And I think it's - -
Of course, we could see the contrail, but apparently it
was a pretty clear day and most of the people who did see
it always end up asking me that simple question and I
can't give them a simple answer.
Ill
�*
QUERY
I think you can tell them very honestly that we don't
think anybody knows. (Laughter)
GIBSON
Nobody knows.
That's a simple enough answer that people
will understand it.
QUERY
QUERY
And we're not even interested in finding out.
I wouldn't say that now, I - I - but we'd certainly
be interested in finding out and it would be a lifetime
study for a large group of people.
GIBSON
Sounds like a good graduate student project.
QUERY
Yes, an excellent type thing for that.
GIBSON
Good riding.
CARR
Yes, indeed.
QUERY
That's it.
QUERY
We did enjoy it.
Okay, I guess we're ready to go to the SWS systems then.
Jerry, do you guys want to take a little break before
we start?
CARR
Well, we're kind of in the process of doing it now.
(Laughter)
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
I Just had mine.
So we'll Just start now.
112
�QUERY
What are we going to do, the I&C -
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
- - structures and mechanics and contamination today and
we can start those now and go down through them.
CARR
Very good.
QUERY
We can ... after lunch or we can do that.
CARR
Well we're - we're willing to - to give in on seme of the
lunch time today; we'd like to be able to walk out of here
by about quarter of 3, if we could, in order to - to go
take the first look at the movies that have been made now.
QUERY
I'm leaving Just as soon as
QUERY
You guys did a nice job on the set of debriefing, by the
way, but we've still got quite a few questions for you.
QUERY
Oh, you sure did.
GIBSON
It was satisfying for us.
CARR
It's nice to be nice.
in May.
QUERY
Very good.
CARR
Mid-May, sometime.
We'll see you folks out there
9
Around the 15th, or so. •
113
�GIBSON
... perhaps the most exciting part of it, that and the
EVA.
QUERY
CARR
It all worked real well.
It all worked real -well.
... (laughter).
Well it, you know, it operated up there just exactly like
it went through test and that was kind*of nice to see.
The one - the one you got sitting at the Cape now is
probably going to be real clean if anybody ever gets to
use it.
GIBSON
What - Where's that going to end up?
Do you know
what's - CARR
ASTP ... - _
GIBSON
Our - our vehicle.
QUERY
It's backup for 3 - -
GIBSON
No, our vehicle that we came down in.
QUERY
Oh, I don't know.
GIBSON
Where are they going to - Is it going to end up in a
schoolyard somewhere or -
QUERY
GIBSON
I don't know - -
- - can we put it in our backyard or is it 111+
�QUERY
- - You want it back?
GIBSON
Sure.
Over at Jerry's house.
(Laughter)
QUERY
QUERY
You ...
QUERY
QUERY
Are you ...?
Blocks won't work.
Jerry this is Billy Adair on the end from Marshall who's
responsible for the I&C systems so he'll - he'll ...
QUERY
Okay.
Jack Horner, here in the blue suit, is going to
lead our discussion today and we do appreciate your
technical debriefing and you covered a lot of material
in there and eliminated a lot of our questions.
There
will be one or two questions, though, asked to clarify
some points that you said in your - in your technical
debriefing.
And with that, I'll turn you over to Jack
and the rest of the fellows.
HORNER
Okay, the first system we'd like to touch on is the
V .
TV system in flight, for Jack Dougherty, of Martin to ask
some questions on that.
DOUGHERTY
You've expressed your recommendations for remote controls
and display in the TV system and we'd like to ask - -
115
�7
QUERY
Is that mike on, Jack?
DOUGHERTY'
I think I have got it now.
You've expressed your recommen
dations for remote controls and displays in the TV system,
I would like to ask if the controls that were on the TVIS
and the video switch were adequate within their functional
intent.
Were the switches located - -
CARR
On - On the input station?
DOUGHERTY'
Yes, sir.
Were the switches located and designed in a
manner that you found suitable?
CARR
*7
Yes, I think so.
It was only one switch - one switch and
a ... plug.
DOUGHERTY'
And on the video selector switch, the selector switch
itself?
CARR
Yes, the only - the only problem there was that that was
the only - the only switch and if you could access - if
you could access the video tape recorder from different
areas without all having to go through one switch, it
seems to me it would be a lot better because you lost a
lot of video tape recorder time Just translating from
having turned the switch on and turning on the recorder
to getting down to where we were.
3
116
�DOUGHERTY
Yes.
I understand.
GIBSON
Yes.
Not Just the translation time - To dc video - to
work the VTR, for example, the science demo down there
in the OWS, you had to get yourself strapped into the - a
headset and you had to get everything all set up around
you so you were set to go and that might have taken a
minute - minute and a half or maybe even 2, in some
instances.
If you had a switch right down there where
you could turn the VTR on and off, you could have made
it.
Got all set up, turned it on, made the science
demo, turned it off, and then moved on to the next one.
As it was, you had to - you didn't want to waste the
•
time
going back
311(1
^rth, so you then took the time to
set up for the next demo while you were - had the VTR
running.
So there's an awful lot of inefficient use of
that VTR.
So many times we would have loved to be able
to control that from down there; and, certainly, we
would like to have seen a - a light that says -yes, it's
really getting on of VTR" or "it's going out live."
so many times.
And to be able to figure it locally too.
But - I
made
that point but, it -We could have really been much more
effecient.
We could have gotten a lot more good data
117
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
on the VTR.
The way it was there was an awful lot of
extraneous lead-in and TV of the guy leaning over - "Hey,
Ed, would you turn off the VTR," and a bunch of this stuff
and I - I've Just seen this within the last 2 weeks.
And
it can all be eliminated by Just having the controls at
the place where you're doing the work and all the indica•
tors, too, to let you know that you have got it figured
correctly and you have - that last 1*5 minutes haven't been
shot.
QUERY
I think our next question is about the VTR and its control.
And, again, taking into account your recommendations for
the remote controls, were the switches and lights on the
VTR adequate as they were?
GIBSON
For what we had to do with them I thought they were.
QUERY
Yes.
GIBSON
Well, the ground essentially controlled that thing.
I see.
Other
than us turning it on to use it, the ground said, let us
control it completely from there on.
So we never had to
worry about rewind - completion of rewind or any of that.
POGUE
One thing' that would - I think would have been helpful
on the VTR itself, assuming we have to manage in some
fashion the way we were doing on this one, would be a - an
118
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
indicator to tell us how much was left and how much was
taken, or something like that.
QUERY
Oh, I see - -
GIBSON
That would have been useful - -
POGUE
The ground is always telling us but - Another thing too,
a lot of times you - you screw up - you start taping
something and there was something wrong, you see, with
the setup and you - it - it would be real nice if we
had a way of indexing to start, or if nothing else, if
you had a real accurate analog meter or a digital readout
as to where you started, so that you could rewind and do
it over, putside of ground contact.
Of course, we hope
that we'll have satellite coverage the next time but it's
still - that's a good capability.
GIBSON
•
Yes, that's a real good point.
Many times we would start -
we were out of ground contact and we didn't know how much
time we had available and you knew you had 5 minutes,
whatever it is, for a demon - demonstration or something
else you wanted to do and you didn't know whether you
were going to make .it or not.
That, plus trying to fit
o
in whether you had enough time left over for the ATM which
had its own requirements.
o
119
�)
POGUE
And it would be another - Another nice thing to have along
with that would be a warning device that was some - that
did something to tell you when you were within 5 minutes
or 2 minutes or 1 minute to the end of the tape.
Then
you'd know you'd have - you'd - well that, at least,
would be a warning.
QUERY
Are you talking about a ... or an audio?
POGUE
Either one.
Both.
One that has both, because sometimes
the audio would get back on your mike, you could - It
would be nice to have both of them.
QUERY
The next question has to do with the TVIS locations..
And
would you have liked to have seen more TVISDS for different
rotations or were your cables adequate in length?
CARR
Well, the cables were adequate in length.
I guess the
locations were okay and the big problem with the cables
was that they Just got in the way and it would have been
a whole lot better to have had cables on - on caddies or
something like that, you know, these inertial reel things
like you get at the gas station, essentially.
You pull
.
itvout and you - then you let go of it and that goes back.
If you could have one with an inertial locking system on
it where you could pull out as much cable as you want and
I
120
�CARR
(CONT'D)
then lock it like the seat belts on your car and then
use the cable and when you're through with it, you'd give
it a pull and let it go back. That would have certainly
have been a lot neater organization up there. -But, of
course, I don't think that's your problem as much as
it is people that are Just designing the workstations.
But things like that would certainly have made the TV
system easier.
GIBSON
I think I would like to have had one more station in the
MDA.
There was one adjacent to the ATM and I would like
to have had one opposite - on the opposite wall, closer to
the CSM.
Because many - many times in doing TV in there
you had to rig that wire and run it all the way around the
vehicle.
180 around and then along the axis some way and
if you wanted to leave the TV set up you had to really tie
that thing down so someone - no one - someone else couldn't
snag on it coming through.
CARR
Yes, that's a good point.
You probably could have used
the one right there at the EREP area.
QUERY
Yes.
EREP activities.
CARR
Yes, so we didn't have to string the cable.
121
�POGUE
And another thing, too, that occurs to me, first off, we
used the zoom end to focus on - oh the subject, to define
focus.
One of the things that bothered me, occasionally,
was, did - what was ay depth of field for the particular
zoom end and I was - when we were setting up science
demos it would have been nice- if we would have had some
little gizmo to - to put in - a sort of slider rule we
could have put down that would have had two bars, you
know, for resolution determination and
GIBSON
To set up the camera, huh?
POGUE
To set up your cameras.
In other words. Just a little
assist to say do I yea, verily have depth of field to
cover the objects that are going to be in this demo or
this scene or what?
Just a little crutch to use - to
know, perhaps, what - what zoom flexibility I have that
can still stay inj focus.
GIBSON
Well, there are lenses on cameras which have that built
right into them. I wonder if it would be possible to have
something like that built right into a TV, essentially
the same opticals type of device?
QUERY
Well, of course, there are^all sorts of devices that can
be used for that for closeup work to - in other words
122
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
extremely critical.
I - The viewing that I saw, I thought
that you Just did an excellent Job on depth of field.
The
lenses are excellent, to begin with, and-it seemed like
the same content that you wanted was always in there and
adequate, depth of field.
POGUE
We spent a lot of time setting it up.
CARR
TV setups were a very costly thing for us.
It would have
been easier if we had - if our TV system would have been
designed for quicker setup.
QUERY
Would it - Well, would it have helped, at all, to have
had anything on the camera that indicated what the depth
of field was for the particular focal after selected in
the f-stop or do you feel it would have been better to have
the actual physical depth of field indicator to put in
O
your scene?
POGUE
I - I was wondering how you'd have use it on - if you
had it on the camera.
by that.
I'm not quite sure what you mean
I know on the camera - -
CARR
. . . decal you're talking about on the side of the camera?
QUERY
Yes, sir.
I - I - I think you would, first of all, see
how far it was to your subject - your point of interest,
123
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
then for the f-stop you'd selected and the zoom that you'd
selected for that activity.
You'd then look and take off
at the depth of field that you have.
o.
POGUE
That little chart?
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
That would have been good.
POGUE
I - I like that.
GIBSON
Yes.
CARR
Would have been useful to help us kind of walk out a
scene an£ how we were going to do it.
POGUE
I'll tell you another thing I want to mention now before
I forget it and that is that we need much better distinctive
fields on the zoom focus in aperture.
And also the - they
need to be more - the friction needs to be better designed
because one of them that was real loose.- CARR
Was it f-stop?
POGUE
We had to tape it down.
CABR
You could just touch it and it would - it would drift
F-stop was awful loose.
around it was so loose.
12U
�\
POGUE
So you didn't - you didn't dare really manhandle the - the
camera when you were using it.
But - And another thing,
too, I was always grabbing the f-stop when I wanted zoom
and you know if you - if I'm over here looking at some
thing and I'm trying to zoom in on it, I shouldn't have to
turn around there and look at the lens.
And those - those
do not have distinctive fields t o them at a l l .
And I ' d
like to have coarse sandpaper or something on the one
that - you know something like that.
CARR
Dimples [?]
POGUE
Yes.
on one and nubbies on the other one?
Airplane controls are done this way.
Mixed - you
know, the old'prop planes used to be this way so you didn't
cut your mixture when you were actually trying to change
the prop setting'or something like that.
CARR
Before I forget some things too, number 2, the next item
that I think is important is the monitors.
The little
monitors were good but they deteriorated with time and
got worse, and worse, and worse.
And the ones - I got
a question about the one that I said there's a little rubber
grommet floating loose in there.
I'm interested to know
if you ever found out what that was that's loose in there?
And the other thing, before I forget too, is that in
O
the area of monitors, it would have been nice if we'd
125
�CARR
(CONT'.D)
had a large - say a lU-inch screen or larger vhere we .
could have taken a look at some of the stuff we'd done
so we can get a value Judgment as to the quality of this the work we were doing and if it would be in color.
POGUE
That's right.
QUERY
On your first question, I'm afraid I can't answer it.
The - The hardware involved is not at our center so we
wouldn't - we weren't involved in that.
And I do know
about your desire - your comments on the larger monitor - CARR
If you're going to do television productions, and that's
what we were doing up there, it seems to me you ought to
have all the right kind of equipment to see how you're
doing and what you're doing and this could be part of
the VTR setup.
You should have the capability of playing
the VTR yourself and seeing how something worked and if
you don't like the way it worked, erase it and do it
again, a little bit more independent television production
capability because I think everybody now has seen the
value of television up there.
POGUE
We needed a - a better mount and steering capability. The
,
»
mount, itself, the friction varied with the three Joints
that we had.
So you - there was no sort of harmony involved
o
126
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
there.
You couldn't achieve a harmony in panning or even
repointing.
And another is that we actually reached down
and grounded and used the pigtails to get the right
O
mechanical advantage.
We were actually grabbing ahold
of the cable pigtails back on the back of the TV camera
to steer this thing and particularly when we were doing
these science demos when stuff was moving around slowly,
but definitely moving, we'd - Trying to pan slowly was
extremely difficult because you'd get the friction getter
and would jerk and snap and it was hard to keep the stuff
in the center of the field of view.
It needs to be more
professional, because by the - by the end there we were
getting so, you know, we thought we were - we were
cranking out some pretty good stuff.
But it surely
would have been enhanced if we'd had a little more pro
fessional approach to the mounts and the steering capability
QUERY
This is the SUM now - This is the SUM, this universal
mount that you had to carry up?
POGUE
That's correct.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Yes, sure.
127
�Yes, th§re was not a lot of locations to even put that
universal mount, especially, in the MDA.
For much of
that TV I ended up taping their camera to some location.
Oh, I s ee.
You ended up taping the front, the handle underneath,
and the wires in back.
And when it all steadied down -
stelled - settled out then you could go ahead with the
picture.
In order for that universal mount to have been properly
, useful ±00, it should have had a telescoping handle,
because with that closeup lens that's an extraordinary
critical setting adjustment and you either have to move
your scene around to get it in the rigit position but
all you have to - jrou have to have more flexibility in
adjusting the - the camera itself.
Yes.
Going back to that TV lens especially, for use in
the MDA, I would like to have seen a wider field of view.
When we were trying to - In one scene, in particular,
I was trying to work on the ATM panel and show the whole
panel and I Just had one heck of a time trying to get the
camera far enough away from it and-not such an oblique
angle that you couldn't see it
128
�POGUE
That's a real good point,
QUERY
Uh-huh.
GIBSON
I just couldn't back that camera off enough to make a
reasonable coverage.
POGUE
I was taking pictures of Jerry up there and the EREP,
too, and I was in back a good 10 feet and still having
trouble getting an intelligent field of view.
QUERY
Uh-huh.
QUERY
We haven't got the cameras back yet, that why ... - -
QUERY
Oh, I see.
POGUE
Another thing that would be neat, we have the - I know
O
we have that universal camera mount that the - the blade
type thing mounted all over that camera, and still it
seems like that you always wanted to turn that monitor
in some direction that - that you couldn't achieve.
And
it would-be nice to have .some kind of swiveling capability
and a little bit more flexibility on that thing because,
a lot of the times, you - you are in the back there - you
are behind the camera holding it and you got a great field
•
of view there.
Other times, you are in some sort of
129
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
awkward position but maybe it's a maintenance thing that
you've set up and in order to get the camera in position
O
to take the field of view, you - y*ou don't have any flexi
bility at all.
There's just one or two places to put it
and when you are in a position to try to do the work and
look back and see if it's still centered in it, the monitor's
pointed away from you and ypu can't see it; it'd be a little
bit n;Lcer if you had that- greater capability to move that
monitor and point it.
QUERY
Once you have your camera oriented and you had your scene
content developed, did it hold its orientation while you '
were tightening down the adjustments on the SUM, or did
o
you get a shift in the *actual tightening down activity?
POGUE
I don't think that was really too much of a problem.
CARR
No.
POGUE
It would be nice to be able to take TV of the exterior of
,
the spacecraft from inside.
QUERY
That was a question we were going to ask you in
130
o
�POGUE
Boy, you had an IVA crewman in there with all kinds of
time and Just no capability.
Could have gotten some real
good TV of them.
QUERY
We had some good schemes people were Just beginning to
look at.
When it was way too late they were sticking the
television camera out - out the solar - or scientific
airlock and using the - essentially the lunar rover
remote control device to sort of set up where you could
sit inside and point the camera - ginbal the camera to
a good position and take pictures and . . .
QUERY
As I recall, that was in the planning.
Definitely in
T - QUERY
'
T027.
QUERY
Yes.
T027 had that capability.
I - -
QUERY
And we lost the SAL on the Sun side.
QUERY
Some of the SAL was lost, too.
QUERY
Yes.
Well, our question also was one where we were
interested in whether or not you felt a built-in capabil
ity should have existed beyond the T027 capability where
you could have hooked the TV outside - shared the thing
and - 131
�3
QUERY
Above a window or something.
QUERY
That's right.
CARR
Oh yes.
We could make all sorts of observations of con
tamination and things like that out there.
POGUE
We're talking about things that are so nice to have and
now they're becoming extraordinarily defensive and by in later programs.
Because - But it's just the sort of
thing that Just gives you tremendous flexibility in seeing
what's going on outside.
And I know just frcm a "gee
whiz" there's Joe Schmo EVA type thing, but boy that's
)
really good for maintenance, too.
QUERY
I don't think we'll see that on Shuttle and maybe even
spacelab, but when we finally build a good specestation - -
POGUE
I would just like to sort of stimulate your quriosity in
this area.
I think there are ways of doing this. The
people - when you mention this, you say, "a periscope
capability," they immediately, you know, think of the
U-boat commander type thing, but what we're doing is
addressing a capability.
Now I don't know how - I couldn't
care less how it's implemented or mechanized.
So I think
there - you know, there are probably many ways of doing
>
132
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
this.
Now, I know fiber optics still aren't there yet.
That's the first thing that would suggest itself, but,
!
you know, try"to sort of think about this, because I think
there are ways even of getting it on Shuttle, if we are
clever enough.
Now, if you start getting a big piece of
folded optics that takes up 15 cubic yards of space and
that kind of stuff - 1500 pounds of weight, your out you know you are out of business.
I still think you can
do it; I don't know how to do it.
QUERY
The next question we had was:
Was lighting or the arrangement
of lighting a problem for you during TV?
GIBSON
It was a problem in the sense that it took a little
attention - a little care, but you could pretty much
figure out how to do it. I think especially in the - I
was taking a closeup TV using the closeup lens.
That
was a little hard to figure out just what was a lighting
optimum - what background you ought to use.
Taking pictures
of moth eggs, for example, do you put a black background or
a white one or one which is reflective or scattering?
That was just trial and error, where you put the lights.
CARR
There's the spacecraft lighting where that low level TV
would certainly zap it if you didn't pay attention to
133
�CARR
(CONT'D)
what you were doing.
But I thought that low light level
TV was excellent.
QUERY
Yes, I - that's kind of what I was interested to hear you
say.
I wondered if you were able to see the camera and
the settings and so forth sometimes to just operate the
system ... little by little.
CARR
We didn't have to fool with that.
We would set the camera
up first and then the only thing we changed after that hopefully, the only thing we changed was the zoom and the
focus which you could look in the monitor and see how that
was going.
I Just felt very comfortable with that low
light level TV.
I was pleased that we had it.
Now every
time we turned on the spots, the flood lights in order
to get better lighting, I think it degraded the tele
vision, because there was so much backshadowing and every
thing from those rather directional flood lights that we
resisted - GIBSON
CARR
That would depend on what you were doing.
- - we were able to resist using them.
Now, yes, in the
case where you are doing closeup work with a closeup lens,
and you are right in there tigfrt, then you don't worry
about shadows, because you don't have them too much, but
13U
�CARR
(CONT'D)
you got better TV with ambient lighting than if you turned
on a bunch of floods and try to get TV because you would
have shadows all over in the background.
POGUE
The only exception to that was that one sequence we took
of the - of you and the EREP, and I deliberately did not
use spots in the high intensity lights and i z - they came
back and said i t was - they were working on i t , but that
they thought they could get some good film out of i t , but
that there wasn't enough light.
And I think the reason
there was, I was taking the picture into a lighted area
with lights in the scene, although we tried to avoid i t
as much as possible.
Other than that, there was always
a problem of probably having too much light, like leaving
the wardroom window open or something like that when you
are taking pictures in the experiment compartment.
GIBSON
Are there TV's which are designed specifically for outthe-window use, which if we had along, we could have done
a better Job on the earth photography.
Apparently, when
ever we got a cloud in the picture, i t Just completely
saturated the - or brought the - that light level up and
dropped the remainder so that you really couldn't see
anything else except the cloud.
135
�QUERY
Well, essentially the camera that we had this time coped
with that problem and that the ALC took over.
And I
thought that the out-of-the-windcw viewing, again, was
very fine, some of the best television was the out-thewindow - GIBSON
Well, it worked pretty well, but apparently we got lots
of feedback from the ground that whenever we came across
anything with significant cloud cover, it obscured the
remainder of the picture.
QUERY
Well, I'm - I'm sure that can be - be worked, but I think
it was the intent in this camera to have that capability
in the ALC that was in the camera.
Automatically cope
with that high light level within the brightness range of
the camera, which it certainly was.
Brightness range
with any one scene was 100 to 1.
GIBSON
Yes.
QUERY
The . . . from the camera . . .
GIBSON
We - we could not Judge that.
looking at them.
But we did get that feedback from the
ground.
QUERY
We were not on the ground
I see.
136
�POGUE
There's another case where a monitor would have been
invaluable, a large color monitor.
We - we could have -
we'd have felt a lot more confident about taking those
out-the-window scenes.
QUERY
I see.
GIBSON
We'd also like to have the capability of having TV up, so
the idea of a large TV monitor is really not quite as
bad as you might think.
We would have one for onboard
use for both cassettes.
We'd have on board as well as
other information which would come up for entertainment
and training.
QUERY
On your closeup lighting, I Just - I think your lighting
for closeups was very adequate.
The only comment I guess
I would have was occasionally it seemed a little flat, and
I think the only answer to that would have been a softer
auxiliary light off to the side to give a little dimen
sionality, which you probably - I'm sure you didn't have
to use.
GIBSON
Yes, we had some.
QUERY
Did you?
137
�GIBSON
Well, we could have taken the high intensity light and
Just turned it down low and used only one.
QUERY
With all the - -
POGUE
Well, there's portable lights too.
CARR
We also had the portable lights too.
Of course ...
But see, not - you
know, not being able to see the pictures, we didn't know
how they were coming out.
QUERY
A lot of the detail was there.
All the content was there.
Just a fine point.
Could you comment on the use of the
TV system for EVA?
You did not use it on EVA.
Do you
have any thoughts about problems you might have had in
such an application, or - CARR
Well, the only problem would have been handling the cables
and all, but we were disappointed that we weren't allowed
to take TV out with us and get some shots.
GIBSON
Is there any reason that was not used or suggested?
QUERY
No, sir.
QUERY
One of the thermal ... the camera was - —
QUERY
Thermal problem.
QUERY
Thermal on the camera.
I don't know the reason.
138
�GIBSON
But on that last EVA, when we still had two cameras left
over?
QUERY
Well, the camera is - is okay for EVA application.
temperature must be monitored, of course.
The
Maybe that was
part of the problem.
QUERY
The next question is one oh general system operation.
Apart from your express comments on the mini-monitor, you
you pretty much talked about your mounting and pointing
problems with the camera.
monitor:
Another question on the mini-
Were you able to discern spots or lens contamin
ation using the mini-monitor?
I noticed a scene or two
where it looked like maybe there was a little lens con
tamination, not enough to be a problem, just picking out
a spot on the lens, something like that.
CARR
I don't think we could have.
POGUE
The thing was too degraded.
CARR
By the end of the mission, yes, they were both getting
It had ... chunks.
pretty degraded.
QUERY
Did you notice any lens contamination at all in just look
ing at the camera in general?
139
�GIBSON
I think I cleaned the lens twice, I believe.
QUERY
Do you know what the material was, or Just general accumu
lation of dust?
GIBSON
Once when I was doing the fluid mechanics experiments,
one of the bubbles backfired and completely coated the
camera.
QUERY
Was that mostly through the VTS that you were seeing the
spots you're referring to?
QUERY
No, the - the spots that have been seen throughout the
entire mission, all three manned periods have been - in
the portable camera have been internal spots.
And we do
see those, and occasionally we've seen spots that felt
maybe were contaminants on the outside of the field lens.
Those spots internally have been - QUERY
I know; we've picked them up during the ERLP pass, and
that's what I was wondering.
I thought most of that was
in the VTS system.
QUERY
No, there are some in the VTS.
I can't distinguish, but
some are also in the camera as well.
We see quite a few
in the outer window viewing of the Earth because you're
at a longer zoom and a smaller f-stop and it - for some
1140
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
reason that focuses them.
The spots are contaminants on
the faceplate of the vidicon and also on the back of the
filter wheel is what I've been told.
And I don't under
stand the mechanism whereby going to a smaller f-stop
focuses them any better, but it surely does.
QUERY
On the ATM, would you comment on the overall system per
formance on the ATM TV:
the controls and displays and
the - the camera performance, monitors, things like that,
in general?
GIBSON
Okay.
•
Start off with the switch itself.
That was no
problem, you were always right at the ATM, and that
switch was the only thing you had to make sure you had in
the ATM position.
Apparently that - I know on a couple
of occasions you had it in the T - we had i\ in the TV
or the wrong monitor; but I don't think that was a major
problem, and not anywhere near the problem we had when we
were working with the TV in remote locations.
different story.
That was a
The monitor, two monitors we had on
board, one we took up and one which was there.
we took up was an excellent monitor.
The one
There for purposes
of solar viewing conditions we could see things which
we'd never expected to see in - in the way very faint
emissions.
We were looking at Alpha 1, for example, off
Ikl
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
the limb and see prominences Just - with clarity which we
never expected to see.
tionally good one.
out.
tion.
I think that monitor was an excep
Tom Barnes at Marshall picked that one
An exceptionally good - good contrast, good resolu
It was white, which was a black on white, rather
than a black on yellow, which monitor 2 was.
Apparently,
number 2 had degraded, turned slightly yellow.
That
seemed to make quite a bit of difference in the contrast
which, you know, I could perceive as contrast.
Then the
other is we'd get into the vidicons associated with each
TV system.
And each one, as you know, had its own peculi
arities and its own problems.
here, we can.
If you want no discuss that
Is that part of your - your area?
We can
go into it if you like.
QUERY
Well, yes, I'd be interested to hear any comments you
might have on the individual vidicons.
The white light
coronagraph, for instance, we know we got several burns
toward the end of the mission, and we were wondering
whether you'd seen any excessive light levels during the
activities that might have explained those turns.
There's
other things that could cause them, but that would be
one area ... - -
142
�GIBSON
The only way those burns - that we could see, could get in
there - one is a continuous offset of the white light
coronagraph.
of the Sun.
Its ... wasn't always right at the center
That was because there were experiments ...
misalignment, and they also had the constraint that they
had to operate when their pointing error system was within
certain constraint.
So we ended up operating purposely
misaligned slightly, which put a certain amount of light
always over on that one edge of the vidicon, which in
turn, they say over a long period of time could have
caused the burned-in spot to all of the sudden appear.
That was the explanation we got for the first burned-in
spot.
It also saw short transient high light levels
whenever the door was closed with the TV still on.
And
that happened on our mission a couple of times the same
as it happened on previous missions because of the no
interlock feature there.
That was - is you do something
hundreds of times, you're - It was off and on where you're
bound to make - make that error, and we did too.
But the
burned-in spot did not appear immediately after that any
times which that happens.
QUERY
Well, that wouldn't appear to be the cause then because - -
1U3
�GIBSON
From our standpoint it was not related, but that was a
possible contributing factor to the total amount of high
light level which I had seen.
Once we did get the second
burned-in spot, I thought the contrast of the remaining
features went down considerably, and maybe that first one
also had caused quite a bit of decreasing contrast.
It
turned out that we were not able to see transients in the
coronal which people say did exist looking at the film,
whereas they were obvious from the previous missions.
Even the pictures - Polaroid pictures which were brought
back frcm the previous missions, we could see transients
there which were just obvious to us, and the Polaroid
pictures were degraded quite a bit from what you saw on
the TV.
We went up there and looked at the TV, we did
not - did not see any at all other than one very bright
one.
The real disappointment to us was in the H-alpha 1
vidicon.
That appeared to decrease significantly in
contrast, or I should say -I'm not sure, it's seme
combination of contrast and resolution.
QUERY
Did the crosshair also decrease at that time, or did you
notice?
GIBSON
Could you tell any difference?
I don't recall that being suffi - significantly degraded.
lUl*
�QUERY
It's really hard to tell because it's - it's black and
you can't see the degradation as readily, of course.
And
we couldn't see it at all on the ground.
GIBSON
Yes.
I could not see - did not notice a - an accompanying
decrease in the resolution of that crosshair.
But that
was either a - I guess there's three things:
either the
filter drifts, the contrast goes down, or you Just lose
the resolution due to the optics changing.
And I got -
I think probably more of the latter.
QUERY
Did you notice that decrease in resolution on both moni
tors?
GIBSON
Yes.
It did appear on both monitors, and it occurred
maybe 10 to 15 minutes after you turned the vidicon on
for the first time of the day and you'd let it sit - turn
it off and let it set for an hour.
cure the problem.
That didn't seem to
Even a couple of hours, as we'd
leave it off during the Z-LV passes.
QUERY
During the off time was the filter heater also turned
off - or on rather.
GIBSON
No.
QUERY
On.
It was much - -
The filter heater was always turned on.
1U5
�GIBSON
There was only one occasion that was turned off, and that
was inadvertently and that was H-alpha 2.
H-alpha 2 Just
never was a - anywhere near the quality system in terms
of what we could see on it as H-alpha 1.
But I think
that was more the - the filter itself and other charac
teristics of the telescope.
It was good for overall
pointing, but we never really tried to push that in terms
of high resolution.
The white light display - white light
slit had its problems.
Apparently that - the optics there
degraded so that we could not get the limb scan or limb
pointing functions to work, which depended on the TV
inputs, right there towards the end of the mission.
And
also we could not see the white light features anywhere
near as well at the end of the mission as we could at the
beginning.
Penumbra of sunspots for example., very good
when we first got up there; couldn't see them very well
at all at the end.
GIBSON
XUV monitor:
We would love not to have used that in
the INTEGRATE mode.
A longer persistence phosphor on
the scope would have helped.
We ended up using that
persistent image scope in conjunction with the INTEGRATE.
And that worked but it was a very awkward way to use it.
There we were Just not getting enough - apparently they're
11*6
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
not getting enough photons to the front of 'ohe vidicon low light level vidicon.
I'm not sure.
Now how they get around that
They had a couple of filters in there which
they could have taken out but talking with Doc Tousey, he
said that still wouldn't have done it.
So maybe just the
next generation of low light level vidicons might do it
for you.
QUERY
Thank you.
Can't think of anything else.
After having seen the ATM video downlinked,
could you compare it with what you saw on your monitors?
GIBSON
I haven't seen the downlink.
I guess before I went I saw
it and I don't think it's as good as what you can see on
the monitors up there.
Apparently there is some degrada
tion of the signal but I don't know how to give you a
quantitative feel for that.
QUERY
It was a general question.
On the first manned period,
the comment was made that it was better on the ground than
it was on the monitor and then I think the next period it
was the reverse.
GIBSON
Maybe that's because we had that H-alpha 1 - or the
monitor 1 up there which we installed which was an excep
tionally good monitor.
1U7
�QUERY
Well, we would expect it to be much better on the monitor
of course because of the strain of the band width on the
downlink.
POOUE
Haven't done any reprocessing of the signal tc try to
enhance the downlink signal?
QUERY
No, not at Marshall.
GIBSON
I guess a good - a good measure of that was when we saw
the comet.
On board we could see the sunward spike when
*I
we were at perihelion in the S052 coronagraph TV. Took
a picture of it and we could see that - we tried to put
a TV picture of a - or the picture of the TV tried to show
that down.
By that time we had lost all the evidence of
that spike, but we could see that spike very well on
board.
In the TV which came down they could not.
QUERY
Absolutely not.
CARR
I think the next questions we have in television have to
No, there was no sign of it.
do with hardware oriented questions, on the MDA hardware
and John Vega is going to ask those.
QUERY
I just wanted to ask a little bit more about that ATM
monitor, 1 and 2.
You said that the ATM monitor 1 that
you'd installed was much better than the monitor number 2.
ll»8
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
Did you notice any degradation from the beginning to the
end of the mission between the two monitors and - you
know, did you notice any degradation in the monitor
number 1 which you installed?
GIBSON
No relative degradation.
degradation.
I could not notice any relative
Of course there's a wide range there which,
over a long period of time, you might not pick up.
But
the monitor 1, when the vidicon in H-alpha 1 was working
at the beginning of an orbit it was as good as - subjec
tively as when we first got up there.
I should say that
monitor 1 was used - was the best only in terns of looking
D
at H-alpha 1.
When we would put the XUV monitor or one
of the other displays on it, it didn't seem to make that
much difference.
H-alpha 1 is where you try to get very
subtle feature in terms of faint features off the limb
or very fine features in the chromosphere.
You're already
pushing the resolution and that's when it would make the
difference.
In the corona, for some reason, it didn't
seem to make too much difference.
QUERY
One more question.
Regarding that, we were talking about
the sunward spike on the comm.
both monitors?
li+9
Could you see that, on
�0
GIBSON
Yes, I think you could, as a matter of fact.
I think it
probably showed up a little bit.
CARR
I thought it showed up better on 1 than 2.
QUERY
That would give us a point though because on the ground
we couldn't see it at all and it would tell us how much
that one monitor had degraded.
You could still see - you
think you could see it?
GIBSON
Yes, as a matter of fact I always used monitor 1 in look
ing for the comet, in all the JOP 18s we did.
But I also
had 2 called up at the same time, and as I recall you
V*
could see it better on 1.
They usually appeared a little
bit easier and you could CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Okay, fine.
VEGA
Basically, I have quite a few questions associated with
Let's go to John Vega then.
marking and connectors and so forth which hopefully we
can get your views on.
Basically, the first question I
have is there was an awful lot of use the TV system and
disconnections and connections of the cabling and .so forth.
First question is what was the - you feel the condition of
the alignment marks and identification markings on the
150
�0
VEGA
(CONT'D)
TV is, the VTR, and the video switch?
usable?
Were they still
Were they still in good condition?
They didn't
cause you any problems when you went to hook up your
station?
CARR
No, there were no problems.
They were still usable and
they're probably the better markings than a lot of the
other systems had.
I think you guys apparently pay a
whole lot more attention to the markings and alignment
marks.
POGUE
We had that one problem on the TVs and - -
GIBSON
I was just thinking of that one; yes.
CARR
I think we must have Just brute forced that one or
something.
GIBSON
I'm not sure what the heck happened on that one where
we had the pin which was bent, and I was the guy who tried
to put it in there and I just line it all up and put it
in and it just didn't go in.
And we finally ended up
looking in, saw we had a pin bent and tried to straighten
the pin and it broke off.
VEGA
Okay.
I'll Jump over.
I have a question on that one.
Let me just ask you one thing about - did you recall at
I
151
�0
VEGA
(CONT'D)
all on that pin, was it a solid or a twisted pin?
See
there is two different kinds of pins and there is a solidtype pin, and also the coaxial pin is a twisted - actually
a twisted wire.
And if it was solid - -
GIBSON
It was solid.
VEGA
It was a solid pin.
Okay, then I know which one it was.
It wasn't the coaxial pin.
Okay, that's good because that
identifies which, you know, identifies it to another area.
GIBSON
I had a tough time figuring how that could have gotten
bent, how one pin could get bent like that.
VEGA
Well, there is a - along with - let me jump over the pin
items since we're talking about that right now and that
is that early in the program, in fact prior to the launch
of the Skylab, there was a lot of problems associated with
the connectors - the back shells, the identification mark
ings and this.
We worked the hell out of it to put it
bluntly, and we got to the point where we tried to elimin
ate as many problems as we could with the alignments as
far as getting the pins lined up so that they would go in
properly.
But there is a situation where due to the way
the connectors are actually built that you can go in
slightly cocked and you can get pressure on the pin.
152
And
�VEGA
(CONT'D)
actually if you push hard enough, you will bend the pin.
It has to be -
If it's aligned Just perfectly, it won't
happen; but if you're Just a little bit off, you can have
that happen.
So what undoubtedly happened during the
multi-multi connections and disconnections that you maybe
opened up -
There's actually three little guides in there.
There's three slots, and you may have opened up the slot
Just a little bit.
And eventually it got to the point
where you were off enough, and it isn't very much, that
you were able to cause the pin to be bent.
And then next
time around you - like I say, when you tried to straighten
it, you broke it.
tion:
You've answered really my second ques
Are the alignment marks adequate and you said yes,
they were.
And the next question I had is really with the
slop on the alignment, and I guess you're saying it was
adequate and it really isn't - the marks themselves were
pretty much aligned when you made the connections.
CARR
Yes, I think they were pretty good.
GIBSON
The marks would tell you where to make - where to get it
roughly aligned to begin with and then you go the remainder
by feel.
At least that's the way I made almost all the
connectors.
Jiggle it around until it felt it was going
to slip on and then you give it a little more force.
153
�POGUE
That's exactly what I did and when you're explaining that
previous design in there, I was wondering why we didn't
break more.
I did exactly the same way Ed did.
I'd
wind up the little mark and sort of feel it - as soon as
I got the slot in the guide, I'd push it in.
VEGA
Right.
And it is a little difficult to push in, too.
I
mean it isn't - So the feeling that you have when you push
it in is good for is though - even if you're bending the
pin, you might not know it because it is a little bit
hard to push in.
On the overall question of alignment
marks, do you feel that maybe - did you have any general
comments on improving these like color, size - POGUE
Are you addressing a general problem or Just related to
the television?
VEGA
Related to the television because that's - I can't . . .
rest of them.
CARR
Design criteria should indicate that you should never have
two of the same size that can be crossed, and that's Just
to protect against Murphy's law.
You should always try
to color code and if - whenever possible make two con
nectors be of different sizes so that you can't crossconnect them, if cross-connecting them will cause any
15U
�CARR
(CONT'D)
kind of damage to the equipment.
And those are just
overall, general desk philosophy of connectors.
have any special revelations on that.
We don't
I think that most
of that that's in the system right now is design criteria
for connectors.
Color coding is good; alignment marks
should he as accurate as possible; and whenever possible
you should try to change sizes.
VEGA
All right, next one.
Again, we're going back to the
connectors and that is did you have any other problems
with connectors within the MDA that gave you any kind of
problems, as fas as mating/demating - whether they had
standard pins or coaxial pins, as far as in the MDA?
CARR
No.
I think that there were a lot of people that were
scared to death we were going to screw up the ATM when we
were doing some of the connector mating and demating down
underneath the kick plate.
GIBSON
But - -
To put the auxiliary - S082B auxiliary timer on, we had
people all the way up the line worried about that one; and
it turned out to be a very simple Job.
CARR
As long as you got time to be careful it's not too. much
of a problem.
If you get in a big rush-rush situation
*
that's when you starting banging up and ruining connectors
155
�GIBSON
TV installation also had lots of connectors that had to
be made and broken, seme of those fairly fragile coaxes
and that proved to be no problem.
CARR
As long as you're careful.
Care is the big thing.
If
you take your time and don't rush you can usually do a
good Job of connecting; you can do as well as a techni
cian who does it for a living, I think.
POGUE
Probably better.
(Laughter)
GIBSON
You worry more than a technician.
VEGA
I think that answers my next question because I was going
to ask you if you felt that things like this pin being
broken could have been avoided if let's say that the way
the actual connector shell or the way it was actually
designed externally - what you have to see and what you
have to hold are a little bit different?
CARR
Externally, no, because the TV input stations were were
high-use stations and frequently we were in a big hurry.
Because we were running behind, we had to get the TV sys
tem tossed together and set up and running.
POGUE
Now that thing could have been fatigued before we ever
put that plug on there.
156
�9
GIBSON
I think the secret is to make something where the
tolerances which will allow you to make any kind of a
start of a connection at all will assure you that you're
not going to bend the pin.
POGUE
Yes.
VEGA
Okay.
Very good.
Let me ask you one more question on
that pin and that is before you went to plug it up, you
didn't realize of course it could have been bent prior
to then?
CARR
You really didn't know that?
We're not in the habit of inspecting the male and female
side of a pin - connector before you mate it.
V)
You don't
have time for that, but I'm sure that's a good procedural
rule to do before you ever make it - make any kind of a
connection; you should inspect both to make sure your
pins are okay.
GIBSON
That's Just not realistic.
I did that on putting the auxiliary timer together, but
I think that's the only time I did that.
CARR
Oh, yes.
But that's a one-time thing.
GIBSON
That was a one-time thing which I knew everybody was superworried about.
157
�VEGA
Yes, I guess really sort of a summary area, basically
saying that the - as far as future design of any hardware
like this, all we really have to do is use some good
design practices, and have good alignment marks, and
ensure we have good tie tolerances and then frcm there
it's up to the astronaut to do the Job.
CARR
Just be aware of the fact if you got a type of connector
that's going to be frequently done and is likely to be
done in the heat of battle or when you're in a big rush-rush
situation you need to design protection into it.
But if
it's a one-time sort of thing where you know the guy is
to be very conscious and careful, it seems to be Just
what normal, standard design criteria would hold.
You
have to kind of think about under what circumstances is
the connection going to be made and broken.
GIBSON
I had the feeling that those connectors on the TV were
a little bit sloppier in amount of off-axis angle you
have and still start the connection.
It's not like seme
of the ones which really had to be precisely lined up
before you could even insert it all the way and start
turning down on the collar.
little more play in it.
detriment or not.
It Just seemed to have a
I'm not sure whether that was a
It may have been an advantage.
158
�9
VEGA
All right, that ties in with my next question a little
bit, and I'll just try to wind these questions up a
little bit quickly here, because I think you've summarized
it real good.
And that is, were there any connectors
again associated in the MD that might have had any back
shells or anything of these things come loose on you?
Did you have any of those where actually you found that - CARR
No, I think we hollered enough about loose back shells to
where people got very ginchy about that, really checked
back shells all over the workshop, but I don't remember
having any back shells come loose on me?
we surely got a lot of them interested.
V)
Do you?
But
We did a lot of
hollering and people really turned to them and made sure
it didn't happen on the flight vehicle.
GIBSON
On one of the TVs we could - I noticed this especially
when I working in the MDA and trying to back the TV up
against the wall; you push those cables which came out
from the TV and into the monitor; if you'd push on those
cables, sometimes you would lose the picture, indicating
we had some sort of a transient or sane sort of wire there
which was making or breaking either the wiring in the
cable or the cable connection to be - That happened on
just a couple of occasions and I could readily clear it
159
�9
GIBSON
(CONT'D)
by Just moving it away from the wall.
It never turned out
to be a permanent problem so I never really made anything
of it.
POGUE
That's right; I lost a monitor once.
monitor picture.
VEGA
Okay; well, fine.
I couldn't get a
You told me about that.
That's all the questions I have on the
connectors and I appreciate the answers.
GIBSON
Thank you.
QUERY
Okay, next we'd like to discuss the airlock communication
systems and the Bill Wiggins with - of - McDonnel East
V)
will lead that.
WIGGINS
Now the first - the first question I have is on the
teleprinter when you clean the heads.
Do you remember
the mission day that you cleaned the heads with the
alcohol?
CARR
And did your problem clear up after this?
Yeah, that was the day where they sent us up seme messages
and we said they were terrible and the we change the paper
and they sent us up another batch and they were still
terrible and so we changed, the entire head with a-new
roll of paper and they were still bad.
160
�WIGGINS
And then you cleaned it up.
And then I cleaned it.
This
was probably around day TO - -
POGUE
Somewhere along there; it was pretty late.
CARR
It was near the end of the mission.
But the reason why
I decided to clean it is because after we failed three
times with different rolls and different heads, we got I stuck my head down there and started looking at it and
I saw little bits of - of white along the head, along the
print, and it looked like some of the coating on the paper
had rubbed off on the area there and was Just deposited.
And so I figured - Well, let's see.
This thing uses
heat to do it, and so if I kill the power and clean it
with alchohol and then let it sit for a good time until
I'm sure it's dry, it - it probably will be all right.
WIGGINS
And you didn't have any problems after that?
CARR
No, it - it - boy, it was immediate.
It Just worked very
nicely.
POGUE
One thing.
It seemed like it would be real nice to be
able to adjust the pressure with some kind of double-set
screw on both sides of that head, because even though we
pull down on the head when we're installing - when we
change paper, we pull down before we tighten the Calfax.
l6l
�3
POGUE
(CONT'D)
You really weren't doing all that much good because if you
looked in there, there was physical restraint to prevent
the head from pulling the paper against the head very much.
It sure would have been nice to have an adjustment in there
on that.
WIGGINS
Right.
Where you'd put it in there and have a lever that
you flipped it up?
POGUE
Or that with a predetermined pressure and then maybe some
kind of differential pressure adjustment on both sides,
because a lot of times
there was one side or the other that
was dim.
WIGGINS
Let me ask a question.
Just a minute.
Lee, can you
pinpoint that day, based on that info?
QUERY
We can get it out of the logs.
WIGGINS
Okay.
QUERY
Are you talking about the - -
WIGGINS
The day it happened.
QUERY
We went back and checked our logs, and we related.it to
I - I think we can.
mission day 19 or 20 when we really had a big, big flap
going.
162
�3
POGUE
It was lat er than that.
CARR
This was around - around TO something.
QUERY
TO something.
CARR
Yes.
GIBSON
We might have looked at it.
CARR
I think it was in the - Was it in the deactivation phase?
GIBSON
Yes.
POGUE
I remember it occurred on a day when it was a fairly slow
3
pace at that point, because I was up there watching.
were all up there in the MDA diddling around there.
We
I
was Just trying to - CARR
I didn't figure we had much to lose by then.
a few more days left in the mission.
We were only
And the teleprinter
was really crapping out on us, and I figured I ' d clean i t .
If it dissolved that - the write heads and would never
write again, I figured, well, it's better than what we
got.
QUERY
So it was worth a try.
Yes, well, much earlier, I guess, in the mission we had
period of time there that we couldn't get the teleprinter
pads up for the next day.
1
163
�CARR
Yes.
QUERY
And the - we worked up a procedure of suggested steps to
go through if you - if you - I think they sent messages
time after time and they were printed real light.
And
one of the questions INCO had, I think, was - Well, they
should clean - clean the head.
And the - we make the recom
mendations, and we didn't really con - We said, well, we
felt like it wasn't - it wouldn't do any good to clean the
head itself but that you could Just pick loose particles
off the head, possibly.
But apparently there were things
that did stick to the head that you did clean in there.
CARR
Yes, there was some sort of a white deposit on there.
GIBSON
Yes.
POGUE
Didn't we have on a whole extra head?
GIBSON
Yes.
CARR
Yes, but it was failed.
QUERY
Yes, sir, but you had the broken drive roller on it.
You couldn't - We did have the spare on board, but we
never got into using i t .
POGUE
Oh, okay, because I trained to repair that.
16U
�QUERY
Right.
That's right.
POGUE
Okay.
QUERY
Trained to repair it, but we never had the occasion that We decided that the head was bad, you know, and it just it seemed to be - I believe the whole problem was that
contamination, because early in the mission we had problems
with paper.
You know, put a roll on it, and it wouldn't
work.
And then you'd put another roll on, and that would
work.
Maybe that had to do with the pressure that was
getting against the head, too.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
But there's those two things we have noted, and - and we
take those into consideration.
WIGGINS
Okay, the next - the question I have is on the time
reference system.
On the mission day 27 at 12:15 GMT,
the EREP day counter Jumped to day 28 and remained one
day ahead for the remainder of the mission.
And then the
question we had is, did the GMT clock also Jump?
CARR
On two occasions the - the clock Jumped a day on us, and
we went back and set it.
POGUE
I think one time it jumped
165
�3
CARR
It was right around day 28, too.
POGUE
Yes, I guess it was. I - I think I did that.
doing something with the system.
I was up
And I put my hand over
it as a handrest while I was doing something on panel 201
or 202, and I thought I hit a switch.
And I looked over,
and everything, you know, looked normal.
And I think
what I did is, I advanced the date one.
GIBSON
Yes.
And then a couple of days later, I think I went
back and reset that one.
J
POGUE
An - and reset it.
GIBSON
And I think, Jerry, you reset the first one.
When we
first got up there, we were a date ahead.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Let's see. This particular one, do you recall when that
EREP day counter was off, late in the mission there?
CARR
No.
WIGGINS
You don't?
On SL-3 they had a portable timer mechanical
malfunction.
You know; those timers you carried around.
Spring had broken on it.
Did you have any problem on this
mission with those at all ?
POGUE
That had red tape on it; we never used it.
166
�CARR
The one was red taped, yes.
We left it in there and
never used it.
WIGGINS
You - Right; that was the one I wa6 - The ones you did
use, did you have any problem with them - malfunctions?
POGUE
Yes, my battery was starting to go down, I think, but I
never did change it; I had to shake it a couple of times,
to get it to run - quite often there toward the end to
get it to start.
Another thing.
This is a failure - sort of
a failure mode that was a bit disconcerting and - That is,
you got intermittent operation as the battery got down
low.
And a couple of times I got caught off because I
set my timer for a key event; and if I didn't watch the
second hand start moving, I could put it in ny pocket and
then it would Just not run.
It would - You know, it
wouldn't do anything.
QUERY
I see.
... get down to a weak battery should Just quit.
CARR
(Laughter)
Those timers were Just useless, though we've
got lots of words in our tech debrief of what we think
of the timing system throughout the spacecraft.
QUERY
The ... timers or the - -
CARR
All the different kinds of timers that we had available
to us.
They all stink.
167
�QUERY
We didn't - we didn't see that in the tech debriefing,
did we?
QUERY
Do you remember what part that was in?
CARR
Probably under crew equipment.
QUERY
Crew equipment.
QUERY
Crew equipment.
CARR
Someone should sit down and invent - develop e timer that
has got versatility and flexibility for use by people
working up there.
POGUE
I had a presentation made up at one time which I never
gave anybody, but - all the nice features that you'd like
to have in a timer, including, you know, the feature design features as well as the display features.
But that
thing had an awful lot of bad features in that - Well,
one of the things was, you - you could set the timer to
start running; and then you release the button, and may
take several seconds before the thing would start moving.
If you were trying to set it on an accurate digital timer,
on that basis, of course, you - you - a couple of other
things, too.
168
�/
CARR
Yes, we had no - The timer reference system in the space
craft system, we had no objection to it.
And we would
like to have had more repeaters, a repeater at every
single workstation
that required time sequ^hcing, for
instance, around the SAL and things like that so we didn't
have to bring wristwatches to do that work.
But it's the
portable timers and the event timers that we had to work
with that were Just terrible.
QUERY
What if these displays had - had a stopwatch type of
thing built in so you could hit them, would that have
been - -
POGUE
That'd be real nice.
CARR
That's the sort of thing we were looking for.
POGUE
And another thing is that a lot of times it's very
difficult to set a clock for a key mission event.
If
there's some way - For instance, if you had one of these
repeater stations , you can dial in to GMT and say down to
or up from, and push the button.
Then you start your
display - in addition to the regular repeater, then, you
have a display which starts counting down to this key
event.
%
J
169
�CARR
It's kind of like a sports car that's got an odometer but
it also has another little odometer right under it that's
resettable each time.
POGUE
Like when you fill the gas tanks up.
CARR
You need that feature in a clock.
You need the feature
where you can say whether or not it's more convenient for
you to count up from zero or count down from a number.
And if you're counting down from a number to zero, you
need also some time specified whether you want them to
keep on counting on down, whether you want it to stop
when it gets to zero, or whether you want it to start
counting up again when it hits zero.
GIBSON
We'd like to be able to reset the counter also very
easily.
We had an event timer on the ATM that was just
atrocious.
To reset it to a new number, you had to adjust
each digit independently.
CARR
And each one of them, each - it took a second each time
for the digit to count.
So if you were looking at 9, you'd
wait, you know, holding the switch and waiting for it to
count.
If you missed zero, it would Jump to 9 again and
then you would have to hold it some more.
170
It would be
�CARR
(CONT'D)
much better if you could just flip in the dials and punch
a button and it transfers it from that into your time
register.
GIBSON
Because of the problems with that portable timer, I only
used it as an alarm clock on occasion. I never used it
otherwise.
QUERY
Yes, the previous crew said the same thing. Just to warn
them that something had to be done.
POGUE
Yes, that's right, general warning, not an accurate
warning.
GIBSON
Strictly an alarm - strictly a wakeup alarm clock.
If
I had had an operator I could have left a wakeup call with,
1 would have preferred that.
POGUE
Some of the systems management I used it on, because you
had to set things and wait 30 minutes, wait an hour, wait
2 hours, and that was handy in that respect. I tell you,
I never did trust it because of the problems that I had
with it.
Another thing, too, is that you could not set -
you could not depend upon that thing going off and ring
ing a buzzer within a minute of the correct time because
there was a way of setting that second hand and that
minute hand so that - that when that thing got to zero,
171
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
it took another minute before it actually sounded the
alarm.
So I never did trust the portable timer for
accurate timing at all.
It could be at least a minute
in error.
CARR
Surely somebody's got the ingenuity to invent a timer that
can be used accurately.
We're Just too hung up with
getting things off the shelf.
QUERY
That's right.
Are you using something from a previous
program?
CARR
Yes.
WIGGINS
The next questions I have are to do with audio, and you've
Okay.
already said quite a few things about the system.
And we
Just wanted to get some general data like when you had
this antifeedback network in the system, did you notice
that you had to get closer to the SIAs to get good intercom
or downlink?
CARR
Did you notice that distance change?
I don't think the distance was as large as people thought
it was going to have - the change was as big as people
thought it was going to have to be.
POGUE
As long as you got to put your finger on the button anyway,
it didn't make that much difference - the switch.
172
�I
QUERY
Even at arm's length you could still?
POGUE
Well, you know, why be at arm's length?
didn't make any difference.
That's why it
As long as you had to reach
out and push the button, you Just might as well be a
little bit closer.
GIBSON
We didn't even notice it.
I didn't.
A couple of times at the ATM, though, we were at arm's
length and they could still hear you on the ground. I
had a couple of calls that you couldn't hear too clearly,
but - -
POGUE
Yes, I guess that's right.
But it sure wasn't as bad as
the feedback.
(Laughter)
QUERY
Yes, I adjusted those in the OWS mockup to come down
here. That's quite a lot of twiddling.
QUERY
I noticed in the TV that - it looked like sometimes you'd
be hitting a switch and talking to the ground - that you
were all 8 to 10 inches from the speakers usually when you
talked.
GIBSON
The whole thing of the use of those input stations - first
of all we needed a very good microphone, several good
microphones, not Just the headsets which we had left -
)
173
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
we pulled out of the command module.
But I don't know,
we'd go out to any small town across the countryside and
they've got these things here which work at this distance.
Why we couldn't have something like this up there, I'll
never know.
CARR
Or the TV announcer's got one that he can stand out in
the middle of Hurricane Carla and talk with, it's the ball
with a little black sock over the top of it.
doesn't need shouting.
He Just
Here we were up there with these
little mikes with the hole in the end of it trying to
talk, trying to keep it a quarter of an inch from our
lips and that's ridiculous.
)
POGUE
What are these - everybody keeps telling me "chat you can't
use these remote mikes, you know, with no wire on them
at all.
What's the problem there?
QUERY
You can use those.
POGUE
Well, why in the devil can't we get them?
Because if the
plumbers can use them - ...
QUERY
QUERY
McDonnell made a pitch for putting them in there, and we
couldn't sell it. So maybe the next time it'll go through.
>
17U
�GIBSON
Well, you ought to put them in there because I'll tell
you ...
CARR
We ... strong operation on the tech debriefing.
QUERY
^es.
POGUE
Shuttle needs that.
GIBSON
They sure do.
Well, we read it; you didn't leave much in doubt.
Any time you're working on a panel and you'd
like to describe what you're doing, you got both hands
full and you don't want to wear a headset for a long
period of time; you've got no choice.
something like that.
You really need
We had many occasions like that
where we were trying to describe what we're doing and
there was data just flat lost.
QUERY
We had a microphone, the other thing is programatic, but
we were so pound conscious on the last thing.
And we
threw the mike off, and it's sitting there at the Cape.
It's pulled out of the locker.
CARR
Yes, we were - we were aware of that.
about it and we protested.
We felt very badly
But there were Just other
things that people felt were more important to be sent
up.
QUERY
Okay.
The next question is SIA number 131 that failed, and
we didn't get to bring it back to check it out.
175
And
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
what we'd like to find out is some operation when you were
checking it, you know, malfunctioning - checking the
SIA.
When you hit ICOM with the transmit, did you notice a
speaker mute?
Did that work properly?
You know, when you
lip up, it kills the speaker on the one you're using.
Could - could you ... answer any questions like that?
GIBSON
Oh, boy.
CARR
That's so long ago,
QUERY
How about the - -
GIBSON
I ' d have to go back t o the voice transcripts and t r y to
I
don't know how we could.
dredge up anything out of memory.
QUERY
How about the switch, is it the same thing?
feel the tension?
Could you
Could you hear it click?
GIBSON
The switch mechanically seemed to - -
QUERY
I noticed in the transcripts you could hear it key.
GIBSON
Mechanically it seemed to function all right, but Just
what audio cues you got with it,
CARR
I
can't recall.
The only significant thing about 131 that made it so
unique from the others is Ed had his comm umbilical
connected to that thing all the time, and his little
176
So - -
�CARR
(CONT'D)
kludgie microphone made out of a CCA was there. That's
the only - that's - the only difference of the SIA with
all the others is this thing had the CCU and CCA on it
almost continuously.
And it was being moved frequently
from channel A to channel B, and I don't know how you can
figure that into the - factor that into the situation.
But that - that box had more CCU work than any other box
in the - in the - GIBSON
Yes, and talking about connectors being made and broken,
gee, we used to take - I personally, about a half a dozen
times a day, would change from channel A to channel B and
back again, depending on whether you were ... going up to
talk air-to-ground or talk with - on the tape recorder.
So that really was a high use.
And those connecting -
never had a ... pin failure there, and they all worked
great.
QUERY
You know, you remember solving this ALC bypass cable to
get rid of this 6-hertz oscillation on channel B.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Okay.
I was the one that did that.
Did you have any particular problems with the
installation of it?
177
�CARR
No, I didn't.
I only needed to use 1 CCU because the
CCU that I used Just worked perfectly.
And what I did
is, on the side of the box that the recorders are in, I
took my hacksaw and my Swiss army knife, and I cut a
notch in the side of the fiber glass.
And when you
stretched out the CCU, it had very mild tension on it.
It was a straight shot from the SIA in the dome to that
thing and the inside of the - the back shell Just fit
in the slot.
It Just - It was Just a perfect fit.
And
so then all I had to do was go along with some gray tape
and tape the CCU down so that it couldn't be kicked and
stretched.
And then the - Of course, the ALC bypass
system was all put inside, and I got it pushed down and and routed in order to minimize sharp bends in the cable
and all of that.
It was a very easy setup.
No problem
at all.
QUERY
We ended up pulling that back out, though, because
CARR
Yes, you did, because it apparently put an impedance in
the system to where we weren't getting good voice record
ing any more.
QUERY
Right, when you are trying these - -
QUERY
Do you guys have something that you need to do that's
time critical?
178
�CARR
Not until 3 o'clock.
QUERY
We've got about two more questions? then we'll be through.
QUERY
When you install this cable, you run a test where you
We've got to be someplace at 3:00.
recorded on tape recorder 1 where the cable was installed
and used a normal system to put the voice on 3.
Could
you - Do you remember how close you were to the mike
when you ran the test, what the - CARR
Yes, I didn't change my mode of operation,
tfy normal,
mode of operation was to be between 2 and U inches away
from the mike.
QUERY
I think where the problem was was back at the ATM; we
started missing.
I believe I remember that.
This arm's-
length operation, that's when we put this bypass in and
it Just wouldn't work there.
QUERY
We would miss those calls.
When we ran the tests, it worked beautifully; you know,
when you were close to it.
But it Just wouldn't work
at arm's length.
QUERY
The last audio question I have is the one about problems
of that configuration
of the SIA.
And, if you don't
mind, I'll read from your technical debriefing.
It says
the same thing for the intercom, so you'll know that
179
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
you're configured properly.
"A lot of times we would
spend maybe a minute, have to go off and configure other
SIAs to verify that our comm box was configured right."
Could you give us a more exact description of what you're
talking about there?
CARR
Well, I think the big thing there was somebody might use
channel A for recording somewhere and then walk off or
float off and leave the channel in A.
And then somebody
else would come up on A and flip it on to talk and you
would get the feedback whine.
Another problem we had was
Ed's microphone up in the ATM; he was in the habit of using
ICOM/PTT on that.
GIBSON
Initially or - -
CARR
And then.he would hang that thing up and put it down,
and you'd get all the rate gyro noise going into that
hot mike.
And then some guy down in the workshop would
turn on channel A to start recording and you would hear
all that hot mike noise.
And that took time, to go
correct the situation.
GIBSON
It turned out to be much better later.
I just left it
on PTT and used it in that mode all the time, and it
worked very well.
180
�CARR
But those are the kinds of things we'd have, where you
would turn on a channel and get ready to record something
and you would hear spacecraft noise somewhere.
And what
that meant was somebody had a CCU hooked up to channel B
and it was in ICOM/PTT.
And the two places where it
happened the most we were at the SAL where you were doing
data, and you wanted ICOM/PTT or up in the ATM.
mean ATM but MDA - two places up there.
I don't
Either at the
ATM panel, and usually right after an EREP pass, somebody
would end up having to go up there and disconnect the
headsets because either Bill or I would go off and leave
it in ICOM/PTT.
QUERY
Did you ever use the call switch on the box?
POGUE
Never did.
CARR
I did once or twice by mistake snatching for the switch
and - -
QUERY
Did it work all right?
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
There is another case where - that validates that comment.
And that is, a lot of times or occasionally you go in a
sleep compartment to do some recording, turn on channel A,
l8l
�3
POGUE
(CONT'D)
ICOM/FTT, do the recording, go back, leave it on.
See;
leave it on channel A, and some guy going to work in the
wardroom and getting ready to put some stuff on recording
and taking photographs and he'd get this terrible feed
back established.
That was a bad one because you'd go
all over looking for that hot box, and I tell you, that
system - we got to come up with something better than
that; that is bad.
QUERY
Okay.
POGUE
I t ' s disconcerting, and you're just wasting an awful lot
of time.
3
CARR
If there is some sort of a feedback baffle that you
could put out in front of -
QUERY
We tried that.
The only way you can do it is put your
hand over it and push down, kill it.
The mikes were too
sensitive.
CARR
All of that could have been solved by having a separate
tape recording system that we carried on our person.
And
there is nobody to interfere with you that way.
POGUE
It was instigated by a recording operation of some kind
or another some place.
J
182
�CARR
And all you would have to do when you are at a given
workstation and you've got to record what you are doing,
you could Just take a jack plug and plug it into a posi
tion at that workstation and put TRS data on your tape
and then just talk.
When your tape was full, you'd take
it and put it on a machine and signal the ground with a
lever or, you know, a switch that there's a full cassette
sitting on the dump mechanism, and they can dump it.
When they are through with it, they can light a light on
the thing that says the tape that has been sitting here
has been dumped and is ready for reuse.
And that way you
get off all that feedback problem and POGUE
One of the things that I found very inconvenient about
the SIA design in general was that you had the same switch
for TRANSMIT and INTERCOM, which is fine if you're
addressing the SIA in the one-g preferential posture.
If you're trying to use an SI which was mounted above
the ergometer, we were always hitting the wrong position
in that switch.
And this is why in the tech debriefing
we suggested there be a separate switch, one for TRANSMIT
and one for ICOM.
And also the fact that the switch
should be designed for zero-g operation.
There was
actually - It took enough force to hold that switch in
183
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
position, you'd end up torquing your body around a lot
of time. You would hold against the little side guard.
You would actually hold that, and with the two fingers,
you would end up moving your body around as you were
talking.
And this is the second reference I'll make to
Popular Science in our debriefing, but my kid takes
Popular Science Magazine, and they have a button in
there - These were NASA tech briefs put in this little
magazine now - This was an omnidirectional button which
I thought I had invented in flight.
But NASA's already
got it in a tech brief, and the fact that you can move
this button from any angle - all you got to do is touch
it.
Mine was a little different; you could pinch it
from any direction, a ring-type button.
But I would much
prefer something like that so that you can approach this
SiA from any direction.
And you could reach out and there
is no - you don't - it's not - You don't have a question
in your mind as to which way I move that switch.
You just
pinch it on the ring or push the little knob.
QUERY
That's all the questions I had. I'll turn back over to
Jack.
QUERY
Okay, I Just had a couple of concluding questions on the
instrumentation system, specifically concerning the OWS.
18U
�1
QUERY
(CONT'D)
I believe on mission day 25
you had difficulty determi
ning the correct position of the EXPERIMENT 2 TELEMETRY
MODE SELECT switch on the OWS C&D panel?
I think you had
to count the clicks or something to really know where
it was set.
And I Just wondered if - if there was a
significant difference in the indicator knobs between
the EXPERIMENT 1 and EXPERIMENT 2 switch; there must
have been?
CARR
Well, yes.
The knob was getting loose on the shaft is
all it was.
And if we'd kept on working them without
being able to get in there and tighten the knob on the
shaft, sooner or later it would have sheered, and you
wouldn't have been able to do anything with it.
EXPERIMENT 1 was little looser than EXPERIMENT 2.
And
But
EXPERIMENT 2 was beginning to loosen up, too
QUERY
Oh, I thought it was EXPERIMENT 2 that was really loose?
POGUE
It was, Jerry.
CARR
Was it 2?
Okay.
One - The real loose one wcs the one
we complained about and then the other one was not as
loose but getting loose.
185
�POOUE
It certainly was ambiguous.
Several times I went all the
way back to OFF and counted the clicks because it registered
right halfway between.
QUERY
It was halfway between the marks then - is where, and you
didn't know which one you were on?
POGUE
No.
Fortunately I think you came along and said don't
change it; Just always leave it 2
QUERY
Leave it in position B - -
POGUE
Yes, B.
GIBSON
That was confusing.
We lost a little bit of data, I guess,
because of it.
CARR
But if we'd Just had a tool where we could have gotten in
there and tightened that thing on the shaft again, we
would have been all right.
QUERY
Yes, well - -
CARR
That was pretty inaccessible.
QUERY
Right.
The tests showed that there was supposed to be
plus or minus 7 degrees of play in the shaft, and you'd
feel that on the knob.
But apparently you had a lot
more than that, because between the marks - you had
186
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
something like 25 degrees between the positions there.
So if you were Just plus or minus 7 degrees, you would
have know where - where you were; so if there were some
other loosening back connected with the shaft there - That
was a pretty complicated switch back there too and it
was inaccess - unaccessible to tighten anything.
There
was a setscrew on the front that could have been tightened,
but did you actually
CARR
We saw that setscrew, but it didn't look to me like you
could get an Allen wrench in there to do it.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
See the whole thing was kind of recessed slightly and
QUERY
Yes, yes.
There was some procedure that the contractor
came up with.
I don't know whether it ever was uplinked
but
CARR
No, it wasn't.
POGUE
Another example though where you have a feedback to tell
you what you actually had selected, mechanical feedback
is the greatest.
I mean, if the switch had worked, right,
that would have been fine.
But it's Just another argument
in favor of having a feedback to verify that you have
187
�.1
POGUE
(CONT'D)
selected what you want to select.
Whether it's worth
the trouble or not depends on what data you're working
with I suppose.
QUERY
Okay; well, just one final question.
Were there any
problems with the I&C system that haven't been discussed?
POGUE
I think we hit that pretty hard in the technical
debriefing.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
Instrumentation and comm.
CARR
We haven't made a big thing with you today about cassette
I can't think of any other areas.
TV and up- and downlink capability, but it's in the
technical debriefing and we verily
QUERY
We've read that and
CARR
We also made the same pitch to the managers; we're looking
for support in that area.
I don't think we need to spend
any time - QUERY
One comment on the cassette TV:
That was looked into
pretty hard at the time we were trying to find the video
tape recorders.
And the design and the development at
that time wasn't along - 188
�CARR
Yes, it's
QUERY
We couldn't commit a program at that time because it was
Just too - We would have had something like that for the
video tape recorder.
Actually the video tape recorder,
we think, turned out to be an excellent machine; it was
bulky, it was large.
And you - -
POGUE
Yes, we had the room.
QUERY
Yes.
QUERY
You carried up some pieces to fix the other one with,
that had a failed part in it, but we never used that
either.
CARR
But I think that cassette TV would be - -
Very, very powerful tool to be used in the future, I
think.
QUERY
Thank you very much.
GIBSON
Thank you.
POGUE
Can we get faster than real time though?
QUERY
Well, that's a real problem.
POGUE
Okay.
189
�0
QUERY
It's taken so much band width, it's going to be a problem
through the relay satellite, too, to get that stuff
faster than real time.
QUERY
Okay, Jerry, we need to do a little planning here.
You
need to leave here at a quarter to 3:00, you said?
CARR
QUERY
Yes, that's about right, yes.
Harold, about how much time do you think you'll take in
the structure and mechanics?
>
QUERY
About ...
QUERY
Say again.
QUERY
About 30 minutes.
QUERY
About 30 minutes, and Charlie in the contamination, about
how much?
QUERY
QUERY
I'd say about 20.
20.
Okay, if we double that, that's about (laughter) -
What do you want - How long do you want to take for
lunch then, Jerry?
CARR
Well, let's see; looks like we need about an hour and a
half, probably, to dedicate to getting the work done
190
�CARR
(CONT'D)
this afternoon, and if we want to leave at 3:00 - at
quarter of 3:00, that's quarter of two -
QUERY
1:15 would be an hour and half.
CARR
1:15 - an hour and a half from now. I think that's
reasonable.
1:15?
QUERY
1:15.
CARR
We can even get some exercise in that much time.
GIBSON
Sure.
QUERY
Okay, we'll pick up again at 1:15 promptly.
191
�Afternoon Session
QUERY
Okay, we're going to pick up the stuff that's in the
mechanical area, and Harry Smyly from Marshall has the
questions; so I'll turn it over to him.
SMYLY
What I'd like to do first is to start out and see if I
can get some more observations that you made when you
were outside the vehicle for our materials evaluation.
On the ATM ... that's ... side, did you see any deteriora
tion in the form of blistering, scaling, discoloration,
or anything like that?
CARR
On the solar panels?
SMYLY
On the Sun side of ATM.
CARR
On the canister part?
SMYLY
Right.
CARR
No, I did not - did not see any blistering.
of discoloration was seen.
A great deal
Some of it was - showed
indications of a shadowing, like the foot restraint and
the shadow of toe. The part that goes over the toes on
the foot restraint was - could be seen down lower in the
192
�CARR
(CONT'D)
paint.
The color that's on the zero-g fixture plate -
the fixture cover that we brought back, if it hasn't done
any changing, is the color of the entire Sun end of the of the ATM canister.
SMYLY
So that's a good - -
CARR
Sort of a beige.
QUERY
That's the zero-g plate.
CARR
The zero-g plate - that's 5-> 6-inch diameter.
of mousetrapped on that one.
We - I sort
I doggone near lost that
son of a gun because nobody told us in the description
of that plate that there was 2 inches of foam or whatever
that material was behind that, and when I was trying to
pry that thing up, it just didn't come up like a flat
plate.
And then as I got to prying it up, I realized
there was more behind it.
it flipped.
And I caught it in midair, or it was on its
way to retrograde.
blistering.
And one time as I was prying,
But I did - do not remember seeing any
And I do remember that when I got to the
screws that are - that are - holding that plate down, I
dug in the paint.
I dug the paint out of the slots in
the screws so I could start the screwdriver.
193
And I could
�)
CARR
(CONT'D)
see that the paint was still fairly white underneath,
/
that the discoloration was a surface discoloration.
It
didn't penetrate too deeply into the paint.
SMYLY
Well, did you notice that any of it would smear or rub
off with glove, rather than with the metal screwdriver?
CARR
I saw no indications that it would smear off.
As I
mentioned before, I - I did scramble around on the front
of that thing on the last EVA in order to get pictures,
and I essentially went across to the other side of it
where there were no restraints of any kind and hung over
the side of it, took pictures of the command module.
And
when I went back, I saw no indications of the scrambling
that I had done and the places where I had already touched
it with my boots and things.
I Bav no indications of
smudging at all, which to me indicated paint discoloration
more than a film - Surface contamination.
CARR
Surface contamination.
QUERY
So it did look different from what you saw down around
the CSM.
CARR
w
I
POGUE
Yes.
It all looked the same color.
191*
�QUERY
About the same color?
CARR
I shouldn't have said yes so quickly.
look any different.
It - it didn't
The contamination was about that
color too, and it could be that the contamination was
in the roughness of the paint.
You know, the paint on
the Sun end is quite rough and doesn't lend itself too
well to the kind of smudging and smearing that I think
you're driving at.
The paint is - was almost as rough
as the stucco which you see in walls - the plaster you
see in the walls around here.
It's a very rough paint.
SMYLY
Did it look uniform, other than for the shadows?
CARR
Other than the shadows, it looked very uniform.
SMYLY
While in that area, were there any indications that the
seals on the doors stuck if you tried to open them?
CARR
I saw no indications of it; however, the 82B door did
stick.
And it appeared to me that the reason for the
sticking was not so much for the seals - due to the seals,
but due to a warping of the door hinge itself.
SMYLY
Yes.
195
�CARR
I tried to open that door on a dark-side pass, and it
flat would not open.
And so what I decided to do was
just wait until the Sun came - Sun came out and then give
it a chance to heat up, and hopefully the door would warp
it•s way back.
But you could see the - Looking at the
door - It seems to me, the door looked something like
this.
And this was the hinge line, and if this - this
dimension here being narrower than this dimension here.
And the - there was a hole here, the aperture.
I guess it was in further, more like this.
me like the door was caught.
Actually,
It looked to
The hinge was cocked in this
direction so that this corner of the door was Jammed into
the aperture or the sill, you might say, that the door
closed in to.
There was nice, wide tolerance all the way
up here and around this corner, and it looked fairly wide
here and got narrower and narrower to the corner.
And it
looked like the door was warped down into that corner.
Now when we got to the Sun-side pass, I saw no indication
that the door warped back.
But once I did give it a
little time to warm up, I was able to open it.
But during
the dark-side, I actually put my hand in here and pulled
on the door a few times, because, you know, the locking
handle is back here.
I figured I got more leverage, more
distance from the hinge line, by pulling here, and even
196
�CARR
(CONT'D)
that didn't do any good in the dark case.
Rut once we
let - It warmed up, and what we did was - As you're looking
at the Sun end of the ATM, the foot restraints are here.
That door, for the normal case when I was opening it,
was - was like this.
And it seems to me, the other - the
other door was about like this.
This was the A door, and
this was the B door, as I remember.
And this door was at
my left hand, which is my weaker hand, ny weaker arm, and
about here for pulling.
Now what happened is, as we
were waiting for the Sun to come out, I had Bill rotate
the canister around so that the B door was right in front
of me.
And that improved the leverage situation, I
think, because I was able to pull this way with both hands
instead of Just with my left hand over here.
the fact that we put it in the Sun.
which probably helped us to open it.
And also
You got two factors
But looking at the
seal, I saw no indication of the seal getting sticky or
anything like that.
It looked to me like a structural
abutment right there at that corner, the fact that it
was Just warped right into it.
SMYLY
Did you make any observations on the sail that would
indicate deterioration, or the PBI ropes?
197
�CARR
I could look at it.
I could see that it was still intact,
slightly discolored.
FBI rope looked faded.
I'm trying
to give you an example down here.
3MYLY
You mentioned that there was a fold that had opened up.
CARR
Yes, there was a fold in the twin-pole sail that had
opened up, and we got good photography of that that shows
you that.
And i t o p e n e d s o m e t i m e b e t w e e n E 7 A - 3 a n d E V A - k ,
because on EVA-3, when I was out at the Sun end, I looked
back and could see no - No, I wasn't at the Sun end on
EVA-3; so it happened between EVA-2 and -It.
minute.
Didn't we bring 1U9 in on EVA-3?
Wait a
Yes; so I was
at the Sun end of EVA-3.
POGUE
Yes, yes.
CARR
But I didn't see the open fold on the EVA prior to the
Right.
one - to the last one.
And then on the last EVA, I looked
out there, and I was taking movies.
And there was this
fold open with a nice white area, and all the rest of the
sail was discolored.
SMYLY
What about the flag?
Did you make any particular obser
vations there?
CARR
3
The flag?
198
�SMYLY
Yes.
CARR
You mean the one on the - -
POGUE
Docking end.
CARR
- - docking end?
3MYLY
Right.
CARR
Yes; I saw no significant change in color there.
POGUE
There was yellow around it.
I didn't notice that the white
in the white stripes had changed any - not as much, it
didn't seem like.
Of course, that doesn't get quite as
direct Sun, either.
CARR
Yes.
SMYLY
What about the multilayer insulation in the forward OWS
bulkhead?
Did you notice anything there?
CARR
I didn't.
3MYLY
Did you notice whether any of the SAS diodes were cracked
or looked like they may be coming loose from the potting
or missing or anything like that?
CARR
I looked at that fairly closely, and I could nave gotten
a closer look at it if I'd had time to really go look at
199
�CARR
(CONT'D)
it.
But from the area where I was looking, it looked
very much intact and very much unchanged.
I saw no
indication of any warpage or anything line - that might
indicate that.
POGUE
Are you - You look at the "bottom of the SAS panel, you
have this sort of funny looped-wlre pattern, you know,
where it apparently goes out and connects up with separate
little strings of solar panels.
talking about?
Now is this what you're
What would be evidence of what you're
talking about?
SMYLY
I'm speaking of the little diodes on the panels that
absorb the rays themselves.
CARR
Little 3/l6ths by 1 inch.
POGUE
Yes, those are tiny little things.
What would you notice
when one of them peeled up?
3MYLY
Well, it would look like if they weren't uniform flat
or any - -
POGUE
We had some very good coverage on the flyaround, and
there's enough highlights and sunglint on those panels
that you ought to be able to pick it up if there's any
problem with it.
200
�)
CARR
I also got the 16-millimeter stuff and some Nikon pictures
of those panels, too.
SMYLY
Okay.
GIBSON
I looked at those also, and they looked pretty good.
I could never notice anything by eye.
And
I always marveled
at how uniform they did look.
SMYLY
Okay.
Were there any significant events that we left out
that might support in evaluating the specimens - the
two sail materials or the airlock ... seal specimen or
the zero-g protective cover?
Was anything significant in
the way they were handled or that might help us?
CARR
No, we tried to stay away from it as much as possible
while they were out there.
Let's see.
You included in
that the sample that we took off the airlock, which I
cut off of the airlock hinge?
SMYLY
Yes, if you have any comments on that.
GIBSON
The only thing is, I tried to get another - I would have
liked to have brought back another one which 3howed the
effects of a light protector.
You know, the little wire
protectors that surround the lights we had outside.
The
shadowing of that was just - stood right out against
the - the background of the type of materials we brought
201
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
back.
You can see the imprint of that, if you will,
right - very clear, and that wire was only, you know,
very thin; so the shadows are very sharp up there.
And
we only gave you one - one edge where we actually had a
good shadow, and I think that still stands out very
sharply.
I'm not sure whether we were able to get any
pictures of that one little effect of the shadowing of
the light fixture.
I would have liked to have brought
it back because it's Just interesting to look at, but
there was Just no way of cutting - cutting it out
POGUE
You know why one of the - This is certainly not personal.
One of the fallacies of this type of question is, the
time at which you're most sensitive to these unique events,
like this printing of the shadows, the light guard on that,
is when you first go out.
On your first EVA you go out
there, and you're Just like a kid, you know.
And i t ' s
at that point that your curiosity is peaked, and - you
know - it's all over the world.
Man, these questions -
You could answer all these questions then, if you had
them ahead of time.
And now thinking back, it's awful
hard if you try to remember, because you get Jaded to
it after an hour even.
202
�CARR
Tn handling the raicrometeoroid
shield, though, there was
nothing special we could do with it while we were in the
suits.
But as soon as we got out of the suits, we rolled
them up with the outside on the inside.
and taped them.
I rolled them up
And I think that's the way you got
them back, was with - the way they were rolled up, taped,
right after the EVA, so that all the exposed area was
inside and the part that we touched with our hands was
what was inside the meteoroid shield, on the inside there.
The - What was the piece of aluminized Ifylar that was on the
strut near D02U, that I think the SL-2 group put out?
Was that the SEVA sail sample?
I tell you, we had so
many sail samples there, we lost track of what was what.
And when it came stowage day and they would tell us to
put the parasol sample here and the SEVA sail sample
over here and this sample there, I couldn't have told
you for the love - life of me what was what.
QUERY
I don't know what order they were in.
CARR
But if you showed me the sample, I could tell you where
I got it.
GIBSON
Have you done any analysis to see what material was
coated out on all that?
203
�SMYLY
No, I tried to get that the day before I left.
It is
still in the lab, and we didn't get any results.
I tried,
also, to get something on that coating and - GIBSON
We had that on the command module windows.
And we had
the question this morning, "Was that RCS or - Just where
was it from?"
SMYLY
We'd like to get some samples of that.
We don't have any
samples of that coating at Marshall, and we would like
to get some.
GIBSON
There must be some of it on the samples we brought back. ''
CARR
Yes, it's got to be on those surfaces.
SMYLY
There's some here, but we haven't got any there.
QUERY
You're talking about - You're talking about something
like that zero-g fixture, maybe, from the Sun end or the
sail samples or something like that.
CARR
Well, I think all over the whole place.
POGUE
It almost looked like something was water soluble.
already been mentioned.
SMYLY
It's
Probably a complex effect.
What you are mentioning here sounds like it's very similar
to the discoloration and the shadowing that was on the
20k
�SMYLY
(CONT'D)
camera that - I believe it was Apollo 11 brought back
from Moon, the old Surveyor camera.
CARR
Just strictly ultraviolet discoloration then.
GIBSON
That's what some of it is, but ... on the command module
windows was not that ...
If we saw it on the command
module windows, it must have somehow got over the rest
of the vehicle, too.
3MYLY
Do you have any - Excuse me.
CARR
Go ahead.
I was going to say that's the problem.
what desimplifies this whole thing.
That's
And that is, we lay
there in the command module on the water and watched
contamination film on the window get washed off.
GIBSON
Also, the part which was shaded up there in the airlock
still had the tan color to it, not anywhere near as dark
as that which was exposed to the UV; so there was really
two effects going on there - one of the coating and one
of the sunlight.
CARR
I hate to complicate your life, but.
SMYLY
Do you have any comments on the performance of the
ergometer - from a mechanical standpoint?
205
�GIBSON
Other than the fact that I wish it could have taken a
higher heat load, total heat load, because that constrained
our operation sometime.
I don't think any one individual
any one of us ever rein into the problem, he alone starting
from scratch putting too much energy into it.
But we'd
like to run consecutively, and sometimes we were con
strained; we couldn't.
I'd go put 8000 into it, and
Jerry or Bill would hop on and put in 6; and that would
be about all it could take.
POGUE
The pedals, also, you've already mentioned in tech debrief
ing.
Be nice if you could grease all the moving parts
without having to work into them with a toothpick or
something like that.
We never felt like we really got
the Krytox in the right pedal - into the right-side
pedal.
SMYLY
We learned pretty early that one of our mistakes was not
designing for maintenance.
GIBSON
One thing, I think that we all found that we tend to ride
at a higher rpm up there.
And I was continually bumping
against 80 and maybe a little above 80.
I would like
to have had the capability of reading out and having
it operate, say, up to 90 or so.
206
�POGUE
Without any constraint, too.
make any difference.
I can't see that that should
It's Just the way, I think, it
turned out.
GIBSON
I don't think anybody ever worked on it as low as 1+0.
Down here on the ground you sometimes do, but up there
you lack the weight and also being able to exert a pull
on the upstroke; you Just go the higher rpm.
CARR
Seems to me all of us were about - riding about 10 rpm
higher up there than we were down here.
SMYLY
After you reserviced the airlock module coolant system,
did you ever go back and inspect that saddle valve to
see if there was any indication of leakage or seepage
around it?
POGUE
Yes, sir, I did.
CARR
I did, too.
SMYLY
You noticed
POGUE
Nothing.
Many times,
I tell you, if you ever get anything like
that again, we need more protection.
This Just goes to
show - This is a good example of why you've got to overprotect.
The thing was protected well enough in normal
traffic.
But we started taking photographs out of the
207
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
STS window.
And you'd go up there, and you'd get up
there at night, turn all the lights out.
.ted you'd be
in there thumping around - you know, kicking and thrashing
trying to get the camera in the right position to take a
picture of the comet, and suddenly be aware of the fact
that you were on top of that plate.
So I checked it
many, many times, and never did we disturb that plate.
But once I got out of there, turned the lights back on
and - in the MDA, and I Just about had a heart failure
because I looked up there right where I'd been and that's
where the saddle valve was.
CARR
And - -
Of course, the thing is, if we design our systems in the
future - I hope somebody's listening - for maintainability
by the people there - in order to get your reliability by having component replacement capability and module
replacement and maintainability capability, then you
wouldn't have things like saddle valves sticking up that
you had to worry about.
SMYLY
I'd like to discuss the shower a little bit.
There toward
the end of the mission, the power module, one of you said
it sounded like it had water inside.
wasn't running at that time.
breaker?
208
I assume that it
Did you check the circuit
�~y
CARR
Oh, yes.
It - For a while it would try to run.
You
could hear it humming in there and trying to move the
rotor - I assume there was a rotor in there - but it
couldn't get up to any kind of speed.
JMYLY
So you did run at the low speed.
CARR
And then finally, after we kept fiddling with it, trying
%
to get it to run, we let it dry out real wel3 and tried
it again.
POGUE
Yes.
It was frozen up solid then.
I started trying to dismantle the vacuum cleaner,
and that was bad news.
That brings up a couple of points.
One is that we got water irretrievably trapped in the
'Z>
vacuum cleaner, which suggests that you ought to have The vacuum cleaner bag itself was a good trap, but it
didn't protect the vacuum cleaner from a deluge.
There
ought to be some way of getting in there and getting the
water out.
I think we could retrieve that vacuum cleaner,
but it was potted.
else.
The joints were potted and everything
You know, you just can't take one of those apart
very easy.
SMYLY
All that was done because, you know, it had low suction
anyway and we were trying to cut down on leakage and
improve the performance.
J
209
�POGUE
It could stand all the improvement you can give it.
CARR
Okay.
It just flat died on us.
And that filter that's
supposed to protect it did not protect it well enough
"because we frequently after a shower would check the
filter, and after Just one guy showered, the filter would
have three-quarters of it full of water.
QUERY
Three-quarters.
CARR
And sometimes it would have no water in it.
But on at
least two occasions, I checked that filter, and it was
three-quarters full of water.
And on one occasion, it
was full.
POGUE
Okay.
The next question I'm going to ask, Jerry, is,
Did we follow the sequence in the checklist?
And the
answer is yes.
QUERY
Now the question I'm going to ask is, Did you ever use
any of the Neutragena soap in the shower?
CARR
Yes, when we ran out of shower soap, the last couple of
showers.
GIBSON
And that didn't make anv difference.
210
�POGUE
Well, it can.
CARR
Now you were saying this Neutragena soap would foam.
•t
Oh, yes.
your bag.
And when it foams, then you pump foam into
Then you get water in your filter.
And the
Neutragena soap will wet the filter and cause the filter
to pass water.
That's the way you got water in the
power module.
We feel that filter is good for about
10 minutes with the Neutragena, but it's good for maybe
10 hours with the Nairanol.
POGUE
Well, that's a possible explanation of the problem.
211
�CARR
Yes, except we were having full filters before we ever
started using Neutragena.
SMYLY
The filter's good for 2 hours with the Naironol.
POGUE
We only used Neutragena one time. We used it for one
shower.
And I got in and got ready to take a shower and
turn everything on, and nothing was working.
I had to get
out and take a sponge bath.
QUERY
But another thing the Neutragena does is, it stops up the
little orifices in the collection box. And then you can't
collect at all.
POGUE
But if it had enough shampoo to fill a volume - Yes. But
those big hypodermic things are way overdesigned.
If
we'd Just had the volumes we devoted to them for the
shampoo, we'd have had plenty.
CARR
Yes.
Boy, those were really overdesigned.
SMYLY
In the collection hose, now, we understand you had
problems picking up the water and the other crews did, too.
Did you ever try taking the little collection tool off and
just using the end of the hose?
212
�I don't think that would have been any better.
What you
needed was a nozzle - a rubber nozzle would have been good something that had a narrower mouth on it and maybe was
longer and was flexible enough to contour to your body
better.
But the thing was, you Just weren't getting
enough suction through that thing and - since it was a
metal nozzle and you didn't have much contour to your
body; so the only way you could go around your arm was
this way, and - They were staggered, too.
made it harder.
The lips were offset, which
And something else in that.
It was really
sort of hard to get the water off the side of the shower.
You'd listen; you could hear the guy in there going around
and around and around with that thing, trying to - You'd try
to scoop it, and that wouldn't work.
use it like a scoop shovel.
You'd think that you'd
And then you'd try it flush,
and then you'd try a blower load up.
It didn't work too
well.
But while it ran, it was sure nice to get in there and get
water all over you and then get yourself cleaned up.
What was the use frequency?
213
�CARR
Once a week.
QUERY
Did each of you use it about once a week?
CARR
Yes.
Once in a while one of us would skip it because of
maybe a time consideration or something, but that was about
it.
SMYLY
Well, was the shower separator - Did it seem to be opera
ting normally at the end of the mission?
CARR
We had a little trouble with the switch.
There near the
end, you'd throw the switch and nothing would happen.
And
if you just moved the switch a couple of times, it would
work.
And it looked - Maybe we had an open or something in
the switch.
It didn't seem to have anything to do with
the separator because a couple of times I'd throw the
switch and if nothing happened, then I would hit the
separator a couple of times to see if there was something
in there that needed to be jarred and that worked fine.
And finally, by just cycling the switch hard, taking the
switch and really banging it down to off end then back
to on again, it would start up; so it indicated to me the
switch contact just wasn't making it.
21k
�3MYLY
The washcloth squeezer - Now you rebuilt, reserviced that
early in the mission.
Did it seem to deteriorate any
more through the mission?
CARR
No, the ... seal worked real well.
the water out.
It seemed to squeeze
The reason why we changed it is just
because of the odors.
It just got dirty, and we cleaned it
up and put a new squeezer bag on it to collect the water
and hope we just could eliminate as many sources of odor
as possible.
POGUE
On the washcloth squeezer itself, it should be as smooth with few convolutes, angles, and so forth - as possible
to - because it picked up all kinds of crud in there.
CARR
Oh, i t was awful with a l l those mechanisms.
root IE
Angle irons, 90-degree bends, and all that.
And fine work
in some places.
SMYLY
Mechanically, it was - it did survive the use.
CARR
Sure did.
Yes.
But we recommended in our tech debriefing
that things like the urine drawers have shrouds or areas
that are difficult to get in and clean, that they be
filled in say, with foam or something, and then painted
with a slick paint or something so it would be easier.
215
�CARR
(CONT'D)
cleaning.
And the squeezer is another example of a place
that's difficult to clean, that is a collector of bacteria
because of your wash water.
Something like that should
be designed in the future to have as few crevices as
possible and be as easy to clean as possible.
QUERY
The ice buildup problem you had on the freezer doors, did
that tend to increase in frequency as the mission progressed,
or did it seem to remain constant?
CARR
I think that the frequency with - we had to clean those
doors was about the same; so I don't think it got any
worse.
But once it got started, it really had an accelera
tion time, didn't it?
It seemed like it accelerated.
Once you got a little bit of ice around the door that
opened a little crack or something, it really got big
fast.
And we ended up - Between the two doors, there
seemed to be two paths, Just vertical paths between those
two doors, and you'd build a ridge of ice there.
Once
that ridge of ice got developed, the doors very quickly
got hard to operate.
Of course, when you couldn't hardly
open the door, you knew it was time to clean the ice, because
latch frictions were immediately - they'd go up exponen
tially Just like the ice.
216
�POGUE
One thing that aggravated the problem, too, was that
little inner door.
You know, you had the big door, and
then there was a sort of inner door that opened with
straps.
That thing was really an irritation - to work
around that. You couldn't really properly clean it.
The
thing was - looked like it had been designed with some
kind of spec guarantee that there ain't going to be no
frost formed.
QUERY
Let me explain why the front of that door is there.
saw your comments from the tech debriefing.
I
The doors
don't have coils in them, and that little inner door is
the heat sync thing to transfer the heat to the outside
walls to keep from having the heat short through the
door.
POGUE
They ought to be removable.
QUERY
Well, we think - -
CARR
Yes, it was hard to get behind it.
QUERY
If we do it again, I don't think we'll have that door
there.
POGUE
I guess that was really the main thing; Just that and the
fact that we didn't have a proper tool for removing the ice.
217
�QUERY
Was there any other mechanical equipment that we haven't
mentioned here today that seemed to become more difficult
to operate or deteriorate in performance?
CARR
Yes, the trash airlock.
QUERY
The trash airlock?
CARR
We never were able to work that as a one-man operation."
Would you comment further?
We had to use the technique that was used by the SL-3
crew, and that was a stomper and an operator.
And we've
got pictures, movies, I think, showing how we had to
operate it.
That was Just to close it.
During the
first part of the mission, we could put three to four and
five full urine bags into the urine disposal bag, put it in
the trash airlock, and it would Just go out clean as a
whistle, Just no problem at all.
And about halfway
through the mission, it suddenly started Jamming; so we
would remove the urine bag, and that would work a little
while.
And then it would start Jamming again.
And about
three-quarters away through the mission, it was useless
%
to try to put any urine bags that had urine in them down down the trash airlock.
It seemed like the urine disposal
bags would Just swell up and Jam against the sides of the
trash airlock.
And when you'd pull on the lever to force
it out, it wouldn't move.
218
�0,
POGUE
It had so little mechanical advantage anyway.
CARR
Yes, you had very poor mechanical advantage on that
thing.
POGUE
Scissors.
CARR
Scissors thing had pushed it out, it appeared to me.
And
so what we ended up doing was dumping the urine through
the urine dump system into the waste tank, and then
we would take the urine bag and roll it up and put a
piece of tape around it and put it in the bag.
And that
way you could dump a half a dozen of them at one time.
But it was a time-consuming thing to have to manage your
trash that way.
QUERY
Jer, does that mean that from about mission day 60,
approximately, on, you dumped urine in the waste tank?
CARR
Yes.
If you check back in the mission log, you'd probably
find somewhere where we told the ground that from now on
we're going to do that.
I haven't got the slightest idea
why it suddenly started doing that.
to be any rhyme or reason why to it.
There doesn't seem
And we experimented
to the point where we got ourselves in trouble one day.
We decided we would relieve the pressure in the urine bags
by opening the valves.
219
We put three uzune bags in a
�CARR
(CONT'D)
urine disposal bag with the valves open and put it in the
trash airlock, opened the door.
It wouldn't go out.
Closed the door, opened the lid again, and the - those
bags had put urine all over the inside of the trash
airlock.
ever saw.
And that was the foulest smelling thing you
From then on, we were never able to adequately
clean it.
QUERY
Even when it was closed?
CARR
No.
Did it - -
Once you closed it, you kept the smell away from you;
but when you opened it to dispose of trash, you had to
endure the smell.
QUERY
Before you burst that bag, did you get any smell when you
cycled the trash airlock?
CARR
There was a faint smell in the trash airlock when we got
there.
It was a faint, urine-type smell.
when we really got the bad smell later.
I recognized it
I recognized that
as being an odor that was inherent in the trash airlock
earlier.
QUERY
Coming from the waste tank?
CARR
Well, I don't know if it was that or whether a previous
crew had had a small urine spill and it got deposited on
220
�CARR
(CONT'D)
the TAL and was Just kind of hanging over, because what
we had really hung on and we went in there with - Ed and
I spent time together cleaning it out with biocide wipes,
and then two other occasions, I cleaned it out with
biocide wipes, and we couldn't whip the odor completely.
QUERY
Jerry, was that before you started dumping the raw urine
in?
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
So it wasn't necessary
CARR
That was the clincher when the bags - when the bags spilled
urine all over the inside of the trash airlock, that we
decided, well, we had Just fooled with our last full bag
of urine through the trash airlock and from then on, it
would go out the - -
QUERY
But did you have a period of time when you were still
putting it in bags - What I'm trying to differentiate is
whether it was the smell trapped in the trash airlock or
whether you were getting feedback from the waste tank
itself.
CARR
I don't think we were getting feedback
221
�POGUE
No, that happened before we started the regular dumping,
which brings up a point.
Are you people concerned with
dump heaters, probes, that sort of thing?
QUERY
Yes.
POGUE
Have you read the technical debriefing, our comments there?
We think they're underdesigned and wonder if there's any
way that - Seems like we've been bit on these things since
early Apollo - Apollo 7, you know, having trouble - You
know; have to leave them on a long time before you use
them.
You're always afraid you're going to freeze them up
and that kind of thing.
And it's - I - Apparently -
Well, I'm asking a question.
Do you use a low-power heater
because of burnout problems and that sort of thing?
Is
it power or what?
QUERY
Al, could you answer that?
QUERY
The answer is real - really simple, actually.
Well, let's Just - The heater
does not really prevent it - prevent it from fogging while
flowing.
The heater is to unclog it in case freezing
ever did occur inside.
Basically in the testing that
we did, we would not get freezing inside the probe.
We'd
get freezing ..., and the heater would clear it with ...
But the heater is not big enough to keep from freezing - -
222
�)
CARR
Then why in the world did the procedures require that we
turn on a heater and keep it on for 15 minutes before we
ever dumped anything through the probe?
That doesn't
make sense.
QUERY
From testing, that cleared the tip from the outside - -
QUERY
When did you ...
QUERY
We got big chunks of ice in the waste management.
QUERY
Could you get to a mike, please, so the gi$rs - -
CARR
I think we are through - -
POGUE
Well, I guess the question is that - since there seems to
be a continual source of procedural problems, discussion
and general backbiting - why can't we - think we could get
u better heater or something like that?
We were Just
talking about a flight - After this problem occurred that
Jerry is talking about, we had a later stoppage - when we
were - when we started our regular dumping.
Boy, that
really scared us, because we knew we had problems with
trash airlock dumping the urine.
And then we had a
freezeup with the urine dump, and boy, we were shaking in
our boots there.
We didn't know what we were going to do.
Just - Well, t h e comments a r e going t o t e l l you . . .
223
�A couple of those mechanical things - one is that - what
held the T003 on, that mechanical - that snaps — Just
completely froze up one day, and we had to pry it off.
Both of you know that the - that the
The foot.
The T003 is suspended from its stowage container
Structural - mechanical structure.
mechanical structure, and it's got a foot
Photo mount.
- - . . . photo mount t h a t we used.
Camera mount.
Camera mount, if you will.
And it froze up completely so
you couldn't get it out, and we had to pry th - I had
to take a part of the mount off of the instrument itself.
How it froze up, I'm not sure; it Just flat wouldn't come
out.
The dovetails, also, on one of the TV cameras - The dovetail
mount on the side cut loose.
221+
�POGUE
And there wasn't any way to tack it
CARR
And that was aggravating because the screws through the
dovetail were screwed in from the inside out, and we were
looking at the end of the screw and watching it over a
period of time back out as the dovetail got looser and
looser.
POGUE
And sometimes you wanted to use that shoe because it was
the only way it would fit with the situation at hand.
GIBSON
The other things we had problems with mechanically were
latches.
CARR
Oh, yes.
GIBSON
Dialatches, but that's another long story.
CARR
That's adequately documented in the tech debriefing.
POGUE
You know - But another thing that they're maybe interested
in was the freezeup on the wardroom window, the ice
collection on the wardroom window.
QUERY
Yes.
We haven't heard about that.
POGUE
Why don't you tell them about it, Jerry.
the - -
225
Jerry did all
�CARR
Well, we - when we got there, there was a little patch of
ice in the wardroom window about the size of a dime.
And
then after about a week and a half or 2 weeks, it got to
be about as big as a quarter.
And we knew that the previous
crews had coped with it, but we didn't hear what the
procedures were; and so we talked to the ground, and they
indicated how we should use the vacuum dump line from the
water condensate tank to deac - defrost it.
it in about 6 minutes.
You could do
Well, as soon as you hooked up
the vent line and connected it to the scientific airlock
and opened it for that, you could just see that ice
shrinking down to nothing; and then it was gone in no
time at all.
QUERY
There was no lingering problem then?
CARR
No, but in about 3 weeks it would be back, and we'd just
have to do it about once every 3 weeks.
There was a little
water spot that looks JuBt like a water spot on a glass,
too, that was left behind when the ice sublimed and was
gone.
We had that little dime-size water spot.
But we
don't quite understand how the mositure could get in there,
in that sealed window.
And that vent valve that's right
there next to the window, we kept it tightly sealed, and
we never fiddled with it at all.
226
But somehow moisture
�CARR
(CONT'D)
managed to get in there.
And on the days after the shower,
when the humidity was high, was the time when you would
see the little spot starting to come in; so somehow
humidity was able to get through something to get to the
inner panes of that window.
QUERY
Did you have any objectionable noise or notice any noise frequency changes as the mission progressed, from any of
the equipment?
GIBSON
Pumps up in the airlock, the - -
CARR
ATM coolant.
GIBSON
ATM coolant pumps.
That one was - Well, the three of
them - I guess one we didn't use.
had their problems.
Bravo and Charlie both
And I guess there was air in the loop
which caused part of it.
QUERY
But after you cleared that up - -
GIBSON
It would come and go - -
CARR
You got used to it after a while.
GIBSON
You got used to it.
You'd get a high-pitched, whine, and
then you'd get a gurgle.
And then sounded as though -
Heck, what'd we worry about, the bearing?
though.
I forgot the exact noise
227
Yes, the bearings,
�ifinilK
Once there was a distinct change in the acoustical
spectrum up there, and then they Just started whining.
And we really got concerned about it.
In fact, we asked
to turn if off in order to be - We figured it would keep
us awake at night.
And I went to all the trouble getting -
breaking out M^87 noise-level meter and frequency analyzer
and took beaucoup readings of the pump on and off and
couldn't notice any difference.
But you sure could tell
it subjectively.
The noisiest single system in the workshop were the rate
gyros - rate gyro six pack that's up there.
next noisiest was the ATM C&D coolant pumps.
And then the
And then
near the end of the mission during the EREP pass, when the
191 cooler started dying on us, it really got noisy.
But, of course, that wasn't something that ran all the
time; it was only during the EREP.
It interfered somewhat
with our communications, and that's about it.
I ^ UERY
That's all - that's all the questions I had.
And back
to that probe, in reference to the questions that you
asked me concerning that.
The best answer I can give
you on the probe - During the initial concept for design,
the name of the game was keep power use down to a minimum.
And it was concluded that the power tnat was allotted to
228
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
that probe would be adequate with the procedures as
established.
And that's why it was so low.
I agree with
you; it's my opinion it should have been higher.
QUERY
Okay, other structures and mechanical questions.
questions from Huntsville?
Any
Okay, Charlie, contaminations.
Charlie Davis will lead the session on contamination.
QUERY
The ECS guys ... questions on that ... change in that noise
DAVIS
We've still got several areas we want to cover here, and
David Checks (?) will start off by asking questions on
induced atmosphere.
QUERY
I have a couple of questions on - As you went out to
retrieve stuff from the ATM unit, did you notice any
changes, any - in the frame of light intensity from the
QCMs that were on the HLC and NRL ...?
QCM looked like?
CARR
No.
POGUE
Quartz crystal?
QUERY
Okay, there's a picture right here.
CARR
What is a QCM?
229
Do you know what the
�"*)
QUERY
Quartz crystal ... Should give you a continuous thread of
contamination.
POGUE
Here's what it would look like on -
That's - was where you were wanting - at one time talking
about getting - returning one of those.
QUERY
Yes.
Right.
We got a very strange effect.
That is, it
continued to lose mass or give some indication of losing
mass continually.
POGUE
Losing mass?
QUERY
Yes, and we don't know whether it was a change in the
crystalline form of the device itself or whether just
continued.
I guess it should not have continued to outgas
that long.
Did you notice any differences or anything
on the - CARR
QUERY
CARR
Sure didn't.
on or around - That's not an area where we were.
The only time I was
near that thing is when I was taking pictures of the
command module, and I was using it for a handhold then,
trying to wrap my legs around it or some way to hold
myself over there.
But both other - the three other times
I was out at the Sun end, I was nowhere near this; so I
didn't have much opportunity to look at it.
230
�*)i
QUERY
In connect - I have one question in connection with that
water droplet before ... on that wardroom window. Did it You say it stayed the size of a dime whenever the ice would
disappear?
Did that droplet increase in size over each
time it was - -
CARR
You mean the water mark, the water stain?
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
No, it seemed to stay about the size of a dime
GIBSON
It stayed the same.
CARR
It was a pretty old stain, and maybe it'd been there had gotten established maybe back in SL-2 or -3, because
all - Little foggy area or ice crystal would start small
and Just grow, and finally - by the time it got to be
about the size of a half a dollar is when we'd do something
about it.
And once you cleared it up, it always came back
to the same little old stain.
QU^RY
Jerry, was it actually water moisture - moisture that was
left or just a stain?
CARR
Just a stain.
Looked like a watermark on a glass.
231
�QUERY
Okay, let's pursue one other question.
You mentioned
the - on the command module windows this contamination that
wrinkled up that was water soluble.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Did you notice that as you - did you notice that Just after
you'd come down, or did you notice that there was
something - -
GIBSON
... - No - Well, no - -
QUERY
- - on there prior to that?
GIBSON
We knew it.
OARR
Yes, we knew our windows were coated on orbit.
We could see it on orbit before ...
We could -
Late in the mission, it was apparent to us that we had a
lot less transmissivity through the window than we had
early.
They were obviously contaminated, because with
low light levels - light angles, I should say - Sun angles,
you could see the - POGUE
Streaks - -
CARR
But we also - -
QUERY
So it was not - Then it was not uniform.
have streaks in it?
232
It seemed to
�CARR
I always thought it uniform; I would say more concentrated
towards one corner of the window.
POGUE
I had streaks on window number It, I guess it was, but I'm
not sure the streaking was directly associated with that
contaminant coating.
I don't know what it was, but I
know I kept moving the camera around because I had a
streak right across the middle, almost horizontal.
CARR
I got the impression that a line that I had in my window
was much like the line of shadowing that we had in other
places on the workshop.
But my window had a line in it
that was a very, very straight line with two different
intensities of contamination.
I got the impression that
maybe some of the shadowing on my window was protecting a
little bit of it or something; the same sort of shadowing
effect - QUERY
While it was accumulating, it was shadowed?
CARR
- - that I could see other places.
GIBSON
When we got back down, we saw the effect of the water on
it when we were inside the command module.
Once we got
outside and we came back down to look at the conmand
module before they towed it away, I could still see it on
the windows.
Apparently, someone post that time washed
233
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
the command, module down and, you know, made it look shiny
QUERY
That's unfortunate.
QUERY
Jerry, when you have the shadowing effect on your window,
and new again and completely ruined it.
could you tell whether the sunlit part had more buildup
than the other on the ... - CARR
All you could see was a line of demarcation.
It was very
difficult to see which had more or less than the other.
QUERY
While we're on this window - This is window number 1 you're
talking about, I beleive.
CARR
Window number 2.
QUERY
Oh, well, then this was not the window that you had - took
photos of S233 out of, is it?
CARR
Right.
Window number 1 is the one that we took those
pictures out of, and I - that window, as I remember,
was more uniformly coated.
I didn't see this line of
demarcation indicating shadowing.
You had to be careful
looking at something like that for fear that maybe the lines
you're seeing really was nothing more than just a shadow.
23^
�I got - Oh, "by the vay, I want to make a comment on
photography of windows for contamination,
fou need to
have a dark shroud or dark cloth on the inside of the
spacecraft to minimize back inflections on the window.
If you'd look at the pictures that I took of the S230 for
contamination purposes, they're lousy pictures, because
the light came in, hit the structure inside, bounced back
on the inside of the window, reflected in the camera, and
ruined the pictures.
235
�POGUE
So if you really want to get good contamination photo
graphs, you have to make a - If I had had enough sense
and presence of mind in flight, I would have rigged
something up to - to minimize that back reflection.
It
ruined those photographs.
QUERY
Okay.
Thank you.
CARR
I think back reflection had a lot of effect on the
233 photography too, Just from starlight and moonlight
reflecting into the spacecraft from back on the window.
And then you Just essentially made your - made your window
nearly opaque, and especially if you are trying to take
pictures also close to sunrise or sunset.
You'd get
that light on the window, and it would just look like
it was beccming opaque.
QUERY
Okay.
Let me ask one last question.
On EVAs I've no -
I have no - I have read several comments about the white white paints turning yellow or beige or brown.
Was
there any discoloration concerning other paints or, say,
the bare aluminum structures that might have been in place?
Or in touching some of the - GIBSON
Colors seem to be a little washed out.
If you take a
look at the flag, we've got seme good pictures which I
236
�GIBSON
think show the American flag painted on the MDA.
Colors
there appear to be very washed out, as well as the white
turning yellow.
The red and blue Just seem to lose a lot
also.
QUERY
And how about any bare metal surfaces whenever you
were around them?
Did you ever notice any smudging or,
you know, a layer of contaminant on there that would be
CARR
That's what I'm racking my brain on.
POGUE
You know, there - that's - that's a point.
CARR
Seems to me that - the aluminum took on a sort of yellow
cast.
GIBSON
It was not shiny aluminum, but I'm trying to figure out
how - in what way it was degraded.
It Just appeared
to lose its luster.
POGUE
You remember, Ed, when you put the clamps on for the
S020 - -
GIBSON
Oh, yes.
POGUE
- - and T025-
How you scuffed -
GIBSON
23T
�POOUE
It was really ... scuff marks.
GIBSON
you could really see it.
QUERY
Okay, so - -
POGIIE
Scraped away the top surface, you could see bright much brighter metal underneath.
Now this is on the
ATM
trusses, big structural ...
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Okay, thank you.
QUERY
I had just one question on the
ATM
experiments themselves
On the S052 TV quite often we would see particles on the
downlink TV.
By and large they were Just a very few
number of particles.
But by chance, did any of the crew
happen to look out the window during any of the
S052 TV
activity and ... those particles?
GIBSON
No, we - we were asked that question the other day, and
we could - most of the time when you looked out the window
you could hardly see any particles at all.
QUERY
Oh, but you did see particles?
238
�GIBSON
When you were looking out the wardroom window, you'd
occasionally see one or two particles go by.
And you
might see it especially as a reflection in the sunlight
when you're up close to the terminator.
CARR
we had two blizzards that we saw out the wardrocm window,
Just absolute flurry, and it was near the terminator
both times.
And it was Just - huge flurries of snow
particles or bright particles.
QUERY
One of those, I recall that we could not identify it.
I think the answer given - the only thing that happened
was that there had been a mol sieve cycle change Just a
minute or two before.
sense.
But that - that really didn't make
But now, the other one I don't recall what that
blizzard was.
CARR
One was rather early in the mission, and the other one
was about two-thirds of the way through the mission.
I think the second one is the one that you folks said
that there had recently, Just very shortly before that,
been a mol sieve cycle change.
But that's the only time
we ever saw any huge blizzards of — of this stuff.
It
looked kind of like snow, and it was very, very beautiful.
239
�QUERY
You don't have any idea of what that other snowstorm was
from?
CARR
Haven't the slightest idea.
POGUE
Well, a question that - that one might ask:
you know in
the trash - in the ops - locks tank down there in the
trash airlock area - the trash area, if - if I remember
correctly you had screen - big screens over the actual
openings to the outside.
Now, during your testing I
assume that those things, if they froze over as they
were supposed to freeze over and then subline out or some
thing, I forget which, did you ever get any dump
modes established when you were testing that, I wonder?
QUERY
Yes, we did have liquids go into the waste tank C.
But now, during the ground test we always stayed below
the triple-point pressure.
Now, during the mission
there potentially is over three cases there, dumping
free liquids into the waste tank.
You may have dumped
at such a rate - such a mass that you did just bump the
triple-point pressure in the waste tank.
And if that
were the case, you could have iced up those screens and
then sublimed off the screen or else clogged them up and
blown them off.
2k0
�Could the screens do any sort of a - of a - oil can
or something that might just pop them and cause a million
little ice crystals to start off?
I wouldn't exclude that, but it's not that.
I would
think the next time you dump seme material in that you
certainly could have ...
Yes, except that both times we saw these blizzards we
were not doing a trash dump of any kind, because that's
the first thing the ground asked us when we said we had
seen it, did you guys just dump something down the trash
airlock, and we said no.
And then the next question was,
well how about the SAL, and the answer was no to that.
So then they researched and found on - on one case that
the mol sieve had Just done something.
Look, I have a couple of questions now in the area of
experiments optics, and it's Just basically did you
observe any deposition on the handheld optics, for in
stance, the S019 articulated mirror?
If you did, could
you describe what these deposits looked like?
No, we did not.
Bill indicated some - -
2hl
�POGUE
Yes, on the - right near the end when I was doing an
S063 when you could actually look through the window you - you had a window mounted in the - I would say T025
adapter, was it?
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
I saw what appeared to be a very fine dustlike layer
on the AMS mirror.
Now this was, again, you had to
have the Sun - the light Just right before you could
see it because turning it a little bit further you
could - you could see the discone antenna, and that was
Just as - Just crystal clear, you know.
So like I - I -
I wasn't sure what I was seeing - almost a frosted ap
pearance.
That was near the end; I don't know when it
started, and I'm not even sure what I saw was entirely
valid.
QUERY
But other than that?
POGUE
Other than that, no.
It always looked - when we - any
time that we took the AMS - a couple of times we ro moved it out to make sure that we had it cocked right or
Just to check it.
It looked very good, very good condition
2h2
�SPEAKER
How about any of the windows associated with the SAL,
the antisolar SAL, did you have any deposits on those
surfaces?
CARR
No . . .
QUERY
Well, from that then I assume that you didn't do any
cleaning on orbit of any of the optical surfaces.
POGUE
Just the EREP.
CARR
The EREP S190 window, Eill did a cleaning Job on that.
But, of course, that was Just the inside where we were.
POGUE
We cleaned off the 190 window - interior of the 190 win
dow once using the optics cleaning kit.
Once I
brought down seme of the tissues and cleaned off the
inside of the wardroom window and that was i t .
QUERY
So that's all of the window cleaning that you did.
POGUE
That was Just about i t .
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
But we found that to properly clean the Nikon with the
300-millimeter lens, you had to put your hand on the
window and hold the lens up against the window and then
2k3
�CARR
(CONT'D)
track with the camera in order to get your image motion
compensation.
And so it dirtied the windows, and we
found ourselves having to clean them, wipe them off on
occasion.
And that was - the wardroom window was - that
had to be done too and also the STS windows on occasion,
the command module window; that was finger smudges.
POGUE
And mainly on the wardroom window, too, was the window
protector that we were doing this to not the optic, not
the wardroom window itself.
QUERY
But most of these smudges you had to clean were from nose
prints or finger prints.
CARR
Correct.
QUERY
I did have several questions on thermal control systems,
but I think they have been beaten into the ground.
I do have one.
But
Going back over previous debriefings, the
two previous crew debriefings, one of the questions we
had asked on ATM sunshield discoloration was the first
crew response that it was clean, that the sunshield of
the ATM was still white.
But SL-2 crew, we picked up
from them that it was beginning to discolor.
Shadow
effects were still light and door motion areas were a
little bit dimmer, and then that exposed to sunlight was
2kh
�QUERY
even darker.
But then you all have come in, and then
(CONT'D)
it's much darker.
So, what I would like to ask is do
you recall any difference in discoloration on these white
surfaces between your first EVA and the last EVA.
CARR
I didn't.
GIBSON
The problem is - Yes, I was out there on the first EVA
and then Jerry was out there on the last, so you have
different observers.
One thing I did notice at the
first EVA I was out there, you could very clearly see the
rib structure underneath which was supporting the front
face.
It looked like from squares - a square rib struc
ture which is maybe 3, k inches or so in square size
or linear dimension across it.
And I forget whether
that was darker or lighter now, but I made some - a big
verbal description of it at the time of the EVA.
If
you are interested in that effect, it's in the transcripts
during the first EVA.
CARR
And what was interesting was that when we first saw the
workshop up there and started moving in on it, the starkness of the white, the gold, and the black.
It was just
very stark, and the white looked very pure white.
And
then I remember thinking how curious it was after we got
2U5
�CARR
(CONT'D)
in real close, nearly docked, and when we were docked
that all the places that had looked white vrere now
beige, or very light beige.
And it's the same sort of
effect as that 16—millimeter film that was taken — that
we took on the EVA.
That Just makes everything look
spanking clean white.
And I deliberately panned slowly
across the sun end of the ATM to show all the shadowing
effect and all the tan.
And damned if none of it came out.
It was Just pure white; looks Just white as can be.
GIBSON
I hope the Nikons show it better.
CARR
I do too.
POGUE
I hope so too.
QUERY
But you did then take scrae photographs Ju3t to show
discoloration.
CARR
Yes, and unfortunately the l6-millimeter stuff was
apparently overexposed.
And in the processing they - the
developing Just - they - it was probably developed normally
an overexposed picture developed normally which ends up
with beige looking white.
And all the contrast, the
shadowing, was gone, Just gone white.
2k6
�QUERY
All of the surface colors that you all have a comment
on, were those only on the solar side of the vehicle?
During EVA did you get in such a position that you
could see the antisolar side of the - -
CARR
Well, the other side of the panels look pretty white
to me.
I didn't get the impression that that was as
beige.
POGUE
It wasn't, but it was turning.
I photographed the
underside of SAS panels when we came in for docking,
and I think I got - I'm not sure I got pictures ccming
out or not, when we undocked.
But, if you'll look at
those, I think you'll see that it's well, I don't know
if you can tell or not.
CARR
You don't mean the SAS panel; you mean ATM solar panels.
POGUE
I mean ATM solar panels.
And they were not pure white.
They had starucn^to change.
GIBSON
But in around the FAS area, which was not exposed to
Sun except for scattered sunlight whatever small amount
there may be there, that had changed color.
QUERY
What was this, how that had changed color?
2U7
�GIBSON
In the FAS, the fixed airlock shroud workstation,
where you had the part we - the pieces we brought
back, as a matter of fact, that you clipped out.
Part
of that was a very dark beige and an abrupt transition
to a light beige.
The light beige is the part that was
out of the Sun, and the dark was the part that was in.
And the part that was out of the Sun which was light,
that whole area was pretty much of a uniform light
beige.
I did not see any shadowing effects there as
though you had reflected sunlight from a given direction.
It was pretty much uniform.
To me, that, plus looking
at the windows in command module, implied we had semething coating, some atmosphere around there which slowly
condensed out on the vehicle.
Whether that was really
the source of that light beige, I can't be sure.
But
I'm sure, looking at the material itself and analyzing i t ,
you can tell that.
QUERY
Okay.
QUERY
Is this - what was washed off the command module window,
this material, did it wash off in flakes, or was it quite
even as the water would hit it?
the contour ...
248
I mean, it was part of
�GIBSON
No, it tended to shrink up, in the same way, as Jerry
says, the top of a custard pudding when it cools, shrinks
up.
QUERY
Okay.
When it got wet, it would shrink up when exposed
to water.
GIBSON
It would shrink up, and you would see little bits of it
around the corners, especially.
And even after we got -
as I said, after we were on the ship and the spacecraft
I
was on the ship for 10 hours or so, we went out and
looked at it, and it was still there on the windows.
And I thought, well, here these guys have got seme beautiful
samples.
I'm surprised that the system didn't make -
take special pains to get sill that.
CARR
I guess we should have made a bigger thing of it while
we were in the command module and mentioned the fact
that these things were there.
QUERY
I think that that's all the prepared questions we had.
Do you have another one ...?
QUERY
Yes, I have one.
atmosphere.
I have another one.
It's on induced
It's not particularly with contamination
but with the meteoroid environment.
Did you notice any -
I know you talked about wrapping up the meteoroid shield
2h9
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
and bring that back - did you notice on any of the EVAs
like up on the ATM, any impact areas that were not asso
ciated with an engine or some kind of firing where paint
might flake away?
CARR
Sure didn't.
QUERY
None at all?
CARR
It looked very good up there.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
Of course, all the windows - they asked us a question
up there one time, if the wardroom window, or any of the
windows we look out, had any pits or anything in them
indicating micrometeoroid impacts, and they were just as
clean as a whistle.
QUERY
. . . you had a few questions you were going t o ask.
QUERY
Most of them were answered, but did you use all the
Coolanol that you took up?
CARR
QUERY
no.
How much did you use?
250
�POGUE
Golly, I don't really know.
CARR
Well, didn't they say it was a 3-quart capacity or sanething like that, and we had 9 quarts on board or something?
We serviced it once, whatever that is.
POGUE
Yes.
QUERY
...
POGUE
No.
CARR
Not to my knowledge.
Did you ever have any occasion that it leaked again?
QUERY
CARR
No.
And the ground, of course, has a better handle on
that, and the guy, the atmospheric volatiles concentrate
guy said that they had some hydrocarbons in there that
indicated that it might have to do with Coclanol.
QUERY
I think George Hobson and his people could probably
answer those questions a little better - -
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
- from the data.
251
�POGUE
You ought to also ask him about the secondary coolant
loop, too, because apparently about the time we undocked,
we lost the secondary coolant loop.
QUERY
When we started getting the warning light.
QUERY
I think this does us.
QUERY
Charlie, are we clearing now on this - I'm concerned
about this film.
It showed up on the command module
window ... we are going to find out about that.
QUERY
Are we clear if this was seen on any of the other
windows, the same kind of degradation?
POGUE
Yes, it was on number b .
QIJKRY
How about ... the workshop ...?
Was it peculiar only
to the command module?
POGUE
Who knows?
CARR
Oh, yes.
Yes, I - in fact when they asked me about the
pitting on the wardroom window, I said no, there was no
pitting, but there was definitely what looked like water
marks and stains on the wardrocm window.
QUERY
Well, that was ... surface, you mean.
252
�$
CARR
... on the external surface, and it was more- streaky
looking.
query
Now, we - I think this was picked up on the first crew.
And I think at the time it would have caught me by surprise.
You know we did lose the meteoroid shield.
QUERY
As Jer was commenting - the reason I asked, you canniented
earlier that you could - toward the end of the mission
you started seeing degradation on the command module
windows.
CARR
^
I just wondered if you noticed this ...
It was certainly more noticeable on the wardroom window.
Now, the STS window, I didn't notice it, uor did I notice
it on the 190 window, but of course the 190 window had
a cover on, and we didn't open that cover very often.
QUERY
STS windows did, too, so I think ... there; wherean the
wardroom window had been exposed for the whole mission.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Your command module window for 8H days.
QUERY
Did you keep the STS window covers on mostly or - -
CARR
Most of the time, yes.
253
�9
GIBSON
Most of the time - the outside.
CARR
That's a mechanical thing for the mechanical folks,
and that's those windows on the - the covers on the STS
windows were a great pain in the neck, because they were
so hard to open.
You had so little mechanical advantage
on the crank you had to turn, and there were so many
things close to that - the crank throw that you were
just asking for broken fingers.
We were always banging
our knuckles up trying to open and close those doggone
STS windows.
POGUE
One of them in particular you could actually guillotine
a finger to death.
CARR
There was lots of profanity used on those windows,
QUERY
Go ahead.
QUERY
That .. .
QUERY
Any other ...?
QUERY
Just one ...
QUERY
One more question?
Is that it Charlie?
Okay.
25^
�QUERY
When there were shadows on the bottom of the ATM
sunshield, of course, the Sun couldn't have caused it.
•»
Evidently there was an obstruction in the way.
Did you -
any of you notice any of those, and if so, what was the
possible source?
QUERY
It looked like they were in the way of some emission that
was coming towards that surface, and the structure shadowed
it rather than the Sun as in so many other cases.
GIBSON
I'm not sure what you're referring to.
QUERY
On the underside of the supports of the ATM sunshield,
the supports had a shadow on the bottom side of the sun
shield, and we were kind of wondering just about what
angle the emission would have had to come frcm to create
that shadow.
CARR
Evidently you didn't notice though.
Yes, we noticed that.
In face, I think we mentioned it
on the EVA that it seemed kind of peculiar that you even
had the shadowing effect around on the Earth side of the
sunshield.
That's a mystery to me.
QUERY
That would sound like outgasing protection.
QUERY
But it seems to be caning from a def - very definite direc
tion, and that's what we were interested in, Just where
it might have come from if you find that out.
255
�QUERY
Okay.
GIBSON
Are people going to run a chemical analysis of those
materials which we brought back Just to see what is
deposited?
QUERY
I'm reasonably sure that material is still ...
QUERY
They're doing ...
I checked on that to see if I could
tell anything about it before I came down, and, no, they
are doing that and they are - they Just don't have anything
yet to - GIBSON
Okay.
QUERY
- - pass on, but - -
QUERY
. . . got a couple of questions before we break up t h i s
afternoon.
Now one of the - and they're general questions;
they don't fit well in any subsystem - one of the head
quarters offices that funds Kennedy, Marshall, and our
selves for advanced technology, advanced development,
always asks after the end of the mission, what did we what did we - what went wrong that we ought to fix way
downstream type of thing, or takes a long lead time to
get after type of thing.
And to put that in context, the
office that did the asking has finished and has been
256
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
finished for a year and a half now of funding advanced
development for Shuttle, so they're about the only
group in the world that's finished working on the space
shuttle so to speak, and so what are the things about
the mission that may require long-term effort to solve
at a hardware development stage or technology stage, or
stay out of technology.
You know, what are the half
a dozen things that might fit that category that bugged
you most about the mission.
GIBSON
The things that we - as we Just get a real cursory look
at Shuttle, it's not that the technology doesn't exist;
they are Just flat not going to use it.
Waste disposal
system in Shuttle has taken a step backwards into using
the Apollo rather than the Skylab.
I guess, are that way.
CARR
Some of the foods,
Gee, camera equipment - -
Camera equipment is a big one.
Requiring a U-year lead
time to get cameras for Shuttle, I think is appalling why
we have to have that kind of lead time.
POGUE
The general overall de-emphasis of the - probably the best
capability of man in that we - looks like we are going
out of our way to deprive the human observer onboard
from having a good facility for looking at the Earth or
for even looking at the exterior of his vehicle.
257
We've
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
been continually bit by this inability to see the outside
of our vehicle and having a good, well designed, pur
posefully designed Earth observatory for use both in
the daylit side of the Earth, and on the nightside
of the Earth, the capability to look, regardless of
spacecraft attitude at the daylit side of the Earth or
the nightside of the Earth.
I can see that this is -
we're going to go into the 21st century in space flight
before we have that capability.
It just seems like that
we have established that man can do all sort3 of neat
things if he has the right kind of observing capability,
but we just - somehow or another, we want to handicap
ourselves, and we're deliberately going out of our way
to emasculate the man's ability in space.
CARR
I think it's very, very disturbing to see some of the
trends that are headed - we're headed for with Shuttle;
as Ed said, they are steps backwards.
Waste management:
if you're going back to sticking a bag on your backside
to collect fecal matter, if you don't - that's a step
backwards, I'll guarantee you compared to what we had up
on Skylab.
And the fact that they are going back to a
lot of the Apollo-type foods and foods packaging is also
a step backwards after the things we've learned.
And it
�CARR
(CONT'D)
looks to me - and quite frankly it looks to me like
we're selling our soul in order to get a vehicle, and
that's a very poor situation.
I can understand, because
it is probably a matter of survival of the program, of
the NASA - the programs that we have going.
We have
to sell our soul because of economic necessity.
But it
sure doesn't make you feel any better to see us go out and
learn something and then have to Just put it aside and
forget it and step backward in systems.
it's Just pitiful.
It's really -
And it Just bothers the hell out of
me to see us in a position where somebody says, "Well,
by June of this year we have to have completely esta
blished our - all of our photographic equipnent and
get all of our - everything's cast in concrete."
And I
Just can't understand that because, good camera equipment
is available down at the camera store.
And it - I don't
see where you need a U-year lead time on camera equipment.
It Just doesn't make sense.
And - well we're sermonizing
now, but - -
POGUE
That's what he's asking for though.
CARR
That's what you're looking for, as far as I know.
We're
going to have to rear up on our hind legs and say what
we need and do the Job right and quit going about it in
a half-assed manner.
259
�POGUE
Well, one of the things about it, too, and it is a
basic point of philosophy involved here, and I don't
want anyone here to take offense, but I don't think
spacecraft should be designed solely by engineers.
I
think that the operator should be in and should deter
mine and levy requirements on system design.
In other
words, what - I'm actually saying that if you are con
sidering a fluid loop then the man that is going to
operate that and the procedures man that's going to
design the malfunction procedures for that should have
a say in where check valves are located, and not just
where it's convenient to put them in there because
there is a tiedown, a hardpoint, here for mounting
the thing.
That's what has been dictating in so many
cases the - the layout of our systems.
And that is why
the command module - the LEB down there below the com
mander - actually on the left hand side - that is a big
rat nest.
Let's not let that go by.
Now we're - we're
very grateful that Rockwell can put out a spacecraft
that can last 81* days.
We don't want any - we don't want
anyone to go away mad, thinking that we're not grateful.
But to you - you're asking for a long-term look ahead.
And we're going to have to face up to the time when
the people who are actually going to be flying this
260
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
vehicle and operating it, or at least their - their
representatives are going to have a good strong say
in how a - how the thing is actually laid out, how
the wire runs are laid out and so forth, not Just the
structural considerations.
Because if you start looking
ahead at a Mars flight, the spacecraft now becomes your
simulator.
Now when - when - when that happens, you're
going to have onboard maintenance capability, and you're
going to have to have that thing laid out so that my
kid can go in and fix i"G, you know.
It's going to have
to be very intelligently designed, not Just from a
functional standpoint in that - in that it meets
engineering requirements, but frcm maintenance and repair.
We keep saying, yeah, that's real neat, if we had the
money we could do it; but darn it, we - at one time or
another we're going to have to bite the bullet and
actually design a spacecraft that way.
And following up from Jerry's point of view on the
cameras, one of the things too that keeps biting us is
that we - we've continually fought the problem and said,
well, we - we would like to have lots of color exterior
film onboard.
pictures.
Why do you want it?
We like to take
Why do you want to take the pictures?
261
Well, we
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
Just feel like that, you know if you look out and
see something interesting, you ought to take a picture
of it.
Well, you don't have any Justification.
know, you end up - so you end up short of film.
You
But then
we come back and we talk to - Just last night and, well,
and there are meeting goings [sic] on right - right now
amongst people who are very excited about Earth observations,
which is - which - which is - largely not even a conceived
program a couple of years ago, I guess.
So once again
there, you - you have these capabilities that do exist.
I mean, it's very difficult sometimes to - to substantiate
a claim that we do need a lot of film on board for
Just sort of out-the-window photography.
It turns out all
that is pretty good and useful.
WWEKY
Let me ask you another kind of generic problem with
respect, to the over - overhead and housekeeping
percentages as a percentage or overall time, with the
reason for asking the question being aimed at the degree
of training that has to go to experimenters that would
fly in - in a spacelab type of thing.
With respect to
your own training background and - and there being undoubt
edly orders of magnitude - the difference between the the training that - that - that a experimenter would
262
,/
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
get to be launched in a - in spacelab and the training
that you fellows got.
GIBSON
Well - -
QUERY
In overhead time.
GIBSON
In overhead time - -
CARR
- - ... this one.
GIBSON
Overhead associated with housekeeping?
QUERY
Stowage, yeah, housekeeping, stowage.
GIBSON
Yes.
I think it ought to be in order of magnitude
different.
We all found that we'd become much better
if we could specialize in any given field up there.
When we tried to became a jack of all trades, we ended
up just literally a master of none, and chasing ourselves
around not learning to become proficient rapidly.
That
was one of the problems we had quite early in the mission,
or that really went on for the first month or so, is we
were going in so darned many different directions trying
to learn tasks we had not even been trained for
that
we couldn't do the ones which really required competence
and a lot of capability.
We could not really train
263
<
�V)
GIBSON
(CONT'D)
ourselves on orbit except over a very long period
of time, operating the ATM or EREP or doing some of
the medical experiments for them.
CARR
Yeah, we have to learn how to ferret out items or
tasks that - that have potential large or high overheads
involved with them.
We've already pointed out one very
high overhead thing, and that is whatever you don't
train a guy for down here, you better be prepared to
pay the price on orbit because the overhead is going to
be excessive.
now.
And I think that is a true axicm right
That if you - if you don't train me to do a given
Job down here or if it's impossible to train me to do
a Job, then you better figure about 200 percent
or more time available on orbit for overhead while I
learn how to cope with it in a zero-g situation.
POGUE
Regardless how simple it looks.
QUERY
It there - is there a statement there or ... that says,
in a - in a case where you are launching X number of of experiments, specialist type of thing in a spacelab,
let's say, that you're going - you're going to need
other people Just for housekeeping type of thing?
)
26k
�V)
CARR
Either that or design your housekeeping for minimum
overhead.
Another good one here is - is the fecal
collection thing on our - our mission.
The fecal col
lector equipment itself is very good equipment and it's
a great step forward, a ... jump over Apollo and - and
systems previous to that.
But the fact of the matter is,
in order - to - to - take a crap, it's a 20-minute affair:
5 minutes are involved in the physiological function and
the other 15 is the paperwork and the processing that
goes afterwards.
And that's overhead.
When you've got a
3 to 1 overhead margin on a simple thing like going to the
bathroom, you've got to start thinking ways to get around
it because that time is too valuable to spend cleaning
yourself up and weighing and marking labels and pulling
stickyback tape off of the bag and sealing the bag and and putting it into an oven and setting a timer on an
oven and all that stuff, and of all the sudden you've
shot 20 minutes.
And some days it was difficult to
find 20 minutes available.
And when Mother Nature is
clawing at you, and you know it's going to take you
20 minutes, you know, you - you either get constipated
or you say, I'm going, to hell with the schedule; and
then you're further behind by the time you've cleared
out of the head again.
\
265
And there ain't no way anybody
�CARR
(CONT'D)
is going to schedule personal hygiene for you.
When
you got to go, you got to go; and it doesn't matter
what's on the schedule.
eat you alive.
And that overhead will just
Overhead time on food preparation has
got to be reduced.
POOUE
Trash management following food.
CARR
Trash management overhead has got to be reduced.
And
these are things that it doesn't take an engineer to
sort out.
It just takes people that - that will get
in and mess around with the nitty gritty of it and do •
it a few times and say, now how is a better way to do this?
And you don't have to be an engineer to do that.
And
that's where you say that you need people other than
engineers on the team working with you, people with
that rare talent to rear back and look at the big picture
without getting all caught up in the details.
QUERY
What was the picture in trash management?
POGUE
In trash, depends on what you mean, but after food
preparation you had a lot of bulk to dispose of.
if there was - It involved two stages :
Even
temporary manage
ment of the stuff right after the meal, and then periodic
disposal of the bulk in the trash airlock.
266
�QUERY
What would make it simpler?
POOUE
Well - -
CARR
The can crusher, for instance.
If you had a meal that
involved six cans, maybe two of the cans were wet cans;
that is, food that was not in a - in a packaging in the
can, which meant that you couldn't crush that can or you
would squirt garbage all over the place.
So those two
cans had to be put in the overcans in the disposal well.
Any dry cans that you had, because of our need to - to
conserve trash bags and stuff, we had to crush in order
to make - make room.
And so you find yourself spending
a lot of time just managing your trash, making sure that
this gets in its right place and that gets in its right
place.
QUERY
Have you ever tried the bean count, Jerry, or - or,
Bill, Ed?
What - what the overhead in your mission
was timewise, the percentage of the whole.
If you broke
the whole mission down into sleep time, overhead time,
and useful work time type of thing; what that split might
be?
1
267
�CARR
No, we haven't.
It would depend quite a bit on the -
the phase of the mission too, the time.
During what
we call the period of adjustment, that period where you
are physiologically getting used to your surroundings,
the overhead time is tremendous.
Once you become ac
climated to your - to your environment and you are in
a situation where you're up with or ahead of the
schedule, the overhead time is greatly reduced.
In our
particular case, there was a period of time between
when we got physiologically adapted and when we caught
up with the schedule, and that was an extra 20 or so days
in which we were always behind schedule.
And then you get
into the haste-makes-waste overhead where you make so
many mistakes that you - you greatly increase your
overhead just because you're - you're hurrying so fast
and your making errors and causing - that causes extra
work that has to be handled.
QUERY
Let - let - let me pursue that Just for a minute if - if I
can, and I'm not a crew systems type so excuse the sim
plicity of the question.
But with respect to your adapta
tion to - to flight after you get that type of thing, in
recognizing the fact that many of the ... missions are
going to have to be done on Shuttle in 7-days type of thing,
268
�how does - how does the - how do you - how do you dove
tail the amount of that 7 days that it takes to acclimate
yourself?
I think that's what we were talking about earlier in
that you specialize.
If any one of us had to go up and
run one task, we would have adapted much easier.
If Jerry
and Bill were going to run strictly EREP as soon as they
got up there, they could have - after the first pass,
I think, been pretty good at i t , fairly proficient.
If
I were to run ATM after I first got up there, nothing
else, and not tried to become a master of everything that
was up there, spread myself very thin and try to learn
50 new tasks all in the first week, I think we all would
have done much better.
So for a 7-day mission, i t makes
1
sense, if you approach it from the standpoint of having
the guys very specialized, trained for those specific
tasks only and only require them to do those specific
tasks.
Yes, a real time-consumer is developing the techniques
of - of coordinating a mixed bag of tasks.
And if you
reduce the number of tasks in the bag that the guy has
got to cope with, he is going to get efficient a whole
lot quicker.
269
�POGUE
And you will reduce the overhead, too.
CARR
Yes.
And so that's why we think in the Shuttle case
where you got a guy that's going to go up there and he
is only really required to do one main Job and he might
have just a couple of collaterals that are fairly simple,
he'll probably accommodate a whole lot quicker as far as
his personal efficiency.
But what he's got to get over
first is his physiological problems.
The fact that his
gut doesn't feel good and he's a little bit dizzy
maybe, or maybe he's Just got a headache across here
because of the fluid shift that's just driving him out
of his gourd.
And a guy who does not have the experience
or the - the access to experienced people that we've had,
this - his personal well-being is certainly going to be
I
very - foremost in his mind for a while.
GIBSON
One thing that the Shuttle faces as a major disadvantage
which everybody ought to recognize is that in 7 days,
the best you are going to be able to do is to try to guess
what the guy should be doing every minute of those days and
flight plan it that way.
And you are going to specify
in detail what's going to happen every - every one of
those 7 days.
When you get up there and along around
the 5th or 6th day these guys are going to say, gee, you
270
�know we ought to be running these experiments in the
following way; we could get our data a little bit better.
We found this true as we went on.
All the way through
the mission we found that we could learn how to improve
things and really make significant advances that way.
I think in 7 days you're going to see very little of
that.
You are going to see very little growth in the
abilities of guys to improve the way in which you get
data.
Learning curve's got a shallow slope.
Jerry, we're about to run over.
Do you guys need to do
that?
Pardon?
Learning curve has got a shallow slope in that case.
Yes, 7 days just won't do it for you, and the problem
that it's going to force you - that's going to keep you
from doing it is that if it's only 7 days long, everybody
is going to want something done that would add up to
8 or 9 days.
And you're going to be trying to pack that
mission so full the guy's not going to have a chance to
think.
And that's what you need, a little time to sit
back and ... - -
271
�POGUE
He's going to screw up the first couple of days, and
then he is going to try to do 9 days' work in 5 days.
GIBSON
1 think this 7 days is Just a lousy way to use man in
flight.
You really ought to get him up there for a good
period of time where he's got a - he can learn and
the whole system can learn with him and not try to
overspecify what he does.
That's one of the problems
that NASA has in general is to try to overspecify what
happens.
We found this true.
Guys were sending up flight
plans that just had way too much detail in them.
QUERY
Thank you.
QUERY
Okay, thank you very much.
GIBSON
Okeydoke.
o
QUERY
I'm sorry we ran over a little bit.
QUERY
And we'll see you guys in the morning at nine, huh?
GIBSON
Fine.
\
272
�>
Morning Session
QUERY
Jerry, this morning we were going to check the thermal/
environmental control systems, electrical power, attitude
pointing control and then get into the crew systems.
Ed
tells me he's only going to be here for a few minutes
and ... the APCS.
And that's a very short one anyway;
so I think we'll take it first if - CARR
Okay, very fine.
QUERY
if that's all right with you.
And Chris Rupp [?] is
here from Marshall to represent that, and I think we
only have one or two questions.
So, Chris, why don't
you go ahead.
RUPP
Yes.
When the CMG went out, this made the APS - APCS
a lot more sensitive to problems like gimbal stops - on
the CMGs hitting to gimbal stops during maneuvers.
And
in an attempt to try to give you of the crew the - sane
cues as to how to monitor the APCS system, we came up with
general message that you can use.
And we tried to figure
out how to word the general message where it would be
suitable in Just about all the cases we could think of.
And so what we came up with was, you could monitor the
273
�RUPP
(CONT'D)
the maneuver rates and also the - I think we put in
there at one time, too, the capability for you to call
up on the DAS to display an attitude-error parameter.
I wonder whether you people might have some comments that
would allow us to in the future maybe come up with a better
scheme in monitoring the vehicle performance?
GIBSON
Yes, I thought that that - what was worked up, considering
how long you had to do it and that we never really had
thought that serious about two CMGs - we thought about
it but never really pressed our nose into saying, well,
here it is right now - I thought that all came off real
well, and I was very - very happy with all of the schemes
that came up.
The details - Well, first, I guess that's
TACS attitude error you were talking about that is called
up.
We found that it took an awful lot of crew time to
monitor these things during a maneuver.
And in the
future, if we do come up with a system which is so
sensitive that you ought to be monitoring those parameters,
then we ought to do it like all of the other caution and
warning parameters and have a tolerance which is allowed allowed.
And if it exceeds that tolerance, then you get
a - an alert or a caution.
Particular, attitude error,
if you're stable, or vehicle rates.
21k
Maybe there's a way
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
of sensing what the vehicle - specifying what the
vehicle rates should be for a given maneuver; and when
it deviates appreciably from that, whatever you consider
is off nominal, put a - an alert condition.
In terms of
monitoring the - the gimbals, there's another one especially when we're monitoring for - for solar inertial
and you're working the ATM.
There were several occasions,
you know, where we got a momentum configuration which would
put the gimbals on a stop and we'd deviate from solar
inertial.
And there again, it would be useful to have
some way of predicting that ahead of time or at least
giving you an early indication of it.
I think we just
lucked out on the one instances where we - one instance
where we did get a flare on the rise, because right pre
ceding that, we had gone off attitude and had put in a
3-minute maneuver time and cctne back.
Had we known about
that before the orbit began, we would have cleared that
problem up before the - right at the outset of the orbit.
So there, again, in caution - in alert condition we
would like to see something which would specify the
probability of getting a gimbal on a stop - if that really
is a possible situation - or at least tell you that
you're within 5 degrees of a stop, if you can't predict
that well - can't put a scheme on board to predict it
275
�/
GIBSON
(CONT'D)
because, I guess, it was pretty complicated down here
to predict it.
Your - your model down here was
very sensitive, I guess, to all the venting and all
other things that we've used in spacecraft all the time caution and warning conditions and trying to get - get
those parameters down so they tell you early enough that
you've got a problem.
In future systems, I'd like to
see something like what we've talked about for a long
time back in the old days, when we were flying this
thing in late 68 and we didn't have enough time to
change things around.
That was in 66.
We talked about
magnetic desaturation, using the Earth's field, and
/
react that against magnetic moment, which you could create
on board by putting current through large loops of wire,
which I guess is done on quite a few other spacecraft.
But the need for that never became apparent.
It certainly
was during our mission and - and all throughout the
whole Skylab, because the use of TACS just was a - a really prohibitive.
We were, as you know, really con
cerned about it in the first mission, SL-1, before they
even got the guys up there and we had the EGIL special
attitude - which really burned the TACS up - and in
pointing out that - the real problems that you run into
by trying to come up with a - a limited lifetime system
276
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
like the TACS, as opposed to something which is open
ended like this magnetic desaturation would be.
Also,
we spent an awful lot of nightsides doing gravity gradient
dumps from high beta when we could have been getting good
solar data or good data with the scientific airlock.
It
was holding a fixed attitude and — and getting seme of
the other experiments working, I think, that's severely
limited the amount of data we will be able to bring
back with all the corollary experiments and the ATM.
CARR
Oh, even at low beta.
It really didn't matter about the
beta.
GIBSON
Well, for the - -
CARR
Just the fact that we had such a long dump angle.
GIBSON
Yes, I was thinking high beta for the ATM and all betas
for the other astronomy experiments or even Bill Thornton's
chair, BMMD.
We couldn't do anything with the - with a
maneuver in, and again, that would disappear if we had
magnetic desaturation; so I would really make it strong
pitch for that in the future.
But, again, it worked real
well, and I was really happy with the way that - that all
information came up.
We all learned along with you.
The
cards changed about - We had a cue card up there with -
277
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
We had it taped on there.
And we have four or five
taped one over the other, and it Just got thicker and
thicker.
But we learned right along with you, and it
worked out real well.
We did more maneuvering with two
CMGs than I ever anticipated we would do with three.
And that goes to - That's a credit for everybody who
worked on that one.
POGUE
One of the things that's implied by Ed's comments wasn't
mentioned specifically, and that is a limited - limit to
three displays.
And this, of course, is why he was
wanting a caution and warning or some - some kind of
indication when you're approaching limits.
A lot of
time, you call out the - Well, you can call any of three.
You call - can call up three displays at any time.
may have attitude errors.
You
You may have attitude or
something else - rates, etc.
So even though you have
called about errors, you've got to keep switching back
and forth.
Then there's a good argument to be made for
having something like a CRT, where you can display a number
of parameters en masse, like it's in the MOCR.
But
that would of - It would have helped if you had been
able to see all the stuff.
We were always clicking back
and forth or doing something there, trying to get the right
displays up.
278
�GIBSON
One last thing - which - it was in the tech debrief,
but I'll Just mention it here also - on ACPS.
When we
started doing JOP l8D and we were really maneuvering the
spacecraft around, it became obvious that there are two
types of maneuvering that we were doing.
One was large
scale, getting over to the target, and there was a very one was a very fine pointing.
you try to get on target.
But once you get to it,
And trying to maneuver the -
the whole vehicle to large angles the way we did, it was
perfectly satisfactory.
Put in DAS entries and make
the maneuver and monitor rates of CMGs.
Eut for the
small maneuvers, where we are Just maybe making a - a
drift correction every 5 - 3 or It or 5 minutes in order
to keep up with the ccmet or to try to locate it, center
it, it took 20 key strokes every time we wanted to make
a - a maneuver.
And it became obvious that we were doing
nothing more than what the ATM was doing on the Sun.
And we ought to have a - a closed loop system - that is,
a visual feedback - so you could see what you want to
point at with a telescope, for example, so you can
actually see the target.
And secondly, have a little
swizzle stick there - little control stick - the same
way as we had on the ATM - which allows you to Just
move over there.
And you Just put step entries into
279
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
the - The stick could put step entries into the CMGs
in the same way you do with the - through the - through
the DAS.
QUERY
One thing on the JOP 18D that - You Just reminded me of of it.
The - One of the problems that we might have had
was that nonlinearity in the television monitor, the - where
a circle doesn't turn out to be a circle.
And I wondered
whether you had noticed, say on S052, when you were looking
at the Sun and seeing it on the display, whether the
occulting disk appeared as a circle or had some distortion?
GIBSON
That slightly - appeared slightly oval.
And we called
t h i s down and asked i f people wanted measurements of i t ,
and no one really . . . about i t .
QITERY
It would have been - In retrospect, it would have been
useful to have that measurement so that we could correct
JOP 18D measurements that you made in order to - -
GIBSON
Yes.
QUERY
- - put in the bias maneuver.
GIBSON
I never really felt too satisfied with that whole system.
The only way - It always took me a little bit longer
to do the maneuvers on JOP 18 than were allowed for
280
�GIBSON
because they usually made two maneuvers rather than one.
I'd go down to - If you started with - at this point out
here, I usually try to maneuver twice the amount over to
here and yet end up over here somewhere.
that attitude error is.
You see what
Get yourself right back into
here and then figure half of that attitude error in.
Hopefully, that would eliminate that.
But, again, what
you're pointing out is that maybe this whole thing is
nonlinear from here to here.
In other words, this
distance which looks half here might only be 1*5 percent.
QUERY
All the other TV display systems that really - you would
want to mak.e measurements, you have marks on the face
of your camera, too, that would show up as, say, a black
spot or a white spot on your monitor, and this would
provide a calibration of any - any errors in nonlinearity
you might have.
GIBSON
Yes.
What you're saying is, we should have had i t on the
TV itself, right on the - the vidicon.
QUERY
Right on the vidicon.
GIBSON
Right on the face - like you have a resolve lens on a camera.
281
�QUERY
Yes.
'-IBSON
Yes, that would have helped.
Of course, the best thing
is to have a telescope which gives you a - a closed loop
feedback so you can just - •H'SRY
:
:kn v ."
Completely optical, rather than electronic?
Yes.
Well, it could be a
through a telescope.
- a vidicon again, looking
But, of course, this thing -
whole thing was put on at the last minute.
QUERY
That's right.
uIBSON'
It was not designed for what we were doing; so I was pretty
happy we were at least able to do something with it.
But
it was - You know, when you wanted that thing right down
there to 0.01 of a degree all the time, right on the
nucleus, there was no way we could guarantee we'd be any
where near that close.
I was figuring 0.02 or 0.03
is more like the nominal error.
QUERY
One thing on the minor attitude biases, we found out
really too late to do anything about.
That quantization
in the ATMDC made it where if you entered a 0.01, it
would come out to Just be something like 0.005; so this
could be one of the reasons why we had some problems
282
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
with making these bias maneuvers.
Seemed like every -
0.01 was the worst error, 0.06 was very accurate, and
then 0.07 would be real bad again.
And 0.0 - 0.12
would be very - -
GIBSON
Is this conversion of decimal to octal?
Is that the - -
QUERY
Something in there.
QUERY
We had to make all the entries, though, in octal.
I - I don't - -
talk to you more about that.
I'll
I don't think it's necessary
to hang up everybody in here, but that was probably on
the same level of error as centering the display and
reading it, too.
CARR
Anything else, Chris?
QUERY
You guys got anything else on APCS?
GIBSON
No.
QUERY
Okay, very good.
We'll go to the thermal ECS then, and
Bill Patterson will lead the discussion.
PATTERSON
The - the first question concerns humidity level.
Early-
in-the-mission crew comments - and then again in the tech
debriefing - in - indicated that the humidity level was
lower than desired during the first part of the mission,
283
�and there was some discussion about using wet towels
to increase that level.
Did you ever really do anything
like use wet towels to increase the humidity in the first
part of the mission?
We never had time.
Also, in the tech debriefing, the comment was stated
that the humidity level was good.
Was that good from a
comfort standpoint or good from the standpoint that to that moisture tended to dry up, you know, and not cause
any problems in that period or both?
Well, after we got used to it, it was from a comfort
standpoint.
But at first, when we got there, it took our
bodies a while to adjust to it.
skin and dandruff.
We had a lot of cracking
We had to take a lot of special
precautions to keep the humidity from bugging us.
And once
we adjusted to that, it was - it was good from a physio
logical standpoint.
And, of course, the other one is the
fact that it dried up quickly.
You didn't have the
moisture that promoted the growth of bacteria and things
like that.
So we had enough fungus up there, and if it
had been any - any damper up there, we would have probably
had a whole lot more.
28h
�PATTERSON
Thank you.
PATTERSON
Again, from the tech debriefing, the comment was made
that lint and condensate water was sucked out of the
OWS heat exchangers during cleaning.
There was only
one time that we thought this occurred.
This was on
mission day 66 when we actually got - we knew we had
water - or pretty sure we had water in those heat
exchangers.
The question is, did that occur, or did you
notice that each time you cleaned them, or was that the
only time you noticed that?
POOUE
We noticed it each time we cleaned them after I made
the special tool modification.
And what it was - it was
a regular crevice tool which I modified with the lid on a
food can to make it so that it was perpendicular on the
end.
QUERY
Hu-huh.
POGUE
And then I took seme Mosite and wrapped around it so
that I could mash it down against the - the vanes , cooling
vanes on the OWS heat exchanger in order to create a
fairly good seal.
And that was - that was the first time
that we had noticed water in the heat exchanger vanes.
Now this was during very high beta angle.
285
�CARR
We never saw water in there, did we?
You'd look
down there and it Just looked like a lot of lint.
POGUE
Only after - after I got through vacuuming.
If you
looked down in there when you took the cover off, it
looked fine.
It looked - it looked like it was crudded
up with lint.
CARR
Yes, but dry.
POGUE
But dry.
PATTERSON
Another thing, we noticed that the dewpoint on mission
day 65, the day before we asked, you know, about the
cleaning - that the dewpoint went up a few degrees.
Do
you recall any unusual spills or anything that might
have brought the dewpoint up?
CARR
Well, there's - there's a few things that will bring
the dewpoint up in the workshop.
day.
Number 1 is the shower
Another one would be the day that I do command
module housekeeping number 7 when I bring three to four
sloppy wet towels down into the waste management compart
ment to dry out.
The idea here was that we soaked up all
the condensation water in the - in the command module and
I certainly didn't want to leave the towels there to
286
�CARR
(CONT'D)
dry out, or the condensate would just end up right
back where it was.
So I took the towels as far away
as I could, and that was to the waste management compart
ment where we had seme towel holders to stuff them in,
and we'd let them dry down there.
So you might check
and see if - if the log indicates that I had Just finished,
maybe the day before, doing an - a housekeeping command
module number 7GIBSON
What day was that?
PATTERSON
Mission day 6 5 .
GIBSON
Oh, okay.
7-day housekeeping - -
It was a little later than that, towards
the end of the mission, when we had the rice seeds
growing.
We took the cover off and - and then just
put water on the outside.
And it was about this size
of a cover, maybe about this far across.
And I took
and put a bubble of water on there like this.
would evaporate in about a day and a half.
And that
So we had
an area of maybe 3 inches by 6 inches or water evaporating
all the time the last week or so.
PATTERSON
It took a day and a half to evaporate?
GIBSON
Yes, it took about a day and a half.
287
�PATTERSON
That's - Okay.
POGUE
It sounds like that's about the - that was on about a
day off too.
CARR
6 5 , that's days.
Let's see, we had a day off on day TO, didn't we, or
71?
Day 70 was an EVA, I believe, 71 or something.
POGUE
Well, I remember - -
CARR
That's about right.
POGUE
It's about right for a day off.
CARR
It's close to a day off.
PATTERSON
Could have - could have been a shower day.
CARR
Yes.
PATTERSON
So, in summary, you do feel like it was water in those
OWS heat exchangers that - - ?
POGUE
No doubt about it.
PATTERSON
Okay, that's interesting.
POGUE
Because we had water in vacuum cleaner bags to the
point that it degraded the operation.
In fact, I
figured out one of those - I didn't know it was getting
288
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
water on - I noticed a distinct chilling effect on the the metal part of the vacuum cleaner - the handle.
And
I wasn't aware that that was "being caused by - by sucking
water up in there, until it was too late.
I got water
in the bag; I got water in the hose.
PATTERSON
The next question concerns the ATM C&D loop.
You asked
to turn the pump off during sleep periods at - when we
had the high-flow rates and the question is, was the
noise of the pump both - bothersome during normal working
hours, or only when you were trying to sleep?
GIBSON
I guess it was noticeable during normal working hours.
I wouldn't say it was really bothersome.
You had the
rate gyros drilling away in your ears when you were at
the ATM, and the other noise was perceptible, but not
that much more annoying.
CARR
When you're awake, noise levels like that, you get used
to.
GIBSON
Yes.
CARR
For instance, that lousy 6-cycle-per-second radio tone
that we had, Just got terrible.
But you got used to it.
And this thing - this ATM coolant loop tone was a pain
289
�CARR
(CONT'D)
in the neck when you let it - you know, when you listen
to it and let it bug you.
But after a while, you Just
mentally begin to block those sort of things out and
you forget about them.
But at night when you're not
thinking and you're not busy, then noises like that begin
to bother you, and that's why we wanted to shut it down.
PATTERSON
Okay, the next question concerns the ventilation system.
Results of previous debriefings indicated that the
ventilation diffusers were not frequently adjusted.
Were
the floor diffusers adjusted with any frequency to attain
comfort?
And if so, what position were the diffusers
generally left in?
GIBSON
Sleep compartment, I think is the only ones where they
actually changed.
For myself, when we got to high beta,
I used to direct the flow more up towards the sleep
restraints.
Other times, I'd have it Just ad - adjusted
to the minimum flow rate that I could get without getting
a lot of noise associated with the turbulent air flow.
PATTERSON
But as far as the circular diffuser, you didn't see readjust those?
GIBSON
No, I didn't change with those things at all.
290
�I changed the one up there by EREP, I think, twice.
To keep - It got pretty cool in the MDA and - working
at the C&D panel for an extended period of time or
even the VTS.
At one position, I don't know which it
was, but it blew right on your head.
This - we - We noticed the comment about the possibility
of using a swivel.
Yes, that'd been nice.
Yes.
Would you comment on your thermal comfort or
general comfort throughout the mission?
We had plenty of control.
Except for the - for Ed's sleep
compartment.
That's where the hot spot was ?
Yes.
Yes, I really got warm in there, but there again, it
didn't feel that uncomfortable because the humidity
was way down.
But it was a thing if you tried to go
to sleep for some reason where a little too high a
temperature, you Just couldn't go to sleep, and that's
what I experienced. I didn't feel too uncomfortable
291
�GIBSON
(CONT'D)
in there, but have you ever tried to go to sleep when
the - out in the desert with the air 85, or whatever
it is in there; a lot of radiant heat ccming off the
wall.
POGUE
It just was not possible.
That radiant heat was - I walked in there a couple of
times and it was - it really impressed you as being very,
very warm in there.
CARR
Drives those - -
There's a lot radiant heat over behind the workshop
control panel - the instrument panel over there, panel
600 series.
POGUE
Right.
CARR
Lots of heat - radiant heat off those things - -
POGUE
And the plus-Z SAL, of course and those wat - in the
water tank area above that.
Where you walk over there
and do something and the - the - had the dry bulb temper
ature of so many degrees plus that radiant heat, boy, it
would really build your body heat load up fast.
CARR
It's amazing how sensitive the - your body is to this these temperatures.
I noticed, just as soon as we started
up in the hot case, we all started having trouble getting
292
�CARR
to sleep.
When you get about, oh, something like
(CONT'D)
2 or 3 degrees above what's comfortable to you, it
starts bothering you.
PATTERSON
This - -
CARR
You have to readjust.
PATTERSON
You mentioned the plus-Z SAL and you - you also mentioned
the water tank, directly above that on position - -
POGUE
Actually it was -I'm sorry, it wasn't right above it.
It was over - if you were facing the plus-Z SAL, it was
over to the right some.
Wouldn't that be water tank 3?
CARR
Let's see.
I guess it's more - -
POGUE
Or U?
CARR
Wouldn't you say it's more over toward T020, M509?
POGUE
That's what I mean.
CARR
Film vault area there, which I think was right tinder
the edge of the parasol and sail.
I think so.
POGUE
It must be over close to the edge of that - -
PATTERSON
Yes, we would suspect it would be over at the end of
the - the edge of the sail.
293
�POGUE
And Ed's sleep compartment's on the other end.
QUERY
Right.
PATTERSON
Did - while we're talking about hot spots, did you notice
any other - or any touch temperature problems encountered
following these EREPs and maneuvers at the real high
betas; you know, where we turn the shield - we've got the
Sun on the gold?
GIBSON
I never noticed a touch temperature problem at all
in - anywhere in the cluster due to any reason.
PATTERSON
Okay.
GIBSON
One where they worried about touch temperature was on We turned the ATM coolant loop off and worried about the
TV monitors heating up.
And you could take one - have one
monitor off and one on and
jUBt
feel the difference between
the two, and it was Just barely preceptible.
was having it off for half an hour to an hour.
the details on the downlink once.
And that
I gave
And I think we were
really overconservative in use of that ATM C&D with the
coolant loop off.
PATTERSON
We touched on this question yesterday in the contamination
session, but, again, did you notice any changes in the
29U
�PATTERSON
(CONT' D\)
gold or the white paint, the gold paint or the white paint
from the beginning or end, through the end of the
mission; any Deltas?
GIBSON
Hmmm —
CARR
I don't think we could - think we sensed it.
I sure
didn't sense any change.
GIBSON
No.
CARR
I'm sure there was seme.
The change that I sensed was on
the contamination that was deposited on the windows of
the command module.
As far as colors of the tape or
the paint, that was awfully hard to do.
I was just im
pressed by the fact that it was already tan or yellow
when we got there.
And I don't have a strong feeling
whether it was any more tan or yellow when we left.
POGUE
The only thing that impressed me - of course, I went
out Thanksgiving Day and then later on Christmas Day,
and I could tell a difference in the command module,
white paint on the command module.
But that's all.
It
was much more gold - or, you know, it was - it was white,
obviously, the first week.
We went out I guess about
day 5 or 6, whenever it was, and then during - on
295
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
Christmas Day it had definitely turned a much more
brown - gold-type color.
PATTERSON
The next question concerns the odor that was mentioned
in the tech debriefing in the waste management compartment
near the end of the mission.
Let's see.
You noticed that -
well, what we were trying to do is trace the charcoal
canister replacements, which - We only found one on mission
day 55.
And what we were thinking is maybe the canister
was overused or something and allowed some odor, possibly,
to get up in the motor.
CARR
Didn't you folks get the word that we - in our - in our
dcwnlink tapes that we - we pulled the boot off the top
of the charcoal canister and sniffed, and that it was the odors coming out of the canister were good and clean.
But it was out of the blower, is where the odors were ccming
from.
PATTERSON
Yes.
CARR
So how can you even consider there's a problem with the
I guess we were - right.
We - -
canister?
PATTERSON
Well, the reason being that it was scheduled for change
every 28 days.
We were Just wondering if the canister
296
�3
PATTERSON
(CONT'D)
was left in there a long time, could have - you know,
been completely poisoned or something and allowed some
thing to get up in that motor to give you the odor in
the motor area?
CARR
I don't know.
You guys would know that better than we
would.
POGUE
But you're right; it waB only changed out once.
PATTERSON
Okay, that's - -
QUERY
Okay, that's ...
PATTERSON
There - they have a few questions relative to the refrig
eration system.
MOSS
Okay.
Doug Moss, ...
During the SL-H deactivation, you guys were asked
to go to panel 6ll and close the PRIMARY LOOP circuit
breaker on that RADIATOR BYPASS VALVE controller and
to cycle the SECONDARY LOOP circuit breaker.
Now, each
of those motions should not cause any movement of the
bypass valves or anything; that's Just setting us up, you
know, for postmission testing.
POGUE
Right.
297
�MOSS
But at about the time these things were scheduled, we
noticed a definite degradation in the primary loop at
that time that we attributed to a bypass valve motion
because our temperatures started getting hotter; our
pressure dropped off Just like you tried to go to a bypass
mode or something, even though it shouldn't have done that.
What we want to fine out - if there is a relationship
between this apparent failure that we saw and the motions
of the circuit breakers.
And in listening to the loops,
we heard that you guys were asked to doublecheck to see
if you had closed those circuit breakers about an hour
after we started seeing this degradation.
The degradation
seemed to be consistent with when you guys should have
closed it.
What were the results of that doublecheck?
We didn't hear any words back.
POGUE
It was correct.
MDSS
It was correct?
POGUE
The configuration was correct,
MOSS
Okay.
POGUE
I - I had a pretty good idea what you were talk - why
you were asking it.
I mean, I didn't know that you'd
298
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
started experiencing degradation, but I knew there
was a problem in this area.
MOSS
Yes.
POGUE
Because we had been fairly carefully brief - preflight.
CARR
When was this done?
MOSS
Yes, during deactivation.
CARR
It seems to me I remember we were fooling with the
Near the end of the mission?
Matter of fact - -
refrigeration system real early in the mission, too.
Did we - didn't you folks have us do something early
in the mission with the system?
And it seems to me that
your freezer temps all started up and people got kind of
worried about it, and then they leveled off and went back
where they were, sometime like the first third of the
mission, around that period of time.
MOSS
I don't recall right off.
Bill, do you?
QUERY
No.
MOSS
But, basically, anything you guys did to the circuit
breakers shouldn't have caused it.
We're Just trying
to see if we can get a relationship, you know, for
299
�/
MOSS
(CONT'D)
a subsequent check on that.
I really don't recall.
Listened to the contamination comments yesterday.
You
stated there was some difference between the apparent
degradation of white paints or discoloration versus
what was captured on film.
Could you comment on that
in respect to the radiator - refrigeration system
radiator?
CARR
Oh, we couldn't see that.
MOSS
Couldn't see it during the flyby?
CARR
During the flyby, we may have a picture or two on that.
POGUE
Oh, we do have.
MOSS
I thought I saw some pictures on the thing, but they
We - -
look r><1 vpry fjptwii
POGUE
Oh, yea.
MOSS
Looked good, huh?
POGUE
Yes.
MOSS
Okay.
CARR
But, again, we were a good distance from it when we saw
That - that aft radiator looked all right,
it.
300
�QUERY
Yes.
CARR
Because when we went over the ATM, that - at that time,
I quit worrying about how close we were and I let our
range open as I was moving off toward the separation
attitude.
And this was - this was planned.
We had
decided that once we cleared over the top of the ATM
and got the top of the workshop, then we wouldn't worry
about the range any more or waste any more gas trying to
keep it in tight.
The photographs, in general, are
have a tendency to wash out this thing.
We took a
look at the master print of the l6-millimeter EVA stuff
we took, and that print is a whole lot better color color definition than is the first print that we saw.
You know, I - yesterday I wbb complaining because the
phiil-ugl-HUhy waahoil OUl. Hi! thai /nU
Sots,
Wiit 1
was pleased yesterday afternoon, when we looked at the
master print, to see that there is better color in that.
So it appears that the more times you copy one of these
things, or the further down the copy chain it gets, the
more of that definition you lose.
POGUE
One question we should ask you, and that is, it was
very easy for us, with the eye, to determine the degrada
tion of, say, a white.
301
But the radiator - the refrigeration
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
radiator, that thing on the hack end of the vehicle
is, as far as I'm concerned, black body.
Wha - How
would we recognize the degradation?
MOSS
The radiator itself was the S13G white paint, that
octagonal shape.
POGUE
Maybe it was a shadow, then.
CARR
One thing about the white paint is that it looks white
We were in SI.
from a distance even with our eye.
I remember, when
we got to the workshop during the rendezvous phase, being
so impressed by the stark white, the black, and the gold
and how stark and clear they were.
And then when we got
docked, all the white was all of a sudden stained brown.
POGUE
Gold.
CARR
Gold, you know, sort of that - that beige that we've been
describing.
MOSS
So, looking at the photographs, it would be apparent that
you guys were a good distance away from the radiator by
the time you got around to where you could really see
it ...
CARR
I would say 250 feet.
302
�POGUE
But the photographs - there are photographs all the way
around.
What I suggest you do is the edge.
You know the
radiator come - is perpendicular and it's - it looks
like it's about a foot wide; I don't know how wide it is.
Is that white?
Is that white paint there?
If that is
the same white paint that's on the surface of the radiator,
then you've got a good gage to go by, because the other - QUERY
That looked white to you, then?
POGUE
No, you look at the picture, and I think the pictures are
Would you consider - -
fairly accurate; it was Hassleblad.
I was not impressed
with the degradation of color there.
catch ny eye.
It looked good.
I mean it didn't
However, the - the flat
portion of the radiator was perpen - was parallel to the
Sun line so it was not illuminated.
QUERY
Okay.
POGUE
So it'll appear shaded.
I thought it was black.
If you'll take a look at the - at
the Hassleblads, and there are beaucoup pictures as we
went over the back side there, then you ought to - you
should be able to compare it with the white paint on the
booster pattern.
QUERY
I get you.
Okay.
303
•
(
�o
CARR
Yeah, you must realize that during this flyaround that I
wasn't at all interested in any kind of detail.
I was
mainly concerned with keeping my - my vehicle from - in the
right relative position to that vehicle, and I was looking
at big things.
Ed really didn't have much opportunity
to look out at all, because he was supposed to be watching
my instrument panel and doing some time checks to make
sure that we were using - getting around on schedule.
And Bill, in the right side, was not as interested in detail
because he was busy getting photographic coverage.
So i t ' s
awfully hard for us to tell you too much about the details
of what we saw because we Just weren't looking.
>
POGUE
There is a good gage for whiteness in that the - one pole
sail.
I think you're familiar with our report that one of
the folds opened up and exposed a relatively new white
area?
I suggest you use that as a sort of garden-variety
gouge and gage.
QUERY
Okay.
I want to show you a sketch that I made here.
a crude one.
It's
These are the - consider this as a food
storage freezer with the three doors here.
We determined
kind of late in our design that we had some thermal shorts
where these little X's are.
CARR
)
You sure did.
And I think that's where - -
�QUERY
- - you saw most of the ice buildup.
ahead time.
We were aware of it
But what we did is run a little test program
to try to satisfy ourselves that that wasn't going to be
a problem versus, you know, a major redesign of that area.
So I'm gonna ask you a couple or three questions as my
last questions, and, if you would, comment with respect to
that area as well as any other areas that might have ice
on them, because I think there would be a significant
difference in the thickness of ice and so forth.
POGUE
And - -
Are you talking about the chiller and two freezers, or
is that the three freezers up in - -
QUERY
Well, either one.
I - you should have seen it between
the two freezers ...
CARR
Between the two freezers down below?
QUERY
Right.
CARR
You definitely did have the thermal short there, and the
first ice buildup that you would get would be a line,
like an icicle sort of thing, right there.
QUERY
Sticking out between the doors.
305
�CARR
Right.
And then as that ice built up, as it got bigger,
it would begin, apparently, to distort the door a little
bit, and that would allow ice to build up all the way
around the door.
QUERY
I see.
CARR
And about the time the - the ground came up with a house
keeping assignment to scrape the ice was about the time we
were beginning to have trouble opening the door because of
friction in the - in the latch.
QUERY
And that was - then the first time it became a problem is
the next question I have, which is really kind of routine
to you.
It became a problem, I guess, about every time it
was time to clean it.
POGUE
That's about right.
And when the power to close the
doors - open the doors - CARR
The symptom was you'd close the door, you'd slam the door,
and it would close and then you would have to really fight
with the button to get it to unlatch, because there was
so much friction.
You'd push on the handle of the door
and push down on the - on the lever - on the handle in
order to unlatch the door.
306
�QUERY
Okay, now one other thing on that, on the freezer I guess
there was a piece of metal foil tape, you know, like so
wide, that went around the freezer itself that the rubber
seal stood against.
Did you notice that previous crews
cleaned this freezer or anything?
to be cleaned as you know.
That thing wasn't meant
Did you see any apparent
mechanical degradation of that foil?
Was it torn, any
thing like that that might accelerate an ice problem?
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
Very definitely.
CAR P
And we did our bit on it, too.
P0GUE
That's right.
We sure didn't help it any.
And I would
suggest that in future systems you have removable ones,
replaceable ones.
Either that or get a hot - have a
frostfree or self-defrosting or something, because that
was a real problem.
It's hard to get to, too.
I think
we've already mentioned that little inner door there; that
really presented a problem.
QUERY
Yes, that's right.
QUERY
That's all the questions I have on refrigeration.
QUERY
That's all I have.
307
�J
QUERY
Anything else, Bill?
QUERY
I see EGIL Steve back there.
Steve, you got any questions
you want to ask in the thermal/ECS area?
McLENDON
Now, one of the - one of the things that was - that was
brought up, I think, at the first - -
CARR
Want to slip him the microphone there?
McLENDON
One of the - one of the things that you were talking
about there at the first that - you were talking about
some stuff that we asked you to do in the first - I think
it was about the first week of the mission, as far as the
oil system went.
We had you play around with it.
I
remember that fairly well, and what the thing here was is
that we saw one of our chiller temps decrease about - I
guess it was about 5 or 6 degrees.
parameters looked good.
And all the other
The only way we could explain
it as far as a rational explanation was if you - if you
transferred something out of the freezers into the
chillers.
POGUE
And we hadn't done it.
McLENDON
And we'd asked you about that, and to this day that ex that remains a nystery to us, and we just don't know what
happened there.
308
�POGUE
That was a clear-cut answer that we gave you.
I looked
in there, and there was nothing in there and no one had
transferred anything in there, and we couldn't explain that
spike anyway.
CARR
That's right, that was that.
McLENDON
Okay, thank you.
QUERY
Okay, thank you very much.
Black magic.
I guess we're ready for the
electrical power system then.
CARR
Wait until I ... without ...
POGUE
GIBSON
GIBSON
I'm sure we've got two or three or four other ones.
CARR
Well, I can't think of any . . .
QUERY
Did you guys get coffee?
POGUE
No, thank you.
CARR
I'm good for right now, thanks.
QUERY
A1 Woosley from Marshall will lead the questions.
when you're ready, go ahead.
309
Al,
�POGUE
QUERY
QUERY
QUERY
WOOSLEY
What about the ... acting ...
You can - It'll - the mike will lock up.
There you go.
Push it in and raise it.
Push it in and raise it.
These are the EPS nations.
During predock and station.
keeping, where we have reference to these Rations, are
the full lights on the discone antenna visible!
they visible!
And wer,
And do you think that they were necessary
t° have lights on the discone antenna!
Did you observe
them?
CARR
I didn't observe then at night, because about the time I
could see it out the front window is when we pitched for
ward, so Bill, who was looking out the telescope, could
probably co-ent on that.
But see we were pitched up so
that I couldn't see the - the workshop during the breaking
during the final terminal phase.
And after 1 did the
last mideourse is when we pitched up, and I could see it,
a*d we were already In daylight.
POGUE
WOOSLEY
Yes,
I could see the lights.
You could see it?
310
So - -
�POGUE
Yes.
CARR
I would think that for night stationkeeping that you would
want those lights, because you need to spread out your
target as much as you can at night and get your peripheral
vision as good a chance as you can, because depth perception
isn't - is nil at night anyway because the loss of - what
is it the rods or the cones - I can never get it straight.
But anyway there - -
POGUE
Cones.
CARR
The one - one type of visual sensor Just doesn't work at
night, and that's where you get your depth perception.
So you need them.
WOOSLEY
You would - even though you didn't use them, you would
recommend them.
CARR
Yes, sir.
If I had to do any night stationkeeping, I'm
pretty sure I would have been very thankful they were there,
WOOSLEY
Are all of the colored running lights still burning on the
airlock?
POGUE
Couldn't say.
CARR
Yes, I couldn't say either.
And -
311
See, we left in daylight.
�WOOSLEY
And you came up in - in the night.
SPEAKER
But on rendezvous, do you remember?
POGUE
I - it was a bunch of lights.
I - I didn't have anything
to compare it with, you know, I Just - CARR
See that was U months ago.
There's no way we're going to
remember that kind of thing.
QUERY
Do you recall - -
QUERY
There were - excuse me.
There were some photography - some
movies taken at that time and stills.
You might want to
check the photographic record for the specifics.
You will
be able to tell some of that, you know, from whatever
photography is there.
POGUE
Might be able to do that, because the - if I remember cor
rectly, we got some - with a fairly good lens, we got some
pictures of that during the stationkeeping and prior to
docking.
black.
And the workshop was against night sky or the
So if it registered - of course it was brightly
illuminated, so it may have washed it out.
But you can
check it for that.
CARR
We talked about putting the camera up to that telescope.
Remember?
And taking a picture, and then we never did get
around to doing it.
312
�WOOSLEY
Do you recall if any of the AM EVA lights had burned out?
CARR
No, sir.
POGUE
We had plenty of light at night.
CARR
The lighting was excellent at night on the EVA trail.
I don't think so.
They were all right.
WOOSLEY
CARR
I don't remember seeing any that were dark.
WOOSLEY
You commented quite a bit about the lights in the airlock,
but I'm going to ask you, if you don't mind, a few more
questions or one question.
How many of the 10-watt and
20-watt airlock lights required replacement?
CARR
I changed out every one of the lights in the aft airlock
on one occasion and a lot of them were still working, but
they were very, very dim because the filament had plated
out on the inside of the glass and just completely wiped
out the light itself.
And I noticed that one or two lights
in the STS area and in the forward airlock *ere about
ready for replacement, but I never got around to it.
was just one day when I wanted the light.
It
I was getting
ready to service the PLSS bottles or the PSS bottles.
And
I decided, well, once I've started, I'll go ahead and change
them all.
It only took a couple or 3 minutes to do it,
313
�3
CARR
(CONT'D)
but it was either burnt out or it was so degraded due
to the plating on the inside of the glass that it required
changing, but it was a very marked degradation of light,
transmissivity.
QUERY
Now is this the bigger - the 20-watt bulbs or the hand
rail lights too.
Did they deposit - -
CARR
Oh yes, the handrail lights had deposits on them, too.
QUERY
Both of them?
CARR
The ones on the aft airlock, it seemed to me, were the
3
small lights, the 5 or whatever that amp was - 10.
QUERY
10 watts are the small ones.
CARR
Yes.
But you know, we saw a few of those light bulbs over
in the trainer all plated out too, and we were kind of
surprised by that and remembered the other crews telling
us, yes, and you're going to see that in flight, you're
going to see a lot of those lights plated out.
And that's
surprising to me.
QUERY
I guess we missed out in the other debriefings; we didn't
get a report.
At least I don't recall ever hearing a
report until we saw yours on this deposit.
3
3U*
�CARR
I wasn't surprised when I saw them plated out because
we've seen them in the trainer all plated out, and I was
surprised why we ever bought that kind of light if it was
going to plate out on us.
QUERY
Did you have any problems - did you encounter any problems
in the replacement of the bulbs?
CARR
POGUE
No, sir; simple bayonet fitting, no problem at all.
One of the things that bugged me about those incandescent
light covers was that they didn't seem to want to stay in
position; they're always sliding out - out of position.
CARR
QUERY
POGUE
CARR
POGUE
CARR
They were very easily bumped free.
Now is this the ones on the handrails or - Yes, on the handrails.
Those little ball detents Just weren't strong enough.
They weren't strong enough.
I'm surprised we didn't kick those things off and then
Kick a ligftt bulb and break it, but we never did.
QUERY
Never did break one?
315
�CARR
But we sure did bang a lot of those covers off and have
them slide down the handles.
QUERY
Now, let's see, the 20-watt bulbs had the metallic screens
over the glass.
Isn't that right, Dennis?
You had a screen over the glass on that large one.
Did
the tracking and the acquisition lights operate properly?
The blinking lights?
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
We kind of figured there would be - it would make tracking
a little more difficult having an occulting light.
And,
as I remember, you made a comment that by golly, Just
like the simulator, it made it a little more difficult to
track when it was occulting.
QUERY
Oh, it did make it more difficult?
POGUE
Well, yes, the thing is, when you're tracking with the
little control.
You're ready, being ready to mark, and
the period of the flashes is such that during the dark
period, you don't know where the target is for control.
So, everytime it blinks, you know you're - you're chasing
it back to the crosshairs.
So then when it blinks, if it's
on a crosshairs, you mark real fast.
316
That's the problem.
�CARR
The message here is that the occulting period of the light
for tracking lights should be, I think, sped up.
POGUE
Yes, it was like a strobe, you know, about 3 cycles a
second.
Even if it was only on for a thousandth of a
second, it would enhance the tracking operation.
QUERY
Give you a more continuous light so you could get your
mark.
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
I guess the reason for the occulting, the flashing of
the light, was to - so that we could tell it from a star
at night, but the thing was we Just had a - the frequency
was much too - too low.
And it was off too long and if
you were trying to track that rascal into a crosshairs
to make a mark, it would go out Just as you were getting
into a crosshairs to make a mark, it would go out Just
as you were getting into the crosshairs and you would say
well, shall I mark or shall I not and if you don't it will
almost always end up outside on the other side or something.
POGUE
That's compounded by attitude control system thruster
fire, the RCS thruster fires in the command module.
317
So
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
if you have a fire in - while the thing is off and you
mark, you can - you could induce a large error in the
solution.
QUERY
Okay.
You got to be very careful.
Did any of your airlock status lights burn out much
on the panels?
We'll say 203, Ul6, 205, 206, those status
lights?
POGUE
No, we watched those; we kept them down and out, respec
tively , the ones that had the rheostats and so forth.
So
they didn't burn out like they did on the simulator.
QUERY
Or like they did at the Cape, too.
POGUE
Yes.
QUERY
Next question concerns electrical connectors.
Right.
Which type
of connector is preferred for connecting and disconnecting
by the crew, the zero-g or the microdot airlock or the
Bendix with the crew assist ring?
Would you care to
comment about connectors, in general, that you had to
mate and demate.
CARR
I personally preferred the zero-g.
POGUE
The zero-g is almost impossible to screw up, but there's there's a slight modification that would really in^rove
that, in that if you were in an awkward posture, in other
318
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
words, if I was trying to put it in that way and I was
reaching around "because of inaccessibility-
It's - it's
a little bit difficult to clock that thing and get it in
right before you can start moving the lever, and there
seemed to be a lock up feature because of the linkage.
It would sometimes Jam that — the lever that puts it in
that position.
We knew that before flight, but that appears
to be a pretty safe connector and almost impossible to
ruin, I mean, you know, to put on incorrectly.
CARR
I'd say it's far superior to the other types.
It's got
a little way to go yet, but it's a far superior way of
making connections than some of the others.
POGUE
But it does - it should have those little - a couple of
little things removed from it, that is, it's sort of
difficult to get it in the riggit position.
You know,
you got to put one of the little lugs in and then sort
of rotate it into the position.
QUERY
Yes.
POGUE
And then you got to push the
QUERY
All the way up before you can operate the handle, if you
had - -
319
�POGUE
All the way up.
QUERY
So I remember, I guess, if you operate the handle too
That's correct.
early you - CARR
Yes.
POGUE
But you can get it in the right position and start to
You ... yourself up and have to start over.
move the handle to move the connector into position and
it won't move.
It sort of goes over center, locks out
over center, and then you got to sort of lift it and play
with it a little bit, and as soon as you get it out of
the over the center position, then it pushes - moves in
rather easily.
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
Was - I believe I covered the connectors - was meter
lighting used in the STS?
POGUE
Meter?
QUERY
Meter lighting?
POGUE
Yes, I did occasionally.
QUERY
Was it adequate?
POGUE
Yes.
320
Did you use the
�QUERY
Is meter lighting considered necessary?
Do you find
that - POGUE
Not in the STS.
It certainly was necessary in the airlock,
I would say, prior to EVA egress.
Here, let me - the reason,
now, is this, don't take that as the gospel.
reason I say it was
Because the
1 right was because there was enough
ambient light in that area usually so you could read the
meters.
QUERY
Yes.
POGUE
We really didn't need meter lights.
I used them for
general illumination when we were - a low light level
illumination when we were doing comet photography; that's
the only time I ever used them.
But that isn't using
them for reading the meters, however, if you had a dark
area, you'd want a meter lighting, so that's why I say,
I don't want you know, to be - want to be misunderstood
on it.
QUERY
Okay.
Were the - this is airlock again - were the
variable dimming controls for - provided for STS and
meter limiting utilized?
That's for the handrails, the
panel, the forward and the aft lights had the variable
dimming controls.
321
�CARR
POGUE
Yes, I think we all used them at one time or another.
Why didn't we have variable dimming on the status lights?
That would have been nice.
You know the green-amber lights
if for no other reason than it would have improved life
time in the bulbs.
Of course, if - what I'm saying is, if
one had to monitor systems manually.
We didn't have to
do that; we never faced the problem.
Ground took very
good care of this system.
If we had had to go manual on
EPS, we would have had a problem, because we could have
always been turning status lights on and off evezytime
we went up there because we were afraid the bulbs would
o
have burned out.
It would have been nice if we could
have dimmed them and preserved the filaments, assuming
that would do it.
I don't know if that would have worked
or not, but I just think that putting lower power on the
filaments would have increased the lifetime.
QUERY
It may or may not.
QUERY
What it would have prolonged the life, you mean?
QUERY
It may not.
QUERY
But he asked the question why we didn't have variable
controls.
V
You remember that?
322
You got any background?
�J
POGUE
There's another operational impact and that is those are
awfully bright lights.
It's amazing what a tiny, bright
light will do to distract you.
We had one on a timer on
the ATM panel and it would have been nice for that reason
also, and again that's assuming manual control with EPS.
CARR
Although the record light on the SIAs too.
POGUE
Oh, yes.
CARR
Sometimes you'd have to put tape over that when you were
in there trying to do comet photography and you wanted it
perfectly dark.
J
QUERY
In this area I have smother question, and that is - I
think you've answered it - is it a desirable feature and
do you even recommend it for consideration even for meter
lighting, that the dimming control is a desirable feature?
CARR
Sure.
POGUE
I think it is.
I think you get operational situations
where it is going to be a necessity.
QUERY
The next questions have to do with control and display.
Any general comments about physical arrangement of
switches and circuit breakers and the identification of
switch - systems on the control and display panel?
323
�CARR
We covered that adequately in the technical debriefing.
I don't think we need to waste any time at this meeting
doing it.
We really preached a sermon on that one.
QUERY
I recall reading some of it about the nomenclature.
CARR
The main thing that we said was that the C&D panel should
have a design goal of giving the operator visibility into
the system.
And our best example of an ideally designed
C&D panel is panel 225 in the STS. The fact that you've
got all the pipes and the plumbing laid out and can see
what the switch does when you do it, and that is a neat
design goal; we recognize that you can't always attain
that goal, but that's the goal. We got some panels in
the workshop that looking at them gives you no hint as to
what you're doing when you're throwing a switch.
Some
times even the words don't tell you a whole hell of a
lot about what you're doing.
POGUE
Sometimes they mess you up.
CARR
Yes.
But I think we've covered that pretty adequately,
and we probably shouldn't use the time today to do that,
QUERY
All right.
32k
V
�P0GUE
1 W°Uld Just like to
and 202 to task.
emphasize where we've taken 200, 201
The caution and warning is a case in
point, though, where we could really have used some help
with an ordinate-abscissa technique for identifying the
inhibit switch.
panel.
It was hard to find a switch on that
The ground would call you to go and inhibit such
and such and golly, you know, it's like taking 52 cards
and spreading them out on a table and say take out the
ace of spades.
QUERY
Maybe you covered this but I don't recall such illegi
bility of panel marking of switch and circuit breaker
nomenclature under lighting conditions encountered during
the mission.
In other words, with the lighting that you
experienced there, were you able to read, even though you
didn't like the nomenclature and some of the arrangements?
CARR
Seems to me we always had light available to read a panel
with.
I'm trying to think if there's any panels anywhere
in the workshop where we had to worry about that.
Some
thing strikes me that we did somewhere, and I can't
remember now where it is.
But we always had lighting
available that I can think of where - you could bring to
bear on the panel to read it.
325
�POGUE
One thing that would he nice - airlock was a problem
because we'd go in - we always kept the lights out in
there most of the time. The light switch itself should
be distinctively marked because it - it's, you know, like
going into a dark room and finding the light switch if
you don't know where it is. So you've got to have a
light switch on before you can find a light switch.
And
that was not that much of a problem, but it was a little
bit of a problem, because I remember several times,
thrashing around in the air, because you could be clocked,
see, when you went into the airlock module you didn't
know which end was up and which panel had the light switch
on it.
It would have been nice to have a general illumi
nation switch for an area, marked.
there was really no big problem.
Other than that,
That's the only one
I remember.
CARR
QUERY
yes.
Switch and circuit breaker grouping versus task.
Is the
identification and grouping of frequently used switches
and circuit breakers, adequate to preclude inadvertent
operation of adjacent circuit breakers or switches?
POGUE
No, it was not adequate.
326
�CARR
No.
Again, that's pretty well called out in the tech
debriefing along with our idea that you got to have
visibility into the circuits that you are operating.
POGUE
Yes, there were two problems.
One is the visibility in
the system was not provided and the other was ambiguous
nomenclature and again I think we've gone into that.
QUERY
I think you've covered that. Por assessing the adequacy
of onboard meter ranges and color banding.
CARR
Well, there's nothing more impersonal on a meter than to
read percentage if you don't have a feel for what it
means.
That is certainly an advantage from a design
standpoint, because you've only got so many volts to work
with and percentage is a lot easier, but it certainly
does limit your visibility as to what you are looking at.
If you have to remember that - that the 50 percent means
2 volts in this system and lU volts in this system, and
7 psi in that system.
That certainly does inhibit your
visibility. Color banding - I have always been a pro
ponent of color banding wherever possible if - if it
will improve your visibility into a system.
We played
lots of color banding games with the lunar module and
327
�CARR
(CONT'D)
the color banding that ve used in the workshop in the
600 Series panels I thought was pretty good, but you
have to be careful about parallax - is the biter there.
And what we usually ended up with on a doggone colorbanding thing is it's always an afterthought; it always
gets put on the glass instead on the meter so you always
have parallax and color banding Just bites you.
thing with airplanes today too.
Same
Somebody always decides
to put the color banding on an exhaust gas temperature
gage or a pressure gage after the thing has been built
and so it depends on how you're sitting in the seat of
the airplane whether or not you're in or out of the color
band and you always have to worry about parallax.
So
there is a pitfall and the workshop have the same
problems.
POGUE
QUERY
POGUE
It was an interesting - -
Were you going to add something there with your sketch?
All right, let's say that because of the change in the
acceptable parameters, this sounds contradictory, what
Jer says but it doesn't have to be.
If
you
could design
something to - if you, for instance, if you had a green
band hidden by two movable tapes which would identify
a - in other words, the green would be blocked out
328
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
everywhere these two tapes were, but left open where they
weren't, then you could adjust for green-band operation.
I'm really for green banding in a meter BO you don't
have to go interpret the meter every time you look at
it.
You can Just see if the needle is in the green, you
forget it.
But it looked to me like we were - in some of
the systems we accepted the changes in what were the
acceptable ranges.
And it would be nice if you could
change those things manually for - for quick observation
and then interpretation of the gages.
QUERY
By some scheme of tape or something?
Open it up?
POGUE
Yes, but we had a fairly interesting scheme down in the
refrigeration system in that there were staggered bands,
if I remember correctly.
And there was Just a little bit
of a confusion factor there on the staggered bands, but
then I got used to it real quick.
I thought it - overall
it was a good idea it - but you had to watch what you were
doing there; you could interpret a reading as satisfactory
when it wasn't really satisfactory range.
QUERY
Do you recall any nuisance circuit breaker trips?
that popped open?
329
Any
�CARR
No, usually when they popped there was a reason and I
don't - we didn't lose many.
POGUE
We - we never pushed a - I guesB we never pushed a breaker
back in without around - -
POGUE
- - Concurrence.
CARR
Yes, we usually got air-to-ground concurrence.
POGUE
If we - I think we would have noticed that, that's what
I'm saying and the ground would have - -
CARR
We had some - -
QUERY
I don't think we had any, but I've asked this question of
each of the crews.
CARR
Yes, we had a multiplexer problem or something with the
communications about midway through the mission, and
they had us cycling breakers and that's the nearest
thing we came to having any sort of breaker problems.
Finally after we cycled a whole bunch of breakers, the
problem went away and I don't know if the ground ever
figured out what it was, but it had to do with the
communications and the way you folks vere getting your
data.
One of those multiplexers or something was - -
330
�POGUE
I tell you one thing that was a bit of - not of a nui
sance, but a sort of a pitfall, and that is you could
throw those Gemini-type circuit breakers by touching
them with a finger if you had happened accidently to
use panel 200, 201, or 202 as a handhold.
Just a very
light pressure would flick it sometimes.
I'm sure that
would squarewave anybody if they were watching that
system at the time.
I did that a couple of times.
CARR
I guess I don't really like that kind of circuit breaker.
QUERY
My question really was for a tripping out, you know, from
a spike or a current or something like that.
POGUE
Yes.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
I guess I don't even like that kind of circuit breaker,
that little switch thing.
fragile.
They're Just too doggone
But I recognize that the other kind is awful
beefy and takes up a lot more space.
QUERY
Was - the solar flare alert panel - was it adequate?
POGUE
Down in the workshop?
QUERY
Yes.
331
�POGUE
We never really used It.
That was actuated by a system
which was not all that good of an indicator of a flare.
CARR
Boy, I tell you, the South Atlantic anomaly was so much
of a nuisance that we essentially killed the system down
in the workshop in the experiment compartment because
it was Just a noisy nuisance.
QUERY
The flare alert?
CARR
The fire alert, no, we got a couple of fire alarms there.
QUERY
I said the flare, the solar flare alert.
POGUE
Oh, yes.
QUERY
Because of the South Atlantic anomaly?
CARR
Yes, and there's also some horns up in the Northern
We Just - -
Hemisphere someplace.
POGUE
Yes, that will really throw you off.
SPEAKER
Come over Canada and get a flare and you know you'd
look - it Just bugged you and so we Just turned it off
and left it off.
We could hear the one going in the
MDA when it went.
QUERY
Was it the radio noise that first bothered you?
332
�POGUE
No.
CARR
No, the - either one.
POGUE
Yes, that's right; it would throw it off.
It was the either RF or - We didn't set
that up too much either, because that thing again - that
would go off on the nightside for some reason or the
other.
You got an awful lot of RF on nightside of the
Earth.
QUERY
Did you - I guess I don't remember it - I got a question
here on inadvertent operation of the switches and circuit
breakers in reference to the guards.
Were the guards -
proper?
CARR
Sometimes if you succumbed to the temptation of using a
guard for a handrail, you were in danger flicking one of
those little breakers.
We did have a couple of instances
of inadvertent switch operation in the STS area.
One
was the - what was the one you threw one time?
POGUE
The timer, I advanced the day one flick.
CARR
Yes, that's right.
POGUE
I was up there doing something, working with the con
densate system and I reached over and advanced the day
of the year one.
333
�CARR
Also the guards restricted your visibility of the nomen.
clature on the svltch or breaker ,nd
you flnd yourself
Playing this game, trying to check circuit breakers to
see If any one vas open or something like that.
POGUE
QUERY
It was hard to read the - -
We can understand that after looking at the closeout
photographs.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
For proper position.
CARR
lee, it vas tough, but you've got to protect those dogSone things and that looks like something you Just kind
of have to buy.
QUERY
Were there any failures when lamp tests vere performed!
CARR
POGUE
No.
N°»
I don't recall any.
CARR
* «« fat; that vas a periodic thing; it vas a house-
the lamps and report - report the anomalies and I don't
remember reporting an anomaly vhen I did
remember anybody else reporting anything.
33k
lt,
nor do T
�<1
QUERY
Were any problems encountered because of the proximity
of the rotating litter chair to the power and display
console?
CARR
No.
QUERY
My next question here has to do with the digital address
system.
Did you use it a great deal or - the DAS system
with the switch selectors, would its use - CARR
With switch selectors, let's see, we helped the ground
sometimes when they couldn't get to the switch selectors
to turn the CMG heaters off and on.
And we used it to
help the ground once in a while when we - when they
wanted us to cycle or inhibit doors and motors and things
on the ATM.
POGUE
Not much though.
QUERY
You used it some for problem - troubleshooting problems?
CARR
We didn't have to do much troubleshooting; things were
working pretty well and only once or twice did we go into
malfunction procedures.
S082 A or B door, one of the
doors.
We had a long pass between the door failure and when we
could get to the ground and we went in with a malfunction
335
�CARR
(CONT'D)
procedure and fooled with the switch selectors there.
But really the occasions were few and far between. Most
of the DAS usage we got was in relation to the APCS.
We
did a lot of DAS entry work doing maneuvers and things
like that.
POGUE
And monitor, but that's APCS though because we were
monitoring maneuvers.
Ed - Dr. Gibson's given a very
good debriefing on the ATM panel which I'm sure includes
the DAS.
And if you have not seen that, I suggest that
you read that because he's gone into great detail.
There's about a 2-1/2, 3 hour debriefing on the ATM
panel in general.
CARR
This he did up there.
think.
It's on day of the year 19, I
You might ask for those transcripts - very, very
in-depth discourse on the ATM panel.
QUERY
I have some questions, more on lighting again.
Assess
the adequacy of the control and illumination levels via
control panel switches and light integral switches.
This must be ATM adequacy.
CARR
Well, they weren't too terribly adequate, because one by
one they crapped out on us and we had to tape them over
and we ended up with only fixed lighting available to us.
336
�CARR
(CONT'D)
Fixed numerical, the fixed integrated died.
We had
neither fixed nor variable integrated, nor did we have
variable numerics.
One of the areas that we wished that
we'd had some sort of a central control panel right at
the ATM was MDA lighting because we found that each of
us liked to have lighting at the MDA different when we
were operating the ATM panel.
And it would have been
nice if we hadn't had to float around and one by one
turn lights on and off at their stations because - POGUE
The closest we had to that was a couple of switches
there on the STS whereby you could turn - turn them on
selectively in groups.
We would like to have had indi
vidual control at the ATM panel.
QUERY
Did any of the OWS and MDA general illumination bulbs
fail?
Any of them flicker?
This is the fluorescent Job.
CARR
Not a one.
POGUE
No, I was, in fact near the end of the flight, I remember
thinking I expected them to go out and they didn't.
QUERY
Well, I think a lot of people had expected it.
CARR
Yeah.
337
�QUERY
I guess we've had a report of a report of one failure
the entire 8-1/2 months.
CARR
And the lighting in general in the workshop was very,
very good, quite adequate.
And in our MU87 habitability
debriefing, there's one question about the lighting and
you can get some in-depth comments from QUERY
I guess if there's a comparison from your previous
answer on incandescent that, you - you like the fluorescent
better than the incandescent?
POGUE
I think so.
CARR
Yeah, in general.
QUERY
Assess the adequacy of the illumination of the OWS C&D
panel.
POGUE
Oh, gosh, fine.
CARR
No problem.
There's lots of light down there in the
experiment compartment.
QUERY
If the portable lights were used, any comments on ease
of usage or the light output. Did you have occasion to
use the other?
I'm not talking about the high-intensity
photo lamps.
338
�POGUE
Yeah, I understand.
CARR
I never used them, but Ed did on - -
POGUE
I did and Ed did.
I used
Did you use them any time?
And the biggest problem was finding the
cables, hooking the cables and stringing them up.
And I
think you had to hook the lights on to a universal
photographic - photography mount.
worked.
No problems. They
They - I remember they were sort of awkward.
You bend it around and twist and everything to get the
thing pointed the right way, but then we did that with
the same - that was the problem with mount, not the light.
CARR
Also, in the tech debriefing, we made a pitch for cable
caddies, instead of fooling with all of those utilities
cables that we had that had to be coiled and strapped.
The - the cable caddy is one that you pull on that's got
an inertial lock like a seat belt in your car.
POGUE
And each one of them ought to be pattern coded, or color
coded, so that you know whether you have a utility cable,
a high-power cable, a television, a camera cable, et cetera
et cetera.
Because they are all white, well, of course,
some of them are bigger than the others, but it is nice
to have them that way.
339
�QUERY
You'd recommend a color coding?
POGUE
A color coding or a pattern coded.
QUERY
Okay.
Assess the adequacy of the portable high-intensity
photo light.
CARR
They were quite adequate.
They were rather directional
in nature, so they caused shadowing for photographing.
POGUE
I got one big bug-a-boo about the high-intensity light.
Functionally, they were great. The photography was good.
But it - every time I turned those on, I got - was reaching
over and getting a wrong switch and everything.
In a way,
it seemed like you always put the thing in position quick
before you turn it on and you're always facing the front
of it and the switches were always in the back, or hard
to get to.
CARR
Out of sight.
POGUE
Out of sight. It would have been much nicer if the control
would have been easily accessible from the business end of
it.
QUERY
Because that's the end you were always facing.
Speaking of the switches, what operating modes - Do you
recall what operating modes you used?
3U0
�POGUE
Always the high, on.
QUERY
High stop put at half?
CARR
..Yeah.
Both channels, both ...
QUERY
Was there a problem of heat out of thOBe?
POGUE
... heat.
CARR
Yeah, but they sure did some - It sure makes beautiful
light for a photograph.
The documentary photos are all
very well lighted. We were very well pleased.
And the
Ml51 people are very pleased, too, because the light gave
them some real good data, particularly M092.
POGUE
Along that line, another thing too, with these cable
caddies and all, there should be central repository for
placing and stowing these things.
You know, like you'd
have one locker dedicated for all these cable caddies and
so forth.
It was a little bit of a management problem,
in that you didn't know who had had it last and he had
left it - where he had left it and so forth.
We had
a sort of a system, but it was not designed into it.
That
should be designed into it, a locker or something like that.
3Ul
�Have some questions on wire harnesses and installations,
any comments on any electrical equipment or wiring there
to that appeared to be an annoyance or hindrance to
movement in the workshop.
Well, we had the - you had the - this thing that you did
right near the end where you had the cable stretched
to the airlock.
When we were doing the 516, multipurpose
furnace experiments, 556 and all, a big number of them,
we had the cable stretched through from the OWS dome area
all the way up to around the tape recorder.
But the
reason we had it for the video tape recorder was because
we had taken the power out for the tape recorder and had
hooked up 516 to it. That was a bit of an annoyance.
Yeah, when we put the rate gyro six pack in, when Bean and
his guys put it in, that automatically tied up one - one
high-power outlet.
And so what we had to do in order to
get high power into the MDA for the things that we wanted
was to run a big extension cord in from the dome.
Yeah.
That was a bother.
3U2
�QUERY
Actually, this question was down in the workshop, but
that's good to get those comments, too.
CARR
Oh, I don't remember any annoying wire runs at all down
in the workshop.
POGUE
The only - we had to camera thread - the threading camera
had to have a cable run from a particular position.
Again,
this would have been, I think, adequately taken care of
if we would have had cable caddies, but we're thrashing
around taking them out and putting them in and that sort
of thing.
CARR
The cable runs that bugged us the most are the ones we
had to run ourselves.
QUERY
Yeah, that'd be natural.
Was - and again this was OWS
cable - was any excessive fraying or damage observed to
Fiberglas cloth covers or wire harnesses at penetrations
in the floor or other areas?
CARR
No, they were very well ...
QUERY
One of the other crewmembers said coming out of the waste
management area and something that they used one of the
cables as kind of a handhold and that it did start kind
of wearing somewhere down in — in the living area there.
3U3
�CARH
The only cable that I can think of Is that one right
there by the light switch there on the right-hand side
of the door.
And I didn't notice any problems.
use that for a handhold.
QUERY
I didn't
I used the ... itself.
That's where they come through the floor in the Fiberglas
covers, you don't recall any damage to those?
POGUE
No.
QUERY
Okay.
Did the convoluted boots come loose from any
exposed connectors, in the workshop again?
POGUE
No, not that I know of.
QUERY
Any difficulty with the elect connectors for the food
trays or the urine centrifugal separator?
POGUE
No, except that I - the connector for the urine centrifugal
separator - the power connector, way back in the back there,
was sort of hard to get to and I bad mouthed that way early
in the program, but, of course, in other words, dual con
nectors, and you only put it in one.
one bus to the other.
It was changing from
And there was a little Dialatch,
a holder for the cable, that was a bit of a nuisance, but
a6 far as the electrical integrity of it, itself, there
was no problem.
3UU
�QUERY
Was the clearance adequate for mating and demating of
connectors on the intercom boxes?
CARR
Again, this is the OWS.
There's two intercom boxes that we played with, the M131
or SIA number 131 had to be changed out and then the
other one down in the experiment compartment by M131.
We
disconnected and connected that up for a documentary
photography and in those cases there were no problems.
QUERY
Now a few miscellaneous questions.
Assess the utility
outlet adequacy, accessibility, number and location of
utility outlets.
POGUE
There's no problem with any of them.
There was no problem
with any of the outlets. It would be nice to have one
more on the minus-Z SAL, because that's where all of
our activity was and we ended up a lot of times having to
un - disconnect certain things in order to connect other
things up.
CARR
That's only - -
Well, see if you had a cable caddy right there for each
one of the outlets - if it had Just - was right into a
cable caddy, then it would have been very handy because
whenever you finish with it, you Just let it go back into
the caddy and what you would do is size your caddy so
that it can make the minus-Z SAL or over to the film
3U5
�CARR
(CONT'D)
threading station or places like that. And it would have
been very - a whole lot more handy that way. The way it
was - the way we used it, you had to string a cable and
you hope that it would stay there and nobody would need
it.
But it never failed, somebody else always needed the
cable and would take it down and use it.
Then you - next
time you wanted to use it there, you'd have to go find the
cable and put it back in.
And this is overhead time that
you don't want to spend in space, stringing cables.
QUERY
You have answered part of this now; I'll just give - Any
problems or comments or problems with replacement of
intercom boxes?
I guess you discovered that you didn't
have any - or heaters. Did you replace any heaters?
POGUE
No, I don't think any of them ever came on.
CARR
Yeah.
QUERY
I know the duct heaters didn't.
CARR
The only heater that we did - did anything to was that
probe into waste - -
POGUE
That's right. We took that out at first and then put it
back in near the end.
3U6
�CARR
And we were prepared to change out the probe on the urine
dump system, but it - it cleared so we didn't have to go
through with that.
QUERY
Any problem encountered with static discharge?
You
talked about it being so dry.
CARP.
Surprisingly enough, there was no static discharge.
QUERY
We haven't had any report previously.
ROGUE
The only time that you got any indication of electro
statics was when we took off our shirts, you could feel
the hair standing up on your arms, but I never heard
any crackling.
CARR
IJo popping or cracking or anything, but you could sure
make your hair on your arms stand up and on your head as
you pulled the shirt over the top, your hair would Just
go right up sometimes.
QUERY
Was the OWS thermal control system ever checked out?
It's on reference system checklist sheet 9 through 13.
Did you ever - do you recall that you ever checked out
the thermal control system?
POGUE
I don't recall.
And if it's not - if it wasn't in the
checkout and activation - 3U7
�QUERY
This would be the OWS now is what
CARR
Yeah.
POGUE
Yeah.
CARR
Well, I don't remember ever - -
POGUE
Not unless it was in activation.
QUERY
When the Earth terrain camera was operated during EREP
passes, the OWS bus loads increased more than the amount
required for the camera.
Now, we don't have any idea
and we've got a question here.
Can you think of any
associated load that would cause this increase?
I know
that's a hard question for you, but - CARR
QUERY
This is down the OWS?
Whenever you turned the Earth terrain camera on, we always
got a greater load than we had expected from Just the
camera.
POGUE
Well, we've already mentioned that it sounded like a rock
crusher, the shutter motor or whatever it was and we
always felt it wasn't working right, but apparently it
took real good pictures.
31*8
�QUERY
...
I t might have been a hearing problem, increased the
load because of friction?
POGUE
That might be - might be
Could very well be, because other than that, all that Ed
did, that I can recall, is that he would Just go down
through the hatch and look out the wardroom window and
verify the scene and go back up, you know, it's all - all
Just turn the switch on and off.
QUERY
Might be the connection.
How long before each meal were
the food tray heaters turned on?
CARR
Oh, that varied.
tray usually.
We tried to keep it to Just to one food
We would - breakfast and lunch very seldom
did we ever turn the food tray heaters on.
The only
time for lunch that we did it is when somebody had chili
or something - POGUE
Macaroni, something that really required heat and in
order to get it palatable.
CARR
Now supper time, we usually managed to remember about
b o'clock in the afternoon that we needed put our food
in and do something about it.
So we would take the three
frozen items for the evening meal and put it in, usually
in my tray and turn it on.
3U9
And then that tray stayed on
�CARR
(CONT'D)
usually up to and through the meal time and during the
meal when we transferred, divvied up the frozen food,
each guy would turn on his own tray that he put it into.
So we did not use the tray heaters a whole lot.
POGUE
Somebody got a mistaken impression from one of my Ml»87
debriefings.
And if that's still surfaced, I would like
to put that one to bed. I never - apparently made the
statement to the effect that we Just turned the heaters
in the food tray on and left them on, although I qualified
it.
The qualification apparently didn't get through.
The
point was what Jer was saying there, usually we were
forgotten until it was too late we Just stuck them all
in there and turn all the heaters on, rather than put
it in auto and set the timers.
QUERY
This is not associated with something like that. This is
a standard question.
QUERY
POGUE
QUERY
QUERY
We've asked this all three times.
Yeah.
But we did not leave food tray heaters on continuously.
We didn't have it - -
Well,
premission we kind of planned that you would leave,
you know, put your breakfast in like before and set the
timers and the heaters would come on
350
�POGUE
I think I remembered twice.
CARR
We Just never operated in that mode.
Most of the re-
hydratable stuff, we rehydrated Just before we ate it.
Some of it wasn't too terribly tasty because we didn't
heat it for a long time.
QUERY
I don't suppose you noticed any degradation in the food
tray heaters since you didn't use them so much you
wouldn't have a feel for them whether it degraded or not.
CARR
Sure didn't.
No, mine were quite adequate at the end of
the mission.
POGUE
Somebody says the water heater was going to pot near the
end.
CARR
But we didn't notice that either.
No, the water was nice and hot, but somebody said that
it looked to them like the water heater was beginning to
crump [?] out.
QUERY
Were the portable circulation fans used during the mission?
CARR/POGUE
Yes.
CARR
We used one fan in the experiment compartment to blow on
the guy pedaling the bike.
351
He had the option of turning
�CARR
(CONT'D)
that on if he wanted to.
And we used another one up at the
dome hatch to try to move air from the dome area on to the
OWS heat exchangers.
POGUE
And we, at first and at the - we had the one up there
running on the - no, I guess that was Just the normal
diffuser on the rate gyro package.
CARR
Then you had your rate gyro cooling fan running when we
got there and when we left, we left it running.
We set
it up and left it running again.
QUERY
It didn't run during the mission?
CARR
No.
POGUE
No.
QUERY
Did you take it down?
CARR
Oh, yes.
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
Oh, yes, it was in the way.
POGUE
Mounted on ATM floor grid.
QUERY
When operating the ATM C&D, was it noticeable if the MDA
vail heaters cycled?
Could you tell us that they were
cycling by sitting at the ...?
352
�POGUE
I couldn't tell.
CARR
I sure couldn't either.
QUERY
When passing through the airlock, was it noticeable when
the ATM wall heaters were on?
Could you get a feel for
the - CARR
No, could never have told you if they were on. Did they
ever come on?
Does your data tell you if they ever came
on?
QUERY
The A ...
QUERY
AM wall heaters did.
CARR
Did they?
QUERY
Oh yeah, yeah, they were on.
QUERY
The AM we didn't have any street [?] on.
The MDA we
followed pretty closely, but the AM are, you know
15 different little heaters individually controlled.
Sometimes when we'd inhibit them from the ground, like
during the EREP pass, we'd try to watch the current and
get an idea of how many of them were actually on at that
time.
POGUE
When you turn them on.
353
�QUERY
And it was very difficult for us to tell if they were
ever cycling, but we expected them to kind of follow the
same cycle pattern as the MDA's which we could track.
But we never really could get a confirmation of whether
they were burning or not.
Relative to the small individual
loads, the half amp each, it would be difficult to see
one of them coming off and on, but we thought when we
commanded them off and on we should be able to see it but
we never ...
CARR
POGUE
We sure didn't know they were - -
You know it would be nice in the future when you have the
sad thing was a little liquid crystal thing in a little
parallel shunt line, something that Just takes no power
at all but gives a positive indication, low-power drain.
QUERY
When you guys were working the EREP passes during the day,
a lot of times we came to you and you remember the reg
adjust box that were up there on the STS panels?
A lot
of times we would come to you and have you adjust those
things twice a day ... after each EREP and sometimes even
three times a day and we did this quite frequently and we
had kind of a minor war going in the MOCR over this;
but from your point of view did having to do this quite
frequently - did that pose any kind of annoyance to you?
35^
�CARR
It was a minor nuisance.
POGUE
It was particularly an annoyance for Ed when he was workr
ing ATM.
CARR
Yeah.
QUERY
Yeah, we could have minimized that, but, you know, every
time we called up to you you guys seemed so cheerful to
do it. (Laughter) I don't know if you Just - -
POGUE
You didn't hear the background comment.
QUERY
That's obvious.
POGUE
No, it was no problem.
CARR
It was a minor annoyance.
I guess it bugged Ed more than
us because sometimes he'd get into an ATM program he was
working on and one day the CAP COMM would come up with a
reg adjust and you could almost hear him grumble and a lot
of times Bill and I would try to get up there and do it
so he wouldn't have to get up there and fool with it.
POGUE
The thing is, we were so delighted that the ground took
such good care of the system, we didn't mind doing that
kind of thing.
CARR
Yeah, it was no big thing.
355
i
�POGUE
Here's one suggestion.
It would have really helped and
it's sort of a suggestion for future designs, to have a
movable scale underneath this thing for rereferencing.
Man, we had so many pencil marks on that thing, you know.
We'd erase it.
QUERY
That was my next question.
end up with?
CARR
We got almost down to the metal.
(Laughter)
How many marks did you guys
I think every time ... mark it.
We usually had about a half dozen marks on it, but every
once in a while you'd Just wipe the slate clean and start
over.
POGUE
Yeah, if you could have Just had a little circular index
under there that you could have rotated around, say now
zero and now I said 30 degrees to the right well the thing
is - or 15 degrees or 7-1/2.
We never did - very, very
seldom - we'd get it right the first time.
If we'd had
a very good scale down here, I think we could have minimized
that.
QUERY
For about the first week we had to ask you for re ...,
but seemed like after that you guys kind of had a calibrated
eye on that.
You usually hit it right off the bat, the
first time.
356
�m m
&
QUERY
That concludes; thank you, gentlemen.
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
Okay, thank you, Al.
QUERY
Now you guys can all stay if you like there is plenty of
room and there is no problem.
3
QUERY
What's next?
QUERY
Crew systems EVA and inflight maintenance.
357
�QUERY
Okay.
We have Dick Heckman from Marshall and Hoot Gibson,
of course you know, from JSC
you have some more
questions you want to take care of ...?
QUERY
Yes.
I'll - i'n cover the crew provision - equipment
first.
The cuffs on the Skylab Jackets - Do you all con
sider them necessary or they're Just a luxury?
CARR
You mean the knitted cuffs?
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
Yes, no.
(Laughter)
POGUE
Now, wait a minute, now.
the overcuffs.
I like - I didn't like the -
And the knitted cuff was too tight for me
to get my watch through; that's the reason I didn't like
it.
QUERY
I liked the idea.
It Just turned out, on my - -
... too tight.
POGUE
particular Jacket, I ended up cutting - taking
scissors and cutting the solid overcuffs.
I'm talking about?
QUERY
Yes.
358
You know what
�POGUE
And then the sweat shirt knitted-cuff-type underneath,
bothered rae a little bit because of the - of the watch.
CARR
I don't think that's something you really need to legislate
That's kind of personal preference.
I know if you've got -
got the capability of putting them in the design, just ask
the crewman what he wants.
QUERY
Okay ...
CARR
But I - I liked them.
It kept the sleeves from riding up
too much on me and the trouser legs from riding up, and so
I liked them.
But these guys found them to be somewhat
of a hindrance.
POGUE
I was more put out with them on the trousers than I was
on the sleeves of the Jackets, because I couldn't take my
trousers off without taking my shoes off, you know,
undressing for PT.
CARR
But let's face it.
If you do them, somebody's going to
bitch; if you take them off, somebody's going to bitch.
QUERY
The other crews - the other crews took them off.
CARR
Yes.
359
�QUERY
Second queston:
That HP-35 calculator - Did you have to -
ever have to recharge it?
POGUE
He kept it plugged in.
CARR
Yes, he kept it plugged in at the ATM all the time for use,
and just - you know, the little recharge module?
He
just kept it connected all the time.
QUERY
Hmmm.
QUERY
Did he have - Did he have any troubles - any problems there
with the recharge?
CARR
Not to my knowledge.
POGUE
It's still sitting right there.
CARR
. . . - yes, that's right; it's still sitting right there.
It worked - -
All we did was pull the plug on i t .
QUERY
Could you estimate about how many hours you put on that
thing?
POGUE
I didn't put too much - -
CARR
Ed was probably pretty much the big user of it.
POGUE
I counted my fingers testing the device.
360
�(Laughter)
It was a nice device.
With respect to the hard toothpaste tubes, what resupply
kit did you get those out of?
Was it the one ... or was it
one of the ones you took out of one of the other, earlier
...?
Well, you didn't send any supply kit up with us that I
know of.
Okay.
Yes.
We - -
We sent one up on SL-3.
And that's the one we used.
It had about two or
three tubes in it that were hard as bricks.
And poor old
unlucky Ed was the guy who would select that tube of
toothpaste every time, and I couldn't understand why he
was in there grunting and squeezing on the toothpaste
tube.
And I just worked mine ... - -
But it is the one we took from SL-3?
Yes.
Okay.
Garment pockets - You had a lot to say in the
debriefing.
Yes.
361
�QUERY
In the tech debriefing.
Was there some unique problem
in flight that we CARR
No.
QUERY
CARR
No, ... just as soon as we got them over in the trainer.
Nobody did anything about it.
POGUE
Specify which pockets you mean, now, Hoot.
CARR
We're talking about ...
QUERY
POGUE
CARR
Yes ... they were already made.
They were already made and being packed in the workshop.
It was too late to do anything.
This was all done at the
last minute.
POGUE
Now, it was even earlier than that.
When we first started
wearing those over there in the minisims, the little pocket
in the front which was really - would have been nice to use
for a flashlight, we couldn't use it for a flashlight.
And
if I was - If I remember correctly, I asked the garment man
about it, and he said that wasn't really made for a
flashlight; it was made for pencils.
362
And that that was
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
why the flashlight didn't fit in it, because it looked
Just right for a flashlight, except the little cover the flap wasn't long enough.
QUERY
Okay.
I think we need to get back and talk with y'all more
in detail on design ... - POGUE
We made beaucoup comments on ... - -
QUERY
- - . . . s e e i t was my impression t h a t we had not received
any comments in that area.
So, we'll - we'll get back with
you in detail on that.
POGUE
Okay,
QUERY
Okay.
Yesterday, you had - Bill, you had mentioned that
when you - with respect to the goggles - you - put too
much antifog on them.
POGUE
The visor.
QUERY
No, the goggles - the goggles; you know, on this M509?
POGUE
— No, I didn't put any antifog on the goggles.
I'm
sorry; I mislead you.
QUERY
Okay.
Well, there is some distortion in those goggles and
I thought maybe it might've been from that.
363
�POGUE
No.
QUERY
Is it - Was it just
POGUE
That's just the way they were.
QUERY
those goggles?
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
The darn thing would clog up on you too.
You'd work up
any kind of a sweat and your goggles would fog up.
And if
you - you look at some of the pictures and movies, you'll
see I did a lot of the flying without them, or I had
them up on my forehead.
You'd get started and the darn
things would fog in on you, and you'd just have to pull
them up out of the way.
POGUE
The - the subject could go - get by without using them.
The observer - As a safety precaution, I've used them,
even after I got a GO for taking them off when I was the
sub - the subject to avoid getting dust in the eyes when
impinging the thruster - impingement from the thruster.
QUERY
Okay.
EMU.
Now the next questions are relating to the EVA and
On your suits, how wet did they get during the
361*
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
EVAs?
Did you - could you differentiate between the
wetness of them before you put them on and then afterwards?
CARR
Well, yes.
I think they were all wetter, you know, when
you took them off.
There - It was a certain amount of
sweating going on in there.
I have always been the low
sweater in our - in our bunch, and my suit was never as wet
as the others.
Ed always does the most sweating, and
after an EVA, his suit was the wettest.
The reason why
I know all this is because I'm the guy that always did
the suit drying and the suit - the PGA work in the post-EVA.
Bill's was in between.
It always impressed me that the
guy who was EV-3, the guy who stayed inside, was usually
wetter than when he went outside on an EVA.
It seems that
when you're in the closed suit and you've got the whole
loop going, you stay drier than you do if you're just
in the - in the suit with LCG running and standing at the
ATM.
QUERY
Do you think that the desiccants that we had would've
been sufficient without the suit drying using the blower?
CARR
I don't have any feel for that or not.
I never - never -
It never was clear to me that the desiccants did anything;
the suit was already plenty dry before you ever put the
365
�CARR
desiccants in.
And, of course, the desiccant - there
was no color change or anything.
They were all sewed
in a opaque bag - little sausage - QUERY
. . . primarily to maintain their dryness.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
If you're saying would you - If you're asking could you
And - -
have dried them with the desiccant alone, I'd say no.
CARR
Yes.
I couldn't say that.
I wouldn't know - I don't
know how good a desiccant you got.
any judgment whatsoever on that.
I - I couldn't make
But I'll tell you one
thing, those desiccants were a pain in the neck to put
in the fecal ovens, because you really had to work some
times to get a seal on the oven.
POGUE
Another thing, too, that's - When you put the desiccants
in the suit, instead of - It would have been nice to have
a little retention device or something.
I put them in the*
once and went to all the trouble of putting them down
the sleeve and in the leg and - And then Ed came along and
got that suit out and it all shaped around and realigned
themselves down the feet or something.
366
�QUERY
Was there ever any noticeable increase in cooling - Well,
let's see; this was to the - Okay.
you or Ed.
It could have been to
This is concerning the - the water leakage
that we had on the PCU/LSU ...
Was there ever any notice
able increase in cooling when you were in EVA NORM and had
noticed the water leak prior to diverter valve change?
CARR
No, I don't think so, and I don't think Ed mentioned it
either.
We knew we had the leak, you know, and the water
was gone, but we had never impacted - hadn't impacted the the suit LSU cooling system enough to where we were being
hurt.
In my case, we found later, you know, that a lot
of the water was gone out of the LSU system, but,
apparently, we hadn't lost enough so that it affected
my suit cooling.
And the big thing that ... kept bugging
me about was to keep - to try to keep my coolant loop
cooler, because it appeared that I was - the delta-T across
my gas loops was not what the medics liked.
But we didn't
notice any funny changes in the temperature in the suit
at all.
And on Ed's case, there near the end the ground
said, get your suit cooling down to the lowest level,
because we're going to - we're afraid we're going to
loose the loop, and so Ed, essentially, put himself on
gas cooling.
367
�QUERY
Did he notice his gas being cooler?
Did he ever - did he
mention ...?
CARR
No, he said it was getting hot in there, and he - he - -
QUERY
Okay.
He didn't notice that his gas coming - coming over
his head, just the direct flow there?
CARR
I never heard anything about that from him.
I don't think
so.
O
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
Now I - I noticed - in fact, I debriefed this on occasion on one occasion, and that is that - this was on EVA number 3,
when I was the guy in the airlock module - I made - made
one note that when I get into a big flurry of activity,
you know, most of the time I was fairly quiet, but every
once in a while, I'd have to do a lot of things, and I
could feel my heat load building up.
And then I could
feel it get transferred to the gas, and I felt the gas was
much warmer.
And then - I felt like the thermal inertia
of the system had a fairly long time constant, because I
could feel - feel that I was storing heat and then I was
transferring more to the air than to the liquid, and I
could feel the - the gas in there with me was fairly warm.
368
�CARR
(CONT'D)
And then after a few minutes, 5 or so minutes, things
would have moved back into equilibrium again.
But I
seemed to have a - a heat constant that changed quicker
than the system did.
could feel it.
And I - made note of the fact that I
And I was asking - In fact, in one of the
private medical conferences, I asked the doctors if they
had any indications that - that I was storing heat and
that the system was taking a little time to get it out
again later.
And they said they looked at it and they
didn't - they couldn't tell too much about that at all.
But I am a heat storer compared to Ed and Bill.
Bill sweat quicker than I do.
Ed and
I seem to store the heat
for a longer period of time before I break a sweat and
start cooling off by evaporative cooling.
I do that
athletically around here, and I did it in the suit too.
And that's why I think my suit was a whole lot drier.
QUERY
Did you notice a change in thermal environment as you
went from day to night, looking at it from a heat-leak
standpoint?
CARR
Yes, yes.
QUERY
You could?
You could tell.
369
�CARR
Yes.
You could tell that things cooled right down as
soon as it got dark.
You could feel the - the radiant
heating from the - When I was out on the Sun end especially,
I could feel the heat - Just like you stand out on pavement
oomewhere, when the Sun hits the pavement and reflects
back on you - I felt the same thing at the Sun end when I
was working there.
POGUE
You can really notice it if you're in the FAS and moving
your hands in and out ... contrast.
QUERY
Did you know the FCS was used as a comfort pad rather than
a FCS?
CARR
QUERY
Yes.
Do you feel like that you would need one for a 6-hour EVA?
CARR
No, I went 7 hours and never needed one.
QUERY
Would you feel comfortable in going out, you know, ...
for a planned EVA?
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Say 6 hours or 7 hours without that?
CARR
Yes.
I never - I never wore the FCS.
370
I always
�POGUE
Never wore it.
CARh
95 percent of the time in training, I did not wear it, and
I didn't wear it in flight, because I didn't need that
kind of comfort. I had no crotch distress because I had
a good suit fit.
And I had no distress in that area that -
that made me feel I needed the - the padding.
QUERY
Did you ever notice any uncomfortable surface temperatures
when you came in contact with the vehicle, in other words,
with your hands or feet?
CARR
Not uncomfortable.
the glove.
When you -
You could feel hot places through
You could feel that this one - this thing's
a little warmer than something else.
But there were no
extremes that caused any discomfort of any kind.
Did you
have any?
POGUE
No, same - same observation.
QUERY
One time there you mentioned, in prep or some time
earlier, that one of you had grown, physically - length
lengthwise.
POGUE
Oh.
QUERY
Did that seem to restrict your suit mobility or cause any
pressure points?
371
�Just getting in and out.
Yes.
It was — it was really tough.
We had the same
problem the other guys did, and that was bending - bending
our trunks enough to get in.
It - Up there in zero g,
apparently, the back muscles all stiffen up some and you're
not as limber, and I'm still having trouble touching the
floor now when I've got gravity to help pull my trunk
over.
I'm still working on my muscles in the back of my
legs and my hips and back to get limber enough to touch
the floor with the palm of my hands like I used to be able
to do.
And we found it didn't take long at all until it
was difficult to bend over enough to work your way into
the suit.
And, of course, when you've got to stress the
suit that hard, we began to worry about the two ends of
'"he zippers for fear we would damage those things.
the LPGs we wore were - Well, I
WOre
And
Paul Weitz's, and
Paul Weitz is a bigger guy than I am.
And I had a lot
of extra stuff in that suit with me, which was very
uncomfortable.
It got in the way, but pressure points
due to the lengthening seemed to work out okay because it
didn't catch me in the crotch.
pressure.
It was all heel-to-shoulder
And as soon as we pressurized, the heel-to-
shoulder pressure was gone and I felt quite comfortable in
suit.
And my suit - with all the bulk of the LCG in
372
�CARR
(CONT'D)
with me, I had a good fit around the chest, so I had good
trunk mobility, I felt.
I wasn't rattling around in my
suit.
QUERY
One final question.
Do you believe that separate mobile
legs on the EV suit are necessary for working EVA; that
is, except for foot restraints, an attachment for the
separate legs used during EVA?
CARR
Separate mobile legs?
In other words - -
QUERY
Yes.
Like - like we've got.
CARR
Yes.
In other words, the other choice is ... - -
QUERY
As opposed t o Just a . . .
QUERY
A mummy-log-type thing.
MS
CARR
Oh, heavens, yes.
(Laughter)
CARR
I wrapped my legs arouhd things and I straddled things out
out there to hold on, especially on that EVA where I
was taking those movies.
then.
373
I was doing all sorts of things
�POGUE
Not to mention all the body English you use.
You use
inertia of the legs a lot of times to torque yourself
around, you don't even realize unless you're using them.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
Man, don't ever let anybody ... for that.
QUERY
(Laughter)
QUERY
Legs then - legs then definitely do have a use in a ... -
CARR
Oh, yes.
QUERY
Right.
CARR
I did a lot of straddling, where I'd wrap my legs around
Yes.
something, then let go with my hands.
QUERY
...
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
On EVA, in the lock compartment, did you feel the ventdown
Do you have any more?
That's a l l we have.
Thank you
rate in the manual valve control that you have is satis
factory?
CARR
Any comments at all on that?
Yes, I think so.
I think that we — we wasted some time.
It took - took a little - sometimes, I felt like it took
too much time to vent down.
The - Actually, the repress
was the thing that I felt took too much time.
37h
The
�CARR
(CONT'D)
venting down - I was kind of grateful that it went slow,
because I - I had to work hard to keep my ears clear due
to the congestion - the blood engorgement of my tissue in
my membrane - in the nasal and ear areas.
But I think
we could probably go with bigger - bigger valves with more
controllability, so that if everybody was clear and could
do it, you'd go ahead and open it wide and do it fast,
instead of wasting so much time just laying there while
it, you know, dribbles out through a little valve.
Of
course, I think you'd probably - the bigger your valve,
then you'd have to go more towards the - the screen routine
that we had where you had one screen that worked for a
while and then you'd remove it when the ice built up to
a given level and go to the next screen.
QUERY
POGUE
QUERY
Okay.
a good fix.
Do you feel that the foot restraints, such as we had for
ATM, are adequate for the type of tasks that we had there,
or do you feel that there might be some tasks where you
might need additional restraints beside the foot restraints,
such as a waist restraint or anything like that?
Can
you think of anything where the foot restraints wouldn't
do - -
375
�CARR
No, the places where we used the foot restraints - they'd
had enough work done on them so that they were in the
right place.
There was one restraint in the FAS that
bothered both Bill and Ed.
Their foot kept coming out
of it.
POGUE
I think it was my right one that kept coming out.
CARR
It seemed to me Ed was having trouble with - -
POGUE
I don't think that was as much a function of the foot
restraint as it was of the individual body posture that
resulted from trying to move yourself to face the task
at hand.
I think that maybe a little bit more work can be
done with those foot restraints, but I don't know what.
I can't suggest it.
It seems like that it's such - it's
a very, very close tolerance thing.
I had trouble in
the water tank at Marshall with that foot, and I had
trouble with the same foot in flight.
It's just exactly
the same.
CARR
It was really pretty much the same for me too, in the
ones that I fooled with.
the same as in flight.
The water tank was pretty much
I didn't have much trouble
because I didn't have any - any work - much work to
do in the FAS area.
376
�QUERY
The FAS area had much more of a reach envelope
requirement - -
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
- - more than we intended because of the additional stuff
that we were taking out too.
I know Ed mentioned in the
technical debriefing that the methods of transferring of
equipment - why, we had the booms; we had the clotheslines;
and we also had manual transfer.
Do you feel that the
manual transfer i s a good method, and do you feel that i t ' s
satisfactory for something like, say, the S052 camera or
camera, one or the other cameras like that?
CARR
Sure.
QUERY
. . . be okay?
CARR
Yes, I think i t ' s okay as a backup.
I think - I think the
boom was a - is a very good piece of equipment.
It was
very handy, and we could move gear from one place to
another very quickly and smartly.
POGUE
But I think in moving the foot restraint around for the
193 repair - that was a good test of that particular task.
CARR
Yes.
3TT
�QUERY
Yes, for - for equipment like that there's no problem of
damage - when you have lenses and things like that on
camera - I guess that's one of the reasons we went to
those, and do you feel that you'd be able to work with
fairly sensitive equipment without some kind of a separa
tion of the crew transfer and the equipment transfer ...?
POGUE
As long as we had a good palpate for it, or something like
that.
QUERY
Okay.
POGUE
I ' d be - I ' d be more concerned about . . . antennas and
stuff like that.
CARR
Yes.
CARR
We were - we were very pleasantly surprised by our mobility
along the EVA trail, the fact that we could move so quickly
from one place to another.
I could make it from the center
workstation into the FAS in less than a minute, just really
hustling right along, and once we got rid of the buoyancy
problem like we had in the buoyancy trainer, it was really
very, very easy to do.
378
�QUERY
We spent a fair amount of time working on the tactile
and visual feedback in, particularly, the ATM cameras,
detents, flags, hardstops, and so forth like that; would
you comment on that, perhaps?
CARR
I think that was good work.
You - you could feel when
those cameras went home, and you could feel them latch
in.
And those are good feelings, because then you're
willing to let go of it when you know that it - it's being
retained.
I think that that time was well spent.
QUERY
Okay.
You don't feel that we went too far?
CARR
Not at all.
QUERY
Did you find any latch or handle forces that you felt
were either too high or too low?
This is, again, mainly
the ATM retrieval area.
CARR
No.
Again, you folks worked the trainer over to the point
to where, when we got up there, there just weren't any
surprises.
The only surprise up there was that S082 door
that hung up - the 82B.
And - But as far as latches and
handles and things, everything up there felt the same as
it did in the water.
The only thing that was different
was the buoyancy problem, you know, that - that we had
379
�CARR
(CONT'D)
with the water.
And we fought it all the time, and we
knew it was going to bother us.
And it was such a
pleasure not to sweat buoyancy up there, that it made our
mobility much better.
You could move along the EVA trails
Just hustling - hand over hand, Just like this.
felt very comfortable doing it.
And you
You know, you hit the
straightaway once you get beyond the twin pole sail; it
was nothing Just to whistle right on out there.
And you
remember all the trouble I had getting into the transfer
workstation?
It was nothing; you Just swing right down
and, clunk, your feet went in.
And once you Just got rid
of the buoyancy problem, it was Just a piece of cake.
QUERY
Okay.
On lighting, could you comment on the - I think
that we've got pretty good comments from you on the
lighting at the workstations, how about the SI93 area?
And if you have any comments on the workstations, any
additional ones, fine.
POGUE
The lighting was completely adequate.
On the day - when
the dayside - of course, that was supposedly on the sha
dowed portion, but plenty of lights.
No problem at all.
And at night, we even played with the flashlights trying
to find this ttylar that supposedly Jammed in this ... and
380
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
trying to convince myself it was or wasn't in there and
using the flashlight. It's amazing - what we actually
did - That was a fairly good exercise and in - in - indi
cative of EVA capability.
QUERY
Did you get much scattering from adjacent structure and
from the suits on the Sun side into shaded areas?
Was
that - did that give you pretty good - into these areas
where we didn't have lighting, particularly?
Did you
have ... - CARR
Yeah, I don't remember there being any dark holes that
I couldn't see into.
There was always enough scattered
light in there that you could see.
QUERY
Thank you.
CARR
These guys working on the other side of the workshop had
so much earthshine, they had no problem at all seeing
anything, either.
QUERY
Bill, are you saying that you had plenty of light in the
S193 area?
POGUE
Yes, sir.
CARR
In the daylight.
That's what I'm saying.
381
�POGUE
QUERY
. . . one of the debriefings where you didn't - you - you
didn't have - -
CARR
I think he was talking about night where we had - there
were no fixed lights - -
POGUE
There are no lights in that area.
CARR
And our pitch is, don't ever lull yourself into thinking
that there's no place that you'll ever go around the
work - around the vehicle on EVA, because we've already
proved several times that there's no way you can legislate
that somebody will not go somewhere on EVA.
POGUE
And it should - lighting should be provided, so that you
can work full day/night cycle EVA in an - any area exter
nal to the vehicle.
QUERY
But - yeah, we - I hope -I'm sorry if we gave you the
impression - -
POGUE
CARR
Yeah, that's too bad.
that it's poorly lighted in that area during the day
light pass, because it was well lighted.
It's the night
time when they had to get the flashlights out and work.
382
�POGUE
Point ... was that it had been earlier legislated that
there would be no EVA done on EREP.
So then that Justi
fied not putting any .light over there, and we said, don't
ever do that again.
CARR
Yeah - -
POGUE
And that was our recommendation.
CARR
- - ... don't legislate that sort of thing.
already done it in Shuttle.
They've
They've already legislated
that there are certain places you'll never go, and we
said, hogwash.
You can make it a design goal, but you
better face the facts and put some lights in such a way
that you can use them if you need them.
QUERY
How about portable lights?
CARR
Yeah.
POGUE
That's - There's a good case to be made for them.
QUERY
There's another - of course, it's something else to handle
and take care of, and fixed lights would probably be
better.
POGUE
Oh, but what about putting them on your sleeve, and I can
Just envision all kinds of good space lanterns.
383
You know,
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
I mean, you would have one right up there.
In fact, we
had the - the medical (laughter) light for working in
the - down in the scuppers - plenum area.
The trouble is
that you can't hold a flashlight in your mouth while
you're EVA, otherwise - QUERY
(Laughter)
CARR
It kind of limits your suit integrity.
I tried to scratch
my nose several times ...
QUERY
What you're saying is you'd like a suit-mounted, PGAmounted light.
POGUE
Why not?
CARR
Yeah.
P0GUE
You kn°w>
Why not?
Why not?
something?
have some kind of integral light in the helmet or
I mean, I don't know.
That's your area.
QUERY
Have you - you been talking to the Russians again?
POGUE
No.
Either that or Just put like Jack plug boxes or Junction
boxes around the workshop or around whatever the vehicle
is.
But you go out with a portable light like you have
381+
�f mm
CARR
(CONT'D)
in your garage to put on the car.
And you go out and
you mount the light somewhere, and you plug it in.
POGUE
There's only one thing about that - and remember that
there are - you could always get yourself in a position,
suited, where you're looking into the light.
That's why
you're always going to have a need for an auxiliary
portable light.
QUERY
Do you have any comments on handrails, handholds, any reach
envelopes that we had, other than you mentioned, that
probably because of some reach, you had some trouble with
putting one foot in the FAS?
Any other comments on gen
eral reach on the nominal EVA area?
POGUE
Yeah, I have.
The - You tried to standardize the geometry
of the handhold. I don't think that was quite achieved.
It looked to me like there was variations in the size of
the handhold.
that's good.
That's noble target - noble goal; I think
It screwed us up using the - the camera mounts.
Some of the times it would make it flop around and Jiggle.
And sometimes you couldn't get the lock closed.
385
That's a
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
whole other area to talk about.
There was one other
thing.
Oh, please give us great big numbers on the hand
holds.
You're talking about F-7 and all that.
You're
looking all over; it takes 15 minutes to find F-7, for
crying out loud.
CARR
We could never remember where they were.
We'd always
have to go look for the number.
POGUE
Great big numbers, for people that are over Uo.
No, it's
Just - there's Just no sense, I mean, you got all that
space there, why not put great big number there and put
one, instead of putting that little tiny?
)
CARR
No sense in wasting time looking for a handrail, when
you're outside.
POGUE
That time's too valuable.
And another - another case finding it, the paint fades.
It's got to be a very high contrast thing.
QUERY
Which handrails faded?
CARR
Everything out in the direct Sun, faded.
toward green.
POGUE
Yeah.
MS
386
)
r
Turned more
�QUERY
Some of them were anodized.
And - -
CARR
Well, even the anodized ones turned toward a green.
POGUE
Sure did.
QUERY
Yes.
They - they should lighten.
We expected that they
would probably lighten some.
CARR
They sure did.
QUERY
Because of the fact they were anodized.
CARR
And if they're aluminum that was unanodized or it was
anodized so that it still had a satin finish, it turned
more toward a yellow.
And that - that all stands to
reason; you take blue and add yellow, and it goes toward
a green.
And if it's unpainted or untinted, it will go
toward a yellow.
'QUERY
Do you feel you needed - that you lost contrast in the
handrails and that that was not a good -
CABR
Well, as far as finding the handrail, it was - there was
no problem there.
But seeing the number, the little F-7
or the F-5 or something on the handrail, was difficult.
But the handrails we had, I thought were perfectly ade
quate.
The EVA trail was excellent; we just - no problems
387
�o
CARR
(CONT'D)
with that whatsoever.
The trouble is, the EVA trail
didn't go far enough; and when we had to go around to
193, that was a different ball game.
And the guys that
went down and pulled that wing out
POGUE
Another thing that you might think about, Dick:
you know
that foot mount that I took down there for that 193.
I -
I watched Jer and Ed work in training, working the - Was
it Q02hl
And this - there's a good argument to be made
for being able to take the foot restraint and putting it
around on trussworks and so forth.
In other words, have
some kind of universal mounting capability for a foot
restraint, because watching them work on - on that partic
o
ular one was Just - You know, you'd Just sit there, and
it - you'd get a - build up a frustration case yourself,
Just watching the other guy.
That's such a poor purchase
on - in the area.
QUERY
Okay.
I think we've covered the clotheslines versus
film-transfer booms in the tech debrief pretty well unless
you have any other comments.
You did get some entangle
ment which was - CARR
Which can be dangerous, and that's - -
QUERY
- - what we were worried about.
388
�- - the biggest disadvantage of the clothesline. It's
not only a nuisance, but it can be dangerous.
You mentioned that you did have that sticking problem
with the pin on the Sun-end clothesline boom when you
handed ... - Yes.
It wasn't as bad as I had in the water, but my first
yank, I said, "Aw, heck, here we go again, Just like This thing's Just like the simulator."
the other hand over there.
And then I got
And because I had no buoyancy
problem, I was able to better position myself.
And when
I heaved a little harder on it, it popped right out.
But
positioning helped a great deal there.
There was some comment, and I think it was Ed that had
some problem with the Velcro on the clothesline stowage
box.
Do you know anything about that, Jer?
Oh, it was tough.
He really had to pull on that. That
was about all there was to it.
Yes.
He Just - -
Just -
You know, you get that old sloppy Velcro under water, and
it gets real loosey-goosey
and it comes right off.
And
up there the Velcro was holding the way it was designed,
and he had to really yank on it.
389
�o
POGUE
Yes.
I've got a comment to make on those umbilical
clamps.
tank.
CARR
POGUE
I - I didn't - never did like those in the water
I didn't like them up there.
They weren't any better up there.
You know, it's just like you - they'd come up slightly
underdesigned - in size, geometry.
And they'd Just say,
well, if they've got them, use them.
impression I always got.
That's - that's the
The thing that - You'd open it
up and get ready to put the hose in position, and the
thing would slide back down on its own, you know.
It was
always a bit of an irritation to work it.
1
CARR
Might have been better to go with a clamp - like you ha-e
the clothesline clamps up there, those clothesline hooks
for pulling them tight.
Just that sort of a broom-clip
thing might have been Just as good for the umbilicals.
You never put that much strain on it - to hurt anything.
POGUE
CARR
POGUE
You'd want it to pull out, anyway.
Yes.
Either that - What is it,.eleat!
used on a ship or a boat?
1
390
Is that a thing that's
�QUERY
Yes.
That would get pretty big if you have an umbilical of
any great amount.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
With any radius in it.
CARR
It looks like one time there was a clamp on the S230 exper
iment up there that was placed in a position to shadow to shadow the collection foil and to give them a little
sort of a calibration of shadow.
And it appears that
our umbilical at one time or another went by there and
flipped that thing off, and we never saw it go.
looks like it must have happened on EVA-3
And it
because we
have photographs of the clip in place and then when I
went out to retrieve the clip, it wasn't there on the
next EVA.
QUERY
On the - Do you have any way that you think that EVA
prep and post times would be reduced at all?
That's
really kind of CARR
Oh, yes.
Yes.
By designing a spacecraft that - that is
better designed for EVA, you can - you can cut that prep
and post down a lot.
We spent an awful lot of time put
ting tinker toys and erector sets together and lashing
them down the airlock module and then after the thing was
391
�CARR
(CONT'D)
over, taking them apart and putting them away.
And in
our tech debrief, we discussed the idea that the EVA lock
Bhould not be between two living areas.
isolate two living areas.
where.
You should not
It should be on the end some
And it should be located in such a manner,
designed in such a manner, that the stuff that you're
going to use on EVA is stowed in it, with lockers and
things right in there, so that you don't have to be taking
things apart and putting them together and stowing them
in a high-traffic area.
POGUE
Reconfiguring ECS ducts, taking that elephant trunk out,
putting it back in, and all that other nonsense; all that
took time.
CARR
POGUE
CARR
Yes.
The suits - There's a lot overhead in suit prep.
Stowage was the ...
And stowage of suits.
the suits.
There's no good stowage area for
You know, that - that game we had to play of
moving the suits up into the MDA and stowing it underneath
the foot restraints for the ATM panel in little nooks and
crannies was not too terribly sterling.
time is Just costly to you.
All that overhead
The - That was really the
main thing; we spent so much time putting things together
and prepping them that -
392
�POGUE
I guess that - No.
I was going to say that traffic -
you know, getting ready, going to the sleep compartment,
coning up, getting radiation dosimeter, and all that I suppose there's no way to avoid a lot of that.
But
there's - Just relocating the airlock would have elimina
ted a lot of the wasted time.
QUERY
Okay.
The S082A and B overcans, the big Jerry cans,
didn't have a lot of lead-in on the guides; they were a
fairly close fit, whereas the S082A and B cameras in the
canister had quite a bit of lead-in.
Could you comment
at all on - on differences or any difficulties in inser
ting the cameras into the 82A and B?
CARR
There was no problem.
I know in the procedures we always
had a little comment in there about making sure they were
flush before you tried to close the door, and that Just
never - never reared up.
It was always straightforward;
they'd Just slide right in and you - they'd be flush and
you could lock it up.
No problem.
QUERY
Visibility was good both places, and - -
CARR
Yeah.
393
�QUERY
- - so you didn't really need quite all the amount of
flaring that we put on the - on the 82A and B cameras,
perhaps, and in the canisters.
CARR
Yeah, that's right.
But I tell you, it's easier to - to
design your stuff with a good lead-in and flare and all
that in the beginning than it is to find out it's a little
too snug and you're going to have to redesign it later.
QUERY
And I guess Ed was the only person that used the replace
ment workstation foot restraint, when he went up and got
the clotheslines.
And maybe we can catch him later and
just see how that compared and what he thought of that
typical - that particular method of restraining the feet.
CARR
Oh, yeah.
Well, he put one foot in it, and it came out
again in a little while.
QUERY
Yeah.
CARR
Of course, I was right there, right next to his foot,
watching it.
need it.
It was no big thing; you really didn't
When his foot came out, he didn't worry about
re-reinserting his foot; he just kept on working with
the clothesline and got - got it out.
QUERY
So it wasn't very positive, and it came back in.
You
mentioned that there were hot spots and you feel different
391*
�hot spots.
Were any of - Did you notice any of those
on handrails or any of the - like the tree or anything
like that?
CARR
No.
For the most part, it was on white, white places
that were reflecting the heat.
I wouldn't even call
them hot spots; they were warm spots, really.
QUERY
On stowage and - and hardware restraints.
Can you com
ment on any problems that you had with stowage containers,
if any?
CARR
Any that stick out in your mind at all?
No, most of the trees and things worked; the trees and
the pallets and everything worked.
QUERY
We're moving now inside, too; so - out of the EVA area.
CARR
Okay.
Inside it was Just a mess, a general mess.
And
of course, by properly designing an EVA area, you can you can design a lot of these messes out so that you
don'1; have all that foolishness going on.
But we would
do a real neat Job of lashing down T025 or something
like that.
And then on one case we used it - a pip pin
with a chain on it; wrapped it around a piece of equip
ment and then stuck it back in its hole, forgetting the
fact that a guy with a big gloved hand was going to have
a hard time working that pip pin.
395
And that almost caused
�,
(CONT'D)
us
to have to omit doing an experiment.
The ad lib
stuff, I guess, was the more dangerous of anything.
We
were thankful we had plenty of wrist tethers because the
tools we were carting around out there, I was always
afraid I was going to lose one. And when I was doing
the S05U camera fix, it was a real pain in the neck not
having a good place to retain those tools, because I
would have the flashlight mirror flopping from this wrist
and I'd have the screwdriver in my hand, trying to do
the thing with the screwdriver when I was levering the
filter wheel along.
And I would have this other thing
hanging on my wrist.
It was very helpful to have Bill
there holding me while I was doing that.
The loose
items - The tool caddy problem is a problem, and I guess
it always will be.
When I was trying to take the zero-g
fixture cover off on the last EVA and I was prying, I had
the gray tape on it as we'd - it said to do.
But you
know, gray tape when it gets hot or cold doesn't stick.
And they forgot to tell me that under the zero-g fixture
was a 2-inch block of some phenolic material that went
on down; it was a plug.
And I was busy prying, and I
couldn't figure out why that cover wouldn't come off.
And all of a sudden - pop - off it went; and I caught it
in mid-air, and it was on its way.
396
And I was just thankful
�)
CARR
(CONT'D)
I was able to catch it, because I would have had to go
find another cover and start all over again if I had
lost it.
Just those handy little restraint things -
tool restraints.
QUERY
How did you find that Job of removing that fixture
cover?
CARR
No problem.
that door.
I had to move that B-l or whatever it is We had to pull the pin on that door and move
it out of the way.
And then I took the screwdriver, and
I dug the paint out of the slots; and then the things
came right up.
QUERY
We were a little curious as to how that was going to go.
We thought you'd be able to do it but it might be
difficult because you had to maintain the pressure on
the screws all the time because they were slotted screws.
:ARR
It wasn't as bad as I thought it would be.
Once you got
it loosed, you could reach down with your glove and go
like that on the screw.
And it would Just keep going and
Just work its way out. Then when it got up about a foot,
you'd take your hand and go bam, like that, and off it'd
go.
But it was kind of fun.
Once you got the screw up
to where you could get your fingers on it, you could Just
)
397
�CARR
(CONT'D)
give it a couple of twists like that, and it would Just
work itself up and Just come spinning right up.
QUERY
Going into the internal stowage and all, the restraints
on the stowage - like in the ring lockers and so forth,
like that - do you have any comments on any of the
internal stowage?
You made a number of comments about
the stowage in the film vault; I think we've got all that
stuff documented.
Anything else that specifically comes
up - POGUE
Dome lockers?
QUERY
Or anywhere else; the ring lockers.
POGUE
The PCU that was stowed in the dome ring locker, the one
that I had to get out to replace the one that leaked on
Jer, that was sort of hard to get out of there.
In fact,
if I recall, the tool that was specified in procedure
didn't work.
why.
And I'm not sure - I can't recall quite
I guess the whole point in this is that when a -
a consideration when designing launch stowage is removal
and replacement.
CARR
Just that simple.
We got the definite impression on a couple of things
there that people had overlooked the requirement to
reuse lock stowage hardware, for nominal retention - -
398
�POGUE
Stowage.
CARR
And you took care of all the bridgevork, the civil
engineering part, the heavy-duty stuff, in getting it
off.
And then when you had to put another piece in
there, you had to kind of redo it.
One case in point is
the fans we replaced in the OWS heat exchanger.
It was
very unhandy to take the fans we took out and stow them
in that dome locker, and we were reluctant to throw
them away because we knew they were still working.
And
so - and I don't think anybody expected us - had planned
on us putting those back in the same place.
But the
thing is, I think, if - you probably ought to figure on
that kind of flexibility.
POGUE
What would be nice - The ideal would be if part and
parcel of the lock stowage seating was a loose friction
clamp so that the rest of the civil engineering bridgework that held it down, you know - That would hold it
for 50-g acceleration and all this other nonsense if
you could - if those would come off and be removed
easily and be color coded.
But when I remove those, I
still have a nice stowage for retaining the objects.
CARR
Zero-g stowage.
399
�POGUE
Zero-g stowage.
CARR
The one thing we all overlooked, which we were very, very
sorry about, was the 230 experiment where we fastened
it to a - the grillwork over a light. And none of us
saw it when we were going all through training; was that
location where we were stowing that S230 foil was right
beside the repress - the repress valve in the hatch.
And Bill opened that son of a gun up, and we had a
3-inch Jet of high-speed - high-velocity air going
right through the hatch ...
POGUE
CARR
POGUE
Just was in the right position.
And it Just flat shredded one of Don Lind's 230 samples.
The probability of getting that configuration by accident
must be 10 to the minus 10.
Boy, it was right there,
Just lined up, and air went right through it, Just
shredded little bits of it.
CARR
So we felt very badly about that.
And you know, every
body had looked at that thing, but nobody considered the
repress situation, when you'd be really blasting that
high-velocity air in there.
us.
And it really did it to
So that's a point right there to put in your design
U00
�CARR
(CONT'D)
books for the next system, and that is, don't plan on
retaining any equipment around the business end of that
thing, especially anything that could be damaged by highvelocity jets.
QUERY
If you take and put a deflector over it or something like
that, why then 90 chances out of a 100, why that'll be
what we have to go in and do something to, too.
CARR
Yeah.
POGUE
One thing that I would like to hit in the airlock module
was the stowage caps, or whatever you call them, for the
umbilicals, LCG connectors, and all that - that fiber
glass thing that's Calfaxed down.
difficult to work with.
Those were very, very
Well, first off, it was designed
to receive about six fittings; I forget what it was.
I don't think anybody could put all those fittings on
there and get that into position; in other words, it
looked like from the start there was a design error.
But the fix was, you don't put two of them on there;
you leave two of them off, leave them dangling around
and fit them in right.
Well, that - you know, that sort
of leaves you with a bad taste in your mouth, to think
that they can't - you know, they give you something like
that to work with.
But even leaving those off, it seemed
1*01
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
like that things were always twiBted and bend around in,
well, not a very satisfactory manner.
And then on top
of that, you had to use an awful lot of force to get into
position.
Calfax I don't like anyway, but you had to
U3e Calfax.
And you ended up actually putting an awful
lot of physical force on those to get them into position;
took two of us sometimes.
CARR
I think the sphere idea of stowing those hoses was an
excellent idea.
POGUE
CARR
Good idea.
But it's Just that awful fitting on it that you covered
it with, that you theoretically had to connect all the
hoses to.
You Just put so many strains in so many dif
ferent directions on it that it Just became nearly impos
sible to close that thing.
It would have been better
if you'd Just capped off each hose and stuffed it in the
sphere and have one of them lanyarded to a loose cap
that went on real easy.
POGUE
Yeah, that's a good idea.
QUERY
Yeah, the lanyard would have done the - -
POGUE
Yeah.
There was no need for them to h02
�QUERY
Everybody was afraid you might lose the ends down in
there and you'd -
POGUE
Ahhhh.
CARR
And a lanyard would have been good - a nice strong
lanyard.
QUERY
And I'm sure that we overdid the Calfax and had too many
on there, too.
CARR
Yeah.
QUERY
Gives you more alignment trouble.
On the various latches
and fasteners that we had inside, did you see any par
ticular ones that you'd like to flag as really good or
really bad?
You mentioned the dial latches and the
Calfax in the tech debriefing ... - CARR
The dial latches were Just too doggone fragile.
The
Calfax were too fragile, too; you kept losing those
little bitty washers, the grip washers, on - that retain
it - the canister.
POGUE
Not only that, but the alignment of a Calfax is extra
ordinarily critical.
There were - The heat exchanger
vane - OWS heat-exchanger-vane cover panel, I think, had
four Calfax on it and then one hinged panel - one hinge
1+03
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
line.
There was one Calfax that - I don't know if any of
us ever got that one in.
And there was only one order of
tightening which would work in attaching that cover,
which - and I can't see that it's much different than it
was when it left the factory.
There was another area -
This has nothing to do with EVA, but the ATM coolant
reservoir, we never could get those to work; they flat ve just couldn't do it.
But I didn't like the dial
latches for that reason.
QUERY
The Calfax is supposed to have 1/16 of an inch of slop
around.
And we noticed that most of the complaints are
around that little ring that carried them on
CARR
QUERY
POGUE
CARR
Uh-huh.
- - because it seemed to come off.
Cam locks also gave us fits.
The most handy doors to open and close were those big
lockers in the MDA that Just had a - two big pieces of
metal that closed over each other, and you ran a pip
through them.
QUERY
Super simple.
The film vaults.
kok
pin
�CARR
Yeah.
I don't know why you didn't have that on the film
vault down in the workshop or nothing but Just a plain
old bar-over-the-hook gate latch to hold it shut.
But
those little Calfax, it - it ever swung closed while you
were swinging the doors closed.
And you'd hit it.
It
got inside - POGUE
Fit tight.
CARR
It Just bent it.
And then you'd have to straighten it
out, loosen the screws that hold it, and readjust the
whole thing.
QUERY
Okay.
How about the - Let's see.
Internally -
We
didn't have any magnetic latches internally, really; we
had some on the outside, on the ATM doors.
CARR
The - -
Yeah, if it doesn't screw up your instrumentation, those
magnetic latches are a very good way of latching.
QUERY
About hardware restraint methods, any particular comments
on best or worst?
Did you ever use the tool that was
provided for removing screws, those special screws that
were in the airlock around the CARR
J
You mean the high torque?
lt05
�QUERY
High torques.
POGUE
Yeah.
Right.
Well, I had to take some of them out when I was
servicing Coolanol.
CARR
Oh, yeah.
But Bean and his guys had taken most of them
out - POGUE
Yeah, and they had the same trouble I did, in that those
high-torque wrenches had paint in the slots and they'd
been worked over a couple of times, and I really had fits
with a few of those.
QUERY
Did you use the little tool that was provided for yours,
with the - that gripped around the outside of the head
rather than in the center of it?
POGUE
No.
QUERY
Never used that.
CARR
No.
QUERY
Let's see.
That's the one that was sent up to take the
kickplate off - QUERY
The kick plate off the C&D panels.
POGUE
Son of a gun. I didn't even know it was there.
1+06
�QUERY
They didn't have to take the kick plate off.
QUERY
No, we didn't have - -
POGUE
I wish I had known about that, because that's a good idea.
I had an awful time with those high torque
QUERY
I believe you guys carried that tool up there.
CARR
Yes, we did.
POGUE
You see, I didn't ever work on the kick plate.
I didn't
know it was in there.
)
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
I remember when we ... it up.
POGUE
I could have sure used it.
CARR
Specialization bites us again.
MS
(Laughter)
POGUE
One problem you had with those high-torque screws or
bolts or whatever they are, and that is that it takes an
awful lot of compression force when you're loosening
on it.
QUERY
And I'm sure that's why you came up with that tool.
Right.
U07
�POGUE
Because it - Boy, it was really giving me fits,
I had my
legs strapped to handholds and everything to get the right
force.
QUERY
'
That's probably why you commented on the lack of restraint
in the airlock module and having to tie yourself to the
airlock ...
POGUE
Yes, I remember pausing quite a few times to reflect on
that.
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
Because we - nobody else has commented
about the lack of
restraint in the airlock.
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
We forgot about that Coolanol servicing.
CARR
Tools in general, I can - I'll Just - we made a lot of
comments in the tech debriefing on what we thought we
should have had in the way of tools.
We asked for a
soldering iron a long time ago and didn't get it - a
soldering gun.
POGUE
Files.
1+08
�We asked for a drill; we didn't get it.
We asked for
files and didn't get them; luckily, we had a Swiss army
knife that had a file on it.
didn't have thera.
We asked for hacksaws and
And we could have used all those items.
And a crimper cutter - the type that an electrician uses
or electronics guy does to put terminals on the end of
wires and to splice wires together and all that kind of
stuff - with a selection of splices - should have had all
that stuff.
And I don't give a dang whether anybody can
in advance Justify the use of that stuff or not.
If
you're going to go up and set up housekeeping somewhere
like that, you need an adequate bunch of tools, because,
as I said before, it's Just like at home in your garage:
You can do a Job very quickly if you got the right kind
of tools; if you don't, it takes you three times as much
time and a lot of cussing to get the same Job done.
I got a whole bunch of things here on inflight mainte
nance that I guess we'll get to a little bit farther on.
So we can get in some more of them.
Were there any
mechanisms in stowage locations which you felt had
accessibility problems?
Oh, let's see.
U09
�J
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
Oh, yes.
POGUE
Yes, I do. Panel 217.
Yeah.
If you could see your hands - All you got to do is
Just take a picture.
I should have taken a picture of my
hands after I got through doing the servicing in there,
because there's no way of working in there - Well, I
could use work gloves, I guess; I should have used work
gloves.
I used the photo gloves.
But that should have
been caught by ground safety, that's so bad. There wasn't
enough room in there to make them - to make and break
J
those QDs for the liquid gas separator.
It was Just a
sorry place to work; there's Just no two ways about it.
CARR
The stowage in general - The biggest single problem with
stowage is retention in the zero-g situation.
We need to
do a lot of thinking and get some inventiveness brought
to play here on how to retain things - little things.
Of course, the film vault is a prime example of that.
But some of those big film vaults up in the MDA were Just
great big empty boxes, and it got to the point where you
Just pushed something in there and closed the door real
quick.
And then you knew the next time you had to open
the door, you had to be on your guard. And little things
3
1*10
�CA™
(CONT'D)
that we put in there, we would stick tape on them and tape
them to the door because we knew that we were liable to
lose them.
In our sleep compartments there was no stowage
for personal items.
And there was no place to write or
have your own little desk or to keep little things that
you wanted to have.
And there was no personal place.
A Ben Franklin desk sort of thing would have been - could
have been very easily designed into one of the lockers,
you know, where you pull the locker door down.
Instead
of having the locker door go all the way down, Just have
it come down part way and stay level so you could use it
for a writing surface.
And have a module of something
you could put in there with lots of little pigeonholes
and cubbyholes to put small things that you might want
to keep, because you gather things over a period of time.
Like I had a couple of spare triangles in mine, and I
had a little lanyard with a dog leash clip on one end
and a ring on the other one.
And I wanted to keep that
because I wanted to have it when I was ready to come
back and put it in the command module.
And I had some
items of a personal nature that I wanted to keep, and all
I had was big open locker.
And every time I opened
that, I had to watch it because I had in airflow coming
up from the floor.
And as soon as I opened that locker,
Lll
�I'd get a venturi effect in the locker; and all the small
things would start coming out at me and - Just because of
the airflow that moved through the area.
And I kept a
logbook in there so that I could write notes.
And any
thing that's small like that is Just going to start coming
out at you.
And after a while, when you get a lot of
stuff in there, you dread opening it, because you know
you're going to have to fight it to the death in order to
keep everything in and get the door closed back up again.
I think all three of us ended up going into the tissue
dispensers in those areas and removing the tissue boxes
and cutting the spring out and using that little flapper
door as a real handy way to get in and keep things in the
small tissue-dispenser areas.
And I ended up Just main
taining one tissue dispenser, and I cut the springs out
of the other two so that I had little pigeonholes to put
personal items that I wanted to be able to get to - like
the Swiss army knife and pieces of paper, things that I
wanted to keep from the teleprinter - teleprinter pads
and things like that.
I think in the area of stowage
that any habitable area, place where you got - that's
your own, your own bedroom, there ought to be some sort
of a personal area there where you can keep your personal
items and do your writing and your reading and keep your
kl2
�CARE
(CONT'D)
pencils and all that sort of thing.
Just like you do, say,
aboard ship, where you have a little stateroom.
And in
the - most all staterooms in a ship have got a little
built-in desk.
QUERY
That's it on stowage as far as I - -
POGUE
I can go back to a couple of maintenance - routine main
tenance and servicing ideas that caused us trouble.
QD,
the panel 217 problem, a lot of that was associated with
affixing and - removing and reattaching QDs in a verylimited-access area, also where there were a lot of sharp
edges.
Another area where the problem arose was that for -
underwater tank 9, which was Just above the food lockers.
We had to remove and attach the water QD there quite often
during - let's say a half dozen times - during the flight,
for water-servicing exercises of one sort or the other.
The area was restricted in access and it was difficult to
remove the QD and reattach the QD to the water tank.
I
should say that there's always going to be an area where
it's - you have limited access for removal and attachment
of QDs.
At one time - Who's the little guy that worked
over there and quit about a year ago?
little tool - a QD tool.
They had made a
We had - I had so much trouble
with panel 21? that the guys had rigged up a QD tool.
1+13
�>r)
(CoS'D)
^ P°lnt
l8' 1 tMnk th6re 18 Pr°bably
•"
to be
made for developing one of these tools to give you a better
mechanical advantage and purchase in operating QDs in
limited access areas.
That's just sort of a problem area
I identify because, again I - I actually cut my arm up
there working that water tank 9 because you were working
at arm's - at extended arm length, working the QPs like this
along an axis like so, which wasn't too neat.
The other
area up in the MDA for servicing and maintenance that
gave us a little bit of a management problem was the
vetting of the water separator plates.
J
You had so much
hardware there all around us, with the water separator
plate and the spare condensate module and all this other
stuff - you might look at that one as sort of an extra
an example of a maintenance - that was a routine exercise
that was part of the activation - which could have used
a little thought as far as preparing work surfaces and
areas, restraints.
Oh, another thing. The plenum area
should have been lighted.
You know, we - that we worked
down there occasionally, and there wouldn't have had to
have been but a couple of lights down there. I was - we
were actually working with - There were areas down there
which were potential areas for maintenance, and that's
1
UlU
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
where the heater probes were located.
We didn't have any
restraints down there and I don't think we really needed
any.
The - the little cables we had strung around there
for the bags were great.
QUERY
But you'd have liked to have a light rather than
POGUE
Yes; I mean why - why carry the doctor's light down there
on your head like a miner, you know.
And Just one or two
light bulbs down there would have been sufficient.
CARR
Yes, it's like having a house with a basement and no
lights in the basement. If you're going to go down there
to do anything, you probably ought to put a light - one
or two lights anyway.
QUERY
Okay.
Were the friction and detent provisions on the
stowage container doors and the hatches and all
satisfactory?
POGUE
No.
The M131 door, the latch on that thing gave us
trouble.
In fact, I don't think I ever got that thing
latched.
We always pushed it up there in position.
The T025 - When you have the cam lock latches on four
or I guess three sides of the door, almost always one of
^15
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
them is out of view.
And the thing haa so little friction
in the camlike hinges - the cam-lock hinges - that they
would flip back and reattach themselves after you thought
you had unfastened them.
CARR
These were the Dialatches.
POGUE
I'm sorry, Dialatches.
QUERY
The Dialatch problems - We got that.
CARR
Should have put friction in the hinge.
QUERY
))
)
How about the friction in the - for the MDA film vault
doors, the friction on those?
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
Yes.
They're pretty good?
�POGUE
No problem on that.
CARR
They'd stay where you left them.
POGUE
But they should've - One thing that I didn't like about Oh, I guess we've debriefed that enough - you couldn't had access to both sides at the same time.
Sometimes you
wanted to - transfers from one to the other.
CARR
That's in the film vault.
POGUE
Fi lm vault.
CARR
He was talking about the MDA film vault.
POGUE
Okay, OWS film vault.
QUERY
Were there any indications of fraying or breaking of
fabric materials in hardware restraints?
In other words,
a lot of fabric tiedowns and so forth, like did you notice
any of them that seemed to be frayed or broken?
POGUE
Yes, the - the tool box up in the MDA; you know, it had
the pins on them, and they weren't captive pins, which
is sort of a problem.
We didn't go in there too often, so
it really didn't give us that much of a problem.
If
we're going to use that very much, that would have been
unsatisfactory.
)
The - the - Those drawers had fabric
overlays - 1+17
�QUERY
Right.
POGUE
- - and they were frayed.
CARR
They were a real bother too.
POGUE
Yes, that's
CARR
We'd have been better off with Mosite inserts.
QUERY
The - Did you have much trouble with the snaps - Velcro or
decals that were bonded on coming off?
CARR
Yes, we sure did.
We had a lot of them come unbonded, and
finally by the time SL-U came around, Kenny Kleinknecht
and people had beat the system down to the point where
they let us take some glue up with-us.
And we managed •
to glue some of them back, and they held very nicely.
QUERY
Okay, habitability, and generally, you covered a lot of
this with Ml+87.
We've got a few general comments we'd like
to ask you to consider.
What changes in general accept
ability of your surroundings did you notice over time?
Any particular things?
CARR
Well, one of the things is color.
colors up there.
We got tired of the
There wasn't much variation, and our
clothing was all the same color, and the walls were all
;
1*18
�CARR
(CONT'D)
the same color.
And it would've been, I think, good to
have had some color - a little more color up there.
And
of course, the submarine folks are learning that lesson or
have learned it.
Atmospheric environment surroundings,
once we got used to the humidity, we were quite comfortable.
Color - Odor was another one.
no odor.
We got sick and tired of
And we made a pitch towards that in the personal
hygiene area and all of that.
Doggone it, we should have
disinfectants and we should have soaps and things like
that that got the smells we are used to down here.
crying out loud!
worse?
For
Why make everything smell like iodine or
And, of course, we provided enough smells of our
own there that where a few bits of Airwick or something
like that could have been awfully nice on occasion.
And
like Bill has said on a couple of times that there were a couple of t h e more pleasant interludes was when i t ' s
time to defog the helmets.
Everybody would come up and
smell the detergent that we used to defog the helmets
because that Joy really smelled good after all the other
0GUE
Yes>
it got pretty gross at times.
(Laughter)
ARR
Well, heck, deodorants and aftershave and Pinesol disin
fectant to clean stuff with and all of that, we just didn't
have i t .
We r e a l l y m i s s e d t h a t ; we r e a l l y d i d miss i t .
1+19
�•-f-V.f"
r
QUERY
Was there anything that you would have liked to change
periodically?
Or had the ability to change, Just to alter?
CARR
Let's see.
POGUE
General area of habitability you're talking about now?
QUERY
Yes.
POGUE
Well, I can't think of anything right off.
CARR
The color changes would have helped, you know; if you'd
Provide more variation perhaps.
have had maybe variations in color of clothing where you
could - POGUE
Well, I tell you; in a general area what we really would
have liked - and it's not really the question you're
•
asking, but it answers - it satisfies the requirement, and
that is television for entertainment - and more tapes.
That sort of thing.
That's what satisfied that sort of
craving for variety.
CARR
Yes.
The single best sorts of entertainment we had up
there, as we've mentioned many times, was looking out the
window.
And that was constantly changing and it was very,
very interesting to us.
)
U20
�3
POGUE
And magnetic tapes were nice - the music.
CARR
Yes, the music was great.
POGUE
Another thing would have been nice, would have been to
We really enjoyed that.
have a built-in capability in each sleep compartment.
The
way it was, it was very inconvenient to - to move the
tape recorders in there so that - I only did it once and
that was for the light flash experiment, because I didn't
want to go to sleep during the middle of the experiment,
mainly.
But that was the only time I really took it in
the sleep compartment.
3
CARR
William Tell overture with light flashes.
POGUE
It increases the count anyway.
QUERY
The - What are some of the things that you missed the
(Laughter)
most up there.
(Laughter)
QUERY
There are a couple of things that's so obvious - (Laughter)
CARR
I - I still - I'd - I think that NASA knuckled under to
a very small but vocal area of public opinion when they
wouldn't let us have any wine or anything up there.
)
1+21
I
�CARR
(CONT'D)
think that's dumb.
For those who like it, I think they
should have been able to have.
For those who don't like
it, fine; they don't have to have it.
But, Just a few
little of the niceties like that, not overdone - —
POGUE
Yes, in the area of food, if I'd have had some more candy
up there I think I would have functioned at 50 percent
higher level.
CARR
Yes, Bill's a candy eater; he enjoys candy and gets a lot
of energy from it.
not there.
And that was - That sort of thing was
I think, again, the television would have been
a very good thing; it would have been a valuable thing
from a training standpoint.
It would have been a valuable
thing from a records and data-keeping standpoint and also
very nice from an entertainment standpoint, because the
three of us all like football and we would have enjoyed
some of the football games.
I think that kind of thing -
the touch with the ground was probably the thing we missed
a lot of.
And, of course, the CAP COMMs helped a lot by
playing music once in a while.
The getup music was lots
of fun because we never knew what old Crip was going to
play next.
And the little newscasts were very good.
1+22
We
�CARR
(CONT'D)
enjoyed very much hearing the news.
And we always were
disappointed when the guys would only pass up ahout
two items of news, because we knew damn good and well
there's more than that going on down here.
MS
(Laughter)
CARR
I guess that's the things we really
POGUE
Yes; obviously the - you know, of course, being with the
family in the evening, that was the thing that probably
got us more than anything else, but that's all tied to
gether part and parcel.
CARR
Just connection with the folks back down home, the odors,
the colors, the TV, the little things - -
POGUE
Familiarity, yes.
CARR
The familiar things that you like.
You're so - It's such
a sterile environment up there that you begin to get very
detached.
I think back on that thing now and I find it
difficult to connect that part of my life with the main
stream of my life down here.
It's just like you've been
sort of schizophrenic for a while and you've got to you've lived a dual life for a little while.
have to be that way.
U23
And it doesn't
�POGUE
It's like you only have an intellectual appreciation for
what was going on, although at the time it seemed like a
very deep emotional involvement.
MS
(Laughter)
QUERY
What did you find the most satisfying up there, if that
is different from things that you found enjoyable?
You
mentioned looking out the windows as being one of the
most enjoyable things.
CARR
That was the most satisfying for Bill and me.
Ed's solar
observations, I think, were the most satisfying for him,
and then the Earth observations.
I think the Earth's
observations work was probably the most satisfying for
Bill and me.
POGUE
And then I would say, what?
Well, I enjoyed the ATM and Earth resources experiment
operations.
Those had some type of creative operator
content and contribution.
CARR
That's right.
I guess the big key word is creativity.
You know, the Earth observations were a creative thing.
All they did was give us cameras, film, and an introduction
as to what sort of things they were worried about - not
worried about, but what they wanted to know about.
they turned us loose, and we got pictures.
k2h
And
And that was
�CARR
(CONT'D)
kind of creative.
And Ed's ATM was designed for creative
use, and he got to use it creatively later; so that was
very satisfying to him to be able to do it.
The
POGUE
The science demos too.
CARR
The science demos were satisfying because we could be a
little creative there.
The stuff where you Just followed
the clock and threw the switch was not very satisfying at
all, as one would expect.
Being the observer in a medical
thing was not very satisfying.
QUERY
It got very boring.
I'm going t o scratch out some of these I think we've
covered.
Did you all - Well, you mentioned in the
electrical portion that you had some bumping of those
airlock circuit breakers and switching them off occa
sionally.
And that was partially due to the switch and
was that - the traffic area and the bar guard design, did
that anything to do with it?
POGUE
Yes, because you're tempted to grab the bar guard; that's
how I got trapped in this, I think, when I reached over
to grab ahold of it and it flipped the circuit breaker.
QUERY
Do you think that the wicket type of guarding would have
been better than the type of guarding -chey had on, or
would it have made much difference?
1*25
�CARR
It might have "been better because it requires that you
get the finger in the - in between the wickets to throw
a switch; whereas, if you bump it with a foot or something,
it will protect it.
But you've got an engineering tradeoff
there because a whole bunch of wickets are such much
heavier and space - use up a lot more space than just a
bar across the top.
QUERY
True.
You commented in the debriefings on the ATM foot
restraint position and the fact that it generally was
too high for all of you by about 8 or 10 inches.
Did
you move the ATM foot restraint from its position and
what position did you use?
CARR
It was all the way down, as far down as it could get.
QUERY
It was all the way down?
CARR
Yes.
See the thing is your natural posture is essentially -
standing is just very slightly bowed, with your back
hunched just a little bit, your legs flexed Just a little
bit.
And what we ended up with was the eye level right at
the top of the panel instead of where we had had all of our
training where you're sitting in a chair and you're looking
at the panel like this.
You had to look at it like that.
And the same thing in the food area too.
1+26
You're not sitting
�POGUE
And the thigh restraint didn't help that any?
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
That's one thing, which crewman's restraint methods worked
best and worst?
Did you have any?
POGUE
Triangle shoes.
CARR
Oh, they were by far the best, yes.
It took a little
�)
CARR
(CONT'D)
down and fiddle around with your foot until you finally
got it to drop in the triangle and then lock it.
you get an eye for it later on.
But
You got to the point where
50 percent of the time you could float free right down
the floor and hit the triangle and lock yourself in without
ever having to grab something and make sure you didn't And the other 50 percent of the time you missed the triangle
and propelled yourself back up.
POGUE
Yes, and if you have both hands full, you're off and
running again; couldn't grab anything.
3
QUERY
Do you have one that you selected the candidate as being
the one that we shouldn't look at anymore?
CARR
Restraint?
QUERY
Yes, restraint types.
POGUE
Straps.
CARR
Those foot straps are no good.
Yes, in the waste management compartment.
Also don't ever
cover up triangles for another kind of foot restraints.
POGUE
Yes.
The waste management compartment is the worst in the
whole vehicle.
I think that's even worse than the MDA/STS,
if it could be.
3
b28
�And the floor, you know the plates you had on the floor
around the food pedestal?
Once we got rid of those things,
we probably quadrupled the number of triangles that were
available to us to anchor ourselves in.
And we still
didn't have very many because of those intercostal beams
that are in there that blocked off the triangles.
Bill, you mentioned that the M512 foot restraint was a
little bit off for some of your work with the furnace,
that you had Just used one triangle I believe, and you
felt the body position was a little wrong.
Yes; now Jerry, I think, used it all right.
No, I had the same problem though; all I could anchor was
my right foot.
Okay.
The other one was off
I ended up not even using it for the 516, because
the 516 work was so limited.
Now the flammability, that
was another matter entirely, because that required the
continual presence there at the panel, and Jer spent
several hours doing that.
So on 516, it wasn't even worth
the problem.
The work chamber, the furnace chamber was here.
And the
floor started here at my ri$it foot and went off that way.
So I could anchor - The most comfortable thing was to
U29
�CARR
(CONT'D)
anchor ay foot in the forward left-hand corner, and then
the rest of me was hanging out over the end, and I was
working with one foot restraint.
We Just didn't have it
in the right place, that's all.
QUERY
Apparently they - when it was originally planned, it was
organized for
CARR
QUERY
The C&D panel.
And for the activity back there in the back and the
preparation and not actually for
POGUE
CARR
QUERY
Oh, for all that stowage and everything.
Yes.
^es.
For handling all the other stuff.
And maybe that
is why, because of the particular type of experiments that
were flown on your mission, we didn't have any comment
about it on either of the other two missions.
POGUE
You know, thinking out loud and not trying to redesign, but,
I guess, really suggesting it; you could have something
like that foot restraint there, but where you had different
levels of the triangles that would telescope and slide out,
giving you a longer - which could be rigid!zed by tethers,
maybe.
But the idea was excellent.
1*30 !./
The triangle - when
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
that thing was moved around for C&D work, it was great
when - as long as you were right at the C&D panel.
that's all it was good for.
But
But it was excellent for
that.
CARR
Yes, we really fell into it, I think, on the triangle
shoes thing and the triangle grid.
That was - that just
really came out beautiful.
POGUE
Yes, that was really so convenient.
CARR
Far and away the best restraint system that we have ever
seen.
POGUE
I used the mushrooms once.
I think I would have used
them more, except that you couldn't use them with the
bicycle.
CARR
And it was inconvenient to change - -
POGUE
And it was Just that simple.
QUERY
Right.
CARR
What you had on your shoes.
POGUE
We needed two pair of shoes is what we needed.
CARR
Yes.
U31
�QUERY
You want to cover anything on this?
QUERY
Could you give us a little information, a little more
discussion on the comparisons of volumes between the sleep,
the wardroom, the waste management compartment, experiment
area, and the airlock?
You know, Just the - the adequacy
and whether you felt that they were oversized or smaller;
good the way they were.
ROGUE
I think the - -
CARR
Well
POGUE
Go ahead.
CARR
Go ahead.
That's all right.
I was going to say that I thought the worst area was the
wardroom.
Although I liked the wardroom, there were a
couple of things about that and all of them are architec
tural.
Ed did not have access to his food trays, and he
was always either coming around float - he always felt
like he was an interloper.
In other words, he had to come
around behind me or Jer, over the top of the food table
when, if we were all eating together, was a mess.
And
it - a lot of times, if you want to reach over and get
another drink or something like that, it wasn't convenient.
1*32
�")
CARR
It was very inconvenient for him.
The size of the ward
room, I think, was reasonable for the purposes of having
a place to eat.
POGUE
Ed's already made several points regarding use of floors
and ceiling for additional stowage, which I thought were
well taken.
And, of course, this has nothing to do with
the wardroom as such, and, of course, we were delighted to
have the wardroom window, but it would have greatly en
hanced the usability of the wardroom window had there been
a large radial area clear around so that we could have with our nose in the window - we could have put our feet
around a 360 degree swath.
CARR
Because as beta angle changes, the horizon changes as it
comes up and through the window, and it's most natural
looking outside to look at your horizon this way, with
sky up here and Earth down here.
POGUE
You always move around to look that way.
CARR
You can ... yourself around in the window to get that.
It looks more natural, and that way the Earth is either
moving away from you or towards you this way.
POGUE
3
Strange thing, too, is that you'd recognize that there's,
you know, an area, a land mass area down there until you
U33
�moved around and got it so the top was up.
You couldn't
recognize it as easy even though the continent itself
may be upside down.
Yes.
That's interesting.
Waste management compartment:
Traffic was the thing there.
The use of the - the fecal and urine collector and somebody
washing at the same time really wasn't compatible at all.
And as far as using the urine collectors, I had no objection
to somebody going in there to use the urine collector while
I was washing.
It didn't offend me at all; and when you
got three guys living together that much, it doesn't
bother you at all.
But the thing was, it was inconvenient
because the guy standing there trying to wash himself
really had to paste himself against the wall for the guy
to go behind him or in front of him to get over to the
urine collector.
So you had sort of a traffic problem
there in the bathroom.
That was architectural, too, because there was that
pedestal, or that one column of equipment, stowage and
the heater panel, and so forth there, the 800 series,
was in the way.
U3U
�CARR
That's the only thing I had in the waste management
k
compartment as far as volume is concerned.
POGUE
The experiment compartment was great.
CARR
Of course, we've already hit people over the head and
shoulders about the floor and the fact that you had no
foot restraints that were worth anything in there.
sleep compartments:
The
if all they're designed for is sleep
ing, or reading a book when you're in your bed, or writing
letters, or doing whatever you're going to do while you're
in your bed, they were about the right size.
But if you
wanted it for a place for a person to go in anytime during
the day and maybe sit somewhere or lock himself somewhere
else besides in his bed, it weren't big enough.
The only
restraint system you had was the bed, so if you wanted
to be by yourself in your room, you had to get in bed.
One other thing that we recommended too from an architec
tural standpoint is that the sleep compartments be spread
around the workshop, so one guy thrashing around in his
bunk doesn't disturb the other guy.
If you're just a
thin aluminum wall away, it can get pretty noisy and
bothersome.
The - yes, experiment compartment was -
no volume problems there at all.
h35
�POGUE
The only thing that bugged me in there was having to
remove the SOP, the secondary oxygen pack, in order to do
the 131 chair experiments.
And that was it; the rest of
it seemed like it was pretty well arranged.
CARR
Trash retention was a problem.
When you fill a trash bag,
and it's ready to go down the trash airlock, and you want
to Just stow the bag for a while until you're ready to
open the trash airlock and have a dump, where you dump
three or four or five bags, all we had was the well around
there.
And
POGUE
Netting would have been nice.
CARR
Once you fill that thing up, you know, it was time to
dump the trash.
But the problem is there was no place
to put the guy dumping the trash.
get leverage or anything like that.
There was no place to
And I had to wedge
myself into the well, which meant I had to displace three
of the bags in order to get myself in there so that I
<
could operate the levers and provide back forces or
counterforces to the forces that I was putting on the
levers.
And so that - really the working arrangement
around the trash airlock was not too steany at all.
As far
as volume in the forward compartment, I guess on occasion
there was too much volume.
^36
If you ever let yourself get
�loose, got distracted and you drifted out of a foot re
straint and you didn't notice it, all of a sudden you're
out there by yourself and you could do nothing about it.
All the swimming and fluttering and flopping did you no
good, and.all you could do is swear and one of your buddies
would come by and give you a shove and get you back to the
wall.
Otherwise you were doomed to stay there and free-
floating for 5 or so minutes until you finally got close
to something to grab.
And it happened to all of us at one
time or another.
Had a few midairs too.
guy goes boom.
One guy comes down, and another
No way of making midcourses.
Once you kick free from the dome or from the trash airlock
down there, you're - there's no midcourse; and if the
other guy doesn't look before he jumps, then you're both
committed and every man for himself then.
How about the airlock/MDA area, any particular comments
on volume there?
I don't think the volume was too bad.
It was just the
lack of proper restraint up there, proper ways to restrain
yourself while you're working.
Yes, and - -
U37
�I think the VTS operator was shortchanged on restraints.
Right, and the work in even the aft airlock compartment
on that recharge station - Oh, yes.
There weren't enough restraints there, and, of course, the
station itself gave us fits.
And the other is forces re
quired to put the umbilical storage plate cover back on.
Yes.
On the - in the ATM/MDA area there, did concurrent ex
periment operation or experiment prep cause very many
problems, interaction between people?
Not too many.
thing else.
I think the noise got them more than any
Ed would be trying to work ATM, and Bill and
I'd be talking to each other or we'd have that 191 cooler
running, and it got awfully noisy up there.
But the idea
of having one guy working the ATM and another guy working
up there doing something else really wasn't a bad deal;
we didn't interfere with each other except we made noise.
And when one guy said he was trying to talk to the ground
or trying to record and somebody else was up there making
a lot of racket, it's hard to 1+38
�POGUE
It's distracting.
CARR
Yes.
POGUE
In lighting, while we're do - trying to do the comet
photography, the lighting conflicts was a problem.
CARR
You wanted the MDA black when you're looking for the
comet.
And if the ATM operator was trying to get in there
early or late or stay in there a little bit late trying to
either debrief or get in early and get set up for the
ATM pass, and the guy that was in there was trying to do
the comet work, it was mutually exclusive; because you
didn't want any of the integral lights up.
You wanted to
put tape over the record light on the SIA, and you wanted
to turn off all of the lights, all the indicator lights.
The yellow lights on the recorder, when they would flash,
it would bother you, and you'd want to put tape over them.
QUERY
How about any other cluster areas?
Can you think of where
concurrent operations kind of bit you?
POGUE
Well, working the SAL, minus-Z SAL, when there was a light
ing constraint was a tremendous impact on other activities
in the workshop.
And we've already indicated that we think
a solution to that is to use dark hoods and that sort of
thing.
U39
�QUERY
Yes, we got that in the transcripts.
CARR
Yes, there were days when we had stuff with lighting con
straints going on during the meal hour, and the guys had
to stand out in the wardroom and eat in the dark while the
other guy was up doing a minus-Z SAL experiment.
QUERY
Okay.
QUERY
Dick, before we go to - are you ready to go to another
area?
QUERY
Yes.
QUERY
Maybe we'd better assess where we are here.
how much more time do you anticipate?
It's 12:10;
I think some of
these things that you have left have been covered already.
QUERY
Yes, most everything but some of the inflight maintenance,
I think, is pretty well covered.
There are a couple of
comments on waste management.
QUERY
How much time do you estimate at the rate we're going at?
QUERY
Probably another half an hour or 1+0 minutes.
CARR
I ' d J u s t as soon finish up than q u i t and come back.
QUERY
That's great.
It's your call.
1+UO
�CARR
Okay.
QUERY
I guess one thing - about the only thing that I haven't
seen covered on the shower was the shower foot restraint.
How useful did you find that?
And was it satisfactory?
POGUE
Satisfactory.
QUERY
Any comments on it?
CARR
I think it would have been nicer if it had been a little
softer.
You kind of abraded your toes a little bit trying
to come under there.
POGUE
And I tried to use it to squeeze a - shove it under and
squeeze out washcloths and try to soak, you know, pick up
the water.
That didn't work too well, but it is an idea -
it gives you an idea of a configuration that would be
useful.
QUERY
But for a foothold, I guess, it was satisfactory.
Do you think that concept of the type of restraint for
temporary use would be adequate for other - -
POGUE
Yes, make it - as Jerry said, if you could make it a little
softer.
QUERY
Yes, right.
UUl
�)
POGUE
One where you - you know you could feel comfortable about
Jamming your toes into it.
CARR
Yes, that's not a bad system at all.
I might mention one
thing about the shower, and that is the QD's for the
water were sure hard to work.
That was a very, very
tough QD to make, both in the water heater when you were
drawing water out in waste management compartment, and
also when you were connecting the water tank up to the
shower.
POGUE
That was a pretty hard connection.
Yes, I had put ny feet in - you know, when I was in the
waste management compartment, I put ny feet up on a wall
1
over - if you were facing the lavatories, the basin, the
one way over high on the left - I actually put ny feet'
over there in order to get the QD on.
That's how hard it
was.
CARR
Just like a lot of spring in the QD.
POGUE
Yes, it Just took a tremendous force.
QUERY
On the waste management Bystem, you originally were dump
ing the urine bags, and then you went to using the urine
dump.
On about day 50, you had a little problem with the
urine dump system, and, as far as we know, it operated
1
1+U2
�satisfactorily after that.
Did you have any idea of what
caused it to clog, or did you have any other problems
that we didn't hear about?
No, the only thing I can think of is we may have turned
off the heater too soon on the previous dump, and we just
ended up with a solid slug of ice in there, and it took
6 or 8 hours of constant heater operation to finally dis
lodge it so that we could start using the system again.
From then on, we left the heater on forever, and it
worked very nicely.
Did you have any difficulty obtaining half samples in the
full sample bags on urine systems?
No, that was no great problem.
We had to use kind of a
goofy system to get the urine into the bags without
bubbles.
It was kind of dangerous, I thought.
We broke
several sample bags.
Okay.
Were there any problems - this is on the fecal
collector - in maintaining the permanence of the seat
airflow orifices of the bag seal?
None whatsoever; it worked very well.
kk3
�)
QUERY
With the waste processor, could you give us some estimate
of how long the specimens were processed?
POGUE
CARR
QUERY
18 hours on ny part, about 16 to 18 hours.
I think the range was anywhere from 11 to 18 or 19 hours.
And I think we've covered a lot of the stuff on suit drying,
but just what would you assess the suit conditions with
respect to moisture on starting drying and at the finish
of the drying with the blower and the system in there?
Did you notice much difference?
CARR
3
Well, the blue innerliner on the suit - on Ed's was always
the wettest and Bill's was next and mine was next.
And
I always felt after 10 hours of suit blower operation tnat
the liner was quite dry and that was on the first suit.
And by the time we got to the second suit, its liner had
already gotten dry Just from ambient air.
And the 10 hours
of suit blower, suit drying operation, then seemed to be a
little bit excessive, but we went ahead and played the game.
None of the suits got smelly at all.
The drying and the
using of the desiccant seemed to keep them pretty good.
Even the fact that we had those mildewed LCGs on - a lot
of that mildew smell did not transfer to the suits as I
had expected.
3)
It also did not transfer from the LCGs;
kkk
�CARR
(CONT'D)
they smelled rotten every time we put them on.
Surprisingly,
it didn't bother you once you got in the suit with it.
Apparently there was enough flow that you'd get used to
what little odor there was and it was gone.
But I remember
every time I put that thing on saying, Oh, bey.
I got to
wear this mildewed thing again.
QUERY
Did the blower get down into the extremities fairly well?
Did it seem like they were - -
CARR
Seemed to, yes.
QUERY
- - fairly good.
CARR
Right near the end on the last - well, actually after the
third EVA when we were drying the third suit, it sounded
like the blower bearing was getting ready to go.
started picking up a real high pitch noise.
We
It just
sounded like a high speed bearing starting to screech.
And it settled down after a while and finished up in good
shape.
Then the - after the last EVA, we started drying
again.
When we first turned it on, we got a lot of the
squeal; and then after it ran for a while it died out and
ran.
We got the drying done, but I'll bet you that a
few more drying cycles and the bearing in the blower
would have gone.
1+1+5
�)
QUERY
CARR
Okay.
But it ran.
It ran an awful long time.
I would say the
average, it was 12 to ll* per suit rather than 10.
Because
«•
I remember, I left one running in the suit for about
17 or 18 hours.
You get so used to hearing the blower, you
forget it's running.
And then one day, I went by and said,
Good heavens, that suit should have been dried 6 hours ago,
and i t ' s s t i l l running.
So I go over and turn i t off.
And the ground always wanted us to report start and termi
nation of suit drying.
But you report the start, and
they sure didn't remind you when 10 hours was up.
)
don't know what good the data was doing them.
So I
You know,
I always figured they wanted to know when we started so
they could remind us t o turn i t off.
QUERY
On the water subsystem, could you tell us how the color
compared or seemed to work?
Could you distinguish colors
well at the low end?
POGUE
Pretty well.
I never had any trouble convincing nyself
with - within one or two - within two of them.
In other
words, there may have been a choice between one or two;
I always picked the low end Just to be on the safe side.
No, no problem at all.
0
hk6
�QUERY
Okay.
Did you notice any condensation associated with
chiller?
CARR
Oh, yes.
There was lots of condensation inside of it.
It was always wet.
POGUE
Now, just a second now.
Do you mean the water chiller in
the food prep table?
QUERY
Yes, the water chiller in the - -
CARR
Oh, I thought you talking about the chiller chiller, in
the top box - -
QUERY
No, not - no, just the water chiller - -
CARR
- - in the - -
POGUE
No, I did not notice any.
QUERY
Okay.
CARR
But the walls of the refrigerator - let's call it, the
food chiller was always wet.
POGUE
Yes, they were always wet.
CARR
They were always wet.
In fact, a lot of the dumb tin
cans we kept in there got rusty.
tin cans.
You know, the plain old
�QUERY
On the washcloth squeezer, did you have any problems
installing that squeezer bag?
CARR
No, no, it was very easy.
POGUE
Well, I would like to take exception to the design - -
CARR
Well, you were the one - you had trouble when you first
put it in, didn't you?
POGUE
Yes.
That little spread clamp or whatever it was - I'm
not sure I ever figured out how that thing worked, quite.
I think I did, but I had a lot of trouble with it in
training.
They were made out of a different kind of
metal that galled.
Anyway, we - I got it installed. I
think there should have been a backup tool for moving
those little ears - spreader.
CARR
The big problem with the water - washcloth squeezer was
there were too many nooks and crannies to catch dirty,
soapy water and it got smelly after a while.
QUERY
Was the bag fully expanded prior to dumping it?
Did you
fill it, in general, or did you Just CARR
Oh, it varied.
Sometimes it was full; sometimes it wasn't.
Sometimes I'd Just skip a squeezer dunp if it was sched
uled and when I'd look at the bag and it was still
U8
�CARR
(CONT'D)
concave, I'd Just leave it.
Bill and I made pretty-
heavy use of the water squeezer and Ed didn't particularly
cere to use it too much.
QUERY
Did you perform any maintenance on the trash lock at all?
CARR
No.
QUERY
You just cleaned it a few times?
CARR
Just cleaned it, yes.
QUERY
Do you remember how many times you cleaned it?
Or about
roughly - CARR
Well, we cleaned it twice on a scheduled basis and then
once when we had a urine spill inside the trash airlock,
we cleaned it once and then again 2 days later and then
again about a week later, and we never did get rid of the
smell.
But there was a regular housekeeping task that
included biociding the trash airlock and cleaning it.
QUERY
Right.
Besides those, you had it for three times when you
spilled that urine and that's it.
CARR
Yes.
hkg
�0
QUERY
I think we got everything on the vacuum cleaner out of
the debriefing.
And you commented about the biocide wipes
How about the usage rate of the wipes versus the planned?
Did you have anything?
CARR
I don't really know what the planned usage was.
We had
to replace the unit once in the waste management compart
ment and that was it, just one time.
I'd say we used
about a carton and a half.
POGUE
Did we have a planned rate or something?
QUERY
I think there was a scheduled - -
CARR
Yes, there's a habitability consumables page in stowage
book that I'm pretty sure had it.
QUERY
Right.
Did you have any problems with planned inflight
maintenance?
Either scheduled or unscheduled?
Ones that
were - I think, basically you said you didn't have any
trouble with any of the maintenance really, right?
What
was in your water separator ...?
POGUE
217 - that was the biggest buggaboo.
CARR
That was the one he dreaded the most and that was the
one that caused the most trouble.
U50
�POGUE
One of the things, again - in the same general area of
table caddies and that was the water servicing hose and
the water system, the nomenclature on water system, I've
already covered that in the debriefing.
But the hose
itself, that reel was not designed for zero gravity.
It
would have been nice if we had some kind of caddy device
where you could unreel a - feet and have some facility
or mechanism for holding the rest of i t i n the reel.
I'd
usually end up - the reel would gradually unwind and throw
itself over to the side of the workshop and have all the
spaghetti hanging down around in the workshop, and I had
to come down and rewind the whole thing.
an amusing thing.
We had a sort of
There was a thing called the water
relief valve which was called - the nomenclature was in the spacecraft was water release r-e-l-e-a-s-e valve and this thing was - and I noticed in the trainer and I
got all upset about it and turned out they were very
faithful when they were reproducing the vehicle, because
that's the way it was in the vehicle.
was wrong in the spacecraft.
The nomenclature
And another thing that was -
I've hit this before and I'd like to hit it again, and
that is there is no excuse for not having the proper
nomenclature on all these pieces, because the water
system itself - the worst thing about it was identifying
^51
1L
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
the various bits and pieces.
One piece I never did find,
or if I did, I didn't know it because it had serial numbers
on it.
QUERY
Yes.
I've already talked at length about that.
We noticed that you had a good bit on that in the
debriefing.
And we got the list of tools, I believe, that
you felt should have been on board.
CARR
Just on the tools thing, too.
I don't know what it is
that causes us to go galloping off and buy tools that are
off-brand tools, real funny-looking things, but the first
pair of dikes, wire cutters, we got were not much better
than toenail clippers - POGUE
Looked like manicure clippers.
CARR
And so we said, all right, we want a new set of dikes up
there.
And the CCB says, get a new set of dikes and get
a good set right off the shelf.
And dadgummed'.
If they
didn't get some off-brand thing that really wasn't a very
good set either and it wasn't a whole lot bigger than
the original set.
And I don't know what's wrong with
Proto or Craftsman or some of these good brands, but we
got more offbrands of tools than I've seen and I don't
understand why.
1*52
�5
QUERY
It's probably buying them by Federal 3tock numbers.
I'm
not sure.
CARR
Probably is.
But you know, we got some real good tool
people in this country and we buy all sorts of other
funny tools - wrenches with very heavy webbings and you
know you'll never use that up there, open-end wrenches
that are much too heavy for the kind of work you're going
to do.
QUERY
I think those wrenches were just off-the-shelf wrenches
that they changed the coding on, however.
So wrenches
down here are designed to be beat on with a hammer, I
think; so that's what you have - you get if you get one
off the shelf.
CARR
Oh another - another tool we sure could have used up
there was a a rubber hammer sort of thing, a mallet.
QUERY
A soft hammer?
CARR
Yes, a soft hammer of some kind.
QUERY
That's a good point.
POGUE
By the way, anyone gives you an argument about having
files and drills about - because of particulate, just
refer them to the return procedure for sampling the
^53
�POGUE
(CONT'D)
charcoal canisters.
Because that really contaminated
the entire area when I'd knocked a hole in those with that
big awl or whatever it was.
So I mean we can live with
that kind of thing.
QUERY
How did that go?
You say there was a good bit of - good
bit of charcoal lost?
Originally we had planned to put
vacuum cleaner bags over the hole, slip through, and
drive through that so that that would keep the material in.
CARR
I don't think that would have solved it either - -
POGUE
I don't think that would have done it.
CARR
Oh, you start fooling with particulate matter that's
as fine as that charcoal was and there's Just not much
you can do about it.
POGUE
It was - it varied from powder to very small grain size,
say 2 millimeters in diameter.
QUERY
But you didn't see problem though - -
CARR
We had no trouble whatsoever up there with the particulate
matter getting in your eyes.
We built that Christmas
tree up there and we were popping all sorts of little
aluminum slivers and things around while we were cutting
1+51*
�CARR
those herringbones to make the Christmas tree with and
(CONT'D)
I did some hacksawing on Fiberglas with the saw and my
knife blade.
We did all sorts of things like that.
And
everything Just kind of naturally gravitates up to the
filters.
POGUE
By the way - -
CARR
It can be vacuumed off and it Just doesn't bother you.
And we can use some big - or some - various sizes of
metal shears.
We were actually using the surgical scissors
for cutting metal.
They worked quite well.
You got a
good mechanical advantage.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Were there any instances during the IVAs, Just during
- *
internal action, where any special designed tools would
have been desirable?
I think a minute ago you said
just use regular tools.
POGUE
Well, the QD tool - -
QUERY
QD tool, well - -
POGUE
Is there anything specific?
was the one that I mentioned.
^55
That's a kind.
�CARR
And of course the special tools we had done for the
connector pliers.
TSie one with the straight connector
pliers and the other one with the 90-degree angle on
them.
Those are special kind of tools.
I think for the
most part if we needed a special tool, we probably put it
down on the down tape.
QUERY
You've mentioned a few instances when you didn't have a
tool, like the ice removal, the tool you were talking
about a while ago ...
POGUE
Ice removal - -
CARR
Yes, ice removal.
We really had to improvise to get a
good ice removal tool.
That snap T-bar that the snaps
were fastened to worked great until Bill discovered
that the little clipboard worked better.
The little
kneeboard - POGUE
Kneeboard - not the big one.
CARR
The little kneeboard that we had up there was a piece
of aluminum about about It by 6, something like that U by 8.
POGUE
Yes.
CARR
Worked out very nicely.
1*56
�How did those connector pliers work?
Pretty well?
Yes, Ed used them on the S082 - I think it was S082B
auxiliary timer.
Worked out pretty well.
I tore the insert out of them along toward the end and
replaced it and taped it in with narrow strips of gray
tape.
Oh, you're talking about about the regular connector
pliers?
Yes.
Were you talking about that special EVA
I thought you were talking about the right angle ones.
Okay.
Yes.
Because we never used them EVA after - —
That's right, after Jack used his - used his for the
rate gyros.
Right.
But the stuff you used them on inside, they
worked fine?
Seemed to work fine.
1+57
�QUERY
Were there any - were the tools provided found to be
inadequate?
The dikes you mentioned - even the replacement
dikes didn't seem to be too good - -
CARR
They weren't very strong.
QUERY
Anything else that you felt didn't really hack it?
POGUE
You know you had some washers - some - you call them
C-clamp washers, the kind we pulled off the 183 carrousel.
We didn't have a tool for removing and replacing those
things.
But we had some of them in our stowage.
Bottom -
I forget what drawer it was.
CARR
Let's see, inadequate tools?
POGUE
So it's a C-clamp tool.
CARR
No, most all the tools we had up there that we used, we
had no complaints with.
Other than that some of them
seemed kind of cheesy, I thought; and I mentioned that.
QUERY
Okay.
Were there any instances where reaction forces
presented any problems?
POGUE
Yes.
QUERY
On the high-torque screws you mentioned?
U58
�POGUE
On that, on removing PCU, on removing Just about anything
from the dome ring locker.
If you were high; you see you
had the blue ring with the real nice foot restraints in
there.
By the way, they held your toes in a position so
that you came out real easy.
having them.
Oh, I was grateful for
I forget exactly what it was.
always coming out of them.
But you were
You had to consciously hold
your feet in the right - legs in the right posture to
stay in them.
But if the equipment that you were trying
to remove from dome ring locker, assuming you had to use
tool and high-torque grasp, you could come out - It was
hard to get to.
And one of those was the OWS heat exchanger
fan.
CARR
But it's the same old thing, that if you can't lock your
self in order to put torque on something, then you've got
to use one hand for restraint or counterforce and the other
hand - and it reduces the amount of torque that you can
bring to bear when you've got to use one hand for
countertorque.
QUERY
Right.
The - you mentioned about strength being required
for your for that - for your Coolanol work and all extra
restraints that you made up.
veniently located?
1)
1*59
Tool kits and spares con
�No, I don't think so.
I thought the tool kit, if we had
located them more centrally, I think it would have been
better off.
I think they were kind of down in one end
of the workshop.
Yes, I guess it would have been best - It would have been better if we could have had them up
in the dome somewhere, maybe all that big wall space in
the dome, part of that could have been used for a tool
box.
Yes, that was all wasted.
And you could have spread the tools out more instead of
having to concentrate them so tightly.
No reason why you couldn't had a pegboard Just like you
do in your own garage, or tool or workroom.
We had them
all spread out - with a lot of visibility because getting
them in and out - putting them in and out of the drawers
was a mess.
I've already debriefed the drawers, too.
Right.
And restraint.
kSo
�y
QUERY
Stowage, launch stowage is, of course, one of the things
that ... requirements between launch stowage and the
other ... - -
CARR
That's correct.
You could have started out with launch
stowage and then over a period of time you can begin to
utilize your wall space better.
QUERY
Did you see any need for tool tethers inside?
Or any of
your maintenance inside of the spacecraft?
CARR
Yes, but I can't tell you what's a good design yet.
tool caddy didn't work well.
~y
QUERY
The
We didn't like it.
Individual tethers on tools on - individually on tools
did you see any need for it at all - -
POGUE
For your work inside, really I don't think you need it.
QUERY
You need a good tool caddy?
POGUE
That's right.
QUERY
But the one we had wasn't so good?
CARR
No, no.
POGUE
It just didn't work.
The idea, the motive behind it was
good.
U61
J
�CARR
We found that we'd just stuff them in our waistbelt or
stick them to the wall near the work area with tape.
QUERY
How about the Velcro that was on the tools, was that
any use to you or did you find that it was just in the
way?
POGUE
I used it occasionally.
CARR
Yes, I did, too.
POGUE
It's particularly good but you have to have Velcro in an
area where you're going to work.
If you're doing work
around the SAL, you're in business.
QUERY
Were there any IVA actions which should have been antic
ipated and - Well, we've pretty well answered that one,
i think.
What onboard capability we'd have?
We're going
back to the same - CARR
I might mention about tools and Velcro - Let's talk about
writing tools and that's the ballpoint pens.
They had
little itsy-bitsy bits of Velcro hook on them and you
couldn't get them to hook anywhere.
Whereas the pencils -
apparently somebody else in some other department put the
Velcro on the pencils and and there was adequate Velcro
so that you could stick a mechanical pencil where you
b62
�CARR
wanted to and it would stay.
But you had about 30 percent
of that Velcro stuck on the - stuck on the pen and a
ballpoint pen was difficult to retrain - retain anywhere.
It was an aggravation to us to - POGUE
We finally took a piece off of a food bag and put on the
one that we had in the head for recording fecal weight and
all that.
QUERY
Can you think of any tasks which were unscheduled which
really should have been scheduled?
around.
Or the other way
Any specific things that come to mind.
Ones
that were not supposed to be scheduled that we ended up
doing on a regular basis or anything like that.
CARR
No, I can't.
I can't think of anything right off hand.
By the time you got to us, I think you had most of that
stuff ironed out.
QUERY
Was the failure detection and fault isolation a problem
or do you have any recommendations for any improvement
on that?
CARR
Again, we didn't get involved too much in failure detectior
and fault isolation because the ground handled it.
1*63
�POGUE
This is sort of related.
The condensate holding tank
quantity - you know, you had to go down and get the little
stud finder to find - to locate the position of the bellows
divider.
That - there ought to have been a printed decal
or something to say where to put the stud finder because
A1 Bean had tracked this thing out.
hours to do it.
It must have taken
But it was — it was a real wavy curve
that you had to move the stud finder down in order to
locate the - the bellows.
That sort of thing, you shouldn't
have to do that in flight.
There should be a path for the -
the metal detector inside.
QUERY
Well, you made a lot of comments also about the need for
feedback, Bill, which I think is related to this question.
The answer - the answer that you've already given, you know,
about if you could do something, some positive feedback
that would tell you if you've had a failure or Just what
your problem is.
QUERY
From the C&D standpoint
QUERY
Yes.
CARR
Right.
QUERY
Well, any - anything like that then.
k6k
�CARR
I think the - the idea of trying to - all these different
water accumulators, where we had to go look at them and
see what percent full they were - They were terrible
for ... - -
POGUE
Oh, yes, you couldn't - Yes.
CARR
You couldn't even tell with a mirror, some of those things,
how much water was in them.
POGUE
Those - That's a good point.
Those were very bad.
QUERY
All of those, their - It's apparently generic to the
whole thing, the condensate tank and all the others.
POGUE
The ATM was the easiest; but the other two, the LOG loop,
were very bad.
CARR
You couldn't even get your head in there to really see
enough of it.
POGUE
You had to reach - You had to hold the flashlight in and and illuminate the right area and keep looking at a
mirror here to tell where the - what the position of the
billows was.
QUERY
Should more detailed maintenance procedures - Well, you
covered that in detail on the transcripts; so we won't
discuss that much more unless you - -
US5
�Yes, areas like this is where that - that cassette TV
really pays for itself. If something breaks down, the
folks down on the ground could do a repair job on one
and televise it and then send it up saying, this is how
you do it.
It sure cuts your training requirements down
One little area of confusion that we never did really
get - get sorted out or - at least to get a satisfactory
answer on - was the tape recorder changeover connectors.
And there was inconsistency in the nomenclature and the
color coding.
Do you remember that?
When you changed
the cables over - -
Oh yes, the - this is the EDDU, EREP tape recorder bit,
when you change from tape recorder 1 to tape recorder 2-.
If you blindly followed the color dots, you were okay;
but if you tried to - to hook P-5 with J-5 or something
like that, you were all messed up.
Something like that.
There was a mistake.
We finally -
In order to use the nomen - the J whatever it was, you
had to cross connectors; and we figured that wasn't right
The color coding that - that time saved us the problem,
I'm sure.
U66
�QUERY
Were there any damaged or broken tools other than the You mentioned you lost an insert on the cable pliers.
Anything else that you can think of?
POGUE
A bent screwdriver.
CARR
Yes, the 3/l6 screwdriver got bent.
It was used for a
prying tool and got bent, and I hammered that back into
shape again.
POGUE
I think we lost one of the little pinchbars.
Never did
find it.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
Well, there was one of - One of those two was put - left
outside on the first EVA, when we erected the beam.
POGUE
No, no, this - Well, maybe it was.
QUERY
And there should have only been one pinchbar - bar on
board; so -
QUERY
After these guys got here.
QUERY
Yes, when we - when they got here.
We started once with
two, and one was outside after Pete's mission.
U6T
�CARR
The side cutters - the vire cutters that we brought up
were already getting dull.
much.
They hadn't been used very
Even the Phillips-head screwdrivers were hanging in
there pretty well, and you know how Phillips-head screw
drivers are.
They're awfully easy to mess up.
But they
were still in reasonably good condition after the use we
put them to.
I was pleasantly surprised by that.
So it
was pretty - pretty good grade of steel that was used in
that.
QUERY
And I think you've mentioned this several times on the
tech debriefing, but you talked about the value of a
workbench and the use of the screen for a workbench.
Do
you have any recommendations?
CARR
It Just looks like the aerodynamics style of workbenches
is the best way to go.
We used the - the screen up
there - I should say Ed used the screen for a workbench,
and i t worked very nicely.
He had to make a little card
board corral to keep the small things in because you
could - you could bump or cause the screen to ripple a
little bit and i t would make the small - the small-inertia
items fly.
And so he Just made a little cardboard corral
and stuck i t up there, and then all of his little nuts and
bolts and washers, he put in there; and it managed to keep
them all together.
1*68
�CARR
(CONT'D)
The bigger stuff you can just lay on there, and it's got
enough surface area so that the air pressure held it down.
It's very handy, and it's - it's — it's — I think it's
essential that we have a place to work.
QUERY
You deal - You do feel a dedicated place like that is is a very ...
CARR
I think so.
It ought to be an electromechanical sort of
a workbench; that is, it should have - be somewhat of a
cross between a mechanical workbench with a vise and an
electronics workbench where you've got some power sources,
different voltages, and you've got multimeter capability
and things like that in the same bench so that you can
bring units and — and test them.
And if in the future we
get to a type spacecraft design where we're replacing
modules and things like that, I imagine the ground is
going to - going to have us doing some module testing.
And you might as well design your bench to do that.
Not
only that, I think Bill had a good point too, that you
need a portable bench to take around with you when you
got a job that can't be brought to the bench.
And that
can be something that just hooks onto the vacuum cleaner.
Now all you got to do is have a flat surface with the
airflow work - working through it, and you could use it
for a workbench.
U69
�QUERY
I think you've already commented on the arrangement of the
tools and the tool kits.
Did you use - Well, you used the
digital multimeter some.
How did that work out?
CARR
Very well.
QUERY
Do you have any comments on access on any maintenance
Yes, we were - I was very glad to see that.
task other than the 217?
I think we've covered that one
pretty well.
CARR
Yes.
QUERY
And I think we've covered the last one on maintenance
capabilities here, too; so that's all I have.
Are there
any other questions that anybody has?
CARR
There's one in the back there.
QUERY
Not a question, but Just a comment to Jerry.
On the dump
tape - QUERY
Should we come up to a mike?
QUERY
- - zero - Okay, this is just a comment to Jerry.
Dump
tape 030-k, I think it was, you did an Mk87-3D, and that
thing turned out awful - had an awful lot of background
noise.
Now I think it was Bill's fault because he did
something up there.
Do you remember?
1+70
You started it off,
�QUERY
(CONT'D)
and you said, "Hey, what'd you do?"
happened up there?
You know.
What
And apparently, they must have done
something bad, because you kept turning your head and,
you know, looking at him.
Anyhow, the people that tran
scribed the thing couldn't understand you; so a whole
bunch of dots came in there.
And you're talking about the
tools and this and that and the other.
So if somebody
asks you why you needed oil up there, it was a file that
turned out to be oil in the transcript.
CARR
Oh.
QUERY
Also, I think it was a wire crusher and several other
things.
So something in the tool area that - that somebody
read, you know, you know where it came from.
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
It was a bad tape.
Maybe we ought to get it squared
away later on, but CARR
I imagine Bill was probably working the Mark I exerciser.
That was an annoyance some - -
QUERY
Oh, he did some black magic there after awhile.
picked that up, but -
CARR
Can't think of what it was.
it 71
They
�QUERY
Well, anyway - -
CARR
Okay.
QUERY
It's awful garbled and -
P0GUE
What - what was it you were doing at the time?
CARR
1 was
POGUE
Oh.
5UERY
Yes-
debriefing on MU87, talking about the tools.
^d
we
took it over the kkO and tried to get some
of the background noise out of there, but not well enough.
So when the girls apparently typed it, the file - I could
0
understand you saying file, but the world now sees where
you want oil up there.
o
QUERY
That's what the world wants - oil.
QUERY
Thank you, gentlemen.
^
That's all we have.
JERY
We thank you very much.
QUERY
No.
Bruce, do you have any questions?
QUERY
No ... you and I ...
QUERY
Okay.
1+72
�QUERY
I guess that ends it then for all the systems, and thank
you, guys, for hanging in there with us for the last
couple of days.
POGUE
Okay.
CARR
Thank you.
You've been tolerant and patient.
QUERY
GIBSON
Yes?
QUERY
Let's have some lunch ... find out what it is ...
McDonald ...
GIBSON
Okay.
ft tt ti
NASA— MSFC—C
^73
ft U.S. gQVHMMtm PSINTlflG OfFICE: 1974—778-215/2473
�
Dublin Core
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Richard Heckman Collection
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sdsp_skyl_000063
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"Skylab 4 Systems Debrief Transcript."
Description
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This is a series of interviews with the crew of Skylab 4. The interviews focus on the onboard systems and equipment.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
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1974-03-06
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1970-1979
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Houston (Tex.)
Manned Spacecraft Center (U.S.)
Skylab Program
Skylab 4
Carr, Gerald P.
Gibson, Edward G.
Pogue, William R.
Apollo Telescope Mount
Extravehicular mobility units
Space habitats
Type
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Reports
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Richard Heckman Collection
Box 1, Folder 5
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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Relation
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Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/203/14407/sdsp_skyl_000072_001.pdf
85959cbac50c01a2d4a7596b518dac69
PDF Text
Text
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
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Paul Todd Collection
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Paul Todd Collection
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sdsp_skyl_000072
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"Skylab Experiments Volume 1 Physical Science, Solar Astronomy Information for Teachers."
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This is a workbook for science teachers to create lesson plans around.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
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1973-05-01
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1970-1979
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Education Programs Division
University of Colorado
Skylab Program
Science—Study and teaching
Earth Resources Program
Experimentation
Apollo Telescope Mount
Multiple docking adapters
Airlock modules
Space habitats
Extravehicular mobility units
Type
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Workbooks
Text
Source
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Paul Todd Collection
Box 4, Folder 77
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14411/sdsp_skyl_000076_001.pdf
9e342fbc4bbc5654e9c49bef4997154e
PDF Text
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Sc.-/
•
I
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 12:47 GET 17:00 MC10/1
PAO
Mark. Standing by now for confirmation of
ATM deployment. We're 17 minutes 35 seconds. The deployment
motors of the Apollo telescope mount now running. This deploy
ment sequence in toto takes about 4 minutes. Deployment
being activated by two Apollo telescope mount motors which
are presently running. We're 18 minutes 20 seconds now
ground elapsed time. The booster now being maneuvered to a
solar inertial attitude. We're at 19 minutes 10 seconds
ground elapsed time. Mark 20 minutes ground elapsed time.
We should be less than a minute away now from deployment.
Mark 20 minutes 12 seconds ground elapsed time. Our data
displays, Mission Control, now show the ATM has deployed and
locked. The Apollo telescope mount has been deployed and
securely latched. The 24,500 pound ATM reaching out now at
a 90»sdegree angle from the orbital workshop. We're at
20 minutes 35 seconds. We've had confirmation. We have data
here in Mission Control that the ATM has deployed and latched.
Mark 20 minutes 50 seconds. The next event to occur will be
the deployment of the four wings of the telescope mount solar
array system. We're standing by now for that deployment. Mark,
we're at 21 minutes 40 seconds ground elapsed time. Prelim
inary tracking data shows an orbit for the orbital workshop
of 237 nautical miles by 236.3 nautical miles near circular.
We repeat 237 nautical miles by 236.3 nautical miles. We're
at 24 minutes 30 seconds now ground elapsed time. Continuing
with the solar inertial maneuver, reports booster. Twentyfive minutes ground elapsed time. We've got 1 minute until
loss of signal with Madrid. Mark, we're 25 minutes 45 seconds.
The deployment motors have been turned on. The solar array
system wings on the Apollo telescope mount are now extended.
Standing by, continuing to monitor.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 12:57 GET 27:00 MC11/1
Mark we're at 26 minutes 30 seconds under
acquisition now by an ARIA aircraft following loss of signal
with Madrid. Okay, all four Apollo telescope mount solar
array wings *re out and securely locked. Mark we're 27 min
utes 20 seconds now ground elapsed time. The Apollo telescope
mount has been deployed and securely latched. The solar array
system for the telescope mount, the four wings, has been deployed
and securely locked. The next thing we should be seeing in
Mission Control - We'll be receiving telemetry data from the tele
scope mount and this should occur within the next several
minutes. We are presently receiving data through an ARIA
aircraft beyond Madrid tracking station. Mark 28 minutes
10 seconds. We now show an orbit of 237.1 nautical miles
by 236.6 nautical miles for the orbital workshop. Mark
29 minutes 20 seconds. We've had some dropout in data from
the ARIA aircraft, presently showing static displays in Mission
Control. The procedures officer here working to get locked
up on the data at this time. We're at 29 minutes 40 seconds
ground elapsed time. We repeat that the Apollo telescope
mount has been deployed. The solar array system from the
telescope mount also deployed at this time. The next deployto °ocur will be the solar array system for the workshop.
?S ground elapsed time. We presently show an
K „ ^ *
nautical miles by 236.8 nautical miles for
the orbital workshop now in its first revolution. Mark
34 minutes 20 seconds ground elapsed time. Flight Director
Don Puddy speaking to his flight control team in mission
control saying everything looks good up to this point. We're
standing by now for definite indication through ARIA aircraft
WP'JiCniS ^ telemetry data from the Apollo telescope mount.
We re now at 34 minutes 40 seconds ground elapsed time.
Continuing to monitor. This is Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 13;07 GET 36:00 MC-12/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, Houston, at
36 minutes ground elapsed time, still standing by for a
definite indication of receipt of telemetry from the Apollo
telescope mount. Following this we will see the deployment
of the meteoroid shields and the deployment of the solar array
system wings aboard the workshop. Thus far, we've seen the
successful activation of the Apollo telescope mount as well as
the solar array system for that mount. We're at 36 minutes
35 seconds, continuing to monitor. This is Skylab Control,
Houston.
PAO
This is Skylab Control, Houston; 41 minutes
ground elapsed time. We presently show an orbit of 236.2
nautical miles by 237 nautical miles. We are some 12 minutes
26 seconds away now from acquisition Carnarvon at which
time we should be able to verify telemetry being received
from the Apollo telescope mount. This is Skylab Control,
Houston, at 41 minutes 35 seconds ground elapsed time.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 13:24 GET 53:00 MC13/1
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, at 53 minutes
ground elapsed time. We're less than a minute away now from
acquisition by Carnarvon tracking. We'll keep the line open.
Stand by, continue to monitor. A quick status check in Mission
Control by a Flight Director, Don Puddy, led him to say every
thing looks "super good" so far. We presently show an orbit
based on increased tracking data of 236.5 nautical miles by
236.2 nautical miles. Standing by continuing to monitor. This
is Skylab Control, Houston. We are now acquiring data through
Carnarvon. Booster reports the vehicle is now in solar
inertial attitude. We are now receiving telemetry data from
the Apollo telescope mount. The Environmental Officer reports
the data receiving looks good. The habitation area vent valves
have been closed as scheduled. We're now at 55 minutes
ground elapsed time. This is Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 13:29 GET 58:00 MC14/1
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, at 59 minutes ground
elapsed time. We have no confirmation yet on the deployment
of the airlock solar array system. We'll stand by and con
tinue to monitor at 59 minutes ground elapsed time. This
is Skylab Control, Houston. Skylab Control, Houston, at 1 hour
4 minutes ground elapsed time. We're less than a minute
away now from acquisition by Honeysuckle. This
ke j*
very short acquisition time, some 1 minute 11 seconds. Follow
ing Honeysuckle, the next station to receive data will be
Texas, and that would be 30 minutes 30 seconds from this time.
We're now at 1 hour 4 minutes ground elapsed time. Continuing
to monitor, this is Skylab Control, Houston. We have acqui
sition through Honeysuckle at this time. We're 1 hour 5 min
utes ground elapsed time. Skylab Control, Houston, at
1 hour 7 minutes ground elapsed time we've passed out of
station contact with Honeysuckle at this time. The next sta
tion to acquire will be Texas at 27 minutes 42 seconds from
this time. We've still received, through data, no definite
indication on the airlock solar array system deployment;
however, this pass, as well as Carnarvon, was through dark
ness and the Sun will be the first definite way of giving
an indication as to whether or not the airlock module solar
array system has been deployed. We would expect to take a
good hard look at this through our first stateside pass.
We're now at 1 hour 7 minutes ground elapsed time. This is
Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 14:05 CST 1:34 GET MC15/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, Houston, at 1 hour
34 minutes ground elapsed time. Less than a minute away now
from acquisition by Texas, We show an orbit of 237,1 nautical
miles by 236.2 nautical miles. To quickly recount what we've
seen during this first revolution of the workshop orbit. The
payload shroud jettisoned on schedule. The ATM Apollo telescope
mount has deployed. The solar array system for the ATM
has also deployed. We have no indication yet on the deploy
ment of the two solar array wings attached to the workshop.
We will look at this - at display data for about 10 minutes
under sunlight on this stateside pass to endeavor to confirm
or not confirm that deployment. Given a nonconfirmation, of
course, backup commanding could be necessary from the Control
Center. We're at 1 hour 35 minutes ground elapsed time. This
is Skylab Control, Houston.
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, 1 hour 38 minutes
ground elapsed time. Flight Director, Don Puddy, talking to
the Booster System Engineer here in Mission Control. We have
no indication of deployment of the workshop solar array system wings.
No indication of deployment of those wings. The Booster
now going through some backup command procedures. We've also
had an indication of partial deployment of the meteoroid shield.
We're at 1 hour 39 minutes ground elapsed time, continuing
to monitor. This is Skylab Control, Houston.
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston. Now 1 hour
40 minutes ground elapsed time. The orbital workshop now
on it's first stateside pass since launch and insertion
into orbit. We are presently looking at the orbital workshop
solar array system. No indication at this time of deployment.
The Booster Systems Engineer here in Mission Control going
through backup procedures to issue a command for deployment.
Standing by, continuing to monitor. This is Skylab Control,
Houston.
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, now 1 hour 46 minutes
ground elapsed time. Continuing to monitor on this first
stateside pass, the orbital workshop. Again, we repeat the
orbital workshop solar array system wings have not deployed.
Command procedures are being followed presently on the ground
by the Booster Systems Engineer. Standing by, continuing
to monitor. This is Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 C5T 14:20 GET 1:48 MC16/1
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, now 1 hour 53 minutes
ground elapsed time. Receiving good data now through New
foundland. Booster at this time issuing commands to the
workshop. To repeat what we said earlier, the orbital workshop
solar array system wings have not yet deployed. Standing by,
continuing to monitor. This is Skylab Control, Houston. Skylab Control, Houston, 1 hour 57 minutes ground elapsed time.
We now have acquisition with Madrid. Standing by, continuing
to monitor. This is Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 14:35 GET 2:03 MC17/1
PAO
Skylab Control, Houston, at 2 hours 7 minutes
ground elapsed time. We've passed out of acquisition with
Madrid tracking. The commanding by the booster systems
engineer was verified. The commands did get in; however,
we still have no indication of deployment of the orbital
workshop solar array system wings. It is known, of course,
that the commands did get in. At the present time, however,
with the Apollo telescope mount solar array system deployed
successfully, we do have a power system to support the vehicle.
We're now at 2 hours 8 minutes ground elapsed time and this
is Skylab Control, Houston.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 CST 15:12 GET 2:41 MC18/1
This is Skylab Control. Two hours 41 minutes
ground elapsed time in the mission of Skylab 1. Skylab space
station now in orbit, coming up on the Honeysuckle, Australia,
tracking station. Still some doubt in the minds of Flight
Controllers here in Mission Control as to whether the main
solar panels on the workshop have indeed deployed. They
have had no confirmation on the ground from telemetry that
this is the case; the solar panels on the telescope mount
have deployed normally. Also, the micrometeoroid shield
around the workshop has partially deployed. The large wings
of three sections of solar panels on each wing, one on each
side of the workshop, generate anywhere from 51 to 125 volts
depending on the Sun angle at the time. This power goes
through chargers which in turn keeps storage batteries in
the workshop built up to supply power throughout the mission,
half of each orbit approximately is in darkness when no
power can be generated by the solar panels. The two solar
panel wings are deployed out to the side of the workshop,
and each panel on the wings operates similar to a scissors
action. It's spring loaded to extend the panels. We should
be getting data now through Honeysuckle. We'll stand by for
comments to the Flight Director from the Flight Controllers
who are concerned with the workshop electrical power system,
and relay this information as it - No change reported in the
solar panel wing status.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 15:27 CST 2:56 GET MC19/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control. Three minutes
2 hour - Three hours 2 minutes ground elapsed time, and
the mission of Skylab 1. Skylab space station now being
tracked by the Hawaii tracking station. Waiting for the
systems engineers to report the space station status back
to the Flight Director as the data comes in.
PAO
It appears that a plan will be formulated
later on in the day and this evening by which the existing
available power coming into the Skyiab workshop will be
conserved to the greatest extent, on the assumption that
we may not be able to get the main solar panels deployed,
we'll continue to standby the remainder of the Hawaii pass,
which is a fairly low elevation angle. Coming up in a few
moments to Goldstone, in approximately 5-1/2 minutes for a
fairly lengthy stateside pass over the tracking stations in
the contintental United States. At 3 hours 5 minutes ground
elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 15:41 CST 03:10 GET MC20/1
This is Skylab Control, 3 hours 10 minutes,
ground elapsed time. Acquisition of signal over Goldstone
Tracking Station for the second stateside pass after launch.
We'll stand by here as the data comes in for any further
developments in the situation in which the main solar panels
on the workshop apparently have not deployed.
PA0
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 4/14/73 15:56 CST 3:24 GET MC-21/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control. Three hours 31 min
utes, ground elapsed time. Skylab space station presently
crossing over the combined coverage of Canary Island track
ing station and Madrid, Spain, tracking station. Flight Controllers,
here, continuing to assess the possible effects on the
mission on the apparent nondeployment of the large solar
panels on the workshop. As the afternoon and evening
wears on, there likely will be some considerable amount
of sorting out as to what course should be taken to get
the most out of the mission. As these facts develop, as
the plans are worked out, they will be relayed on over the
circuit at 3 hours 32 minutes, ground elapsed time, with
some 5 minutes and a half remaining over Madrid. And,
standing by; this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 15:00 CST 16:10 GET 3:39 MC22/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 3 hours 42 minutes,
ground elapsed time. Skylab space station now over the hill
from the Canary Island tracking station. Thirty-four minutes
away from being acquired again by the Honeysuckle, Australia,
tracking station. No further resolution at this time on the
solar pnel deployment problem, which likely will affect the
course of the mission. As the planning develops, on how to
best manage the mission for the maximum return, we'll bring
these details to you on this circuit. And, at 3 hours 40 minutes,
ground elapsed time, on the mission of Skylab 1, this is
Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 16:42 CST 4:11 GET MC-23/1
PA0
This is Skylab Control. Four hours 14 min
utes ground elapsed time - the Skylab space station mission.
Here in the Control Center, the problems associated with
the failure of the Saturn workshop solar panels to deploy
are being discussed, at some length, by management and flight
controllers. Preliminary telemetry indications are that
there could have been a malfunction with one solar array
beam fairing and the meteroid shield, which could have led
to such anomalies. These malfunctions are indicated
to have occurred 1 minute and 3 seconds after lift-off,
based on postlaunch examination of telemetry.
The Planned 28-day mission is not possible with«„4. ^PA?
out deployment of the workshop main solar panels. Project
° lcl^ls arf considering an alternate mission using the
command service module power system to augment the limited
power supply provided by the Apollo telescope mount solar
panels aboard the workshop, through a system of managing
the two power sources for the optimum usage. An announce
ment will be made as soon as these decisions have been
reached. The decision on such an alternate mission is
expected to be had by about 9:00 p.m. eastern daylight time,
at which time a news conference will be held at the Cape,
exPected that Skylab Program Director, Bill
cu
chnieder, will take part. We're starting to get data, now,
through the Honeysuckle, Australia tracking station. This
is a rather low elevation angle pass of little over
4 degrees, or approximately - I stand corrected, 86 degrees,
the max elevation on this particular pass, almost directly
overhead, at Honeysuckle. Almost 9 minutes remaining in
this pass across Honeysuckle station. We'll stand by on
Skylab Control circuit for the Honeysuckle, followed by
Hawaii, and the next stateside pass. At 4 hours 18 minutes
ground elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 15:00 CST 16:57 GET 4:26 MC24/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 4 hours 28 minutes
ground elapsed time, as the Skylab workshop heads across the
south-central Pacific toward the Hawaii tracking station
coming up in about 8 minutes over that station. To reiterate
what was stated before about the current situation in the
Skylab-1 mission, preliminary telemetry playback indications
are there could have been a malfunction with one solar array
beam fairing. That is the cover that is - that houses the solar
array beam before it swings outward from the workshop itself.
And the meteroid shield, which could have led to the subsequent
anomalies that have been witnessed this afternoon. And, namely,
the failure of the large solar panels to properly deploy.
The malfunction was measured to have taken place 1 minute and
3 seconds after lift-off, based on examination of the telemetry
records and tapes played back post-launch. Now, the current
posture in the mission is as follows: the planned 28-day
mission is not possible without full deployment of the solar
panels on the workshop. At the same time, all the other work
shop systems and deployment sequences are fully nominal. Pro
ject officials are considering an alternate mission, using the
power supply aboard the command service module to augment, or
supply additional power to the workshop, through managing of
the various electrical buses aboard. The ATM solar panels are
deployed, and are generating power. This power supply, tied
with that brought up by the command module when it docks
with the workshop, would supply power for a reduced mission.
However, an announcement will be made as soon as a decision
on how the mission will be managed. This decision on alternate
mission is expected by about 9 o'clock Eastern Daylight Time.
Our news conference at Kennedy Space Center newsroom, with
Skylab Program Director, Bill Schneider, will take place at
this time. Five minutes out from Hawaii, and at 4 hours 32
minutes, ground elapsed time. This is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 17:12 CST 04:41 GET MC25/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 4 Hours 48 minutes,
ground elapsed time. Skylab space station now being tracked
by the Goldstone tracking station in the Mohave Desert,
California. No apparent change in the mission status at
this time. The large solar panels on the workshop still
undeployed. And among the considerations to be looked at
later in the evening by the Mission Director and other
members of management on the Skylab team, will be whether
or not to launch Skylab 2 on schedule tommorow, or to delay
the manned mission until some later time, after a new flight
plan for a shortened mission can be formulated and designed.
At 4 hours 49 minutes, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 17:45 CST 05:14 GET MC26/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 5 hours 14 minutes,
ground elapsed time, in the mission of the Skylab space
station, presently over the Canary Island tracking station.
Some 3 minutes remaining until loss of signal, crossing
over into Ascension Island tracking station coverage. At
5 hours and 9 minutes, ground elapsed time, it was reported
that the Skylab workshop has settled down into solar inertial
attitude, that is, that the Apollo telescope mount portion
points at the Sun continuosly. To recap again the current
posture in this mission, it appears that a malfuntion
in one of the fairings covering the solar arrays on Saturn
workshop may have malfunctioned at about a minute and 3 seconds
after lift-off. Playback of the telemetry data has shown
that there was an apparent malfunction of this fairing, also,
the meteoroid shield malfunctioned at the same time. As
it stands now, the planned 28-day mission for Skylab 2,
still scheduled for launch tomorrow, at this time,
would not be possible for the full 28 days without deploy
ment of the workshop solar panels. Skylab program officials
are looking at all of the alternate missions that would be
feasible and possible to conduct. The main guiding factor
would be the amount of electrical power available from the
fully deployed, and presently generating Apollo telescope
mount solar panels, put together with the power available
from the command service module, when it docks with the
cluster. The decision on whether to continue with a some
what abbreviated mission tomorrow on schedule, or whether a
delay is necessary to regroup, will be made later in the
evening. Decisions on alternate missions, on an abbreviated
mission, is expected around 9:00 eastern daylight time. A
news conference with Skylab Program Manager, Bill Schneider,
is expected to take place at 9:00 o'clock eastern time at the
Kennedy Space Center newsroom. That is currently the status
in the mission of Skylab 1, the Skylab space station. And
at 5 hours 18 minutes, ground elapsed time, this is
Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�
Dublin Core
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Title
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Skylab Collection
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-1979
Relation
A related resource
https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Skylab Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns.
Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.
Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm
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sdsp_skyl_000076
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"Skylab Mission Commentary 5/14/73 1:10 CST 18:04 GET 5:32 MC27/1" - "Skylab Mission Commentary 5/15/73 1:20 CST MC38/1."
Description
An account of the resource
This mission commentary depicts the initial discovery of Skylab 1's Orbital Workshop Solar arrays not deploying as intended.
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
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1973-05-14
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
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John F. Kennedy Space Center
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Apollo Telescope Mount
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Transcripts
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Skylab Collection
Box 17, Folder 1
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14412/sdsp_skyl_000077_001.pdf
2d5a9acc6123c5f762d4a089ebb60f0e
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Text
<=5*- I
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 1:10 CST 18:04 GET 5:32 MC27/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 5 hours 32 minutes,
ground elapsed time, in the mission of Skylab 1, currently over
the southern tip of the African continent. There's been a
change in the expected time of the press conference with Skylab Program Director, Bill Schneider, Cape Kennedy newsroom.
It will now be no earlier than 10 p.m. eastern daylight time,
instead of the earlier predicted 9 p.m. That is a 1 hour delay
in the press conference with Skylab Program Director, Bill
Schneider, at Kennedy Space Center newsroom. At 5:33, ground
elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 18:45 CST 6:15 GET MC28/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 6 hours 15 min
utes into the mission of Skylab 1. A little over a minute, now,
until acquisition at the Hawaii tracking station. A matter of
interest on this pass on Hawaii will be some attitude ex
cursions that were noticed just as we left Honeysuckle
station, where the vehicle apparently drifted off inertial solar inertial attitude. As we come across Hawaii, the
gyros aboard the spacecraft and the spacecraft attitude
will be examined closely by telemetry to see if the vehicle
has returned to the desired attitude, or whether it's still
drifting. To repeat again an earlier announcement, the
press conference with Skylab Program Director, Bill
Schneider at Kennedy Space Center newsroom has been
delayed to no earlier than 10:00 p.m. eastern daylight time.
That would be 9:00 p.m. central. We'll stand by here as the
Skylab workshop attitude problem is sorted out during
this Hawaii pass and the subsequent stateside pass. At
6:16 ground elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
PAO
This is Skylab Control. The guidance con
troller here in the control room has confirmed that the
vehicle has returned to solar inertial attitude. However,
there are some apparent problems in some of the gyros which
control the spacecraft attitude. Flight controllers are
continuing to sort out these problems at this time. Some
2 minutes remaining until we have loss of signal at Hawaii,
9 minutes out of Goldstone for a stateside pass on
this fourth revolution of the Skylab space station. At
6:19 and standing by, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 20:15 CST 7:45 GET MC29/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 7 hours, 44 minutes
ground elapsed time. Skylab orbital workshop presently over
the Guam tracking station, with some 5 minutes remaining during
this pass over the Western Pacific. Skylab Program Director
Bill Schneider has issued the following statement. "The launch
of Skylab 2, the manned launch, has been recycled for 5 days
to Sunday, May 20, because of the incidents which occurred
during the Skylab 1 deployment. The recycling will permit
further evaluation of alternative flight plans to maximize
scientific returns from the Skylab mission." Program Director
Bill Schneider will hold a press conference at 9 p.m. central
daylight time at Kennedy Space Center newsroom. At the Houston
end, the Flight Director, who has been on the flight director
console during most of the day, Don Puddy, will take part in
the small briefing room in the building 1 news center at Johnson
Space Center. To repeat the statement issued by Skylab Program
Director Bill Schneider: "The launch of Skylab 2
has been recycled for 5 days, to Sunday, May 20, because of
the incidents which occurred during Skylab 1 deployment. This
will permit further evaluation of alternative flight plans to
maximize scientific returns from the Skylab mission." Some
45 minutes away from the press conference, 9 p.m. central,
10 p.m. eastern daylight time, with participants at Houston
and Kennedy Space Center. We understand that the prime crew
of Skylab 2, will return to Houston tomorrow. At 7 hours 47
minutes, ground elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 20:47 CST 08:15 GET MC30/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control, 8 hours
15 minutes, ground elapsed time, in the Skylab 1 mission.
Skylab orbital workshop presently over the Texas tracking
station, nearing the end of the fifth Earth orbit. Re
minder to newsmen, both at Kennedy Space Center and Houston,
some 15 minutes away from a press conference, which will have
participants at both ends, Houston-Cape line. Skylab
Program Director Bill Schneider will be at Kennedy Space
Center; Flight Director Don Puddy and Gene Kranz, who's
chief of the Johnson Space Center Flight Control division
will take part in Houston. The oncoming Flight Director,
Milt Windier, went around the room, talking to the flight controllers
and asking them to examine ways to get the most out of
a reduced power situation for the modified mission, which
will be resumed on the delayed launch of Skylab 2. To
repeat the earlier statement by Skylab Program Director
Bill Schneider, "The launch of Skylab 2 has been
recycled for 5 days to Sunday, May 20, because of the
incidents which occurred during Skylab 1 deployment. This
will permit further evaluation of alternative flight plans to
maximize scientific return from the Skylab mission." The prime crew
for Skylab 2 will return to Houston, Tuesday morning. Thirteen
minutes until the press conference starts and at 8 hours
18 minutes, ground elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 23:00 CST MC31/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control. Ten hours
30 minutes ground elapsed time. The mission of Skylab 1
presently off the southern tip of the African continent and
the island of Madagascar. At the beginning of the seventh
earth orbit or revolution, which ever term you prefer.
The cabin pressurization sequence, which had been underway, has
been terminated for the time being to allow some thermal
responses to balance out. We have no estimate yet as to
when the pressurization will be resumed. But at the time the
sequence was stopped over the Vanguard tracking ship which
is hove to off the southeast coast of South America, the
pressure was at 1.9 pounds in the habitable area of the Skylab
space station. We're some 51 minutes out now from the next
station which will be Goldstone. The next two REVs, there
will be only Hawaii and Vanguard which will track the space
craft. Flight director Milt Windier is having numerous
conversations with the individual flight controllers and
sorting out how best to manage the resources available. Still
tracking the gyro problems in the ATM guidance system. And
at 10 hours 32 minutes ground elapsed time this is Skylab
Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/14/73 2350CST MC32/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 11 hours 20 min
utes. During the last few minutes here in Mission Control,
Flight Director Milton Windier has accepted a recommendation
from the Marshall Space Flight Center to make an attitude
change in the Skylab workshop. This change will, in effect,
change the attitude or the angle at which the Sun is shining
on the side of the workshop. Now what we're finding is that
as a result of the loss of the micrometeorite shield or panels,
the thermal characteristics of the workshop now are different
than had been planned. Normally, with those micrometeorite
shields in place, they are coated with a coating that reflects
sunlight. The workshop itself is not coated with the same
reflective materials. Consequently, the amount of solar energy
absorbed is higher and we're watching an increase in the
temperature. There is no concern in that temperature increase
at the present time, but in order to keep it from going beyond
acceptable limits, the workshop will be placed in an attitude
that directs the Sun more toward the end of the vehicle, the
end at which the command module would be docked once the
rendezvous and docking is accomplished. At the present time,
the workshop is in an attitude with the Sun shining directly
on the solar panels of the ATM, the Apollo telescope mount,
this also places the Sun shining directly on the side of the
workshop. The plan is to pitch up about 90 degrees, again
placing the Sun more toward the end of the multiple docking
adapter, to stay in this attitude for one revolution and then
to pitch back 45 degrees in a compromise attitude which con
tinues to reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed by the
workshop, but also places the solar panels in more of an
opportune position to provide the electrical current necessary
for operating the vehicle and reducing any unnecessary drain
on the batteries. This maneuver is going to be performed over
Goldstone. We're about 15 seconds now from regaining radio
contact with the workshop over the Goldstone tracking station.
It will take about 13 minutes maneuvering with the attitude
control system to place the vehicle in the desired attitude.
We're standing by for confirmation that the attitude change
has begun. We expect that to begin momentarily. This is
Skylab Control, we have a relatively low elevation pass over
Goldstone; we're waiting for a good solid telemetry lockup
before the command is initiated to begin that attitude change.
We're getting solid data now and we're getting a recommendation
to go ahead and attempt to command the attitude change. We
have about 1-1/2 minute of acquisition remaining at Goldstone.
Once this command is initiated, the 13 minute maneuver is an
automatic maneuver. This is Skylab Control, we've had loss of
signal through Goldstone without getting the command initiated
to make that attitude change. We did not get the solid data
from the ATM that we thought we needed to initiate that maneuver,
and we'll take a look at the situation over Vanguard, how
ever, scheduled to acquire there in about 17 minutes. And
we'll attempt to get the necessary data lockon and get
the command initiated at that point. This is Skylab
Control at 11 hours 31 minutes.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB I MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 CST 00:15 GET 135:05:15 MC-33/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 11 hours
45 minutes. Now, we have reacquired the workshop over the
tracking station at Vanguard. And, we're standing by to
confirm we've got good data. Valid data will allow flight
controllers here in Mission Control to send the proper
command to initiate an attitude change maneuver. This maneuver
again will be - it's about a 13 minute maneuver using the
thruster attitude control system on the workshop. Pitching
up 90 degrees, this will change the angle at which the Sun
is striking the side of the workshop, an attempt to control
the temperatures in the vehicle. We do now have confirmation
that we've got attitude data, and that the attitude looks good
on the orbital workshop.
PAO
We've got a confirmation now of good
solid lockup on the data.
PAO
This is Skylab Control. We again have
intermittent data and Flight Director Milton Windier has
elected to hold the maneuver until we've got solid data.
We have about 6 minutes remaining in this pass over the
tracking ship Vanguard.
PAO
This is Skylab Control. We have a
little less than 1 minute of acquisition time remaining over
Vanguard. And, we have not at this point resumed solid
enough data lock to go ahead with the commanded maneuver
change for the workshop. And we will be reacquiring in
about an hour at Hawaii. During this pass over Vanguard,
the instrumentation communications engineer has been going
through a number of troubleshooting procedures to determine
the nature of the data problem, to tie it down to either an
onboard or a ground station problem, and to determine
the proper workaround, as they say. And we now show that
we've had loss of signal at Vanguard, we're predicting
acquisition at Hawaii in 58 minutes 26 seconds. This is
Skylab Control at 11 hours 55 minutes.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 01:26 CST 12:56 GET MC34/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 12 hours
56 minutes. We have now acquired the orbital workshop on
its eighth revolution over the Hawaii tracking station.
We have good solid data and we've commanded the start of
the maneuver which will change the spacecraft attitude the workshop attitude for improved thermal control. And
that maneuver is scheduled to require about 13 minutes.
We have a report that it is progressing smoothly at this
time. And we have about 4 minutes 45 seconds of acquisition
remaining at Hawaii. We will be reacquiring at Vanguard
about 21 minutes after we lose contact in Hawaii. The
attitude control change, the attitude change that is
being made at this time, is to place the Sun more end - on
to the spacecraft. The normal attitude has the ATM, the
Apollo telescope mount, solar panels pointed directly at
the Sun. This also has the Sun shining directly on the
side of the orbital workshop. Without the micrometeoroid
panels, which have a thermal coating on them to reflect
solar heat - solar energy, we're finding some increases
in temperature within the workshop. As a means of getting
an assessment of this temperature increase and controlling
it, the attitude change is being made. The plan is to
leave the spacecraft in the pitched up attitude, pitching
up 90 degrees from the present attitude, leaving it in this
position for 1 revolution; then pitching back to an atti
tude midway between the initial attitude and the pitched
up attitude and holding it there for one revolution, and
then returning to the normal attitude with the ATM solar
panels again pointed directly at the Sun. This maneuver
is being accomplished with the thruster attitude control
system, controlled by the ATM.
pAO
This is Skylab Control. We've lost
radio contact now with the spacecraft as it passes over
the horizon from the Hawaiian tracking station. And we'll
be reacquiring in about 20 minutes over the tracking ship
Vanguard in the south Atlantic off the coast of South
America. Over Hawaii we had good solid data. We commanded
the orbital workshop to begin an automatic attitude change.
That maneuver was progressing smoothly as we lost radio
contact. It will go to completion. The total maneuver
is scheduled to take about 13 minutes, and we'll be able
to confirm the new attitude over Vanguard. At the present
time, our plan is to discontinue commentary operations
following the Vanguard pass. The Houston News Center is
scheduled to reopen at 6 a.m., at which time commentary
operations will be resumed. This is Skylab Control at
13 hours 4 minutes.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB I MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 CST 02:20 GET 13:32 MC-35/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control. The orbital
workshop now is starting its 9th revolution of the Earth.
And, we've just completed a 9 minute pass over the tracking
ship Vanguard. During that pass we received solid telemetry
data from the spacecraft, and verified that the vehicle had
maneuvered to the desired attitude, pitching up 90 degrees
from the normal attitude at which the ATM solar panels
are pointed directly at the Sun. The new attitude has the
multiple docking adapter end of the vehicle pointing at the
Sun. The ATM solar panels are parallel to the Sun's rays
and receiving little or no solar energy. During this period
of time, the vehicle is being powered from stored battery
power. We plan to stay in this attitude for 1 revolution,
allowing the temperatures to drop on the orbital workshop.
These temperatures running higher that normal, due to the
apparent loss of the meteoroid panels, which in addition to
protecting against meteoroid impacts, also have an effect on
the way in which the vehicle absorbs and radiates thermal
energy from the Sun. And we're seeing, consequently, an
increase in temperatures. Engineers here in the Control
Center and in the Marshall Space Flight Center are interested
in watching the temperature curve as the temperatures come
back down to determine the total amount of thermal energy
absorbed by the workshop. During this period of time,
the pressurization of the orbital workshop has been terminated;
we're holding at 2 pounds internal pressure. And once
we've gotten a better indication of what the total thermal
energy absorbed by the workshop is, we'll continue that
pressurization up to the desired 5 pounds per square inch.
The plan again, is to hold at the current attitude for
1 revolution and then to pitch up to an intermediate atti
tude where we're about 45 degrees pitched up instead of the
current 90 degrees. At a 45 degree angle, it'll be a compro
mise attitude with some solar energy being supplied striking
the solar panels, and a portion of the energy, still supply
electrical energy still supplied by the batteries, staying
in this attitude for 1 revolution before returning to the
normal attitude with the ATM solar panels pointing directly
at the Sun. At this time we will terminate commentary
operations. The Houston News Center will also be closing
at this time. We will be reopening at 6 AM. This is
Skylab Control at 13 hours 36 minutes.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB I MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 CST 06:53 GET 18:23 MC-36/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control. Eighteen hours,
23 minutes since Skylab 1 lift-off. Skylab attitude control has
just been shifted to the control moment gyros. Skylab now over
the Vanguard tracking ship on the 12th revolution of the
Earth. Prior to this time, attitude control has been provided
by the thruster attitude control system, the RACS. The
control moment gyros are fully spun up now, and just a few
minutes ago, additive control was transferred to the gyros.
Temperatures on structural members in the orbital workshop continue
to run near or slightly in excess of 100 degrees. The
orbital cluster was taken out of the solar inertial attitude
for two revolutions during the night to allow readings from
several temperature sensors which had gone off the scale.
This temperature data is being used by the Marshall Space
Flight Center in a thermal model in an attempt to determine
how serious the problem is and to develop a plan to manage
the thermal profile. Skylab, now, is back in a solar inertial
attitude. The ATM telescope is unpowered at the present time,
and the cluster pressure is holding at 1.9 pounds per square
inch - decision having been made that there is no reason
at this time to go to the full 5-PSI pressure. At 18 hours
25 minutes, ground elapsed time, this is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 7:35 CST 19:05 GET MC37/1
PAO
This is Skylab Control at 19 hours
4 minutes since Skylab 1 lift-off. Flight director
Neil Hutchinson, who has been leading the overnight shift
of flight controllers monitoring the Skylab workshop,
will hold a status briefing in the small briefing room
at the Johnson Space Center News Center at 8:15 a.m. central
daylight time; 8:15 a.m. central daylight time, briefing
by Neil Hutchinson, flight director on the overnight shift.
We've been informed that the Skylab 2 crew plans to leave the
Kennedy Space Center at 9 a.m. central daylight time for
their return to Houston. This is Skylab Control.
END OF TAPE
�SKYLAB MISSION COMMENTARY 5/15/73 1:20 CST MC38/1
PAO
This is the Skylab News Center at KSC.
The engineering investigation of the inflight anomaly for
Skylab and the effect on subsequent mission activities
continues at the Marshall Spaceflight Center in Huntsville,
Alabama. No new information has been uncovered which
reveals the cause of the failure of the micrometeoroid
shield during launch and the apparent subsequent fouling
of the workshop solar array. The data continues to be
analyzed by the engineering team. The data is somewhat
incomplete in real time, since some of the events occurred
between station passes and the tape telemetry data must be
dumped at a ground station, processed and then analyzed.
The analysis of the thermal and electrical systems effects
continues on an intensive basis. The ATM solar arrays
continue to work properly and there is no significant change
in the status of the workshop solar panels. They are still
in a partially extended position with no new estimate of
the extent of their deployment. The thermal condition of
the spacecraft is more troublesome than had been anticipated
last evening. The meteoroid shield, in addition to providing
a protection against small punctures, was painted in such
a manner to provide a temperature balance in the spacecraft
on the external skin. The two effects have been found to
have contradictory mission requirements; that is to maximize
the electrical power available, it's desired to point the
solar arrays at the Sun constantly; however, this is the
cause, this causes the skin of the now unprotected OWS to
heat up excessively. Engineering evaluation and computer
analysis is currently under way to find an optimum combina
tion of solar oriented and nonsolar oriented orbit. The
flight support team at JSC and MFSC, that's Johnson Space
Center and the Marshall Space Flight Center, are continuing
in their tasks of trying to develop an optimum flight plan
for Skylab 2. Obviously the experiment activity which will
be possible depends upon the resolution of the electrical
and thermal questions. These resolutions are expected prior
to the launch of Skylab 2 now scheduled for Sunday, May 20,
1973, at approximately 11 a.m. eastern daylight time.
Preparations at the Kennedy Space Center are proceeding
accordingly. By Saturday afternoon a full understanding
of the technical situation will be available and an assess
ment of the mission impact will be made. The decision to
launch or not to launch will be made at that time. Skylab
Program Director, William Schneider, will be available at
the Kennedy Space Center auditorium for a brief news con
ference at 3 p.m. eastern daylight time today, that's a little
over a half an hour from now. The Skylab Program Director,
William Schneider will be available for a brief news
conference at the News Center at KSC today.
END OF TAPE
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Skylab Collection
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-1979
Relation
A related resource
https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Skylab Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns.
Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.
Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
sdsp_skyl_000077
Title
A name given to the resource
"Skylab Mission Commentary 5/14/73 1:10 CST 18:04 GET 5:32 MC27/1" - "Skylab Mission Commentary 5/15/73 1:20 CST MC38/1."
Description
An account of the resource
This mission commentary depicts NASA's attempts to alleviate some of the temperature issues caused by the broken micrometeoroid shield on Skylab 1.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-05-14
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
Subject
The topic of the resource
John F. Kennedy Space Center
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Apollo Telescope Mount
Multiple docking adapters
Manned Spacecraft Center (U.S.)
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Transcripts
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Skylab Collection
Box 17, Folder 1
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/201/14400/sdsp_skyl_000065_001.pdf
394834d59a16ccba4f7ffd5544598147
PDF Text
Text
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Gerald Wittenstein Collection
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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sdsp_skyl_000065
Title
A name given to the resource
"SKYLAB REENTRY LOG July 8 ⟶ July 11."
Description
An account of the resource
Pages 14 to 159 are unused.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1979-07-11
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
Subject
The topic of the resource
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Reentry
Type
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Notebooks
Notes (Documents)
Text
Source
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Gerald Wittenstein Collection
Box 8, Folder 4
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/14367/sdsp_skyl_000019-000020.pdf
2411f4a5f819d31f020d47ea2e192b45
PDF Text
Text
��
Dublin Core
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Title
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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sdsp_skyl_000019-000020
Title
A name given to the resource
"SKYLAB SILHOUETTED AGAINST EARTH, DARK SKY, AS VIEWED FROM COMMAND/SERVICE MODULE."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
Subject
The topic of the resource
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Skylab 2
Space habitats
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
One-Sheet Posters
Still Image
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Box 60, Folder Photograph
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/14365/sdsp_skyl_000015-000016.pdf
8bfc7378cbcca6f12125f4d5ba850b08
PDF Text
Text
��
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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sdsp_skyl_000015-000016
Title
A name given to the resource
"SKYLAB SPACE STATION AS SEEN FROM SKYLAB 4 CSM."
Description
An account of the resource
This poster depicts the Skylab habitat. It presents a clear view of the Apollo Telescope Mount.
Creator
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1974
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
Subject
The topic of the resource
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Skylab 4
Space habitats
Gibson, Edward G.
Carr, Gerald P.
Pogue, William R.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
One-Sheet Posters
Still Image
Source
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
Box 60, Folder Photograph
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/202/14406/sdsp_skyl_000071_001.pdf
feb0b60f503128e7cbf3488baba5a2c0
PDF Text
Text
����This handbook was prepared by MDAC-W Logistics
Engineering, Orbital Workshop Training, as a
reference document for Skylab/Orbital Workshop
Systems orientation and familiarization briefings.
Use of this document in whole or in part for
other than general information or training reference
is not authorized.
Questions concerning the contents of this handbook
may be directed to:
R. W. Peak
A3-751, Mail Station #7
Extension 5532
II
��TABLE OF CONTENTS
_Page
SECTION I
SECTION II
SECTION III
IHE SKYLAB
Configuration
^
Mission Description
2
Mission Objectives
3
Apollo Command and Service Module (CSM)
7
Payload Shroud (PS)
12
Apollo Telescope Mount (AIM)
17
Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA)
21
Airlock Module (AM)
29
Instrument Unit (IU)
37
Orbital Workshop (CMS)
41
ORBITAL WORKSHOP SYSTEMS
Crew Accommodations
51
Habitability Support
63
Experiment Accommodations
75
Stowage
108
Electrical
H6
Atmosphere Control
126
Refrigeration
133
Ihruster Attitude Control
138
Data Acquisition
144
Communication
147
APPENDICES
Skylab Nomenclature
157
References
163
iii
�.
�SKYLAB ORIENTATION
CONFIGURATION
The Skylab consists of the Apollo Telescope Mount (AIM), which is also referred
to as the Solar Astronomy Array, and the Orbital Assembly Module.
The Orbital
Assembly Module (OAM) consists of the Multiple Docking Adapter (MDA), the
Airlock Module (AM) including the Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS), the Instrument
Unit (IU), and the Orbital Workshop (OWS).
The Instrument Unit is nomallv
considered as part of the launch vehicle, but because of its function in pre
paring the Sky lab, it is here considered as part of the Orbital Assemblv Module.
The Apollo Applications Caimand and Service Modules (CSM) are not considered
part of the Skvlab, but when docked with the Skylab, the entire cluster is
referred to as the Orbital Assembly (OA).
The launch configuration for the Skylab (SL-1) mission consists of the following
o
Saturn 1C Stage
o
Saturn II Stage
o
Skylab
o
Payload Shroud
The launch configuration for the SL-2, SL-3, and the SL-U missions consist of
the following:
o
Saturn IB Stage
o
Saturn SIV-B Stage
o
Instrument Unit
o
Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA)
o
Ccmmand and Service Modules
o
Launch Escape Assembly (LEA)
1
�MISSION DESCRIPTION
The Skylab Program consists of three earth orbit missions:
SL-1/2
SL-3, and
SL-u, and extends over a period of about eight months.
SL-1/2 Mission
•he first mission, SL-1/2, consists of two launches approximately one day
apart.
This mission is 28 days in duration.
The SL-1 vehicle uses a Saturn V Launch Vehicle to place the Sky lab in
oroit about the earth at approximately 250 miles.
After insertion, the
S-II Stage is separated by retrorockets, and the Sky lab is pitched downward bv instrument unit command to the Thruster Attitude Control System
(.ACS).
As the Skylab passes through nose-down attitude, the pavload
shroud is jettisoned.
"When the Skylab achieves retrograde
attitude, the
instrument unit conmands the deployment of the Apollo Telescope Mount (AIM),
and the orientation of the Skylab to a solar inertial attitude using the
TACS.
The solar inertial attitude, with the Skylab axially aligned in the
orbital plane, and the ATM solar cannister pointing directly at the sun,
is the primary attitude for all Skvlab missions except for CSM docking and
earth resources passes.
Af -er soiar inertial attitude has been acquired, the instrument unit
cormands deployment of the ATM and OWS solar arrays, and the OWS meteoroid
shield.
The ATM Control Moment Gyros (CMG) are activated at this time.
-ne
chicle uses a Saturn IB Launch Vehicle to orbit the Apollo CSM
and the Skvlab crew.
The Skylab is oriented to a rendezvous/earth
resources attitude, in which the ATM solar cannister continuouslv points
to the earth, and the CSM docks at the MDA axial docking port.
The crew
then transfers to the Skylab and activates the OA systems for on-orbit
activities.
2
�SL-3 Mission
The second Skylab mission consists of one launch, using a Saturn IB Launch
Vehicle, approximately 80 days after the SI^2 launch. The CSM rendezvous
and docking is identical to SL-2. This mission has a planned duration of
56 days.
SL-4 Mission
The final mission, SL-4, uses a Saturn IB Launch Vehicle. The launch
occurs approximately 103 days after the SL-3 launch.
The duration of this
mission is also scheduled for 56 days.
MISSION OBJECTIVES
Mission objectives for the three Skylab missions are as follows:
0
Establish an experimental space station in orbit
o
Operate the OA as a habitable space structure for long duration
missions of 28 to 56 days.
o
Obtain data for evaluating OA performance.
o
Obtain data for evaluation of astronaut nobility and work
capability for intra- and extravehicular activities.
0
Extend the duration of manned spaceflight.
o
Obtain biomedical data for evaluating the effects of zero-g
missions of 28 to 56 days on crew members.
o
Determine the feasibility and advisability of manned zero-g space
flights with durations greater than 56 davs.
0
Perform inflight experiments.
o
Obtain solar astronomy and stellar astronomy data in several
wavelengths to continue and extend studies beyond the limits of
terrestrial observations.
3
�o
Obtain data for the evaluation of extended weightlessness on man.
o
Obtain data for the development of operational procedures for
extended manned orbital operation.
o
Obtain engineering and technological data for development of
advanced space vehicles and equipment.
4
��/Vic
OOOOLAS
COMP4/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-413
SKYLAB ORBITAL ASSEMBLY CONFIGURATION
POSITION 111
OWS
+Z OA
+X ATM
12-16-70
ATM
SOLAR
POSITION I
OWS
-Z OA
+Z ATM
PS
(FIXED
ows
GENERAL NOTES
1) THE MDA/AM/OWS AXES POLARITIES ARE
THE SAME AS THOSE SHOWN FOR THE OA.
2) THE OA Y AND Z AXES POLARITIES FOR
DYNAMIC BODY AXES ARE THE REVERSE OF
THOSE SHOWN.
31 AN OA IS THE DOCKED CONFIGURATION OR
A CSM AND A SWS.
A) A SWS IS THE OWS/AM/MDA/ATM/PS/IU.
+Y ATM
+X CSM
OWS SOLAR
ARRAY
+Y OA
�APOLLO APPLICATIONS COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE
The Apollo Corrmand and Service Module, while not part of the Skylab, is con
sidered along with the other modules as part of the Orbital Assembly (OA) when
docked in orbit.
The Conmand Module is the control center of the Apollo spacecraft, and contains
necessary automatic and manual equipment to control and monitor the spacecraft
systems.
It also contains the required
of the three-man crew.
equipment for the safety and comfort
The module is an irregular-shaped primary structure
encompassed by three heat shields, forming a truncated conic structure.
The
CM consists of a forward compartment, a crew compartment, and an aft compart
ment for equipment stowage.
feet in diameter at the base.
The module is approximately 12 feet long and 13
The forward compartment surrounds the forward
access tunnel which interfaces the Skylab MDA, and most of the equipment
stored in the forward compartment is earth landing (recovery) system (ELS)
equipment.
The crew compartment or inner structure is a sealed cabin with
pressurization maintained by the Environmental Control System (ECS).
The
compartment, protected by a heat shield, contains controls and displays for
operation of the spacecraft and spacecraft systems, crew couches and restraint
harness assemblies, window, crew equipment such as food and water, waste
management, and survival provisions.
The aft area compartment is encompassed
by the aft portion of the crew compartment heat shield, aft heat shield, and
aft portion of the primary structure.
This compartment provides reaction
control engines, the impact attenuation structure, instrunentation, and storage
tanks for water, fuel, oxidizer (RCS), and gaseous helium
The service module is a cylindrical structure about 13 feet long and 13 feet
in diameter.
The Service Module (SM) contains service and reaction
propulsion systems including their respective
control
propeHants, descent battery
pack, fuel cells, for power generation (and contingency water production),
and storage tanks for oxygen and hydrogen.
Both the command and service modules have been modified from previous Apollo
configurations to better meet the mission requirements
7
of the Skylab series.
�The ccnnvand and service modules are attached to the launch vehicle via a
Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) which is empty except for a stabilizing
device which provides structural support to the outer skin of the adapter. The
adapter is a truncated oone structure.
8
�/VTCDO/V/VELL
_ _
APOLLO COMMAND MODULE (CM)
4STWO/V4(/r/CS
SA-682
EXTERIOR
CO/MP4/VV
•Y
C
'5
-v
• Z
TOWER ATTACHMENT
(4 PLACES)
FORWARD HEAT SHIELD
(APEX COVER)
PITCH ENGINES
FORWARO VIEWING
(RENDEZVOUS)
WINDOWS
CREW
COMPARTMENT
HEAT SHIELD
S10E WINDOW
(2 PLACES)
WINDOW
ROLL ENGINES
ITYP)
�/VTCOO/V/VtLL
oo^i4s
—
CO/VTP/l/VV
—
C
SA-6R1
MG E N E R A L A R R A N G E M E N T
DOCKING PROBE
FWD ACCESS TUNNEL
MAIN CHUTE
DROGUE CHUTE
FWD COMPT BULKHEAD
LES TOWER ATTACH POINT
RCS PITCH ENGINES
INSULATION
SPACE
MAIN DISPLAY CONSOLE
ABLATIVE
MATERIAL
RENDEZVOUS WINDOW
SIDE HATCH
SS HONEYCOMB
AL HONEYCOMB
RCS ROLL ENGINES
AFT COMPT
(UNDERNEATH)
AREA
RCS YAW ENGINES
RCS PITCH ENGINES
POTABLE WATER TANK
ECS STEAM VENT
RCS
ROLL ENGINES
�MCDO/VA/ELL
DOUGLAS
APOLLO SERVICE MODULE (SM)
ASTnO/VAUTtCS
SA~683
COtV1F»/\r>i\'
RAOIAL BEAM TRUSS
(6 PLACES)
HELIUM TANK
FUEL TANK
PRESSURE
SYSTEM
PANEL
TANK
OXlQiZER
SERVICE
PROPULSION
ENGINE
FUEL TANK
SPS ENGINE
EXPANSION NOZZLE
SECTORS TOR viE •
AND 4 ARE S!>DECR£E SECTORS
ANO SARE :>0EGREE SECTORS
AN0 6 ARE WOECREE SECTORS
��PAYLOAD SHPOUD (PS)
The payload shroud provides an aerodynamic envelope for the ATM, MCA, and part
of the AM during boost phase of the mission.
loads during pre launch, launch, and boost.
PS/FAS interface.
It also provides support for ATM
These loads are transmitted to the
After orbital insertion, during the retrograde maneuver,
die payload shroud is separated into four quarter segments and jettisoned.
The configuration of the PS is basically a double angle nose cone assembly
mounted on a 22 foot diameter cylindrical section 30 feet long.
The nose cap
and forward cone are approximately 15 feet long.
Mild Detonation Fuse (MDF) is used to separate the payload shroud into four
quarter segments at IU command, and inflate a bellows assembly which provides
separation and jettison force.
Primary material in the payload shroud is aluninum.
13
�/Vf COO/V/Vf n
SKYLAB
O/W-3900
5-26-70
•6 rwo/VA(/ncs
LAUNCH CONFIGURATION
NOSE CONE
PAYLOAD SHROUD
APOLLO
TELESCOPE MOUNT
MULTIPLE
DOCKING ADAPTER
AIRLOCK MODULE
INSTRUMENT UNIT
SATURN V
LAUNCH
VEHICLE
S-IC
STAGE
ORBITAL
WORKSHOP
SATURN V
INTERSTAGE
SATURN I I
���APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT (ATM)
The Apollo telescope mount consists of a rack, experiment cannister, solar
array, Control and Display (CSD) ccnsole, and various support subsystems.
ATM provides the OA with:
o
Attitude control via the Control Moment Gyro (CMG) subsystem
o
Electrical pcwer for the ATM experiments via the solar array
o
Sharing of OA electrical loads with the OWS solar array system and
The
1he AM batteries.
The ATM is launched in a stowed position forward of the MDA axial port (#5),
and is deployed after orbital insertion by a motorized deployment mechanism
at IU corrmand.
After the AIM is locked into place, the solar arrays are
deployed at a subsequent command frcm the IU.
ATM Rack
The ATM rack is an octagonal structure approximately 11 feet across and
12 feet high, with a 14 foot diameter solar shield at one end, and four
truss type structural member's extending from four of the eight sides.
The rack is open in the center to accommodate the experiment cannister
and has attachment points for the solar array and most of the ATM sub
system equipment on the exterior of its sides and one end.
It is mounted
to the ATM deployment assembly (AIM-DA).
Experiment Cannister
The experiment cannister is a cylinder approximately 7 feet in diameter,
10 feet in length, and closed at both ends except for experiment viewing
doors.
It has a cruciform spar inside, to provide for experiment mounting.
The cannister is attached to the rack
by means of a two-degree-of-freedom
gimbal and roll mechanism called the Experiment Pointing Control System
(EPCS) which allcws more accurate pointing control than the OA attitude
control provides.
Some subsystem equipment is mounted on the MDA end of
the cannister.
17
�Solar Array
The ATM solar array is the electrical pcwer source for the ATM.
The am.'
consists of four wings covered with solar cells, and the means to deploy
them cn-orbit.
The wings are attached to the experiment end of the rack
perpendicular to the long axis of the OA, and their span is approximately
100 feet.
The four wings comprise 1200 square feet of generating area,
and have an average pcwer capability of approximately 3500 watts.
ATM Control and Display Console (CSD)
The ATM CSD console is located in the MDA and provides the crew interface
with the ATM experiments, attitude control and ATM subsystems.
A water
cooling system which consists of a water reservoir, three pimp modules and
a heat exchanger, provides cooling to the CSD panel.
interfaces with an AM coolant system.
The heat exchanger
The water cooling system also
supports the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP) experiments.
ATM Deployment Assembly (ATM-DA)
The ATM-DA provides structural support for the ATM during launch and
deployment capabilities on-orbit.
It also provides mounting facilities
or rendezvous lighting and antennas for the earth resources experiment
package (EREP) and burst noise monitor experiments.
The ATM-EA consists
of upper and lower tubular truss assemblies, and a rotation
system. The
truss assemblies are attached to the FAS on the airlock module, and
provide support for the ATM.
The deployment is accomplished by means of
the rotation system which consists of springs, reels, cable, gear trains,
and motors.
The entire system is redundant in case of failure.
18
�ZVICOO/V/VELL
oouglas
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
/\s-moisjAur-ics
o/w-srose
8—12—70
APOLLO TELESCOPE MOUNT
ATM SOLAR ARRAY WING NO. 3
ATM SOLAR ARRAY
WING NO. 2
ATM SOLAR ARRAY
FILM RETRIEVAL DOOR
ATM SOLAR ARRAY WING NO. 1
CONTROL MOMENT GYRO
(3 PLACES)
��MULTIPLE DOCKING ADAPTER (MDA)
The MDA is basically a double walled pressure vessel of cylindrical configuration,
approxinately 17 feet in length, and 10 feet in diameter.
Ihe MDA provides the OA with the following:
o
TV/o docking interfaces (port 5 axial; and port 3, radial) for the CSM.
Port 3 provides physical interface only.
Cluster systems interface
capabilities are provided at port 5 to allow integration of the docked
CSM with the Sky lab.
o
Interface between the CSM and the rest of the cluster for transfer of
personnel, equipment, pcwer, and other electrical signals.
o
Internal storage and operation of hardware and experiments launched
in the MDA.
o
Control and display capabilities for the ATM and TACS.
o
Vent control for the AM/MDA.
o
Storage vaults for ATM cameras and film,
o
Thermal control of the MDA interior.
o
Crew svstems:
o
A viewing window with cover.
lighting, ccrrmunication, mobilitv aids and restraints,
MDA Configuration
The MDA consists of a conical forward bulkhead assembly with an axial
docking port, an upper cylindrical section with a radial docking port,
and a lcwer cylindrical section.
The MDA is structurally cantilevered
from the AM and is designed to withstand launch loads, docking loads, onorbit stabilization maneuvers, and internal pressure loads.
21
�rvi<: oo /v /v n L I_
DO(/f.l4S
/isrwo/v/ii/r/cs
CO/VIP/l/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-414
MDA EXTERNAL STRUCTURE
12-16-70
AXIAL DOCKING PORT
DOCKING TARGET
HANDRAILS
PROTON
SPECTROMETER
ELECTRICAL CORDAGE &
EQUIPMENT TUNNEL
IR SPECTROMETER
WINDOW
COVER
S-190
WINDOW
SIGNAL
CONDITIONER
POWER
DISTRIBUTION
BOX (2)
DOCKING
RADIAL
i— METEOROID SHIELD
& RADIATOR (MDACI
SUPER
INSULATION
PURGE
TUBING
BARREL
SHELL
10-BAND
MULTISPECTAL
SCANNER
OWS
TUNNEL
(REF)
�A single window with cover is located above the radial docking port.
The
MDA has external handrails, docking targets, cable tunnels, running lights,
and provisions for mounting the radiators,
meteoroid shield, proton spec
trometer, and Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP).
Thermal Control System
The MDA employs double-walled construction, with standoffs and stiffeners
between the walls, and insulation mounted on the exterior of the inner wall
for passive thermal control.
The aft position of the MDA exterior is
shielded against meteoroids by a standoff radiator,
has a meteoroid shield.
and the forward portion
A multilayer High-Performance Insulation (KPI)
blanket is placed between the MDA pressure skin and the radiator/meteoroid
shields and extends into the docking ports.
The external surface thermal coating is white paint.
with a white zinc oxide paint with a low ratio
The radiator
is coated
of solar absorptivity to
surface emissivity to provide additional passive thermal control.
Active thermal control is provided by 16 strip heaters mounted at 45 degree
intervals around the interior wall.
Eight 40 watt heaters are located in
the aft section and eight 20 watt heaters in the forward section.
A 15
watt heater is located on each of the two docking ports.
Venting System
The MDA venting system provides the capability of venting the AM and MDA
during ascent and orbital storage.
It consists of two vent valves, an
overboard vent line, and vent plugs for sealing the vent valve ducts.
The
two vent valves are located on a vent valve panel in the forward section
of the MDA.
These valves are motor driven, and are remotely operated by
the Digital Command System (DCS).
23
�Crew Systems
Internal lighting is provided by eight 10-watt fluorescent lamps, four of
which are located in the dene, and four of which are in the cylindrical
section.
Three Speaker Intercom Assemblies (SIA) are provided in the MDA, one on
the dome above the MDA windew, one on the cylinder wall near Experiment
M512, and one on the cylinder aft wall, opposite the windew.
Crewman restraints and mobility aids include handrails, attach points for
tether devices, and an AIM Control and Display Panel (CSD)(which provides
operational control and monitoring of the AIM and TACS) work platform.
Docking Provisions
The MDA provides docking capabilities at two locations.
The primarv
docking location is the axial port, which is located at the forward end
of the MDA and centered in the dcme.
The radial port is located on the
forward portion of the cylindrical section opposite the deploved ATM.
Both docking ports have standard Apollo drogues, docking rings, and utilize
15-watt heaters, pressure hatches, and docking targets.
The axial docking
port, hewever, is the only one which has provisions for the transfer of
electrical pewer, caimunications, and conditioned air.
The drogue assembly is a conical structure with provisions for mounting
in the docking tunnel forward of the pressure hatch.
accept the docking probe en the CSM.
It is designed to
The drogue can be removed from
either end of the docking tunnel.
Docking Port Hatch
The docking port hatch is a circular machined member which is hinged on
one side and incorporates the following provisions:
o
A pressure equalization valve which can be operated from
either side.
24
�MCO°^ELL
OOUG14S
/XSTffOfY/XOTfCS
COM p/xrw
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-416
MDA INTERNAL VIEW (LEFT SIDE)
12-16-70
ATM C&D FOOT
RESTRAINT PLATFORM
C 0 2 ABSORBER CONTAINER
ELECTRICAL UMBILICAL
VENT PANEL
ATM
ELECTRICAL
CONNECTORS
AXIAL
DOCKING
TUNNEL
ECS FLEX
DUCT ASSY
FILM VAULT
NO. 3
10 BAND MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER
IR SPECTROMETER
(EREP)
�mm
/VTCDO/V/VfLL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
OOt/Ct4S
asthofs/AUTICH
MDA INTERNAL VIEW (RIGHT SIDE)
corvi pa/vy
FILM VAULT NO. 1
SA-417
12-16-70
SUB2A &
FILM VAULT NO. 4
M512/479
M479
CONTAINER
UTILITY OUTLET
M512 FOOT
RESTRAINTS
WINDOW
VAULT
NO. 2
�o
A differential pressure indicator on both sides of the hatch.
o
A latching handle on both sides of the hatch permitting opening
and closing from either side of the hatch.
o
Six, over center, positive locking, latching mechanisms.
Docking Aids
Docking aids are provided to facilitate final rendezvous maneuvers and
docking of the CSM to the Sky lab.
A set of docking lights located about the periphery of the dome area
provide visual orientation for rendezvous maneuvers.
controlled by DCS ccrmtand.
These lights are
A docking target, consisting of a circular
field and a standoff cross, illuninated by fluorescent paint and electro
luminescent disks, is provided for alignment of the probe and drogue
during docking.
27
��AIRLOCK MODULE (AM)
The Airlock Module (AM) is basically two double walled cylindrical pressure
vessels stacked together.
The overall length of the airlock module is approxi
mately 17 feet, the diameter of the large cylindrical section is about 10 feet,
and that of the smaller section is about 5 feet.
Included here is the Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS) which interfaces the OWS, and
provides structural support for the MDA, AIM, and AM.
It is a cylinder,
approximately 22 feet in diameter, and 7 feet long.
The AM is situated between the MDA and OWS, and contains systems for environ
mental control, instrumentation, electrical power, communications, and operational
management for the OA.
It also provides a lock compartment, hatch, and support
systems for extravehicular activities (EVA).
Operational management is provided for OA systems by means of control and
display consoles (CSD), and a Digital Command System (DCS) for ground control
of Skylab systems.
The AM provides the OA with the following:
o
Conditioning, management, and distribution of electrical power for
the MDA, OWS, and CSM.
o
Management and control for paralleling the AM and ATM electrical
power systems.
o
Environmental control of the OA atmosphere.
o
Nitrogen storage and controls for the OA atmospheric supplies
(Nitrogen—N^, and Oxygen—0^).
o
Accumulation and conditioning of 0AM housekeeping, vehicle status,
and experiment data for real-time transmission to the Manned Spaceflight
Network (MSFN).
29
�Airlock Module
�o
Tape recording and storage of data for delayed transmission to the
MSB!.
o
OAM DCS link with the MSFN for system control frcm the ground.
o
Transmitters, receivers, and controls for the OAM data link with
the MSFN.
o
Transport equipment for traversing ATM film magazines frcm the EVA
hatch area to the AIM work stations.
o
Audio-visual alert system for OAM caution and warning indications.
o
Cluster intercommunications via the CSM for voice transmission to
the MSFN.
o
Hard copy message reception frcm the MSFN via teleprinter.
o
Life supporting oxygen, cooling, and communications for crew EVA.
o
Experiment installations and controls.
Equipment installation for systems performing listed functions is accomplished
by mounting modules on the AM tunnel and its trusses, and within the AM.
The lock compartment allows EVA without interrupting crew or systems operations
in the pressurized sections on either side of the lock.
Airlock Configuration
The AM consists of four major structural components, and the fixed airlock
shroud.
The major components are:
o
The Structural Transition Section (STS)
o
The tunnel assembly
o
The flexible tunnel extension
o
The airlock truss assemblies (4)
31
�The £M is attached to the MDA at the forward end of the STS, and to the OWS via
the flexible tunnel extension and the fixed airlock shroud. The truss assemblies
attach to the FAS at each axis.
Structural Transition Section (STS)
The STS provides structural transition from the 10 foot diameter MEA to the
5 foot diameter -AM tunnel assembly. The STS is a welded aluninun pressurized
cylinder approximately 46 inches long and 120 inches in diameter, of stressed
skin, semi-monocoque construction.
The STS bulkhead provides the transition from 120 inch diameter to 65 inch
diameter to mate with the tunnel assembly. The bulkhead, along with the tunnel
shear webs, provides shear continuity of the PM and redistributes loads to the
AM support truss assemblies.
Four double pane glass viewing ports are provided for visibility. Each window
is protected when not in use by an external movable cover assembly which is
actuated from inside the STS by the crew.
The covers serve to minimize meteoroid
impacts on the glass and heat losses from the cabin area.
AM Radiator Assembly
Tne AM radiator serves as a meteoroid shield for the MDA and STS in addition
to its primary function as a heat radiator to space.
The radiator consists of panels containing fluid paths which are supported three
inches outside the vehicle pressure skin. The coolant paths are connected to
the PM coolant loop. The radiator is constructed mostly of magnesiun alloy,
and extends virtually the entire length of the AM.
AM Tunnel Assembly
The tunnel assembly is a 65 inch diameter, 153 inch long cylinder of aluninun,
semi-monocoque construction. The tunnel is internally divided into three
sections bv two bulkheads equipped with hatches. These are the forward
compartment, the center or lock compartment, and the aft compartment.
32
�tVtC OO/V/VL'LL
AIRLOCK MODULE
OOUCI/1S
/I STFtOM/X
LJr/cs
SA -418A
INTERNAL VIEW LEFT SIDE
corvif/xrvv
ELECTRICAL PWR SYSTEM
INSTR. AND COMM.
UTILITY OUTLET NO. 1
ENVIRONMENTAL CONT.SYS.
EPS CAUTION &WARNIN
MOLLSIEVE 0 2 SUPPLY
LTG CAUTION & WARNING
MOLE. SI EVE A VENT VALVE
co
CO
CIRCUIT BREAKER (RIGHT
BUS DI ST. SCHEMATIC
PCG CONTROL SCHEMATIC
AFT COMPT VENT VALVE
AFT HATCH
CIRCUIT BREAKER (LEFT)
CIRCUIT BREAKER (CENTER)
FORWARD HATCH
�/V1CDO/V/VCLL
AIRLOCK MODULE
DOUG1.4S
4ST#?0/V4l/r/CS
SA -419A
INTERNAL VIEW RIGHT SIDE
corvif»j\rsiY
MOLE SI EVE VALVES AND
UTILITY OUTLET
O 2 /N 2 CONTROL SYSTEM
CONTROL PANEL
LCG SYS RESERVOIR
PR VLV
CONT PANEL
COOLANT FLOW CABIN
HEAT EXCHANGER VALVES
NO. 1 CONT PANa
EVA HATCH
COMPT CONT PANa
LOCK DEPRESS VLV
EVA NO. 2 CONTROL PANEL
COMPT CONT PANa
t
FWD
�Forward Compartment
The forward compartment mates to the STS and includes a cabin relief valve and
provisions for stowage containers, tape recorders, and miscellaneous equipment.
It is approximately 65 inches in diameter, and 31 inches in length.
Lock Ccmpartment
The center or lock ccmpartment is approximately 80 inches long, and includes a
Gemini type crew hatch for ingress/egress during EVA.
The lock ccmpartment is sealed frcm the rest of the Skylab during EVA by two
internal hatches.
These are circular machinings with radial stiffeners and
each has a dual pane windew which permits viewing the lock ccmpartment frcm
both forward and aft compartments.
Each hatch is equipped with a latching
mechanism which is actuated by rotating a handle.
The aft hatch can be detached
frcm its hinge by removing two quick release pins, and then be re-instailed at
the flexible tunnel extension to isolate the OWS frcm the rest of the Skylab
during "contingency mode" operations.
The EVA hatch is a titanium structure of conical section configuration like those
used in the Gemini missions.
The hatch is latched or unlatched by the rotation
of a handle on the interior of the hatch.
The EVA hatch is equipped with a dual pane viewing window which enables viewing
of the aft portion of the EVA quadrant.
Aft Ccmpartment
Hie aft compartment is approximately 42 inches long and provides a recessed
housing t o s u p p o r t 0/W t h e r m a l c o n t r o l system h e a t exchanger f a n s .
The a f t
ccmpartment also houses the controls for the (W1 Thermal Control System (TCS),
and the
recharge station which is associated with one of the experiments.
35
�Flexible Tunnel Extension Assembly (Bellows)
A metallic convolute flexible bellows approximately a foot long, and having an
internal diameter of about three and one-half feet, joins the AM to the OWS
forward dome.
The tunnel extension provides continuitv of the pressurized
passageway from the AM to the OWS.
It is attached to the AM and OWS prior to
launch and allcws relative deflection between the AM and OWS with minimum load
transfer.
A fiberglas laminate shield mounted inside the bellcws protects it
from damage during equipment and crew transfer through the bellows.
AM Support Truss Assemblies
Four truss assemblies are used to attach the AM to the FAS.
These are located
at ninety degree intervals around the AM, and are indexed to the reference axes.
The trusses are constructed of fusion welded aluminum tubes.
Machined fittings
are used at the attach points to the tunnel and FAS.
In addition to their primary function of attaching the AM to the FAS, and
strengthening the assembly, the truss assemblies support batterv modules (2),
and gaseous nitrogen (GN2) spheres (4).
Fixed Airlock Shroud
The Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS) is a cylindrical structure approximately 7 feet
long and 22 feet in diameter.
It provides structural support for the ATM, AM,
MDA, and PS during the launch phase of the mission.
It also supports six
cylindrical gaseous oxygen (GO^) tanks and provides attachment points for two
discone antennas for OAM DCS and data canmunication. Five spherical GN? tanks
mounted in the FAS provide pressurdzation gas for the OWS water tanks, and
atmospheric supply.
36
�INSTRUMENT UNIT
The instrument unit is an unpressurized, cylindrical load-supporting structure
of honeycomb sandwich construction.
It is approximately 22 feet in diameter,
and 3 feet long, and it is located between the Fixed Airlock Shroud (FAS) and
•the OWS forward skirt.
The instrument unit is normally considered to be part of the launch vehicle,
but because of its location, and the role it plays in the orbital preparation
of the Skvlab, it is considered here as part of the OAM.
Mounted on the internal wall of the instrument unit are items of equipment
which comprise electrical and mechanical systems which guide, control, and
monitor vehicle performance from liftoff for approximately 7 hours.
Included
among these systems are guidance and control, measurement and telemetry,
tracking, IU command, and electrical systems.
The IU commands the following
orbital functions of the 0AM:
o
Skylab maneuver to retrograde following S-II separation,
o
Payload Shroud (PS) jettison during retrograde maneuver,
o
Apollo Telescope Mount (AIM) deployment,
o
Acquisition of solar inertial attitude,
o
OWS and AIM solar array deployment,
o
OWS meteoroid shield deployment,
o
ATM Control Moment Gyro (CMG) activation,
o
0AM systems activation,
o
0AM venting and pressurizing,
o
TACS command transfer to DCS.
After accomplishing the listed functions, the IU batteries expire, and the IU
has no further function during the Skylab mission.
37
��SA-502
1-11-71
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
/VfCDO/V/VCLL
DOUGLAS
INSTRUMENT UNIT
4STW0/V4iyncs
corvif/xrw
FLIGHT CONTROL COMPUTER
LAUNCH VEHICLE DATA ADAPTER
C-BAND ANTENNA
$
•VHFTLM
ANT
ACCESS DOOR
AZUSA ANTENNA
i / COMMAND
ANTENNA
HEAT EXCHANGERSUBLIMATOR
UMBILICAL
��ORBITAL WORKSHOP (OWS)
The OWS is a modified third stage of the Saturn V Launch Vehicle (SIV-B Stage).
The Liquid Hydrogen (LHj) fuel tank has been converted into crew living and
working quarters, and the Liquid Oxygen (LOj) oxidizer tank has been utilized
as a plenun area for waste matter.
The propulsion and propellant feed systems,
auxiliary propulsion system, and supporting hardware have been removed, and
certain structural modifications accomplished for the conversion.
The exterior of the CMS is fitted with a deployable meteoroid shield, a solar
power array system (SAS), a radiator
for the refrigeration system, two rings
of gaseous nitrogen (GN2) spheres for Hie thruster attitude control system, and
two thruster modules.
The meteoroid shield is deployed on-orbit and protects
the OWS against meteoroid penetrations.
The SAS wing assemblies are also
deployed on-orbit, and provide a source of electrical power to the 0AM.
The
refrigeration system radiator is mounted in a fixed position to the thrust
structure on the aft end of the OWS and is used to radiate heat absorbed by
the OWS refrigeration system.
The GN2 bottles store gas for use in the TACS
which maintains attitude control of the Skylab prior to CMG activation, and
supplements the CMG system after it has assumed primary control.
The OWS is divided into two major areas, the habitation area, and the waste
tank.
These areas are separated by the cannon bulkhead that separates the fuel
frcm the oxidizer portions of the SIV-B propellant tank.
During Hie Skylab mission, the crew will inhabit the living and working quarters
of the OWS, and perform many of the experiments required to meet Hie established
mission objectives.
The OWS provides the OA with the following:
o
OWS crew quarters in which the crew can live, and perform experiments
requisite to mission success.
o
Habitability support system, which includes the capabilities of food,
water, and waste management, personal hygiene, sleep accommodations,
and trash management.
41
��o
Stowage provisions for all equipment and consumables which are part
of the OWS.
o
Electrical power from the SAS, distribution, and control, and illumina
tion of both interior habitable areas, and exterior (running lights).
o
Atmosphere control of the OWS interior for pressure, ventilation, and
heating.
o
Refrigeration of food, water, and experimental samples.
o
Thruster attitude control of the cluster prior to activation of the
CMG system, and as backup to the C15G system.
o
Data acquisition for housekeeping, experiment data and vehicle/systerns
status, for telemetry and on-board display.
o
Corrmunications facilities among the various elements of the cluster,
television, telecommunications, and on-board caution and warning
indications.
o
A crew viewing window for observation and experiment support.
o
Scientific airlocks to support extravehicular experiment requirements.
o
On-board accommodations and support systems for experiment packages.
OWS Configuration
The Skylab OWS consists of a Saturn V SIV-B propellant tank assembly, forward
and aft skirts, thrust structure, and aft interstage.
The aft interstage
separates with the S-II stage, and is not considered to be part of the OWS
after launch.
Habitation Area
The habitation area is divided into the forward compartment, which is used
primarily as a storage and work area, and the crew quarters, which are the
living and operating areas for the crew on-orbit.
43
A third area, located between
��the crew quarters and the waste tank is used as a plenun for the ventilation
control system, and is accessible to the crew.
The forward compartment floor consists of an eight inch beam structure sand
wiched between triangular grid sections. The grid pattern is typical of that
used throughout "the OWS, and facilitates crew mobility.
The beam structure is
attached to the wall,and includes a large hexagonal opening in its center to
allow crew and equipment movement between the forward ocmpartment and the crew
quarters. TV;o smaller openings are provided in the floor above the sleep
compartment to allow emergency egress of the crew quarters.
The crew quarters floor is similar to the forward compartment floor but has an
aluriinum sheet on the underside, tcward the plenun area, and waste tank.
The
floor has three openings similar to those in the floor of the forward compart
ment.
The large opening provides access to the trash airlock, and the smaller
openings provide access to the plenum area.
The trash airlock is used for the
disposal of waste matter.
Forward Ccmpartment
Initial entry to the OWS from the AM is made through a hatch located at the
apex of the dcme in the forward compartment. The hatch is a reusable circular
machining curved to conform to the radius of the forward done.
It contains a
pressure equalization valve, and redundant check valves and operating handles
which are used to open the hatch from either side.
Ten water tanks are installed around the wall of the forward compartment.
tank has a capacity of approximately 50 gallons.
tanks are 25 stowage containers.
Each
Located just above the water
Stewed in these 25 containers are waste
management, personal hygiene, photographic, and maintenance equipment.
Various
stowage lockers and experiment equipment are also installed on the floor. The
two scientific airlocks are located in the wall of the forward compartment 180
degrees apart. These airlocks are used in the performance of various experiments
which involve exposure to space.
45
�Crew Quarters
The OWS crew quarters contain the sleep compartment, waste management compart
ment, wardroom, and experiment compartment.
These compartments provide areas
in which the crew can conduct their normal daily activities, as well as special
experiment tasks.
The sleep compartment furnishes sleeping and communication
equicment for each of the three crewmen.
The waste management compartment
provides toilet and personal hygiene facilities.
The wardroom provides storage
and preparation facilities for food, recreational facilities such as games and
television, communications, and a viewing window for observation and experimental
photography.
The wardroom also includes provisions for temporarv stowage of
trash.
Waste Tank
Ihe waste tank is the L02 portion of the SIV-B propellant tank assemblv from
which the propellant utilization probes, chilldcwn punps, and other support
hardware have been removed.
It is located irrmediately aft of the crew quarters
floor/plenum area, and shares the common bulkhead with the habitation area.
The trash airlock provides access to the waste tank from the crew quarters.
A
large mesh screen installed in the tank prevents trash from clogging the liquid
dump probe inlets and prevents trash and liquids from clogging or escaping
through the vent ducts.
Saturn V Skirts
Hie forward skirt is a cylindrical structure of the same diameter as the OWS
(approximately 22 feet), and approximately 10 feet in length.
It is located
between the Instrument Unit (IU) and the OWS habitation area wall.
Equicment mounted on the interior wall of Hie forward skirt is used during
launch and for telemetry throughout the mission.
Hie Solar Array System (SAS)
is attached to the forward skirt from which it hinges and deploys.
shield forward torsion arms are also supported by He forward skirt.
46
The metecroia
�/MCOO/V/VELL
DOUOL4f
——
CO*fP4/VK
CREW QUARTERS
COMPARTMENT
FWD DOMESCIENTIFIC
AIRLOCKS (2)
METEOROID
SHIELD
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
TANK ASSEMBLY, SKIRTS AND INTERSTAGE
FORWARD
SKIRT
REUSABLE
HATCH
HPI
FEED THRU (3)
VIEWING
WINDOW
INTERNAL
INSULATIONSAS
(RETRACTED)-
SIDE ACCESS PANEL
?2?72O
OWS REQUIREMENTS
STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY WILL WITHSTAND ALL
PRESSURE. PRIMARY BODY, THERMAL, AND
DYNAMIC LOADS
LEAKAGE (WHEN PRESSURIZED TO OWS
ENVIRONMENT PRESSURE): LESS THAN
5 LBS MASS PER DAY
METEOROID PROTECTIVE SHIELDING (INCLUDING
TANK STRUCTURE) TO BE EQUIVALENT OF 1.4? CM
OF 2024-T6 ALUMINUM
REUSABLE HATCH - 40" IN DIAMETER
AFT SKIRT
SIDE ACCESS PANEL - 35 X 52 INCHES
THRUST STRUCTURE
VIEWING WINDOW - APPROX 18" DIAM
25° 55' FROM POS III TOWARD POS II
AFT DOME
AFT INTERSTAGE
�The aft skirt is a cylindrical structure approximately 22 feet in diameter,
and approximately 7 feet long.
wall and the aft interstage.
It is located between the OWS habitation area
It supports the TACS thrusters and nrovides
support for the aft portion of the SAS, and the rear torsion arms of the
meteoroid shield.
Solar Array System (SAS)
Tne SAS consists of two wing assemblies which are attached to the OWS forward
skirt and deployed on-orbit out of beam fairings on opposite sides of the OWS.
Each wing assembly consists of:
o
Forward fairing assembly
o
Beam fairing assembly
o
Three wing section assemblies
o
SAS deployment system
Ihe wing assemblies are permanently attached to the forward skirt through the
forward fairing assembly.
The beam fairing assemblies are attached to the
forward fairing assemblies by machined hinge fittings.
The hinges are oriented
in such a way that the wing sections can be deployed in planes parallel to the
plane of the AIM experiment cannister.
The forward fairing assembly is a box
beam type structure which extends the length of the forward skirt, and houses
the deployment mechanism and hinge which interfaces the beam fairing.
Tne beam fairing is also basically a box beam structure which extends the
length of the OWS habitation area.
4 feet wide by 1 foot deep.
It is approximately 37 feet in length, and
The beam fairing houses the stowed SAS wing
sections during the launch phase of the mission.
Ihe wing assembly has three wing sections that are deployed out of the beam
fairing on-orbit.
Each wing section contains ten solar cell panels, a duimy
solar cell panel, a truss type panel, and two parallel stabilizing beans.
Ihe truss type panel is fastened to the beam fairing and to the dunny Danel.
The dunrnv panel is in turn fastened to the first of the ten active solar cell
panels.
All the panels are hinged together and folded accordion style into
the beam fairing until deployment.
Each panel is approximately 10 feet bv
2 feet, and is connected bv swivel fittings to the stabilizing beams.
48
�The parallel stabilizing beams each consist of seven truss type structures.
These beam sections contain the swivel fittings to which the solar cell panels
attach, and spring lock mechanisms which engage when the wing sections are
fullv deployed to hold the wing sections in that position.
The solar array system is capable of being oompletely deployed fran a stowed
position within 4 minutes.
Deployment of the SAS is automatic and completed
within the IU lifetime and prior to excessive discharging of the OAM batteries.
Primary control is from the IU programmer, with backup capabilitv fran the OAM
DCS.
The SAS is deployed in two stages which are initiated by Exploding Bridge-
Wire (EBW) firing units.
The first stage is the deployment of the beam fairing.
An interlock assures that the beam fairing is completely deployed before the
command is given to deploy the wing sections.
If the IU fails to deploy either
the beam fairing or the wing sections, the OAM DCS would be used to deplov the
SAS by ground conmand.
Meteoroid Shield
The meteoroid shield protects the CMS against penetration bv meteoroids during
a typical mission.
The shield is an aluninum sheet which encompasses the
exterior of the habitation area over the length of the cylindrical section of
the OWS.
It forms a cylinder that is concentric to the tank and when deployed
is spaced approximately 5 inches frcm the tank wall.
During ground handling
and launch the shield is held retracted against the tank wall.
The excess
shield material is retained in hinged panels which fold on themselves oermitting proper retraction to the smaller diameter.
The interior of the shield
is coated with teflon to allcw even distribution of preload forces around the
tank circunference.
The meteoroid shield is deployed on-orbit subsequent to SAS deolovment.
The
shield is deployed at IU conmand when the SAS has been fully deploved.
Ordnance trains initiated bv EBW firing units release tension straps, and
preload torsion arms complete the deployment.
Meteoroid shield boots of
preformed metal fingers close the forward and aft portions of the shield
after deployment.
49
�Thrust Structure
The OWS thrust structure is cone shaped, and mounted aft of the waste tank.
On Saturn flights, it is used to support the J-2 engine and to transmit engine
thrust to the fuel tank wall.
On the CWS, the thrust structure is used to
support the Thruster Attitude Control System (TACS) nitrogen spheres, the
pneunatic control sphere, the sphere meteoroid shield, and the refrigeration
system radiator.
The sphere meteoroid shield performs the same task as the
OWS meteoroid shield, protecting the TACS and pneunatic control spheres from
penetration by meteoroids can-orbit.
Refrigeration System Radiator
The refrigeration
system radiator is an irregular octagon shaped aluminun
structure attached to the OWS thrust structure at the engine mount.
The
radiator surface is slightly inclined from the CWS centerline to prevent the
sun's rays from striking the radiator surface while the Sky lab is in the solar
inertial attitude.
The surface is coated with zinc oxide.
The radiator contains cooling loops containing a refrigerant
room and food storage freezers, refrigerator,
and water chiller.
50
to cool the ward
urine freezer, urine chiller,
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP SYSTEMS
Ten major functional and structural systems are provided in the OWS vehicle to
establish a safe and habitable astronaut living area and facilitate planned
experimental operations while the OWS is on-ort>it.
o
Crew accommodations
o
Habitability support
o
Experiment accommodations
o
Stowage
o
Electrical
o
Atmosphere control
o
Refrigeration
o
Thruster attitude control
o
Data acquisition
o
Communication.
These systems are:
Crew Accommodations
The OWS crew accommodations system consists of equipment which:
o
Provides compartments for crew habitation and operational activites.
o
Aids crew mobility and restraint,
o
Supports crew safety.
Compartmentizaticn
Ihe crew quarters are divided into four compartments:
sleep compart
ment, waste management compartment, wardroom, and experiment compart
ment.
Access to each compartment is provided by openings to the experiment
compartment.
only.
A door is installed for the waste management compartment
A folded curtain is provided at the wardroom entrance.
The
curtain is constructed of aluminum coated mvlar, sandwiched between
two layers of Armalon fabric.
51
�~EU
DOl,CMS
ASTftO/V/XL/TiCS
corvif*/\tw
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
ORBITAL ASSEMBLY CREW STATION LOCATIONS
-
O/W-5278
4-14-70
©
FORWARD DOME
@
EXPERIMENT COMPARTMENT
@
FORWARD COMPARTMENT
©
SLEEP COMPARTMENT
©
WARD ROOM
©
WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT
©
AFT COMPARTMENT
�/VfCOOIVWll
DOlIGtdS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
O/W-7835
6-16-70
ASTrfO/V/XL/TICS
corvtpaMY
FORWARD COMPARTMENT
VENTILATION CONTROL
PQS II
VENTILATION CONTROL SYSTEM
DUCT 1
UTILITY
POS III
+Z
POS I
-Z
SPEAKER
INTERCOM
ASSEMBLY
UTILITY
OUTLETS
SAL
OUTLETS
SCIENTIFIC
AIRLOCK
OUTLETS
WC = WATER CONTAINER
�/VTCDO/ViVELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
001/GL4S
4STffOlV4yr/CS
CO/MP4/VK
CREW QUARTERS INSTALLATIONS
0/W-802D
5—26—70
SLEEP COMPARTMENT
WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT
M131
CHAIR
WARDROOM
CONTROL
M131
STOWAGE
CONTAINER
M507
GRAVITY
SUBSTITUTE
WORK
BENCH
ROTATING
CHAIR
EXPERIMENT
COMPARTMENT
ELECTRICAL POWER
CONTROL CONSOLE
M171 GAS
ANALYZER
M171 HELMET STOWAGE
M092 LBNPO
m
�Fixed Astronaut Aids
Fixed astronaut aids consist of handrails, handholds, and the central
handrail.
The waste management ccmpartment ceiling handrail extends from the
doorway to the outboard wall of the ccmpartment.
The forward compart
ment handrails consist of a series of six handrails of various lengths
which extend vertically in the forward compartment, and a series of
three handrails which extend circunferentially around the floor of the
forward compartment about five feet from the floor.
The forward dome
handrails consist of a series of five handrails of various lengths
which extend circumferentially around the forward dome interior, and
a series of three segmented vertical handrails which extend frcm the
vicinity of the access hatch handrail, to the forward circumferential
wire cover above the water tank support structure.
The access handrail
consists of two circular segments which are concentric with the access
hatch.
The aft ccmpartment (plenum) handrail is a straight handrail
located on the aft side of the crew quarters floor.
The central
handrail is of irregular hexagonal cross-section, and extends from
the access hatch to the crew quarters ceiling.
It can be removed and
stowed during experimental operations in the forward compartment.
Portable Astronaut Aids
Portable astronaut aids consist of portable handholds, portable foot
restraints, portable pressure suit foot restraints, and detachable
tethers.
The portable astronaut aids attach to the standard triangular
grid pattern and can be used wherever open grid is available.
Crew Safety Provisions
Crew safety provisions include the meteoroid shield which is deploved
around the circumference of the OWS habitation area, fire protection
from three Apollo extinguishers, and utilization of stringent design
requirements regarding flammabilitv of materials used in the OWS, and
contamination control which is furnished by utilization of stringent
toxicity and outgassing requirements in the design of OWS equipment.
55
�rv?CDorv/vEi-L
oooct^s
4sr»OA//u;r/cs
CO/MP/l/VV
m.,-,.
M
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
_ _ _
«
ASTRONAUT AIDS
o/w-104
9—2—70
FWD DOME VERTICAL
HANDRAILS
CENTRAL HANDRAIL
ACCESS HATCH
CIRCULAR HANDRAIL
FWD DOME
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
HANDRAILS/HAND
HOLDS
MID FORWARD
COMPARTMENT
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
HANDRAILS
FWD COMPARTMENT
VERTICAL HANDRAILS
(3 PLACES IN LINE WITH
DOME HANDRAILS)
HEAD CEILING
HANDRAIL
�/VT CDO/V/VELI.
DOJ7GL4S
/isrffO/v4(;ncs
CO/MP4/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
ASTRONAUT AIDS
PORTABLE HANDHOLD
O/W-75
9-10-70
3
REF. 1B77067
��Orbital Maintenance Provisions
Orbital maintenance provisions consist of orbital spares, an orbital tool
kit, and an OWS repair kit.
The orbital spares list defines those items of replaceable equipment
deemed pertinent to orbital maintenance activities, such as switches,
lamps, filter elements, and seals.
The orbital tool kit contains common hand tools which will be useful to
the crew in the performance of orbital maintenance and spares replacement.
All tools are equipped with tether rings, and bits are furnished with
velcro patches so they may be applied to velcro pile during use.
The OWS repair kit is provided for the orbital repair of air ducts,
curtains, filters, and tank wall punctures.
59
�rvicoory/ryjELL
DOUGLAS
ASTf*OFSJAUT!CS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-290
12-2-70
MAINTENANCE
corvt f*AWY
REQUIREMENTS
TOOL KIT
SOCKETS. DRIVERS & RATCHETS
DRIVER HANDLES & ADAPTERS
TOOL TETHERS
LOOSE HAND TOOLS
REPAIR KIT
METEOROIO REPAIR EQUIPMENT
VELCRO (ON ORBIT APPLICATION
SCISSORS
SPARES
O'RING & SEALS
LIGHTS, FANS & FILTERS
COMM BOX'S
HEATERS
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
LIQUID DUMP PROBE
& HEATER
WATER DISPENSER & VALVE
�/VFCDO/V/VELL
DOI/G/.4S
Asrwo/v/iiyr/cs
CO/V*EVI/V v
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
REPAIR KIT
O/W-5836
10 - 14 " 70
WRIST TETHER
SCISSORS
MYSTIC TAPE
VELCRO STRIPS
(60 YDS PILE &
HOOK)
METEOROID
PATCHES
9 REQ'D
REF. 1B80508
��Habitability Support System
The Habitability Support System (HSS) consists of subsystems and equipment
which manage metabolic waste, and accommodate the crew for sustenance,
health, personal hygiene, and comfort.
The habitability support system includes:
o
Waste management subsystem
o
Water management subsystem
o
Food management subsystem
o
Personal hygiene subsystem
o
Sleep compartment equipment
o
Trash disposal subsystem
Waste Management Subsystem (WMS)
The waste management subsystem provides the equipment necessarv for
safe, effective and hygienic collection, processing, storage, return
and or disposal of feces, urine, and vcmitus waste products for three
OWS crewmen.
The UMS also provides for the collection and disposal
of debris and free water from the OWS atmosphere.
Waste product samples are processed for return by mass determination
and either freezing, or vacuum drying, and stored in special containers
for transfer to the command module at the end of the mission.
A portable vacuun cleaner is used to collect and retain particulate
matter and free water from any area within the OWS.
Water Management Subsystem
The OWS water management subsystem provides potable water to the OWS
crew quarters (WMC and wardroom) for consumption, personal hygiene,
and housekeeping.
The water management subsystem consists of water storage, distribution,
microbiological control, and dispensing equipment.
63
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
ABILITY SUPPORT SY
HABITABILITY
SYSTEM
EQUIPMENT LOCATION
/VTCDO/WEtL
coivfpaniv
HT
SLEEP RESTRAINTS
PRIVACY PARTITION & CURTAINS
GENERAL PURPOSE TISSUE/UTILITY WIPE DISPENSER
STOWAGE LOCKERS & EQUIPMENT
TRASH CONTAINERS
SLEEP
COMPARTMENT
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPARTMENT
WARD ROOM
• FECAL/URINE COLLECTION MODULES
• WASTE PROCESSOR
• URINE FREEZER
• COLLECTION BAG DISPENSERS
• STOWAGE LOCKERS & EQUIPMENT
• COLLECTION BAGS
• GENERAL PURPOSE TISSUE/UTILITY WIPE DISPENSER
• SPONGE SQUEEZER
• VACUUM CLEANER
• TRASH BAG CONTAINER
• TOWEL AND WASHCLOTH DRYING
• WMC WATER MODULE
• PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
• PROCESSED COLLECTION BAG CONTAINER
• TOWEL & WASH CLOTH DISPENSERS
• FOOD FREEZERS/REFRIGERATOR
• GALLEY
• FOOD PREPARATION TABLE
• FOOD MANAGEMENT RESTRAINTS
• FOOD TRAYS
• WATER CHILLER & HEATER
• WARD ROOM WATER MODULE
• GENERAL PURPOSE TISSUE/UTILITY WIPE DISPENSER
• TRASH BAG CONTAINER
• STOWAGE LOCKERS & EQUIPMENT
• WRITING DESK
�/WCOO/V/V£T£.JL
oouct-as
ASTftO/VAUTiCS
COSVf F»A/V V
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
WASTE MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
SA-307
12-2-70
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE FOR COLLECTION, MASS
D E T E R M I N A T I O N , PROCESSING. A N D S T O R A G E
OF FECES A N D V O M I T
PROVIDE FOR COLLECTION, MASS AND/OR
S A M P L E D E T E R M I N A T I O N , DISPOSAL A N D / O R
PR O C E S S I N G , A N D S T O R A G E O F U R I N E
SAMPLES
WASTE
PROCESSORS
o
<-n
URINE DUMP
COMPARTMENT
P R E C L U D E M I X I N G A N D CROSS
C O N T A M I N A T I O N B E T W E E N CREW M E M B E R S
CONTROLS
AND
DISPLAYS
PROVIDE FOR TRANSFERRING OF
PROCESSED A N D I D E N T I F I E D SAMPLES
TO THE CM FOR RETURN TO EARTH FOR
ANALYSIS
URINE
FREEZER
FECAL BAG
DISPENSER
SPECIMEN
RETURN
PROVISIONS
CONTROLS & DISPLAYS
• WMC B L O W E R
• WASTE PROCESSORS
• DUMP HEATERS
PROVIDE FOR COLLECTION,
DEACTIVATION AND/OR PROCESSING,
S T O R A G E A N D / O R DISPOSAL O F D E B R I S
AND FREE WATER
FECAL/URINE
COLLECTOR
URINE VOLUME
DETERMINATION
URINE BA6
DIS P E NS E R
URINE
DUMP
SYSTEM
SYSTEM OPERATION
PROCESSOR
HEATER TEMP
POWER
AVERAGE
PEAK
A T M O S P H E R E LOSS
FECAL/URJNE COLLECTOR
3 URINE CHILLER DRAWERS
BLOWER MOTOR
AIR FLOW
POWER ( A V E )
140°F
30 WATTS
60 W A T T S
.33 L B / D A Y
1 1 .4 C F M
84 WATTS
�—
DOUGLAS
ASTffOISJAUTICS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
HSS WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPARTMENT
n™
O/W-2183B I
8-28-70
corviF*Arv\r
VACUUM CLEANER LOCKER
SPECIMEN
MASS
MEASUREMENT
DEVICE
S
ECS VENT
WATER
MODULE
URINE BAG
HOLDING AREA
URINE BAG
DISPENSER
AND SAMPLE
TRAY ON-ORBIT
STORAGE
URINE FREEZER
URINE CHILLER
FECAL/URINE
COLLECTOR
STANDARD
STORAGE
LOCKER
�/WCOO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
ASLffOfS/AUrtCS
COrvif*Afy/vr
ORBITAL W O R K S H O P
SA-296
12-2-70
WATER SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
6.000 LBS MAXIMUM
WATER WEIGHT
MEASUREMENT OF WATER
A M / O W S GAS
DRINKING
% OZ + 1X INCREMENTS
FOOD RECONSTITUTE
'A OZ (FROM 1 TO 6 OZ)
+ 1% INCREMENTS
INTERFACE —
WATER
TANKS (11) —
GAS PRESS
PANEL
PORTAILE
TANK LAUNCH
WARDROOM
LOCATION
TAILE —
• CHILLER
• HEATER
• DISPENSERS
WATER
PURIFICATION
EQUIPMENT
DRINK DISPENSERS (3)
40+5°F
FOOD RECONSTITUTION
DISPENSER (1)
40+5°F
FOOD RECONSTITUTION
DISPENSER (1)
150+5°F
PERSONAL HYGIENE
DISPENSER (1)
125+5°F
PORTABLE WATER TANK
28 LBS MINIMUM
IODINE USED AS BI0CI0E
2 TO 12 MG/L STORAGE
2 TO 6 MG/L CONSUMPTION
IODINE MONITORING
2 TO 18 MG/L
SYSTEM OPERATION
WASTE
MANAGEMENT
COMPARTMENT
• HEATER
• DISPENSERS
WATER TANKS (10)
600 LBS MINIMUM
FLEX METAL BELLOWS
GN 2 PRESSURE SYSTEM
35+2 PSIG
WATER HEATER VOLUME (2)
4.0 LBS NOMINAL
CONTROL
WATER CHILLER VOLUME
5.9 LBS NOMINAL
DISPLAY
WATER PRESSURE
35+f
• WRORM H20
PORTABLE TANK VOLUME
24 LBS WATER
PORTABLE TANK PRESSURE
11 TO 40 PSIG
IODINE STORAGE/INJECTION
1 2 + Kl
WATER SAMPLE/
STARCH REAGENT/
VISUAL COMPARISON
• CLOTH
SQUEEZER
D U M P PRESS M E T E R
• WRORM H20
DUMP HEATER CONTROL
• WMC H 2 0
D U M P PRESS M E T E R
• WMC H 2 0 OUMP
HEATER CONTROL
W A T E R OUMP L I N E S
(WASTE T A N K )
IOOINE MONITOR
5
PSIG
�Water is stored in ten stainless steel water tanks located around the
forward section of the forward compartment.
approximately 500 gallons.
Total storage capacity is
Each water tank has a stainless steel
bellows enclosed in the shell which is used to pressurize the contents
from a common manifold connected to all of the ten tanks, and an
agitator pimp which aids in the distribution of biocide throughout the
tank.
In addition to the ten tanks mounted in the forward compartment, the
CWS is equipped with a portable water tank of approximately 3 gallons
capacity.
Water conditioning and dispensing equipment is located in the wardroom
and in the waste management compartment.
The wardrccm eauipment con
sists of a water heater and a water chiller which condition the water
for reconstitution
of foods and drinking.
The waste management
equipment consists of a heater which conditions the water for body
cleansing and general housekeeping.
Appropriate dispensing equipment
is located in each of the two compartments for the controlled dispen
sation of water for these purposes.
Microbiological control of the OWS water supply begins with prelaunch
installation of processed water that meets stringent purity specifica
tions, and is continued on-orbit by periodic monitoring and addition
of iodine solution.
Food Management Subsystem
The CWS food management subsystem provides the equipment and supdies
required for storage, preparation, and consunption of the food supply
for three men for 140 days.
refrigerator,
Among this equipment are food freezers,
stowage containers, a galley, heaters, table, and
restraints.
One of the food freezers is located in the wardroom, and the other is
located in the forward compartment.
ments of 100 pounds capacity each.
68
They contain five freezer compart
�/MCDO/V/VELL
DOI/CL4S
ASTRO/V4(/r/CS
CO/VIP4/VV
FOOD FREEZERS (3)
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
FOOD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOOD
STORAGE
CONTAINERS (11)
SA-304
12-2-70
REQUIREMENTS
11 FOOD STOWAGE CONTAINERS (CANNED)
2,200 LB
88 FT 3 (20 X 22 X 30 EACH)
OWS ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE
OWS ENVIRONMENTAL TEMP 40° - 80°F
FOOD CHILLER
o
•o
FOOD
FREEZERS (2)
FOOD TABLE
GALLEY
PROVISIONS
5 FOOD FREEZERS
(3) FORWARD COMPARTMENT, (2) WARD ROOM
23 DAY/EACH FREEZER
17 X 13 X 16.5
1.75 FT3 EACH/8.75 FT3 TOTAL
50.4 POUNDS EACH/252 POUNDS TOTAL
TEMPERATURE — 10 ± 10°F
OWS ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE
INTERNAL COOLANT LOOP
1 FOOD CHILLER
(1) WARDROOM
56 DAY CAPACITY
17 X 13 X 16.5
1.75 FT3 REQUIRED/54.4 LB
OWS ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE
45 + 0° - 12°F
GALLEY PROVISIONS
STORAGE FOR FOOD STORAGE OVERCANS
STORAGE FOR AVERAGE PACKAGES
STORAGE OF FOOD TRAYS
CAN OPENER, TRASH CONTAINER
FOOD TABLE
FOOD TRAYS - OPERATION & HEATING
FOOD MGMT RESTRAINTS
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
UTILIZE FOOD PREPARATION TABLE,
FOOD MGT RESTRAINTS & FOOD HEATERS
/MCOO/V/VtLL
DOUGLAS
AfTirOA/4miC»
COMP4/VV
0/W-4280 A
4—^0—70
WINDOW
STANDARD
STORAGE LOCKERS
THIGH RESTRAINT
IXED
FOOT RESTRAINTS
REFRIGERATOR/
FREEZERS
�The food chiller, colocated with the wardroom freezer, stores 100 pounds
of refrigerated food and beverage.
The food stowage containers provide space for unrefrigerated food.
There are eleven of these stowage containers, which are located in the
forward compartment.
The galley provides for stowage of a seven day supply of food cannisters,
stowage for empty cannisters, a can opener, general purpose restraints,
food trays, covers, and utensils.
General purpose tissue-utilitv wipe
dispensers are also provided in the OWS galley.
The food table and restraints
provide the means for three crewmen to
simultaneously consume food in an efficient and comfortable manner.
The table also contains elements of the water management subsystem.
The table base contains the water heater, water chiller, water dispensers,
and personal dental hygiene equipment.
to a game table, or writing desk.
The table top is convertible
The,thigh restraints
are adjustable
for various sizes, and can be folded against the table base when not
in use.
Personal Hygiene Subsystem
The personal hygiene subsystem, in conjunction with the VMC water
equipment, provides for maintenance of skin health, personal cleanli
ness, and grooming, including total body cleansing, dental hygiene,
shaving, nail and hair clipping.
Included in the personal hygiene subsystem are towel and washcloth
dispensers, holders, general purpose tissue and utility wipe dispensers,
a mirror, a sponge/washcloth squeezer, and toothbrush stowage
containers.
Personal hygiene kits for each crewman are included as
government furnished equipment.
These kits contain hairbrush, nail
clippers, tooth brush, and such individually-used items of equipment.
71
�rvtCDOHHEi-LDOUGL/XH
/\STf*OrsJ/\VTiCS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
SA-288
12-2-70
COtvtF»/\r>j\r
TOWEL & WASH CLOTH DRYING
TISSUE/WIPE DISPENSER
TOWEL/WASH
CLOTH STORAGE
MIRROR
TISSUE/WIPE DISPENSER - 3 PLACES
WATER MODULE
TOWEL & WASH CLOTH DISPENSER
INDIVIDUAL
PERSONAL
HYGIENE
EQUIPMENT
--4
NJ
PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
INDIVIDUAL PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
GFE KITS—(15) 28 DAYKITS „
12 FT 3 EACH-TOTAL 1.80 FT 3
TOOTH BRUSH
STOWAGE - 3 PLACES
COMMON PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
TOWELS (120) 8. DISPENSER
WASH CLOTHS (840) & DISPENSER
TOOTH BRUSH STOWAGE CONTAINERS (3)
TOWEL & WASH CLOTH DRYING
EQUIPMENT (3 EACH)
SOAP (55 BARS) & SOAP DISPENSERS
MIRROR (1)
GENERAL PURPOSE TISSUES (4200)
8> WIPES (3500) AND DISPENSERS
WASH WATER BAGS (22)
HYGIENE WATER MODULE
�/VTCDO/V/VCLt.
DO«yGl4S
xisrwo/v/iur/cs
COfVIF»/\/VY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
PERSONAL HYGIENE EQUIPMENT
O/W-9754-1
9-12-70
IRROR
TOWa AND WASH
CLOTH D I S P E N S E R
WATER
MODULE
CO
INDIVIDUAL
PERSONAL
HYGIENE KITS
GENERAL P U R P O S E
TISSUES
�/VtCOO/V/VCi.£.
DOUGLAS
SLEEP COMPARTMENT EQUIPMENT
A STF?OM/\CJTICS
SA-299A
5-19-71
COrV1F>/\MY
CREW PREFERENCE KIT
TRIANGLE SHOES
ONAL CURTAIN
LOCATION
LIGHT
BAFFEL
(3 PLACES)
STOWED POSITION
SLEEP RESTRAINT
(TYPICAL 3
CORNER
LOCKER
SLEEP
RESTRAINT
EQUIPMENT
TRASH CONTAINER
TRASH
CLOTHING STORAGE
PRIVACY PARTITION
PRIVACY CURTAINS
�Sleep Compartment Equipment
The sleep compartment equipment consists of crew sleep restraints,
a
privacy partition, and three privacy curtains.
Thirty sleep restraints
will be supplied for the entire mission, to
provide positive restraint of the crewmen during sleep.
One privacy
curtain is provided for each of the three individual sleep areas, to
provide visual separation and light control.
The privacy partition
separates two sleep areas in the sleep compartment, two lockers
separate the third..
The privacy partition provides
visual separation
and acts as a light barrier.
Trash Disposal Subsystem
The OWS trash disposal subsystem consists of the equipment and
supplies required
to manage the trash generated by three crewmen
during the 140 days of programmed mission duration.
This equipment
includes trash bags, a trash airlock and stowage provisions for trash
in the waste tank.
The trash bags are vented teflon containers of approximately cylindrical
configuration.
The trash bags are equipped with self closures which
seal the bags when full.
The trash airlock, located in the hexagonal opening in the center of
the crew quarters floor, provides for the expulsion of packaged trash
into the waste tank area for stowage.
It consists of a chamber,
inboard and outboard hatches, and a trash ejector which expels the
trash into the waste tank.
Experiment Accommodations
The OWS experiment accommodations include the necessary mounting,
electrical, gas, vacuim, and data collection requirements for the opera
tion of experiments which are installed and operated in the OWS.
experiments are divided into three categories:
75
The
�—
DOUGLAS
4STffO(V4l/nCS
coiMP4«r
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-295
12-2-70
TRASH DISPOSAL SUBSYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL PURPOSE
TRASH BAG LOCATIONS*
FWD COMPARTMENT (1)
WARDROOM (1)
W. M. COMPARTMENT (1)
SLEEP COMPARTMENT (3)
EXPERIMENT (1)
DISPOSAL OF WET MATERIAL
DISPOSAL OF DRY MATERIAL
DISPOSAL FROM ORBITAL ASSY
DISPOSAL SHALL BE MADE
IN WASTE TANK
HABITABILITY AREA TO BE KEPT
FREE OF AGENTS THAT COULD
PROMOTE BACTERIAL GROWTH
AND UNDESIRABLE ODORS
TRASH BAG USAGE
(140 DAYS)
GENERAL PURPOSE BAG
SLEEP COMPARTMENT
WMC
WARDROOM
EXPERIMENT
FWD COMPARTMENT
MISC
URINE
TRASH AIRLOCK
TRASH DUMP AREA
CONTINGENCY
60
140
140
10
10
22
382
38
TOTAL
420
URINE TRASH BAG (WMC)
URINE POOLING
FOOD OVER CANS
SLEEP RESTRAINT
MISC
*RESUPPLY LOCATED NEAR EACH
USING LOCATION
CONTINGENCY
TOTAL
140
140
9
28
317
_32
349
�/VfCDO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DOUGLAS
ASTBOMAUTiCS
EXP. NO.
O/W-3974
6-7-71
EXPERIMENT PROVISIONS
CO/VlfA/VY
EXPERIMENT TITLE
M071
MINERAL BALANCE (HSS)
M073
BIOASSAY OF BODY FLUIDS (HSS)
M074
M092
EXP, NO,
EXPERIMENT TITLE
M509
ASTRONAUT MANEUVERING
EQUIPMENT
SPECIMEN MASS MEASUREMENT
SOW
UV STELLAR ASTRONOMY
INFLIGHT LOWER BODY
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
S020
UV/X-RAY SOLAR PHOTOGRAPHY
S063
UVAIRGLOW HORIZON PHOTOGRAPHY
M093
VECTORCARDIOGRAM
S073
GEGENSCHEIN/ZODIACAL LIGHT
M131
HUMAN VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
S149
PARTICLE COLLECTION
M133
SLEEP MONITORING
S183
UV PANORAMA
M151
TIME AND MOTION STUDY
T003
INFLIGHT AEROSOL ANALYSIS
M171
METABOLIC ACTIVITY
TOD
CREW/VEHICLE DISTURBANCE
M172
BODY MASS MEASUREMENT
T020
ESS
EXPERIMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM
FOOT CONTROLLED MANEUVERING
UNIT
T025
CORONAGRAPH CONTAMINATION
MEASUREMENT
T027
ATM CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT
�MCDOMlVEU.
DOUG14S
4sr(?o»4iyrics
COMPANY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT COMPARTMENT
o/w-5394
6-2-70
POS IV
CONTROL CONSOLE
SPEAKER INTERCOM
ASSEMBLY
UTILITY
OUTLETS
UTILITY OUTLETS
�o
Biomedical
o
Scientific
o
Technological and operational
Biomedical Experiments
The biomedical experiments to be performed in the OWS have a
general objective to determine the effects of extended weightlessness
and confinement in space on the three crewmen associated with each
mission.
Among these experiments are:
Experiment Support System (ESS)
The experiment support system is basically a console which contains
a power panel and an experiment control panel, and provides
support to several of the detailed biomedical experiments by
switching and distributing power, and providing control, display,
signal conditioning, and data management.
Inflight Lower Body Negative Pressure (LBNP) M092
The LBNP experiment reduces pressure to the lower portion of the
crewman's body to evaluate the cardiovascular deconditioning as
a function of time in a zero-g environment.
The device is basically
a tank into which the crewman is inserted to the waist, which has
an overboard vent system which can be controlled to reduce pressure
in the tank.
The crewman's temperature, blood pressure, leg volume,
and pulse are measured while the crewman is in the LBNP, and these
data are displayed on the ESS console and/or recorded for telemetrv.
Power is from the ESS console.
Vectorcardiogram (VCG) MO93
The vectorcardiogram experiment measures changes in the electrical
activity of the heart to determine the relationship of these
changes to prolonged exposure of the crew to weightless environment
79
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM (ESS)
"A7::::R
POWER
Ml 31
ROTATING CHAIR
CONTROL CONSOLE
DATA
M093
VCG
VEST
HARNESS
POWER
& DATA
0/W-7075A
9 8 70
M171
ERGOMETER
DATA
POWER
& DATA
MOTOR
BASE
BUS 1
POWER
POWER
& DATA
POWER (OWS)
DISTRIBUTION
PANEL
POWER
& DATA
M092:
LBNP
BLOOD PRESS. ASSEM
LEG VOLUME
PLETHYSMOGRAPHS
DATA
DATA
M171:
METABOLIC
ANALYZER
HI LEVEL
MULTIPLEXER
PCM
INTERFACE
BOX
�MCDO^/VELL
DOUGLAS
flSTPOMUT/CS
COMPANY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - M092
INFLIGHT LOWER BODY NEGATIVE PRESSURE
O/W-7050
9-2-70
M171 EAR CANAL TEMPERATURE PROBE
(TEMPERATURE)
M093 VCG
BJA.
B. P. DATA
1
BUS 1
|Cj
^
LEG VOLUME
PLETHYSMOGRAPHS
ESS
(CONSOL
IDATED)
SERVICES
28 VOC POWER
LEG VOLUME DATA
l
r
l
LBNP DATA
POWER
I
. !
LBNPVACUUM
ows
BUS 2 |
SAFETY CUTOFF
SWITCH
r
i
1
AM DATA
SYSTEM
[
J
�DOI/GL4S
«rBov4ur,cS
co/vrp/i»v
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-302
12-2-70
VACUUM S YST E M - EX P E RIM E N TS
METABOLIC ACTIVITY EXPERIMENT
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE VACUUM FOR
STARTING ION PUMP
VENT FOR GAS SAMPLE
OVERBOARD RELIEF FOR METHANE
(CALIBRATION GAS)
SYSTEM OPERATION
EXPERIMENT NO. M171
METABOLIC ACTIVITY
EXPERIMENT NO. M092
INFLIGHT LOWER BODY
NEGATIVE PRESSURE
VACUUM
VALVE
VENTED DIRECTLY
OVERBOARD
1 " VACUUM LINE WITH
ISOLATION VALVE
1 / 4 " METHANE RELIEF
LINE
INFLIGHT LOWER BODY NEGATIVE
PRESSURE
VACUUM LINE
METHANE VENT
LINE
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE VACUUM FOR
EXPERIMENT
VENT 0.141 POUNOS PER
MINUTE WITH INTERFACE
PRESSURE 2.8PSIA
SYSTEM OPERATION
VENTS DIRECTLY OVERBOARD
1 " VACUUM LINE WITH
ISOLATION VALVE
�MCDO/V/VfLL
DOUGLAS
ASTfrO/VAUTICS
COMPA/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - M093
VECTORCARDIOGRAM
O.WS POWER
VOICE
DATA
SYSTEM
BEFORE
(RESTING)
DURING
(EXERCISE)
OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION
AFTER
(RESTING) fl
O/W-7052
9-8-70
�and other stress conditions associated with spaceflight.
The
vectorcardiogram experiment is supported for pcwer, control, and
data management by the ESS console.
The ergcmeter frcm Experiment
M171 (metabolic activity) is used during the vectorcardiogram
experiment.
Experiment data will be recorded for telemetry, and/or
displayed on the VCG panel.
Human Vestibular Function M131
The human vestibular function experiment is conducted to determine
man's susceptibility to motion sickness, and his ability to adapt
to disorientation as a result of subgravity and other effects
which could be encountered during spaceflight.
The subject is seated in a rotating litter chair and required to
make verbal reports and perform head movements, to determine
symptoms and display judgment ability of spatial coordinates based
upon gravity receptor and visual clues.
Data is recorded and
telemetered, for both static and rotating cases.
The ESS provides
telemetry interface for this experiment, which has its cwn control
and display panel.
Sleep Monitoring M133
The sleep monitoring experiment is designed to evaluate sleep
quantity and quality by using automatic on-board analysis of the
Electro-Encephalographic (EEG), Electro-Oculographic (EOG) and head
movement activities of cne crewman subject.
It has been demonstrated that disrupted patterns of sleep are
associated with modified performance.
It has also been demonstrated
that changes in waveforms of brain activity are associated with the
transition frcm wakefulness to deep sleep.
Seven stages of sleep
activity have been defined, and individual requirements for each
stage have been established.
84
�/VtCOO/V/VELL
OOfCLAS
4STWOA/41/T/CS
corvtf/XMY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - M131
HUMAN VESTIBULAR FUNCTION
O/W-7054
9-8-70
OTOLITH TEST GOGGLES
BITEBOARD
EMERGENCY
ST0PBITEBOARD
GOGGLE
CONTROL
°A°
CONSOLE
STORAGE
CO
Cn
EXPERIMENT
SUPPORT
SYSTEM
i
[CONTROLMNSOLE
DATA CABLE
1
FRONT
CONTROL FOR
BITEBOARD
VARYING
INTERNAL HORIZON
AM
DATA
POINTER AND SPHERE READOUT DEVICE
SYSTEM
CALIBRATED POINTER
ANGLE DISPLAY
DATA
POWER
'7
HEADSET
OBSERVER
SUBJECT
//
BASE AND DRIVE MOTOR
WITH N2 BOTTLE INSIDE COVER
COMM
SYSTEM
*
POINTER
MAGNETS
TOP VIEW
BOLTED TO CHAIR
ROTATING
LITTER CHAIR
SPHERE
HAND MAGNET
SPHERE HOLDER
(STRAP-ON)
�/Vf COO/V/VELL
DOI/GL4S
/\STf*OHI/\UTICS
CO/VIP/I/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT - M171
METABOLIC COST OF INFLIGHT TASK
O/W-7056A
9-10-70
�/VfCOO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DOUGLAS
ASTRONAUTICS
EXPERIMENT M133
CON! RANT
SLEEP MONITORING
MINIATURE
CONNECTOR
VELCRO CLOSURE
ASSEMBLY
2
-
ACCELEROMETER/PREAMPLIFIER
Ml3
3 SLEEP MONITORING
CO
ELECTRODE STATUS
FRONT
CAPtl/B
'
TAPE RECORDER
SiejECT GAIN
ASSEMBLY
1 -
ELECTRODE SELECT
fii'.HI
EEG
LETT EEGv^^N.
CAP
ASSEMBLY
3
-
PANEL ASSEMBLE
�A cap assembly will be utilized to gain EEG and EOS data, and an
accelercmeter/preamplifier assembly mounted on the top of the cap
will obtain head movement data.
Changes in the frequency and amplitude of EEG waveforms, occurrence
of bursts of rapid eye movements (KEM's) associated with dreaming,
and head movement activity will be monitored and recorded on the
data tape recorders for subsequent transmission to the MSFN, to
provide investigators with essential information for planning the
work/sleep cycle for extended space missions.
Time and Motion Study M151
Experiment M151 will determine through analysis of film, the effective
ness with which crewmen perform inflight tasks compared with their
effectiveness in performing the same tasks during preflight zero-g
and neutral buoyancy training.
The GFE provided to accomplish this experiment includes 16mm Maurer
data acquisition cameras (DAC's), Skylab Universal camera mount,
high intensity photo lamps, power cable, auxiliary lenses, film
vault and film.
Tasks which will be filmed as part of the time and motion study will
include translation activities, the ingress and egress of confined
enclosures in the OWS, mounting and operation of the bicycle ergometer, operation of the SAL, donning and doffing of the pressure
garment assembly, periodic maintenance activities, food preparation,
oonsunption and measurement of residue,
related
and experimental activities
to M092, M509, T027, M171 and M074.
Metabolic Activity M171
The primary objective of the metabolic activity experiment is to
determine if man's metabolic effectiveness in doing mechanical work
is progressively altered by exposure to the space environment; and
to determine the metabolic cost of identical activities when man
is deprived of the benefits of earth gravity as canpared to the
88
�cost on earth.
Secondary objectives of the experiment are to
evaluate ground-based reduced gravity simulators, and to evaluate
the bicycle ergometer as an exerciser for long duration spaceflight
missions.
Elements of other experiments are used in conjunction
with the M171 equipment to measure the subject crewman's temperature,
vectorcardiogram, blood pressure, food consumption, and body mass.
The metabolic analyzer which forms part of the M171 equipment
determines oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide (CO,,) production,
and respiration volume during the experimental activity.
Data
related to this experiment will be recorded for telemetry, and the
activity will be photographed as part of another experiment (M151—
Time and Motion).
The ESS provides pcwer control, visual displays,
and telemetry interfaces for this experiment.
Mass Measurement (EMMD and SMMD) M07H and M172
TWo inertial pendulum measuring devices consisting of platforms
mounted on springs, with counting devices are furnished as means
of en-orbit mass determinations of waste and food samples, and crew
members' body masses in zero-g environment.
The sample/body is
placed on a platform, released, and the oscillations about an
equilibrium point are counted.
These oscillations can be related
to the mass of the object by calibration of the measurement devices.
These experiments are self contained except for power requirements.
Data is hand logged, and no telemetry is required.
Scientific Experiments
The scientific experiments to be performed in the OWS have a general
objective of providing researchers with multispectral photographic
data of stellar fields, micrometeoroid distribution data, contamination
data cn the induced atmosphere about the orbiting Skylab, and the
contamination on exposed optical elements.
These experiments consist of packages which are exposed to space via
the two scientific airlocks mounted in the wall of the OWS in the for
ward compartment.
Among the scientific experiments performed in the
OWS are the following:
89
�MCDO/V(VtLl
DOUC145
ASTRONAUTICS
COMPANY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT - M172
BODY MASS MEASUREMENT DEVICE
O/W-7058A
5-20-70
ELECT. POWER
OPERATIONAL CONFIGURATION
READ OUT
§
mm
PERIOD SENSOR
�MCOO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
ASTRONAUTICS
COMPANY
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - S019
UV STELLAR ASTRONOMY
O/W-7087A
9-2-70
SPECTROGRAPH ASSEMBLED TO THE
ARTICULATED MIRROR (IN SAL)
MIRROR SYSTEM EXTENDED
(EXTENDED)
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK (SAL)
TILT
(RETRACTED)
MIRROR SYSTEM
— ROTATION
OPTICAL CANISTER
FILM CANISTER
�Ultraviolet (UV) Stellar Astronany S019
This package consists basically of a spectrograph with a tele
scope sight, and an articulated mirror system with controls for
extension, retraction, tilt, and rotation of the mirror.
This
equipment will be used to photograph approximately 50 star fields
for studies of the UV line spectra and spectra energy distribu
tions of early type stars, and to obtain UV spectra for a nunber
of stars in the Milky Way.
X-Ray/UV Solar Photography SO20
This experiment also consists of a spectrograph camera, and a
sighting device, and will be used to photograph the sun during
quiescent and flare periods.
A flare notification device which
will signal crew members of solar flare activity will be provided.
The spectrograph camera will be mounted in the Sunside Scientific
Airlock (SAL).
During the performance of this experiment, the
vehicle must be held stationary, and no dumping will be accom
plished.
After the completion of this experiment, the film
cannister will be stored in the film vault.
Telemetrv of house
keeping data is required along with hand logging for this
experiment.
UV Airglcw Horizon Photography S063
This package consists of two cameras, and supporting equipment
which will be employed to photograph the earth's ozone layers,
and twilight airglcw at UV and visible wavelengths.
The ozone
layer photography will be accomplished during Earth Resources
Experiment Passes (EREP) when the sunside SAL will be pointing
at the earth.
For horizon airglcw photography, the vehicle will
be in the solar inertial attitude, and on the dark side of the
orbit.
Exposure data and time of performance will be voice
recorded for telemetry.
92
�/MCOO/V/VCLL
oouGias
c<
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT
ACCOMMODATIONS
RIMENT ACCOMMOD
EXPERIMENT - S020
D /W-708Q A
°™-°o
�Gegenschein/Zodiacal Light S073
This experiment utilizes the photometer system from Experiment
T027 (contamination measurement) and a film cannister, together
with one of the SAL's to measure the surface brightness and
polarization of the nightglcw over as large a portion of the
celestial sphere as possible at several wavelengths in the
visible light spectram, and to determine the extent and nature
of spacecraft corona while the vehicle is in sunlight.
Telemetry
requirements include photometer system data, housekeeping data,
and voice annotations.
Particle Collection S1U9
This experiment also utilizes portions of the T027 equipment,
together with a collection cassette which consists of two impact
plates which can be deployed at ground conmand or manually to
collect micrcmeteoroid particles in the vicinity of the earth.
The exposed cassettes will be returned in the conmand module.
Telemetry data cn cassette status and voice annotation of sig
nificant events is required for this experiment.
UV Panorama S183
The mirror system described for SO19 will be used for this
experiment together with a wide-angle spectrograph to obtain
luninosity distributions of selected star fields, improve the
classification of hot, young stars of up to 10th magnitude, and
provide a general survey of the sky in the UV range.
Three
analog data signals and voice ccnments are the data requirements
for this experiment.
Technological Experiments and Operational Experiments
The operational and technological experiments have a general objective
of obtaining data to further the development of advanced space
vehicles and equipment, and to aid in the development of operational
94
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT - S149
PARTICLE COLLECTION
MCOO/V/VCLL
DOUGLAS
4STWOA/4l/r/CS
COMf*AMY
O/W-7093A
4-27-70
T027 EXTENSION ROD
9.5"
36.0"MAX
CONTROL PANEL
T027 CANISTER
>o
Cn
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK
INTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
EXTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
MOTOR/DRIVE
CASSETTE SUPPORT UNIT
EXTENSION
MECHANISM —
21.25"-
— DETECTOR CASSETTES
�/VfCDO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
AST&O/VAUTICS
corviF>/\rv\r
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT S 183 ULTRAVIOLET PANORAMA
FILM CARROUSEL
O/W-mim
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT - S149
PARTICLE COLLECTION
CDO/V/Vflt
DOUGLAS
ASTftOMAUTtCS
CO/MP4/VV
O/W-7093A
4-27-70
T027 EXTENSION ROD
36.0"MAX
CONTROL PANEL
T027 CANISTER
o
Cn
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK
INTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
EXTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
EXTENSION
MECHANISM —
78" I——MOTOR/DRIVE
T
CASSETTE SUPPORT UNIT
DETECTOR CASSETTES
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
JZZZL.
EXPERIMENT
ENT ACCOMMODATK
ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT S 183 ULTRAVIOLET PANORAMA
MCOO/V/VCtL
...
.... ^
— .- . ^ —*
m
m m
m.
9 —8 — 7 0
�/VtCDO/V/VtLL
DOl/CL4S
/ISTRO/VAl/riCS
CO/VIP/1/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT • T003
INFLIGHT AEROSOL PARTICLE ANALYZER
O/W-7071A
4-27-70
�/Vf COO/V/Vfl_I_
DOUGLAS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT M509 AME
4STW0/V40F/CS
CO/VTP4A/V
HHMU
ASMU
£
CO
TRANSMITTER
INCLUDED
LSU TO AM
HAND CONTROLLER
DOWN POSITION
WHEN NOT IN USE
O/W-9364
9-18-70
�procedures for extended manned orbital operation.
Among the opera
tional and technological experiments planned for the OWS are the
following:
Astronaut Maneuvering Equipment (AME) M509
This experiment consists of two items of maneuvering equipment
which will be evaluated by crewmen in the forward compartment
of the OWS.
The Autcmamatically Stabilized Maneuvering Unit (ASMU) is a backmounted device that provides the astronaut with six-degree-offreedcm flight, utilizing compressed nitrogen gas thrusters in
conjunction with a control moment and rate gyro stabilizing
system.
The Hand Held Maneuvering Unit (HHMU) consists of a
hand held manifold with two tractor and one pusher thruster,
and is connected to the ASMU.
Inflight Aerosol Analysis TO03
This experiment consists of an aerosol analyzer (nephelcmeter)
which will be used to make concentration and size distribution
determinations at various locations throughout the OWS.
The
device is self-contained, battery-operated, and capable of either
hand-held or mounted operation.
The analyzer draws air samples into a chamber, and uses reflected
light from the sample to provide amplitude and time related pulses
that are counted and displayed for logging by the using crewmen.
The sample air is discharged through a filter and the particulate
matter is retained for return and postflight analysis.
Crew Vehicle Disturbance TO13
This package consists of equipment which will be utilized by
crewmen to determine the effects of various crew activities on
the dynamics of a manned spacecraft.
The equipment consists of
a limb motion sensor assembly, which will be worn by the crewman
99
�to measure his arm and leg motions, a force measuring system,
which consists of load cells, and load bearing platforms, and a
central data system which gathers the experimental data and trans
mits it to the airlock module data system for recording and
subsequent telemetering.
Photographic coverage, and recorded
voice comments are also required for this experiment.
Foot Controlled Maneuvering Unit TO 20
This experiment package consists of a gas propulsion device that
is straddled by a crewman and controlled by his foot movements.
The experiment is performed in the OWS forward compartment and
will provide data for use in determining the feasibility of the
FCMU concept for EVA, and the design of subsequent operational
systems of this type.
FCMU maneuvers will be photographed and voice comments will be
recorded for telemetry.
Coronagraph Contamination Measurements TO25
This experiment will be performed to determine the presence of
an induced particulate atmosphere surrounding the OA; to deter
mine changes in this atmosphere as a result of thruster pulsing,
waste dumps, and vehicle orientation; and to determine the nature
and extent of the solar F-corona viewed by the coronagraph.
The equipment for this experiment consists of a coronagraph
cannister which will be mounted in a scientific airlock, and an
extensible boom-mounted occulting disk assembly which will block
the solar disk.
Exposed film will be stored in film vaults and
returned in the command module.
Housekeeping data and recorded voice carments are required for
this experiment.
100
�NIC DON NELL
DOUGLAS
ASTRONAUTICS
C ONI RAN Y
O R B I T A L WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - T020
FOOT CONTROLLED MANEUVERING UNIT
O/W-7082A
9-8-70
PRESSURE SUITED MODE
PRINCIPAL
FIELD OF
VIEW
BACK PACK
PROTECTIVE
BAR
LINE OF
SIGHT
SPLIT IMAGE
CAMERA
THRUST AXES
�/VTCDO/V/VELL
DOUGL/XS
ASTffO/VAUT/CS
corviF>/\r>iv
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMODATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - T025 CORONOGRAPH
CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT
O/W-7098A
9-2-70
CAMERA LENS
MOUNT
OCCULTING
DISCS
SCIENTIFIC
AIRLOCK
o
CAMERA
-MAGAZINE
SOLAR POSITION
INDICATOR
BOOM
STANDOFFS
EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
CORONOGRAPH
CANISTER
�Contamination Measurement TO 2 7
This experiment will provide data to determine the effects of the
induced OA particulate atmosphere cm exposed optical elements such
as windows, lenses, mirrors, and diffraction gratings by exposing
a cannister containing various saitples (sample array system) to
space via a scientific airlock, and making photometric measure
ments of the particulate atmosphere.
Telemetry from the photometer system, the sample array system, and
voice comments, as well as logged data are required for this
experiment,
103
�/VTCOO/V/VELL
DOI/CL4S
4STffO/V4l/r/CS
CO/VIP4/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
EXPERIMENT ACCOMMONATIONS CDR
EXPERIMENT - T027
ATM CONTAMINATION MEASUREMENT
O/W-7100A
9-2"70
EXTENSION ROD
MECHANICAL
CONTROL PANELMANUAL CONTROL PANEL
UNIQUE CONTROL
CANISTER
INTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK
AUTOMATIC PROGRAMMER
CONTROL PANEL
EXTERNAL OWS
ENVIRONMENT
CAMERA, PHOTOMETER
AND SUNSHIELDS
ELEVATION
MECHANISM
EXTENSION MECHANISM
�Scientific Airlock (SAL)
IWo government furnished scientific airlocks will be provided and
installed in "die forward compartment of the CMS.
One SAL will
be located facing sunward, and the other 180 degrees opposite
the first.
The two SAL will provide space exposure capabilities
for various experiment package components which are activated
and function in a space environment to achieve the experimental
objectives.
The SAL consists of a chamber, installed in the CWS wall, inner
and outer doors, vacuun/pressure gage, door control, and pressurization control.
SAL operating instructions are included on
decals mounted on each SAL faceplate.
105
�DOUGLAS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
REVISED SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK
O/W-7812
8 28-70
�MCOOMWELL
OOVOLM
/(•T)NMI4(/ncs
»r
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SCIENTIFIC AIRLOCK INSTALLATION
0/W-5866A
8-12-70
TRUE ANGLE OF
THIS PLANE
SECTION A-A
�Stowage System
The OWS stowage system consists of provisions for the containment/restraint,
and accessibility of loose equipment within the OWS.
These provisions
consist of the following stowage system equipment:
o
Stowage lockers
o
Stowage cabinets
o
Containers
o
Miscellaneous provisions
o
Film Vault
o
Food chiller and freezers
Stowage lockers
Sixteen stowage lockers containing a total of 95 compartments are
located throughout the CWS. The lockers contain six stowage compart
ments which have approximate dimensions of 10 inches by 11 inches by
16 inches.
One locker in the forward compartment contains two compart
ments which are oversize, and have approximate dimensions of 10 inches
by 11 inches by 20 inches.
One locker in the waste management compart-
nent has only four compartments. The distribution of lockers and
compartments is as follows:
Lockers
Compartments
Forward compartment
2
13
Experiment compartment
1
6
Sleep compartment
3
18
Waste management compartment
2
10
Wardrocm
8
48
16
95
Totals
108
�SA-286A
5-19-71
/VfCDO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
ASTRONAUTICS
STOWAGE SYSTEM
COM RAN V
WATER RING CONTAINERS (25)
INCLUDES ORBITAL SPARES
FOOD STOWAGE CONTAINERS (11)
FOOD FREEZERS (5)
FOOD CHILLER (1)8
STANDARD STOWAGE LOCKERS
(16 LOCKERS - 9 5 COMPARTMENTS)
CLUSTER TOOLS
STOWAGE COMPARTMENTS (12)
�MCOO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
OOL/GL4S
/\STr*OIVAVTICS
STANDARD STOWAGE LOCKER
COMPA/VV
O/W-3759
4-2-70
a—
||:.^-|S—|
lr n
m -\
1
!
0
I
3. 3 ^ p
T
:
11.4"
CLEARANCE
BACK EACE OF DOOR
LOCKER COMPARTMENT INTERIOR
�The stowage lockers are of beaded aluminum construction with pianohinged and latched access doors.
The lockers are attached to the OWS
floor by means of a mounting pallet at the locker base and a pivotinp
linkage at the forward end of the locker.
The pallet and linkage
provide load restraint and stability.
The stowage compartments contain such items as 0^ mask, lights,
camera equipment, trash and waste collection bags, clothing, orbital
spares, tape recorders, medical supplies, personal hygiene equipment,
and crew personal preference items.
Stew age Cabinets
Five stowage cabinets are located throughout the OWS and contain a
total of 16 stcwage compartments of various sizes.
The stowage
cabinets are distributed in the OWS as follows:
Compartments
Cabinets
Compartments
Forward compartment
1
3
Wardroom
2
5
Waste management compartment
1
4
Sleep compartment
1
4
5
16
Total
The stcwage cabinets are constructed of sheet metal, and have pianohinged, latched access doors. Attachment provisions for the stcwage
cabinets are similar to those for the stcwage lockers.
Items stewed in the cabinet compartments include tool kit, repair kit
shoes, sleep restraints, entertainment kit, data file, vacuim cleaner
and waste collection bags.
Ill
�Containers
Stowage containers are loaded, prior to their installation in the CMS.
There are provisions for 25 containers forward of the water storage
tanks in the forward compartment.
Eleven food containers are provided
for the storage of dehydrated, intermediate moisture, and wet-pack
foods, and these are installed in the forward compartment.
Three
containers are provided for the storage and return of urine samples.
These are configured to fit the command module, and are located in
the forward compartment.
Miscellaneous Stowage Provisions
Miscellaneous stowage provisions consist of the mounting and restraint
hardware provisions for those items of equipment which are stowed
individually in the OWS, rather than in lockers or cabinets.
These
items include fire extinguishers, spare mole sieve, portable astronaut
aids, portable fans, and the IVA umbilicals.
These provisions are
mainly in the forward and experiment compartments.
Film Vault
The film vault provides the photographic film utilized to record
experimental data from the expected radiation environment in the OWS.
The 12 drawers of the vault will have different thicknesses of aluminin
for radiation protection.
The film vault will be bolted to the CMS
floor in the forward compartment.
Food Chiller and Freezers
The food chiller and freezers are provided for the storage of foods
which are perishable or frozen
The freezers are located in the for
ward compartment (3 compartments) and in the wardroom (2 compartments).
The chiller is the top compartment in the wardroom freezer assembly.
The freezer maintains a temperature of -10 +_ 10 degrees Fahrenheit, and
the chiller a temperature of 39 + 6 degrees Fahrenheit. These items
of equipment utilize heat rejection capabilities of the OWS refrigeration
svstem to achieve the required temperatures.
112
�/VICDO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
O/W-8258
8-7-70
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
STOWAGE RING CONTAINER
ASTRONAUTICS
COMPANY
30" INSIDE
LATCH
�/VfCDO^Z/VELL
~
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
~
FORWARD COMPARTMENT ON-ORBIT STOWAGE
TBOMor/es
on**™
Q_77_7n
FOOD STOWAGE
CONTAINERS (11)
FOOD
FREZERS
PUMP ASSY
REFRIGERATION
SUBSYSTEM
(8 COMPARTMENTS)
�(VTCOO/V/VfLL
OOUGL4S
4STffO/V4Ur/CS
CO/VfPA/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-303
12-2-70
FILM VAULT
REQUIREMENTS
ALUMINUM CASTING 54 X 40 X 22
APPROX 3,000 LB
0.25 TO 3.40 IN RADIATION PROTECTION
FOUR VAULT COMPARTMENTS
FILM VAULT
REMOVABLE FILM DRAWERS (12)
TOTAL DRAWER AREA 270.0 IN2
APPROX
60,000 FT (APPROX) 16 MM
MOVIE FILM
27,000 (APPROX) FRAMES 70 MM
C A M E R A F I L M + M S C L SPECIAL F I L M
OWS A M B I E N T P R E S S U R E
45+15 RELATIVE HUMIDITY PASSIVE SALT PAD SYSTEM
�Electrical System
Hie electrical system provides the primary OWS electrical power source
and the distribution and control of IIJ/AM power and commands to OWS
equipment and experiments.
The OWS illunination system is also considered
as part of the electrical system.
IU/OWS PowerDistribution and Control
This system provides power and control of OWS functions interfacing
the Instrument Unit (IU).
These functions are as follows:
o
TACS control
o
Atmosphere control system
o
Refrigeration system
o
Solar array deployment
o
Meteoroid shield deployment
This system is peculiar to the launch phase of the mission, ascent,
and preliminary orbital phase, and has no function after IU power
depletion, approximately seven ana one-half hours after liftoff.
This system is electrically isolated from the At/CWS svstem.
AM/OWS Power Distribution and Control
The electrical power distribution and control svstem receives
control
and instrumentation power to support the OWS systems and experiments
via the airlock module.
Power is furnished at DCS command or bv
actuation of switches on either the STS instrumentation panel or the
OWS control and display panel.
The main power control and display
console in the OWS is located in the experiment compartment.
This
console contains all necessary switches, circuit breakers, and
indicators to alia-/ the crew to control electrical power throughout
the OWS.
There is no OWS crew interface with the instrumentation
power system.
116
�/VTCDO/V/VELL
DOUGL4S
/»STi?o/v4cyr/cs
CO/VTP4/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
ELECTRICAL COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
SA-287
12-2-70
IU/0WS
INTERFACE
SWSEL
AM70WS
INTERFACE
PANEL 15
RELAY
OWS ELECTRICAL COMMAND SUBSYSTEM
MODULES
PANEL 17
REQUIREMENTS
FWD CONTR DIST
PANEL
MATRIX BLOCKS
PANEL 16
PROVIDE AUTOMATIC GROUND COMMAND
CAPABILITY FOR INITIAL 73 HOURS OF
MISSION FOR THE FOLLOWING SYSTEMS:
PANEL J
(1)
PRESSURE CONTROL
MATRIX
CZ)
THRUSTER ATTITUDE CONTROL
BLOCKS
(3)
SOLAR ARRAY DEPLOYMENT
(4)
METEOROID SHIELD DEPLOYMENT
(5)
REFRIGERATION
(6)
AM/ATM/MDA FUNCTIONS-INCLUDING
MAIN TUNNEL
CONTROL OF AM BUSSES. ATM
DEPLOYMENT. PAYLOAD SHROUD
JETTISON AND MOA VENT VALVE
CONTROL
PANEL 22
SYSTEM OPERATION
ORDER OF EVENTS IS DETERMINED BY THE SL-1
AFT UMBILICAL
PROGRAM FLIGHT SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE IS STORED IN A PREPROGRAMED IU
COMPUTER
OWS SWITCH SELECTOR DECODES COMMANDS
RECEIVED FROM IU
EACH SYSTEM AFFECTED RECEIVES COMMANDS
FROM THE OWS SWITCH SELECTOR
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
SA 306
AM/OWS INTERFACE
FEEDTHRU
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE 24-30 VDC TO OWS END ITEMS
PROTECT WIRING FROM DAMAGE AND FIRE
INTERNAL
PROVIDE CREW INTERFACE TO CONTROL AND
MONITOR POWER ALLOCATION
SYSTEM OPERATION
CO
EXTERNAL
RECEIVES 25.5 TO 30 VDC FROM AM
PROVIDES REDUNDANT BUSSES IN CONSOLE
SUPPLIES 24-30 VDC TO END ITEMS
MAIN
PROTECTS WIRING TO END ITEMS WITH CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
CAPABILITY OF 118 AMP LOADING
NOMINAL POWER USAGE AT 26 VDC IS 2200 WATTS
ELECTRICAL
CONTROL
CONSOLE
�Remote control panels for illumination, habitability support svstems,
and tape recorders are provided at convenient locations.
wiring is protected with circuit breakers.
All power
Seme of the design
characteristics of the distribution system are:
o
Two wire circuits are employed with a single point ground
which is isolated from the CWS structure ground.
o
Utility outlets with ccmmon receptacles are provided for
fans, lights, heaters, cameras, or experiments.
The
receptacles and connectors are designed to preclude arcing
when the crew mates or demates electrical equipment.
o
Internal OWS wiring is protected from physical damage, and
fire.
o
Procedural means of removing power from the OWS receptacles
is available.
o
Main power feeders are physically and electrically isolated
from each other.
o
Explosion-proof zero-g connectors, utilizing a bail handle
rather than twist-lock or screw engagement to facilitate
one handed operation are utilized on OWS equipment which
derives electrical power from the utilitv outlets.
Solar Array System (SAS)
The solar array system converts solar energy into direct current (DC)
electrical power and supplies it to the airlock module where it is
conditioned and distributed to the rest of the OA (OWS, MDA, AIM, DSM)
The SAS consists of two deployable wing assemblies externally mounted
cn the OWS, and their associated electronics, instrumentation, and
deployment equipment.
119
�MCOO^Vft/ElL
DOUGLAS
ASTftOHIAUTICS
CO/VIPA/VV
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SASOO
12-2-70
GENERAL ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL ILLUMINATION LIGHTS
SHALL PROVIDE THE FOLLOWING
AVERAGE ILLUMINATION LEVELS.
AREA
F00TCAN0LE
(MIN)
NASA SLEEP
COMPARTMENT
WARD ROOM
HEAD
WORK EXPERI
MENT COM
•cnoa »- A ma coarr
mt-r
PARTMENT
FORWARD
COMPARTMENT
DURING INITIAL ENTRY AND
EMERGENCY MODE THE LIGHTING
SYSTEM SHALL PROVIDE AN
AVERAGE ILLUMINATION OF 0.5
FOOT CANDLES (MIN) IN THE CREW
ani - i
QUARTERS AND FORWARD
COMPARTMENT.
SYSTEM OPERATION
42 SYLVANIA FLOODLIGHTS
(1869384) WITH 3 POSITION
(1*1-T
NCTlOa M CMC*IU«r<«
SWITCH, (OFF, LO, AND HI).
�/VfCDO/V/VELL
—
/ISRWO/V4(;R/CS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA291
19 9 7N
ELECTRICAL CONTROLS AND DISPLAYS
SYSTEM OPERATION
PANEL-542
DATA RECORDERS FROM THE
FORWARD COMPARTMENT
PANEL-630
LIGHTS IN THE WMC AND
WARDROOM
PANEL-700
WATER SYSTEM AND WINDOW
HEATER IN WARDROOM
PANEL-800
WATER, URINE, AND FAN IN
WMC
OUTLETS -402, -521,-531,-541,
-601, -631, -603
CREW CONVENIENCE,
PORTABLE, LIGHTS, FANS,
CAMERAS AND VACUUM
CLEANER
OUTLETS -518, -544,
EXPERIMENTS UTILIZING
THE SAL'S
�/VtCT DO/V\£tl
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-306
SOLAR ARRAY SYSTEM-STRUCTURE
12270
D O U G L / X S
4ST#?0'V4Ur/CS
CO/VfP/»/VV
BEAM
FAIRING
ASSEMBLY
FORWARD
FAIRING
ASSEMBLY
PANEL
v
A
\
-V
MODULE-
\
1
ro
>o
\
/
/
STOWED
WING SECTION
/
FULLY DEPLOYED IN 4 MINUTES
DEPLOYED PANELS FACE DIRECTION OF POS I
\
A
SAS REQUIREMENTS
FORWARD
SKIRT
(
y
'
NO CONTAMINATION OF PANELS BY
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES
'
-
OUTPUT OF 11,200 WATTS AT FAIRING INTERFACE
\
AT:
A
\
X
/
PARTIALLY
FULLY
DEPLOYED
DEPLOYED
•- WING —- — WING
SECTION
SECTION
S-IVB
HABITATION
AREA
AFT SKIRT
a.
130°F
b.
c.
INTENSITY OF 140 NM/CM 2
BEGINNING O F MISSION
OPERATING TEMPERATURE OF -85° TO +212°F
WITHSTAND VIBRATION AND SHOCK LOADS
OF DOCKING OPERATIONS AND SWS MANEUVERS
�During the Sky lab orbital mission, when the OA is maintained in a solar
inertial attitude, the SAS active faces point toward the sun.
Each of the wing assemblies consist of:
o
Fairing assemblies which house the wings and their actuating
mechanisms during the launch and ascent phases of the mission.
o
Three wing sections which contain the solar cells and are
stored within the fairing assembly.
o
Mechanical and ordnance systems for SAS orbital deployment.
o
Stabilizing beams which restrain the wing sections in the
deployed position.
Electrical support equipment for the solar array system consists of
the following:
o
Cabling frcm the SAS modules to the SAS power unit located
in the OWS forward skirt.
o
The SAS power unit which contains isolation and bussing
devices, and GSE connectors.
o
The SAS instrumentation signal conditioning unit in the CWS
forward skirt.
o
Cabling from the SAS pcwer unit to the /W.
o
Fairing release and SAS deployment electronics.
The solar array wing sections are made up of 240 modules (120 per
wing), divided into eight electrically isolated pcwer groups of 30
parallel-connected cells each.
This arrangement minimizes power
output differences among "the groups as a result of expected shadowing
conditions.
123
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
sazss
SOLAR ARRAY SYSTEM-ELECTRICAL
12270
/MCOO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
ASTnOnJAUTICS
CO/VfP4/VV
NUMBERING TYPICAL
SECTION
WING 2
POWER UNIT
(PANEL 15)-
WING 1
POWER UNIT
(PANEL 6)
POSITION III
POSITION II
POSITION IV
MODULE
POWER
CABLES
PANEL
WING 2
NOTES:
1. (616) SOLAR CELLS MAKE UP A MODULE
2. (4) MODULES MAKE UP A PANEL
3. (10) PANELS MAKE UP A WING SECTION
4. (3) WING SECTIONS PLUS BEAM FAIRING
MAKE UP A WING
WING 1
FAIRINGS
�The solar array is deployed at IU command by means of preloaded
mechanical energy storage systems which are released by initiation of
redundant EBW firing unit/EBW/CDF ordnance trains.
Ground command
backup is provided via the DCS should "the IU fail to command the
deployment.
After the wings' beam fairing assemblies are deployed,
the solar panel wing sections are released
and driven into extension,
where they are locked by means of devices in the stabilizing beams.
The deployed SAS provides approximately 10,000 watts of electrical
power for operation of OA systems, and recharging of /W batteries,
which provide OA pcwer during the night side of the orbit.
125
�Atmosphere Control System (ACS)
The CMS atmosphere control system provides for habitation area and waste
tank pressurization prior to launch and pressure control during boost phase-,
remote pressurization and venting of the OWS on-orbit; active and passive
control of atmospheric temperatures within human comfort limits; and
controlled atmospheric circulation.
Pressure Control System (PCS)
The pressure control function of the ACS provides for prelaunch
pressurization and inflight venting control for the habitation area
and waste tank. The habitation area pressure control capability
includes the use of two sets of valves: a pair of pneumatically
operated valves which are used for orbital blcwdcwn immediately
after orbital insertion; and a set of solenoid valves utilized for
venting the habitation area for storage. Both sets of valves exhaust
into ducts which terminate in orifice plates so oriented as to render
the venting non-propulsive.
The waste tank has similar pneumatic vent valves, and both the
habitation area and waste tank pneumatic valves include pressure
relieving functions.
The pressurization of the habitation system after orbital insertion
is accomplished by an airlock-controlled system. The habitation area
is pressurized and maintained at 5.0 psia total pressure (3.7 psia 0^
partial pressure, and 1.3 psia Nj partial pressure) throughout the
manned portions of the mission. This pressurization is accomplished
after the launch pressure has been blown-down. This pressure is
required to provide structural integrity during launch loads. The
waste tank is also pressurized to avoid high differential pressure
across the common propellant tank bulkhead which separates the
habitation area from the waste tank.
126
�MCOOfWiVElLi.
rX>UGL.X\S
iSTHo^4(;rics
COMP/l/VV
SA-294A
5-19-71
ACTIVE THERMAL CONTROL
AIRLOCK DUCT
VENTILATION
DUCT (3)
MIXING
CHAMBER
WMC VENTILATION
FAN CLUSTER (3)
KJ
0"
RADIANT HEATER (8)
GROUND CONDITIONING
BLOWER AND HEAT
EXCHANGER
DIFFUSER (12)
DUCT HEATER (3)
TEMP
CONTROL
SENSORS
CONTROL AND
DISPLAY PANEL
�.5ICDO/V(Vtlt
OOUGL4S
«r»OMuric«
COMP4*V
PRESSURIZATION AND PRESSURE
CONTROL SYSTEM
CHECK VALVES
III
VENT
SEALING
DEVICES
SA-284A
5-19-71
QUAD REDUNDANT
SOLENOID VENT
VALVES
HABITATION AREA
VENT SYSTEM
GROUND PURGE &
PRESSURIZATION
UMBILICAL
PNEUMATIC
CONTROL
SYSTEM
WASTE TANK
VENT SYSTEM
�A pneumatic system consisting of a GN2 sphere containing aporoximatelv
five cubic feet of nitrogen at 750 psia, and an actuation control
module containing solenoid valves, is utilized in the operation of
the OWS pneunatic vent valves.
Thermal Control System (_TCS)_
The OWS thermal control system is designed to meet the OWS thermal
requirements from ground-hold conditions through orbital activation,
habitation, and storage.
During ground-hold, and orbital storage,
the OWS is thermally conditioned to satisfy the temperature require
ments of the food and film stored in the OWS.
During orbital activa
tion and habitation, the OWS must be conditioned to within astronaut
entry limits (activation), and "shirtsleeve" environment (habitation).
The ground thermal control portion of the svstem employs OWS heat
exchangers 'which are serviced with a mixture of water and ethvlene
glycol and circulation fans along with ground thermal conditioning
units (TCU).
The orbital thermal control portion consists of active
and passive provisions for maintaining orbital thermal requirements.
Cabin gas temperature is maintained by heat exchangers located in the
airlock module, as well as convective heaters mounted in the ventila
tion ducts.
Passive thermal control provisions include optical
property control of exterior and interior surfaces, and application
of insulating material on the insides of habitation area pressure
walls.
Ventilation Control System (VCS)
The ventilation control svstam transports revitalized air which has
been purified and dehumidified from the airlock module and mixes it
with the CWS atmosphere, and circulates the mixture "throughout the
habitable area.
The system also provides for particulate and odor
filtration of the waste management air.
129
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
VCS/TCS SCHEMATIC
RZZZR
RECIRC.
FAN CLUST
FROM AM
•
VCS
RECIRC
FAN
VCS
RECIRC.
FAN
VCS
RECIRC.
FAN
VCS
RECIRC.
FAN
TCS
• CONVECT
HEATER
B E$>A
VCS
RECIRC.
FAN CLUST.
VCS FILTER
& MIXING
CHAMBER
E
TCS
CONVECT.
HEATER
gg>.A
I
CONTROL
CONSOLE
|
8-25-70
RECIRC.
A
FAN CLUST.
VCS
AIR
DIFFUSER
VCS
AID
DIFFUSER
CONVECT
HEATER
WARD
ROOM
VCS
AIR
DIFFUSER
VIEWA-A
VCS RECIRCULATION
FAN CLUSTER
VCSPORTABLE
FAN
AIRLOCK
CONTROL
TCS
RADIANT
HEATERS
VRS
VCS
EXHAUST MUFFLER RECIRC
SCREEN
FAN
VCS
FILTER &
ODOR
ABSORB
CAN
WASTE MGT
CO MPT
VCS
INLET
SCREEN
VCS
AIR
DIFFUSER
�/VfCDO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DOUC14S
ASTWO/VA^r/CS
VENTILATION
CO/VfP4<VV
MIXING CHAMBER
MIXING
CHAMBER
SCREEN
4 FAN CLUSTER
WITH SOUND
SUPPRESSION
HEATER
O/W-3961
8-5-70
CARRY-IN DUCT FROM AM SYSTEM
12 DIA. DUCT ARMALON
WMC
VENTILATION
UNIT
DUCT DIFFUSER
ADJUSTABLE
DIFFUSERS -
�Revitalized atmosphere is brought frcm the AM to the cfcme of the OWS
via a duct, which is fed into a mixing chamber (plenun) located in
the forward compartment cn the OWS dome.
Three OWS ventilation ducts
are routed frcm the mixing chamber to the plenun chamber between the
crew quarters and the waste tank.
clusters mounted in each duct.
The ventilation is produced by fan
The crew quarters floor is equipped
with adjustable diffusers which allow the ducted air to circulate
through the crew quarters and back to the forward compartment, thence
to the airlock module for revitalization.
Each ventilation duct contains four Apollo post landing ventilation
CPLV) fans, mounted in a baffled cluster assembly.
A filter/odor
removal cannister is mounted on the forward compartment floor, and
contains activated charcoal filters to remove odors and particles
suspended in the atmosphere.
A portable fan complement is included
in the OWS consisting of three of the PLV fans mounted in central
fixtures which can be located anywhere cn the OWS grid, on handrails,
or the central fireman's pole, and can be connected to utility outlets
for electrical power.
132
�flfi
Refrigeration System
The Refrigeration System (RS) provides cooling and freezing capabilities
for food, potable water, and urine samples in the OWS.
Redundant cooling
loops are provided, one for the normal operational requirements, and one
backup system in case of primary system failure.
Each system utilizes liquid refrigerant which is circulated through Hie
temperature-controlled storage units absorbing heat.
The coolant is then
routed either to a ground cooling heat exchanger, while the OWS is in a
ground hold status, or to the OWS external radiator,
or, during phases of
the mission where the radiator cannot provide sufficient heat rejection,
to a thermal capacitor.
Recirculation
Four positive displacement gear pimps are utilized in each refrigerant
loop for circulating the Coolanol-15 refrigerant.
The pimping and
thermal control assemblies contain approximately 80 percent of the
potential leak paths for the refrigerant aboard the CWS.
To minimize
the possibility of inboard coolant leakage, the pimping and chiller
thermal control assemblies are combined in a pressure tight container
which is vented directly to the waste tank and overboard, in the event
of leakage.
A hand shutoff valve is provided for cm-orbit access to
these assemblies.
The pimps are automatically shut off during launch
to prevent exceeding the radiator
working pressure, and are sequenced
on at IU command following S-II separation.
The pimps are also shut
off manually prior to exceeding their guaranteed life cycle of 2,200
hours.
Controls and Displays
The refrigeration system is provided with the following major electrical
components for control and display of its operation:
133
�/VICDO/V/VtLL
DOI/GI /*S
/\&Tf*OrS//\VTICS
i/vv
corvif*/
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
SA-277
12-2-70
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
FOOD
STORAGE
FREEZERS
1
PUMPING UNIT
COLD PLATE
FOOD
CHILLER
WARDROOM
FREEZEFG
TANK WALL
PENETRATION
TANK WALL
PENETRATION
— URINE FREEZER
URINE CHILLER
WARDROOM
TABLE
CONTROLS & DISPLAYS
• CIRCUIT BREAKER
PANEL - 611
• CONTROL AND
DISPLAY PANEL - 617
PROVIDES SWITCHES,
NETECROiD LIGHTS
FOR RS
WATER
CHILLER
THERMAL
CAPACITOR
FROZEN FOOD
CHILLERS
CHILLED WATER
FROZEN URINE
CHILLED URINE
-20° TO +0°F
+33° TO +45° F
+33° TO +45°F
-2.5°F MAX
+59°F MAX
SYSTEM OPERATION
-14°F
THERMAL CAPACITOR
-50° TO +10°F
RADIATOR TEMP CYCLE
PUMPS
.0365 CFM
VOLUMETRIC FLOW
55 PSID
PRESSURE DROP
50 WATTS
PUMP POWER
1,680 BTU/HR
RADIATOR CAPACITY
PUMP OPERATING LIFE 2250 HRS EA
EARTH RESOURCES CAPABILITY
2 PASSES PER 6 ORBITS
4 PASSES PER 16 ORBITS
MAX OPERATING PRESSURE 140 PSIA
TO GSE
(DESIGN)
COOLANT VOLUME PER LOOP 1016 IN. 3
RADIATOR
THERMAL
CONTROL
-GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER
RADIATOR
�/VtCDO/V/VtLI.
/1STWO/V41/FICS
CO/VfP/1/VK
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
:RIGERATION SUBSYS1
REFRIGERATION
SUBSYSTEM
EQUIPMENT LOCATION
2SST
(7)
PUMPING ASSEMBLY, REFRIGERATION SUBSYSTEM
(7)
THERMAL CONTROL ASSY, CHILLER, REFRIGERATION SUBSYSTEM
(T) CONTAINER - STORAGE, FOOD
(4) FREEZER, FOOD STORAGE
(?) FREEZER, WARDROOM
(?) RADIATOR ASSEMBLY
TEMP CONTROL VALVE
(ROUTES TO TUNNEL)
(?) URINE CHILLER
(?) URINE FREEZER
CONTROL PANEL
INSULATION
THERMAL CAPACITOR
GC HEAT EXCHANGER
VALVE
(ROUTES TO UMBILICAL)
RADIATOR)
�o
IWo coolant pump inverters
o
TWo control logic units
o
IWo radiator
o
Two regenerator heater controllers
o
One display and control panel (part of pcwer console)
o
Instrumentation and control sensors
bypass valves
7S
The coolant punp inverters convert the 28 VDC electrical power to -8-r5~
VFMS to drive the punp.
the punps, radiator
loops.
The control logic units provide operation of
bypass valves, and regenerator heaters for the two
System parameters requiring display are also derived from the
control logic units.
Radiator bypass valve controllers are provided
in each coolant loop to control refrigerant bypass from the radiator
to the thermal capacitor when abnormal radiator
sensed.
Flow throughout the radiator
temperatures are sensed.
temperatures are
is restored when normal radiator
Electrical heater blankets are provided in
each loop to maintain the temperature of the refrigerant in each loop
within a selected control range.
These regenerator heaters have their
own controllers which are operated by the control logic units to
provide on-off power to the heaters.
The RS control and display panel
is part of the electrical control and display console located in the
experiment compartment and provides for crew mcnitoring and manual
system control.
>
136
�/XST&O/VAUTtCS
corvif/x/vv
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
VACUUM SYSTEMS
WARD ROOM & REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
ESS
REFRIGERATION PUMP
ENCLOSURE
REQUIREMENT
VENTS REFRIGERATION
PUMP ENCLOSURE
IN EVENT OF
COOLANT LEAKAGE
WARDROOM
C&O PANEL
NO. 700
• WATER DUMP
PRESSURE
0-2 PSIA
DUMP HEATER
ON - LIGHT
(REMOTE
INDICATION
ON C&DPANEL
NO. 617)
REFRIGERATION
SUBSYSTEM
PUMPING ASSEMBLY
ENCLOSURE
SYSTEM OPERATION
VENTS INTO WASTE
TANK
1/4" LINE WITH ISOLATION
-REFRIGERATION PUMP
CLOSURE VACUUM
VALVE
VALVE
WARDROOM WATER DUMP
REQUIREMENTS
EVACUATE WATER LINES
FOR SYSTEM ACTIVATION
AND FOR STORAGE
WATER DUMP
VACUUM VALVE
SYSTEM OPERATION
1/4" LINE WITH ISOLATION
VALVE
HEATED PROBE FOR
DUMP INTO WASTE
TANK
LINE DISCONNECTED
WHEN NOT IN USE
�Thruster Attitude Control System (TACS)
The Thruster Attitude Control System consists of 22 GN^ spheres manifolded
together on the OWS thrust structure, two thruster modules, and control
valves and plimbing to operate the system.
The TACS provides primary OA
attitude control following separation of the S-II, until the ATM control
moment gyros are brought up to operating speed.
The TACS can be controlled
by the IU, or the DCS, and operates on caimand during "the following mission
phases and conditions:
o
During CMG spinup the TACS is the primary OA attitude control
system.
The IU provides control of the TACS for approximately
the first 7.5 hours of the mission, and then transfers control
to the Digital Corrmand System (DCS).
o
Whenever the TACS deadband is exoeeded, or the CMG momentun build
up is excessive.
o
Whenever "TACS ONLY" mode of OA control is selected by the crew.
o
In the event of a CMG failure.
TACS thrusters are pulsed gas nozzles which provide approximately 20 to
50 pounds of thrust each.
They are located on the aft skirt of the OWS
in two clusters of three nozzles each.
Propellant Supply/Distribution
The Gaseous Nitrogen (GN^) propellant is stored in 22 spheres which
have a volune of 4.5 cubic feet each, at 3100 +_ 100 psia, and
distributed via a common manifold connecting the thruster modules.
The propellant supply and distribution system is ccmpletely brazed
to avoid gas leakage.
Meteoroid shielding is included to prevent penetration of the spheres
or pressure lines by meteoroid particles, and to provide passive
thermal protection.
The spheres are fabricated of Titaniun, and
are the same as currently used on "the S-IV-B stage.
Two filters are
used in the propellant supply/distribution system, and these are
brazed into the lines to the thruster modules.
138
�/VtCDO/V/VELL
OOi/GL/lS
/\STf*OrV/%UTiCS
corvif/xrvv
O R B I T A L WORKSHOP
THRUSTER ATTITUDE CONTROL SYSTEM
SA-292
12-2-70
RELAY
CONTROL
PLANES
FAM
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE PRIMARY ATTITUDE
CONTROL THRU CMG SPIN-UP
PROVIDE BACKUP & SUPPLEMENTAL
ATTITUDE CONTROL FOR CMG
DESATURATION, FOR MANEUVERS
& DOCKING TRANSIENTS
HARNESSES
SYSTEM OPERATION
MANIFOLD
THRUSTER
MODULE
(TYPICAL
2 PLACES)
TWENTY TWO
4.5 FT3 SPHERES
3100 ± 100 PSI
GASEOUS NITROGEN PROPELLANT
BLOW-DOWN SYSTEM
TWO MODULES - THREE THRUSTERS EACH
QUAD REDUNDANT VALVES - EACH THRUSTER
ALL BRAZED SYSTEM
�TO °rrr
RZZZT
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
TACS-SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
0/W-3982B
8 25 70
POWER & CONTROL
METEOROID
SHIELD
SUPPLY
THRUSTERS
& CONTROL
VALVES
�/V7COO/V/V£TILI_
DOUGL4S
/tSTftOK/AUTiCS
CO/VfP/l/VV
TACS SPHERES AND METEOROID
SHIELD INSTALLATION
22 GN
O/W-5730
9-11-70
METEOROID
SHIELD IN
8 SEGMENTS
STORAGE SPHERES
1 PNEUMATIC SPHERE
DOUBLE WALL
ALUMINUM ALLOY
�Thruster Control
Propellant is supplied to each of the six nozzles in the two thruster
modules by quad redundant solenoid control valves.
A control switching
assembly provides for valve actuation cn corrmand from either the IU,
or DCS.
The Control Switching Assembly (CSA) is located in the OWS
forward skirt, and provides isolation from other on-board electrical
and electronic systems to minimize detrimental influence of these
systems on the reliability of the TACS.
Thrusters
Six stainless steel nozzles, with their associated control valve
packages, are mounted in two thruster modules of three thrusters each.
The modules are located 180 degrees from each other on the OWS aft
skirt, and provide 20 to 50 pounds of thrust fran each nozzle.
The
nozzles point directly out and 90 degrees to either side of a plane
dividing the OWS longitudinally.
142
�/vico
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
001/GL4S
4STROMl/T(CS
COMPAIVV
TACS-AFT SKIRT-EXTERNAL VIEW
O/W-3986
9—2—70
THERMAL SHIELD
PITCH
THRUSTER
IMPINGEMENT
SHIELD
STA. 212.500
STA. 228.000
ROLL & YAW
THRUSTERS
POSITION I
STA. 211.250
�, O/
ysg-c^
/s
'•
Data Acquisition System (DAS)
The CWS data acquisition system provides for the collection of experimental,
housekeeping, crew and OWS systems status data for transmission to the
ground.
The OWS data acquisition system is divided into telemetry, on-board
display, and manual data sections.
Telemetry
CWS telemetry consists of transducers, signal conditioning modules,
and transducer power supplies, as well as high and low-level multi
plexers.
A Remote Automatic Calibration System (RACS) is provided
for ground checkout of the OWS telemetry system.
The transducers convert physical phenomena into electrical signals
that are routed to signal conditioners or multiplexers.
Transducer
power is derived from the airlock module, as is power for the multi
plexers.
The control signals, which are sent to the multiplexers
for gating are also from the airlock module.
The transmitters,
receivers, and controls for the data link with the Manned Space
flight Network (MSFN) are located in the airlock module, and it is
to these items of equipment that the various data gathered in the
CWS are routed.
Multiplexers accept analog and bilevel signals for a total of 450
channels of data.
The Remote Automatic Calibration System (RACS)
is designed to allow ground checkout of the OWS signal conditioning
modules by supplying stimuli to the electronics which results in
0, 20, or 80 percent of full scale output, for the selected channel.
No provisions exist for inflight calibration.
144
�/VtCDO/V/VELL
DOUGLAS
4Srwo/V4i;r/cs
CO/VIP4/VV
CHAN.DECODERS
& SIG. COND. MOD.
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DATA ACQUISITION SUBSYSTEM
MULTIPLEXER
SIGNAL COND.
REQUIREMENTS
SIGNAL COND.
GEMINI TYPE MULTIPLEXERS
LOW LEVEL (7 REQ'D)
HIGH LEVEL (5 REQ'D)
FWD
SKIRT
WIRE
RUNS
<-n
MAIN
TUNNEL
INSTRUMENTATION
FEED THRU AND
HARNESS
SIGNAL CONDITIONING MODULES
TEMPERATURE BRIDGES
5 VDC EXCITATION MODULES (9 REQ'D)
DC AMPLIFIERS
DISPLAY PANEL
TAPE RECORDER
CONTROL
TRANSDUCERS
DISPLAY
PANELS
THERMAL CONDITIONING MULTIPLEXERS
HEATERS
THERMOSTATS
CONTROLS
DISPLAY
CONSOLE
FWD COM
PARTMENT
REMOTE TAPE
RECORDER
CONTROL
SIGNAL COND.
SA-289
12-2-70
SIGNAL COND.
REMOTE CALIBRATION
CENTRAL DECODER (1 REQ'D)
CHANNEL DECODERS (15 REQ'D)
SYSTEM OPERATION
LOW LEVEL MULTIPLEXERS
SAMPLE RATE 1.25 SPS, 0.416 SPS
INPUT 0-20 MVDC, OUTPUT 0-5 VDC
HIGH LEVEL MULTIPLEXERS
SAMPLE RATE • 1.25 SPS (ANALOG),
10 SPS (BI-LEVEL, BI-LEVEL PULSE)
INPUT - BI-LEVEL < 5 VDC OFF,
>15 VDC ON
�On-Board Display
The OWS data acquisition system includes on-board displays which
provide crew members with selected system status and caution and
warning information.
These data are displayed to the crew cn various
panels and consoles located in the forward compartment, experiment
compartment, wardroom, and waste management compartment.
The OWS
on-board instrumentation for meters and annunciators located in
these panels is separate from that used for telemetry.
Manual Data
In addition to the data gathered automatically by Electronics, there
is a requirement for additional data which can be met only by crew
action.
The manual data section of "the OWS data acquisition system
provides for the gathering of these data.
Log books, and use of
recorders, television, and photography equipment furnished with
experiment and other systems constitute the manual data gathering
activities which meet the additional data requirement.
146
�Coirnunication System
The OWS ccmmunication system consists of the teleccrmunicatioris subsystem,
the intercommunications subsystem, the caution and warning subsystem, and
television.
o
The corrmunication system provides the following capabilities:
Interface with the OA audio system providing the OWS with a
direct voice link with the MSFN.
(Voice communication is via
the CSM.)
o
Interface the astronauts with the airlock module telemetry
system for biomedical data transmission to the MSFN.
o
In te rcommunicaticn provisions throughout the orbital assembly.
o
Provision of a video link from the OWS to the CSM for television
transmissions originating in the OWS.
Telecommunication Subsystem;
The telecommunication subsystem is an extension of the cluster
communications system provided by the Speaker Intercom Assemblies (SIA)
located throughout the OWS.
Ihe CSM S-band communications system
provides the voice link with the MSFN.
Intercaimunicaticn Subsystem
The CWS interoonmunicaticn subsystem comprises 10 Speaker Intercom
Assemblies (SIA) and their associated wiring, and provides dual channel
oormunications.
Ihe dual channel capability allows simultaneous
transmission of voice and/or biomedical data from two astronauts to
the MSFN.
Conversation can be carried on via headsets, or the
speaker/microphone at any SIA.
The SIA are located aboard the OWS as follows:
147
�TO°RRR
~
/ISTROIVAUDCS
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
_
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
AM/OWS INTERFACE
SA297
12-2-70
REQUIREMENTS
PROVIDE ASTRONAUT COMMUNICATIONS WITHIN
CLUSTER
PROVIDE COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN FLIGHT
CREW AND GROUND CONTROL
TV OUTLET
UTILIZE DUAL CHANNEL SYSTEM
PROVIDE DATA INTERFACE FOR BIO-MED
FUNCTIONS
CONTROL &
DISPLAYS
CIRCUIT
BREAKERS FOR
TV
PROVIDE AUDIO DEVICE FOR CAUTION AND
WARNING TONES
PROVIDE ACCOMMODATIONS FOR TV CAMERA
SYSTEM OPERATION
CREWMANS COMMUNICATIONS UMBILICAL MAY
BE CONNECTED TO CHANNEL A OR B
TV OUTLET
OUTLET
PUSH-TO-TALK OR PUSH-TO-TRANSMIT IS
SELECTED
VOICE TAPE RECORDER MAY BE SELECTED
SPEAKER
INTERCOM
ASSY
(TYPOF 10)
443A1
DISPLAY ON SPEAKER INTERCOM ASSEMBLY
INFORMS ASTRONAUT OF VOICE RECORDER
OPERATION
BIO-MED DATA IS AVAILABLE THROUGH THE
CCU CABLE
TV CAMERA CAN BE OPERATED IN CREW
QUARTERS OR IN FORWARD COMPARTMENT
�/VfCDO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DOUGLAS
AsmorsjAUTics
O/W-4347
5-26-70
COMMUNICATION
COMfANY
MDA
AM
OWS
MODULE
SELECT
i TELEVISION
REALTIME VOICE
TAPE
RECORDER
NO. 1
M 509AT013/T020
'DATA & CLOCK
DCS
RECORDER
LOGIC
$>
INTERCOM
MUNICATION
SYSTEM
INTERCOM
MUNICATION
SYSTEM
TAPE
RECORDER
NO. 2
VOICE
TAPE
RECORDER
NO. 3
SF3 DATA
SF2 DATA
VOICE 1
PSF DATA
VOICE 2
TRANSMITTER
2 WATT
230.4 MHz
OWS
DATA
AM
DATA
SYSTEM
REAL
TIME
DATA
DCS
MODULATION
SELECT
LOGIC
TRANSMITTER
2 WATT
246J MHz
TRANSMITTER
10 WATT
235.0 MHz
0ISC0NE
& WHIP
ANTENNA
SYSTEM
CSM
TO CSM
S BAND
XMTR
�——
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
INTERCOMMUNICATIONS STATIONS
DOUGLAS
4srwo/v/i(;rics
COHP4/VV
FORWARD COMPARTMENT
nMM,75B
O/W-1375B
w°
INSTR
FEEDTHRU
TV STATION
TV STATION
INTERCOMM
JUNCTION
SIA
KLAXON
SI A
SPEAKER INTERCOMM ASSEMBLY
�\
/VfCDO/V/VELL
ORBITAL WORKSHOP
DOUGLAS
ASTffOKIAUTICS
CO/Vlf/X/S/V
Cn
SPEAKER INTERCOM ASSEMBLY
O/W-1151A
9-9-70
HEADSETRESTRAINT
CLIPS
TO CREWMAN
COMMUNICATIONS
UMBILICAL (CCU)
�QUANTITY
SIA LOCATION
Sleep conpartment
3
Waste management compartment
1
Experiment conpartment
2
Forward conpartment
3
Wardroom
1
Total
10
The Crew Ccmmunication Unbilicals (CCU) interface with the SIA,
allowing crew communication capabilities while suited for IVA.
The master alarm light, as well as cauticn and warning tones are
provided for by the SIA.
Cauticn and Warning Subsystem
The caution and warning subsystem provides for the alerting of crew
men to impending or existing conditions that are hazardous to crew
safety or completion of missicn requirements.
The OWS cauticn and
warning subsystem is an extension of Hie AM Cauticn and Warning
System (CWS), and consists of the repeater CMS control and display
panel, alarm devices (Klaxons and SIA), and associated wiring.
The repeater control and display panel provides the annunciators
for emergency, cauticn, and warning parameters with redundant panel
lamps.
Red lamps are provided for emergency and warning indications,
and yellow lamps for caution indications.
mainly of fire, or rapid pressure fall.
Emergencies consist
Warnings indicate lew bus
power or crew alert, and cauticn indicaticns include lew cluster
pressure.
Malfunction indicators are included on the panel to shew
the cause of the malfunction which caused the alarm.
These indicators
remain lighted even when the alarm light and tone has been reset.
audible tones indicating emergency, warning, or cauticn conditions
are routed to the SIA and crew headsets while in the "ON" mode of
operation.
A "crew alert" groind axrmand will override "off" or
"sleep" modes.
152
The
�rvi <:oo/v/vitll
OOUGL4S
/\&Tf*Orv/\VT$CS
co'vir*/\/\jy
EMERGENCY
ALARMS
FWO COMPT
CONTROL
O R B I T A L WORKSHOP
CAUTION AND WARNING SYSTEM
AM/OWS INTERFACE
FEEDTHRU
CAUTION AND WARNING SIGNALS TO AM
CONTROL
EMERGENCY SIGNALS TO AM
PNLS
FWD COMPT
FIRE SENSORS
(3)
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
MASTER RESET
SYSTEM OPERATION
CAUTION, WARNING AND EMERGENCY
REMOTE
PARAMETERS MONITORED IN OWS
OWS C&D
WARD ROOM
FIRE SENSORS
SLEEP &
WASTE MGMT
WARD ROOM
CONTROL PNL
CONTROL PNLS
FIRE SENSORS
PARAMETERS ARE ROUTED TO AM
AM LOGIC RECOGNIZES ALARM CONDITIONS
AM TRANSMITS CAUTION, WARNING AND
EMERGENCY INDICATIONS TO OWS
AUDIO AND VISUAL DISPLAYS INDICATE
CAUTION, WARNING AND EMERGENCY
CONDITIONS
EMERGENCY INDICATORS ARE EXTINGUISHED
SLEEP
COMPT
FIRE
SENSORS
REDUNDANT SYSTEM
EMERGENCY ALARM
EXP COMPT
EXP COMPT
REQUIREMENTS
CONTROL AND DISPLAY PANEL
PNLS
tn
to
SA-293
12-270
WHEN CONDITION IS CORRECTED
MASTER RESET TURNS OFF ALL CAUTION AND
WASTE MGMT
WARNING INDICATORS
FIRE SENSOR
FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM UTILIZES
INDIVIDUAL CONTROL PANELS
�ORBITAL WORKSHOP
/VfCOO/V/VELL
OOOGL4S
O/W-7363
8-23-70
CAUTION AND WARNING SYSTEM
/\STf?€>A//%UTiCS
corw F*/\rw
AM
CSM
OWS
AM DISPLAY
WARNING
TONE
Ln
i
it±
T/M
T/M
JL
CSM DISPLAY
& ELECTRONICS
AM CONTROL
ELECTRONICS
r—
CSM
SENSORS
REMOTE
OWS CONTROL
& DISPLAY
C&W TONES TO
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
1
I
1
i
ATM
SENSORS
j
MDA
SENSORS
OWS
SENSORS
J
AM
SENSORS
—1
EMERGENCY
ALARM
i
1
I
i
1
1
i
EMERGENCY
ALARM
�Television
The television subsystem is an extension of the cluster television
system for coverage of crew activities, equipment operation, and
experimental activity in the OWS.
The OWS television provisions
allow the operation of an /'polio color television camera and monitor
unit.
Mounting and power provisions are included in the OWS as well
as provisions for routing "the coaxial cable which interfaces with
the CSM video system for S-band transmission to the MSFN.
155
�SKYLAB NOMENCLATURE
ACS
-
Atmosphere control system
AM
-
Airlock module
AME
-
Astronaut maneuvering equipment
APCS
ASMU
-
-
Attitude and pointing control system
Automatically stabilized maneuvering unit
AIM
-
bicmed
-
Biomedical
BL
-
Bilevel
BLP
-
Bilevel pulse
EMMD
-
Body mass measurement device
ecu
-
Apollo telescope mount
Crewman ccnmunications imbilical
CSD
-
Control and display
CDF
-
Confined detonating fuse
CM
-
Command module
-
Control moment gyros
CMG
Cemm
-
CSM
-
Command and service mcxlule
dc
-
Direct current
DCS
-
Digital command system
-
Exploding bridge wire
ECS
-
Environmental control system
EPS
-
Electrical power system
-
Earth resources
EREP
-
Earth resources experiment package
ESS
-
Experiment support system
-
Extravehicular activity
FAS
-
Fixed airlock shroud
FCMU
-
Foot controlled maneuvering unit
-
Frequency modulation
EBW
ER
EVA
FM
GN2
Corrmunication
-
Gaseous nitrogen
-
Gaseous oxygen
hpi
-
High performance insulation
HSS
-
Habitabilitv support system
GO2
156
�Hz
- Hertz
icon
- Intercom
IOP
- In orbit plane
IU
- Instrument unit
IVA
- Intra vehicular activity
KSC
- Kennedy Space Center
LBNP
- Lower body negative pressure
LiOH
- Lithium hydroxide
LV
- Launch vehicle
LVDC
- Launch vehicle digital computer
MDA
- Multiple docking adapter
MDF
- Mild detonating fuse
mHz
- Mega-Hertz
mol
- Molecular
MSC
- Manned Spacecraft Center
MSFC
- George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
MSIN
- Manned spaceflight network
N2
- Nitrogen
NASA
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NI-CD
- Nickel-cadniun
NPV
- Non-propulsive vent
02
- Oxygen
OA
- Orbital assembly (CSM/0AM/A1M)-(CSM/SWS)(CSM/ATM/MDA/AM/0WS)
OAM
- Orbital assembly module (0WS/AM/M£A)
OWS
- Orbital workshop
PCM
- Pulse code modulation
PCS
- Pressure control system
PS
- Payload shroud
psia
- Pounds per square inch absolute
ptt
- Press to transmit
RS
- Refrigeration system
SAL
- Scientific airlock
SAS
- Solar array system
SIA
- Speaker intercom assembly
S-IVB
- Saturn IVB "stage"
Skylab
- To be used svncnymously with "SWS"
157
�SL
-
Skylab (program designation)
SLr-1
-
Skylab (mission designation)
SL-I
-
Skylab (ATM/MDA/AM/CWS) (Spacecraft designation)
SLA
-
Spacecraft launch adapter
-
Specimen mass measurement device
-
Structural transition section
SWS
-
Saturn workship (ATM/MDA/AM/CWS) = (ATM/OAM)
TACS
-
Thruster attitude control system
TCS
-
Thermal control system
tlm
-
Telemetry
TV
-
Television
VCG
-
Vectrocardiogram
VCS
-
Ventilation control system
vdc
-
Volts direct current
-
Waste management compartment
-
Waste management system
-
Transducer
SMMD
STS
VMC
VMS
xducer
xfer
_
Transfer
158
�REFERENCES
For more detailed information concerning the Skylab
Mission, Skylab and Orbital Workshop Systems, the
reader is referred to the following docunents:
1.
Mission Requirements, Skylab Missions SL-1,
SL-2, SL-3, and SL-4.
I-MRD-001B
National Aeronautics and Space Adninistration
June 30, 1970.
2.
Skylab Operations Handbook (MDA/AM/OWS)
MDC E0097 Volumes I and II
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company East
November 23, 1970.
3.
Orbital Workshop Design Data Handbook EAC 56694B
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company West
August 1, 1970.
159
����
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Charles Mauldin Collection
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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sdsp_skyl_000071
Title
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"Skylab Systems Handbook."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company
Temporal Coverage
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1970-1979
Subject
The topic of the resource
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company
Skylab Program
Apollo Telescope Mount
Multiple docking adapters
Airlock modules
Space habitats
Saturn launch vehicles
Skylab 1
Skylab 2
Skylab 3
Skylab 4
Experimentation
Human factors in engineering design
Life support systems
Onboard equipment
Provisioning
Extravehicular mobility units
Film Vault
Earth Resources Program
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Technical Manuals
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Charles Mauldin Collection
Box 5, Folder 1
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/69/14388/sdsp_skyl_000053_001.pdf
b23f94a1bdb543fb252a1be4e5c0645a
PDF Text
Text
SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
Separation of payload from second stage
of Saturn V in orbit.
Shroud used during launch is dis
carded.
Saturn V with Skylab Payload
Arrival of Skylab crew
Deployment of Apollo Telescope
Mount
WORKING ON A NEW FRONTIER
Skylab, America's first experimental space
station, will be placed into Earth orbit in early
1973. Dwarfing previous manned spacecraft, this
huge cluster of hardware will include roomy living
quarters and laboratories equipped with complex
scientific equipment for three astronauts.
Three separate three-man crews will visit
Skylab, living and working there for periods up to
56 days. In Skylab's unusual environment, high
above Earth's atmosphere in the weightlessness and
vacuum of space, they will undertake the most
intensive space research yet defined. Here they can
look up to study the Sun, look down to observe
the Earth, and look inward to evaluate man's
Saturn IB on pedestal at
Launch Complex 39
ability to work successfully in zero-gravity for
long periods. No laboratory on Earth can pro
vide the answers to questions that will be asked
in the Skylab experiments.
At an altitude of 435 kilometers (270 statute
miles), Skylab will speed around the Earth in an
easterly direction in an orbit at a 50 degree angle
from the equator's plane. Its path will reach 5551
kilometers (3450 miles) north and south of the
equator, crisscrossing most of the Earth's surface,
except for the Arctic and Antarctic. Moving at
8 kilometers (5 miles) per second, it will complete
an orbit in 93 minutes. Its sensitive instruments
will observe and record millions of bits of data
about Earth's land, sea, and air; about the Sun;
and about the condition of the crew members
themselves.
�c
c
1;
1
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V
s
t
t
(
(
1
The Skylab Program will require four Saturn launches during 1973. The eight-month mission will
begin with liftoff of the unmanned workshop from the Kennedy Space Center on a two-stage Saturn V
vehicle. Skylab will maneuver into its planned attitude, point toward the Sun, swing its solar observatory
90 degrees from the vertical launch position to operation position, and pressurize its quarters with an
oxygen-nitrogen environment to make ready for the arrival of the astronauts.
One day after the Saturn V launch, a Saturn IB will boost an Apollo spacecraft and the first threeman crew into a low Earth orbit. Using the spacecraft's service propulsion system, the astronauts will
climb to the Skylab's altitude, dock, and enter. After 28 days they will reenter their spacecraft and
return to Earth for a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean.
About sixty days after the first crew's return, another Saturn IB will start a second crew on a visit
to Skylab, this time for 56 days.
And thirty days after the second crew's return to an Atlantic recovery area, a third crew will be
launched for another 56-day flight.
Recovery of the third crew will be in the Pacific Ocean.
�CLUSTER COMPONENTS
Saturn stage — The largest element in the Skylab cluster is the workshop and crew
quarters section. It is made from the third stage of a Saturn V, the
launch vehicle used in Project Apollo to send men to the Moon.
This stage is outfitted on the ground, however, to serve as a space
craft rather than a propulsive stage.
The hydrogen tank is modified to form a two-level area stocked
with food and other provisions and equipment for experiments. A
shield envelopes the workshop for protection against meteoroids, and
two huge wings covered with solar cells spread out from the sides.
Other components were designed and built to make full use of
the laboratory in the sky. These include:
Airlock Module — A pressurized passageway for entering and
leaving the workshop. The Airlock also contains a good bit of
equipment for environmental and thermal control, for distributing
electrical power, for supporting voice communications and data
handling, and for supporting some of the experiments aboard.
°
rr
o
i
Workshop stage with meteoroid shield
Multiple Docking Adapter — Joined to one end of the Air
lock, the Adapter has two ports for docking the Apollo space
craft which brings the crew members up from Earth. It also
functions as a major experiment control center.
Apollo Telescope Mount — Houses four very special tele
scopes and other instruments which can be manned for studying
the Sun. Stowed above the Multiple Docking Adapter at
launch, the ATM is swung aside at a 90-degree angle, once in
orbit. The largest solar cell array system ever devised for a
spacecraft will provide electrical power for the ATM.
Airlock during manufacture
The array is made up of four wings, folded for launch, and opened
by a scissors linkage after reaching orbit, to form a huge cross measuring
30 meters (98 feet) across.
ing Adapter
during vibration testing
�CREW
SELECTION
Skylab has many of the characteristics and equipment
of an airliner, a hotel, a medical laboratory, a solar observa
tory, and a scientific laboratory.
All this is manned by
only three men, each one of whom must be something of
a pilot, a scientist, and a doctor.
Crew members for the
Skylab missions were named January 18, 1972.
The six major areas of training for the mission include
flight operations (launch, rendezvous, reentry), Skylab
cluster-systems operation, medicine, solar physics, Earthresources experiments, and other experiments which require
considerable knowledge of astronomy, biology, and engi
FIRST SKYLAB CREW - Astronaut Charles
Conrad, Jr., center, commander; ScientistAstronaut Joseph P. Kerwin, seated, science
nilot: and Astronaut Raul J. Weitz. oilot
neering.
Although all crew members will receive some
training in each of these six areas, one man will be desig
nated the expert in each area.
He will receive additional
training and will have the primary inflight responsibility
in his designated areas.
LIVING IN SPACE
In Skylab the astronauts will be free from the confining
cockpit-like environment of the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo
spacecraft. To the astronauts who have flown in space during
these three previous manned space flight projects, entering
Skylab-will be like stepping into a house, after living for
days in the cockpit of an airplane.
SECOND SKYLAB CREW -- Astro
naut Alan L. Bean, right, commander;
Scientist-Astronaut Owen K. Garriott,
left, science pilot; and Astronaut Jack
R. Lousma, pilot.
The living area includes a bedroom, where each crew
member will have his own compartment for privacy, a cabi
net for his personal items, and a bed, hanging on the wall.
Since lying down means nothing in the absence of gravity,
the astronauts will sleep standing up against a flat surface.
The bathroom, called waste management compart
ment, also has unusual fixtures. A shower is located in
the work area just outside.
The combination den and dining room has a table
where all three crew members can eat together.
Food
is stored in freezers, refrigerators, and a small pantry.
Trays will warm the pre-cooked frozen foods, and the
astronauts will use knives, forks, and spoons. The diet
of 2500 calories per day will more closely resemble
Earth meals than the food served on previous flights.
THIRD SKYLAB CREW - Astronaut Gerald P. Carr, center,
commander; Scientist-Astronaut Edward G. Gibson, left, science
pilot; and Astronaut William R. Pogue, pilot.
��EXPERIMENT WORKLOAD
The nine astronauts will conduct more than 50
scientific and engineering experiments during the
five months in which Skylab is occupied. Extensive
biomedical, Earth observations, and solar astronomy
investigations will be conducted throughout the
entire period, but the emphasis will shift with each
mission. The first mission will stress medical experi
ments; the second will concentrate on using the
Apollo Telescope Mount instruments to observe the
Sun; and the third will focus on Earth's resources.
MEDICAL
Medical research will be an important part of each Skylab mission. Many of the fears commonly
held before the beginning of manned space flight have proved groundless. These included fears of
excessive radiation, disorientation, psychological disturbances, and dire
physiological effects from weightlessness.
great deal about
While we have learned a
man's ability to live and perform useful work in
space, some major questions are still unanswered.
Skylab will help
to answer them. The medical experiments will observe physical changes
in the astronauts.
Their sleep will be monitored, and nutritional needs
will be studied.
Records will be kept of uneaten food.
The daily
fluid intake will be recorded, and samples of urine will be collected,
frozen, and returned to Earth for analysis.
STUDYING THE SUN
Skylab will have eight telescopes and other instruments
which the crew will use for selective pointing and zeroing
in on specific areas of the Sun. The astronauts can point
their instruments with 10 times the accuracy of the unmanned
solar observatories now in orbit.
One of the major tasks on Skylab missions will require
astronauts to leave the pressurized spacecraft on trips to
remove film from the instruments in the solar observatory.
Six such trips will be made during the three missions.
The ultimate source of all energy on Earth is the Sun. Skylab's manned solar observatory provides
a new and exciting tool for studying the Sun and solar phenomena.
SURVEYING EARTH'S RESOURCES
Skylab will carry some relatively large, flexible, and highperformance sensors to expand investigations of remote sensing
of the Earth from orbit. Crew members will operate these
instruments in laboratory fashion.
manned photography from space.
Photographic, infrared, and microwave equipment is in
cluded.
The multispectral cameras will produce about 10
times the photography obtained to date from manned space
craft, with ground resolution three times better than the past
More than 21,000 photographs will be made during the three missions.
�WHY SEND MAN UP ?
Why do we need a manned laboratory in
space? Why not send machines to observe and
report their findings?
While machines are far superior to man
for some space research duties, man is superior
in others.
Man adds on-the-spot judgment to
science in space. He can discriminate, analyze,
and interpret information, all in near real-time.
He can manipulate instruments, handle tools,
and often make repairs and adjustments to mal
functioning equipment. He learns from experi
ence and has remarkable ability to adapt and
react to the immediate past.
These qualities
have made man distinctive in his laboratories
on Earth, and they will permit him to con
tinue his advancements in his laboratories in
space.
v
SKYLAB BENEFITS
88 N Ml SO
235 N Ml FWD OF NADIR85 N Ml TO SIDES
41N Ml TO BACK
Major benefits from the Skylab Program will be reflected in the results of the more than 50 experi
ments to be conducted.
The medical experiments information will be extremely helpful in determining the best role for
man and the support he will require on future missions.
The science experiments will increase our knowledge of the Sun, geophysics, and physics of the
upper atmosphere.
The Earth resources experiments will help to develop orbital systems for surveying crops, forests,
geological formations, global wind, sea, and weather conditions, and other resources and surface con
ditions on planet Earth.
The technology experiments will test the use of the space environment for such applications as
manufacturing unique and valuable products.
And the engineering experiments will test equipment for improving man's performance in space.
Skylab will demonstrate that there is important work to be done in near-Earth space that only
mankind can do. Space is an endless new frontier where humanity belongs.
�SPACE CENTER ROLES
The Skylab Program has broader objectives than Apollo, more scientific equipment and more
diversified experiments, and wider geographic separation of principal investigators.
To meet these
new challenges to management, NASA assigned responsibilities as follows:
Marshall Space Flight Center — hardware-systems engineering and management
Manned Spacecraft Center — Mission Control and crew operations
Kennedy Space Center — launch operations
The responsibilities for developing hardware and providing other items were divided as follows:
Marshall Space Flight Center — Saturn V and Saturn IB launch vehicles, the Orbital Workshop,
Airlock Module, Multiple Docking Adapter, Apollo Telescope Mount, Payload Shroud, and assigned
experiments.
Manned Spacecraft Center — Command and Service Modules, spacecraft adaptor, crew systems
(pressure suits, etc.), medical equipment, food, and assigned experiments.
To provide this equipment, each NASA center is relying on the services of numerous contractor
firms through the United States.
ft U.S. G.P.O.: 1973-746-82 8 /4 78 4, Region No. 4
�
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Robert McBrayer Collection
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"SKYLAB WORKING ON A NEW FRONTIER."
Description
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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Date
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1973
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1970-1979
Subject
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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Skylab Program
Skylab 1
Saturn launch vehicles
Experimentation
Space habitats
Earth Resources Program
Apollo Telescope Mount
Skylab 2
Skylab 3
Skylab 4
Airlock modules
Multiple docking adapters
Human factors in engineering design
Provisioning
Manned Spacecraft Center (U.S.)
John F. Kennedy Space Center
Type
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Robert McBrayer Collection
Box 7, Folder 10
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama
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en
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Relation
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Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata
Skylab 50th Anniversary
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https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/480/spc_skyl_001_004.pdf
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PDF Text
Text
skylab
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
an adventure
•
• 1n
science
and
::photograRhy
The significant role of the photographic process on Skylab can
be appreciated when one realizes that nearly one-half of the ex
periments onboard utilize some form of photography to gather
their scientific data. The inherent advantages of returned photo
graphic records, high information density and permanence,
justifies the effort involved with its launch, stowage, and return.
One of the more important aspects of Skylab photography is the
entirely new portion of the spectrum revealed to solar and stellar
astronomers. As shown on the chart below, the experiments of
Skylab embrace wavelengths from Hard X-Rays to the Thermal
Infrared. The areas of Vacuum Ultraviolet and X-Ray studies have
only become feasible through space research because the Earth's
atmosphere filters and scaners these wavelengths.
Skylab Experiment Spectral Coverage
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The camera systems aboard Skylab range from conventional
35mm cameras to exotic systems employing detraction gratings,
articulated mirrors, and photocathodes emitting photoelectrons
to be focused on film. Through the use of these systems and their
films the scope of the studies is extremely broad. They will
return information concerning subjects as varied as the intense
Sun to the faint Zodiacal Light, cloud formations to the mass of
the Universe, and the contamination around the spacecraft to the
contamination of our Earth's atmosphere and rivers.
The films to support these experiments vary from color interior
films, similar to those commercially available, to films highly
sensitive to Far Ultraviolet. The quantity of film involved is
revealed in the fact that there are in excess of 125,000 exposures
in the area of solar astronomy alone.
�Skylab Films
Name
Shon Wave
Radiation
Vacuum UV
RecQfding
Related
Types
SC-5
104-06
101-05
101-06
Size
50 x 70mm
Grus Plates
35mm
Stnp$
$183-Ultrav,olet PanoralT\8
S082A-X/UV Coronal Spectrograph
S0828-UV Corof'l81 Spectr09'3Ph
50 x 70mm
Glass Plates
35mm
Slides
7.5 x 150mm
Suips
Glau Plates
S019-UV Stellar Aurof'lomv
S183-Ultraviolet PanotalTli;I
Spectregraphic
103a-O
16mm
Pan,;nom1c�X
Aerial
3400
3414
S0022
35mm
5 inch
70mm
70mm
70mm
026•02
35mm
S0212
ExPL'f1m8nt Apphcation
S183-Ultrav,olet Pano,ama
Earth Resources
S020-UV/X-Ray Solar Photography
S183-Ultraviolet Panaroma
T025-Coronograph Contam. Meas
S190B-Eanh Terrain Camera
S190A-Multispectral Photographic Facllttv
S054-X Ray Spectrograph1c Telescope
S056-X•Aay Telescope
S052-Wn1te- Light Coronograoh
16mm
35mm
S233-t<ohoutek Photomcu 1c Pho1ography
S191-lnfrared $pactrometer
2403
35mm
35mm
S063-UV Anglow Horizon Photography
T025-Corono graph Contam Meas.
Aerial
Color
S0242
S0356
5 inch
70mm
S1908-Earth Terrain Camera
S190A-Multispectra l PhQtograph1c Camera
Oata
Recordmg
2485
35mrn
S063-UV Auglow Hotizon
T027/S073-GetJensche,n/Zodiaeal Light
S232-Banum Plasma Observation
Ekt.Jchrome
MS (Color)
S0368
35mm
35mm
16mm&
70mm
S063-UV Airglow Horizon
T053 Earth Laser Beacon A$$essment
Operational (E l(lf8Yeh 1cular ActiYity)
Ektaehrome
S0168
16& 35mm
M151 T11-ne and Mo11on Study
M479-Zero G1avHy Flammability
M487-Hab1tab 1 1t1v/Crew Quarters
M509- As1ronaut Maneu,..eung Equipment
M516-Crew Act1111 t1es/Mamtenance
S191-lnfrar&d Spectrometer
T01J-Ctew Vehicle Disturbances
T020-Foo1 Controlled ManeuYeong Unn
T053-Earth Laser Beacon Assenment
Student lnwst1ga11ons
Science Ocmonstrations
Plus-X
Aerial
3401
Tri•X
Aerograph, c
Ef
16& 3 5 m m
35mm
(Oayl19htJ
16, 35&
70mm
Operational F,tm
Solar Flare
Palfol
S0101
35mm
Hydrogen Alpha Telescope
Ektachrome
lr'llfra,ed
(Colorl
2443
3443
S0131
35mm
70mm
35mm
16mm
5 ir,ch
S063-UV A1rglow Hor.zoo
S190A-Mult1spectral Photographic Camera
Operational Film
M479-Zero GraYity Flammab1l1ty
S190B- Earth Terr(lm Camera
2424
70mm
$190A-Mult1spectn1I Photographic Camera
NTB·3
35mm
5201-X/UV Electronograph1 c Camera
lr'llfrared
Aerograph1 c
Nuc1ear
Track
Ma1er1al
The Earth Resources Experiment Package is an integrated system of
s·:msors for earth observations. Detecting electromagnetic radiation,
either reflected or emitted in the Visible through Thermal Infrared wave·
lengths. These sensors provide high resolution data covering widespread
areas of the earth. This data is expected to yield information fundamental
to the use and conservation of our natural resources. Some of the major
d1sciplmes addressed are agriculture, geology, continental water resources,
ocean investigations, and atmospheric investigations.
Exp.
Photog,aph1c Techmque
No.
TIiie
ObjeCll'Ve
S190A
Multi•
SpeCtral
Pho109raph 1c
Camera
Determine the extent
by \M11ch precision and
rep&t1trve Muh 1speccral
from
Photography
space can be applied 10
the Earth Resources
Disc1pl 1nes m the Vis•·
ble and Near IA regions.
Six Channel High Prec1s1on
10mm camera with matched
distortion aoo focal length,
and bore1119hted so that photo
graphs from all six Ci!lmeras
will be accu,ately 1n reg,ster.
Came,as utilize 70mm film
!S0356, S0022. E� 2424 ond
EK 24431 ,n cassettes hold mgapl)roxunately 400 frames
S1908
Earth
Terrain
Camera
Obtain high ,esolut1on
photography 10 assess
techniques in remote
sensing for application
in the use and con•
se,...aoon of natural re•
sources.
Automatic operation for over•
tapping topographic coverage
and manual ooerat1on fo, sin
gle photographs of selected
scer'lles. Camera ut1liies 5 ,neh
S0242, S0131, ond EK 3414
film in canettes of approx1•
mately 450 frames e8ch and
has a ,e$olutton of 37 feet
from an atrnude of 23Snm,.
S192
Mult1Speetr1I
Scanner
Assess
Multisoectral
techniQues for remote
sensing of Eaqh re•
sources.
Spec1f1cally:
Spectral
Signat1.11e
Identification and Map•
ping ol 51tes related to
Agriculture, Forestry,
Geology,
Hydrology,
and Oceanography.
Mechan1eal Optical Scanner
combined 11111th a folded re•
fleeting telescope osed as a
radiation eollector to 9c1ther
high re$Olut1on, quantttati11e
da1a on ,ad1ation reflected and
em,ued by selected test sites
,n thirteen discrete spectral
bands of the Visible, Near IR
and Thermal IA regions. Oata
returneQ on magnetic t�pe is
converted to pictorial repre
sentation
Film Storage
Five aluminum filrn vaults are provid•
ed aboard Skylab to serve as re�sitories
for all experiment photographic film to
reduce radiation exposures of the stored
film to levels consistent with require
ments for acceptable photographic data.
These vaults vary in thickness from 0.5
to 3.4 inches, and the largest weighs
approximately 2250 pounds.
Four of the vaults are used to protect
Apollo Telescope Mount {ATM) solar
astronomy film. and the fifth (IJrgest)
is used to store corollary experiment,
general purpose, land operational films.
In addition, the largest vault contains a
passive humidity control system which
assures a relative humidity of 45 ±: 5 per
cent.
0
�Solar Observations
The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) serves as the painting base for
eight solar telescopes. These telescopic observations are primarily in
spectral ranges that are obscurecl by the Earth's atmosphere. The high
resolution provided through photographic techniques 1s expected to
greatly e)(pand our understanding of solar behavior and 1n the assessment
of Its impact on our environment. Skylab provides th� first opportunity
to perform long duration, high spectral and special resolution studies of
the Sun ,n the Visible, Ultraviolet, Vacuum Ultrav,o·let: anci
regions
x:Ray
s,multaneously
E,cp.
No
Photographic Te,chnique
S020
Obtain X•Rav/UV spec
tr• of the Sun 1n the
Solar
Photography 10 to 200 ang5trom
wavelength region.
ExPosures
obtained tA1ng
Spectrograph
conta1n1ng a
h'IIOi>lrt grallng, sl,t, f,her.
opt1CBI bores19h1er, and film
drum w11h Kodak 101-06 film.
S052
Wtute
Obtain synopttC photo
Ltght
greph,c data of the
Co,onagraph bflghtneH. form. and
polarization
of the
corona from I 5 to 6
soi.Ir r�u. and observe
assOc,ated
tranrnmts
1A1th
coronal
radlO
bursts
Sun 1s occulted by disks
mounted exurnaltv to a re•
fract1ve teleM::ope Exposures
of 3 durat,ons 11 one clear
and three polartzat1on anglei
Trans,enu are photographed
e1 htgh re1es with no pol; ri•
.Qlt!On ftlters.
F1lrn type IS
Kodak 026.02 Research
Photograph spat.al and
spectral d,stt1but1on of
X Ray en"'mI0I, of the
actH.re and QuIe1 corona
Photogtaph flares, ac•
1,ve regions, coronal
hea1,ngs.and ta,ge-scale
magnetic l,elds
Telescope has comp0und gru
,ng ,nc1denc:e ObJeC:t1ve reflec
tor Spectral data 1s obtitmed
by selec:t,ng 1ransm1u1on f1I•
ten, an ob1ect1ve transm1ss1on
grating or none Film tvoe ,s
Kodak $0212 lunove-rcoa1e-d
type w,th conduc11ve bi,ckmgl
EUV
Photograph 1ma9e1 of
lower
the
coronal
X-Ray emissions
Telescope �s simple grazmg
,nctdence ob1ect1ve reflector
w11h selective 1ransm1ss1on f1I•
ters
Film type u KodaS(
S0212 ( unovercoated 'Nlth
conduc:t1ve backings).
and
$0242 Aenal Color
EUV
Photograph corol'\ill im
agery m the short XUV
10 de1e,m1 ne th•rmal
and ma tenat structure
of the inner corona
Ob1ective focusmg reflec1,ng
grattr'9 disperses images of the
solar disk and corona onto
10-,nc:h strips of 35mm film.
First and second order spectra
are photographed sep1uately
to cover the spectral range,
Film type 1s Kodak 104-06
UV
Photograph line spectra
in the coronal chromo
spher,.: trans111on zone
for studv of the trans
fer of energy into the
corona
Solar image is focuMKi on the
entrance silt {1 x 60 arc•
seconds) of a reflec:t1ve grating
Spectrogreph Spectr•I range
1s achieved by recording f1ot
�nd second ord•rs !oeperately.
E,ght spectra ere recorded on
eight 1 O•inch srnps of 35mm
fllm.
Film type Is Kodak
104-06
SOS•
S056
S082A
S0828
H-a
X Rav
Spec1r
9reph1c
Camerc1
end X�ay
Telescope
Spec:trO•
helio•
griiph
SpectrO•
graph
f<.a
Telescope
Provide reference pho
tography rn the Hydro
gen H-4 ltne with
ground observations
Except for spoce quelif1e9t1on.
the H•a film telescope 1s 1im1lar to Earth-based un1ts. Film
type 1s Kodak $0101,
Stellar Observations
As with solar observations, stellar researc:h is being conduc:ted in the
Ultraviolet. Since these emissions are characteristic of "young" stars, it is
hoped that they will provide ,m,ght to the origins of the universe. Efforts
in mapping the universe have already shown that our galaxie is larger than
previously believed.
Comet Kohoutek presented Skylab with the opportunity to be the
first to.view what may be the key to the origins of our own solar system.
Comets are thought to be pr,moral matter, which in this case has been
sitting at the fringes of our solar system, unaffected by our sun, possibly
since ils beginning.
Exp.
No
Photographic Techmqve
S019
Ultraviolet
Stellar
Astronomy
Obtain moderate and
low resolut1on UVipec•
ua of very ho1 stars,
M,lky Way star ftelds,
gala•ies, etc., 1n the
1300-to 3000,.ngstrom
wa.,,..length reg,on
Exposure$ obta.ned using UV
Spect,ograph attached to an
A.n,culated Mirror System,
emp1oymg 164-frame rnaga
ZIMS of Kodak 101-06 emul
sion mounted on metal plat
tens
S063
UV
Photograph Earth's o
zone layer from above,
m I he 2500· 10 3000angttrom
wavelength
region. and photograph
twilight airglow em1s
s1ons ,n the 2600- 10
6300-engstrom
wave•
length reg,on
Photographs obuuned us.mg
specially designed exper1meni
hardware hnclud1ng a UV
1ransm,n1ve window> ,n con
1unct1on w11h two 35mm
Nikon cameras ut1t1z:1ng Kodak
2485. S0368, 2403. and 2443
Fi lm
Gegensche1n/ Measure the br,ghtnen
and polanzet1on of the
skyglow, and obtain
data on th@ existence
and nature of contam1nant matenal around
the spacecraft
Telemetry ob111n&d with a
photoelectric polarimeter and
also a camera svnem using a
35mm Nik.on
camera and
Kodek 2485 film
$183
Ultravtolet
Panoral'Nt
Obtain color 1nd1ces of
stars end clusters 1n the
1800·.2500·.•nd 3100angstrom �veleo91hs
Exposures obtained us1ngwide
f1 eld-0f•vtew
Spectrograph.
Articulated Mirror System,
and
carrou�ls
containing
slldes of Kodak 101-05, 103&0,
and SC-5.
T025
Corono
graph
Contam,
nat,on
Measure
Detect and Identify
light-scattering proper
ties of small particles,
and prO\lide detailed 1n•
formauon on the verti•
cal d1stnbut1on of o
zone at high altitudes.
Exposures Obtained USHlQ a
canister assembly and 35mm
Ntkon camera with Kodak
3400 and 2403 film
Obte1n
Lyman•Alphe
and 01 imagery of geo
phys,c:al and astrophv
rn:el (come and tail of
comet Kohoutek) tar•
!)ell in the 1050· to
1304-engstrom �ve
length region.
E i.-posures <>btcu nl!(l usa ng en
f/1 SChmldt camera conf 1gu
rat1on with a K8r photocath
Photoelectrons are
ode,
focused onto 35mm Kodak.
S073
Airglow
Hot,zon
Photo•
graphy
G�n•
sc:hein/
Zodiacal
Light
ment
S201
xuv
Electrono•
graphic
NTS-3 Mm.
�At scheduled times and at other moments of opportunity the
Skylab astronauts use general purpose cameras and accessories to
record their performances of certain experiment tasks and to
document specific happenings and conditions. The 35mm and
70mm instruments were procured as slightly modified versions
of the commercially available units. The 16mm camera was
developed for NASA early in the space program.
16MM DATA ACQUISITION CAMERA SYSTEM
Unlike typical movie cameras, the
Skylab Data Acquisition Camera
provides the capability for selecting
independent shutter speeds and
framing rates. Its unique film
magazine and transport mechanism
was developed such that as one
film cassette becomes depleted, it
then serves as the take-up mechan
ism for the next cassette, thus
saving premium space and weight.
The basic, portable camera is 6" x 3.75" x 2.4" in size and weighs
but 2.7 pounds, including a 140-foot film cassette. The DAG
system includes an additional assortment of lenses, remote cables,
and auxiliary lighting, mounting, and extension devices.
The primary application of the 16mm DAC system on Skylab
is directed toward the documentation of crew activities and tasks
of interest ,n crew motion studies, recording of scientific results
of experiments, and the generation of documentaries and demon
strations covering both planned and unplanned crew activities.
Such tasks and activities include events as varied as preparing an
evening meal, performing a complex operation such as manipulat
ing a unique foot-controlled maneuvering unit, or visual inspection
of the Skylab cluster during a fly-around. Over half of all experi
ments requiring such photographic coverage further require the
DAG. A majority of the photography is performed using color
interior film (S0168 Ektachrome ); however, infrared film (3443)
is used to record the results of space manufacturing experiments,
and UV emulsion (103ao) is used during stellar observations.
35MM NIKON CAMERA SYSTEM .........................
The 35mm Camera System consists
of two motorized dnd three manu
ally operated Nikon cameras. These
models are Nikon FTN 35mm re
flex cameras, two having motorized
film advancement mechanisms. Ac
CP.Ssory ;enses include a 55mm f/1.2
visible, a 55mm f/2 UV lens, and
an assortment of wide-angle through
telephoto attachments.
The Nikon cameras are used in
conjunction with approximately
one-third of the experiments requiring photographic records of
scientific data or documentary records of tr.� performances of
scheduled tasks. In addition, the cameras are used to obtain
photographs useful in studies of the Earth's ozone layers, the
horizon airglow in visible and UV light, and the skyglow caused by
sunlight reflections from interplanetary dust (Zodiacal Light).
General
Purpose
Camera ----Systems
70MM HASSELBLAD DATA CAMERA SYSTEM
Two Hasselblad Data Cameras,
slightly modified versions of the
commercial, electric model (500
EL). are used on Skylab. The
camera incorporates a qlass reseau
plate wltt<.h is positioned immedi·
ately in front of the film plate.
This reseau plate causes a pattern
of precision crosses to be placed
on each photograph, which facili
tates photogrammetric utilization
of the photography.
The Hasselblad cameras are used primarily by the astronauts for
handheld photography in support of Skylab's Earth Visual
Observation Program. This program permits the astronaut•
operator to be both sensor and data processor, in that he is free
to make real-time assessments relative to optimum data-gathering
at pre-selected sites, and to identify/pursue alternate sites or other
targets of opportunity. These targets may include such items as
cloud formations, vegetation patterns. water/air contaminants,
volcanic observations, deserts, African drought patterns, geology,
or even cultural patterns.
In addition, the cameras are used to document astronaut
activities and to obtain reference photographs of the Skylab
cluster as each crew departs.
TELEVISION SYSTEM
Two television systems are used frequently on Skylab for
viewing the Sun, the Earth, and a variety of localized internal and
external targets.
For Sun viewing it is possible to display on black and white TV
the information from five Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) cameras
in various wavelengths. The display is monitored routinely by the
crew on two screens at the ATM Control and Display Console.
The display can also be downlinked to scientists on the ground as
a check on the ATM instruments.
A color TV camera on Skylab generates a color signal using a
single tube with a tricolor, rotating filter wheel. Its output
characteristics are compatible with commercial television. The
camera can be fixed-mounted on the optical viewfinder/tracking
system used by the crew to view the Earth, as seen by the Earth
Resources experiments or mounted in various locations by the
crew to televise Extra Vehicular Activities (EVAs) and onboard
events, such as meal preparation and eating, science demonstra
tions, and press conferences. A black and white monitor is
mounted on the camera to assist in aiming, focusing, and adjusting
the light level.
Television is broadcast in real-time or recorded on video tape
for later transmission to the ground. In either case, it is down
linked only over selected ground stations.
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Skylab Collection
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-1979
Relation
A related resource
https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Skylab Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns.
Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.
Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Skylab: An Adventure in Science and Photography."
Subject
The topic of the resource
Apollo Telescope Mount
Skylab Program
Space photography
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Description
An account of the resource
This leaflet gives an overview of types of film and camera systems being used in photography and observations on Skylab, the first space station launched by the United States.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Skylab Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Leaflets
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
spc_skyl_000001_000004
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1970-1979
-
https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/54/skylab30anniv150_[1].mp4
ebb34a6dea31f99374ab85921261c6da
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Skylab Collection
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1973-1979
Relation
A related resource
https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Skylab Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns.
Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions.
Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere.
References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions
https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html
https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm
Moving Image
A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"SkyLab: An Oral History of America's First Space Station."
Subject
The topic of the resource
Skylab Program
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Von Braun Symposium
Skylab 30th anniversary
Description
An account of the resource
This video was released in conjunction with Skylab's 30th anniversary in 2003. It contains video footage from the Skylab program as well as interviews with those associated with the program.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2003
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
skylab30anniv150
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
||||osm
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
2000-2009
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Skylab Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Interviews
Moving Image
Oral History