37 20 8239 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1256/spc_dann_000252.mp4 0d9c72c4aea218431267123ecf04b399 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000252 MC_43_136 Title A name given to the resource "Xmas 1970, Halli / Adults food." Description An account of the resource Christmas 1970 at the Dannenbergs' house on Monte Sano, Huntsville, Alabama. For part of the film, the Doanes and Dannenbergs are shown helping themselves to the food being served. For the rest of the film, the various adults (Klaus, Betty, Konrad, Ingeborg, and the Doanes) are shown opening gifts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970-12 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Christmas Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_metadata_01 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1257/spc_dann_000253.mp4 42a1c0f752d721b7334dcb94fc8ddcf9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000253 MC_43_137 Title A name given to the resource Girl and dog in the Dannenbergs' backyard. Description An account of the resource The film shows a young girl walking around with a dog in the Dannenbergs' back garden in Monte Sano, Huntsville, Alabama. Summer, 1971 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Monte Sano Mountain (Huntsville, Ala.) Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_metadata_01 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1258/spc_dann_000254.mp4 6318c3804339f258695ddfe94ef1c5c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000254 MC_43_138 Title A name given to the resource "Daytona Beach - Apollo 15 - Traffic Jam." Description An account of the resource The Dannenbergs travel down to Daytona Beach, Florida, to see the launch of Apollo 15. The first half shows the resort and Ingeborg sitting by the beach. The second half shows the drive to the launch facility in Cape Canaveral, Florida and the traffic they find upon arrival. 1971. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Apollo 15 (Spacecraft) Canaveral, Cape (Fla. : Cape) John F. Kennedy Space Center Project Apollo (U.S.) Daytona Beach (Fla.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_metadata_01 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1259/spc_dann_000255.mp4 15eefcaf7a5e44cd6042f11e78140970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000255 MC_43_139 Title A name given to the resource "Apollo 15 Launch - Satellite model." Description An account of the resource Konrad Dannenberg tours the visitor stand for the launch of Apollo 15. Of paticular note is a scale model the is on display showing a cross-section of the Skylab space station, as well as brief shots of the Saturn V launcher and the Vehicle Assembly Building. 1971. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Apollo 15 (Spacecraft) Canaveral, Cape (Fla. : Cape) John F. Kennedy Space Center Skylab Program Project Apollo (U.S.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_metadata_01 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/72/1260/spc_mccg_000001_000024.pdf 515bfeaf0256122b741a8a6532cc3286 PDF Text Text ������������������������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Title A name given to the resource George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/72" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource George F. McCanless, Jr., husband of Christel Ludewig McCanless, is an expert on Space Station Freedom, microgravity research, aerodynamics, and acoustics. McCanless received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from M.I.T. in 1955. He worked for the Marshall Space Flight Center, and during his career there, he received three Certificates of Appreciation from NASA. In April of 1987, he received a Certificate of Appreciation for his “Dedication and contributions to the...microgravity payload and associated accommodating facilities.” McCanless received the second certificate in April of 1989 for “Creative and resourceful contributions to the Materials Processing in Space Program and to the Centers for the Commercial Development of Space." Finally, he received a Certificate of Appreciation in June of 1991 for “Dedicated and diligent support of commercial users in the Space Station Freedom design process.” George McCanless is also a published author in technical journals such as "Logistics Spectrum," the "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America," and the "Journal of Spacecrafts and Rockets." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_mccg_000001_000024 Title A name given to the resource "A Statistical Approach to the Problem of Obtaining Stability Data from a Fluctuating Wind Tunnel Flow (Wind Tunnel Note Nr. 13)." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Report DA-TN-185 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource McCanless, George F., Jr. Army Ballistic Missile Agency (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-02-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Aerodynamics Harmonic analysis Wind tunnel testing Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Box 1, Folder 4 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/72/1261/spc_mccg_000025_000059.pdf 8383c0d516cf4804aca5e4a6c17962ad PDF Text Text ����������������������������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Title A name given to the resource George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/72" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Description An account of the resource George F. McCanless, Jr., husband of Christel Ludewig McCanless, is an expert on Space Station Freedom, microgravity research, aerodynamics, and acoustics. McCanless received his Bachelor of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from M.I.T. in 1955. He worked for the Marshall Space Flight Center, and during his career there, he received three Certificates of Appreciation from NASA. In April of 1987, he received a Certificate of Appreciation for his “Dedication and contributions to the...microgravity payload and associated accommodating facilities.” McCanless received the second certificate in April of 1989 for “Creative and resourceful contributions to the Materials Processing in Space Program and to the Centers for the Commercial Development of Space." Finally, he received a Certificate of Appreciation in June of 1991 for “Dedicated and diligent support of commercial users in the Space Station Freedom design process.” George McCanless is also a published author in technical journals such as "Logistics Spectrum," the "Journal of the Acoustical Society of America," and the "Journal of Spacecrafts and Rockets." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_mccg_000025_000059 Title A name given to the resource "Results of Flow Calibration in the ABMA 14 x 14 Inch Trisonic Wind Tunnel." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Report No. DA-TN-65-58 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Army Ballistic Missile Agency (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-09-15 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Aerodynamics Supersonic wind tunnels Transonic wind tunnels Wind tunnel testing Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived George F. McCanless, Jr. Collection Box 1, Folder 4 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1262/spc_stnv_000119.pdf 374a312919d60522d6a137389f89f4a6 PDF Text Text DOUGLAS PAPER NO. 4054 SATURN UISTORY DOCUMENT University of Alabema Research lnstitclte History of Science & Technology Grout, -.rm3p"4"&$IT. Date --,-,Doc. ,, No. ,, -----,em ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT OF SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT PREPAREDSY A.W. DRYDEN QUALITY ENGINEER Q U A L I T Y E N G I N E E R I N G . R E L I A B I L I T Y ASSURANCE SPACE SYSTEMS C E N T E R DOUGLAS A I R C q A F T COMPANY. I N C . HUNTINGTON BEACH. CALIFORNIA PRESENTED T O Z l S T ANNUAL T E C H N I C A L C O N F E R E N C E F O R T H E AMERICAN S O C I E T Y FOR QUALITY CONTROL CHICAGO. ILLINOIS 30 MAY T O 2 J U N E 1987 �ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT O F SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer Reliability A s s u r a n c e Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc. Space S y s t e m s Center Huntington Beach, California INTRODU CTION T h i s p a p e r d i s c u s s e s the techniques implemented a t the Douglas A i r c r a f t Company, Inc., M i s s i l e and Space Systems Division (MSSD), to m e a s u r e and e n s u r e t h a t alignment of s p a c e vehicles conforms to design r e q u i r e m e n t s . The intent of the p a p e r i s to d i s s e m i n a t e useful specialized information and knowledge to enable those i n t e r e s t e d to keep a b r e a s t of technical advances. Equipment and methods u s e d to align l a r g e s p a c e vehicles a r e i l l u s t r a t e d . Combinations of s t a n d a r d c o m m e r c i a l tools, optical i n s t r u m e n t s , s p e c i a l l y designed tools, f i x t u r e s , and equipment a r e employed to prove vehicle alignment. Special techniques developed to align l a r g e cylindrical, s p h e r i c a l , and c o n i c a l s t r u c t u r e s f o r rotational displacement, relationship of t r u e c e n t e r l i n e , and engine geometry to vehicle a x i s a r e discussed. Considera- tion is given to f u t u r e alignment p r o b l e m s c r e a t e d by technological advances and quality c o n t r o l s to e n s u r e hieh s t a n d a r d s that m e e t t o m o r r o w ' s requirements. SPACE VEHICLE ALIGNMENT- -ASSURANCE AND MEASUREMENT Alignment i s the adjustment of a component' o r the interfacing of a s u b a s s e m bly and m a j o r s t r u c t u r e to a p r e d e t e r m i n e d line, point, o r basic r e f e r e n c e system. Alignment r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t be imposed upon c o n t r a c t o r s to e n s u r e uniformity of product. A c c u r a t e alignment d a t a a r e of g r e a t value in d e t e r - mining v a r i o u s design p a r a m e t e r s . �Contractual Requirements In the space program, numerous c o n t r a c t o r s participate jointly in the design and fabrication efforts to produce multistage boosters and space vehicles. To m e e t the demands f o r g r e a t e r dimensional accuracy and interface and interchangeability r e q u i r e m e n t s , the contractors must adhere s t r i c t l y to a rigid s y s t e m of measurement. Contractual alignment requirements provide the c u s t o m e r with objectives that e n s u r e that s t r u c t u r a l components achieve acceptable and compatible s t r u c t u r a l integrity. Data f o r Product Evaluation Accurate alignment data a r e extremely important since they enable the engineer to evaluate the effects of allowable s t r u c t u r a l and control misalignments. Data furnish the b a s i s f o r the analysis of permissible and expected dimensional tolerances, load distribution, load limits, and s t r u c t u r a l adequacy. Types of Structures Aligned I t i s interesting to note the various configurations involved in alignment, Figure 1 i l l u s t r a t e s the t h r e e types of s t r u c t u r e s that a r e of p r i m a r y concern: cylinders, partial s p h e r e s , and cones. The basic cylinder section i s conStructed of aluminum alloy segments. The i n t e r i o r of the segments a r e milled to a waffle -like pattern, then formed to contour. The s e g m e n t s a r e progressively joined by welding until the cylinder i s complete Figure 1. Saturn IBIS-IVB Location of Major Components (Reference 1). �"Orange peel" segments of partial spheres o r domes a r e formed to a spherical radius, then mounted in special fixtures and welded progressively to completion. The thrust structure i s an example of a conical component. The assembly consists of attach angles and stringers riveted to aluminum skins and joined - to the engine mount casting. ALIGNMENT METHODS The size of large components and their relationship to required accuracies generate numerous problems in the a r e a s of alignment and measurement. To meet these complicated and challenging problems, i t i s necessary to develop mechanical and optical techniques f a r more sophisticated than those applied to normal a i r c r a f t methods (Reference 2). Specially designed tools a r e fabricated to assemble huge components to exacting tolerances. emphasizes precision and simplicity. The design A tool-proving cycle i s performed thoroughly to guard against the p r e s s u r e s of tight manufacturing schedules and l o s s of dimensional integrity (Reference 3 ) . Proven success in the performance of the tools i s necessary to ensure accurate results in the alignment process. Tooling a s an Inspection Medium Use of tooling a s a medium of inspection permits g r e a t e r flexibility, f a s t e r set-up time, and e a s i e r verification of control points. Liaison between quality engineering and manufacturing engineering in the tool design and fabrication phase enables implementation o f inspection media. Desirable features a r e a s follows: 1. Rotation capability that provides a means for turning the vehicle to perform inspections during manufacturing. 2. Floor target reference points which establish a basic reference plane independent of that of the assembly tool, thus enabling detection of any change o r misalignment in the assembly tool by comparison of the reference systems. �3. Interfacing planes accurately machined to within 0.0 10 in. to e n s u r e control of p a r a l l e l i s m while l a r g e vehicle components a r e being a s s e mbled. 4. Mastered hole patterns and index points f o r control of interchangeability requirements of l a r g e geometries. Index points furnish positive component location and protect against rotational misalignment. Dial Indicators--Dial indicators a r e fine precision instruments which have a number of applications and a r e capable of reaching virtually i n a c c e s s i b l e areas. Fabrication of indicator attach points a s p a r t of the a s s e m b l y tool facilities i n - p r o c e s s checking and inspection. Inspections combining rotation and u s e of indicators a r e performed to (1) verify horizontal datum plane runout and to (2) obtain concentricity and centroidal data to verify compliance with engineering requirements. Optical Instruments --The u s e of optical i n s t r u m e n t s and optical tooling has rapidly become e s t a b lished a s the only a c c u r a t e method of performing m e a s u r e m e n t s o n objects which a r e too l a r g e to p e r m i t u s e of s u r f a c e plates o r s i m i l a r fixed machined s u r f a c e s a s a b a s i s f o r mechanical measurements. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the u s e of optic a l equipment and tooling to verify vehicle alignment (Reference 4). Jig T r a n s i t s -- The jig t r a n s i t e s t a b l i s h e s a v e r t i c a l plane, in any location desired, between two e s t a b lished points a n d / o r p r e c i s e l y a t right angles to any o t h e r line Figure 2. Verifying Alignment with Optical Equipment and Tooling sight. of^ I I �P r e c i s i o n Sight L e v e l s - - P r e c i s i o n sight levels establish a horizontal plane at any d e s i r e d height. Microptic Clinometer- -The precision microptic clinometer, an i n s t r u m e n t capable of measuring minutes of a r c , is used to m e a s u r e angular displacements with consistent a c c u r a c i e s of 10 s e c of arc. Values can be r e a d directly. ALIGNMENT POSITIONS It i s important to consider alignment position. A simple approach i s m o r e often the c o r r e c t and m o s t economically feasible. Experienced judgment m u s t be e x e r c i s e d in a g r e a t number of instances. Horizontal Alignment Horizontal alignment, though d e s i r a b l e i n many r e s p e c t s , has limitations which m u s t be considered: 1. The vehicle configuration must be complete. 2. In the horizontal position, loads a r e shifted and in many i n s t a n c e s s t r e s s e s a r e c r e a t e d , making it difficult to obtain a c c u r a t e data. 3. Additional tooling f o r supporting and handling the vehicle is often required. 4. F o r c e d implementation of nonscheduled manufacturing flow and outof-position techniques a r e utilized. Vertical Alignment Vehicle v e r t i c a l alignment through the c e n t r a l axis m u s t be accomplished during the manufacturing phases. The following significant f a c t o r s favor adoption of v e r t i c a l alignment techniques : 1. L a r g e s t r u c t u r e s and subassemblies a r e joined with the vehicle i n a n o r m a l flight attitude. 2. Tools designed to join the a s s e m b l i e s provide an inspection medium, 3. Alignment verification is compatible with the manufacturing schedule. �The c r i t i c a l alignment requirements f o r achieving v e r t i c a l alignments a r e established by measuring the following: 1. Rotational alignment. 2. T r u e centerline location. 3. Relationship of engine geometry to vehicle. Rotational Alignment--Figure 3 i l l u s t r a t e s the method established to verify displacement of assembled components. Marks, precisely punched upon the attach-angle s u r f a c e of the subassemblies during fabrication, f o r m the component position axis. Optical tooling establishes a network of invisible lines of sight which c a n be arranged, r e a r r a n g e d , and adjusted i n a variety of sequences a s p r i m a r y and secondary lines of sight. Using these lines, inspectors can adjust and prove dimensional relations, angularity, squareness symmetry, and perpendicularity of l a r g e assemblies that r e q u i r e accurate alignment. F i g u r e 2 i l l u s t r a t e s the floor r e f e r ence t a r g e t s which f o r m the b a s i c datum points for the position axis. A jig t r a n s i t i s adjusted to e s t a b l i s h a line on the floor r e f e r e n c e target. The assembly jig can be rotated to OUWUL 1AllKn m PHI sn room . c r w LT a m - RwHtiQararl coincide with the line of sight of the jig transit. mn ,.)14110 allow the position points of the jig to . The jig t r a n s i t i s a r c e d to observe attach-angle punch mark. Adjusting the optical m i c r o m e t e r attached to the t r a n s i t objective l e n s r n ~ w u u u i r l a m nacla r r r w r n m p e r m i t s displacement observations to be measured and recordec' T r u e Centerline Location- -Analysis Figure 3. Verifying Displacement of Assembled.Components of recorded displacement data provides' the nieans f o r determining �location of t r u e centerline and implication of m e a s u r e m e n t e r r o r . Relationship of Enqine Geometry to Vehicle- - A single-engine configuration i s shown i n F i g u r e 4. Relation- ship of engine to vehicle i s verified with a special alignment fixture positioned on the engine exit plane and indexed in tooling holes located in the engine exit flange. Two clinometers positioned on the machined surface block in the c e n t e r of the fixture a r e adjusted to p e r m i t center-level bubbles to r e a d tUT RUf MLIMlUWLt M J U l l t O tUT R u t UUmAIIO ffiLE - W i l T E i r t x t l R u t IClIUl10. ffiU - r o r ~ ~ r c t r ~ c v iia-1 ua 6 to the n e a r e s t 1/10 min. E S W I N ~ 111- mim I Figure 4. Single-Engine Configuration Clinometer angles and directions f o r position planes a r e recorded. The "adjusted" exit plane inclination angle i s computed to the vehicle horizontal datum plane. Data recorded m u s t be accurately established i n o r d e r to be useful and meaningful. F i g u r e 5 i l l u s t r a t e s a vehicle with a 6-engine cluster. Manufacturing techniques implemented to i n s t a l l the engines made i t n e c e s s a r y to verify engine alignment by horizont a l methods. Figure 5. Vehicle with Six-Engine Cluster �FUTURE ALIGNMENT PROBLEMS F u t u r e aerospace business will involve building, testing, firing, recovering, and refurbishing large payload boosters. Large crews on manned space vehicles and longer missions can be expected. Vehicle dimensional tolerances and s u r f a c e smoothness requirements probably will not exceed c u r r e n t tolerances. Other tolerances may be more critical because of the need f o r high- performance structures, space limitations, and operating-temperature range. Size alone often will c r e a t e problems. New materials and requirements for e x t r e m e reliability will necessitate development of highly refined manufacturing techniques and new skills. Continued development of inspection c r i t e r i a and quality control methods i s n e c e s s a r y to keep pace with advancements of the space age. �REFERENCES 1. A. J. Munson. Welding Huge Components of Saturn Space Vehicles-Manufacturing Steps in P r e p a r a t i o n f o r the Shot to the Moon. Machinery, Vol. 70, No. 2, October 1963. 2. A. W.- Dryden. Stage Alignment P r o c e d u r e s Saturn S-IVB Stage. Douglas R e p o r t No. SM-46843, April 1965. 3, J. Madsen. Manufacturing Control f o r Advanced Vehicles. P a p e r No. 1647, 24 September 1963. 4. John D. McGrae. Optical Tooling in Industry. C h r y s l e r Corporation, 1964, Douglas M i s s i l e Division, � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000119 Title A name given to the resource "Assurance and Measurement of Space Vehicle Alignment." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Douglas Paper No. 4054 Description An account of the resource Prepared by A. W. Dryden, Quality Engineer, Quality Engineering, Reliability Assurance, Space Systems Center, Douglas Aircraft Company, Inc., Huntington Beach, California. Presented to the 21st Annual Technical Conference for the American Society for Quality Control, Chicago, Illinois. 30 May to 2 June 1967. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dryden, A. W. Douglas Aircraft Company. Missile and Space Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-06-02 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Alignment Contracts Government contractors--United States Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 23, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17692 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1263/spc_stnv_000120.pdf 2b01a3e3048aa7a2bf80e66c5e0d0a4f PDF Text Text 4'btSjL - "!$,\ &. .* isbJ,?&/";, ; p: OFsCje . '7 C-NT DRAFT &b. N O T F O R R E L E A S E A S T R O N A U T I C S A N D -.--. -- 0*.40. ".cL''" -.-c *. A E R O N A U T I C S OCTOBER 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIFNCE, TECHNOLOGY, AWD POLICY (m-23) Text Drafted by Science and Tecnnoiogy Division Library of Congress NASA ~istoricalDivision (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administ$at ion Washington, D. C. 20546 c. , 'echo;, / Q : ,. . �O C T O B E R 1 9 6 8 �October 1: NASA 1 0 t h Anniversary: National Space Club presented s p e c i a l award t o President Johnson a t White House c i t i n g h i s l e g i s l a t i v e and executive l e a d e r s h i p of n a t i o n a l space program and gave commemorative A t dinner Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.M~x.) dinner i n Washington, D.C. and Rep. George P. M i l l e r ( D - c a l i f . ) presented r e t i r i n g NASA Administ r a t o r James E. Webb award f o r h i s out standing contributions t o n a t i o n a l space e f f o r t . I n telegram t r i b u t e t o Webb, President Johnson s a i d , "The Nation i s i n h i s debt. He w i l l be deeply missed but g r a t e r u l l y remembered a s h i s dreams continue t o become r e a l i t y i n t h e years ahead. " Telegram from Vice President Hubert Humphrey s a i d , "The span of achievement which measures a decade of space progress i s one which should be a source of p r i d e t o a l l of us. Now a new decade beckons, w i t h new challenges, and new opportunities. And, such i s t h e nature o f t h e space age t h a t we dare not become complacent about our r a t e of progress o r t h e scope of our p a s t accomplishments. It i s unthinka b l e thab we would allow ourselves t o be surpassed i n technology by any o t h e r nation. I have never questioned t h a t space endeavors have contributed s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e strengthening and enrichment o f our whole s o c i e t y , through a teamwork approach by p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , our u n i v e r s i t i e s , and t h e Federal Government. By means of t h i s program we have v i t a l i z e d our economy, developed improved methods of management, stimulated our educational system, produced new goods and s e r v i c e s , added t o our s t o r e of s c i e n t i f i c knowledge, and b u t t r e s s e d our n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y . " Telegram from Republican P r e s i d e n t i a l candidate Richard M. Nixon s a i d , "The space program must continue t o be one of our n a t i o n a l imperatives, and it must be supported a t a l e v e l a s s u r i n g e f f i c i e n t and steady progress." Anniversary ceremonies included open house and annual awards (NSC p r e s e n t a t i o n a t - ~ a r s h a l Space l F l i g h t Center Sept 28-29. Newsletter; Texts ; Marshall S t a r , 9/25/68, 4 ) . During i t s f i r s t 1 0 yr NASA had completed 234 major U. S. and i n t e r n a t i o n a l launches p l u s thousands of sounding rocket launches. O f t h e s e 234, 189 were launch vehicle successes and 174, spacecraft o r mission successes, with two missions s t i l l under evaluation. For t h e s e launches NASA had developed rockets ranging from 88,000-lb t h r u s t t o Saturn V with 7.5-million-lb t h r u s t capable of sending n e a r l y 100,000-lb payload t o moon. F i r s t phase of manned f l i g h t program, P r o j e c t Mercury, had begun seven days a f t e r NASA was e s t a b l i s h e d . Six manned Mercury f l i g h t s had proved man could go i n t o space and f u n c t i o n a s pilot-engineer-experimenter f o r up t o 34 h r weightless f l i g h t before r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h . Gemini program announced i n 1961 had demonstrated work could be performed i n o r b i t out s i d e s p a c e c r a f t i n more t h a n 1 2 h r extravehicular a c t i v i t y . �October 1 (continued) Gemini included 5 2 experiments, among them 17 s c i e n t i f i c - - i n astronomy, biology, geology, meteorology, and physics. Seven rendezvous techniques and nine dockings had been accomplished during Gemini. More t h a n 2,000 hr manned s p a c e f l i g h t experience gained through Mercury and Gemini had contributed heavily t o Apollo, including 16 f l i g h t s of unmanned Saturn launch v e h i c l e which had confirmed Apollo engineering concepts and q u a l i f i e d a l l systems f o r manned missions. Although Apollo f i r e on Jan. 27, 1967, had delayed manned missions, it had r e s u l t e d i n s a f e r s p a c e c r a f t and improved s u i t s f o r astronauts. Ahead were two manned missions f o r 1968; possibly f i v e f o r 1969, culminating i n landing of U. S. a s t r o n a u t s on moon. F a c i l i t i e s a t NASA i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n U. S. were worth more t h a n $2.5 b i l l i o n and peak 35,000 s t a f f included some of Nation's t o p s c i e n t i s t s . I n d u s t r i a l work f o r c e had peaked a t 400,000 and was dropping t o 200,000. NASA had e s t a b l i s h e d g l o b a l t r a c k i n g network capable of communicating with v e h i c l e s a s f a r away a s f a r s i d e of sun. I t s aeronautics program conducted R&D on noise abatement, f l i g h t s a f e t y , supersonic and hypersonic a i r c r a f t , l i f t ing-body v e h i c l e s , and V/STOL a i r c r a f t . NASA ' s t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances included development of new e l e c t r o n i c p a r t s , alloys,adhesives, l u b r i c a n t s , valves, and pumps, a s well a s progress i n minaturizat ion. More t h a n 2,500 t e c h n i c a l innovat ions applicable i n i n d u s t r y , medicine, and o t h e r nonaerospace a c t i v i t i e s had r e s u l t e d from 10 y r of NASA progress. I n C h r i s t i a n Science Monitor, Neal Stanford s a i d , "It i s . . . s c i e n c e s a t e l l i t e s and t h e new technology developed t h a t a r e counted on t o r e t u r n t o t h e tax-paying p u b l i c t h e dividends t h a t some say w i l l make space t h e b e s t investment man ever made. " ( ~ a r s h a l l S t a r , 9/25/68, 5; Wilford, NYT, 10/1/68; CSM, 10/5/68) - I n Washington Sunday S t a r s p e c i a l r e p o r t , "A Decade i n Space," John Lannan commented on NASA's 1 0 t h anniversary: " . . . t h e mace agency's r e a l promise f o r improving t h e general welfare of mankind a s s e t f o r t h i n t h e Space Act which brought it i n t o being has apparently been t o o slow i n being f u l f i l l e d . The f a c t t h a t t h e space investment i s only now s t a r t i n g t o pay o f f , and a t an increasi n g l y r a p i d pace, i s going unnoticed i n t h e g l a r e of present problems, p a s t mishaps and t h e imminence of t h e Apollo venture. Where NASA' s r e a l g o a l s l i e a r e i n t h e f u t u r e - - t h e near f u t u r e and t h e near e a r t h . Spin-off, t h e s e r e n d i p i t y of technology, has long been used a s a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e v a s t sums poured i n t o space, but l i t t l e beyond Teflon-coated f r y i n g pans have impinged on t h e tax-payer's mind." (W7-S t a r 9/29/68, Al) A �October 1 (continued) I n Space Digest a r t i c l e , Gen. James Ferguson, Commander of A i r Force Systems Command, described "A Decade of Cooperation--The M i l i t a r y NASA I n t e r f a c e . " MSCts FY 1969 "NASA support expenditures amounted t o m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s and thousands of man-years i n e f f o r t . The sums of money, and, more important, t h e human technological resources we a r e c u r r e n t l y expending on t h e n a t i o n ' s space programs a r e of g r e a t consequence s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e foundations of our f u t u r e b e n e f i t s . we a r e a c u t e l y aware t h a t t h e f a t e of f u t u r e generations l i e s i n space. . .It i s a sad commentary t o s t a t e t h a t technology has provi.d.ed u s with t h e means t o conduct wars. But it i s heartening t o r e a l i z e t h a t one day technology w i l l provide us with t h e means t o prevent wars. (space Digest, 10/68, 71-3) ... NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r DOD and Interagency A f f a i r s marks Jacob E. Smart wrote i n Space Digest, "The t e n t h anniversary t h e end of a decade of concerted e f f o r t across a broad f r o n t t o advance t h e n a t i o n ' s c a p a b i l i t i e s i n aeronautics and space. It has been a decade of accomplishment t h a t has few peers i n t h i s country's history. . t h e good working r e l a t i o n s h i p s . .between NASA and DOD have been of immeasurable b e n e f i t t o them both, and t h e n a t i o n ' s space e f f o r t i s t h e stronger f o r it. with t h e prospect of t i g h t e r budgets l i k e l y , t h e maintenance of such relationships--and t h e i r The need t o s t r e t c h improvement--assumes an increasing importan*. t h e appropriations d o l l a r s t o t h e maximum may be p a r t l y met by f r e s h e f f o r t s t o f i n d common ground where cooperation w i l l produce economies a s w e l l a s mutual b e n e f i t s . " 10168, 68-70) ... .. . ... pace, . Dr. Finn J. Larsen, Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering, DOD, t e s t i f i e d before House Committee on Science and Astronautics' Subcommittee on Advanced Research and Technology: " I f our c i v i l a v i a t i o n i s t o continue i t s dramatic progress, t h e g r e a t e s t s i n g l e requirement i s t o accomplish complete system engineering. The . . . p l a m i n g must consider not only t h e a i r c r a f t i n f l i g h t a s a system, but a l s o t h e e n t i r e problem of moving people from d e s t i n a t i o n t o d e s t i n a t i o n u - - c a l l i n g f o r "planning and resources on a considerably l a r g e r s c a l e t h a n a r e now a v a i l a b l e . " NASA's r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r U.S. a e r o n a u t i c a l research "should continue." DOD had used NASA research, augmenting it f o r defense a s necessary, with "excellent coordination f o r many years. " M i l i t a r y F&D was s p e c i a l i z e d , but much was t r a n s f e r a b l e t o c i v i l a v i a t i o n . Long-term goals of smokeless combustors and s i l e n t a i r c r a f t would be of mutual b e n e f i t . SAGE a i r defense computer system had contributed t o FAA r a d a r beacon system and new n a t i o n a l standards. Much improved ... �October 1 (continued) a l t i m e t r y reporting came from DOD development f o r high-performance j e t a i r c r a f t . Common d i g i t i z e r was joint DOD-FAA p r o j e c t , a s was TPX-42 a i r p o r t t r a f f i c control f a c i l i t y . Some 30 p r o j e c t s f o r all-weather landing and 20 navigational programs had been sponsored i n recent years. Eleven a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s had p i l o t "hands-off" c a p a b i l i t y f o r blind landing. Microwave scanning-beam landing systems were i n t e s t ing. Collison avoidance, V/STOL, and cargo-handling R&D had c i v i l application. ( ~ e x) t , . Dr. Frank D. Drake, Director of Cornell Univ.'s Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory i n Puerto Rico, said he had detected f i r s t d i s t i n c t p a t t e r n t o radio signals from two pulsars. He t o l d radioastronomy seminar a t National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, W. Va., t h a t pulse r a t e could be explained only i f source were s t a r of extraordinary density spinning a t incredible speed- - such as neutron s t a r . I f c o r r e c t , findings would be f i r s t s c i e n t i f i c proof t h a t hypothetical neutron s t a r s a c t u a l l y existed. (wilford, NYT, 10/2/68; Lannan, W -S 9 tar 10/2/68, ~ 2 0 ) - . MIT physicist and radioastronomer D r . Bernard Burke and teams of scient i s t s using 140-ft "Big Dish" antenna a t National Radio Astronomy Observatory began f i r s t radioastronomy t e s t of Einstein's general theory of r e l a t i v i t y i n attempt t o discover g r a v i t y ' s e f f e c t on universe. Among t h r e e basic t e s t s proposed by Einstein t o t e s t h i s theory t o account f o r action of a l l bodies under g r a v i t a t i o n a l force was one t o measure bending of l i g h t from d i s t a n t source as it passed an energetic body l i k e t h e sun. D r . Burke's experiment, one of t h r e e recent t e s t s , measured signals from newly discovered quasars t o determine amount of bending they underwent i n passing t h e sun. I f l i g h t , i n form of quasar radiowaves, was bent, Einstein theory would receive added support; i f it was not bent a s much a s he predicted, o r i f astronomers were unable t o detect s i g n i f i c a n t bending, theory (NRAO Proj would remain i n t a c t u n t i l f u r t h e r proof was provided. Off; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/1/68, ~ 9 ) - . Mcost-plus-fixed-fee SFC announced it had selected RCA f o r negotiation of $5.1-million contract f o r l o g i s t i c s and engineering support f o r Saturn ground computer systems and associated equipment. Contract would cover Oct. 1, 1968, through June 30, 1970. (MSFC Release 68-231) . President Johnson announced resignation of Leonard H. Marks a s Director o f U. S. Information Agency i n time t o head U. S. delegation t o negotiate permanent arrangements f o r INTELSAT a t February 1969 conference i n Washington, D. C. (PD, 10/7/68, 1433; Halloran, W Post, 10/2/68, A8; AP, NYT, 10/2/68, 2 3 - �October 1: Arnold W. Frutkin, working since Feb. 1 a s Special Assistant t o NASA Associate Administrator, completed h i s temporary assignment and resumed h i s d u t i e s a s Assistant Administrator f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l A f f a i r s . (NASA PAO; NASAAnn, 10/2/68) . Lucius D. Battle, former Assistant Secretary of S t a t e f o r Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs, became ComSatCorp Vice President f o r Corporate Relations. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-51; AP, W Post, 10/1/68, ~ 2 ) October 2: -mi) U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXLIV i n t o o r b i t with 158-lan apogee, 140-lan (87-mi) perigee, 87.4-min period, and 49.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered same day. (GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - S t u a r t Symington (D-MO.) s a i d on Senate f l o o r , "In t h e past t e n . Sen. years, money expended by t h e Defense Department f o r R&D has almost doubled, from $4 b . i l l i o n t o about $8 b i l l i o n . Yet since 1955, t h e United S t a t e s has not produced a single modern f i g h t e r ; i n f a c t , it has produced no combat plane except t h e TFX s e r i e s . The Navy version of t h a t plane has already been abandoned; and t h e A i r Force has once again found it necessary t o ground t h e i r version because of technical d i f f i c u l t i e s . " Despite " a l l those b i l l i o n s we have developed no a i r , superiority f i g h t e r capable of competing against a f i r s t - c l a s s a i r force such a s t h e Soviets possess today." He said U.S. was losing i t s lead on seas a s well because "our various Government branches produce arguments, whereas t h e Soviets produce t h e submarines." ( ~ e x t ;NY News, 1013168, 18) . Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.M~x.); Chairman of House Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, t o l d Senate, "Ten years from now NASA w i l l be celebrating i t s 20th anniversary. I hope that. t h e chairman of t h e Committee.. . a t t h a t time w i l l be able t o stand here and congratulate t h e agency and i t s people f o r 20 years of accomplishment and say t h a t t h e United S t a t e s i s s t i l l f i r s t i n space and i n aeronautics. But unless we a r e v i g i l a n t and supply t h e agency with t h e needed authorizations and appropr-iations, t h a t statement w i l l not be made. " (CR, - 1012/68, ~ 1 1 8 4 4 ) . N4SA awarded Chrysler Corp. ' s Space Div. $10,545,753 cost-plus-award-fee extension t o $77,877,486 contract f o r KSC support services. Extension, f o r J u l y 1 through Dec. 31, covered necessary manpower and material t o provide design and sustaining engineering, modification, t e s t i n g , refurbishing, and launch support of KSC-designed equipment and Saturn I B launch operations. (KSCRelease KSC-418-68) �MSFC announced it had awarded American Science and Engineering, October 2: Inc. , $5,413,000 addition t o contract f o r f i n a l design, fabrication, assembly, integration, t e s t qualification, and acceptance of prototype and f l i g h t u n i t x-ray spectrographic telescope, part of Apollo Telescope Mount. Award brought t o t a l value of contract t o $~1,617,471. (NASA Release 68-170; MSFC Release 68-234) October 3 : Aurorae (ESRO I) s a t e l l i t e , designed, developed, and constructed by European Space Research Organization under July 8, 1964, NASA-ESRO agreement, was successfully launched by NASA from WTR by four-stage Scout booster. Orbital parameters : apogee, 949.4 m i (1,528 km) ; perigee, 160.9 m i (259 l a ) ; period, 102.8 min; and inclination, 93.7'. Primary NASA mission objectives were t o place Aurorae i n t o planned o r b i t and provide tracking and telemetry support. The 185-lb cylindrical s a t e l l i t e carried eight experiments t o study aurora borealis (Northern ~ i g h t s )and other r e l a t e d phenomena of polar ionosphere, representing s i x different organizat i o n s from U.K., Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. A l l experiments were operating a s planned, and t h e i r s c i e n t i f i c objectives were being achieved. Aurorae was second successful ESRO s a t e l l i t e launched by NASA. IRIS -I, launched May 16 t o replace ESRO 11-A which had f a i l e d t o achieve o r b i t May 29, 1967, had entered planned o r b i t and conducted solar-astronomy and cosmic-ray studies. ESRO was responsible f o r experiment instrumentation, delivery of spacecraft t o launch s i t e , equipment and personnel necessary t o mate spacecraft, t o launch vehicle, and spacecraft t e s t i n g . NASA provided Scout launch vehicle, conducted launch operations, and supplied data and tracking acquisition support. (NASA Proj O f f ; NASA Release 68-158; AP, W Star, 10/4/68; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - - - . Cosmos CCXLV was launched by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 481-km (298. +mi) apogee, 2'72-km (169-mi) perigee, 92-min period, and 70.9' inclination. (GSFCSSR, 10/15/68) . NASA Deputy Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, presented NASA FY 1969 interim operating plan t o Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Although President Johnson had not yet signed appropriations b i l l , Bureau of t h e Budget had indicated NASA's share of $6 b i l l i o n expenditure reduction might amount t o $350 million. This meant limitat i o n of use of FY 1969 appropriations t o $3.85 b i l l i o n , D r . Paine said. "Our actions also have had t o be constrained by our current instructions within t h e Executive Branch t o hold expenditures t o a minimum i n 1970 a s well a s i n 1969, and t o be prepared f o r t h e eventuality of budgetary FY 1970 even more r e s t r i c t i v e than those i n F Y 1969. I limitations am personally convinced t h a t t h e nation's space program requires an we w i l l succeed i n increase i n funding i n FY 1970 and I am hopeful ... �October 3 (continued) e s t a b l i s h i n g- t h e need f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t increase. U n t i l t h i s d e c i s i o n i s made.. .we have no a1ternati;e but t o proceed with an i n t e r i m operating plan which, where possible, holds open options we can e x e r c i s e i n FY 1970 i f t h e budget i s higher but which does not overcommit u s i f t h e FY 1970 budget i s lower. " Plan r e t a i n e d $2.025 b i l l i o n authorized f o r Apollo program--$1b m i l l i o n below budget request. It reduced authorized $253.2 m i l l i o n f o r Apollo Applications, t o $150 m i l l i o n , amount "required t o work toward t h e important but sharply l i m i t e d and deferred Apollo Applicat i o n s program we now propose." This would include cessation of Saturn IB launch v e h i c l e production a f t e r completion o f 1 4 t h ( s a t u r n 214) and d i s c o n t i n u a t i o n of Saturn V a t completion of f i r s t 15 vehicles. Single Saturn I workshop and s i n g l e Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM)would be launched i n e a r l y 1970s. Authorized $5 m i l l i o n f o r advanced missions would be cut 5$ t o $2.5 m i l l i o n , f o r continued s t u d i e s r e l a t e d t o manned e a r t h - o r b i t a l and l u n a r missions. Authorized $136.9 m i l l i o n would be reduced t o $132.1 m i l l i o n f o r physics and a s t r o n o w with l e v e l of e f f o r t i n supporting research and technology and d a t a a n a l y s i s approximately 1%lower t h a n i n FY 1968. The $92.3 m i l l i o n authorized f o r l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n would be cut t o $75.8 m i l l i o n , with $6.8 m i l l i o n f o r l u n a r and $69 m i l l i o n f o r planetary--to support Mariner-Mars 1969 mission, r e a c q u i s i t i o n of t e l e m e t r y from Mariner V, and Mariner-Mars 1971 mission. Plan a l s o supported i n FY 1969, a t reduced funding l e v e l , c a p a b i l i t y t o conduct Mars mission during 1973 opportunity i n keeping with NAS r e commendation [ s e e Sept. 191. Overall scope of mission would be reduced and schedule compressed. Operating plan provided f o r construction of two 210-f'b antennas f o r Mars and o t h e r missions during 1970s. Launch v e h i c l e procurement a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $115.7 m i l l i o n would be cut t o $100.2 m i l l i o n and bioscience from $33 m i l l i o n t o $32.7 m i l l i o n , which was $15 m i l l i o n below budget request and required s l i p of 6-12 mo i n 21-day B i o s a t e l l i t e missions. Space a p p l i c a t i o n s a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $98.7 m i l l i o n would be r e t a i n e d ; program change n e c e s s i t a t e d by May 18 d e s t r u c t i o n of Nimbus B would r e s u l t i n launch of replacement, Nimbus B2, i n spring 1969. Aero,ractics R&D budget would remain a t authorized $74.9 m i l l i o n , while FY 1969 e f f o r t i n nuclear r o c k e t s would be l i m i t e d and NERVA development deferred u n t i l 1-970, when $7.5 m i l l i o n withheld i n FY 1969 could be added t o allow t o t a l of $39.5 m i l l i o n . Of $180.5 m i l l i o n t o t a l a u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h , mace v e h i c l e systems, e l e c t r o n i c s system, human f a c t o r systems, space power and e l e c t r i c propulsion systems, and chemical propulsion, i n t e r i m plan would provide $178.4 m i l l i o n , reduction ... �October 3 (continued) 5 m i l l i o n from NASA's budget request. Work i n long-endurance life-support-equipment technologies would proceed a s planned but i n o t h e r a r e a s , research and t e c h n i c a l development would be reduced, e s p e c i a l l y e f f o r t s i n support of advanced space missions. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n budget would be reduced from $289.8 m i l l i o n authorized t o $280 m i l l i o n , providing f u l l Apollo schedule support but l i m i t i n g support f o r spacecraft alof't and on f u t u r e missions. Construct i o n of f a c i l i t i e s funds had been reduced from $39.6 m i l l i o n authorized t o $21.8 m i l l i o n appropriated. Operating p l a n would i n c r e a s e f i g u r e t o $35.7 m i l l i o n by t r a n s f e r r i n g funds from R&D appropriation. F a c i l i t y planning and design funds were reduced from $3 m i l l i o n requested t o $1million. Interim operating plan a n t i c i p a t e d t r a n s f e r of $20.1 m i l l i o n from F&D t o administrative o p e r a t i o n s , bringing t o t a l t o $623.3 m i l l i o n i n s t e a d of $603.2 m i l l i o n i n a u t h o r i z a t i o n and appropriations a c t s and $648.2 m i l l i o n requested by NASA i n budget. D r . Paine emphasized t h a t administrative operat i o n s appropriation d i d not cover only "administrative " expenses ; it covered d i r e c t c o s t s of operating NASA l a b o r a t o r i e s , research c e n t e r s , development c e n t e r s , and launch c e n t e r s . NASA Administrator James E, Webb t o l d Committee, 'I. .when you use words such a s 'Congress c o n s i s t e n t l y has supported t h e Apollo program, ' you must add ' a t a minimum l e v e l . ' We have c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d i n every budget t h a t t h e b a s i s on which we were going forward with t h i s support by Congress was one t h a t d i d not t a k e i n t o account unusual r i s k s and happenings and was, i n e f f e c t , based on success i n a l l t h e s e e f f o r t s . " Webb s a i d NASA Apollo funding was r e l a t e d t o success on various operations and d i d not include "a r e t u r n t o t e s t f l i g h t on t h e Saturn I B should we not be a b l e t o make t h e s h i f t t o t h e b i g rocket a f t e r t h i s next f l i g h t . " From 1961 t o 1969, Webb s a i d , "we have not had t h e funds t o proceed except i n a manner t h a t would permit us, within t h e t o t a 1 budget, t o do t h i s l u n a r landing within t h i s decade and on an a l l - u p systems t e s t b a s i s . So t h e e x c r u t i a t i n g l y p a i n f u l period of a l l - u p t e s t i n g on t h e Saturn V i s y e t ahead of us. I' ( ~ e s t i m o n y ; rans script) of. . . NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A. Manke, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed eleventh f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Vehicle with f u l l l o a d of f u e l was c a r r i e d t o a l t i t u d e , where successful j e t t i s o n t e s t was performed before launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t . Purpose of f l i g h t was p i l o t proficiency. (NASA P r o j o f f ) �October 3: Boeing Co. s a i d it would build one-fifth s i z e thermal models s $156,500 NASA contract t o determine of manned space s t ~ t i o n .under t h e i r f e a s i b i l i t y f o r predicting temperatures i n f u l l - s i z e earth-orbiting s t a t i o n . ( ~ o e i n gRelease S-9840) . NASA s a i d spacecraft and p a r t s of Agena 2nd stage of Nimbus B weather s a t e l l i t e launched unsuccessfully May 18, including two SNAP-19 nuclear power generators, had been found Sept. 30 by crew of research submarine four miles south of San Miguel Island o f f California coast. Pictures taken by submarine indicated three- by six-inch graphic cores of generators were i n t a c t ; surrounding magnesium-thorium a l l o y casings were almost completely decayed since they dissolved i n sea water almost immediately. Each core contained t h r e e pounds of plutonium. AEC had spent $200,000 searching f o r missing nuclear sources. Nimbus B had been destroyed shortly a f t e r launch when it veered o f f course. (NASA Release 68-171; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/4/68, Al.6; AP, 10/11/68, 10) - z, . Senate, a f t e r secret session, defeated by vote of 45 t o 25 amendment by Sen. John S. Cooper (R-Ky. ) t o eliminate from $71.8-billion defense appropriations b i l l $387.4 million requested by Administrat i o n t o st& deployment of Sentinel a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. F i n a l a c t ion on l a r g e s t defense appropriations b i l l i n U. S. h i s t o r y was deferred u n t i l Oct. 4. CR, 10/2/68, S11872-85; AP, W Star, 10/2/68, A4; Finney, 7 6 8 , 1; Lardner, W Post, 10/5168, 1 ) m, October 4: NASA-USAF review board report s a i d f a i l u r e of Nimbus B mission May 18 had been caused by improper i n s t a l l a t i o n of yaw-rate gyro 90' from design position i n t h e Thorad-Agena launch vehicle. Board recommended revision of t e s t procedures which f a i l e d t o discern e r r o r and redesign of &yro mounting brackets t o make improper i n s t a l l a t i o n impossible. Repeat mission, Nimbus B2, would be launched i n spring 1969 because of f l i g h t ' s importance t o meteorol o g i c a l research. (NASA Release 68-171; UPI, H Chron, 1015168) . CmSatCorp, on behalf of IXTELSAT, awarded Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. $72million contract f o r IN'TELSAT IV advanced comsats. Hughes would d e l i v e r within 22 mo four f l i g h t spacecraft, one prototype, associated spacecraft t e s t equipment, and necessary ground equipp 68-52; WSJ, 10/7/68, 3) ment. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o rRelease - October 5: U.S.S.R. successfully launched Molniya 1-10 t o r e l a y . telephone and telegraph communications and TV programs t o f a r northern and f a r eastern U. S. S. R. and t o c e n t r a l Asia. Orbital �October 5 (continued) parameters: apogee, 39,639 km (2,463.1 mi); perigee, 429 km (266.6 mi); period, 711.9 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 64.8'. (UPI, W -9S t a r 10/7/68, A9; AP, NYT, 10/8/68, 2; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) - - . Republican P r e s i d e n t i a l candidate Richard M. Nixon issued p o l i c y s t a t e ment, "The Research Gap: C r i s i s i n American Science and Technology." U.S. was "shortchanging" i t s s c i e n t i f i c community and r i s k i n g research "Faced with dynamic gap between U.S. e f f o r t and t h a t of U.S.S.R. p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r science, t h e current Administration i s hobbled by t h e s t a t i c philosophy t h a t technological p o t e n t i a l i t i e s a r e limited. In This a t t i t u d e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y perilous i n t h e realm of defense.... few a r e a s of development i s a c t i v i t y so intense and productive a s i n Soviet m i l i t a r y research and development." While U.S.S.R. graduated twice a s many s c i e n t i s t s annually a s U.S., American s c i e n t i f i c community was "demoralized" by wavering a t t i t u d e s toward R&D. " S c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y cannot be turned on and o f f l i k e a faucet. The withdrawal of support disperses highly t r a i n e d research teams, closes v i t a l f a c i l i t i e s , l o s e s The United spinoff b e n e f i t s , and d i s r u p t s development momentum. S t a t e s must end t h i s depreciation of research and development i n i t s order of n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s . . It would be an urgent goal of my administration t o devise e f f e c t i v e means by which it could cooperate with industry and t h e academic community i n an e f f o r t t o make maximum use of s c i e n t i f i c advances t o help solve major n a t i o n a l problems. Our goal i s t o make t h e United S t a t e s f i r s t again i n t h e c r u c i a l area ex%; Walsh, Science, 10/18/68, 335-7) of research and development." ... ... ... ... October 6: I n Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines commented on James E. Webbt s resignation a s NASA Administrator: "Yes. . t h e r e was a James Webb. He had h i s f a u l t s , God knows, and a p e c u l i a r s t y l e . Most people would have done t h e job d i f f e r e n t l y . But, on balance, it i s d i f f i c u l t t o see how myone could have done it much b e t t e r . " (W -9S t a r 10/6/68, ~ 4 ) . October 7: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXLVI i n t o o r b i t with 3 1 7 - h x i ) apogee, 145-km (90.1-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 65.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered Oct 12. ( ~ n t e r a v i d i r L e t t e r , 10/8/68, 11; GSFC SSR, 10/15/68) . . Resignation of James E. Webb a s NASA Administrator, announced Sept. 16, became e f f e c t i v e . (NASAOff of Administrator) �Sen. S t u a r t Symington (D-MO.) s a i d i n statement put i n t o October 7: Congressional Record, "I a m now confident...serious consideration should be given t o canceling t h e e n t i r e A i r Force F-111 s e r i e s . . . . I f t h e plane i s f'undamentally unsound--and t h a t would now appear t o be t h e c a s e - - i t s termination would prevent t h e l o s s of a d d i t i o n a l b i l l i o n s of dollars--and what i s more important, save t h e l i v e s of many p i l o t s . " He s a i d October report of Preparedness I n v e s t i g a t i n g Subcommittee of Senate Committee on Armed Services "points up t h e grave s e c u r i t y d e f i c i e n c i e s t h a t have r e s u l t e d from t h e Department of Defense f o r c i n g t h e A i r Force and Navy t o put a l l t h e eggs of t h e i r a i r c r a f t development i n t o one unfortunate basket." ( ~ e x t ;CRY 10/7/68, ~12148-51;Witkin, -3NYT 10/8/68, 18; W Post, 10/8/68, A l l ) - . I tni mNational Observer, Peter T . Chew c r i t i c i z e d Americans a s "uncertain, i d f a r e r s i n space. " During "19-month interregnum i n manned space f l i g h t " occasioned by Jan. 27, 1967, Apollo f i r e , "Americans have become obsessed with t h e r a c e question a t home and t h e Vietnam War abroad.... I f some doomsayers a r e t o be believed, t h e v a s t U.S. space science and t ethnology establishment put t o g e t h e r during t h e l a s t decade w i l l be systematically dismantled once t h e manned Apollo landing has been accomplished because NASA has 'no c l e a r mandate' t o go on; c o r n f i e l d s w i l l reclaim t h e g r e a t rocket and s p a c e c r a f t - t e s t i n g s i t e s . ; t h e s o l a r system w i l l become t h e exclusive playground of Soviet cosmonauts. " Yet NASA's mandate t o explore space "for t h e b e n e f i t of a l l mankind" had been s e t down i n l e g i s l a t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e agency and d i d not end with t h e moon. I f anything, "the moon i s t h e f i r s t stepping stone. " D r . Wernher von Braun "stands almost alone among t h e country's l e a d e r s i n h i s a b i l i t y t o express i n understandable terms j u s t why we a r e going t o t h e moon--and beyond To c r i t i c s of t h e space program he r e p l i e s , '...Man was born with an i n s a t i a b l e nosiness about h i s n a t u r a l environment. .it seems t o pay o f f handsomely, but o f t e n i n t h e most unexpected way, t o keep s a t i s f y i n g h i s c u r i o s i t y about t h e world' around him. " ( ~ a t Obs, l 1017168) .. .... .. . Newsweek s a i d NERVA p r o j e c t had "become one more c a s u a l t y of cutbacks i n t h e space program. " Workers a t Nevada t e s t s i t e "say only a skeleton s t a f f w i l l be l e f t on t h e p r o j e c t by spring. I' (Newsweek, 1017168 . NASA announced i t , h a d . awarded Technical Information Services Co. $4.3-million cost-plus-award-fee contract f o r continued o p e r a t i o n of NASA's S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y a t College Park, Md. Contract would extend through November, 1969, with two one-year o p t ions. Current c o n t r a c t o r was Leasco Systems and Research Corp. (NASA Release 68-173) �October 7: NASA Administrator James E. Webb issued order dissolving Apollo 204 Review Board established Jan. 27, 1967, t o investigate Apollo f i r e of t h a t date. ( ~ e x)t October 8: Antennas on NASAt s Explorer XXXVIII (launched J u l y 4) were each successfully extended t o 750-ft maximum lenrrth and damper boom t o maxim& 630 f t by ground command. s a t e l l i t e ' s antennas had been i n i t i a l l y deployed t o 455 f't each J u l y 22 and extended t o 600-ft each Sept. 24. Maximum extension completed planned antenna deployment sequence. (NASA Release 68 -174; NASA Proj o f f ) . Senate unanimously approved space rescue t r e a t y , providing f o r rescue and r e t u r n a f astronauts downed on foreign s o i l . It had been signed by 75 nations. (CR, - 1018168, 512215-6; AP, B Sun, 1019168, ~ 1 0 ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space Flight, D r . George E. Mueller, addressed Nfnth N a t i ~ n a lConference of United Press I n t e r n a t i o n a l Editors and Publishers i n Washington, D. C. : the conception and construction of t h e equipment necessary t o t h e safe transport of men i n t o space and f o r t h e i r accomplishment of productive t a s k s i n t h a t new atmosphere, a new mix of professional and s c i e n t i f i c d i s c i p l i n e s has been created which has forced cooperation between engineers and medical doctors. Many o f t h e technologies which a r e e s s e n t i a l t o our sending t h r e e men t o t h e moon and back d i d not e x i s t a few years ago. They had t o be invented, adapted o r developed We now have t h e giant boosters which have released man from h i s atmosphere, and. l i f e support systems t h a t can maintain him i n space. As a r e s u l t of t h e cleanliness requirements of t h e space program we have t h e l a r g e s t 'clean roomsf i n t h e world--rooms which h o s p i t a l s Over 600 computers now comprise t h e l a r g e s t a r e now emulating, and most advanced communications system'in t h e world. The f u e l c e l l , which had l a i n dormant f o r many years, was activated t o power spacec r a f t i n o r b i t . Thirty public u t i l i t y companies now have a $2'7,000,000 program f o r t h e adaptation of t h e f u e l c e l l f o r home power units. We had t o know on a real-time b a s i s how f a s t t h e h e a r t s of t h e a s t r o nauts were beating while they were i n space how much oxygen they were we invented another using, and how t h e i r muscles were r e s p o n d i n g . . . ~ ~ new system, biosensor t o computer t o d a t a gathering equipment, and through com'unications network t o t h e Manned Spacecraft Center a t Houston--from 100. o r 800. o r from j$ of a million miles out i n space. And a h a l f a dozen newly formed companies are now manufacturing these adapted space-created instruments f o r t h e use of doctors and h o s p i t a l s here on earth. " ( ~ e x t ) or .... .. ... ... .. .. ( �October 8: Commenting on James E. Webb's retirement, Sen. John Stennis (DIMiss.) said on Senate floor, "I have been a member of t h e Committee on Aercmau.tical and Space Sciences since about t h e time M r . Webb was appointed t o head NASA. I am. not given unduly t o praise a man. I a m not impressed by a t i t l e . I an impressed by a record, But I am c e r t a i p l y impressed with t h e f a c t t h a t Mr. Webb c w r i e d out h i s respons i b i l i t i e s f o r NASA with an expenditure of $34 b i l l i o n , i n what might be called a crash program; and I have not seen any evidence of any a c t i v i t y of h i s except t h a t clothed i n the highest degree with integrity, honesty, frankness and openness i n h i s dealings with t h e committee, with Congress, a s well as with the public." (CR, 10/8/68, 812227-8) - . Dept, of State said it would issue visas t o 35 Soviet space s c i e n t i s t s t o attend 19th Congress of International Astronautical Federation However, it might recommend cancellat i o n of sightseeing tour of KSC arranged with NASA by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) f o r s c i e n t i s t s from 34 c ~ u n 0 r i e sattending both IAF Congress and AU1A. annual meeting i n Philadelphia Oct. 21-25. No Soviet s c i e n t i s t had yet v i s i t e d KSC, "apparently out of concern t h a t t h e United States would ask f o r reciprocal r i g h t s i n Russia f o r American s c i e n t i s t s , " said New York Times, Rep. Paul G. Rogers (D- la.), i n l e t t e r t o Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk, had said v i s i t was inappropriate i n l i g h t of U. S. S. R. ' s invasion of Czechoslovakia, imprisonment of Pueblo crew by North Korea, Soviet a i d to North Vietnam, and existence of Communist regime i n Cuba. (Q, 10/9/68) (w)i n New York Oct. 13-19. - October 9: Univ. of California a t Los Angeles astronomer D r . K u r t Riegel and graduate student Mark Jennings reported discovery of cloud of intensely cold i n t e r s t e l l a r hydrogen gas near region of galaxy where s t a r formation was kwwn t o be taking place, about 3,000 l i g h t years from e a r t h i n direct i o n of Milky Way. D r . Reigel said, h he implication i s t h a t t h e process of s t a r formation may i n some way depend on t h e t h e gas f l o a t ing around between t h e s t a r s . " ( ~ e t z e ,WI - . NASA was completing t e s t s f o r Cambridge Research Laboratories i n which, individual p l a s t i c hailstone models were dropped from 20,000USAF t o 25,000-ft a l t i t u d e s near NASA Wallops Station t o study speed a t which hailstones f e l l t o earth and i t s effect on t h e i r size and growth r a t e i n atmosphere. Wind-tunnel t e s t s had confirmed theory t h a t size and weight t o which naturally formed hailstones would grow was related t o speed they f e l l and thus t o length of time spent i n storm clozlds. Shape and surface roughness affected f a l l speed by �October 9 (continued) changing drag c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . W&lops t e s t data would check tunnel r e s u l t s and would be applied i n predicting growth of r e a l hailstones. (NASA Release 68-172) Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR October 10: c a r r i e d Naval Research Laboratory experiment t o 109.2-mi (174.7 -km) a l t i t u d e t o obtain s t e l l a r spectra i n Scorpius i n 1,000-1,600a f a r u l t r a v i o l e t range and photometric data on s t e l l a r fluxes. Rocket performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . S c i e n t i f i c objectives were not achieved because a t t i t u d e control system (ACS ) malfunctioned and vehicle f a i l e d t o capture and point a t desired t a r g e t s . Experiment performed a s expected, but because of ACS malfunction no film was advanced by spectograph o r aspect camera. Sane photometric data were obtained by Geiger tube photometers. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Australian House of Representatives, by 60-30 vote, defeated opposition Labor Party motion t o condemn government f o r ordering 24 F-111C f i g h t e r Crashes, delays, and cost increases had l e d t o major bombers from U.S. c r i t i c i s m of government. Deliveries of a i r c r a f t were 18 mo behind schedule. Latest U. S . estimate of cost, including spares and ground equipment, was $294.63 million, about one-f ourth Australian defense budget f o r 1968-69. There was no c e i l i n g p r i c e on a i r c r a f t and no way A u s t r a l i a could cancel contract without $200-million penalty. (AP, W Post, 10/11/68, All; NYT, 10/9/68, 12) - . NASA announced it had requested proposals by Nov. 18 i n i t s program t o b u i l d two experimental tilrbofan j e t engines and t o conduct intensive . t e s t program [see Aug. 181. Objective was t o reduce two major sources of noise--interaction of j e t exhaust with outside a i r and noise created by fan--to produce turbofan demonstrator engine operational a t noise l e v e l a t l e a s t 15-20 db below those p~weringDC-8 and 707 a i r c r a f t . Specifications were developed a t LeRC with assistance on contract from Allison Div. of General Motors Corp. and P r a t t & Whitney Div. of United Aircraft Corp. while McDonnell Douglas Corp. studied f e a s i b i l i t y of i n t e g r a t i n g quiet engine with DC-8. (NASA Release 68-17?) . Sen. John J. S p a r h a n (D-ma.) on Senate f l o o r said: "President Johnson i s properly called t h e p r i n c i p a l a r c h i t e c t of America's space program. As Senator and Vice President he worked unceasingly t o assure t h i s country a r o l e of leadership i n t h e exploration of space.... Under President Johnson's leadership i n t h e Senate t h e Space Act was passed i n 1958, creating t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration. s e t t i n g up a charter t o win f o r t h i s country a preeminence i n t h e .. �October 1 0 (continued) peaceful exploration of space. NASA p u l l e d t o g e t h e r widely s c a t t e l e f f o r t s i n space and b u i l t an organization unique i n t h i s countryf s h i s t o r y . It has contributed t o t h e technological competence so v i t a . t o modern i n d u s t r i a l society. I' (NASA LAR ~11/108) . Federal Aviation Administration published r e p o r t , SRDS Program Goals, Achievements and Trends, on 50 Systems Research and Development Service p r o j e c t s undertaken i n FY 1968. Beacon t r a c k i n g l e v e l of t e r m i n a l automat ion would provide a i r c r a f t i d e n t i t y , a l t i t u d e , and computed ground speed on a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l radarscopes. Over t h r e e y e a r s , automated r a d a r t r a c k i n g system ARTS I11 would be i n s t a l l e d a t 62 b u s i e s t a i r p o r t s . Computer-aided approach spacing ((%AS) system would give more consistent spacing of landing a i r c r a f t . R&D eventually would l e a d t o Category I11 all-weather landing systems (AWLS)a t major a i r p o r t s , permitting a i r c r a f t t o land with zero c e i l i n g and runway v i s u a l range. (FAA Release T-68-39) October 11: Cosmos CCXLVII was launched by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 343-km (213.1-mi) apogee, 215-km (133.6-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 65.4O i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered Oct. 19. (GSFC-9SSR 10/15/68 ; 10/31/68) . U.S.S.R.'s Zond V could be precursor t o next s t e p i n f l y i n g complex unmanned missions t o Venus o r Mars a s w e l l a s t o carrying men t o moon, RAND Corp. s c i e n t i s t Merton E. Davies and Cal Tech s c i e n t i s t Bruce M. Murray wrote i n Science. Soviet d e s c r i p t i o n s of Zond V suggested U. S. S.R. might plan t o send p a i r of spacecraft t o Mars i n l a t e February o r e a r l y March. One might land on Mars and c a s t o f f s a t e l l i t e t o o r b i t it and r e l a y s i g n a l s t o e a r t h ; o t h e r might f l y by Mars and r e t u r n t o e a r t h with f i l m of Mars surface. Speculat i o n s were based on Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda ( ~ e ds t a r ) a r t i c l e s by Soviet Prof. A. Dmitriyev, which s a i d "information from space" must be d e l i v e r e d " d i r e c t l y t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s ' laboratory" f r e e of "encumbrances and d i s t o r t i o n s of radioed signals." He s a i d Zond V had s u c c e s s f u l l y completed assignment of developing means and methods f o r r e t u r n i n g space devices. Also, U.S.S.R. had previously s e n t p a i r of spacecraft on p l a n e t a r y mission and might r e p e a t mission t o t a k e advantage of favorable Mars o r Venus p o s i t i o n s f o r f l y b y o r landing attempts. (science, 10/11/68, 245-6; Cohn, W Post, 10/11j/68, ~ 9 ) �October 11: President Johnson sent NASA Semiannual Reports covering period J u l y 1, 1966, t o Dec. 31, 1967, t o Congress with message of t r a n s m i t t a l , saying, "I commend these reports t o your attention. They contain, I believe, concrete evidence t h a t NASA i s moving forward, and t h a t America i s contributing mightily 'in t h e worldwide e f f o r t t o conquer space f o r t h e benefit of a l l mankind. " (NASA LAR - v11/111) . I n TV program t o viewers i n Texas, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, Republican Presidential candidate Richard M. Nixon said a Republican administration would s t r i v e t o make U. S. " f i r s t i n space. " He said, "I don't want t h e Soviet Union o r any other nation t o be ahead of Let ' s emphasize t h e moon shot and others t h e United States. where we can make a d i r e c t break-through. " (W -9Star 10/12/68, Al) ... . President Johnson vainly urged Senate r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonp r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y : "3.f t h e t r e a t y does not go i n t o e f f e c t soon, an increasing number of countries w i l l see it i n t h e i r national i n t e r e s t t o go nuclear. ..[and] t h e advent of new nuclear powers could force upon us t h i s dilemma: e i t h e r withdrawing our influence and commitment *om areas of the world which are v i t a l t o our i n t e r e s t s ; o r having other nations t r i g g e r a nuclear conflict which could involve us." He s a i d i f Senate found it impossible t o remain i n session t o a c t on r a t i f i c a t i o n , he might c a l l special session a f t e r election. However, a f t e r consulting with President Johnson, Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, ( D - ~ o n t . )announced he was laying t r e a t y aside f o r t h i s session of Congress because t o c a l l it up during closing days would r e s u l t i n "a devisive p o l i t i c a l dispute" t h a t could convert it i n t o p a r t i s a n issue and imperil i t s eventual approval. 10/14/68, 1481; CR, 10/11/68, S12685-90; Finney, NYT, Kilpatrick, W POX, 10/12/68, ~ 1 4 ) - . NASA t a s k force appointed by Assistant A h i n i s t r a t o r f o r University ' A f f a i r s Francis B. Smith announced publication of A Study of NASA University Programs, containing assessment of programs and t h e i r benefit t o NASA and academic community. NASA university programs had "made major contributions t o aeronautics and space program. Research sponsored. ..has generated new concepts, has developed new technology, and has created unique f a c i l i t i e s f o r further education and resea~,cil. Over 50 percent of a l l experiments flown on NASA s a t e l l i t e s have been generated by university programs. Universities have awarded a t l e a s t 500 graduate degrees and provided continuing education opportunities t o thousands. [and] university consultants have given policy, s c i e n t i f i c , and engineering advice t o NASA a t a l l levels." ( ~ e x b ;NASA,Release 68-177) .. �October 11: NASA had asked i t s c o n t r a c t o r s t o , c u t KSC qerssnAe1 1%i n d announced e f f o r t t o save $40 m i l l i o n by J u l y 1. b e i n g Co. h ~ alrkady p l a n s t o reduce 4,400-man force t o 4,000. .Chqyxler Corp. would keep 1,000 of i t s 1,200. Cutbacks were due t o NASA budget c u t s and a f f e c t e d only Z$ of work force. (NASA FAO; W S t a r , 10/11/68, ' ~ 3 ) - . Comparison of i n f r a r e d images of l u n a r e c l i p s e s of Dec. 19, 1964, and A p r i l 13, 1968, showed thermal anomalies of l u n a r maria unchanged a f t e r 3& yr, A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories r e s e a r c h e r s r e p o r t e d i n Science. Graham R. Hunt, John W. Salisbury, and Robert K. Vincent wrote t h a t hundreds of hot spots t h a t cooled more slowly t h a n surroundings were s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r i n images from both e c l i p s e s . One new, l i n e a r thermal anomaly had been discovered, whose c l o s e r e l a t i o n t o l u n a r c r u s t a l f r a c t u r e l i n e suggested it might be of i n t e r n a l o r i i n . Origin could give clue t o formation a f c r a t e r s . (science, 10/11768, 252-4) . Dr. W i l l i a m H. Avery, head of Aeronautics Div., Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, explained t o Johns Hopkins audience idea f o r a e r i a l c a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (ACT) system based on s k i - l i f t p r i n c i p l e , designed f o r l o c a l t r i p s of under 10 m i within urban a r e a s , and l i n k e d with high-speed t r a n s i t system f o r longer distances. S e r i e s of small c a r s would move along elev2ted r a i l , operated by e l e c t r i c a l l y powered cable 1 2 t o 1 4 f t above pavement. ( ~ h r i s t m a s ,W S t a r , 10/14/68, ~ 3 ) - NASA's Apollo 7 (AS-205)~f i r s t manned mission i n Apollo October 11-22: l u n a r landing program, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from KSC Launch Complex 34 a t 11:02 am EDT by Saturn I B booster. Primary o b j e c t i v e s were t o demonstrate command and service module (CSM) and crew performance; demonstrate crew, space v e h i c l e , and mission support f a c i l i t i e s ; and demonstrate CSM rendezvous c a p a b i l i t y . A l l launch events occurred a s planned and s p a c e c r a f t , carrying Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr. (commander), Donn F. E i s e l e (CM p i l o t ) , and R. Walter Cunningham (IN p i l o t ) , entered i n i t i a l o r b i t with 190.1-mi ( 306 -km) apogee, 142.3-mi (229-km) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 31.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . Saturn IB 2nd s t a g e (s-NB) manned c o n t r o l t e s t was completed with e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s , and S-IVB separated f r ~ mCSM on schedule. Crew s u c c e s s f u l l y transposed CSM and simulated -d~&ing by maneuvering CSM t o w i t h i n f o u r o r f i v e f e e t of S-IVB, On second day S c h i r r a t o l d ground. eorxtraJ2,ers t h a t crew was t o o busy t o s e t up p o r t a b l e camera f m lixe?!. coverage bemuse of minor but time-consuming d i f f i c u l t i e s . kS'bson~u%shad t o pump waste water �October 11-22 (continued) manually fiom spacecraft, Schirra and Eisele had trouble with t h e i r biomedical harnesses, Schirra had head cold symptoms, spacecraft evaporator system required maintenance, and hatch windows blurred and were bordered by mysterious "small h a i r s l i k e fuzz." Crew f i r e d SPS engine f o r 10 sec and 8 sec t o s e t up rendezvous and maneuvered CSM t o within 70 f t of tumbling spent 2nd stage, simulating techniques t o be used on future f l i g h t s i f LM were t o become disabled i n lunar orbit. Crew took close-up photos of 1;M adapter a t t a c h e d t o 2nd stage. S-IVB reentered e a r t h ' s atmosphere Oct. 18 and splashed i n t o Indian Ocean. On t h i r d day crew, which had already accomplished h a l f i t s objectives, photographed clouds and e a r t h and continued checking out spacecraft systems. Power f a i l u r e i n spacecraft's AC e l e c t r i c a l system was quickly restored, but overloading prompted o f f i c i a l s t o reschedule t h i r d SPS burn 20 hr sooner than planned. Burn positioned and sized e l l i p s e f o r CM reaction control system deorbit i n case of emergency and s e t up auxiliary gaging system t e s t . Astronauts, a l l with head colds, appeared on national TV f o r 7 min f o r f i r s t time l i v e fkom space. Crew displayed hand-printed signs bearing greetings from "the lovely Apollo room h5gh atop everything. " Second l i v e t e l e c a s t f o r 11 min Oct. 15 showed closeups of spacec r a f t i n t e r i o r and astronauts so c l e a r t h a t observers could read astronauts' l i p s . Third TV appearance Oct. 16, which included nine-minute t o u r of spacecraft, won astronauts honorary membership i n American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. Later, crew successfully f i r e d SPS engine f o r fourth burn, demonstrating 20,500-lb-thrust engine's minimum impulse capability. As spacecrafi passed over Hurricane Gladys i n G u l f of Mexico, astronauts photographed storm and relayed data t o Weather Bureau hurricane center. They a l s o took p i c t u r e s of a "long plume" of a i r pollution. Crew continued spacecraf't checkout, guidance and navigation procedures, and TV operations on seveneh day, but fourth t e l e c a s t was smudgy. Successful 67-sec f i f t h SPS burn--longest t o date--was performed out of plane t o t e s t auxiliary gaging system and readjust e l l i p s e f o r l i f e t i m e and CM reaction control system deorbit On n i n t h day astronauts showed viewers exceptionally sharp pictures of main control panels i n f i f t h TV broadcast and performed close-order drill t o demonstrate movement i n weightless environment. Sixth SPS burn, e s s e n t i a l l y a duplicate of fourth minimum impulse t e s t burn, was successfully conducted. Seventh burn, on following day, adjusted time phasing f o r backup SM reaction-control-system deorbit burns. A t 259:39 GET astronauts f i r e d SPS engine f o r eighth separation, parachute time, t o deorbit CSM f o r reentry. WSM deployment, and other reentry qvents were nominal, and spacecraft . �October 11-22 (continued) splashed down i n A t l a n t i c 8 m i north of recovery ship U.S.S. Essex a t 7 : l l am EDT Oct. 22. Crew was picked up by h e l i c o p t e r and flown t o recovery s h i p within one hour a f t e r splashdown. A l l primary Apollo 7 mission o b j e c t i v e s were achieved, a s w e l l a s every d e t a i l e d t e s t o b j e c t i v e and t h r e e not o r g i n a l l y planned. Crew comfort and s a f e t y were enhanced by a change i n cabin atmosphere t o 10% oxygen i n f l i g h t , hot meals, and r e l a t i v e l y complete freedom of motion i n spacecraft. Engineering accomplishments included l i v e TV from space and drinking water produced a s by-product of f u e l c e l l s . NASA's ATS I11 a p p l i c a t i o n s technology s a t e l l i t e relayed TV p i c t u r e s t o Europe. Service module SPS main engine, l a r g e s t t h r u s t engine t o be manually t h r u s t - v e c t o r c o n t r o l l e d , proved i t s e l f by accomplishing l o n g e s t and s h o r t e s t manned SPS burns and l a r g e s t number of i n f l i g h t r e s t a r t s . Manual t r a c k i n g , navigation, and c o n t r o l achievements included R z l l o p t i c a l rendezvous, daylight platform realignment, o p t i c a l platform alignments, p i l o t c o n t r o l of launch v e h i c l e a t t i t u d e , and o r b i t a l determination by sextant t r a c k i n g of another v e h i c l e . Mission a l s o accomplished f i r s t d i g i t a l - a u t o p i l o t - c o n t r o l l e d engine burn and f i r s t manned S-band communications. A l l launch v e h i c l e systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; spacecraft systems functioned with some minor anomalies, countered by backup subsystem, change i n procedures, i s o l a t i o n , o r c a r e f u l monitoring so t h a t no l o s s of systems support r e s u l t e d . Apollo 7 spacecrart had been redesigned f o r s a f e t y . Original two-piece s i d e hatch had been replaced by a quick-opening, one-piece hatch. Flammability within CM had been reduced by extensive m a t e r i a l s s u b s t i t u t i o n , and systems redundancy had been expanded t o reduce s i n g l e f a i l u r e p o i n t s . Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e c a r r i e d l e s s telemetry and instrumentation equipment, t o lower weight and increase payload c a p a b i l i t y . New p r o p e l l a n t l i n e s t o augmented spark i g n i t e r had been i n s t a l l e d i n J-2 engine t o prevent f a i l u r e which had occurred on Apollo 6. E a r l i e r unmanned Apollo f l i g h t s had yielded a l l spacecraft i n f o r mation p o s s i b l e without crew on board, Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been h i g h l y successful, completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major pieces of Apollo hardware. Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4), d e s p i t e launch v e h i c l e problems, had a t t a i n e d f o u r of f i v e primary o b j e c t i v e s and had been recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo s p a c e c r a r t development, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n NASA P r o j Off; of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. NASA Releases 68-168K, 68-179; Cohn, W Post, 10112 68, Al; 10/13/68, �October 11-22 ( continued) Al; AP, B s&, 10/12/68, Al0; OvToole, W Post, 10/12/68, Al; 10/15/68, A l ; 1 0 / 1 6 E Al; 10/17/68, A3; 10/18/68, A3; 10/21/68, Al; 10/23/68, A l ; Lannan, W S t a r , 10/13/68, Al; 10/19/68, A l ; W S t a r , 10/17/68, A2; ~ e h l s t e d, tB u n , 10123168, Al; 10/24/68, A3; W s t , 10/23/68, ~ 2 0 ) - October 12: Washington Post e d i t o r i a l noted Apollo spacecraft c o s t s and t h a t t o t a l cost of space program t o date was upwards of $20 b i l l i o n . h he expenditure of sums of money l i k e these cannot be j u s t i f i e d i n t e r n s of t h e m i l i t a r y o r c i v i l i a n spin-off, although both have been s u b s t a n t i a l , o r of t h e knowledge we have gained about t h e atmosphere surrounding our planet. But they can be j u s t i f i e d in terms of t h e n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e t h a t i s t o be won o r l o s t i n space and of t h e i n e v i t a b l e f a t e of man t o pursue knowledge towards i t s ultimate end i n hope of some day achieving a b e t t e r understanding of what t h e e a r t h and universe. a r e all about. It i s i n t h i s l a t t e r hope t h a t we cheer t h e astronauts on, wish them well i n t h e i r planned 163 o r b i t s of t h e e a r t h , pray f o r t h e i r safe return, and urge those who make t h e c r u c i a l decisions about t h e f u t u r e space program t o proceed with a l l d e l i b e r a t e speed t o reach t h e goal President Kennedy put before us. " (W Post, 10/12/68, ~ 1 2 ) . South African Defense Minister P i e t e r W. Botha had announced plans, a t annual conference of newspaper publishers, t o e s t a b l i s h nation's f i r s t experimental m i s s i l e t e s t and launching base on Zululand coast. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 10/13/68, 74) - . Page Communications Engineers, Inc., subsidiary of Northrop Corp. had received $5.25-million contract t o build f i r s t Middle East comsat e a r t h s t a t i o n i n Iran. (W 5-S t a r 10/12/68, ~ 5 ) October 13: New observations from ~ r i t a i ns' J o d r e l l Bank Experiment a 1 S t a t i o n indicated distance estimates t o pulsars had been 30 times t o o short. Observations from A u s t r a l i a ' s Molonglo Radio Observatory had i d e n t i f i e d pulsar PSR 1749-28, believed t o be t h r e e times more d i s t a n t t h a n 10 others observed t o date. Despite great distance i t s pulses were more powerful than those of a l l but one other. From these observat i o n s , J o d r e l l ' s D r . Graham Smith believed pulsars l a y i n d i s t a n t halo, not i n Milky Way. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 10/13/68, 74) - . U.S. S t a t e Dept. s a i d t h e r e was no intention of blocking t o u r of KSC by s c i e n t i s t s attending I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation Congress Oct. 13-19 and American InsWtute of Aeronautics and Astronautics �October 1 3 (continued) a m u a l meeting Oct. 19-20, Group included 40 delegates from U. S. S. H. A I M a l s o had arranged l e c t u r e t o u r of U.S. f o r Soviet space s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov of Moscow Univ. ( ~ i l s o n ,W Post, 10/14/68, ~ 3 ) October 13-19: A t l s h Congress of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation (IAF) i n New York, NASC Executive Secretary,Dr. Edward C. Welsh,in opening address read message from NASC Chairman, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey: "We t a k e mnsiderable p r i d e i n t h e United S t a t e s with t h e g e n e r a l l y open nature of our space program and i n t h e manner i n which we have attempted t o cooperate with other nations i n space p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s w e l l a s i n t h e dissemination of f a c t s and t h e o r i e s gleaned from our space experience. man has now begun t o make t h e space f a r beyond t h e E a r t h ' s surface a p a r t of h i s l i b r a r y of education and h i s scope of achievement. Naw more than ever before t h e way of t h e f u t u r e must be t h e way of nations working together t o harness t h e forces of nature so t h a t t h e peaceful p u r s u i t s of mankind may f l o u r i s h . " D r . Welsh s a i d , "I would place high on t h e l i s t of b e n e f i t s those which flow from increased i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation i n t h e f i e l d of space. stimulated by t h e universal d e s i r e f o r knowledge [ i t ] has brought somewhat c l o s e r together t h e peoples of t h e world. as the p r a c t i c a l applications of space become more evident i n t h e form of weather predictions, communications, and increased knowledge of t h e world's l i m i t e d n a t u r a l resources, a d d i t i o n a l s t r e n g t h i s added t o t h e foundation f o r peace." ( ~ e x t ) ... ... ... Daniel and Florence Guggenheim I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautics Award of $1,000, made annually by I n t e r n a t i o n a l Academy of Astronaut ic s i n recognit ion of out standing contribution t o progress of space research and exploration over five-year period, was presen-t;ed Oct. 18 a t Congress banquet t o D r . Zdenek Svestaka of Astronomical I n s t i t u t e of Czechoslovak Academy of-Sciences. He was Chairman of Commission on Solar A c t i v i t y of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union. ( U P IAA Release 34; A M Release 10/13/68) Soviet s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov i n news conference s a i d "The question of U.S.S.R. was not i n race t o t h e moon with U.S. sending a s t r o n a u t s t o t h e moon a t t h i s time i s not an item on our agenda. The exploration of t h e moon i s possible, but it i s not a p r i o r i t y . " Prof. Sedov s a i d Soviet timetable f o r manned expendit i o n s would depend on next s e r i e s of f l i g h t t e s t s using Zond rocket. Zond V was successful, he said, "because t h e capsule returned s a f e l y , which was t h e purpose of t h e f l i g h t . " Regarding U. S. -U. S. S. R. �October 13-19 (continued) s c i e n t i f i c cooperation, "it' s successful implementation i s very much dependent on international relations." A t present, he said, close r e l a t i o n s did not e x i s t . (NYT, 10/15/68, 48) - Informal meeting of international space s c i e n t i s t s , organized by Northwestern Univ. UFO expert D r . J. Allen m e k , i n conjunction with IAJ? Congress, discussed advisability of world cooperation on UFOs. While several speakers urged international cooperat ion such a s uniform UFO report forms, it was agreed t h a t no action should be taken u n t i l a f t e r appearance of Univ. of Colorado report expected l a t e r i n year. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 10/16/68, 12) - D r . Harold Masursky, U. S. Geological Survey astrogeologist reported analysis of data from spacecraft t h a t had orbited and crashed i n t o o r landed i n t a c t on moon had shown area was largely a basin similar t o t h a t of Pacific ocean. It seemed more l i k e e a r t h than had been previously believed. Lunar i n t e r i o r had been molten. Deep cracks i n i t s crust were l i n e d with c r a t e r s where molten material had erupted from below. He said study of remains of giant c r a t e r i n western Texas had shown features analagous t o lunar c r a t e r s with mountain i n center. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT , 10/19/68, 19) - October 14: NASA successfully launched two Nike-Cajun sounding rockets two hours apart from Point Barrow, Alaska, t o 80-mi (128.8-km) a l t i t u d e s . Purpose of launch was t o obtain data on v a r i a t i o n of temperature, pressure, and wind p r o f i l e by detonating 19 grenades per rocket a t prescribed times and recording t h e sound a r r i v a l s on ground. Data would be compared with data from two launches t o be conducted from Churchill Research Range Oct. 15. Rockets and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; sound a r r i v a l s were recorded f o r a l l grenade ejections. Good data were anticipated. (NASA Rpt s SRL) . Special committee of National Academy of Sciences had nominated Duke Univ. biochemist D r . Philip Handler, Chairman of National Science Foundation's National Science Board, t o succeed D r . Frederick Seitz a s NAS president. Election by mail b a l l o t would be held i n December. (NYT, 10/14/68, 33) . Barron's e d i t o r i a l c r i t i c i z e d concentration of space funding on manned lunar program r a t h e r than on military: "Congress i n i t s wisdom already has curtailed funds f o r manned f l i g h t s a f t e r t h e lunar landing-t h e so-called Apollo Appfications Program--and it could usefully wield �October 14 (continued) an even sharper axe. The money might f a r b e t t e r go toward t h e m i l i t a r y exploitation of space, which, f o r t h e past seven years, has suffered from dangerous neglect. Thus, out of t h e vast sums spent on space, a t most one d o l l a r i n s i x has had a military bearing. I n turn, with t h e possible exception of t h e Manned Orbital Laboratory. ..nearly every cent of t h e so-called military budget has gone f o r hardware with a passive o r defensive aim, notably s a t e l l i t e s f o r reconnaissance, communications, navigation and weather forecasting. I n s t r i k i n g contrast, t h e Soviet Union has developed and tested...a weapon a p t l y known a s Scrag, which can h u r l a guided missile carrying a nuclear payload of 15 megatons o r more i n t o a p a r t i a l o r b i t (hence, f r a c t i o n a l ) round t h e earth. To anyone i n h i s r i g h t mind, FOBS constitutes a gross v i o l a t i o n of t h e outer space t r e a t y , which prohibits t h e placing of nuclear warheads i n o r b i t . However, according t o t h e confused l e g a l eagles i n t h e S t a t e Department and Pentagon ( i f not t o some future hapless populace which finds i t s e l f on ground zero), anything l e s s than a f u l l o r b i t goes.... I n t h e i n t e r e s t of survival, here i s one balance the U.S. must move swiftly t o redress.... The f i r s t duty of government i s t o protect i t s people. Neither t h e Kennedy nor t h e Johnson Administrat ion has honored t h a t t r u s t . " (13arronts , 10/14/68, 15 . American Independent Party platform i n regard t o science and technology: "...Emphasis on t h e further exploration and u t i l i z a t i o n of space must be renewed. This, again, i s a highly competitive area between nations, but not f o r t h i s reason alone, but f o r t h e welfare and security of t h i s nation, we must not be lacking i n our e f f o r t s i n t h i s f i e l d . " [party had been organized by Alabama Gov. George C. Wallace who was i t s Presidential candidate. ] (WPost, 10/14/68, ~ 1 0 ) ... October 15: NASA launched two Nike-CaJun sounding rockets from Churchill Research Range t o obtain data on variation of temperature, pressure, and wind p r o f i l e by detonating 19 grenades per rocket a t prescribed times and recording sound a r r i v a l s on ground. Rockets reached 78.8-mi (126.8-km) and 77.8-mi (123.5 -km) a l t i t u d e s and performed nominally. Sound a r r i v a l s were recorded from a l l grenades. Data would be compared with data from Oct 14 Point Barrow, Alaska, launches. (NASA Rpt s SRL) . . NASA Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops Station carried Univ. of Michigan payload t o 211-mi (340-km) a l t i t u d e t o investigate r o l e of quenching, dissociative recombination, ionospheric decay, and nonthermal electrons on airglow during decay period immediately following sunset. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ; peak �October 15 (continued) a l t i t u d e was as predicted, and 570 sec of telemetry was received.' A l l measuring systems functioned properly and s c i e n t i f i c objectives were met. (NASA ~ p SRL) t . Kennedy Space Center Director, D r . Kurt Debus, said Saturn I B Launch Complexes 34 and 37 would be put on standby basis u n t i l beginning of Apollo Applications program i n l a t e 1970, with r e s u l t ant reduct ion of 1,315 personnel. Shutdown, forced by space budget cuts would save NASA $20, million. Some 10%of 2,400 contract work force would be affected, with 1,000 engineers and technicians continuing t o work i n other areas. Complexes t~leretohave been maintained i n event Saturn V launch vehicle encountered serious development problems, but D r . Debus said t h i s insurance was no longer needed. (KSCRelease 463-68; AP, B Sun, 10/16/68, ~ 7 ) - . U.K. Minister of S t a t e i n Ministry of Technology, J. P. W. Mallalieu, t o l d House of Commons U.K. would have t o pay U.S. equivalent of $60 million i n cancellation f e e s and other expenses connected with termination of i t s order f o r 50 F-111 a i r c r a f t Jan. 16, 1968. Order was valued a t $650 million but t h i s would have r i s e n t o $1b i l l i o n with computation of spares and 10-yr i n t e r e s t . (WSJ, 10/15/68, 17) Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR October 16: carried Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. experiment t o 96.6-mi (155-km) a l t i t u d e t o obtain quantitative measurements of spectrum and i n t e n s i t y of solar x-ray f l u x i n 2- t o 30-kev range, determine d i s t r i b u t i o n on sun, and observe g a l a c t i c x-ray sources. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . A l l detection systems on payload acquired useful data. Communications, maintained with both s a t e l l i t e x-ray monitor and ground-based o p t i c a l observer, indicated sun was i n nonf l a r i n g s t a t e with increasing a c t i v i t y .on west limb. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Ray Cromley commented i n Washington Daily News: "It i s one of t h e tragedies of t h e moon race t h a t e a r t h s a t e l l i t e programs which could revolutionize c e r t a i n aspects of agriculture, mineral exploration, TV broadcasting, navigation, weather forecasting and flood control a r e being squeezed unmercifully by Apollo. It i s now clear t h a t these unpublicized, unromantic programs promise unbelievably large payoffs. The U. S. return. .has been conservatively estimated a t $400 million t o $1b i l l i o n f o r every $100 million invested af'ter f e a s i b i l i t y research i s completed. The investments could be private, public or a mixture of both." (W News, 10/16/68, 31) . �October 16: U.S. and Australia signed five-year agreement i n Canberra t o expand s c i e n t i f Tc cooperation through exchanges of s c i e n t i s t s and infomation. They agreed t o i n joint research p r o j e c t s and t o include s c i e n t i s t s and i n s t i t u t i o n s from other countries. i n ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 10/17/68, 14) some projects. - . MSFC issued t o NAR's Rocketdyne Div. two contract modifications t o extend engine product ion and delivery. An $8.4-million supplement was awarded f o r extension of 5-2 engine-production through A p r i l 30, lg'i'0, because of o v e r a l l stretch-out of launch vehicle production. Under extension, 5-2 engine production would be cut from t h r e e engines per month t o one. Contract f o r F-1 engine d e l i v e r i e s was extended through June lg'i'0 under $4-million modification which decreased F-1 production r a t e from two engines per month t o one. (MSFC Releases 68-246, 68-247) . Experimental, miniature, deep-exploration submarine Alvin sank i n 4,500 f't o f water during launch operation 120 m i south of Cape Cod when cable holding it t o mother ship broke. No one was aboard. Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t e , which operated vessel, expected t o recover it. (W Post, 10/17/68, A30; AP, W Star, 10/17/68, A l l ) - . 1968 Nobel Prize f o r medicine and physiology was awarded i n Stockholm t o D r . Marshall Warren Nirenberg, National Heart I n s t i t u t e ; D r . Har Gobind Khorana, Univ. of Wisconsin; and D r . Robert W. Holley, Salk I n s t i t u t e , f o r genetic research pointing way t o combatting hereditary i l l n e s s . (B Sun, 10/17/68, A3; Lee, NYT, 10/17/68, 1 ) - - October 17: NASA's ATS I'Vapplications technology s a t e l l i t e reentered e a r t h ' s atmosphere over t h e South A t l a n t i c southwest of St. .Helena island. Spacecraft, launched Aug. 10, had remained i n parking o r b i t , tumbling uncontrollably, when Centaur engines f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e f o r (NASA Release 68-188) second burn. . NASA issued sumnary of combined findings of Accident Board and Review Board appointed t o investigate May 6 accident which destroyed Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRv) a t Ellington AFB. P i l o t , Astronaut Neil A. Armstrong, had t o e j e c t few seconds a f t e r l o s s of helium pressure i n propellant tanks caused premature shutdown of a t t i t u d e control rocket system. Helium had been inadvertantly depleted e a r l i e r than usual i n f l i g h t . Armstrong incurred minor i n j u r i e s . Review Board, appointed by then NASA Deputy Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine t o study accident's possible impact on Apollo program, discovered no unfavorable e f f e c t s on lunar landing p r o j e c t , �October 17 (continued) p a r t i c u l a r l y lunar module. It agreed with Accident Investigation Board i n c a l l i n g f o r improvements i n design and operating practices i n LLRV and urged more stringent control over such f l y i n g programs and greater a t t e n t i o n t o a l l NASA lunar landing simulators. (NASA Release 68-182) ' . Atmospheric s c i e n t i s t s a t JPL and Ohio State Univ. announced successful high-altitude t e s t of balloon-borne spectrometer t o measure atmospheric r a d i a t i o n emitted i n four-micron region. Data, obtained on f l i g h t from National Center f o r Atmospheric Research Station a t Palestine, Tex. indicated sunlight reflected from e a r t h would pose no significant obstacle t o continuous effective operation of radiation sensors on spacecraft i n e a r t h o r b i t . Researchers concluded satellite-borne instrument could probe e a r t h ' s lower atmosphere t o provide b a s i s f o r global weather prediction. Test marked step i n NASA program t o define experiments. f o r manned earth-orbiting missions i n Apollo Applicat ions program. (NASA Release 68-176; Pasadena Star-News, 10/17/68) , October 18: RAM C-2 radio attenuation measurement mission launched Aug. 22 was adjudged successful by NASA. Good quality measurements of electron and ion concentrations i n flow f i e l d were obtained a t d i s c r e t e locations along t h e spacecraft; during reentry. (NASA Proj off) . XB-TOA, flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t Fitzhugh Fulton, successfully reached 52,000-ft; a l t i t u d e and mach 2.18 i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB . t o evaluate ILAF-exiter vane systems, a i r vehicle performance, and handling qualit i e s . (XB-70 Proj o f f ) .U W announced l i f t i n g of three-week ban on F-111 f l i g h t s but reimposed severe l i m i t s on speeds and maneuvers-in force before h a l t . Restrict i o n s would be l i f t e d following reinforcement of high-stress area of wing box t o d i s t r i b u t e load more evenly. Investigation of Aug. 27 ground fatigue t e s t i n g f a i l u r e had shown it was "due t o an isolated small crack induced during manufacturing process i n t h e metal surrounding a b o l t hole." No other such imperfections had been found. USAF s a i d Sept. 23 F-1U. accident a t Nellis AFB had occurred when p i l o t l o s t control because of excessive rearward s h i f t of a i r c r a f t ' s center of gravity following f u e l t r a n s f e r t o which crew-had given inadequate attention. (DOD Release 947-68; Witkin, NYT, 10/19/68, 1; B -5Sun 10/19/68, 4; AP, W Post, 10/19/68, A l l ; ~ x a r 10/22/68, , ~ 9 ) - �October 18: ComSatCorp reported net income of $5,054,000 (50 cents per share) f o r f i r s t nine months of 1968. Income included $1,750,000 (17 cents per share) f o r t h i r d quarter. ( ~ o m ~ a t Release ~ o r ~ 68-56) . NASA announced it had released tracking ship USNS Watertown from p r i o r i t y r o l e of reentry support f o r Apollo missions, t h u s e f f e c t ing reduction i n operational costs required by budgetary curtailment s. Manned Space Flight Network land s t a t i o n s i n Pacific, Apollo tracking ship Huntsville, and Apollo range instrumentation a i r c r a f t would serve returning Apollo spacecraft landing i n preselected P a c i f i c area. (NASA Release 68-181) . Sen. Gordon L. A l l o t t ( R - ~ o l o). i n l e t t e r t o Science scored "Understanding Gap" between s c i e n t i f i c community and Congress and taxpayers "We a r e limited t o a great degree by revenue on Federal R&D -ding. taken i n by t h e Treasury i f we a r e t o make t h e financing of our n a t i o n a l debt manageable. Within our admitted lack of expertise, coupled with an appalling lack of national goals o r a system of p r i o r i t i e s , I t h i n k we do a f a i r job of spreading out t h e f e d e r a l d o l l a r . We could do b e t t e r , though, with some constructive help from t h e s c i e n t i f i c community from an objective and r e a l i s t i c a p p r a i s a l of t h e circumstances and of existing r e a l i t i e s , and we could b e n e f i t from t h e establishment of some system, e i t h e r a j o i n t Committee o r something similar, which would view research on an o v e r a l l b a s i s , which would review national goals and a s p i r a t i o n s and which might.. .make a s t a b at s e t t i n g up some type of p r i o r i t y l i s t . " U. S. "might well benefit if. .the s c i e n t i f i c community would become 'involved,' would drop t h e cloak of mystery, and take t h e time t o explain, not j u s t t o u s i n Congress, but t o M r . Taxpayer a s well, j u s t what it ' s a l l about. " (science, 10/18/68, 214-8) . U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos C W V I I I i n t o o r b i t with 543-km apogee, - - 473-km (293.9-mi) perigee, 94.7-min period, and 62.2O i n c l i n a t i o n . ( ~ n t e r a v i a A i r ~ e t t e i0/&/68, r, 6; 61, W post, l0/2l/68, All; GSFC SSR, 10/31/68) : - . USAF t e s t p i l o t Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight was named 1968 winner of Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviator's Trophy a s "worldts outstanding p i l o t f o r exceptional individual p i l o t i n g performance." He had p i l o t e d X-15 No. 2 t o 4,520 mph Oct. 3, 1967. Maj. Knight held both command p i l o t and USAF astronaut's command wings, having p i l o t e d research a i r c r a f t t o 280,000-ft a l t i t u d e . (NYT, - 10/20/68, 84; CSM, 10/21/68) ' �October 20: Cosmos CCXLIX was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with. 2,158-km (1,304.9-mi) apogee, 491-km (304.1-mi) perigee, l12.1-min period, and 62.3O inclination. (AP, B Sun, 10/21/68, Ah; GSFC 10/31/68 ) - E, October 21 : ComSatCorp, on behalf of INTFLSAT consortiuma signed -lion contract with Hughes Aircraft Co. f o r construct ion of INTELSAT N s e r i e s of advanced comsats--four spacecraft and one prototype, with t e s t and ground equipment. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ o r p Release 68-57) . Richard Witkin i n New York Times quoted "reliable sources" as saying Assistant Secretary of Defense f o r Systems Analysis, D r . Alain C. Enthoven, had forwarded paper t o Undersecretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze proposing f u r t h e r cuts i n F - l l l production, including cancellat i o n of interim bomber version. D r . Enthoven, s p e c i a l i s t i n calculating cost effectiveness of competing weapons systems, claimed many projected F - I l l missions could be performed by much cheaper a i r c r a f t (NYT, 10/21/68, 25 ; Business Week, such as Ling-Temco-Vought A-'7. 10126168) - October 21-25: A t F i r t h Annual Meeting and Technical Display of American i n Philadelphia, Boeing I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AN) Co. Vice President John M. Swihart announced abandonment of swing-wing design f o r SST i n favor of fixed-delta-wing a i r c r a r t with four independently mounted engines under triangular t a i l . Final detailed design would be given t o FAA by Jan. 15 deadline. New design differed from delta-winged Anglo-French Concorde and Soviet TU-144 i n wider wing span and horizontal t a i l which, according t o Boeing Vice Pr'esident i n charge of SST H. W. Withington, made possible superior control a t low speeds which compensated f o r more drag encountered with sweep-back angle of wing. Aircraft cost would be same as swing-wing, $40 million. It would carry same number of passengers, 280 o r more, a t - s&e maximum speed, 1,800 mph. 10122168, 77; UPI, W Post, 10/22/68, A l l ; AP, W -3S t a r 10 Dr. W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Director of J e t Propulsion Laboratory, received $5,030 AIAA Louis W. H i l l Space Transportation Award "for devising, developing and supervising significant space and s a t e l l i t e programs f o r m i l i t a r y and c i v i l i a n agencies of t h e United States Government.'' NASA Ames Research Center Director H. J u l i a n Allen was named Honorary Fellow of AIM, highest membership award given by I n s t i t u t e . It was presented annually t o two Americans and one foreign �October 21-25 ( continued) national. Other 1968 recipients were James S. McDonnell; chairman of Board, McDonnell Douglas Corp., and England's S i r Frank Whittle, often called f a t h e r of j e t engine. (AIAA Releases; ARC Release 68-15; ARC ~ s t r o g r a m ) October 22: D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space Flight Center, t o l d reporters before addressing Sales Executive Club luncheon i n New York, Apollo 7 f l i g h t had gone so well t h a t l e s s had been learned from it than expected. If there were any major flaws i n spacecraft they did not show up on t h e mission. Circumlunar f l i g h t i n gecember would be undertaken only i f study of could be done without unnecessary r i s k . (E, . DOD Systems Analysis Off i c e cost-effectiveness proposal submitted t o Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford called f o r elimination from budget of new nuclear submarines requested by Adm. Hyman Rickover, reduction i n funds already approved f o r purchase of antisubmarine weapons, and retirement of more than 20 diesel-powered submarines, said George C. Wilson i n Washington Post. Proposal, according t o sources, was t o postpone high-speed submarine and cancel development of "quiett' one. I t s . severity " i l l u s t r a t e s the money pinch t h e Pentagon f i n d s i t s e l f i n as it t r i e s t o cut b i l l i o n s from i t s f i s c a l 1969 budget a s well as t h e new budget." (W Post, 10/22/68, ~ 1 0 ) October 23: NASA successfully deployed 40-f't-dia parachute with predicted 10-lb-per-cubic-ft dynamic pressure a t mach 3.5. Parachute was ejected from five-foot-long cannister which had been propelled t o 33-mi a l t i t u d e by three-stage rocket launched from FTSMR. Test was t o determine possible use of parachute f o r aerodynamic deceleration i n planetary entry missions Another t e s t i n Project SHA.E (supersonic H i h Altitude Parachute Experiments) was scheduled f o r November. $NASA Release 68-185; AP, -9NYT 1 0 / ~ / 6 8 , 66 . . ATS IV mission (launched Aug. 10 and reentered Oct. 17) was adjudged a f a i l u r e by NASA. S a t e l l i t e had remained i n e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t instea* of entering planned synchronous o r b i t when Centaur engines f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e f o r second burn. The r e s u l t i n g highly e l l i p t i c a l o r b i t precluded meaningful return of gravity gradient data. Day-night camera operated, but . a t t i t u d e dynamics precluded reception other than smeared u n i n t e l l i g i b l e pictures. E l e c t r i c a l operation of ion engines, microwave multiple access, and microwave wide band was verified. Boom camera returned good photos, including some of earth. (NASA Proj o f f ) . �October 23: NASA's HL-LO lifting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by Maj. Jerauld R. Gentry (USAF) f a i l e d t o climb t o desired 45,000-ft a l t i t u d e a f t e r a i r launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t , apparently because of rocket engine malfunct i o n . Vehicle glided t o smooth 225-mph emergency landing on Rosamond Dry Lake. F l i g h t from Edwards AFB was t o have been HL-10's f i r s t powered f l i g h t . (NASA Proj Off; LCI Times, 10/24/68) , . Apollo 7 e d i t o r i a l comment: Washington Post: ". . , a s t h e men i n t h e space program go over t h e data on Apollo 7 and consider the a l t e r n a t i v e s of manned o r unmanned f l i g h t on Apollo 8, they must not allow anyone's d e s i r e t o beat t h e Russians, o r t o get around t h e moon by t h e end of 1968, o r t o fan public i n t e r e s t i n t h e future of space exploration t o e n t e r i n t o t h e i r calculations. Only i f they a r e convinced t h a t our knowledge i s s u f f i c i e n t , our spacecraft i s t o t a l l y adequate, and our men a r e ready should they give t h e go t o Astronauts Borman, Love11 and Anders f o r a Christmas t r i p i n t o space." (W Post, 10/23/68, ~ 2 4 ) Washington Evenin rtTo those who have made a close study of t h e space program, M. 1 Schirra i s t h e astronaut ' s astronaut; Walter + : t h e man whose a b i l i t y stands out i n t h a t company of t h e super-able. To those i n t h e know, Schirra i s t h e mischievous p e r f e c t i o n i s t , t h e naval o f f i c e r who l i v e s by t h e book when he i s n ' t t o o busy carrying out an elaborate p r a c t i c a l joke. But Schirra w i l l surely be remembered by t h e public a s t h e astronaut who caught cold, who growled when t h e alarm clock rang, and who blew up when he was pushed t o o f a r . And it may be t h a t S c h i r r a l s g r e a t e s t contribution t o t h e space program i s t h a t he, t h e most superlative of t h e supermen, f o r c e f u l l y demonstrated t o t h e world t h a t h i s i s completely and refreshingly human. " (W S t a r 10/23/68, ~ 2 0 ) -, Baltimore Sun: "The t o t i n g up and analysis of a l l t h e information brought home t h i s time must be l e f t to. t h e teams of experts. So must t h e decisions a s t o what comes next, and t h e planning such decisions c a l l f o r . The public i s content t o know t h a t t h r e e men i n a spaceship have added another brave and b r i l l i a n t chapter t o a h i s t o r y of which a l l of us a r e unreservedly proud. " (13 Sun 10/23/68, A6) . MSFC issued McDonnell Douglas Corp. -, $2,395,955 supplemental contract agreement Iar q u a l i f i c a t i o n t e s t program t o v e r i f y c a p a b i l i t y of maintaining S-IVB stage a u x i l i a r y propulsion system modules f o r up t o 90 days with propellants loaded. Award brought t o t a l value of (MSFC Release 68-252) contract t o $965,568,493. �X-15 No. 1, flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, October 24: successfully reached 250,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,682 mph (mach 5.04) i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Purpose of f l i g h t was t o conduct WTR experiment and check out fixed alpha cone and f l u i d i c probe. (X-15 Proj Off; AP, W Post, 10/25/68; 9, 10/29/68, 289) Minuteman I11 ICBM was successfully launched by USAF from . Second underground s i l o a t AFETR. F i r s t t e s t had been conducted Aug. 16. - (AFETR PIO; Reuters, P Inq, 10125168; SBD, 10/29/68, 289) . NASA was negotiating with General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r data management system costing i n excess of $750,000 f o r 15 mo. It would be used t o monitor data from Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment (BOMM) i n which NASA. would a s s i s t ESSA during 1969. Data from s a t e l l i t e s , f i v e t o seven ships, many buoys, and from high i n atmosphere t o bottom of ocean would be processed by system. (NASA Release 68-251) , . Rep. Alphonzo Bell ( R - c a l i f . ) t o l d American Astronautical Society meeting i n Las Angeles, "In evaluating space spending as a budget p r i o r i t y , it i s v i t a l t o consider t h e relationship of space t o defense Both Russia and t h e United S t a t e s have advance surveillance Both nations have almost unlimited plans f o r developing capacity. t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s i n t h i s area. Mutual d i s t r u s t i s j u s t one ,reason f o r t h i s . The other i s concern about t h e mounting capacity of other nations, p a t i c u l a r l y China, t o produce and d e l i v e r nuclear weapons. A s long a s t h e t h r e a t of nuclear war from any source continues, Russia and t h e United S t a t e s w i l l be producing ever more sophisticated ;That i s why t h e space program of t h e o r b i t a l ' s p i e s i n t h e skies. United S t a t e s never i s going t o be abandoned. It w i l l always be high on t h e l i s t of spending p r i o r i t i e s . The reason i s not charming, but basic. We need t o be i n space t o protect ourselves.. . I n t h e somewhat more d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h e harvest of human rewards...now only beginning.., w i l l prove t h a t space research and space applications j u s t i f y a continuing high p r i o r i t y . '' ( ~ e x;t Aero Daily, 10/29/68) .... ... .. . successfully launched by U. S. S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 191-km (118.7-mi) perigee, 88.6-min period, and 51.T0 i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e l a t e r was used i n rendezvous maneuvers with manned Soyuz 3 [see Oct. 26-30] and reentered Oct. 28. ( ~ a n n a n , W S t a r , 10/27/68, Al; SBD, 10/28/68, 2'79; GSFC SSR, 10/31/68) - - - �October 25: I n statement t o t h e p r e s s , Secretary of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d announced d e c i s i o n . t o proceed with program f o r t u r b i n e e l e c t r i c a l d r i v e [ q u i e t ] submarine. He had ordered construction of high-speed nuclearp r o p e l l e d a t t a c k submarine J u l y 1. h he close re-examination . . . j u s t completed has convinced me t h a t c o s t l y a s it i s [$I50 t o $200 m i l l i o n compared with $78 m i l l i o n f o r new Sturgeon c l a s s nuclear a t t a c k submarine], t h e r e i s no cheaper and e f f e c t i v e way t o achieve i n equal time d e s i r e d progress i n noise suppression. " (DOD Release 971-68) . iWSA announced t h a t H. J u l i a n Allen, r e t i r e a s D i r e c t o r of who joined NACA i n 1936, would Ames Research Center Nov. 15. ARC Associate D i r e c t o r John F. Parsons would serve a s Acting Director. Leading a u t h o r i t y on supersonic and hypersonic wind-tunnel design, Allen had o r i g i n a t e d concept of bluntness f o r r e e n t r y shapes--as used i n Apollo spacecraft--and had received NACA1s Distinguished Service Medal, NASA Medal f o r Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement, AIAA Sylvanus A. Reed Award, and A i r Force Assn.'s A i r Power Trophy. A f t e r h i s retirement (NASARelease A l l e n would be a v a i l a b l e t o NASA a s a consultant. SBD, 10/28/68, 272; NASA Ann) 68-183; - . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commenked on f a i l u r e of swing-wing design f o r SST: "More t h a n ever now t h e burden of proof i s on those who urge t h a t b i l l i o n s of taxpayers" d o l l a r s be spent on an American SST. The f a l i b i l i t y of t h e i r judgment has been demonstrated i n t h e l o s s of t h e swing-wing gamble. I s t h e r e reason t o suppose t h a t t h e i r o p t i m i s t i c f o r e c a s t s about t h e p r o f i t s t o be made from such an a i r p l a n e a r e any sounder? The aerodynamics of d i f f e r e n t wing configurations i s not t h e only t h i n g t h a t needs t o be assessed i n t h e current re-examination o f t h e SST." 10/25/68, 46) (x, . I n Washington Evening S t a r Carl T. Rowan wrote: "Some disenchanted Americans shake t h e i r heads a s t h e y note t h e poverty, t h e hunger, t h e sickness, t h e ignorance t h a t plague t h e e a r t h l i n g s about them, and t h e y ask what l o g i c provokes our government t o ignore c r i t i c a l problems a t hand while i n v e s t i n g v a s t sums i n space ventures of doubt f'ul value. .we have become an ' e i t h e r l o r ' society. .Even though our gross n a t i o n a l product i s now running a t a f a n t a s t i c l e v e l of $871 b i l l i o n a y e a r , it i s a b s o l u t e l y inconveivable t o most taxpayers t h a t we can have guns and b u t t e r , space s p e c t a c u l a r s Well, no man of v i s i o n , imaginaand dramatic domestic change t i o n , o r hope can p o s s i b l y b e l i e v e t h a t we a r e wrong t o search t h e darkest reaches of o u t e r space. .Who can say t h a t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o medicine, t o weather c o n t r o l , t o science i n general, t o t h e problems of feeding man, t o n a t i o n a l defense, and u l t i m a t e l y t o peace may flow fYom t h e space program? The space program .. . .... .. ... �October 25 (continued) i s . . , ' i n h e r e n t l y and i n t r i n s i c a l l y , j u s t i f i c a t i o n enough f o r spending $340 f o r every man, woman, and c h i l d i n America. But a r e we not wise t o ask: what i s man p r o f i t e d i f he harness t h e universe and y e t f a i l t o conquer t h e meanness,. . t h e hatreds, t h a t dog those who i n h a b i t t h e earth?...Much of t h e p u b l i c i s not i n a mood t o finance anything e l s e . So we s h a l l be stuck with t h e o r d e a l of s e t t i n g p r i o r i t i e s where t h e r e i s scant room f o r making choices. " (W -9S t a r 10/25/68, . A15 . MSFC announced Boeing Co. contract modifications t o t a l i n g $4,652,364 f o r Saturn V R&D, t o : i n s t a l l over 4,000 instrumentation and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n systems i n s p e c i a l 2nd stage s t r u c t u r a l t e s t v e r i f i c a t i o n program t o confirm design of l i g h t e r weight, more powerful 2nd stage f o r fourth ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u V rand n subsequent v e h i c l e s ; perform an abort and a l t e r n a t e mission a n a l y s i s f o r ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t uv er hni c l e s 503 through 510; and perform r e l i a b i l i t y , q u a l i t y , and component q u a l i f i c a t i o n program, s p e c i a l prelaunch a n a l y s i s , telemetry systems, and Saturn V Apollo operations system s a f e t y program. T o t a l value of Boeing Saturn V systems engineering and i n t e g r a t i o n contract was now $213,443,238. (MSFCRelease 68-253) . USAF1s Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization announced award of i n i t i a l increments t o cost -plus -f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t s with McDonnell Douglas Corp : $5 -million increment was awarded t o $9,829,177 c o n t r a c t f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e developmental f l i g h t t e s t s ; $756,285 increment was awarded t o $1,739,105 contract f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e environmental components t e s t s . (DOD Release 974-68) . . Edward J. Schmidt, S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o General E l e c t r i c Co.'s Vice President f o r R&D, was sworn i n by NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, a s consultant t o t h e Administrator i n management operations a s a f f e c t e d by s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l information. (JYAsA. Release 68-189) .. October 26: Business Week e d i t o r i a l : ". since t h e tragedy on t h e launch pad. 1Jan. 27, 1967 1 NASA and i t s thousands of supporting companies have done a tremendous job i n r e b u i l d i n g t h e spacecraft and i n p e r f e c t i n g t h e s a f e t y and r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e e n t i r e Apollo system. The c l e a r message of Apollo 7 i s t h a t NASA now has a spacecraft t h a t can t a k e men t o t h e moon and back s a f e l y . This i s a triumph f o r NASA and f o r U. S. science, engineering, and management. (Business Week, 10126168) .. - �October 26-30: U.S.S.R. successfully launched Soyuz 3, carrying Cosmonaut Georgy T. Beregovoy, from Baikonur Cosmodrome with "a powerful rocket-booster," Tass announced. Spacecraft entered o r b i t "close t o t h e p r e s e t one," with 205-km (127.4-mi) apogee, 183-km (113.7-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 51.7' i n c l i n a t i o n ; a l l equipment was functioning normally. Launch was f i r s t manned m ( ~ p r i 23-24, l 1967) i n which Cosmonaut Soviet mission since S Vladimir M. Komarov was k i l l e d when spacecraft crashlanded following reentry. Tass l a t e r announced t h a t during f i r s t revolution Soyuz 3 "approached" t o within 200 m (656 f t ) of unmanned So z 2 (launched Oct. 25), i n i t i a l l y by "an automatic sys&ubsequent operations were performed manually by Beregovoy. On Oct. 27, Tass s a i d , Beregovoy "independently oriented t h e ship i n space and switched on t h e motor, " t o a l t e r spacecraft ' s o r b i t ; continued conducting s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l , medical, and b i o l o g i c a l experiments and research; transmitted TV p i c t u r e s of cabin i n t e r i o r ; and approached Soyuz 2 f o r second time before it reentered Oct. 28. So z 3 remained i n o r b i t u n t i l Oct. 30, completing 94 h r s 51 min *revolutions, before it softlanded "with t h e use o f aerodynamics," i n a p r e s e t a r e a i n Soviet t e r r i t o r y . F l i g h t was f i r s t successful manned docking f o r U.S.S.R. U.S. had conducted f i r s t manned docking March 16, 1966. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 10/27/68, A l ; OtToole, W Post, 10/27/68, Al; Kamm, NYT, 1 m / 6 8 ; SBD, 10/28/68, 279; 10/3-297; AP, W Post, 1 0 / 2 8 m , A l ; GSFC 10/31/68) SW October 27: Lightweight p l a s t i c foam invented by ARC s c i e n t i s t s D r . John A. Parker and Salvatore R i c c i t i e l l o showed g r e a t promise f o r i n d u s t r i a l f i r e p r o t e c t ion, p a r t i c u l a r l y f u e l fiEes. Extremely l i g h t polyurethane with a d d i t i v e s formed tough, p r o t e c t i v e . char l a y e r when exposed t o flame, while simultaneously r e l e a s i n g f i r e extinguishing gases which helped t o quench flame. Used t o f i l l airspaces within s t r u c t u r e s , foam would prevent oxygen from reaching and feeding a f i r e . Demonstrations had shown it s u i t a b l e f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n i n a i r c r a f t , spacecraft, homes, and other s t r u c t u r e s . Other p o s s i b l e uses included automobiles, boats, t r a i n s , o i l r e f i n e r i e s , paint and chemical processing, and l a b o r a t o r i e s . Foam was r e s i s t a n t t o heat flow, making it an excellent i n s u l a t o r . (NASA Release 68-187 ) �October 27: I n New York Times a r t i c l e John N. Wilford s a i d some NASA Hq. o f f i c i a l s were " h e s i t a n t t o approve a l u n a r o r b i t mission out of f e a r of being c r i t i c i z e d f o r t a k i n g undue r i s k s by skipping prelimi n a r y t e s t f l i g h t s . They a r e worried about t h e s p a c e c r a f t ' s e l e c t r i c a l system, which developed some minor 'bugs' during Apollo 7 , and t h e propulsion system, even though t h e on-board rocket apparently performed w e l l i n e i g h t f i r i n g s during Apollo 7.'' I f l u n a r mission was decided on, it would probably be launched Dec. 21 when moon's p o s i t i o n t o e a r t h would r e q u i r e minimun midcourse rocket f i r i n g maneuvers f o r landing and l i g h t conditions would give good view of p o t e n t i a l l u n a r landing s i t e . F i r s t a s t r o n a u t s on moon were expected t o s t a y l e s s than 24 h r , t o demonstrate it could be done. I n time a s t r o n a u t s would make many r e t u r n t r i p s and would roam moon's surface i n "moon buggies." Day might come when people would e s t a b l i s h l u n a r colonies. (E, 10/27/68, 12E) . Dr. Lise Meitner, nuclear p h y s i c i s t who was f o r 30 y r s c i e n t i f i c p a r t n e r of D r . Otto Hahn, Nobel P r i z e winning discoverer of nuclear f i s s i o n , d i e d i n Cambridge, England, a t age 89. She had been forced t o l e a v e h e r work with D r . Hahn and f l e e Nazi Germany's antisemitism i n March, 1938, nine months before he announced r e s u l t s of experiments which i n d i c a t e d atom could be s p l i t . D r . Meitner was c r e d i t e d with having l a i d much of t h e o r e t i c a l groundwork f o r atomic bomb. Though it was she who named t h e phenomenon "nuclear f i s s i o n , " she took pains t o d i s a s s o c i a t e h e r work from t h e bomb i t s e l f . (NYT, 10/28/68, 1 ) - NASA o u t l i n e d s i x s t e p s which would l e a d t o f i n a l decision October 28: during week of Nov. 11 on next Apollo manned mission. Apollo 8, scheduled f o r December, was planned a s manned e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission on Saturn V vehicle. Because of Apollo 7 success, NASA was consideri n g a l t e r n a t i v e mission p o s s i b i l i t i e s : e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission deeper i n t o space, circumlunar flyby, and l u n a r o r b i t . S t e p s - - l a i d out by Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, and Apollo Program Director, L/G Samuel C. Phillips--were: detailed a n a l y s i s and review of Apollo 7 r e s u l t s - t o determine any necessary spacecraft changes; f i n a l c e r t i f i c a t i o n of s o l u t i o n s t o Apollo 6 problems; c e r t i f i c a t i o n of strengthened Saturn V 2nd and 3rd s t a g e f'uel l i n e s and elimination of pogo i n 1 s t stage; completion of ground t e s t s before Apollo 8 command and s e r v i c e module (CSM) c e r t i f i c a t i o n f o r l u n a r f l i g h t ; completion of f l i g h t computer programs f o r deep space and l u n a r missions; r e h e a r s a l of CSM operations t e s t s with mathematical models, and d e l i v e r y of Apollo 8 CM computer program; and completion of design c e r t i f i c a t i o n reviews of launch v e h i c l e and spacec r a f t subsystems. D r . Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Acting Administrator, �October 28 (continued) said, h he f i n a l decision on whether t o send Apollo 8 around t h e Moon w i l l be made a f t e r a thorough assessment of t h e t o t a l r i s k s involved and t h e t o t a l gains t o be r e a l i z e d i n t h i s next s t e p toward a manned l u n a r landing. We w i l l f l y t h e most advanced mission f o r which we a r e f u l l y prepared t h a t does not unduly r i s k t h e s a f e t y of t h e crew." (NASARelease 68-190; UPI, NYT, 10/29/68, 14) - . Washington even in^ S t a r e d i t o r i a l : "The Russians a r e going t o t h e moon j u s t a s f a s t a s t h e i r technology w i l l carry them.. .It i s , of course, impossible t o judge what l i e s ahead o r guess what problems e i t h e r nation may encounter before t h e lunar landings a r e carried out. But i f a l l goes well it looks a s though both nations might be ready t o go i n about a year. We would have no objection a t a l l i f a way could be found t o ' f i x ' t h e race, and an agreement reached t o make t h e landings l i t e r a l l y simultaneous. It would be one way of assuring t h a t neither nation would pursue t h e goal of n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e t o t h e point of tragedy." (W S t a r , 10/25/68, ~ 1 0 ) . Republican Vice-Presidential . - candidate, Maryland Gov. Spiro T. Agnew, s a i d on v i s i t t o Manned Spacecraft Center during Houston campaign t r i p , "We w i l l not t o l e r a t e America becoming second best" i n our space (W Star, 10/29/68, A5; UPI, W News 10/29/68, 3) exploration. -, October 29: ESSA s a i d "very minor" s o l a r f l a r e reported a t 7 :18 am EST was accompanied by l a r g e radio burst t h a t could i n t e r f e r e with radio communication. It was t o o small t o a f f e c t U.S.S.R. Cosmonaut Georgy Beregovoy i n o r b i t . (UPI, W Post, 10/30/68, ~ 2 3 ) . French Defense Minister P i e r r e Messmer s a i d plans f o r 1969 hydrogen bomb t e s t i n g around Fangataufa A t o l l i n South Pacific would include miniaturization of H-bomb and perfection of ground-to-ground and sea-to-ground s t r a t e g i c missiles. France's f i r s t atomic submarine would s t a r t sea t e s t s , and second would b e launched. Military budget f o r 1969 allocated $1.3 b i l l i o n f o r nuclear weapons and delivery systems and $476 million f o r nuclear construction. (AP, B Sun, 10/30/68; W Post, 10/30/68, ~ 2 0 ) - . A.rmy Map Service technicians were building 22-' by 14-ft hand-carved model o f landing s i t e astronauts would see on approaching lunar " t a r g e t wea," t o a s s i s t NASA i n simulating manned landings on moon. Model, p a r t of lunar module simulator (LMS) would be constructed from h i g h - f i d e l i t y lunar r e l i e f map made from Orbiter IV and V photography. (DOD Release 966-68) , - �October 29: NASA announced retirement, e f f e c t i v e Nov. 1, of Werner R. Kuers, Director of' Marshall Space Flight Center's Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory since 1961. (MSFC Release 68-257 ; Marshall S t a r , 10/30/68, 1 ) - . MSFC awarded Boeing Co. $1,404,548 contract modification t o predict and evaluate o r b i t a l heating e f f e c t s of l i q u i d hydrogen boil-off, supply thermal c r i t e r i a , and p r o f i l e s r e l a t e d t o Saturn V 2nd stage, a s s i s t with Saturn V p r e f l i g h t reviews, and provide configuration accounting. Award brought t o t a 1 contract t o $212,128,585. (MSFC Release 68-256) October 30: Award of $70,000 Nobel Prizes i n physics and chemistry t o Univ. of California a t Berkeley Prof. Luis W. Alvarez and Yale Univ. Prof. Lars Onsager; respectively, meant U.S. had won a l l t h r e e Nobel science categories f o r 1968, a s it had i n 1946. Awards i n medicine and physiology [see Oct. 161 went t o U. S. g e n e t i c i s t s . D r . Alvarez was c i t e d f o r "decisive contributions" i n e a r l y 1960s t o physics of subatomic p a r t i c l e s and techniques f o r t h e i r detect ion. D r . Onsager was honored f o r findings published i n 1931 and sometimes regarded a s f o u r t h law of thermodynamics, "the r e c i p r o c i t y r e l a t i o n s of Onsager," which could determine i n t e r r e l a t i o n between voltage and temperature a s e l e c t r i c current flowed through metal wire. Awards would be presented i n Stockholm Dec. 10. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 10/30/68, 111; Lee, NYT, 10/31/68, 1; OIToole, W Post, 1 0 / 3 1 / 6 8 , m ) - October 31: U. S. S. R. launched two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s . Cosmos CCL entered o r b i t with 845-km (525.1-mi) apogee, 753-km (h69.7-mi) perigee, 100.6-min period, and 74' inclination. Cosmos CCLI entered o r b i t with 226-km (140.4-mi) apogee, 170-km (105.6-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 64.7' inclination. Instruments were functioning normally. (GSFC SSR, 10/31/68 ; SBD, 11/4/68, 12) - . Dr. - W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Director, and D r . Lee A. DuBridge,California I n s t i t u t e of Technology President, presided a t unveiling of h i s t o r i c a l marker a t JP'L commemorating t e s t - f i r i n g of rocket engine Oct. 31, 1936, by students of Cal Tech's Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory under t h e l a t e D r . Theodore von K&rm&. With f i r i n g , Cal Tech had become f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y a c t i v e l y t o sponsor rocket research. I t s work had gained Government sponsorship and l a t e r had l e d t o establishment of JPL. (JPL Release 492; Diebold, LA Times, 11/1/68) �October 31: National Academy of Sciences President, D r . Frederick S e i t z , announced W i l l i a m W. Rubey, professor of geology and geophysics a t Univ. of California, Los Angeles, had been named Director of Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , Houston, Tex. NAS had accepted interim responsibili t y f o r operation of I n s t i t u t e u n t i l consortium o f ' u n i v e r s i t i e s could be formed t o assume i t s direction. Formation of I n s t i t u t e had been announced by President Johnson March 1, 1968, t o provide base f o r academic s c i e n t i s t s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n lunar exploration program, working i n Lunar Receiving Laboratory, o r using other f a c i l i t i e s of Manned Spacecraft Center devoted t o study of t h e moon. It was t o serve a l s o a s center f o r analysis and study of lunar data obtained from NASA unmanned missions. (NASA Release 68-191; NAS el ease) During October : Soviet Science i n t h e News, Electro-Opt i c a l Systems, Inc., publication, s a i d review of Soviet t e c h n i c a l press indicated U.S.S.R. would attempt t o o r b i t manned space s t a t i o n within t h e year and t h a t it possessed "well-devised and thorougly r e a l i z a b l e designs." F i r s t "rooms" of s t a t i o n would comprise Cosmos o r Proton booster joined with Soyuz spacecraft. Additional rooms would combine s o l i d and i n f l a t a b l e elements l i k e polyethylene. Tests of water recovery systems i n P a c i f i c indicated broadening of Soviet techniques. Six vessels had been completed f o r ocean recoveries of spacecraft. Conclusion of Soviet s c i e n t i s t s t h a t weightlessness had adverse e f f e c t on human s k e l e t a l composition seemed t o indicate space s t a t i o n would use a r t i f i c i a l gravity. "Rotation of space s t a t i o n of from 40 t o 60 meters i n diameter would generate s u f f i c i e n t a r t i f i c i a l gravity t o allow l a r g e number of s c i e n t i s t s t o work i n space." (SSN, 10168, 1; Aero Daily, 10/16/68) - . DNASA r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr., MIT professor and consultant t o former Administrator James E. Webb, was nominated as AIAA President - 10/68, 106) f o r 1969. (M, �PROVISIONAL INDEX--OCTOBER 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. ABM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. Accident a i r c r a f t , 336 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, 335-336 spacecraft, 312, 321, 322, 343, 344 ACS. See Attitude control system. AEC. See Atomic Energ;y Commission. A e r i a l c a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (ACT) system, 327 Aerobee 150 M I (sounding rocket), 324, 334 Aeronautics 312-315, 324, 326, 342 AFETR. See A i r Force Eastern Test Range. AFSC. See A i r Force Systems Command. Agnew, Gov. Spiro T. , 346 Agreement, 316, 335 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRZI), 327 A i r Force Eastern Test Range ( ~ E T R )341 , A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 313 A i r pollution, 328 A i r t r a f f i c control, 325 A i r c r a f t , 312-314, 318, 321, 324, 336, 339 A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , 314 Airglow, 333 Airports , 325 Alabama, 333 All-weather landing system (AWLS), 314, 325 Allen, H. J u l i a n , 338, 342 A l l i s o n Div. General Motors Corp. 324 A l l o t t , Sen. Gordon L., 337 Alvarez Prof. Luis W. 347 Alvin ( submarine) , 335 American Astronautical Society, 341 American Federation of ~ e l e v i s i o nand Radio A r t i s t s , 328 American Independent Party, 333 323, 330-331, American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (A+), 338, 348 American Science and Engineering, Inc., 316 Ames Research Center (ARC), 338, 342 Anders, Maj. W i l l i a m A. (usAF), 340 Anderson, Sen. Clinton P. , 311 Anniversary, 311-312, 315 Antenna, 314, 317, 322 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (AM) system, 319 , , - , , , �Apollo (program), 312, 317-318, 334, 335 Apollo 4 (AS-501) (spacecraft), 329 Apollo 5 (AS-204)~329 Apollo 6 (AS-502)~ 329, 345 Apollo 7 (AS-205) ( f l i g h t ) , 33-329, 339, 345 Apollo 7 (AS-205) (spacecraft), 329, 339, 340, 343, 345 Apollo 8 ( f l i g h t ) , 340, 345-346 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 317, 332-334, 336 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM), 316, 317 Apollo 204 Review Board, 322 Applied Physics Laboratory (APL) ( ~ o h n sHopkins Univ.) Aeronautics Div., 327 ARC. See Ames Research Center. Arecibo Ionospheric Observatory, 314 Arkansas, 326 Armstrong, Neil A., 335 A r q r Map Service, 346 Astronaut, 312, 322, 327-329, 337, 340, 346 Astronomy, 314, 317, 323, 346 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 329 ATM. See Apollo TelescopeMount; Atomic bomb, 345 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) 319 ATS I11 ( ~ ~ ~ l i c a t i Technology ons s a t e l l i t e ) , 329 ATS IV, 335, 339 A t t i t u d e c o n t r o l system (ACS) 324 Aurora b o r e a l i s , 316 Aurorae (ESROI) ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 316 ~ustralia, 330, 335 Avery, D r . W i l l i a m H. 327 Award, 311, 338 AWLS. See All-weather landing system. B-52 ( s t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 318, 340 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 344 Balloon, 336 Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX)341 B a t t l e , Lucius D., 315 B e l l , Rep. Alphonzo, 341 Beregovoy, Georgy T., 344; 346 Biosensor, 322 Boeing Co. , 319, 327, 338, 347 Boeing 707 ( j e t a i r c r a f t ) , 324 BOMEX. See Barbados Oceanographic Meteorological Experiment. Borman, Col. Frank (USAF), 340 , , , , �OCTOBER 1968 Budget, Bureau of, 316 Burke, Dr. Bernard, 314 CAAS. See Computer-aided approach spacing system. California Institute of Technology ( ~ a l~ech), 325, 347 California, Univ. of Berkeley, 347 Los Angeles, 323, 348 Cambridge, England, 345 Camera, 327, 339 Cape Cod, Mass., 335 Centaur (booster), 339 Chew, Peter T., 321 China, Communist, 341 Chrysler Corp., 327 Space Div., 315 Churchill Research Range, Canada, 333 Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark, 339 College Park, Md., 321 Command module (cM), 328, 345 Command and service module (CSM), 327, 345 Communications, 322 Cornmunications satellite, 319-320, 338 Communications Satellite Corp. (~om~at~orp) , 319, 337, 338 Computer-aided approach spacing (CAAS) system, 325 Computers, 313, 314, 322 Concorde (u.K. -~rance)supersonic transport, 338 Congress, 311, 318, 326, 337 Congress, House Committee on Science and Astronautics, 315 Subcornittee on Advanced Research and Technology, 313-314 Congress, Senate, 315, 324-325 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 316, 323 Committee on Armed Forces Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee, 321 Cooper, Sen. John S. , 319 Cornell Univ., 314 Cosmonaut, 321, 343-344, 346 Cosmos CCXLIV (u.s.s.R. satellite), 315 Cosmos CCXLV, 316 Cosmos CCXLVI, 320 Cosmos CCXLVII, 325 Cosmos CCXLVIII, 337 Cosmos CCXLIX, 338 Cosmos CCL, 347 Cosmos CCLI, 347 (iii) �OCTOBER 1968 Cromley, Ray, 334 9 CSM. See Command and service module. Cuba, 323 Cunningham, R. Walter, 327 Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Astronomical I n s t i t u t e , 331 Czechoslovakia, 323 Dana, W i l l i a m H. 341 Davies Merton E. 325 Debus, D r . Kurt, 334 Defense, Dept. of (DOD),313, 315, 319, 321, 333, 339 Denmark, 316 Drnitriyev, Prof. A. 325 Docking, 312, 327, 344 Drake, D r . Frank D. 314 DuBridge, Dr. Lee A. 347 Duke Univ., 332 Eclipse, lunar, 327 Education, 3=, 326 318, 336, 341 Edwards AFB, C a l i f . Eisele, Maj. Donn F, (USAF), 327 . Electro-Optical Systems, Inc., 348 Ellington AFB, Tex. 335 Engine, 324 Enthoven, D r . Alain C., 338 Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) 341, 346 See Aurorae, ESRO I (ESROs a t e l l i t e) ESRO 11-B. See IRIS I. Europe, 329 European Space Research Organization (ESRO) 316 Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement Medal (NASA), . . 342 Explorer XXXVIII ( ~ a d i oAstronomy ~ x p l o r e r=-A), '322 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 311 F-1 (rocket engine), 335 F-111 (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 321, 336, 338 F-lllCy 324 Fangatauf a Atoll, 346 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 313-314, 325, 338 Ferguson, Gen. James (USAF), 313 F r a c t i o n a l Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS), 333 France, 338, 346 Frutkin, Arnold W., 315 Fuel c e l l , 322, 329 Gemini (program), 311-312 , , , , , , , , - , . , , �OCTOBER 1968 General E l e c t r i c Co., 341 General Motors Corp. A l l i s o n Div., 324 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 329 Gravity, 314 Green Bank, W. Va., 314 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory ( ~ a ~le c h ) 347 Gulf of Mexico, 328 Hahn, D r . Otto, 345 Hailstones, 323-324 Handler, D r . P h i l i p , 332 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviator ' s Trophy, 337 H e l i c o p t e r , 329 Helium, 335 H i l l , Louis W,, Space Transportation Award, 338 Hines, W i l l i a m , 320 HL-10 ( l i f ting-body v e h i c l e ) , 318, 340 Holley, D r . Robert W . , 335 Houston, Tex., 322, 346, 348 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 319, 338 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 311, 331 Hunt, Graham R . , 327 Hurricane Gladys, 328 Hydrogen bomb, 346 Hynek, D r . J. Allen, 332 Hy-personic a i r c r a f t , 312 IAF. See I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautical Federation. I n d i a n Ocean, 328 INTELSAT See I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications S a t e l l i t e Consortium. INTELSAT IV (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 319 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Academy of Astronautics, 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation Congress, 323, 330 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union Commission on S o l a r A c t i v i t y , 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 332, 335 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, space, 311, 316, 331 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT) 314, 338 Ionosphere, 316 I r a n , 330 IRIS I (ESRO11-B) (ESROs a t e l l i t e ) , 316 m c k e t engine), 329, 335 Jennings, Mark, 323 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) 338, 347 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , 330 Johns Hopkins Univ., 327 , . , , �OCTOBER 1968 Johnson, President Lyndon B., 3 U , 324-326, 348 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 315, 323, 327, 329, 334 h o r a n a , D r . Har Gobind, 335 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. (UW) 337 Komarov, Col. Vladirmir M. (U.S.S.R. ), 344 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuers Werner R. 347 Lannan, John, 312 _ Larsen, D r . Finn J., 313-314 Launch Complex 34, 327, 334 Launch Complex 37, 334 Launch vehicle, 311, 322 Leasco Systems and Research Corp., 321 . , Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C )324 Lifting-body vehicle, 312, 318, 340 Ling-Temco-Vought A-7 ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 338 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 334 Los Angeles, Calif., 341, 348 Lovell, Capt James A. Jr. (USN) 340 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRv) 335 Lunar Module (IN), 328 Lunar Module Simulator (LMS), 346 Lunar Orbiter IV, 346 Lunar Orbiter V, 346 Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , 348 McDonnell Douglas Corp. 324, 339, 340, 343 McDonnell Douglas DC-8 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 324 McDonnell, James S., 339 Management, 3 l l Manke, John A., 318 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 333 Manned space f l i g h t , 311-312, 321, 322, 331, 343-344, 348 Manned Space Flight Network, 337 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 322, 329, 346, 348 Mansfield, Sen. Mike, 326 Mariner V probe), 317 Marks, Leonard H., 314 Mars tplanet), 317, 325 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 3 U , 314, 316, 335, 339, 340 Maryland, 346 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MIT) 314, 348 Masursky, D r . Harold, 332 Meitner, D r . Lise, 345 Mercury (program), 311 , , , . , , , ; , enu us , �OCTOBER 1968 , Messmer, Defense Minister Pierre ( ~ r a n c e ) 346 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 312, 319 Meteorology, 312, 323-324, 328, 336, 341 Michigan, Univ. o f , 333 MiUy Way (const e l l a t ion), 323 Miller, Rep. George P., 311 Miniaturization, 312 Minuteman I11 (ICBM), 341 Missile, 319, 330, 341 See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. MIT. MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Molniya 1-10 (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 319- 320 Moon c r a t e r s , 327, 332 eclipse, 327 exploration of, 317, 325, 348 landing manned, 312, 318, 321, 322, 325, 327, 331, 332, 345 m a n n e d , 332 landing simulator, 335-336 landing s i t e , 345, 346 photographs, 346 surface, 327, 332 Moscow Univ., 331 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Marshall Space Flight Center. MSFC. Mueller D r . George E. 322, 345 Murray, Bruce M., 325 See National Academy of Sciences. NAS. NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, 329 NASA O f f i c e of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 329 National Academy of Sciences (NAS),317, 332, 348 National Aeronautics and Space Act, 312, 324 National Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion (NASA), 324-325 achievement s 311- 313, 315 326 anniversary, 3ll-313, 315 Apollo 204 Review Board, 322 award, 311) 338, 342 budget, 316-318, 327, 341 contract, 314-316, 319, 321, 324, 335, 340, 341, 343, 347 cooperation, 3 l l , 313 cooperation, international, 316 c r i t i c i s m , 321, 345 employment, 312, 327, 334 , , , , (vii) �OCTOBER 1968 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) (continued) f a c i l i t i e s , 318 launch Apollo 7 (AS-502)~327-330 f a i l u r e , 319, 339 s a t e l l i t e , 315, 316 sounding rocket, 324, 333-334 Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, 3 5 - 3 6 personnel, 3159 320, 323, 342, 343, 347, 348 program aeronautics, 312, 313, 324 Ap0110, 312, 317-318, 3 q y 334, 335, 345-346 Apollo Applications, 317, 322-323, 334, 336 Apollo Telescope Mount, 316, 317 Gemini, 3U-312 Mercury, 311 NERVA, 317, 321 space biology, 317, 318 u n i v e r s i t y , 326 Semiannual Reports, 326 t e s t , 323-324, 339 National center f o r Atmospheric Research Station, 336 National Conference of United Press International Editors and Publishers, 322 National Heart I n s t i t u t e , 335 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 314 National Science Board, 332 National Science Foundat ion (NSF), 332 National security, 311 National Space Club, 311 Naval Research Laboratory, 324 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 336 See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. NERVA. New Mexico, 326 New York, N.Y., 323 Nike-Cajun (sounding rocket), 332, 333 Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket), 333-334 Nimbus B (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 317, 319 Nimbus B2, 317 Nirenberg, D r . Marshall Warren, 335 Nitze, Paul H., 338 Nixon, Richard M., 311, 320, 326 Nobel Prize chemistry, 347 ' , ( v i i i) �OCTOBER 1968 Nobel P r i z e (continued) medicine and physiology, 335 physics, 347 Noise abatement, 312, 324 North Korea, 323 North American Rockwell Corp. Rocketdyne Div., 335 Northrop Corp., 330 Norway, 316 Northwestern Univ., 332 NSF. See National Science Foundat ion. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA), 317, 321 Nuclear f i s s i o n , 345 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 326 Nuclear submarine, 339, 346 Oceanography, 341 Ohio S t a t e Univ. , 336 Oklahoma, 326 Onsager, Prof. Lars, 347 P a c i f i c Ocean, 332, 337, 346, 348 Page Communications Engineers, Inc. 330 Paine, D r . Thomas O., 316, 335, 345-346 P a l e s t i n e , Tex. , 336 Parachute, 339 Parker, D r . John A. 344 Parsons, John F . , 342 P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa., 323 P h i l l i p s , L/G Samuel C. ( u w ) , 345 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 338 P l a s t i c s 344 Point Barrow, Alaska, 332-333 P r a t t & Flhitney Div. United A i r c r a f t Corp. , 324 Press comment ~p011.o 7 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 330, 343 pol lo 7 " ( f l i g h t ) 340 l u n a r landing, 340 space program, n a t i o n a l , 332-333 supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) , 342 U. S. S. R. space program, 348 P r e s s conference, 331-332 Euerto Rico, 314 P u l s a r , 314, 330 Quasar, 314 Radar, 325 , , , , , �Radiation, 336 Radio Corp. of America (RCA), 314 Radio signal, 314, 325 Radioastronomy, 314 RAM C-2 (radio attenuation measurement) project 336 RAND Corp 325 Reconnaissance s a t e l l i t e , 333, 341 Reed, Sylvanus A. Award, 342 R e l a t i v i t y theory, 314 Rendezvous, 312, 328, 341 Research and development (R&D), 315, 318, 320, 325, 337 R i c c i t i e l l o , Salvatore, 344 Rickover, Adm. w a n G. (uSN), 339 Riegel, D r . K u r t , 323 Rogers, Rep. Paul G., 323 Rosamond D r y Lake, 340 Rowan, Carl T., 342-343 Rubey, Prof. W i l l i a m W., 348 Rusk, Secretary of S t a t e Dean, 323 SAGE (Semi-~utomat i c Ground ~nvironment) system, 313 S t . Helena Island, 335 Salisbury, John W., 327 Sales Executive Club, 339 Salk I n s t i t u t e , 335 San Miguel Island, 319 Saturn I workshop (spacecraft), 317 Saturn IB (uprated Saturn I) (booster), 315, 317, 318, 33', 329 Saturn V (booster), 311, 317-318, 343 Schirra, Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN), 327, 340 Schmidt, Edward J. 343 Science, 320, 333 S c i e n t i s t s , 323, 330-331, 335 Scorpius, 324 Scout (booster), 316 Scrag (u. S. S.R. weapon), 333 Seamans, D r . Robert C., Jr., 348 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 331-332 S e i t z , D r . Frederick, 332, 348 Sent i n e l (missile), 319 SHAPE (supersonic High Altitude Parachute ~xperiment) project 339 Smart, Gen. Jacob E. (uSAF', Ret ) 313 Smith, Francis B., 326 Smith, D r . Graham, 330 SNAP-19 (nuclear generator), 319 , ., 5 , , ., , �OCTOBER 1968 Solar f l a r e , 346 Sounding rocket, 311, 324, 333-334 South Africa, 330 Soyuz 2 (u.s.S.R. s ~ a c e c r a f ' t ) , 341, 344 soyuz 3, 344 Space,biology, 317, 318, 322$ 348 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 332-333, 341 Space, peaceful use o f , 321, 326, 334, 342 Space program, national, 311-313, 316-317, 324-325, 332-3333 340-343 Space race, 326, 333, 334, 340, 346 Space rescue t r e a t y , 322 Space r e s u l t s , 311-313, 322, 326, 331, 334 Space s t a t i o n , 319, 333, 348 Space s u i t , 312 Spacecraft, 311, 312, 329, 339-341, 343-345 Sparkman, Sen. John J., 324-325 Spectrometer, 336 SST. See Supersonic transport. Stanford, Neal, 312 S t a r , 314, 323 S t a t e , Dept. of, 315, 323, 330, 333 Stennis, Sen. John, 323 Stockholm, Sweden, 335, 347 A Study of NASA University Pro~rams, 326 See SHAPE project. Supersonic High Altitude Parachute Experiment. Supersonic transport (SST), 312, 338, 342 Svestaka, D r . Zdanek, 331 Sweden, 316 Swihart John M. 338 Symington, Sen. Stuart, 315, 321 Systems engineering, 313 Technical Information Services Co., 321 Technology, 311-313, 320, 322, 326, 333 Telescope, 316 Television, 326-329, 334, 344 Texas, 326, 332 Thorad-Agena (booster ) 319 Tracking, 312, 318, 337 TU-144 (u. S. S. R. supersonic t r a n s p o r t ) , 338 Unidentified f l y i n g obj e d s (UFOS) , 332 United A i r c r a f t Corp. P r a t t & Whitney Div., 324 United Kingdom (u.K. ) 316, 330, 334, 338 Universities 311, 326, 347 , , , , , �USAF Space and Missile Systems Organizakion (SAMSO), 343 U. S A i r Force (uSAF) ' a i r c r a f t , 321, 336, 338 award, 337 contract, 343 cooperation, 313, 323 missile, 341 MOL, 333 Nimbus B review board report, 319 U.S. Geological Survey, 332 U. S Information Agency (usIA) 314 U. S. Navy (USN) 321 USNS Huntsville, 337 USNS Watertown, 337 U.S.S. Essex, 329 U . S . ~ . ~ x i o of n Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) a i r c r a f t , 315, 338 cooperation, 332 launch s a te l l i t e C O S ~ O S , 315, 316, 320, 325, 337, 338, 347 . . , , soyuz 3, 344 science and technology, 320, 323, 331 space program, 325, 331-332, 341, 346 submarine, 315 weapons, 333 Venus (planet), 325 Vietnam War, 321 Vincent, Robert K. 327 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 339 Von K h & , Dr. Theodore, 347 V/STOL a i r c r a f t , 312, 314 Wallace, Gov. George C., 333 Wallops S t a t ion (NASA), 323, 333 Washington, D. C. 311, 314 Webb, James E., 311, 318, 320, 322, 348 Weightlessness, 348 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 331 Western Test Range (WTR) 316, 341 White House, 311 White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), 339 Whittle, S i r Frank, 339 , , , (xii) �OCTOBER 1968 Wilford, John N., 345 Wilson, George C., 339 Wing, a i r c r a f t f i x e d d e l t a , 338 swing, 338, 342 Wisconsin, Univ. o f , 335 Withington, H. W., 338 Witkin, Richard, 338 Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t e , 335 WSMR. See White Sands Missile Range. WTR. See Western Test Range. X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) No. 1, 341 No. 2 , 337 XB-70A (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 336 X-ray, 334 Zond V (u.s.s.R. space w robe), 325 ( x i i i) NASA-HQ � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000120 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics October 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-11-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 18 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18004 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1264/spc_stnv_000121.pdf 7f318e13e693e729683f6aa694cc23cc PDF Text Text �N O V E M B E R 1968 �November 1: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLII from Haikonur Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 2,148-km (1,334.7-mi) apogee, 531-km (330-mi) p e r i g e e , 112.4-min period, and 62.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . (SBD, - 11/4/68, 12; GSFC SSR, 11/15/68) - November 2: President Johnson presented NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA's h i g h e s t award, t o r e c e n t l y r e t i r e d NASA Administrator James E. Webb a t ceremony i n Johnson City, Tex. He a l s o awarded c l u s t e r t o NASA Exceptional Service Medal held by Apollo 7 commander Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., and Exceptional Service Medals t o Apollo 7 Astronauts R. Walter Cunningham and Donn F. E i s e l e . President s a i d U.S. was "ready t o t a k e t h a t f i r s t g r e a t s t e p out i n t o t h e s o l a r system and on t o t h e surface of t h e n e a r e s t of t h e many mysterious worlds t h a t surround us i n space." Noting t h a t Apollo 7 had logged more t h a n 780 man-hours i n space--more t h a n had been logged " i n a l l Soviet manned f l i g h t s t o date1'--and had accomp l i s h e d 56 mission o b j e c t i v e s , a s many " i n t h i s one f l i g h t a s were accomplished i n t h e f i r s t f i v e manned f l i g h t s of t h e Gemini spacec r a f t , " he s a i d : "This i s not import ant a s e i t h e r a game o r a c o n t e s t . But it i s important because t h e United S t a t e s of America must be f i r s t i n technology i f it i s t o continue i t s p o s i t i o n i n t h e world. I b e l i e v e today, a s I d i d when we had our o r i g i n a l heari n g s t h a t c r e a t e d t h e Space Administration, t h a t t h e United S t a t e s must be f i r s t . " President read c 2 t a t i o n presenting Medal t o Webb f o r "outstanding l e a d e r s h i p of America's space program from 1 9 6 1 t h r o u g h 1969, More t h a n any o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l he deserves t h e c r e d i t f o r t h e g r e a t achievements of t h e United S t a t e s i n t h e f i r s t decade of space, and f o r helpi n g man t o reach outward toward t h e s t a r s . " should, i n my view, be Webb responded: "The c i t a t i o n and medal converted i n t o some kind of holographic substance so it could be d i vided i n t o thousands of p a r t s and each p a r t should r e a l l y go t o an outstanding person i n NASA, i n our s c i e n t i f i c group, working i n our u n i v e r s i t i e s , and i n t h e g r e a t i n d u s t r i a l organizations of t h i s country t h a t have r e a l l y done t h e work." ( ~ e x t ) ... ... ... . In Prague newspaper Mlaba Fronta, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences' astronomer D r . L. Krivsky s a i d "very dangerous" r a d i a t i o n from s o l a r r a d i o storm might have forced premature ending of U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz 111 mission Oct. 30, He implied, s a i d New York Times, t h a t U.S.S.R. had e i t h e r been unaware o r had f a i l e d t o consider r a d i o s t o m f o r e c a s t f o r l a t e October. (NYT, 11/3/68, 35) - �I3usiness Week commented on r e s u l t s of "two bad decisions November 2: by of t h e f e d e r a l government. " Boeing Co. was scrapping - agencies swing-wing concept on SST i n favor of fixed-wing and "word seeped out of t h e Pentagon t h a t a r e a l f i g h t has developed over whether t o cut back production of F-111." How were such mistakes t o be prevented i n f u t u r e ? "One lesson t h a t emerges. i s t h a t t h e government must l e a r n t o avoid premature commitment t o any huge-scale p r o j e c t Another l e s s o n i s t h a t i n such major decisions, an independent, techn o l o g i c a l l y competent judgment should be brought t o bear on t h e i s s u e . On t h e F-111, t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory Council did not even look a t t h e design f e a t u r e s of t h e a i r c r a f t . On t h e SST, a Special P r e s i d e n t i a l Advisory Committee was s e t up, but it was chaired by [ t h e n Secretary of Defense Robert S. ] McNamara and w a s dominated by t o p Administration o f f i c i a l s . Such changes i n procedures may not wipe out a l l mistakes, but t h e y could g r e a t l y reduce t h e chances of astronomically c o s t l y blunders. " (Bus Wk, 11/2/68) ... .. .... President Johnson r e l e a s e d Noise--Soundwithout Value, November 4: r e p o r t of Federal Council f o r Science and Technology t a s k f o r c e , and challenged i n d u s t r y , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and public a u t h o r i t i e s t o a t t a c k noise i n environment from many sources. He d i r e c t e d Federal departments and agencies t o undertake o r expand noise abatement programs. Among recommendations endorsed by President, r e p o r t s a i d NASA should complete s t u d i e s of community response t o a i r p o r t noise, i n a d d i t i o n t o W, DOT, and HUD s t u d i e s of e f f e c t s . NASA and DOT should continue a i r t r a n s p o r t noise abatement research. DOD and NASA should continue t o study and s e t standards f o r noise i n s p e c i a l s i t u a t i o n s . DOT should develop sonic-boom- c o n t r o l standards. ( ~ e x;t PD, - 11/11/68, 1575-6) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on award of a l l 1968 Nobel P r i z e s i n science and medicine t o U.S. c i t i z e n s : " . . . t h e r e a r e r e a l and important r o o t s of American s c i e n t i f i c prowess which need t o be understood and f o s t e r e d so t h a t f u t u r e achievement may match o r e x c e l t h a t of t h e p a s t . This country's h o s p i t a l i t y t o refugees from p o l i t i c a l tyranny and t o t h o s e seeking t o b e t t e r themselves economic a l l y has brought r i c h rewards p a r t i c u l a r l y i n science and technology. The n a t i o n ' s huge investment i n education has permitted a b l e young people t o develop t h e i r t a l e n t s . Generous Government support of b a s i c r e s e a r c h has given t h e n a t i o n ' s s c i e n t i s t s t h e t o o l s and t h e m a t e r i a l s e c u r i t y needed f o r t h e r e a l i z a t i o n of t h e i r p o t e n t i a l excellence. The abundant r e t u r n s from t h e s e p o l i c i e s provide good reason f o r maintaining them so t h a t American science can continue t o flower." (NYT, 11/4/68, 46) - �November 5: Soviet Academy of Sciences President Mstislav V. Keldysh t o l d Moscow news conference Soyuz 111 spacecraft flowri by Cosmonaut Georgi T. Beregovoy Oct. 30 was intended only f o r e a r t h o r b i t . He s a i d U.S.S.R. might send animal on l u n a r mission before sending human t o a s c e r t a i n t h a t cosmic r a d i a t i o n was not t o o dangerous. (AP, B Sun, 11/6/68, ~ 2 ) - . USAF awarded separate $3,941,500 c o n t r a c t s t o Westinghouse E l e c t r i c Corp. and Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. f o r 20-mo competition t o develop new a t t a c k r a d a r system f o r ZF-15A (formerly FX) advanced a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . Awards were i n i t i a l obliga2;ions of c o n t r a c t s which would t o t a l $22 m i l l i o n during FY 1969 and FY 1970. Winner would be s e l e c t e d a f t e r f l i g h t t e s t s and evaluation of both radar prototypes. (ROD Release 1006-68; WSJ, 11/6/68, 13) - November 6: National Radio Astronow Observakory astronomers a t Green Bank, W. Va., d i s c l o s e d discovery of f i r s t p a i r of p u l s a r s , near Crab Nebula 6,000 l i g h t yr from e a r t h . Through a s s o c i a t i o n with t h e decayed s t a r , t h e y might provide clue a s t o p u l s a r s ' i d e n t i t y . ( ~ o h n , W Post, 11/7/68, ~ 4 ) . With t a s k of designing equipment f o r U.S. space program l a r g e l y over and because of c u t s i n NASA spending, hundreds of s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were l o s i n g t h e i r jobs o r g e t t i n g out "while t h e g e t t i n g i s good," s a i d P e t e r H. Prugh i n Wall S t r e e t Journal, ,Boeing Co. was l a y i n g o f f s e v e r a l hundred a t New Orleans and Cape Kennedy; i t s Huntsville work f o r c e was down from 4,600 i n 1966 t o 3,000, with more c u t s coming. Chrysler Corp. had cut employment a t New Orleans from 3,300 t o 1,500, while most of i t s 900 Cape Kennedy employees faced l a y o f f s o r s h i f t s t o o t h e r c i t i e s . Huntsville o f f i c e of Alabama S t a t e EmploymenC Service s a i d a r e a employment had declined 3,500 i n p a s t year with biggest drop i n aerospace f i e l d . Space s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were f i n d i n g even mundane jobs d i f f i c u l t t o l a n d because of t h e i r s p e c i a l i z e d s k i l l s and r e l a t i v e l y high s a l a r y demands. Exodus was worrying space experts, "who f r e t t h a t a new emphasis on U.S. space e f f o r t s o r new m i l i t a r y needs would leave compmies hard pressed t o f i l l t h e rows of desks being vacated 11/6/68, 1 ) now." (FISJ, . AFSC Commander, Gen. James Ferguson, addressing Fourth Biennial Guidance Test Symposium, Holloman U B , N.Mex., c i t e d m i s s i l e guidance needs and s a i d t h a t U. S. S.R. was 'horking night and day t o upset t h e s t a t u s quo. �November 6 (continued) There a r e a number o f p o s s i b l e advances o r even breakthroughs t h a t would give them decided advantages over us. We would be most unwise t o l e t them t a k e a l e a d i n technologythrough our l a c k of d e c i s i v e e f f o r t . We must, a t a l l times, maintain a t e c h n i c a l momentum i n o r d e r f o r our n a t i o n t o maintain adequate s t r e n g t h a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e spectrum of deterrence. It ( ~ e x) t . NASA announced appointment of D r . Mathias P. S i e b e l a s D i r e c t o r of Marshall Space F l i g h t Center's Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory, r e p l a c i n g W. R. Kuers, who r e t i r e d Nov. 1. D r . S i e b e l had been Deputy D i r e c t o r of Laboratory since he went t o MSFC i n 1965. (MSFC Release 68-262) . Ham, an. f i r s t chimpanzee s u c c e s s f u l l y launched on space f l i g h t 31, 19611, was among f i v e g r e a t apes a t National Zoo who r e a c t e d p o s i t i v e l y t o t u b e r c u l o s i s t e s t s , according t o zoo v e t e r i n a r i a n , D r . Clinton W. Gray. Animals were under treatment and expected t o be f i t f o r e x h i b i t i n g again w i t h i n 60 t o 90 days. (schaden, W S t a r , 11/6/68, ~ 2 ) November 7: NASA Nike-Apache sounding rocket launched from UASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 64.4-mi (103.6-km) a l t i t u d e t o d e t e r mine absolute v a l u e of gcasitive ion concentration i n D and E regions o f ionosphere. Quadmpole mass spectrometer f o r measuring r e l a t i v e abundance of p o s i t i v e ions malfunctioned and, consequently, launch of two supporting r o c k e t s was postponed. Vehicle performance and t r a j e c t o r y were good and experimental r e l a t e d events functioned w e l l and on time. (NASARpt sRL) . Leading Soviet space s c i e n t i s t , Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, had t o l d Univ. o f Tennessee Space I n s t i t u t e p r e s s conference Zond V mission was " d e f i n i t e ~ y "precursor of deep space probes, Aerospace Daily reported. U. S. S. R. would send spacecraft around p l a n e t s and bring them back. Spacecraft would r e l a y d a t a from space and a l s o r e t u r n with s c i e n t i f i c inforrnat ion. ( ~ e r oDaily, 11/7/68, 29) . ASIC Astrogram r e p o r t e d s u c c e s s f u l completion of f i r s t i n s e r i e s of s t u d i e s by Ames Biomedical Research Branch i n which primates had keen r e s t r a i n e d i n c h a i r s f o r 98 days t o provide i n f o m a t i o n on calcium metabolism and bone m i n e r a l i z a t i o n when normal weight load on bones was alkered a s i n weightlessness i n space. Results showed t h a t with a p p l i c a t i o n of weight loads on c e r t a i n bones l o s s of calcium �November 7 (continued) i n u r i n e was within normal l i m i t s ; without load, c o n t r o l animal's calcium l o s s was elevated and l a s t e d throughout experiment. X-rays showed normal bone mineralization i n vertebrae and bones of loaded p i g - t a i l e d monkey, while unloaded animal sustained mineral l o s s . Studies would determine methods f o r prevention of bone changes and improve s a f e t y and e f f i c i e n c y of manned space f l i g h t s . (ARC Astrogram, 11/7/68, 2) . NASA. r e l e a s e d Delta launch v e h i c l e f o r Nov. 8 launch of Pioneer D a f t e r completion of "corrective a c t i o n s " t o prevent r e p e t i t i o n of v e h i c l e ' s f i r s t f l i g h t f a i l u r e Sept 18. Delta No. 59, carrying INTELSAT 111-A (ITJTELSAT III/F-l) , had been destroyed s h o r t l y a f t e r l i e o f f when v e h i c l e began breaking up. (NASA Release 68-195) , U. S. S. R. celebraked 51st anniversary of Bolshevist Revolution i n Moscow with m i s s i l e d i s p l a y which included no new weapons. (AP, W S t a r , 11/7/68, ~ 3 ) - NASA's Pioneer IX (pioneer D ) , f o u r t h i n s e r i e s of f i v e November 8: s p a c e c r a f t designed t o provide continuing measurements over t h e s o l a r cycle a t widely separated p o i n t s i n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y space, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from ETR by Thrust-Augmented Improved ThorDelta (DSV-3E) booster i n t o o r b i t around t h e sun. O r b i t a l parameters: aphelion, 0.99 astronomical u n i t s (au) , o r 92.04 m i l l i o n m i (148.10 m i l l i o n lim) ; p e r i h e l i o n , 0.75 au, o r 69.71 m i l l i o n m i (112.19 m i l l i o n km) ; period, 297.55 days ; and i n c l i n a t i o n 0.09' Test and Training S a t e l l i t e TETR 11, c a r r i e d pickaback on 2nd s t a g e , was s u c c e s s f u l l y e j e c t e d a f t e r 3rd stage burnout and entered o r b i t around e a r t h with 587.2-mi (945-km) apogee, 231.8-mi (373-km) perigee, 97.9-min period, and 32.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . S-band transponder was operating properly. TETR I1 was follow-on t o TETR I (formerly designated TTS I; launched pickaback on Pioneer V I I I -Dee. 13, 1967), which was highly successful i n t e s t i n g Apollo communicat ions network. Primary mission o b j e c t i v e of 147-1b , drum- shaped Pioneer IX was t o c o l l e c t s c i e n t i f i c d a t a on electromagnetic and plasma p r o p e r t i e s of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y medium f o r period covering s i x o r more passages of s o l a r a c t i v i t y centers. As secondary mission, Pioneer IX would: ( 1 ) acquire d a t a when highly s i g n i f i c a n t s o l a r event occurred; ( 2 ) r e f i n e primary determinations of e a r t h and moon masses, t h e astronomical u n i t , and o s c u l a t i n g elements of e a r t h 1s o r b i t ; (3) provide synoptic study of s o l a r - i n t e r p l a n e t a r y - �November 8 ( continued) r e l a t i o n s ; and (4) provide t a r g e t f o r checkout of Manned Space F l i g h t Network equipment and t r a i n i n g of operations personnel by launching Test and Training S a t e l l i t e a s secondary payload. Pioneer I X separat i o n , boom deployment, and f i r s t s o l a r o r i e n t a t i o n occurred a s planned and a l l e i g h t experiments were operating properly and r e t u r n i n g good data. Pioneer V I (launched Dec. 16, 1965 ) , Pioneer V I I (launched Aug. 17, 1 9 6 6 ) x P i o n e e r V I I I (laurlched Dec. 16, 1967) were a l l successf u l and were continuing t o t r a n s m i t e x c e l l e n t d a t a . Pioneer program was managed by ARC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-192; UPI, W News, 11/8/68; W Post, 11/9/68, A10; AP, LA. Times, 11/9/68; Lannan, W -9S t a r 11/11-17; S 3 11/12/68, 46; GSFC, -2SSR 11/15/68 . American Nuclear S o c i e t y held panel s e s s i o n i n Washington, D . C . , on "The U. S. Space Program: Achievements and Objectives. " D r . Edward C. Welsh, NASC Executive Secretary, declared, "We must s t e p up t h e r a t e a t which we t a p t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l of nuclear i f we do not make energy f o r t h e space a c t i v i t i e s of tomorrow. g r e a t e r use of nuclear energy, we w i l l neglect our mission of l e a r n i n g r a p i d l y more and more about t h e s o l a r system i n which we l i v e and about t h e p l a n e t where we r e s i d e . I n t h e f i e l d of propulsion, chemical r o c k e t s , both l i q u i d and s o l i d , can be v a s t l y improved when combined w i t h t h e products of nuclear technology." Combining nuclear s t a g e w i t h Saturn V " w i l l g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e t h a t r o c k e t ' s power of achievement. This i s not only an opportunity t o i n c r e a s e t h e t h r u s t o f t h e rocket but a l s o t o i n c r e a s e i t s e f f i c i e n c y . Not only w i l l we have t h e v a s t power of t h e atom a t our command, but it w i l l be compact, s e l f - c o n t a i n e d , long l i v e d , h i g h l y maneuverable, and v i r t u a l l y independent o f i t s surrounding environment. . . .The p a r t n e r s h i p of atomic energy and space seems, t h e r e f o r e , t o be an e n t i r e l y n a t u r a l one. Space missions can grow w i t h t h e i r g r e a t l y enhanced c a p a b i l i t i e s i n s t e a d of being c o n s t r a i n e d by a l a c k of them. Atomic energy w i l l enable t h e space e f f o r t t o reach f o r t h e i n f i n i t e . " ( ~ e x t ) ... NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs discussed " ~ e s e a r c hand Technology $or t h e Future": "The d i f f e r e n c e between success and f a i l u r e of [NASA]m i s s i o n s . . . l i e s i n our knowledge of t h e f l i g h t sciences and our s k i l l f o r applying t h i s knowledge t o t h e development and operation of space v e h i c l e s A n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of technology i s i t s m u l t i a p p l i c a b i l i t y ; an improvement i n guidance o r communication equipment, f o r example, may f i n d many u s e s i n space missions a s w e l l a s non-aerospace a p p l i c a t i o n s . ..., �November 8 (continued) A key t o making t h i s process productive, a s measured by t h e c r e a t i o n of new knowledge and techniques, i s a continuing research program, well planned and w e l l supported, t h a t has a good balance between t h e e f f o r t i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c and engineering d i s c i p l i n e s and i n t h e technologies needed t o explore t h e unknown. " ( ~ e x t ) D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC D i r e c t o r , said,I7The f i r s t p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n o f space e l e c t r i c power systems, which have been under development over t h e p a s t 10 years, may well be found i n our second generation o r b i t a l space s t a t ion program. Consistent with our present e s t i m a t e s of s t a t i o n i n i t i a l power requirements , and allowing f o r growth, a zirconium hydride r e a c t o r coupled with a thermoelectric conversion system i s being studied f o r a p p l i c a t i o n on such a space Sun, 11/14/68, ~ 1 0 ) s t a t i o n . " ( ~ e x t ;Reuters, B - . MSFC announced Boeing Co. had been issued $239,000 contract f o r 10-mo study defining two-stage d e r i v a t i v e of Saturn V launch vehicle. With 1 s t (s-IC) and 3rd (s-IVB) s t a g e s and instrument u n i t of Saturn V, v e h i c l e could place up t o 158,000 l b i n low e a r t h o r b i t . Vsrying number of 3'-1 engines i n S-IC could t a i l o r vehicle t o s p e c i f i c missions Five-engine configuration could put i n t o o r b i t Saturn I Workshop with a i r l o c k and multiple docking adapter, plus Apollo Telescope Mount and Apollo CSM and three-man crew. Three Saturn I B v e h i c l e s would be r e q u i r e d t o do same job. Vehicle could resupply space s t a t i o n s and could be used f o r synchronous o r b i t s and unmanned moon and p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t s a t major savings over three-stage Saturn V. Two-stage v e r s i o n was c a l l e d , "Intermediate 20." With Centaur 3rd stage, v e h i c l e could send about 15,000 l b t o J u p i t e r o r Saturn. MSFC a l s o had signed $22,826,736 contract modification with North American Rockwell Corp. ' s Rocketdyne Div. f o r continued production support of J - 2 engines used on Saturn I B and Saturn V boosters. Modif i c a t i o n s would improve engines' v e r s a t i l i t y . (MSFC Releases 68-264, 68-266) , MS-NRC Space Science Board issued Physics o f t h e Earth i n Space--A Program of Research: 1968-1975, r e p o r t of NASA-supported study by 31 ' s c i e n t i s t s a t 'Woods Hole, Mass, Aug. 11-24. Report, dated October and f o u r t h by Board t o provide guidance f o r USA's programs i n space physics, s a i d r e s u l t s of decade of research by a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s were "revolutionary; few of t h e concepts of t h e e a r l y 1950's have survived without major r e v i s i o n and t o t a l l y unexpected d i s c o v e r i e s have provided fundamentally new t h e o r e t i c a l challenges." And " r e s u l t s o f t o d a y ' s space research on t h e physics of t h e Earth i n space become t h e engineering design d a t a of tomorrow's c i v i l i a n �November 8 (continued) and defense a p p l i c a t i o n s programs, " Report defined program of s a t e l l i t e , space probe, and sounding rocket missions f o r concerted a t t a c k on questians of f'undamental p h y s i c a l mechanisms of sun-earth system, i n c o n t r a s t t o p a s t decade's e x p l o r a t o r y surveys. It emphasized coordinated i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , new experimental techniques, and major observation e f f o r t during 1974-1975 low s o l a r a c t i v i t y . Recommendations included continued NASA support f o r balloon, a i r c r a f t , and ground-based observations and of advanced development of spacecraft instruments; b e t t e r means of d a t a handling and adequate support f o r d a t a a n a l y s i s ; and r e s t o r a t i o n of NASA program of p r e d o c t o r a l t r a i n e e s h i p g r a n t s t o 1966 l e v e l . ( ~ e x)t . Astronomers reported i n Science conclusion n e i t h e r NASA's Mariner V (launched June 14, 1967, f o r flyby of planet enu us) nor U.S. S.R. ' s Venus I V (launched June 12, 1967) had reported atmospheric conditions near l e v e l of mean surface of p l a n e t . Von R. Eshleman and Gunnar Fjeldbo o f Stanford Univ., John D. Anderson and Arvydas Kliore of J e t Propulsion Laboratory, and Rolf B. Dyce of Cornell-Sydney Univ. Astronomy Center a t Arecibo (Puerto Rico) Ionospheric Observatory had made new determination of r a d i u s of p l a n e t , based on concurrent rangi n g from e a r t h t o Mariner V near encounter and t o surface of Venus. Extrapolations of measurements had given surface values f o r mid-latitudes of c l o s e t o 100 atmospheres pressure and Too0 K t e m p e ~ a t u r e (within loo0), r a t h e r t h a n Soviet values of 1 9 2 atmospheres and 544 f10' K. Soviet probe apparently was not designed t o work through such t h i c k atmosphere. Simple ambiguity (times two) i n Venus IV a l t i m e t e r reading could explain supposition t h a t probe reached Venus surface, "since t h i s would b r i n g a l l o t h e r d a t a i n t o e x c e l l e n t agreement. " (science, 11/8/68, 661-5) . At p r e s s conference, i n v e n t o r - s c i e n t i s t Stanford R. Ovshinsky described production of e l e c t r o n i c devices--including desktop computers; f l a t , t u b e l e s s TV s e t s t h a t could be hung on walls; and m i s s i l e guidance systems impervious t o d e s t r u c t i o n by man-made r a d i a t i o n . Devices were made of amorphous m a t e r i a l s whose e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s d i f f e r e d from t r a n s i s t o r m a t e r i a l s . Balance of energy f o r c e s within amorphous g l a s s e s was such t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n of voltage of r i g h t minimum s t r e n g t h made m a t e r i a l switch from i n s u l a t o r t o conductor. (stevens, -NYT 2 11/11/68, 1 ) . American Telephone & Telegraph Co. s a i d it had asked FCC t o authorize i t s a c q u i s i t i o n of 70 a d d i t i o n a l s a t e l l i t e communications c i r c u i t s from ComSatCorp. Purchase would boost AT&T c i r c u i t s t o 396. (WXJ, 11/8/68, 5 - �November 9: Apollo 7 commander Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., received from I t a l i a n Ambassador t o U.S. Egidio Ortona gold medallion award by Assn. of Man i n Space, group of I t a l i a n s c i e n t i s t s and j u r i s t s , a t Washington, D. C., p a r t y i n h i s honor. ( ~ i l l i n g t o n ,W S t a r , ll./11/68, - ~'7 November 10: On nationwide "Meet The Press" TV interview, Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr. , commented on NASA budget c u t s : "We've b u i l t up a f a n t a s t i c technology [ b u t ] t a l e n t e d people a r e s t a r t i n g t o leave.. We should l e t it be known t h a t we a r e i n t h i s f o r t h e f u t u r e , not j u s t one f l i g h t . " Cost of manned missions was j u s t i f i e d i n quest f o r knowledge not only outward, but earthward, too. Astron a u t s were "looking a t p o r t i o n s of t h e e a r t h t h a t had never been documented before. A crew can see something and respond t o it, on e a r t h o r t h e moon." Fellow Apollo 7 crewman R. Walter Cunningham s a i d never had U. S. S. R. crewmen "functioned i n t h e sane o p e r a t i o n a l conditions a s we. " U. S. S .R. was p u t t i n g fewer higher t r a i n e d persons i n o r b i t , "serving mainly a s b i o l o g i c a l specimens. " (AP, W Post, 11/11/68, A2; AP, B Sun, 11/11/68, A5) .. - . NASA announced it soon would begin s e r i e s of t e s t f l i g h t s a t LaRC of XC-142 t i l t - w i n g VTOL a i r c r a f t on l o a n from USAF, t o determine operat i o n a l problems i n a i r p o r t terminal a r e a s during poor v i s i b i l i t y . XC-142, f o r which Ling-Temco Vought, Inc., was prime c o n t r a c t o r , was p r o p e l l e r d r i v e n and powered by f o u r GE turboshaft engines. NASA a l s o was t e s t i n g Ryan Aeronautical Co.'s XB-5A, which it had modified a s XV-5B, and Hawker Siddeley P-1127 vectored j e t VTOL a i r c r a f t . (NASARelease 68-194) , I n Sunday New York Times Walter S u l l i v a n described "The Sun-Spot Menace t o Astronauts. " Apollo 7 and U.S.S.R. ' s Soyuz 111 served a s reminders t h a t sunspots were reaching t h e i r 11-yr peak. I f eruptions were p a r t i c u l a r l y severe, protons were hurled out a t almost speed of l i g h t . These could p e n e t r a t e spacecraft. While Apollo 7 a s t r o n a u t s were never i n danger, Soviet spacecraft placed i n o r b i t s reaching north beyond l a t i t u d e 51° might "nudge zonet' within which protons e j e c t e d by sun " r a i n f i e r c e l y on t h e atmosphere." Major f l a r e had occurred Oct. 30. I f a s t r o n a u t s had been i n o r b i t - - p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e y had been o u t s i d e spacecraft-t h e y could have been subjected t o hazardous r a d i a t i o n . Many warnings preceded t h i s event. For moon journey it should be p o s s i b l e t o postpone o r cut s h o r t f l i g h t i f sun looked ominous. I n any miscalcuiation, r a d i a t i o n exposure t o a s t r o n a u t s i n s i d e spacecraft would be severe only during most i n t e n s e o u t b u r s t s . However, on prolonged journeys t o o t h e r p l a n e t s t h e r e would be no escape. "It may t h e r e f o r e be necessary t o �November LO ( continued) design t h e spacecraf't so t h a t a p o r t i o n of i t s i n t e r i o r w i l l be shielded from such r a d i a t i o n . " (NYT, - 11/10/68, 7 ~ ) November 10-17: Zond V I automatic space s t a t i o n was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched by U.S.S.R. and placed on lunar t r a j e c t o r y from parking o r b i t of another s a t e l l i t e t o explore o u t e r space and t e s t spacecraft systems, Tass announced. A l l equipment was functioning normally. Speculation, l a t e r confirmed, was t h a t spacecraft would attempt t o c i r c l e moon on same r o u t e taken by Zond V Xept 15- 21. On Nov. 1 4 Tass announced t h a t Zond V I had c i r c l e d moon a t minimum d i s t a n c e of 2,420 km (1,533.8 mi) and had conducted s t u d i e s of physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of near l u n a r space before continuing i t s journey back t o e a r t h . Zond V I r e e n t e r e d and softlanded i n a predetermined a r e a i n Central Asia Nov. 17. Unlike Zond V, which had plunged d i r e c t l y through upper atmosphere, Zond V I skipped across o u t e r l a y e r s of atmosphere t o reduce i t s r e e n t r y speed and t h e n resumed i t s descent with aerodynamic forces. Announcing recovery, Tass s a i d Zond V I had f o r f i r s t time t e s t e d a "more complex and promising method of t h e r e t u r n of spacecraft from i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r i e s - - t h e method of c o n t r o l l e d descent with t h e use o f aerodynamical l i f t i n g f o r c e (aerodynamical q u a l i t y ) of t h e descending c r a f t . he braking of t h e descending apparatus i n t h e atmosphere ...was e f f e c t e d along a t r a j e c t o r y with two immersions i n t h e atmosphere. During t h e f i r s t immersion.. . t h e second cosmic speed.. [ l l km per sec, 24,607 mph] was reduced t o 7.6 kilometers a second (17,000 mph) through aerodynamical braking. I n doing so, t h e descending apparatus was o r i e n t e d through t h e onboard c o n t r o l system i n such a way t h a t i t , passing through t h e dense l a y e r s of t h e atmosphere, l e f t them and next continued along t h e b a l l i s t i c t r a j e c t o r y u n t i l t h e second immersion... [ i n which] t h e f u r t h e r lowering of t h e descending apparatus was a l s o e f f e c t e d along t h e t r a j e c t o r y o$ c o n t r o l l e d descent with t h e use of aerodynamical q u a l i t i e s which ensured i t s r e t u r n t o t h e Earth i n t h e pre-set d i s t r i c t . " Zond V I was s i x t h spacecraft i n Zond s e r i e s [see Sept. 15-21]. (AP, W S t a r , 11/11/68, 1; NYT, 11/15/68, 8 ; GSFC SSR, 11/15/68, 11/30/68; Winters, B Sun, q 1 9 / 6 8 , I; Kamm, ~ ~ , - / 1 9 / 6 8 , 1; SBD, 11/19/68, 71-2) . .. . . ... - November 11: Senate Democratic Leader Sen. Mike Mansfield ( D - ~ o n t). i n i n t e r v i e w s a i d Senate debate on r a t i f i c a t iofi of nuclear nonproliferat i o n t r e a t y could begin before P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon's �November 11 (continued) inauguration Jan. 20. He had asked speedy review by Foreign Relations Committee when Congress reconvened Jan. 3. (AP, W -S9 t a r 11/11/68, AT) November 12: NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, announced a t NASA Hq. news b r i e f i n g t h a t Apollo 8--carrying Commander Frank Borman, CM P i l o t James A. LoveLl, J r . , and LM P i l o t W i l l i a m A. Anders--would be launched from ETR Dec, 21 on open-ended l u n a r o r b i t a l mission of a t l e a s t s i x days. Spacecraft would c i r c l e moon 1 0 times a t 70-mi a l t i t u d e b e f o r e r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h . D r . Paine explained: "After a c a r e f u l and thorough examination of a l l of t h e systems and r i s k s involved, we have concluded t h a t we a r e now ready t o f l y t h e most advanced mission f o r our Apollo 8 launch i n December, t h e o r b i t around t h e moon.... "We have reached t h i s conclusion a f t e r a long s e r i e s of i n t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e s t a t u s of our program, t h e f l i g h t hardware, ground support equipment, s t a t u s o f our t r a i n i n g . " L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo Program Director, c i t e d two c a t e g o r i e s of new r i s k s with a l u n a r o r b i t a l mission: "In t h e one...the s p a c e c r a f t propulsion system must operate properly i n order t o propel t h e s p a c e c r a f t back out of l u n a r o r b i t and on i t s way back t o e a r t h . And t h e o t h e r category of r i s k s a r e those t h a t a r e inherent i n being some t h r e e days away from t h e e a r t h a s opposed to...between a h a l f an hour and t h r e e hours which t h e crew i s away from t h e e a r t h i n a low e a r t h o r b i t a l mission." Although increased r e l i a n c e would have t o be placed on dependability of l i f e support and e l e c t r i c power systems and mission would have t o t a k e on a d d i t i o n a l r i s k s , Gen. P h i l l i p s s a i d , h he progression of r i s k between t h e Apollo 7 mission which we have flown and t h e Apollo 8 mission which we have designed i s a normal progression o f r i s k s i n a l o g i c a l l y stepped development, f l i g h t t e s t program. " ransc script ; NASA Release 68-199; Schmeck, NYT 11/13/68, 1; OtToole, W Post, 11/13/68, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, l l m 6 8 , 1) - . Birni tgovernment i s h engineer Michael O'Bagan, manager of space and m i l i t a r y systems c o n t r a c t s dept. of Standard Telephone Cables Co., t o l d & Conservative P a r t y seminar i n London t h a t U.S. was " a c t u a l l y buying l a n d with mineral r i g h t s " i n o t h e r c o u n t r i e s a f t e r using s a t e l l i t e s t o discover i t s l o c a t i o n . Hawker Siddeley Group Ltd. s c i e n t i s t K. C. C. Pardoe s a i d c o u n t r i e s could use s a t e l l i t e s t o spy on r i v a l n a t i o n s ' crops and decide b e s t time f o r marketing. ( ~ e u i e r s ,W Post, 11/13/68, A25 ) �November 12: FAA issued 1968 e d i t i o n of S a t i o n a l Airport Plan, annual assessment of c i v i l airport; needs f o r commercial and p r i v a t e f l y i n g . U. S. would r e q u i r e 806 new a i r p o r t s--including 22 f o r a i r l i n e t r a f f i c and 748 f o r general aviation--during next f i v e years t o r e l i e v e congestion and accommodate growth. Plan included recommendation f o r 25 STOL p o r t s i n heavily congested a r e a s . (FAA. Release 68-74) . Office of S e c r e t a r y of Defense issued l i s t of LOO companies and subs i d i a r i e s awarded l a r g e s t d o l l a r volume of m i l i t a r y prime c o n t r a c t s of $10,000 o r more i n FY 1968. T o t a l of t h e s e was $26.2 b i l l i o n , over FY 1967. U. S. companies received $38.8 b i l l i o n , 1% l e s s than i n FY 1967. No. 1 on l i s t was General Dynamics Corp., F - l l l m a n u f a c t u r e r with $2.24 b i l l i o n i n c o n t r a c t s ; No. 2 , , Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp., $1.87 b i l l i o n ; No. 3, General E l e c t r i c Co., $1.49 b i l l i o n . McDonnell Douglas Corp. f e l l from f i r s t place i n 1967 t o f i f t h with $1.1b i l l i o n . ( ~ e x t ;Wilson, W Post, 11/19/68, D7; WSJ, - 11/19/68, 27) 1.s . New York S t a t e Supreme Court J u s t i c e Abraham N. Geller issued temporary order blocking s a l e of Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory t o ED? Technology, Inc. , Washington, D. C. , f o r $25 million. Order had been requested by S t a t e Attorney General Louis J. Lefkowitz, who a l l e g e d a l t e r t i o n of Laboratory from p u b l i c purposes t o p r o f i t making organization would be a "major change detrimental t o t h e n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t , t o t h e q u a l i t y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e l a b o r a t o r y and t o t h e . . .public. " New York S t a t e had sought t o purchase f a c i l i t y but was r e p o r t e d l y unable t o match EDP Technology Inc. ' s o f f e r . (AP, E, 11/13/68, 11) November 12-14: Twelve nations attending Third European Space Conference i n Bonn decided t o work toward c r e a t i o n of s i n g l e European Space Aut h o r i t y , i n e f f o r t t o end dependence on U.S. space research. Committee was appointed t o d r a f t convention f o r new body encompassing 6-nation ELDO, 10-nation ESRO, and 12-nation CETS and functioning somewhat l i k e NASA. Member n a t i o n s would be f r e e t o choose programs they would support--which could mean small group would work on launchers a s w e l l a s working with number of other nations on space a p p l i c a t i o n s and research. Day preceding conference, EIlDO meeting had resolved, with B r i t a i n abstaining, t o proceed with launcher development on s c a l e designed t o hold down c o s t s . B r i t a i n had proposed European nations abandon p r o j e c t , r e l y on U.S. boosters, and concentrate on space a p p l i c a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y comunicat ions. B r i t a i n agreed, however, t o f u l f i l l commitment t o support launcher program u n t i l 1971. (W Post, 11/15/68, A2O; Greenberg, Science, 12/6/68, 1108-9) �November 13: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLIII from i n t o o r b i t w i t h 337-km (209.4-mi) apogee, 216-km 90-min period, and 65. bU i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment and s a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Nov. 18. (s& 11/14/68, 11/15/68; 11/30/68) P l e s e t s k Cosmodromone (134.2-mi) perigee, functioned normally 53; GSFC -3SSR . NASA announced it had assigned Astronauts Thomas P. S t a f f o r d , John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan a s prime crewmen f o r Apollo 1 0 mission, scheduled f o r second q u a r t e r of 1969 a s second manned f l i g h t of l u n a r module. Backup crew would be Astronauts L. Gordon Cooper, Donn F. E i s e l e , and Edgar D. Mitchell. F l i g h t crew support team was Astronauts Joseph H. Engle, James B. Irwin, and Charles M. Duke, Jr. Mission p r o b a b i l i t i e s ranged from e a r t h o r b i t a l operations t o l u n a r o r b i t a l f l i g h t , with separation and docking of command and s e r v i c e module and l u n a r module. (NI~SARelease 68-201; AP, W S t a r , 11/14/68, A7; W P o s t , 11/14/68, 812; AP, NYT, 11/14/68, 21; S e h l s t e d t , B -' Sun l l / l ~ l ) . WSA's HL-10 lif'ting-body v e h i c l e , flown by NASA t e s t p i l o t John S. Manke, completed f i r s t powered f l i g h t af'ter a i r launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t near Lancaster, Calif., t o demonstrate successful operation of XLR-11 rocket engine and t o i n v e s t i g a t e e f f e c t s of engine operation on b a s i c s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l of wingless v e h i c l e . Manke s a i d c r a f t climbed and maneuvered i n "marvelous f a s h i o n . " Increased performance expected i n successive f l i g h t s would simulate l i f t i n g - b o d y spacecraft during t e r m i n a l p o r t i o n of f l i g h t . Manke i g n i t e d two of four chambers i n HL-10's rocket engine and climbed from 35,000 t o 43,250 f't, reaching t o p speed of 610 mph (mach 0 . 8 ) during 184-sec engine burn. Eventually speeds of 1,000 mph and a l t i t u d e s t o 80,000 f t were expected. Oct. 23 HL-10 f l i g h t had ended with e a r l y shutdown of rocket engine. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-198; FRC Release 26-68; AP, B -3Sun 11/14/68, A10; LATNS, W Post, 11/14/68, ~ 2 2 ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Space Science and Applications, D r . John E. Naugle, addressed I n t e r n a t i o n a l Meeting of American Nuclear Society, Washington, D.C. I n p a s t decade NASA had developed "impressive c a p a b i l i t y " i n "competent and c r e a t i v e people who make up our government-university-industry team." It was "prepared t o accomplish any g o a l i n space e x p l o r a t i o n which t h e new administrat ion may e s t a b l i s h . " BASA f u t u r e included "broad, balanced, P l a n e t a r y Program" emphasizing Mars but examining o t h e r p l a n e t s l i k e Mercury and J u p i t e r ; major l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n program i n 1970s; astronomy program covering �November 1 3 (continued) o p t i c a l astronomy, x-ray and gamma r a y f i e l d s , and low-frequency r a d i o astronomy; and increased emphasis on space a p p l i c a t i o n s programs, with major e f f o r t s toward surveying e a r t h ' s resources from space and continui n g developments i n meteorology and communications. ( ~ e x) t . Dr. Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , D i r e c t o r of Lewis Research Center was announced a s winner of Rockefeller Public Service Award i n science category. He had supervised p l a n s f o r r o c k e t i n s t a l l a t i o n on Lunar O r b i t e r and Surveyor spacecraft. Leonard C. Meeker, S t a t e Dept. l e g a l a d v i s e r , won award i n f o r e i g n a f f a i r s and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o r h i s work on 1967 space law treaty. (W P o s t , 11/14/68, ~ 7 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l , ''After t h e Lunar Landing, " s a i d f i r s t p r i o r i t y would -probably t o study of moon's surface and resources. "Beyond - go t h i s e x p l o r a t i o n , t h e moon--once a c c e s s i b l e t o men--will immediately become a l a b o r a t o r y world f o r expanding knowledge i n a s t r o n o w , physics, chemistry, geology and a host of o t h e r sciences. For both purposes. it w i l l be d e s i r a b l e t o c r e a t e one o r more permanent manned communities on t h e moon a s soon a s p o s s i b l e . . . A s t h e pioneers i n space, t h e United S t a t e s and t h e Soviet Union have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y now t o begin o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e v a s t i n t e r n a t i o n a l e f f o r t t h a t must f o l l o w t h e coming triumph of human courage and human ingenuity. And t h e United Nations, of course, i s t h e body whose f l a g must f l y over f u t u r e l u n a r s e t t l e m e n t s and whose. .i n s t i t u t i o n s must be harnessed t o t h e t a s k o f meeting t h e e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l problems ahead. " (E, 11/13/68, 40) .. . . . Purdue Univ. Prof. James E. E t z e l s a i d i n Evanston, I l l . , i n t e r v i e w t h a t technique f o r processing sewage sludge by bombarding it w i t h i o n i z i n g r a d i a t i o n from chemical e m i t t e r of gamma r a y s could save $1b i l l i o n a y e a r i f used by a l l U.S. c i t i e s . Process was pioneered by E t z e l and Gordon S. Born of Purdue i n cooperation with Jerome S t e i n , d i r e c t o r of R&D f o r Chicago S a n i t a r y D i s t r i c t . D i s t r i c t was giving t o p p r i o r i t y t o p l a n , which would c u t solid-waste-processing c o s t s by more t h a n h a l f . Treated sludge would be completely d i s i n f e c t e d , o d o r l e s s , and compressed t o 1 / 3 i t s volume under process which Prof. E t z e l s a i d "we t h i n k . . . r e p r e s e n t s t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t use of i s o t o p e s t h e Atomic Energy Commission has y e t seen." ( ~ a n d a l ,W S t a r , 11/14/68, ~ 5 ) - . US@ F-5 awarded $8.5 m i l l i o n a d d i t i o n t o c o n t r a c t with Northrop Corp. f o r aircraft. (E, 11/13/68, 7 ) �November 14: NASA announced it had authorized JPL t o proceed with cons t r u c t i o n of two Mariner spacecraft f o r 1971 Mars o r b i t with funds a l l o c a t e d under approved FY 1969 NASA appropriations b i l l . I n combined mission t o a s s i s t i n e s t a b l i s h i n g touchdown s i t e s f o r 1973 Mars l a n d e r mission, s p a c e c r a f t would be launched by Atlas-Centaur b o o s t e r s i n t o o r b i t around Mars t o examine Mars p o l a r cap, provide h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n coverage of s e l e c t e d a r e a s , and permit oblique views of broad a r e a s of Mars' surface and, possibly, i t s moons, Phobos and Deimos. Each s p a c e c r a f t would complete t r i p from e a r t h t o Mars i n s i x months, w i t h May 1971 launch and November 1971 a r r i v a l , and would o r b i t Mars f o r t h r e e months o r more. (NASA Release 68-196; B Sun, 11/14/68, A10; W Post, 11/14/68, ~ 1 6 ) - Washington Evening S t a r e d i t o r i a l commented on scheduled December launch of Apollo 8: " . . . t h i s promises t o be one Christmas when t h e thoughts o f a l l . . . w i l l contain more t h a n v i s i o n s of sugarplums, of laden stockings, o f g i f t s about t o be received and b i l l s about t o come due. It i s , i n f a c t , j u s t p o s s i b l e t h a t NASA w i l l succeed i n p u t t i n g t h a t missing i n g r e d i e n t back i n t o t h e yule season, and t h a t more prayers w i l l be o f f e r e d t h i s Christmas t h a n a t any time i n t h e p a s t 2,000 years. " (W -3S t a r 11/14/68, ~ 1 4 ) . At hearing of Congressional J o i n t Economic Committee's Subcommittee on Economy i n Government, A. E. F i t z g e r a l d , Deputy f o r Management Systems i n USAF f i n a n c i a l o f f i c e , s a i d u l t i m a t e cost t o DOD of 58 C-5A cargo a i r c r a f t might be "10C$ above t h e o r i g i n a l estimate" of $1.279 b i l l i o n f o r Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. airframes. General E l e c t r i c Co. estimate of $459 m i l l i o n f o r engines was not expected t o double, he s a i d . I n c r e a s e r e s u l t e d from r i s e i n manufacturing c o s t s , higher subcontracti n g p r i c e s , and r i s i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o s t s , r a t h e r t h a n gross o r i g i n a l underestimate, although t h e r e was probably some o r i g i n a l underestimate on Lockheed's p a r t . F i t z g e r a l d s a i d DOD was weighing a l l f a c t o r s before deciding a c t i o n on o p t i o n f o r 62 a d d i t i o n a l C-5As which would expire B Sun, 11/14/68, Alp; AP, NYT, ll/14/68, 10; P o r t e r , - . Soviet a v i a t i o n e x p e r t s t o l d Pravda t h e y had s u c c e s s f u l l y t e s t e d "ornithopt e r , " a i r c r a f t which flew by waving i t s wings l i k e a b i r d . Craft was s a i d t o have "withstood a l l aerodynamic t e s t s " and t o have g r e a t e r l i f t i n g power t h a n o r d i n a r y a i r c r a f t . Fravda s a i d t e s t "opens-unheard of prosp e c t s . " (UPI, P Inq, 11/15/68) - �November 15: NASA Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from WSMR c a r r i e d Princeton Univ. Observatory experiment t o 108-mi (174-km) a l t i t u d e t o o b t a i n W r a d i a t i o n of b r i g h t s t a r i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n Cassiopeia, using g y r o - s t a b i l i z e d spectrograph, ACS, and recovery system. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . ACS s t a b i l i z e d rocket on t a r g e t a t s t a r . Spectra were obtained on t h r e e exposures and payload was recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. (NASA Rpt SRL) . MXII r e l e a s e d plans f o r l u n a r landing experiments. F i r s t U.S. a s t r o n a u t s t o l a n d on moon i n 1969 would place t h r e e s c i e n t i f i c experiments on l u n a r surface i n s t e a d of more complex Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP) o r i g i n a l l y planned. Change was n e c e s s i t a t e d by u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n workload required t o deploy ALSEP by a s t r o n a u t s i n p r e s s u r i z e d s u i t s on moon's surface. Mission's primary o b j e c t i v e would be t o prove Apollo system by achieving successful moon landing and s a f e r e t u r n t o earth. During f i r s t landing, two a s t r o n a u t s would l e a v e s p a c e c r a f t f o r up t o t h r e e hours on moon's surface, making observations and photographing a r e a i n v i c i n i t y of landed s p a c e c r a f t , c o l l e c t i n g s o i l and rock samples, and deploying experiments. S c i e n t i f i c and medical d a t a would be obtained a t each of i n c r e a s i n g l y complex l e v e l s of a c t i v i t y on expenditure of a s t r o n a u t s ' energy, monitoring t h e i r a b i l i t y t o perform i n vacuum, extreme temperature, and 116 g r a v i t y f o r planning of longer, more complex missions. Experiments were (1)passive seismometer (self-contained 100-lb seismic s t a t i o n with earth-moon communications l i n k , designed t o l a s t up t o one y e a r ) , (2) 70-lb l a s e r ranging r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r , and ( 3 ) l - l b solar-wind-composition experiment. They would provide d a t a on i n t e r n a l a c t i v i t y of moon; d a t a t o improve measurement of earth-moon d i s t a n c e and f l u c t u a t i o n of e a r t h ' s r o t a t i o n r a t e and measurement of v a r i a t i o n s i n g r a v i t a t i o n a l constant G, a s w e l l a s t o t e s t t h e o r y of i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l d r i f t by d i r e c t measurements from d i f f e r e n t continents ; and would entrap noble gases (helium, neon, krypton, xenon) from s o l a r wind f o r analysis. I n second l u n a r landing mission, a s t r o n a u t s would deploy f u l l geophysical s t a t i o n o r ALSEP and conduct d e t a i l e d f i e l d geology i n v e s t i g a t i o n . (NASA Release 68-200) U. S. S. R. ' s Zond V automatic space s t a t i o n [see Sept. 15-21] had c a r r i e d f i r s t l i v i n g organisms--wine f l i e s , t u r t l e s , meal worms, p l a n t s , b a c t e r i a , and seeds--around moon and returned them s a f e l y t o e a r t h , Pravda announced. T u r t l e s had l o s t about 10% of t h e i r body weight but remained very a c t i v e and showed no l o s s of a p p e t i t e . Preliminary blood t e s t s i n d i c a t e d no s u b s t a n t i a l deviation from l a b o r a t o r y c o n t r o l animals, but a n a l y s i s of t e s t t u r t l e s 21 days a f t e r f l i g h t revealed excess glyco en and i r o n i n t h e i r l i v e r s . (AP, W S t a r , 11/15/68, A4; B Sun, 11116768, A.4) - - �November 15: NASA Honor Awards ceremony was h e l d a t Washington, D . C . , with D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, Acting Administraftor, making t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . Alexander H. Flax, A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force ( ~ e s e a r c hand ~ e v e l o ~ m e)n,t was guest speaker. Distinguished Service Medal, TJASA1s h i g h e s t honor, was presented t o S e c r e t a r y Flax; Edmond C. Buckley, former NASA Associate Administrat o r f o r Tracking and Data Acquisition; Paul G. Dembling, NASA General Counsel; and Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , D i r e c t o r of Lewis Research Center. NASA Exceptional S c i e n t i f i c Achievement Medal went t o LeRC's G. Mervin A u l t , Edmond E. Bisson, and John C. E w a r d ; JPL1s Richard M. Goldstein, Alan Rembawn, Lewis I). Kaplan, and Conway W. Snyder; MSFC' s Otto A. Hoberg and Hans H. Hosenthien; LaRC' s Mark R. Nichols; ARC'S W i l l i a m A. Page and John A. Parker. Exceptional Service Medal r e c i p i e n t s were : Ma,c C. Adms, Walter Boone, Richard L. Callaghan, Arnold W. F r u t k i n , A l f r e d S. Hodgson, Mildred V. Morris, Boyd C. Myers, Hq.; Robert M. Crane (posthumous), W i l l i a m R. S c h i n d l a r , Michael J. Vaccaro, ARC; Robert J. Darcey, Herman E. LaGow, Robert J. McCaffery, GSFC; P h i l i p Donely, Paul F. Fuhrmeister, Harry H. Hamilton, LaRC; Robert C. Duncan, E l e c t r o n i c s Research Center; Fred H. Felberg, Alvin R. Luedecke, JPL; Arthur Rudolph, MSFC; Hubert Ray S t a n l e y , Wallops S t a t ion. Group Achievement Award went t o Apollo 7 F l i g h t Operations Team, I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n Ships Team, Mariner Occultation Experiment Team, OGO P r o j e c t Team, Sonic Boom I n v e s t i g a t i n g Team, and .Surveyor . Team. (Program; M S C Release 68-267 ; Marshall S t a r , 11/13/68, 1; Pasadena Independent, 11/15/68 ; ARC Ast rogram, 1 1 m 6 8 , 1 ) . Dr. R. G. McIver, head of aeromedical r e s e a r c h a t Holloman AFB, N.Mex., s a i d t e s t s on chimpanzees had shown a s t r o n a u t experiencing sudden decompression o u t s i d e s p a c e c r a f t might l i v e a t l e a s t t h r e e minutes i n t o t a l vacuum, g i v i n g h i s companions time t o g e t him i n s i d e p r e s s u r i z e d cabin. S u r v i v a l of a s t r o n a u t s i n ruptured space cabin would depend on presence o f one man wearing space s u i t and t h u s a b l e t o p l a c e o t h e r crewmen i n s u i t s a f t e r t h e y l o s t consciousness. E a r l i e r , s c i e n t i s t s had p r e d i c t e d sudden d e a t h f o r a s t r o n a u t s experiencing space vacuum decompression. Revised e s t i m a t e s of l i f e expectancy were based on (A?, B Sun, simulated space capsule experiments with 150 chimps. 11/16/68, ~ 4 ) . Science e d i t o r i a l on NASA a d m i n i s t r a t i o n : "In terms o f numbers of d o l l a r s o r o f men, NASA has not been our l a r g e s t n a t i o n a l undertaking, but i n terms of complexity, r a t e of growth, and t e c h n o l o g i c a l s o p h i s t i Keeping a l l of [ i t s ] p a r t s - - o f t e n working c a t i o n it had been unique r i g h t a t t h e edge of t e c h n o l o g i c a l knowledge and c a p a c i t y - - f i n e l y .... �November 15 ( cont inued) tuned and i n c l o s e harmony has been an organization achievement o f high order....Ever s i n c e t h e space program began t o t a k e shape t h e r e has been t a l k of t e c h n o l o g i c a l spin-offs. It may t u r n out t h a t t h e most valuable spin-off of a l l w i l l be human r a t h e r t h a n t e c h n o l o g i c a l : b e t t e r knowledge of how t o plan, coordinate, and monitor t h e multitudinous and v a r i e d a c t i v i t i e s of t h e organizations required t o accomplish g r e a t s o c i a l undertakings. " ( ~ o l f l e ,Science, 11/15/68, 753) . I n Washington Post George C. Wilson s a i d Secretary of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d ' s o f f i c e had recommended cutback i n USAF1s order f o r FB-111, bomber v e r s i o n of TFX, from 253 t o 90, a saving of $1.5 b i l l i o n . While DOD was under pressure t o reduce spending by $3 b i l l i o n , s a i d Wilson, argument "goes t o t h e h e a r t of t h e s t r a t e g i c question of unmanned m i s s i l e s v s . manned bombers. " (W Post, 11/15/68, 1) . DIrnadf ti aU.N. r e s o l u t i o n approved by I t a l y , Japan, Yugoslavia, Pakistan, , B r a z i l , Argentina, Chile, and Mexico and c i r c u l a t e d t o members of Geneva Disarmament Conference s a i d nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y and i t s s e c u r i t y guarantee, a s signed by 80 c o u n t r i e s , were not good enough. It c a l l e d f o r f u r t h e r disarmament measures and t r a n s f e r s of n u c l e a r technology. Although r e s o l u t i o n d i d not d i r e c t l y challenge t r e a t y , it d i d t e n d t o r a i s e new o b s t a c l e s t o r a t i f i c a t i o n by some important c o u n t r i e s . U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R. had i n d i c a t e d opposit i o n t o t h e resolution. ( d e ~ n i s ,NYT, 11/17/68, 3) - . Formal establishment of Science and Public Policy S t u d i e s Group tempor a r i l y housed a t MIT became e f f e c t i v e . Designed a s focus of i n t e r e s t and information f o r s c h o l a r s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , and government o f f i c i a l s engaged i n t e a c h i n g and research i n science and p u b l i c p o l i c y , group would organize symposia, a c t a s c l e a r i n g house f o r information, f a c i l i t a t e exchange o f experience and i d e a s f o r academic courses, and develop p r i o r i t i e s f o r science and p o l i t i c a l p o l i c y research. Any u n i v e r s i t y with a c t i v e teaching and r e s e a r c h program i n science and p u b l i c p o l i c y could become a f f i l i a t e . Some 50 had i n d i c a t e d i n t e r e s t . Funding f o r two-year period was from u n i v e r s i t y contribut i o n s and matching Sloan Foundation g r a n t . Prof. Eugene B. Skolnikoff of MIT would serve a s chairman. ( ~ r o ~u n~ n ) . Director Frank Drake of Cornell Univ. Radio Astronomy Observatory a t Arecibo, Fuerto Rico, t o l d meeting of Council f o r t h e Advancement of Science Writing a t Evanston, I l l . , t h a t p u l s a r discovered Nov. 1 4 near Crab Nebula was almost c e r t a i n l y a neutron s t a r . It was second discovery during week [ s e e Nov. 6 1 and was l o c a t e d by Arecibo r a d i o dish telescope. ( ~ a n d a l ,W Post, 11/16/68, A5; S u l l i v a n , NYT, 11/23/68, 31) �November 15: Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. President A. Carl Kotchian t o l d Tokyo p r e s s conference he hoped discussions under way between Japamese i n d u s t r y o f f i c i a l s would l e a d t o j o i n t space program t o produce booster rocket and space vehicle s u i t a b l e f o r Japan's general space requirements. (DJNs, W S t a r , 11/17/68, ~ 1 3 ) - . Edward Wenk, Jr., Executive Secretary of Marine Resources Council, t o l d new American Oceanic Organization i n Washington, D.C., "We a r e ready f o r t h e next s t e p i n Federal management of marine a f f a i r s - - c r e a t i o n of an independent c i v i l i a n operating agency." Chairman of new group, Rep. George E. Shipley (D-111. ) , member of House Appropriations Committee, s a i d , "I t h i n k t h a t we w i l l see t h e time t h a t t h i s country w i l l spend a s much i n oceanography a s we a r e spending i n t h e space program." ( ~ o r r i ~ a n W , Post, 11/17/68, ~ 1 ) November 16: U. S. S. R. ' s Proton IV, l a r g e s t unmanned s c i e n t i f i c s a t e l l i t e t o d a t e , was launched i n t o o r b i t with 472-km (293.3-mi) apogee, 248-km (154.1-mi) perigee, 91.7-min period, and 51.5' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e weighed 17 metric t o n s (37,478 l b ) , including 12.5-metric t o n (27,557.5l b ) s c i e n t i f i c payload t o continue s t u d i e s of cosmic rays. Equipment was functioning normally. (AP, W S t a r 11/17/68, A18; Kamm, NYT -9 11/17/68, 1; @, 11/19/68, 72-3; GSFC'SSR, - 11/30/68) . Apollo 8 prime crew--Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, J r . , and W i l l i a m A. Anders--held p r e s s conference a t MSC on Apollo 8 f l i g h t plan. Commander Borman explained t h a t an important f e a t u r e of mission's f l i g h t plan was establishment i n advance of decision p o i n t s when crew could decide whether t o continue mission a s planned o r return t o earth: . t h e f i r s t one [decision p o i n t ] w i l l be whether we commit t o t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n [from parking o r b i t ] o r not.... But even i f we do commit...we have r e g u l a r abort times along t h e course t o t h e moon, so t h a t we could--in case of a system problem s t o p a t any time and come back. Then we f i n a l l y reach a point where it would be s w i f t e r t o j u s t go on around t h e moon than it would be t o t r y t o a b o r t . The next great point i s before we burn l u n a r o r b i t i n j e c tion. ," Once i n lunar o r b i t crew would receive abort d a t a r e g u l a r l y and have o p t i o n t o r e t u r n t o e a r t h every two hours. "The mission, i f a l l works w e l l , w i l l be a r e l a t i v e l y simple one," Borman s a i d . "...we designed Apollo, we s a i d we were going t o t h e moon, and f i n a l l y when we g e t down t o examining t h e d e t a i l s and saying we a r e r e a l l y going, people s t a r t g e t t i n g a l i t t l e queasy about it. But I have no hesitancy about t h e hardware. " ( ~ r a n s c r i;~OIToole, t W Post, 11/17/68, ~ 8 ) ".. ... .. ... �U W launched experimental r e e n t r y v e h i c l e from Vandenberg November 16: AFB by A t l a s booster. (uPI, NYT, 11/18/68, 31) - November 11: Boeing Co. i n Washington, D . C . , p u b l i c l y displayed s c a l e model of new fixed-wing design f o r SST with downward-bent wings i n board toward f u s e l a g e and v e r t i c a l t a i l placed well forward of h o r i z o n t a l t a i l . SST Program Director M/G Jewel1 C. Maxwell s a i d i n interview, "I t h i n k we have a much g r e a t e r f e e l i n g of confidence than we have had i n some time. We now have a design i n hand t h a t seems a b l e t o do t h e job." Boeing would submit new design t o Government i n mid-January b u t , s a i d New York Times, "there i s some nervousness about t h e r e c e p t i v i t y of t h e new Congress f o r a budget request t h a t w i l l probably come c l o s e t o $300 m i l l i o n f o r t h e f i s c a l year ending June 1970." Current estimates of o v e r a l l SST cost were $1.5 b i l l i o n . To d a t e 26 a i r l i n e s had reserved d e l i v e r y p o s i t i o n s f o r 122 a i r c r a f t . (N~T, 11/18/68, 93) . I nsuccessor Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines s a i d speculation had begun on t o James E. Webb a s NASA Administrator. "The man who i s holding Webb's place on an ' a c t i n g t basis--Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, formerly of t h e General E l e c t r i c Company--is not regarded a s a candidate, More l i k e l y i s Bernard A. ( ~ e n n i)e Schriever, t h e ?%-yearo l d r e t i r e d A i r Force general who i s c h i e f l y responsible f o r today's m i s s i l e a r s e n a l . Had Vice President Humphrey won [ p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n ] , r e t i r e d astronaut John H. Glenn, J r . , t h e f i r s t American t o o r b i t t h e Earth, was a f a v o r i t e f o r t h e NASA post. But Glenn, c l o s e l y i d e n t i f i e d with Kennedy democrats, i s now out of place i n t h e Nixon o f f i c i a l family. " (W 9-S t a r 11/17/68, ~ 4 ) . I n New York Times Walter Sullivan s a i d nuclear s p e c i a l i s t s who met i n Stockholm during A p r i l and June a t i n v i t a t i o n of I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r Peace and Conflict Research had confirmed e f f e c t i v e n e s s of new method of d i s t i n g u i s h i n g man-made explosion from n a t u r a l earthquake a t thousands of miles by comparing magnitude of seismic event i n waves crossing earkh' s surface with magnitude of "body waves" from same event t h a t have passed through e a r t h ' s depths. Analysis by U.S., U.K., Canadian, and U.S.S.R. s c i e n t i s t s had shown s t r e n g t h of surface waves r e l a t e d t o body waves was c o n s i s t e n t l y l e s s i n bomb explosions t h a n i n earthquakes. ( 9 11/17/68, , 1) �November 18: Bullet fragment i n b r a i n of holdup victim Joseph Ba.rrios was s u c c e s s f u l l y repositioned i n t o b r a i n membrane by whirling p a t i e n t i n Ames Research Center c e n t r i f u g e , subjecting him t o f o r c e of 6 g. Fragment had moved from c r i t i c a l c e n t r a l v e n t r i c l e t o l a t e r a l v e n t r i c l e when doctors a t O'Connor Hospital i n San Jose, C a l i f . , somersaulted Barrios on r o t a t i n g c h a i r , but fragment could move again. Force of centrifuge--normally used by NASA f o r space research--imbedded fragment i n membrane of l e f t v e n t r i c l e , where it was expected t o remain s a f e l y encapuslated by s c a r t i s s u e . Dec. 16 x-rays showed fragment had not moved s i n c e c e n t r i f u g e treatment. Barrios was sent home from h o s p i t a l Dec. 17. ( ~ r o d y ,NYT, 11/21/68, 37; AP, W Post, 11/21/68, A3; ARC Astrogram, 12/8/68,; ARC Medical Services ranch) . Announcement was made t h a t Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., would receive K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy f o r distinguished achievement i n aeronautics a t annual Wright Brothers memorial banquet i n Beverly H i l l s , C a l i f . , Dec. 6. (UPI, W -S9 t a r 11/19/68, ~ 2 ) . Air Transport Assn. of America reported t o NASA Conference on Pavement Grooving & Traction Studies a t Langley Research Center t h a t 15- t o 19-mo use a t t h r e e major a i r p o r t s had convinced a i r l i n e s t h a t runway s u r f a c e grooving was "an e f f e c t i v e a i d i n overcoming hydroplaning" during wet landings. Grooving increased stopping c a p a b i l i t y of l a r g e turbine-powered a i r c r a f t on wet runways and those with standing water. A i r l i n e operation evaluation confirmed conclusion of NASA research and " d i s p e l l e d e a r l i e r f e a r s t h a t grooving might damage runways o r a i r c r a f t . " ( ~ e x;t NYT, 24/68, 84) 111 ,. U W denied d e c i s i o n had been made t o cut back o r cancel FB-111 product i o n [see Nov. 151, Wall S t r e e t Journal s a i d , but r e p o r t s p e r s i s t e d t h a t fewer t h a n 253 would be purchased because of t h e i r high cost and i n d i f f e r e n t performance. Aerospace Daily s a i d i t s sources reported recommended cutback of more t h a n 5% was " e s s e n t i a l l y accurate" and put f i g u r e a t "about 100" t o give USAF Unit Equipment f o r c e of 90 aircraft. (WSJ, - 11/18/68, 12; Aero Daily, 11/18/68) November 18-21: During Geneva conference of I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Federation on Basic Environmental Problems of Man i n Space, D r . Boris B. Yegorov, only physician t o t r a v e l i n space (launched i n U. S. S. R. ' s Voskhod I Oct. 12, 1964), t o l d p r e s s conference he believed p l a n e t a r y f l i g h t s would be achieved by 1987. U. S.S.R. was experimenting with 8,- t o 10-volt e l e c t r i c a l shocks administered t o improve c i r c u l a t i o n and s t i m u l a t e muscles of a s t r o n a u t s t o enable them t o endure s t r a i n of r e t u r n i n g t o e a r t h a f t e r prolonged period i n confined space �November 18- 21 ( cont inuedj' capsule. He claimed problem of weightlessness was same f o r short o r long f l i g h t s and urged immediate planning f o r f l i g h t s t o g a l a x i e s out s i d e s o l a r system. D r . Walton W. Jones, NASA Director of Biotechnology and Human Research, s a i d before I;PF conference U.S. could keep a s t r o n a u t s i n e a r t h o r b i t a year witbin 10 yr i f it would a l l o c a t e s u f f i c i e n t resources t o p r o j e c t . BRC experiments had shown r a t s subjected t o g r a v i t a t i o n a l p u l l 4.7 times above normal had increased l i f e expectancy. He s a i d a f t e r meeting t h a t NASA planned experiments w i t h r a t s a t zero g r a v i t a t i o n t o determine i f aging process was suspended while man was f r e e from g r a v i t a t i o n a l p u l l . D r . J. F. Kubis of Fordham Univ. emphasized importance of psychological f a c t o r s i n s e l e c t i n g space crews. On long f l i g h t , "lack of privacy, crowding, and continuous exposure t o i n t e r a c t i o n w i l l become sources of aggravating s t r e s s . " He recommended no more t h a n one i n crew with dominant p e r s o n a l i t y . Soviet s c i e n t i s t D r . N. N. Gurovsky t o l d conference condition of two dogs a f t e r 22-day o r b i t a l f l i g h t ( i n Cosmos CX Feb. 22-March 16, 1966) had aroused forbodings on e f f e c t of year-long f l i g h t s on a s t r o n a u t s , Loss o f calcium i n bones would make them prone t o breaking. Both dogs had developed l i v e r and i n t e s t i n a l ailments including edemas. Human beings could expect same e f f e c t s . E a r l i e r r e p o r t s had noted dogs s u f f e r e d muscular reduction, dehydration, and conf'usion i n adj u s t ing t o walking. Cal Tech Prof. F r i t z Zwicky s a i d apparently unexplained deaths each year could be due t o blows from meteors o r heavy nucleons i n cosmic r a y s . ( ~ a m i l t o n ,NYT, 11/20/68, 31; 11/21/68, 18; AP, B -3Sun 11/22/68, 1) - November 19: Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey spent f i v e hours i n b r i e f i n g s a t KSC, ascending t o spacecraft l e v e l of Apollo 8 moon r o c k e t , performing simulated rendezvous and p r a c t i c i n g format ion f l y i n g i n s i d e mock spacecraft and lunching with NASA o f f i c i a l s and Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Eovell, J r . , and W i l l i s m A. Anders. During v i s i t he s a i d , "The space program has contributed g r e a t l y t o t h e s t r u c t u r e of our nation.. . . I have f e l t it has been underfunded a t times and we w i l l pay t h e p r i c e . I f e e l it i s a wise investment on t h e p a r t of Congress and t h e public. I ' l l do what I can a s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n and a former chairman of t h e space council t o see it i s funded." (KSC Release KSC-496-68; AP, W S t a r , 11/20/68, A8; AP, W Post, 11/20/68, C l ; Today, 11/20/68, 1 > - �November 19: Soviet Prof. Georgy I. Petrov i n I z v e s t i a s a i d successful recovery of Zond V I opened way "for c r e a t i o n of spacecraft a b l e t o g e t t o t h e moon, Mars, Venus and other p l a n e t s and r e t u r n t o e a r t h . " Such experiments, he s a i d , " w i l l allow us i n t h e near f u t u r e t o c r e a t e l o n g - l a s t i n g o r b i t a l s t a t i o n s , moon l a b o r a t o r i e s manned by s c i e n t i f i c personnel The passenger ships w i l l d i f f e r from t h e p r e s e n t s p a c e c r a f t , but now we a r e witnessing t h e i r b i r t h . " I n another d i s p a t c h Tass s a i d b a s i c problem of r e e n t r y by spacecraft a t "second cosmic speed," about 25,000 mph, had been solved by Zond V I . (UPI, W -3S t a r 11/20/68, ~ 1 1 ) .... . In answer t o queries [see Nov. 161 DOD issued statement on increased c o s t of C-5A, world's l a r g e s t a i r c r a f t . "At t h e beginning of t h i s program over t h r e e years ago, t h e A i r Force estimated t h a t t h e cost of development and production of t h e f i r s t 58 a i r p l a n e s would be $2.3 b i l l i o n . The corresponding estimate f o r t h e 120 a i r p l a n e s u l t i m a t e l y contemplated was $3.1 b i l l i o n . Current estimates, i n cluding economic e s c a l a t i o n and a l l o t h e r f a c t o r s , a r e $3.25 b i l l i o n and $4.3 b i l l i o n , i n d i c a t i n g increases of 41% and 3 9 r e s p e c t i v e l y . " Additional c o s t s had r e s u l t e d from increased l a b o r and m a t e r i a l s c o s t s due t o Vietnam war and "unprecedented demand f o r c i v i l i a n a i r c r a f t t > i n t r o d u c t i o n of new technology; and modifications t o overcome t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . ( ~ e x t ;WSJ, 11/20/68, 2; AP, W Post, 11/20/68, A3; Kelly, W -' Star 1 1 / 2 m 8 , All) November 20: NASA Acting Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine i n speech b e f o r e AIA. Fall Conference i n Phoenix, Ariz., s a i d , "Today t h e United S t a t e s stand a t t h e crossroads. " I n FY 1969 NASA was o p e r a t i n g c l o s e t o "breakpoint" l e v e l . Below $ 4 - b i l l i o n budget l e v e l , NASA. could no longer "hold t o g e t h e r our hard-won capab i l i t i e s and u t i l i z e them e f f e c t i v e l y i n c r i t i c a l programs; some of them would have t o be dropped e n t i r e l y . " Budget above $4 b i l l i o n would "not only allow us t o . . c a r r y forward major programs, but might permit modest investments aimed a t reducing c o s t s of f u t u r e space a c t i v i t i e s . " Pointing t o "long-term r e s u l t s of t h e tremendous t ethnological effort mounted during World War 11" and " s t i l l being exploited today," D r . Paine urged t h a t a s "we t a c k l e grave s o c i a l i l l s , we've got t o continue t o forge ahead i n o t h e r a r e a s . We must worry about how we c r e a t e new wealth a s much a s we do about how we b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t e t o d a y ' s wealth. It would be an i n t e r n a t i o n a l tragedy i f America were t o t u r n back now from i t s forward t h r u s t i n space a t t h e end of an a s t o n i s h i n g l y productive f i r s t decade. " ( ~ e x) t ... ... . �November 20 ( cont inued) James M. Beggs, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology, discussed t h r e e major aerospace needs: increased a e r o n a u t i c a l research, low-cost boosters, and use of nuclear energy i n space. I n a i r c r a f t technology, NASA was " i n c r e a s i n g . . . e f f o r t by increases i n o l d and new a e r o n a u t i c a l d i s c i p l i n e s , i n V/STOL technology, and i n noise reduction. " Pressing need f o r boosters a s r e l i a b l e a s e x i s t i n g boosters but f a r more economical, "means a f r e s h approach t o t h e e n t i r e concept of boosters and a c r i t i c a l examination of each s t e p . . .from t h e drawing board t o t h e end of t h e boost operation. " NASA was recommending t h a t t h e WRVA engine development be continued with engine and s t a g e ready f o r a mission a s e a r l y a s 1977. "We a r e working with o t h e r NASA o f f i c e s i n studying p l a n e t a r y and o t h e r t y p e s of missions t h a t can use t h e high performance c a p a b i l i t y of a nuclear engine. We a r e a l s o working j o i n t l y with t h e AEC on nuclear e l e c t r i c power generation. " ( ~ e x t ) . I n BBC TV interview J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n D i r e c t o r , S i r Bernard Lovell, s a i d U.S. Apollo 8 plan f o r manned lunar o r b i t We 've reached t h e was "On a s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s . . .wasteful and s i l l y . . . s t a g e with automatic landings when i t ' s not necessary t o r i s k human l i f e t o g e t information about t h e moon. Within a few y e a r s t h i s i n format i o n could be obtained by automatic , unmanned instrument s . " S i r Bernard s a i d he was f u l l of admiration f o r p r o j e c t but added, t h e r e was "a dangerous element of deadline beating i n i t . " NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, commented, "The purpose i s not s c i e n t i f i c but t o t a k e an important s t e p i n developing t h e c a p a b i l i t y of landing men on t h e moon." I n telephone interview from Huntsville, Ala., he s a i d , "We a r e t a k i n g no undue r i s k s . " Apollo 8 crewman W i l l i a m A. Anders t o l d news conference a t KSC, "We a r e f l y i n g p r i m a r i l y an o p e r a t i o n a l mission and we s t r o n g l y f e e l t h a t a manned platform i n l u n a r o r b i t with t h e o p e r a t i o n a l equipment we have can add s i g n i f i c a n t b i t s and We t h i n k it w i l l be a r e a l p i e c e s t o s c i e n t i f i c knowledge boon f o r f u t u r e Apollo f l i g h t s t o have t h e photographic, navigat i o n , t r a c k i n g , mapping, and o t h e r knowledge w e ' l l b r i n g back." (AP, B Sun, 11/21/68, 1; NYT, 11/21/68, 19; OtToole, W Post, 2116 F ~ 3 ) . .... 111 . Survey by Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. of America predicted d e c l i n e i n aerospace i n d u s t r y employment from 1,431 m i l l i o n i n March t o 1,400 m i l l i o n by December because of continuing decline i n space program - 373 - �November 20 (continued) and l e v e l i n g off of employment requirements i n a i r c r a f t production and R&D programs. Employment was e x p e c t e d t o remain a t December l e v e l through March 1969. A i r c r a f t production and R&D employees were expected t o d e c l i n e from 854,000 t o 833,000, o r by 2.5%. M i s s i l e s and space employment was expected t o drop from 517,000 S c i e n t i s t s and engineers would continue t o t o 507,000, o r 1. form 16% of aerospace employment, with technicians making up 6~ o f aerospace i n d u s t r y employment. (AIAA Release 68-56) $. . Soviet t r a d e - union newspaper Trud s a i d mass production of powerful i n t e r c o n t i n e n t a l rockets had s t a r t e d a t U. S. S. R. ' s " ~ o c k e tCity" because "the conquest of space i s expanding." Device made a t t h e u n i d e n t i f i e d c i t y " w i l l help our s c i e n t i s t s discover new mysteries NYT, 11/22/68, 22) of t h e universe f o r t h e good of man. " (UPI, - . GSFC awarded $3,127,001 one-year extension of cost -plus-award-fee c o n t r a c t t o F a i r c h i l d - H i l l e r Corp. f o r s c i e n t i f i c and engineering support s e r v i c e s a t GSFC. (GSFC Release G-53-68) November 21: Cosmos CCLIV was successfully launched by U.S.S.R. from P l e s e t sk Cosmodrome. S a t e l l i t e entered o r b i t with 332-Ian (286.3-mi) apogee, 210-km (130.5-mi) perigee, 89.9-min period, and 65.4 i n c l i n a t i o n and r e e n t e r e d Nov. 29. (UPI, NYT, 11/22/68, 22; GSFC -9SSR 11/30/68; SBD, 12/2/68, 129) - - . NASA Aerobee 150A sounding rocket successfully launched from WSA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d 300-lb payload containing two white r a t s t o 101-mi (162.5-km) a l t i t u d e i n t h i r d of four experiments t o study r a t s ' behavior i n a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y f i e l d and determine minimum l e v e l of g r a v i t y needed by b i o l o g i c a l organisms during space f l i g h t . During f i v e minutes of f r e e f a l l , r a t s s e l e c t e d a r t i f i c a l g r a v i t y l e v e l s created through c e n t r i f u g a l a c t i o n by walking along t u n n e l runway i n extended arms of payload. Data on t h e i r p o s i t i o n and movement were telemetered t o ground s t a t i o n s Payload impacted 69 m i downrange i n t h e A t l a n t i c . (WS Release 68-21) . National Science Foundation r e l e a s e d Research and Development i n I n d u s t r y , 1966. T o t a l 1966 i n d u s t r i a l R&D expenditure was $15.5 b i l l i o n , with i n d u s t r y accounting f o r 70% of n a t i o n ' s R&D performance. Federal Government R&D performed i n i n d u s t r y reached $8.3 b i l l i o n , 5% of i n d u s t r i a l t o t a l . I n January 1967, 163, goo-3 q o f t o t a l - - i n d u s t r i a l s c i e n t i s t s and engineers were engaged i n �November 21 ( continued) R&D d i r e c t l y supported by Federal Government. I n 1966, NASA and DOD financed work of 8% of F&D s c i e n t i s t s and engineers employed by i n d u s t r y on Federal p r o j e c t s , with 54,000 working on NASA p r o j e c t s , an i n c r e a s e of 5% over 1963. DOD-financed s c i e n t i s t s and engineers decreased 23% i n same period. (~ext) . A Charles t awards dinner of National I n s t i t u t e of S o c i a l Sciences i n New York, A. Lindbergh s a i d , "My hope t h a t a v i a t i o n would cause b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s between our e a r t h ' s peoples gave way t o r e a l i z a , t i o n t h a t t h e a i r p l a n e ' s primary s i g n i f i c a n c e l a y i n i t s power of destruction. My f a s c i n a t i o n with t h e rocket a s a space-exploring vehicle has been replaced by my alarm a t i t s a b i l i t y t o wipe out our c i v i l i z a t i o n overnight." Lindbergh and h i s wife, Anne Morrow, received gold medals f o r "distinguished service t o humanity" f o r t h e i r work i n conservation. (UPI, W -S9 t a r 11/22/68> ~ 2 ) . .. . Washington Evening S t a r s a i d U.K. and A u s t r a l i a n governments had drawn up j o i n t plans f o r l a r g e s t t e l e s c o p e i n Southern Hemisphere, 150-in o p t i c a l t e l e s c o p e a t Siding Spring Mountain Observatory of A u s t r a l i a n National Univ. It would cost $10.5 million. (W -S t a r 11/21/68, ~ 6 ) 9 . ComSatCorp announced it had requested proposals f o r construction of two new e a r t h s t a t i o n s near Talkeetna, Alaska, and Apra Heights, Guam. (cornsat ~ o r pRelease 68-63) November 22: JPL announced i t s astronomers had determined a s t e r o i d I c a r u s was about h a l f mile i n diameter and r o t a t e d every $ h r from d a t a received during three-day s e r i e s of seven microwave probes. I c a r u s was clocked a t speeds from 36,000 mph t o 1,450 mph a t 4-million-mi d i s t a n c e - - c l o s e s t approach it had made t o e a r t h i n 19 y r . A 450,000-w t r a n s m i t t e r on 85-f't antenna a t Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n i n Mohave d e s e r t beamed radar waves a t 2,388-me frequency. Reflected echoes were received by 210-ft antenna 14 m i d i s t a n t . Average r a d a r round t r i p t o I c a r u s was 43 see. JPL r a d a r astronomer, D r . Richard M. Goldstein, s a i d i n d i c a t i o n s were t h a t I c a r u s was "rough, even jagged, and perhaps shaped l i k e a peach s t o n e . " Radar r e f l e c t i o n s were unable t o i n d i c a t e whether i t s s u r f a c e was stony o r m e t a l l i c . I f m e t a l l i c , D r . Goldstein s a i d , i t s r a d i u s might be a s small a s 300 m; i f s t o w , 600 m, which f i x e d I c a r u s ' diameter a t 600 t o 1,200 m, with 900 m a probable figure. (NASA Release 68-197; AP, W S t a r , 11/20/68, A8; Goldstein, Science, 11/22/68, 903-4) - �November 22: National Academy of Sciences issued The Mathematical Sciences: A Report. Before World War 11, U.S. was consumer of mathematics and mathematical t al-ent Now it was " u n i v e r s a l l y recognized a s t h e l e a d i n g producer of t h e s e . " Graduate education i n mathematical sciences a t major U. S. c e n t e r s " i s f a r superior t o t h a t i n a l l but two o r t h r e e c e n t e r s i n t h e r e s t of t h e world," but shortage of college t e a c h e r s was l i k e l y t o worsen before it improved. Report recommended continued and increased Federal support f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h including NASA programs, computer science, a p p l i e d mathematics, graduate apprenticeships, and f a c u l t y improvement. It p r o j e c t e d t h a t , by 1970, 41,000 s t u d e n t s would be majoring i n mathematics and 1,864,800 majoring i n o t h e r s u b j e c t s would be e n r o l l e d i n mathematics courses. ( ~ e x;t Schwart z, PJYT, 11/24/68, 74) . - . Dr. Donald F. Hornig, President Johnson's S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t f o r Science and Technology, would j o i n Eastman Kodak Co. i n "executive capacity" i n e a r l y January, Science reported. He would a l s o become p r o f e s s o r of chemistry a t Univ. of Rochester. (science, 11/22/68, 881) . U.S. and Romania signed agreements t o exchange information on peaceful u s e s o f atomic energy, s c i e n t i f i c delegations, and u n c l a s s i f i e d t e c h n i c a l l i t e r a t u r e and films. Romanian graduate students would be assigned t o U.S. l a b o r a t o r i e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s . ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 11/21/68, E l ; AP, NYT, 11/24/68, 43) - November 23: F i r s t Lady, Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, and daughter, Mrs. Lynda Robb, p a i d t h e i r f i r s t v i s i t t o KSC and p a r t i c i p a t e d i n simulated moon landing i n l u n a r landing module r e p l i c a . P r e s e n t i n g model of Apollo Lunar Landing Module f o r d i s p l a y i n Lyndon B. Johnson P r e s i d e n t i a l Library, NASA Acting Administrator, D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, s a i d model would bear plaque l i s t i n g "a few of t h e mqny c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o our space program of Lyndon B. Johnson-a s Senate Majority Leader, a s Chairman o f t h e Senate Aeronautics and Space Sciences Committee, a s Chairman of t h e National Aeronautics and Space Council when he was Vice President, and t h e n a s President o f t h e United S t a t e s . " D r . Paine t o l d Mrs. Johnson "we t r u s t t h a t t h i s model of t h e l u n a r landing module w i l l s i g n i f y t o t h e many v i s i t o r s t o t h e Lyndon B. Johnson P r e s i d e n t i a l Library t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s v i s i o n and l e a d e r s h i p t h a t has c a r r i e d t h i s n a t i o n outward i n t o t h e new ocean of space. " (KSC Release KSC-500-68; Shelton, W ?-S t a r 11/25/68, E3; B l a i r , NYT, 11/24/68, 41) - �December 24: Cornell Univ. s c i e n t i s t s reported p u l s a r l y i n g i n o r near Crab Nebula with f a s t e s t pulse r a t e of p u l s a r s discovered t h u s f a r was slowing pulse tempo a t r a t e of one p a r t i n 2,000 a year. Discovery was made with 1,000-ft-dia antenna a t Arecibo ( ~ u e r t o~ i c o )observatory. Walter S u l l i v a n i n New York Times s a i d discovery encouraged view t h a t astronomers "are p e n e t r a t i n g an e n t i r e new realm of physics . . . p hysics of superdense matter ( i n t h e form of so-called neutron s t a r s ) , magnetic f i e l d s f a r beyond anything observable i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and superpowerful gravity. " 11/25/68, 53) (s, . New York Times a r t i c l e s a i d a t l e a s t e i g h t nations, including U.S. and U.S.S.R., were building astronomical observatories i n Chile, which had been termed i d e a l s i t e because of i t s l a t i t u d e , n e a r 30° South. Association of U n i v e r s i t i e s f o r Research i n Astronomy, Enc (AURA), dependency of NSF , had invested $19 m i l l i o n t h u s f a r i n observatory a t Cerro Tololo a t Lat. 32'. Other groups i n v e s t i n g i n Chilean observatories were: European Southern Observatory (ESO), consortium of West Germany, France, Holland, Belgiwn, Sweden, and Denmark; and Soviet Astronomical Mission, which had one U.S.S.R. wide-field r e f l e c t i n g t e l e s c o p e of Schmitit type i n operation but intended t o b u i l d 100-in r e f l e c t o r . Main European instrument would be 140-in r e f l e c t o r . A 36-in t e l e scope a t U.S. observatory had already photographed powerful raye m i t t i n g s t a r whose existence had previously only been suspected. Main AURA, p r o j e c t , 158-in t e l e s c o p e , w o a d be a v a i l a b l e t o any q u a l i f i e d astronomer. (NZ, 11/24/68, 27 ) . . USAF launched experimental Advanced B a l l i s t i c Reentry System (ABRES) v e h i c l e from Vandenberg AFB. (AP, W Post, 11/25/68, 9) . I n New York Times, Reuters s a i d Nuclear Emergency Team (NET) of DOD Defense Atomic Support Agency based i n Albuquerque, N.M., could be enroute t o accident involving nuclear weapons anywhere i n world on two h o u r ' s n o t i c e . It could secure a r e a rescue personnel, minimize r a d i a t i o n hazards, and provide expert advice and a s s i s t a n c e . Each U.S. m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e had s e v e r a l 15-man NET teams capable of r e p o r t i n g t o NET Hq. within 30 min. (NYT, - 12/1/68, 144) November 25: Four f o r e i g n f i m s who handled a l l Argentine overseas telephone c a l l s and telecommunications, w i t h mult b i l l i o n - d o l l a r investment, had been n o t i f i e d by lower echelons of Argentine government t h a t i t s n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r ENTEL would be exclusive �November 25 (continued) i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r and would reserve a l l communications s a t e l l i t e channels f o r i t s e l f , Washington Evening S t a r reported. Argentina was t o l i n k up with ComSatCorp and INTELSAT on completion of e a r t h s t a t i o n a t Balcarce i n June. Firms--U.S.-based ITT World Comrnunicat i o n s Co.; Transradio, which had RCA. hookup; Western Telegraph of U.K. ; and I t a l c a b l e of Italy--had banded t o g e t h e r t o propose mixed government-carrier company t o own and operate Argentine e a r t h s t a t i o n . ( o f ~ e a r y W, -S 9 tar 11/25/68, ~ 1 5 ) . C-130 t r o o p and supply c a r r i e r , used a s pick-up a i r c r a f t f o r s a t e l l i t e s dropping s p e c i a l reconnaissance photos i n t o sea, had developed s e r i o u s wing cracks which would cost USAF $11m i l l i o n t o r e p a i r , Bob Horton r e p o r t e d i n Washington Evening S t a r . USAF had been r e i n f o r c i n g wings but would have t o b u i l d e n t i r e new wing on 400 C-130 models B through E t o ensure long s e r v i c e . Model C-130A was not a f f e c t e d . (W -2S t a r 11/25/68, ~ 3 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on NAS r e p o r t on s t a t u s and needs of American mathematics [ s e e Nov. 221 : . t h i s era--often c a l l e d t h e age of t h e computer--is r e a l l y t h e time of t h e most widespread and f r u i t f K l a p p l i c a t i o n of mathematics ever known. . . . I n t h i s p e r i o d of retrenchment i n Government expenditures, t h e National Academy r e p o r t c a l l s f o r increased Federal expenditures i n a i d of both r e s e a r c h and education i n mathematics.... The cost of supporti n g American mathematics i s so s l i g h t i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s t h a t even t h e most economy-minded Congressman should be chary of using h i s ax." (NYT, - 11/25/68, 46) ".. . Harold T. Luskin, Director of Apollo Applications i n NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , d i e d i n Bethesda, Md., of r e s p i r a t o r y i l l n e s s . He had joined NASA i n March 1968 and had become Apollo Applications D i r e c t o r i n May. He was p a s t president of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics and had been associated with Douglas A i r c r a f t Co. f o r 20 yr and Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. f o r 9 yr. He had h e l d engineering and management p o s i t i o n s i n connection with Agena space v e h i c l e , USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory, X-3 supersonic (NASA Ann, 11/26/68; FJpnSL 11/27/68, r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t , and DC-8. C3; Marshall S t a r , 11/27/68, 1; W S t a r , 11/27/68, B4) - . Dr. Paul Allman S i p l e , p o l a r explorer and geographer who had accompanied Adm. Richard E. Byrd t o Antarctica and science a d v i s e r t o U. S. Army 1946-1963 and s i n c e 1967, died a t Arlington, Va., a t age 59. (nry~, 11/27/68, 47) �November 26: NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller, t o l d National Space Club i n Washington, D.C., unique conditions i n space suggested use of o r b i t i n g space s t a t i o n s f o r c e r t a i n manufacturing processes. instance, l i q u i d f l o a t i n g i n a weightless environment, t a k e s t h e shape of a p e r f e c t sphere. Thus, it i s conceivable t h a t metal b a l l bearings could be manufactured i n space t o t o l e r a n c e s impossible on e a r t h , yet a t a c o s t , including t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , l e s s t h a n we can now achieve. Perfect bearings would reduce f r i c t i o n and noise l e v e l s t o t h e vanishing p o i n t . F r e e - f a l l c a s t i n g techniques could be u t i l i z e d t o c a s t l a r g e f l a w l e s s o p t i c a l blanks f o r t e l e s c o p e s and by proper combinations of spinning and e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o r c e s we should be able t o shape t h e surface a s w e l l . " S t a b l e foams f o r mixtures of l i q u i f i e d m a t e r i a l s and gases, impossible t o produce s a t i s f a c t o r i l y on e a r t h , could be produced i n weightlessness, r e s u l t i n g i n "a s t e e l foam almost a s l i g h t a s b a l s a wood with many of t h e p r o p e r t i e s of s o l i d s t e e l . " Composite m a t e r i a l s l i k e s t e e l of d i f f e r e n t d e n s i t i e s and p r o p e r t i e s and g l a s s a l s o could be produced. (Text; Schmeck, NYT, 11/27/68, 48; S e h l s t e d t , B ->Sun 11/27/68, ~ 6 ) or - . NASA Associate Administrator, D r . Homer E. Mewell, t o l d annual convention of National Council f o r S o c i a l Studies a t GSFC, "...because of t h e l e n g t h of time between investment i n b a s i c s c i e n t i f i c research and important use of t h e r e s u l t s t h e r e o f , support by Congress and t h e p u b l i c of b a s i c r e s e a r c h i s h e s i t a t i n g and o f t e n o u t r i g h t s k e p t i c a l . The development and a p p l i c a t i o n of technology t o t h e quick s o l u t i o n of current problems i s b e t t e r understood and more r e a d i l y supported. Yet t h e f a c t i s t h a t technology t o be used i n t h e s o l u t i o n of a p r a c t i c a l problem r e s t s u l t i m a t e l y upon t h e r e s u l t s of b a s i c research performed y e a r s , and o f t e n many y e a r s , ago." Experience proved, he s a i d , " t h a t t h e e f f o r t t o s e l e c t t h e b a s i c r e s e a r c h t o support i n terms of p r e d i c t e d usefulness would over and over again preclude support of t h e research t h a t i n time would prove t o be t h e most valuable. 'I (Text) . NASA and Univ. of Texas dedicated world's t h i r d l a r g e s t t e l e s c o p e , 107-in, 150-ton instrument a t McDonald Observatory, Mount Locke, Tex. Observatory D i r e c t o r , D r . Harlan J. Smith, s a i d it had been booked a year i n advance. The $5-million observatory would emphasize s t u d i e s of moon and o t h e r Government s c i e n t i s t s hoped f o r information t o help them design planet s s p a c e c r a f t t o v i s i t p l a n e t s . '(UPI, NYT, 11/27/68, 26) . . French Prime Minister Maurice Couve de Murville announced France's 1969 atomic t e s t program would be canceled and c r e d i t s would be reduced f o r Concorde supersonic a i r c r a f t a s p a r t of a u s t e r i t y program t o save �November 26 ( continued) French f r a n c from devaluation. French contribution t o Concorde development would be cut by $12 million. It was not known how much d e l a y move might cause i n program, with f i r s t prototype scheduled t o f l y i n l a t e December. (AP, W S t a r , 11/26/68, 1; Loucheim, W Post, 11/27/68, Al; Tanner, TJYT, 11/27/68, 1 ) -- November 8: NASA awarded Allis-Chalmers $3,500,000 contract t o f l i g h t - q u a l i f y Multimission Fuel C e l l Assembly, an improved f u e l c e l l e l e c t r i c a l power system f o r Apollo Applications (AA) program. System had been developed under t h r e e previous NASA c o n t r a c t s since 1962. Allis-Chalmers would produce two assemblies f o r use i n q u a l i f i c a t i o n program and two f o r d e l i v e r y t o MSC. (NASA Procurement Off; MCS Roundup, 12/6/68, 1 ) . U.K. became f i r s t nuclear power t o r a t i f y nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y . A t Washington, D.C., ceremony, B r i t i s h Charge d ' a f f a i r e s Edward E. Tompkins handed instruments of r a t i f i c a t i o n t o Director William C. F o s t e r of U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. (N~T, 11/28/68, 9) Soviet journal Aviat s i y a i KO sxnonavti k a (Aviat ion and Co smonaut ic s ) s a i d Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had concluded T'basis of a l i n k e d system f o r providing man with v i t a l n e c e s s i t i e s on board spaceship w i l l be t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of higher p l a n t s . S c i e n t i s t s believe t h a t a r t i f i c i a l s o i l could be used f a r space p l a n t growing. " Once s p a c e c r a f t lef't e a r t h g r a v i t a t i o n f i e l d , "plants w i l l be f i x e d i n s p e c i a l holders and sprayed with concentrated s o l u t i o n s containing a l l necessary substance. " (WI, NYT, 11/29/68, 22) . .. . USN's - Sealab 111 was c a r r i e d by barge t o San Clemente I s l a n d , C a l i f . It would be lowered 600 f t t o P a c i f i c Ocean bottom t o serve a s working and l i v i n g q u a r t e r s f o r f i v e teams of 8 t o 1 0 men s e t t i n g up underwater t r o l l e y l i n e , building dry and l i g h t e d hut on sea f l o o r , s t a r t i n g l o b s t e r farm, and t r a i n i n g porpoises and sea l i o n s t o f e t c h and carry. Sealab I I L , submerged t o t h r e e times depths of Sealab I and Sealab X I , was f i n a l experiment i n Sealab program. (AP, W S t a r , ll/28/68, ~ 3 6 ) - �November 28: NASA announced Mexican c i t i e s Gomez Palacios and Torreon had been saved from flooding i n wake of Hurricane Naomi when Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT) s t a t i o n a t Mexico City relayed d a t a from ESSA V I s a t e l l i t e i n d i c a t i n g weather was clearing. Mexican a u t h o r i t i e s t h u s were saved from opening dangerously f i l l e d dam which would have inundated t h e c i t i e s . (NASA Release 68-203; UPI, NYT, 12/1/68, 77) - . Canadian s c i e n t i s t I. A. Stewart, Operations Manager of National Research Council's Churchill Research Range, s a i d a t f i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aerospace Exposition i n Montreal he believed range, operated j o i n t l y by U. S. and Canada, could be converted f o r $1m i l l i o n t o accommodate s a t e l l i t e launching pad. Canada could t h u s r i s e t o ranks of space-age power, he said. Of more t h a n 200 on s t a f f , only one was from U.S. (CP, NYT, 12/1/68, 1 3 ) - November 29: U. S, S. R. launched Cosmos CCLV from P l e s e t sk Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 317-ian ( 1 ~ - m i ) apogee, 211-km (131.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . Spacecraft reentered Dec. 7. (GSFC SSR, 11/30/68; 12/15/68; SBD, 12/2/68, 129) - . MSFC announced it had requested proposals from 11 aerospace companies f o r six-month design and d e f i n i t i o n study f o r dual mode l u n a r roving v e h i c l e (LRV) capable of t r a n s p o r t i n g a s t r o n a u t s on l u n a r surface and of performing automated, long-range s c i e n t i f i c t r a v e r s e s across moon under remote c o n t r o l from e a r t h . Vehicle was t o permit manned s o r t i e s of up t o 6 m i from landed s p a c e c r a f t , with t o t a l round-trip of more t h a n 1 8 m i . A f t e r a s t r o nauts l e f t moon, LRV would be placed i n remote c o n t r o l mode f o r automated long-range (600 o r more mi) geological and geophysical t r i p s f o r one year. It would c o l l e c t up t o 200 l b l u n a r samples and measure t e r r a i n , t h e n rendezvous with manned spacecraft f o r r e t u r n o f samples t o e a r t h . (MSFCRelease 68-274; SBD, 12/3/68, 134; Marshall S t a r , 12/4/68, 1) - . FAA announced it had issued RPP f o r c o l l e c t i o n and a n a l y s i s of informat i o n on engineering, economic, and o p e r a t i o n a l aspects of proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n of a i r p o r t s on o f f shore water s i t e s , including f l o a t i n g a i r p o r t s and t h o s e t o be b u i l t on f i l l , p i l e s , polders, o r i n a r e a s p r o t e c t e d by dikes. (FAA Release 68-75; NYT, 12/2/68, 94) - . World's l a r g e s t vacuum telescope, scheduled f o r spring 1969 completion a t Sunspot, N.Mex,, could provide method of p r e d i c t i n g s o l a r f l a r e s , Associated Press s a i d . Housed i n 137-ft concrete needle atop mountain �November 29 (continued) r i d g e 4,000 f t above WSMR, a t Sacramento Peak Observatory, t e l e s c o p e was b r a i n c h i l d of U W astronomer D r . Richwd Dunn, who t o l d A.P, "Prediction of s o l a r f l a r e s would give us time t o warn a s t r o n a u t s working o u t s i d e t h e r a d i a t i o n shielding of a spacecraft t o t a k e cover and allow us t o p r e d i c t periods of radio communication i n t e r f e r e n c e . " P r o j e c t cost $3.5 million. (AP, NYT, 12/1/68, 65) - European Launcher Development Organization (EDO) attempt November 30: t o place 550-lb I t a l i a n ELDO F-7' i n t o p o l a r o r b i t f a i l e d when t e c h n i c i a n s l o s t contact with payload s h o r t l y af%er launch. S a t e l l i t e , launched f'rom Woomera Rocket Range by booster with U.K. Blue Streak 1 s t s t a g e , French Coralie 2nd stage, and West German A s t r i s 3rd stage, stopped t r a n s m i t t i n g a f t e r abbreviated seven-second 3rd stage burn and could not be tracked. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 12/1/68, 11) - I n A i r Force and Space Digest interview General E l e c t r i c During November: Co. Vice President Gerhard Neumann, head of GE A i r c r a f t Engine Group, s a i d postponement of e s s e n t i a l R&D during p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s had "mortgaged" n a t i o n ' s technological f u t u r e . He saw hazards i n current DOD c o n t r a c t i n g p o l i c i e s which kept i n d u s t r y from t a k i n g "reasonable r i s k s " because t h e y imposed implacable performance guarantees. He blamed parsimonious funding on Vietnam War requirements and urged l o s t ground be regained a s soon a s p r i o r i t i e s permitted. I n e r a of R&D a u s t e r i t y , Newnann advocated " l o t more" work i n advanced-engine r e s e a r c h by NASA. (AF/SD, 11/68, 58) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M. C l i f f o r d wrote i n A i r Force and Space ~ i ~ e s" t~ o t o o many years ago, t h e War and Navy Departments ;ere concerned almost exclusively with men and simple machines. Defense We now have i n d u s t r i e s were regarded a s mere munitions-makers.. a m i l i t a r y - i n d u s t r i a l team with unique resources of experience, engineering t a l e n t , management and problem-solving c a p a c i t i e s , [ it ] must be used t o help f i n d t h e answers t o complex domestic problems a s it has found t h e answers t o complex weapon systems. Those answers can be put t o good use by our c i t i e s and our s t a t e s , by our schools, by l a r g e and small businesses a l i k e . The nation w i l l be t h e b e t t e r and t h e stronger. " (AF/SD, 11/68, 7 6 - 7 ) ," .. I n A i r Force and Space Digest Capt. Gerald T. Rudolph (uSAF) of AFSC Space and M i s s i l e s Systems Organization scored l a c k of -progress in adopting systems technology t o solve "nation' s mounting s o c i a l �During November (continued) problems." He found two major reasons f o r l a g : "the p u b l i c does not e n t i r e l y understand [ i t ] , l a r g e l y because t h e aerospace i n d u s t r y has been unable t o define it adequately and explain how it i s used. And,..American s o c i e t y has always been r e l u c t a n t t o accept t h e kind of c e n t r a l i z e d a u t h o r i t y required t o implement systems s o l u t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e community and r e g i a n a l l e v e l s . " Every e f f o r t should be made, he s a i d , t o surmount o b s t a c l e s because "it i s t h e judgment of many experts t h a t systems technology w i l l prove t o be t h e most valuable p a r c e l of knowledge t o come o u t of present day space technology. " (AF/SD, 11/68, 79-81) . J. , S. & t z , Jr. i n A i r Force and Space Digest a r t i c l e "The Men Behind Soviet A i r c r a f t Design" mote: "Top Russian designers a r e exuberar~t r e a l i s t s ; and t h e y operate under a 'prototype' system of development t h a t i s probably t h e most competitive and t e c h n i c a l l y stimulating i n t h e world. This system i s s i m i l a r t o t h e one employed i n t h e United S t a t e s u n t i l t h e mid-1950s and t h e odds appear strong t h a t t h e U. S. w i l l r e t u r n t o such an approach i n t h e 1970s, r e j e c t i n g t h e strong dependence on 'systems a n a l y s i s ' and ' c o s t - e f f e c t i v e ness ' s t u d i e s t h a t characterized t h e 1960s. " (U/SD, 11/68, 62-7) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000121 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics November 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-12-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 29, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18012 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1265/spc_stnv_000122.pdf 534d3b3de1a4f38fcf4ecf50c95a5622 PDF Text Text A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY 1 (HHR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division Library of Congress ��ASTRONAUTICS A.ND AERONAUTICS, 1968 A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy FOREWORD The preliminary d r a f t chronologies issued monthly during t h e year 1968 a r e now being prepared f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e annual volume. Are t h e s e d r a f t s complete and c o r r e c t ? Your comments, c r i t i c i s m s , and a d d i t i o n s should be d i r e c t e d t o t h e NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) by A p r i l 1, 1969, t o v a l i d a t e t h e 1968 published e d i t i o n . &$[&,;:L/, . f,JLi./ Eugene knme NASA H i s t o r i a n (EH) �December 1: Walter P. Reuther Chair f o r study of peaceful use of atomic energy was e s t a b l i s h e d a t Weizmann I n s t i t u t e of Science near T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , through e f f o r t s of United Auto Workers of America. Chair honored l a b o r union' s p r e s i d e n t , Walter P. Reuther. ( ~ e r o n ,E, 12/2/68, 8 ) December 2: H. J u l i a n Allen, who had announced on Oct. 25 h i s retirement a s D i r e c t o r of Ames Research Center, would d e f e r r e t i r e m e n t , NASA announced. Allen would be S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o Associate D i r e c t o r , Office of Advanced Research and Technology, and would serve a s Acting D i r e c t o r of ARC f o r i n d e f i n i t e period. ARC Associate D i r e c t o r James F. Parsons, named t o be Acting D i r e c t o r a f t e r A l l e n ' s r e t i r e m e n t , had become s e r i o u s l y ill w i t h prospect of extended convalescence. (NASA. Ann, 12/2/68) . U.K., West Germany, and t h e Netherlands had decided t o pool s e c r e t s and b u i l d c e n t r i f u g e s e p a r a t i o n p l a n t t o produce cheap enriched-uranium r e a c t o r f u e l , Don Cook r e p o r t e d i n Washington Post. I f s u c c e s s f u l , venture would break U.S. monopoly on enriched uranium, c u r r e n t l y produced by gaseous-diffusion separation. I n 1962 agreement w i t h U.S., t h e c o u n t r i e s had contracted t o keep experimentat ion i n c e n t r i f u g e s e c r e t from each o t h e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o U.S., U.S.S.R. and Communist China pro(W Post, duced enriched uranium by gaseous-diffusion process. 12/2/68, ~ 3 ) published Zond V I photo of 70-mi-wide l u n a r c r a t e r c a r r y i n g name . U.S.S.R. honoring g e n e t i c i s t Nikolay I. Vavilov, who had been sent t o S i b e r i a i n 1939 f o r opposing i d e a s of Trofim D. Lysenko, and h i s b r o t h e r Sergei I. Vavilov, who had l a t e r become p r e s i d e n t of Soviet Academy of Sciences. Nikolay Vavilov d i e d i n S i b e r i a i n 1943; h i s b r o t h e r died i n 1951. Soviet name f o r c r a t e r , Brothers Vavilov, had not y e t been a c c r e d i t e d (TJYT,12/3/68, 36) by I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union. . DOD announced issuance of $4,400,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $31,132,689 cost-plus-incentive-fee U W c o n t r a c t with Lockheed M i s s i l e s and Space (DOD Release 1060-68) Co. f o r launch support s e r v i c e s a t WTR. . President Johnson presented 1968 Enrico Fermi Award i n White House ceremony t o D r . John Archibald Wheeler, Princeton Univ. p h y s i c i s t , f o r "pioneering c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o understanding nuclear f i s s i o n and t o developing t h e technology of plutonium production r e a c t o r s and h i s continuing broad c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o nuclear s c i e n c e . " Award c a r r i e d gold medal, c i t a t i o n , and $25,000. (m), 12/9/68, 1656; W Post, 12/3/68, A2; W -3S t a r 12/3/68, ~ 6 ) �U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos CCLVII i n t o o r b i t with 438-km December 3: 272.2-mi) apogee, 269-km (167.2-mi) perigee, 91.6-min period, and i0.90 inclination. (AP, B Sun, 12/4/68; Reuters, C Trib, 12/4/68; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68) - . President Johnson proclaimed Agreement on t h e Rescue of Astronauts, t h e Return of Astronauts, and t h e Return of Space Objects i n e f f e c t with deposit i n t h r e e c a p i t a l s of instruments of r a t i f i c a t i o n by I r e l a n d and Nepal had previously r a t i f i e d U. S., U.S. S.R., and U.K. t r e a t y . It had been signed by 75 countries. (El, 12/9/68, 1658; AP, NYT, 12/5/68> 13; WSA Office of General counsel) - . XB-70A experimental supersonic bomber, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t s Fitzhugh Fulton and Donald L. Mallick, reached mach 1.64 and 39,400-ft a l t i t u d e during l - h r 58-min f l i g h t from Edwards AFB t o t e s t e x i t e r vane i n t e g r a t e d loads and frequency, a s well a s handling q u a l i t i e s performance. A l l primary o b j e c t i v e s were accomplished, although cabin pressure problem n e c e s s i t a t e d manual operation of system. (XB-70 Proj o f f ) . President-elect Richard M. Nixon named D r . Lee A. DuBridge, r e t i r i n g President of Cal Tech, a s h i s Science Adviser and announced formation o f t a s k f o r c e under D r . H. Guyford Stever, President of CarnegieMellon Univ., t o make recommendations i n general science f i e l d and t a s k f o r c e headed by D r . Charles Townes, Nobel P r i z e winning physics p r o f e s s o r a t Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkely, t o recommend i n space f i e l d . D r . DuBridge described a s a "very c r i t i c a l matter" l o s s of momentum i n U.S. space program r e s u l t i n g from appropriations c u t s and s a i d reducing a c t i v i t i e s i n b a s i c and applied research damaged n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e . L a t e r , National Science Board Chairman, D r . P h i l l i p Handler of Duke Univ., s a i d of D r . DuBridge, "He has one r a r e a t t r i b u t e wisdom, an unusual commodity. He i s knowledgeable about t h e r o l e of technology i n our s o c i e t y and has a deep b e l i e f i n t h e importance of fundamental r e search t o t h e h e a l t h and welfare of t h e country. And he i s u s u a l l y understanding of t h e problems of t h e p r i v a t e u n i v e r s i t i e s " ( ~ o r n e r W S t a r , 12/3/68; Cohn, W Post, 12/3/68, A7; SBD, 12/4/68, 141; W -3S t a r 12m8, ~ 1 3 ) ... . - . President , Johnson presented Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Trophy t o f o r p i l o t i n g X-15 rocket research a i r Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight (UW) c r a f t t o u n o f f i c i a l record speed of 4,520 mph (mach 6.70) Oct. 3, 1967. During White House ceremony President s a i d , I n a t we l e a r n from t h e X-15 program w i l l enable us t o improve on all our a i r c r a f t . The information gained from Major Knight's ' f l y i n g l a b o r a t o r y ' w i l l make t h e a i r p l a n e s of t h e f u t u r e s a f e r , f a s t e r , and more e f f i c i e n t . " (NASA PAO; W Post, 12/4/68, A3; SBD, 12/5/68, 151; PD, 12/9/68, 1660) - - �December 3: Gen. ~ a c o bE. Smart (USAF, Ret ) , NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r DOD and Interagency - A f f a i r s , addressed Armed Forces Management Assn. I b e l i e v e it would be appropriate on NASA Interagency ~ o o r d i n aion: t f o r t h e President o r t h e Congress t o charge NASA with e x e r c i s i n g t h e l e a d i n a n a t i o n a l R&D program t h a t i s designed t o l e a r n how and t o what degree science, engineering, and technology can be applied t o h e l p t h e Departments of I n t e r i o r , Agriculture, Comerce, Navy, and o t h e r s t o f u l f i l l t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r development and management o f n a t u r a l resources.... National decision on whether we undertake development of o p e r a t i o n a l space systems must await outcome of R&D. I s s u e s w i l l be more c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d and understood i f t h e President and t h e Congress l e n d t h e i r i n t e r e s t and p u b l i c support t o a f i r s t c l a s s R&D program. " ( ~ e x) t "... . FAA. adopted r u l e proposed i n Sept. 4 announcement t o l i m i t number and t y p e of a i r c r a f t operations a t f i v e "high-densityt' a i r p o r t s i n New York, Washington, and Chicago and included supplemental c a r r i e r s i n same category a s scheduled c a r r i e r s . F i n a l r u l e , e f f e c t i v e A p r i l 27, 1969, dropped proposed requirement t h a t a l l a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i n g instrument f l i g h t r u l e (IFR) a t high-density a i r p o r t s have minimum two-pilot crew and be a b l e t o maintain 150-knot minimum airspeed. (FAA Release 68-76; W S t a r , 12/3/68, A l ; Eisen, W Post, 12/3/68, A l ; Witkin, NYT, 12/4/68, 1)- . Cal Tech s a i d M t . Wilson and M t . Palomar o b s e r v a t o r i e s were keeping c l o s e watch f o r developing sunspots t h a t might t h r e a t en Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s w i t h dangerous x-ray r a d i a t i o n . ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 9 ) December 4: Eugen Sa&ngerMedal of German Society of Aeronautics and A s t r o n a u t i c s was awarded t o U.S. X-15 r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f ' t team i n Bonn, West Germany, f o r X-15 program's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o advancement o f space f l i g h t . Medal honored German r o c k e t r y l e a d e r , D r . Eugen Sanger, f i r s t t o define p o t e n t i a l of hypersonic rocket a i r c r a f t , who died i n 1964. John V. Becker of LaRC accepted award on behalf o f NASA-USN-USAF team. (NASA Release 68-206) . I n New York Times interview, D r . Donald F. Hornig, Science Adviser t o President Johnson, s a i d chief problem f a c i n g h i s successor, D r . Lee A. DuBridge, was f i n d i n g funds f o r science and technology. "The c e n t r a l problem i s p r e s e r v i n g t h e v i t a l i t y , t h e c r e a t i v i t y and t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l surge of t h e establishment. The problem becomes 1 0 times a s acute when money i s t i g h t . " Next science a d v i s e r would have t o o r i e n t new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o give science proper p l a c e i n o v e r a l l scheme, D r . Hornig s a i d . One of America's g r e a t s t r e n g t h s was �December 4 (continued)' r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t science, l i k e economics, was p a r t o f everything. New a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would have t o s e t course f o r space program a f t e r manned l u n a r landing. It would have t o decide how t o improve n a t i o n ' s h e a l t h c a r e , d e a l with environmental p o l l u t i o n , and f a c e t e c h n o l o g i c a l problems o f keeping world f r e e of nuclear war. Next a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ought t o f a c e q u e s t i o n of what science and technology could c o n t r i b u t e t o solving manifold problems of c i t i e s , including urban housing and urban t r a n s p o r t . P a r t i c u l a r l y important t a s k would be p r o t e c t i n g and advancing v i t a l i t y of b a s i c science e n t e r p r i s e - - r e s e a r c h devoted t o quest f o r knowledge w i t h no immediate a p p l i c a t i o n s i n mind. Most s c i e n t i s t s agreed h e a l t h and f u t u r e of a l l science and technology r e s t e d on t h i s b a s i c i n v e s t i g a t i v e area. (~chmeck,NYT, 12/5/68, 28) - . Dr. Abe S i l v e r s t e i n , NASA Lewis Research Center D i r e c t o r , received one of s i x $10,000 1968 Rockefeller Public Service Awards--highest p r i v a t e l y s u s t a i n e d honor f o r Federal career s e r v i c e - - i n Washington, D . C . , ceremonies. ( ~ a n ~ Researcher, l e ~ 11/29/68, 1; Causey, W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 2 2 ) . I n l e t t e r t o National Council on Marine Resources and Development, P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon s a i d h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would "consider an i n t e g r a t e d program i n oceanology a f i r s t p r i o r i t y . " (AP, E,12/8/68, 74) December 5: NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched European Space Research Organizat i o n ' s 240-lb HEOS-A Highly Eccentric Orbiting S a t e l l i t e from ETR by Thrust -Augmented Thor-Delta booster. Drum-shaped s a t e l l i t e entered o r b i t with 139,452.8-mi (224,428-ha) apogee, 272.8-mi (439-km) p e r i g e e , 113-hr 12-min period, and 28.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . Primary NASA o b j e c t i v e was t o place HEOS-A i n t o e a r t h o r b i t which would permit s u c c e s s f u l achievement of ESRO s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s and t o provide s p a c e c r a f t t r a c k i n g and t e l e m e t r y support. Eight onboard experiments designed by nine s c i e n t i f i c groups i n Belgium, France, West Germany, I t a l y , and U. K. would i n v e s t i g a t e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y magnetic f i e l d s and study s o l a r and cosmic-ray p a r t i c l e s o u t s i d e magnetosphere during period of maximum s o l a r a c t i v i t y . By Dec. 30 seven experiments had been turned on and operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Eighth experiment would be a c t i v a t e d two months a f t e r l i f t o f f . Spacecraft c o n t r o l had s h i f t e d t o ESRO Operations Center, Darmstadt Germany. HEOS-A was t h i r d ESRO mission o r b i t e d by NASA, f i r s t ESRO mission on D e l t a launch v e h i c l e , and f i r s t NASA-ESRO reimbursable mission, i n which ESRO would pay U.S. f o r launch v e h i c l e hardware and c e r t a i n launch c o s t s . (WSA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-204; Wilford, NYT -3 12/6/68; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68) , - �December 5: NASA Deputy Administrator f o r Space Sciences and Applications Oran W. Nicks described a p p l i c a t i o n s of Surveyor and Lunar O r b i t e r techniques t o Mars exploration before AIAA meeting i n Washington, D. C. Two 1971 Mariner O r b i t e r missions would provide new t o o l s f o r survey of dynamic Mars, a r r i v i n g when most s t r i k i n g seasonal changes were evident i n Southern Hemisphere. Their combined o r b i t s and l i f e expectancies would allow observations of dynamic changes i n clouds and surface f e a t u r e s over s e v e r a l months. I n 1973, two a d d i t i o n a l o r b i t e r s would survey Mars from d i f f e r e n t o r b i t s during d i f f e r e n t seasons, with support of landing mission a s prime requirement. Also planned f o r 1973 was survivable landing spacecraft t o make l o c a l measurements of environment, photograph surface and topography, and analyze s o i l . "Burning question of immediate concern t o you and me w i l l be addressed by use of our new t o o l s , l1 Nicks s a i d : " ' I s t h e r e l i f e elsewhere? Has l i f e e x i s t e d on nearby p l a n e t s and disappeared f o r any reason? Can nearby p l a n e t s be made s u i t a b l e f o r l i f e ? ' Together, o r b i t e r s and l a n d e r s form a powerful team f o r t h e study of Mars and f o r seeking answers t o t h e s e questions. Together, t h e y w i l l continue t o extend our c a p a b i l i t i e s i n what i s probably t h e most challenging, open-ended arena f o r expansion o f science and technology i n t h e decade ahead. " ( ~ e x -)t . NASA announced plans t o use T i t a n 1 1 1 - ~ / ~ e n t a u ir n dual launches of 6,000-lb s p a c e c r a f t c o n s i s t i n g of Surveyor-type s o f t l a n d e r s mated t o Mariner 1971 c l a s s Mars o r b i t e r s i n mid-1973, i n P r o j e c t Viking, t o o b t a i n s c i e n t i f i c information on l i f e on Mars. Launched 10 days a p a r t , spacecraft would a r r i v e about seven months l a t e r , when o r b i t e r propulsion systems would place o r b i t e r s and l a n d e r s i n Mars o r b i t . A f t e r reconnaissance, l a n d e r s would be detached and s o f t l a n d on Mars. (NASA Release 68-207 ; Pasadena Independent, 12/6/68) . Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l e d i t o r i a l s a i d major t a s k of new P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, D r . Lee A. DuBridge, would be "to t r y t o h e l p i n s t i l l some semblance of order i n t h e Government's massive involvement i n science." While DOD and NASA had been b i g g e s t science spenders, o t h e r agencies were extensively involved. "Because t h e r e was such a l i m i t e d e f f o r t t o s e t p r i o r i t i e s i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , i t ' s hard f o r anyone t o know f o r sure which programs t h e n a t i o n now can best a f f o r d t o slow down o r abandon.. [ ~ r ] . DuBridge now must t r y t o plan t h e f u t u r e course of Federal science, somehow r e c o n c i l i n g a l l t h e competing pressures from s c i e n t i s t s , u n i v e r s i t i e s , industry, Congress, maybe even taxpayers." (WSJ, 12/5/68) .. �Lewis Research Center announced NASA-developed a r t i f i c i a l December 5: h e a r t c o n t r o l system d e l i v e r e d t o Cleveland C l i n i c , Cleveland, Ohio, would a s s i s t r e s e a r c h i n t o ways man-made v e n t r i c l e could a s s i s t damaged n a t u r a l h e a r t . Later system could be modified t o c o n t r o l a r t i f i c i a l replacement h e a r t . E l e c t r o n i c R-wave d e t e c t o r s o r t e d h e a r t beat from background noise i n electrocardiogram t o synchronize b e a t i n a r t i f i c i a l h e a r t with n a t u r a l h e a r t and gave synchronization s i g n a l t o p r o g r a m e r , which could a d j u s t pumping o f a r t i f i c i a l v e n t r i c l e t o needs of body. ( L ~ R CRelease 68-80) . ComSatCorp announced it had placed i n f u l l t i m e commercial operation two new e a r t h s t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a t Jamesburg, C a l i f . , and Pawnalu, Hawaii, t o handle U. S. - P a c i f i c a r e a communications v i a INTELSAT-I1 F-4 (LPJTELSAT 11-D) s a t e l l i t e . ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-66) - . Scientists a t Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Los Angeles, t e s t i n g t o determine i f l i f e could e x i s t i n h o s t i l e environment of Venus, s a i d t h e y had grown algae i n atmosphere of 10& carbon dioxide. They s a i d Venus More complex p l a n t s had not survived, r e p o r t e d had more t h a n 9@. D r . Willard F. Libby, Robe1 p r i z e winner i n chemistry, D r . Joseph Seckbach of I s r a e l , and D r . I r e n e Aegerter of Switzerland. (AP, 12/8/68, 35) m, . Washington Post e d i t o r i a l commented on FAA ' s l i m i t a t i o n of operations a t f i v e major a i r p o r t s [ s e e Dec. 31: "It i s unfortunate, of course, t h a t t h e c a p a c i t y of a i r p o r t s a t New York, Chicago and Washington have not kept up with t h e growth of t h e Nation's a i r f l e e t . But a i r p o r t s do have l i m i t s , and it i s growing i n c r e a s i n g l y c l e a r t h a t t h e only s o l u t i o n t o congestion problems i s t o s e p a r a t e commercial and non-commercial t r a f f i c . It would make f a r more sense f o r t h o s e who f e e l t h e y have been u n f a i r l y t r e a t e d by t h e FAA's a c t i o n t o campaign f o r more r e l i e v e r a i r p o r t s around l a r g e c i t i e s (and t h e t a x e s on a i r p o r t u s e r s t o pay f o r them) t h a n t o attempt t o overturn t h e FAA d e c i s i o n . " (W Post, 12/5/68, ~ 2 0 ) ... . DOD announced US@ s c i e n t i s t s , i n study conducted by A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, would f l y KC-135 f l y i n g ionospheric l a b o r a t o r y around a u r o r a l o v a l i n A r c t i c during seven-day s e r i e s of f i r s t f l i g h t s attempted along t h i s r o u t e . Purpose was t o o b t a i n d a t a on s p a t i a l e x t e n t and i n t e n s i t y of o p t i c a l and r a d i o auroras i n mid-winter and d e f i n e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between them. USAF was i n t e r e s t e d i n influence of a u r o r a s on r a d i o communication and navigation and on r a d a r s u r v e i l l a n c e . AFCRL s c i e n t i s t s hoped, eventually, t o p r e d i c t occurrence and s e v e r i t y of (DOD Release 1065-68) auroral activity. �December 5 : USN announced a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $22 m i l l i o n t o E l e c t r i c Boat Div. o f General Dynamics Corp. f o r planning and procurement of m a t e r i a l s and equipment f o r "quietfl nuclear-powered submarine. Award brought t o t a l a l l o c a t i o n t h u s f a r t o $30.5 m i l l i o n . I n i t i a l $8.5 m i l l i o n was f o r design. (UPI, W Post, 12/5/68, m) . USAT launched t h r e e Athena m i s s i l e s from Green River, Utah, carrying r e s e a r c h payloads t o o b t a i n b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e r e e n t r y d a t a under ABRES Vehicles r e e n t e r e d atmosphere over ASMR. (SBD -9 12/13/68, 196) December 6: Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d American Science and Engineering, Inc., payload t o 92.6-mi (149-lnn) a l t i t u d e t o c o l l e c t d a t a on c e l e s t i a l x-ray sources i n 1- t o 20-kev range. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASARpt SRL) . I n major o r g a n i z a t i o n a l changes a t MSFC, D r . W. R. Lucas, D i r e c t o r of PropuLsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory was named D i r e c t o r f o r Program Development, e f f e c t i v e Dec. 16; Dave Newby was named D i r e c t o r of Center Operations; and D r . Ernst Stuhlinger, D i r e c t o r of Space Sciences Laboratory, was named Associate D i r e c t o r f o r Science--all new p o s i t i o n s . MSFC Research and Development Operations would become Science and Engineering, with Hermann K. Weidner remaining D i r e c t o r ; I n d u s t r i a l Operations would become Program Management under same d i r e c t o r , E. F. OtConnor. D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC D i r e c t o r , s a i d major f u n c t i o n of new fiogram Development organization would be t o "harden" complete package p l a n s f o r new programs, such a s space s t a t i o n . D i r e c t o r f o r Program Development would "help c h a r t t h e course f o r t h i s Center i n t h e p o s t Apollo period, keeping i n mind our Apollo program requirements and AAP o b l i g a t i o n s . " (MSFCRelease 68-276 ; Marshall S t a r , 12/11/68, 1) . NASA. announced f i r s t s u c c e s s f u l o r b i t a l operation of two low-thrust space engines during f i v e separate t e s t s i n two-month l i f e t i m e of ATS TV s p a c e c r a f t . Ion, o r e l e c t r i c a l engines, producing t h r u s t o f l e s s t h a n 20 micropounds, haa been f i r e d f o r t o t a l 23 h r - a n d performed p e r f e c t l y . Ion engines f o r f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t were i d e a l systems f o r countering g r a v i t a t i o n a l a t t r a c t i o n between s p a c e c r a f t , moon and sun, and e l l i p t i c a l e q u a t o r i a l section--to keep s a t e l l i t e s t a t i o n a r y f o r conducting comunicat ions, meteorological, and n a v i g a t i o n a l experiments They had c o n t r o l l a b l e t h r u s t l e v e l and d i r e c t i o n , higher f u e l e f f i c i e n c y , and longer f u e l l i f e t h a n chemically p r o p e l l e d engines. Reservoir of 1/10 l b cesium could . �December 6 (continued) keep synchronous s a t e l l i t e s t a t i o n a r y f o r more than t h r e e years. Before t e s t , propulsion experts had expected ion engine f i r i n g s might c r e a t e r a d i o frequency i n t e r f e r e n c e . Test showed no i n t e r f e r e n c e . Two more i o n engines were planned f o r t e s t i n g aboard ATS-E, scheduled f o r August 1969 launch. (NASARelease 68-205) . Apollo 7 Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., received K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d achievement i n aeronautics a t annual Wright Brothers memorial banquet i n Beverly H i l l s , Calif. Banquet commemorated 65th anniversary of f l i g h t of K i t t y Hawk. (UPI, W S t a r , 12/7/68, ~ 2 ) - . ComSat Corp f i l e d a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a u t h o r i t y t o construct e a r t h s t a t i o n f o r s a t e l l i t e communications i n Alaska, Talkeetna Village. 90 m i north of Anchorage near (com~at~o Release r~ 68-68) . I n Washington Post, Thomas OIToole s a i d Howard Hughes o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s holding company, Hughes Nevada Operations, had requested p u b l i c d i s c l o s u r e of alledged DOD study - by - Harvard Univ.'s D r . George Kistiakowsky and MIT'S D r . Jerome Wiesner and James K i l l i a n , S p e c i a l Report on Underground Testing_, which it claimed concluded t h e r e was no reason f o r continued underground atomic t e s t s . Study was s a i d t o have been made f o r former Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara a t cost of $250,000. -DOD spokesman denied existance of study, while Science Adviser t o President Johnson, D r . Donald F. Hornig, s a i d only t h a t he had met with t o p p h y s i c i s t s i n November t o discuss s a f e t y of underground t e s t i n g . "We may make a p u b l i c r e p o r t on it. The subject seems t o be of enough importance t o warrant a public a i r i n g , " D r . Hornig s a i d . (W Post, 12/6/68, 87) December 7 : NASA' s OAO I1 ( O A O - ~ 2Orbiting ) Astronomical Observatory was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from ETR by two-stage Atlas-Centaur booster. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 485.7 m i (781.6 km); gerigee, 479.2 m i (771.2 km) ; period, 100.4 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 35 Heaviest and most complex automated spacecraft ever developed by U.S., OAO I1 was 7 f t wide and 1 0 f ' t high, weighed 4,400 l b , c a r r i e d 11 t e l e s c o p e s , and contained 238,000 separate p a r t s Primary mission o b j e c t i v e was t o demonstrate f l i g h t operation t o support two experiments provided by Smithsonian Astrophysical Observat o r y and Univ. of Wisconsin f o r a t l e a s t 30 days. Secondary o b j e c t i v e was t o o b t a i n s c i e n t i f i c d a t a over a range of s t a r magnitudes and wavelengths f o r a t l e a s t 50 hr. Experiments would observe i n t e r s t e l l a r dust and extremely young hot s t a r s i n W p o r t i o n of spectrum not v i s i b l e t o human eye o r earth-based observatories. S a t e l l i t e would be a b l e t o . . �December 7 (continued) c o l l e c t s i x hours of W d a t a p e r day--twice a s much a s had been obtained i n 1 5 yr from 40 sounding rocket launches. Through i t s complex groundcommand s p a c e c r a f t - a t t i t u d e system OAO I1 would be aimed a t i n d i v i d u a l o b j e c t s i n space w i t h p r e c i s i o n never before a t t a i n e d by an o r b i t i n g s a t e l l i t e . Information from experiments would be radioed t o e a r t h a s d i g i t a l d a t a f o r a n a l y s i s by experimenters. By Dec. 10 a l l s p a c e c r a f t equipment had been t u r n e d on and operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y : s a t e l l i t e had been placed i n i t s sunbathing mode with i t s s o l a r panels o r i e n t e d toward sun; i t s s i x s t a r t r a c k e r s had been a c t i v a t e d ; t h r e e of t h e t r a c k e r s had been locked on t o preplanned guide s t a r s ; and s a t e l l i t e had e s t a b l i s h e d t h r e e - a x i s s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Smithsonian experiment i n i t i a l power had been t u r n e d on. Wisconsin Experiment Package would be t u r n e d on Dec. ll. OAO I1 was second j.n s e r i e s of f o u r s p a c e c r a f t i n NASA's OAO program t o o b t a i n p r e c i s e astronomical observations of c e l e s t i a l o b j e c t s above e a r t h ' s atmosphere. OAO I had been launched i n t o almost p e r f e c t o r b i t A p r i l 6, 1966, but had f a i l e d because of power supply system malfunction and probable high v o l t a g e a r c i n g i n s t a r t r a c k e r . OAO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-186K; KSC Release KSC-511-68; UPI, W S t a r , 12/8/68, A5; OIToole, W P o s t , 12/8/68, AP, W S t a r , 12/9/68, A6; -3SBD 12/10/68, 172; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, l 2 / W 8 , ~ 5 ) - - December 8 : MSC s a i d Chief Test P i l o t Joseph S. A l g r a n t i s u c c e s s f u l l y e j e c t e d from LLTV about f o u r minutes i n t o planned six-minute f l i g h t , when l a r g e l a t e r a l - c o n t r o l o s c i l l a t i o n developed a s he descended from maximum a l t i t u d e of 550 f t . He e j e c t e d a t 200 f't and landed by parachute while $1.8-million v e h i c l e crashed and burned s e v e r a l hundred f e e t away. F l i g h t was 1 4 t h f o r t h i s LLTV. Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., was named chairman of board t o i n v e s t i g a t e a c c i d e n t . (MSC S p e c i a l Release; W Post, 12/9/68, 1; SBD, 12/10/68, 172) . I n New York Times, Walter S u l l i v a n s a i d P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon's entourage had discussed c r e a t i o n of Cabinet post f o r science and t e c h nology. "The science a d v i s e r , i n t h e view of t h e Nixon entourage, has been unable t o streamline t h e machinery f o r making science p o l i c y . Science, and t h e problems r e l a t i n g t o i t , has outgrown i t s o l d boundar i e s . The b i g problems a r e i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y . Their s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s e x p e r t i s e i n many f i e l d s , and t h e cooperation of many d e p a r t ments of government. This has l e d t o a p r o l i f e r a t i o n of i n t e r d e p a r t mental committees. " However, "because t h e c r e a t i o n of a Cabinet post would have major repercussions within t h e s c i e n t i f i c establishment, it i s u n l i k e l y t h a t such a s t e p w i l l be t a k e n until t h e r e has been an e x t e n s i v e study, l a s t i n g perhaps a year o r more." (NYT, - 12/8/68, 3 ~ ) �December 9: NASA's HL-10lif'ting body v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj. J e r a u l d R. Gentry (usAF), s u c c e s s f u l l y completed second rocket-powered f l i g h t from Edwards AFB reaching mach 0.8 (550 mph) a t a l t i t u d e approaching 50,000 f t . (WSA P r o j O f f ; AP, B Sun, 12/10/68, 5 ) . At White House dinner, President Johnson presented r e t i r e d NASA Administ r a t o r James E. Webb h i g h e s t c i v i l i a n award, P r e s i d e n t i a l Medal of Freedom, and honored 23 Apollo a s t r o n a u t s , Charles A. Lindbergh, and heads of r o c k e t - b u i l d i n g firms. Award was made t o Webb a s "a most distinguished public administrator a f a r s i g h t e d and f o r c e f u l l e a d e r of t h i s Nation i n t h e pioneer e x p l o r a t i o n of o u t e r space, opening new f r o n t i e r s of discovery and progress f o r t h e American people." I n predinner ceremony, document f o r White House T r e a t y Room was signed by Apollo 7 a s t r o n a u t s Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., R. Walter Cunningham, and Donn F. E i s e l e ; Apollo 8 Astronauts William A. Anders, Frank Borman, and James A. Lovell, Jr.; and Lindbergh. Also i n T r e a t y Room were commemorations of May 2l, 1963, v i s i t t o White House by Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper following 22-orbit mission i n F a i t h V I I May 15-16 and June 17, 1965, award of Exceptional Service Medal t o l a t e Astronaut Edward H. White, 11, and Astronaut James A. McDivitt following f i r s t U.S. space walk during June 3-7 Gemini IU mission. I n exchange of dinner t o a s t s President Johnson s a i d t h a t " i n t h e hundreds of laws on which I have answered t h e r o l l c a l l , t h e b i l l s t h a t I have sponsored o r cosponsored o r amended o r defeated, t h e r e i s not a s i n g l e one t h a t gives more p r i d e t h a n t h e Space Act." Responding, Webb c i t e d t h r e e generations of s p a c e c r a f t i n 1 0 yr, "put t o u s e . . . i n every major f i e l d , " and s a i d he had " s t r o n g l y h e l d view t h a t i n t h e kind of world we l i v e i n , our Nation needs t h i s kind of success i n t h i s kind of endeavor." (PD, 12/16/68, 1689-91; McCardle, W P o s t , 12/10/68, D l ; ~ h e l t o n , W9-S t a r 12/10/68, B6; -9TSrT 12/10/68, ... . World Meteorological Organization, U.N. agency managing World Weather Watch p r o j e c t , s a i d work was w e l l advanced, according t o UPI. System would be f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a l i n 1971 and save world economy estimated $17 b i l l i o n annually i n l o s s e s caused by unexpected weather changes. System c a l l e d f o r 29,000 observations d a i l y , o f which 24,000 were a l r e a d y being made. A d d i t i o n a l 2,500 by 1971 would b r i n g implementat i o n l e v e l t o 91y. World c e n t e r s had been e s t a b l i s h e d a t Melbourne, Moscow, and Washington and would be computerized by 1969, i n c r e a s i n g d a i l y output of 134 c h a r t s t o 223 by 1971. A d d i t i o n a l l y , 21 r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s i s s u i n g 1,191 c h a r t s d a i l y would i n c r e a s e output t o 1,830 c h a r t s by 1971 and, e v e n t u a l l y , would be l i n k e d t o g l o b a l communications system. Observations would be made by land surface s t a t i o n s 300 m i a p a r t throughout world with exception of d e s e r t a r e a s . F u r t h e r d a t a �December 9 (continued) w o d d be passed on by weather s h i p s , upper-air s e a s t a t i o n s , a i r c r a f t , and meteorological s a t e l l i t e s . (W -9S t a r 12/9/68, ~ 8 ) December 9-12; New York Times and Washington Evening S t a r published c o n t e n t s of unreleased d r a f t r e p o r t by P r e s i d e n t i a l t a s k f o r c e appointed i n 1967 t o formulate n a t i o n a l communications p o l i c y d e a l i n g with r a p i d t e c h n o l o g i c a l changes and providing f o r adequate Government supervision. Report would recommend r e o r g a n i z a t i o n of U.S. communications i n d u s t r y t o include Government-sponsored monopoly t o t r a n s m i t a l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l communications- -including ComSat Corp s a t e l l i t e s and ground s t a t i o n s ; AT&T underseas c a b l e s ; and t e r m i n a l s and switching s t a t i o n s of "record" c a r r i e r s ITT World Communications, Inc. , RCA Communications, I n c and West e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc If ComSat Corp became s i n g l e i n t e r n a t i o n a l " e n t i t y , " committee ' s recommendations would preclude it from becoming owner and manager of domestic s a t e l l i t e conmunications system f o r which t h e r e p o r t would propose p i l o t program. Committee claimed s i n g l e e n t i t y could make more balanced investment choice on whether t o l a y more cables o r launch s a t e l l i t e s and would e l i m i n a t e need f o r d u p l i c a t e transmission f a c i l i t i e s . Conclusions were challenged i n d i s s e n t i n g footnote t o r e p o r t by D r . Edward C. Welsh, Executive S e c r e t a r y of E4SC, who s a i d merger would i n h i b i t development of s a t e l l i t e technology and reduce t e c h n o l o g i c a l competition between c a b l e s and s a t e l l i t e s t h a t could r e s u l t i n lower r a t e s . Report a l s o would recommend informal merger of p o s t a l and t e l e g r a p h s e r v i c e s , w i t h Western Union Telegraph Co. permitted t o o p e r a t e i n post o f f i c e s ; r e l a x a t i o n o f FCC r e s t r i c t i o n s on cable TV t o p r o t e c t broadc a s t e r s ; and Government sponsorship of experimental program t o t e s t TV's u s e f u l n e s s i n a s s i s t i n g m i n o r i t y groups. Report s a i d major f i n d i n g was "the need t o s t r e n g t h e n Government c a p a b i l i t i e s , both i n FCC and t h e Executive Branch and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y t o develop and implement p o l i c i e s " which would enable Government and i n d u s t r y t o r e a l i z e f u l l p o t e n t i a l of communications. ( ~ i n n e -3~ NIr"r , 12/9/68, 1; 12/10/68, 1; Aug, W 3-S t a r 12/12/68, ~ 1 3 ) ., . December 10: Cosmos CCLVIII was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t w i t h 302-km (187.6-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) p e r i g e e , 89.5-min p e r i o d , and 64. 9U i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Dec. 18. (UPI, W S t a r , 12/10/68, A6; AP, NYT, 12/11/68, 6; GSFC SSR, 12/15/68; 1 2 m 6 8) - �December LO: NASA announced award of $1,046,123 c o n t r a c t t o Thiokol Chemical Corp.'s Elkton, Md., Div. f o r development of more powerful s o l i d rocket f o r automated missions, including p o s s i b l e use a s 3rd s t a g e f o r Centaur and Delta. New 3rd s t a g e was expected t o be ready f o r use i n 1971. (NASA Release 68-210) , NASA announced j o i n t 1969 p r o j e c t w i t h German Federal M i n i s t r y f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) t o photograph e a r t h ' s magnetic l i n e s of f o r c e high i n space would involve r e l e a s e of barium vapor by NASA Scout r o c k e t a t 20,000-mi a l t i t u d e . S c i e n t i s t s would use s p e c i a l o p t i c a l equipment t o view r e s u l t a n t glowing ionized cloud along magnetic f i e l d l i n e and v i s u a l l y map electromagnetic f o r c e s a c t i n g i n barium a r e a . Barium r e l e a s e technique, pioneered by Prof. Reimar Luest of Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , r e q u i r e d e j e c t i o n of barium copper oxide mixture t h a t vaporized on r e l e a s e ; u l t r a v i o l e t r a d i a t i o n from sun would i o n i z e p o r t i o n of barium. Agreement on p r o j e c t c a l l e d f o r BMwF t o provide payload, two ground observer s t a t i o n s , and d a t a a n a l y s i s . NASA would f u r n i s h r o c k e t , conduct launch from WSA Wallops S t a t i o n , and provide t r a c k i n g and communications s e r v i c e s . (RAS-4Release 68-211) . MSC had awarded $16.4 m i l l i o n , one-year extension t o cost -plus-awardf e e c o n t r a c t w i t h Lockheed E l e c t r o n i c s Co. Div. of Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp,, NASA announced. Award was f o r general e l e c t r o n i c , instrumentat i o n , and engineering support s e r v i c e s , bringing t o t a l c o n t r a c t value t o $46.4 m i l l i o n . (NASA Release 68-209) . Washington Daily News e d i t o r i a l commented on statement by p h y s i c i s t D r . Ralph E. Lapp warning o f p o s s i b l e dangers i n Apollo 8 mission [ s e e Dec. 141: h here a r e perhaps sound reasons involving n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e f o r t r y i n g t o be t h e f i r s t n a t i o n t o send men i n t o a moon o r b i t . But s u r e l y no such reasons a r e compelling enough t o cut c o r n e r s on s a f e t y . The t e c h n i c a l arguments advanced by D r . Lapp a r e f a r t o o complex t o be resolved by laymen. But af%er t h e t r a g i c f i r e t h a t took t h e l i v e s of t h r e e of our Apollo spacemen two y e a r s ago it should not be necessary t o urge t h a t t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration e x e r c i s e a l l due prudence--even a t t h e risk of l o s i n g t h e r a c e around t h e moon." (W News, 12/10/68, 24) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark C l i f f o r d P r o j e c t 693, $ 3 - b i l l i o n cutback i n by Revenue and Expenditure Control m i l l i o n r e d u c t i o n i n MOL program. 12/11/68, 176) announced DOD had completed F Y 1969 expenditures r e q u i r e d Act of 1968, , including $85(DOD Release 1083-68; -9SBD �December 10: Soviet Finance M i n i s t e r V a s i l y Garbuzov t o l d semiannual budget meeting of Supreme Soviet i n Moscow t h a t nominal U.S.S.R. defense spending i n i969 would i n c r e a s e 6$, from 16.7 b i l l i o n t o 17.7 b i l l i o n r u b l e s . I n s t i t u t e of S t r a t e g i c Studies i n London had estimated before Aug. 20 inva,sion of Czechoslovakia t h a t r e a l Soviet m i l i t a r y spending f o r 1968 would be approximately equivalent t o $50 b i l l i o n . Thus, announced i n c r e a s e s would b r i n g t o t a l 1969 budget t o some $53 b i l l i o n , a s a g a i n s t $80 b i l l i o n f o r U. S. , which had a l l o c a t e d $30 b i l l i o n f o r c o s t s of Vietnam War. However, Soviet f i g u r e d i d not include m i l i t a r y R&D and investment i n defense i n d u s t r i e s . Budget a l s o d i s c l o s e d continued expansion of government support f o r s c i e n t i f i c research. haba bad, NYT, 12/11/68, 1; Shub, W Post, 1 2 / l l / 6 8 , a) - December 11: P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon introduced h i s Cabinet Among appointments, on nationwide TV from Washington, D.C. W i l l i a m P. Rogers, Washington a t t o r n e y and Eisenhower Administration Attorney General, would serve a s S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ; Rep. Melvin R. L a i r d (R- is. ) as S e c r e t a r y of Defense; and Massachusetts Gov. John A. Volpe, a s S e c r e t a r y of Transportation. ( ~ e r b e r s ,NYT, 12/12/68) , . Apollo - 8 crew, wearing t h e i r s p a c e s u i t s , p a r t i c i p a t e d i n f i n a l 2 h r 45 min of countdown r e h e a r s a l f o r Dec. 21 launch. completed four-day r e h e a r s a l f u l l y f u e l e d Dec. 10. 12/11/68, A g ; UPI, W S t a r , 12/11/68, ~ 4 ) - Spacecraft had (AP, B Sun, . NASA was unsuccessful i n second P r o j e c t SHAPE (Supersonic High A l t i t u d e Parachute ~ x p e r i m e nst ) attempt a t WSMR when parachute was e j e c t ed prematurely from five-foot-long c a n i s t e r af'ter t h r e e - s t a g e rocket had s u c c e s s f u l l y p r o p e l l e d payload t o 33-mi a l t i t u d e . F i r s t t e s t Oct. 23 had been s u c c e s s f u l . (NASA Release 68-216) . ~ 6 d G r a t i o nA6ronautique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e (FAI) had e s t a b l i s h e d Yuri Gagarin gold medal honoring cosmonaut who became f i r s t man i n space A p r i l 12, 1961, during Soviet Vostok I mission, Space Business Daily reported. Medal would be awarded annually t o p i l o t c o n t r i b u t i n g b e s t performance of y e a r i n p e a c e f u l e x p l o r a t i o n of space. (SBD, - 1 2 / l l / 6 8 , 178) . Cal Tech's D r . Maarten Schmidt received Rumford Premium, n a t i o n ' s o l d e s t science award f o r "the most important discovery o r u s e f u l improvement. on heat and on l i g h t " a t American Academy of A r t s and Sciences dinner i n Boston, Mass. Award, e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1796 by Benjamin Thompson, Count Runford, c o n s i s t e d o f medal and .. �December 11 (continued) $5,000. D r . Schmidt had determined i n t e n s e r a d i o emission of quasars i n d i c a t e d t h e y were moving away from e a r t h a t speeds up t o 149;000 mps, o r about 8@ of speed of l i g h t . (AP, W 3-S t a r 12/12/68, ~ 2 ) r Explorer C ) and Explorer XL Explorer XXXIX ( ~ i Density December 13: (1njun V ) launched a s dual payload Aug. 8, were adjudged s u c c e s s f u l by NASA. Explorer XXXIX balloon had been e j e c t e d and f u l l y i n f l a t e d . Explorer X L had despun, extended booms, and t u r n e d on experiments s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Malfunction i n s p a c e c r a f t ' s power subsystem had caused l o s s of 1 / 3 of power generated by s o l a r p a n e l s , reducing q u a n t i t y but not a f f e c t i n g q u a l i t y o f data. S a t e l l i t e would e n t e r f u l l s u n l i g h t Sept. 1 8 , 1969, p e r m i t t i n g o r i g i n a l l y planned d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n r a t e . (NASA Proj o f f ) , . NASA announced agency and DOD had agreed j o i n t l y t o make computer programs a v a i l a b l e t o i n d u s t r y , educational i n s t i t u t i o n s , s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , and o t h e r s through Computer Softwear Management and Information Center (COSMIC). E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1966 under NASA c o n t r a c t a t Univ. of Georgia, COSMIC l i s t e d some 350 computer programs f o r s a l e a t f r a c t i o n of c o s t . More t h a n 100 DOD programs, w i t h a d d i t i o n a l NASA programs, would be added during 1969. P a r t of NASA Office of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n e f f o r t t o encourage secondary use of aerospace R&D r e s u l t s , COSMIC o f f e r e d d e s i g n information f o r e l e c t r o n i c p r i n t e d - c i r c u i t boards and programs f o r such jobs a s inventory c o n t r o l , accounting, d a t a c o n t r o l , s t r e s s a n a l y s i s , equipment checkout, and s t r u c t u r a l t e s t i n g . (NASA Release 68-212) . Cal Tech t r u s t e e s announced choice of A i r Force S e c r e t a r y , D r . Harold Brown, t o r e p l a c e D r . Lee DuBridge, who resigned e f f e c t i v e Jan. 20 t o become Science Adviser t b resident-elect Richard M. Nixon. (UPI, W S t a r 12/14/68, A3; W Post, 12/15/68, A6) -, . Naval Ship Command System had awarded $13.5-million c o n t r a c t t o Todd Shipyards Corp. f o r f i r s t of nine oceanographic s h i p s of r a d i c a l l y new design. Prototype would provide USN with i t s f i r s t catamaran-style h u l l . Diesel-propelled, 246-ft-long s h i p would be designated GOR-16 ( f o r g e n e r a l ocean r e s e a r c h ) . 12/13/68, 86) (m, �NASA's OAO 11, launched Dec. 7, photographed t h r e e unnamed December 14: s t a r s i n Draco C o n s t e l l a t i o n 2,000 l i g h t y e a r s from e a r t h , near Vega between Big and L i t t l e Dippers--to make f i r s t u l t r a v i o l e t photographs of s t a r s . Photos were t a k e n by t e l e s c o p e s of Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory experiments aboard s a t e l l i t e and used W r a d i a t i o n which d i d not p e n e t r a t e e a r t h ' s atmosphere. They gave GSFC astronomers enough informat i o n t o r e c o n s t r u c t f a i r l y d e t a i l e d images of s t a r s , GSFC spokesman s a i d . (OSSA; UPI, NYT, 12/15/68; SBD, 12/17/68, 208) - - . U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLIX from Kapustin Yar i n t o o r b i t with 1,331-lrm ( 8 3 - m i 2 apogee, 213-km (132.4-mi) p e r i g e e , 100.3-min p e r i o d , and 48.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . E uipment was f u n c t i o n i n g normally. (GSFC SSR, 12/15/68, 2J-0; S 12717/68, 210) - . - I n Washington Evening S t a r , John Lannan s a i d deep sea d r i l l i n g between U. S. and A f r i c a by s c i e n t i s t s of J o i n t Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r Deep E a r t h Sampling (JODES) had confirmed t h a t s e a f l o o r was spreadi n g and pushing Europe and America f a r t h e r a p a r t . Evidence, brought t o s u r f a c e i n samples, o r cores, e x t r a c t e d from e a r t h ' s bottom, showed f l u i d i n t e r n a l mass of molten rock under ocean was s t i l l welli n g up along mid-Atlantic Ridge. Cores i n d i c a t e d " t h i s newly formed c r u s t must spread slowly a s i d e , l i k e a g i a n t conveyor b e l t , continuously accumulating sediment. . . t h r o u hout m i l l i o n s of years a s it moves," s c i e n t i s t s s a i d . (W 9-S t a r 1$14/68, ~ l ) . I n New Republic interview, D r . Ralph E. Lapp, p h y s i c i s t and a s s i s t a n t l a b o r a t o r y d i r e c t o r of World War I1 Manhattan P r o j e c t , s a i d : "We a r e pushing our luck, gambling t h a t everything w i l l work p e r f e c t l y " on Apollo 8 mission. He advised d e l a y i n program so t h a t Apollo 9, configured t o have r e l i e f - c a p a b i l i t y , would be on pad ready f o r launch should Apollo 8 "run i n t o t r o u b l e . ' ' Asked i f U.S. could a f f o r d t o d e l a y Apollo 8, D r . Lapp s a i d , "The b a s i c f a c t o r i s not r e a l l y t e c h n i c a l . We a r e r a c i n g t h e Russians t o t h e moon. A l o t of people i n KASA and i n i n d u s t r y a r e hoping t h a t a s u c c e s s f u l Apollo-8 o r b i t i n g of t h e moon--or even circumnavigation--will b u i l d up p u b l i c support f o r an i n v i g o r a t e d manned space program. I t ' s j u s t one of t h e weighty techno-decisions f a c i n g M r . Nixon. He i s committed t o funding out t h e Apollo program--but p o s t - ~ ~ o l lprograms o await h i s d e c i s i o n . " (AP, W S t a r , 12/9/68; W Post, 12/9/68, 3; New Republic, 12/14/68, 16-9) - - December 15: BASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched ESSA V I I I (TOS-F), e i g h t h meteorol o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e i n ESSA's T i r o s Operational S a t e l l i t e (TOS) system, from WTR by two-stage, Thrust-Augmented, Long-Tank Thor-Delta b o o s t e r . Primary NASA mission o b j e c t i v e was t o provide g l o b a l cloud coverage �December 15 (continued) on r e g u l a r , d a i l y b a s i s with six-month nominal and three-month minimum l i f e t i m e . S a t e l l i t e achieved n e a r l y p o l a r , sun-synchronous c i r c u l a r o r b i t w i t h 902.8-mi (1,493.8-km) apogee, 87.4-mi (1,406.5-km) p e r i g e e , 114.6-min p e r i o d , and 101.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . An advanced v e r s i o n of cartwheel configuration, 300-lb ESSA V I I I c a r r i e d two Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT) cameras which would photograph e a r t h ' s cloud cover and immediately t r a n s m i t p i c t u r e s t o l o c a l APT s t a t i o n s i n 52 n a t i o n s . During f i r s t 22 o r b i t s s p a c e c r a f t underwent o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver t o place it i n wheel mode and s p i n r a t e was a d j u s t e d by 0 . 2 rpm. By Dec. 1 9 a l l s p a c e c r a f t systems had been s u c c e s s f u l l y programmed and e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e s had been read o u t . ESSA. financed and managed TOS system and would o p e r a t e s p a c e c r a f t a f t e r NASA completed checkout l a t e r i n month. GSFC was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r procurement, launch, and i n i t i a l checkout of m a c e c r a f t i n o r b i t . ESSA V I I I was 1 8 t h ~ i r o ss a t e l l i t e launched s u c c e s s f u l l y s i n c e T i r o s I, f i r s t weather s a t e l l i t e , A p r i l 1, 1960. A l l from T i r o s 111 on had equaled o r exceeded designed operation l i f e t i m e s . Most recent ESSA s a t e l l i t e launched was ESSA VII, launched Nov. 10. (NASA P r o j O f f ; ESSA Release ES 68-67; -'fi/17/68, 20) - . Apollo 8 launch crew began lengthy countdown on time a t KSC a t 7 : O O pm EST, f o r launch scheduled f o r 7:51 am EST Dec. 21. (W Post, 12/16/68, Al2; W S t a r , 12/16/68, A5; W News, 12/16/68, 3) - . NASA announced m i l l i o n s of home TV viewers i n U.S. , Europe, and Japan would see l i v e p i c t u r e s t a k e n by Apollo 8 crew w i t h cigar-box-size camera s i m i l a r t o t h a t c a r r i e d on Apollo 7 mission. They would be beamed t o e a r t h from s p a c e c r a f t s i x times during Apollo 8 mission, i n c l u d i n g t w i c e while s p a c e c r a f t was i n moon o r b i t . Manned Space F l i g h t Network s t a t i o n s near Madrid, Spain, and Goldstone, C a l i f . would convert slow-scan s i g n a l i n t o TV p i c t u r e . S t i l l photos would be t a k e n o f TV monitor during l i v e transmission and p i c t u r e s r e l e a s e d i n Los Angeles, Madrid, and Canberra. (NASA Release 68-214) , . S c i e n t i f i c team headed by Dobe1 P r i z e winning p h y s i c i s t , D r . Charles H. Tomes, announced discovery of ammonia molecules i n d i r e c t i o n of S a g i t t a r i u s toward Milky Way c e n t e r 30,000 l i g h t y e a r s away from e a r t h . Finding, made through spectographs a t radioastronomy observatory of Univ, of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley during s t u d i e s supported by NASA, O f f i c e of Naval Research, and NSF, was s i g n i f i c a n t , team s a i d , because ammonia was considered a "chemical a n c e s t o r " of organic compounds and necessary s t e p towards o r i g i n of l i f e . Team s a i d discovery "marks t h e f i r s t time t h a t a r e l a t i v e l y complex molecular compound has been d e f i n i t e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e v a s t regions between �December 1 5 (continued) t h e s t a r s . " It would spur i n t e n s i f i e d search f o r a d d i t i o n a l combinat i o n s of l i f e - e s s e n t i a l elements detected i n space. Former MIT provost and inventor of maser, which l e d t o development of l a s e r , D r . Tomes had been named Dec. 3 t o head Presidente l e c t Richard M. Nixon's t a s k f o r c e t o make recommendations on space program. Report would be published i n Physical Review L e t t e r s of (UPI, NYT, 12/16/68, 93; AP, W Post, American I n s t i t u t e of Physics. 12/16/68, A l ) - . I n Washington Sunday S t a r W i l l i a m Hines s a i d NASA announcement of plans f o r 1974 Mars landing marked r e v i v a l "of a p r o j e c t t h a t was s a c r i f i c e d l a s t year on t h e a l t a r of t h e g r e a t God Apollo whose manned moon program was gobbling up a l l t h e funds a t NASA's disposal. It a l s o marked t h e f i r s t p o s i t i v e a c t i o n by NASA i n two y e a r s d i r e c t e d t o s t a r t i n g r a t h e r t h a n terminating a c t i v i t i e s " I t s timing , one month a f t e r p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n , seemed "to provide a t a n t a l i z i n g clue t o t h e Nixonian philosophy about space." Hines s a i d it was l i k e l y new a d m i n i s t r a t i o n would heed post-Apollo views of National Academy of Sciences, which had recommended more a t t e n t i o n t o s c i e n t i f i c explora(W S t a r , 12/15/68, ~ 4 ) t i o n of space with instruments. . . I n Washington Post Thomas OIToole s a i d poisoning from overexposure t o beryllium powder had r e s u l t e d i n 800 known deaths i n U.S. during p a s t ~ e r ~ l l i udisease m expert, D r . H a r r i e t L. Hardy of Massachusetts 15 General Hospital, estimated t o t a l beryllium cases a t 2,500, "about t h r e e times a s many a s we've heard about." New uses f o r lightweight, h e a t - r e s i s t a n t metal had pushed production t o 150,000 l b per year. B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e estimated output would grow a t 2& r a t e p e r year f o r next f i v e years; NAS estimated 1979 production a t s i x times 1969's. Beryllium was being used by Lockheed f o r wheel brakes i n C-5A t r a n s p o r t and heat s h i e l d s f o r Poseidon m i s s i l e . Boeing used it f o r new Minuteman m i s s i l e s h i e l d . I n past t h r e e years estimated $25 m i l l i o n had been spent on beryllium rocket research. OIToole s a i d a t l e a s t one s c i e n t i s t claimed t e s t f i r i n g i n C a l i f o r n i a had so contaminated s i t e t h a t e l e c t r i c i a n working t h e r e developed beryllium poisoning. Neither NASA o r U W planned t o abandon t e s t i n g beryllium r o c k e t s , however, and beryllium use had "kicked o f f a l i v e l y debate i n s i d e t h e Federal Government." (W Post, 12/15/68, ~ l ) b. December 16: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCLX i n t o o r b i t with 39,576-km 24,591.~-mi) apogee, 511-km (317.5-mi) perigee, 712.3-min period, L d 64.9 i n c l i n a t i o n . (AP, B -3Sun 12/18/68, 1 0 ; SBD, 12/18/68, 2 l l ; GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - �December 16: NASA announced decision t o terminate work on two Bios a t e l l i t e s scheduled f o r 21-day missions beginning i n 1971. Contract with General E l e c t r i c Co. Reentry Systems Div. would be r e v i s e d t o r e t a i n only work on two 30-day primate experiment Biosat e l l i t e s scheduled t o begin i n 1969. Funding f o r l a t e r missions had been reduced and e f f i c i e n t planning made more d i f f i c u l t . P o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r experiments with g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y i n e a r l y 1970s had been i n d i c a t e d by sucess of smaller s a t e l l i t e s and by s t u d i e s . (USA Release 68-215) . FRC s a i d two reports--one by D r . Eldon E. Kordes, NASA Senior S t a f f S c i e n t i s t , t o American Society of Mechanical Engineers and one by Chief XB-70 P i l o t f o r FRC, Fitzhugh L. Fulton, Jr., t o F l i g h t S a f e t y Foundation--indicated XB-70 t e s t program was providing valuable information f o r operation o f l a r g e supersonic commercial and m i l i t a r y a i r c r a f t . Results from XB-70 ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n n a t i o n a l sonic boom research program had shown methods used t o p r e d i c t overpressure and extent of boom were generally adequate f o r a i r c r a f t of t h i s s i z e and speed under "standard day" conditions but i n d i c a t e d unusual weather conditions and o t h e r f a c t o r s could a f f e c t t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s . XB-70 program was attempting t o d e f i n e i n t e n s i t y of turbulence a t higher a l t i t u d e s . System t o improve s t a b i l i t y , l e s s e n turbulence-induced a c c e l e r a t i o n s , and improve passenger r i d i n g q u a l i t i e s while lengthening a i r c r a f t ' s f a t i g u e l i f e was being t e s t e d . New methods of presenting f l i g h t and engine information t o p i l o t had evolved from XB-70 program, including d i g i t a l form f o r more p r e c i s e readout. S p e c i a l warning systems prevented exceeding o p e r a t i n g l i m i t s and a t t i t u d e i n d i c a t o r with changeable s e n s i t i v i t y f o r smoother f l i g h t c o n t r o l had been evaluated. XB-70 f l i g h t had demonstrated need f o r f u r t h e r research i n b a s i c s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i t s c l a s s of a i r c r a f t . Actual crosscountry f l i g h t experience had been gained with t r i p from Edwards mB, C a l i f . , t o ' Carswell AFB, Tex., and r e t u r n . Both r e p o r t s emphasized t h a t , although XB-70 was not passenger a i r c r a f t , it was s i m i l a r i n s i z e and performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o proposed SSTs and was only o p e r a t i o n a l a i r c r a f t approaching SST s i z e and speed. (FRC Release 28-68) . Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s were pronounced of Medical Operations, D r . Charles examination a s countdown proceeded f l i g h t . "The crew i s i n r e a l f i n e 12/17/68; AP, W S t a r , 12/17/68) - - in p e r f e c t h e a l t h by NASA Director A. Berry, af'ter three-hour p h y s i c a l toward Dec. 21 launch f o r moon s p i r i t s , " he added. (AP, B -9Sun �December 16: National Trendex P o l l reported public support f o r space program was 1%higher t h a n i n 1967. Tenth p o l l , sponsored by Thiokol Chemical Corp., was taken Oct. 21-23 a f t e r successful Apollo 7 mission and showed 6% of U.S. public favored Apollo program t o l a n d man on moon by 1970, 213 d i d not, and 115 was undecided ( i n September 1967 p o l l , Apollo had 51% support, with 3 3 opposed and 1g undecided). Public d e s i r e f o r increased Government spending on space was a t i t s highest point i n f i v e years, i n 1967. Support f o r program was w i t h 1%i n favor, a s a g a i n s t h i g h e s t among college-educated, those under 35, and men; 45% favored manned space exploration, versus 25$, instrumented program; 6@ backed p l a n e t a r y exploration, with 3% opposed. Favored programs a f t e r Apollo were: (1)reusable space system, (2) l u n a r exploration, ( 3 ) manned space s t a t i o n s , (4) manned Mars exploration. (SBD, 12/16/68, 197-8) - . President Johnson proclaimed Dec. 17 Wright Brothers Day, commemorating a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s made by O r v i l l e and Wilbur Wright 65 yr e a r l i e r : "Their f i r s t journey was s h o r t e r than t h e f l o o r of t h e g i a n t C-5 cargo s h i p t h a t was t e s t flown e a r l i e r t h i s year. But those b r i e f f l i g h t s on December 1'7, 1903, launched t h e a i r age. They changed mankind's way of l i f e . " (PD, 12/23/68, 1718-9; 12/17/68, 1 6 ) ... December 17: I n interview D r . Lee A. DuBridge, science adviser-designate t o P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon, s a i d problem f a c i n g Government was not "Shall Government support and use science and technology, but how s h a l l it do it. What a r e t h e p r i o r i t i e s . . . " Fundamental t o use of science was knowledge; t h e r e f o r e , "one must have i n any modern s o c i e t y a very important and extensive f r e e b a s i c research e n t e r p r i s e e s t a b l i s h ment, l a r g e l y i n u n i v e r s i t i e s , so t h a t new a r e a s of knowledge w i l l be explored. " Basic r e s e a r c h budget of country should increase a t l e a s t 1%annually f o r next few years. When it came t o using t h i s knowledge, "the Government can, and somebody must, d i r e c t , s e t up t h e goals. " On space program, D r . DuBridge s a i d t h a t "the astonishing d i s c o v e r i e s " made by launching instruments i n t o space j u s t i f i e d f u r t h e r exploratton from s c i e n t i f i c point of view. When man entered p i c t u r e a s "another piece of t h e i n s t m e n t a t i o n t h a t i s needed f o r t h e exploration, I' f i r s t e f f e c t " i s t h a t t h e c o s t s get l a r g e . . Apollo landing of a man on t h e moon i s v a s t l y more expensive than t h e Surveyor landing By t h e same token, t h e information r e t u r n e d w i l l be much g r e a t e r , too. However, a s t h e technology of t h e spacec r a f t improves, and our instruments need t o get more complex, heavier, o r longer l a s t i n g , t h e r e may very well be a time when p u t t i n g a man up w i l l a c t u a l l y be cheaper than t r y i n g t o use automated instruments." ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 12/17/68, 1 ) . .. .... ... �December 1'7: National Science Board Chairman, D r . P h i l i p Handler, only nominee t o succeed Dr.,Frederick S e i t z a s NAS president i n J u l y 1969, s a i d i n interview he would urge Federal program of "bloc g r a n t s " t o U.S. u n i v e r s i t i e s i n 1969 t o support science. L e g i s l a t i o n would be introduced i n new Congress, with "something l i k e " $500-million p r i c e t a g i n f i r s t year, " j u s t f o r s t a r t e r s . " U n i v e r s i t i e s , "completely dependent upon science p r o j e c t g r a n t s , " had had funds f o r i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s cut o f f leaving "numerous employees f o r whom t h e y have no s a l a r i e s . " He advocated "Federal cushion" i n form of bloc o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l g r a n t s t o supplement i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t support. "I would even support bloc g r a n t s f o r a l l graduate education, not j u s t i n science. ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 12/18/68, ~ 3 2 ) . Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Director W i l l i a m C. F o s t e r had submitted r e s i g n a t i o n t o President Johnson e f f e c t i v e Dec. 31, ACDA a i d e s s a i d . (~wertzman,NYT, 12/18/68, 5; W Post, 12/19/68, ~21) . At Washington, D . C . , ceremony, Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, Chief of Naval Operation, USN., presented Distinguished Service Medal t o Astronaut Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., f o r space deeds "exceeded by no one a f l o a t o r a i r b o r n e . " (AP, W S t a r , 12/18/68, B2; W Post, 12/18/68, ~ 3 ) - . DOD announced USN had s e l e c t e d G r m a n A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. and McDonnell Douglas Corp. t o continue i n contract d e f i n i t i o n phase f o r F - 1 4 ~a i r c r a f t , formerly c a l l e d VFX-1. S e l e c t i o n of c o n t r a c t o r was scheduled f o r January 1969. (DOD Release 1109-68 ; WSJ, 12/18/68; UPI, W S t a r , 12/18/68, ~ 6 ) - - December 18: NASA announced appointment of W i l l i a m C. Schneider, Apollo Mission D i r e c t o r , a s Director of Apollo Applications, succeeding l a t e Harold T . Luskin, who died Nov. 25. George H. Hage, Deputy Director of Apollo Program, would be Acting Apollo Mission Director i n a d d i t i o n t o h i s present d u t i e s . (NASA Release 68-217) . Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s heading f o r moon would be " i n f a r l e s s hazardous p o s i t i o n " t h a n t h e y would have been a s crew f o r Columbus, NASA D i r e c t o r of Manned Space F l i g h t Safety Jerome F. Lederer s a i d i n speech before Wings Club i n New York. "Columbus d i d not know where he was going, how f a r it was, nor where he had been a f t e r h i s r e t u r n . With Apollo, t h e r e i s no such l a c k of information." Nevertheless, mission would "involve r i s k s of g r e a t magnitude and probably r i s k s t h a t have not been foreseen. "Apollo 8 has 5,600,000 p a r t s and one and a h a l f m i l l i o n systems, subsystems and assemblies. Even i f a l l functioned with 99.9 p e r cent �December 18 (continued) r e l i a b i l i t y , we could expect 5,600 d e f e c t s . Hence, t h e s t r i v i n g f o r p e r f e c t i o n and t h e use of redundancy. " ( ~ e x t ;NYT, 12/19/68, 56) - . Aerospace s a l e s reached record high of $30.1 b i l l i o n i n 1968, an i n c r e a s e of almost $3 b i l l i o n over 1967, Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. President Karl G. Harr, Jr., t o l d Washington, D.C., meeting of ~ v i a t i o n / ~ ~ aWriters ce Assn. Commercial aerospace s a l e s increased 39$, t o record $6.4 b i l l i o n ; aerospace exports rose 3%, t o $3 billion. M i l i t a r y space programs i n 1968 r o s e 3,from $1.088 b i l l i o n i n 1967 t o $1.121 b i l l i o n , reported AIA's "1968 Aerospace Industry Review and Forecast," which Harr a l s o released. Nonmilitary space s a l e s declined 3.73, from $4.202 b i l l i o n i n 1967 t o $4.047 b i l l i o n i n 1968. Sales of products and s e r v i c e s f o r use of aerospace t e c h nology i n nonaerospace areas--such a s marine science, water desalinat i o n , crime c o n t r o l , and r a p i d t r a n s i t - - i n c r e a s e d from $2.579 b i l l i o n t o $2.726 b i l l i o n . Harr p r e d i c t e d s l i g h t decline i n t o t a l aerospace s a l e s t o about $29.6 b i l l i o n during 1969 because of 255 drop i n j e t t r a n s p o r t s a l e s before d e l i v e r i e s of new high-capacity a i r c r a f t ; continuing i n c r e a s e i n h e l i c o p t e r , executive, and u t i l i t y a i r c r a f t s a l e s ; modest increase i n defense and nonaerospace s a l e s ; and d e c l i n e i n c i v i l space s a l e s . He noted t h a t i n t h i r d q u a r t e r of 1968 backlog of U.S. Government aerospace o r d e r s was l e s s t h a n t h a t of o t h e r customers f o r f i r s t time s i n c e before World War 11. ( ~ e x t ;AIA Release 68-60; W S t a r , 12/19/68, AJ-9) - . USAF permitted 11 newspapermen t o f l y simulated combat missions i n F-111A from N e l l i s AFB, Nev., t o demonstrate a i r c r a f t ' s systems. I n Washington Post, ~ e o r ~ C: e Wilson s a i d d e c i s i o n t o allow newsmen i n cockpits of c o n t r o v e r s i a l plane f o r f i r s t time evidenced USAF's conviction " t h a t t h e F-111 program i s a t a c r u c i a l juncture a s t h e Nixon Administration g e t s ready t o t a k e o f f i c e . " (W Post, 12/19/68, ~8 ) . Dr. . A n a t o l i A. Logunov, Director of I n s t i t u t e of High Energy Physics n e a r Serpukhov, 60 m i south of Moscow, s a i d i n I z v e s t i a t h a t I n s t i t u t e ' s 1,000-yd-dia, 70-bev, proton a c c e l e r a t o r had joined s c i e n t i s t s e l s e where i n search f o r quark. Quark was hypothetical p a r t i c l e thought t o be elementary building block of a l l matter and t o c a r r y e l e c t r i c a l charge one t h i r d t o two t h i r d s t h a t of e l e c t r o n charge. 12/20/68, 3) (w, �December 18: American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics announced D r . Charles P. Sonnett, Chief of Ames Research Center's Space Science Div. would receive Space Science Award, including $500 honorarium, " f o r h i s personal c o n t r i b u t i o n a s planner, l e a d e r and i n d i v i d u a l experimenter i n major space science v e h i c l e programs which have contributed t o t h e f i e l d of space physics." He had worked i n magnetospheric physics and nuclear physics and was c u r r e n t l y concentrating on i n t e r p l a n e t a r y physics. He had been p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r on s e v e r a l NASA experiments and ALSEP. Award would be presented a t AIAA 7 t h Aerospace Science Meeting i n New York Jan. 20-22, 1969. D r . S t a n l e y G. Hooker, Technical Director of B r i s t o l Engine Div., Rolls-Royce Ltd., and Perry W. P r a t t , Vice President and Chief S c i e n t i s t of United A i r c r a f t Corp. had been s e l e c t e d t o share $10,000 Goddard Award f o r t h e i r separate work i n developing gas t u r b i n e engines. Goddard Award, named f o r l a t e rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard, was awarded annually t o "a person who has made a b r i l l i a n t discovery o r a s e r i e s of outstanding c o n t r i b u t i o n s over a period of time, i n t h e engineering science of propulsion o r energy conversion." Prof. Rene H. M i l l e r , head of MIT Dept. of Aeronautics and Astron a u t i c s , would be given Sylvanus Albert Reed Award f o r "out standing c o n t r i b u t i o n s " t o rotary-wing a i r c r a f t . D r . Robert D. F l e t c h e r , USAF A i r Weather Service ' s Deputy Chief of S t a f f f o r Aerospace Sciences, would receive Robert M. Losey Award f o r "outstanding and dedicated l e a d e r s h i p and s e r v i c e " f o r 30 y r t o a e r o n a u t i c a l meteorology. (AIAA Release; NASA Biog, ll/29/68; NYT, 12/31/68, 52) , - December18-20: INTELSAT-I11 F-2 was successfullylaunchedbyNASA f o r ComSatCorp on behalf of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Communications S a t e l l i t e consortium. Launch was from ETR by three-stage, Thrust -Augmented, Long-Tank Delta booster. The 632-1b c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t with 22,580-mi (36,355.1-km) apogee, 161.9-mi (260.5 -km) perigee, 642.9-min period, and 28.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . A l l systems were functioning normally. On Dec. 20 apogee motor was f i r e d t o kick s a t e l l i t e i n t o planned near-synchronous o r b i t over A t l a n t i c a t 51' west longitude with 22,328.2-mi (35,933.8-km) apogee, 21,833.4-mi (33,137.5-km) perigee, 0.79' i n c l i n a t i o n , and 3.25' p e r day eastward orbital drift. INTELSAT-I11 F-2, f i r s t successful launch i n INTELSAT I11 s e r i e s , was backup t o INTELSAT-I11 F-I (INTELSAT 111-A) which had been destroyed minutes a f t e r launch Sept. 1 8 when launch v e h i c l e began t o break up. S a t e l l i t e was scheduled t o begin commercial s e r v i c e Jan. 2, 1969 [see Dec. 281, handling up t o 1,200 voice c i r c u i t s o r f o u r TV channels. By Jan. 29, 1969, all A t l a n t i c a r e a s e r v i c e except NASA Apollo t r a f f i c would be t r a n s f e r r e d t o INTELSAT-I11 F-2 from o t h e r A t l a n t i c comsats, �December 18-20 (continued) INTELSAT I ( ~ a r Bird) l ~ and INTELSAT-I1 F-3 ( ~ t l a n t i c11). Etamy W. Va. , e a r t h s t a t i o n would become prime East Coast t e r m i n a l and Andover, Me., s t a t i o n would be removed from s e r v i c e preparatory t o i t s use a s prime t e r m i n a l f o r INTELSAT-I11 F-4. NASA Apollo commwnications would be maintained through INTELSAT-I1 F-3 with 42-ft t e r m i n a l antenna a t Andover. (NASA Pro j Off; ComSatCorp Release 68-69; Stevens, NYT, 12/19/68, 1; AP, W Post, 12/19/68, A3) December 19: Cosmos CCLXI was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 637-km ('396.8-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 92.9-min period, and 71' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - NASA i s sued Management I n s t r u c t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g Committee on ExtraVehicular A c t i v i t i e s (EVA), a c t i v i t i e s performed i n space by astronaut o u t s i d e space v e h i c l e . Seven-member committee, serving f o r two-year period, would provide Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t with recommendations on o v e r a l l NASA EVA planning and development by: i d e n t i f y i n g EVA c a p a b i l i t i e s which must be defined and developed t o support manned space f l i g h t a c t i v i t i e s ; i d e n t i f y i n g ground-based, o r b i t a l , and l u n a r surface experiments t o e s t a b l i s h r e q u i r e d EVA c a p a b i l i t i e s ; providing recommendations on s h o r t - and long-term EVA program plans; reviewing proposed EVA f l i g h t experiments and making recommendations; and maintaining awareness of EVAr e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s of organizations o t h e r t h a n NASA. (NMI 1152.36) . NASA announced renewal through August 1970 of 10-yr contract with NAS which provided one-year appointments f o r post-doctoral and s e n i o r post-doctoral s c i e n t i s t s and engineers s p e c i a l i z i n g i n space-related work t o conduct research a t WSA f i e l d c e n t e r s . NASA would pay NAS $2,390,500 t o c a r r y out program. (NASA Release 68-218) . AEC announced it had conducted underground nuclear t e s t of about onemegaton y i e l d a t Nevada Test S i t e . It was s i m i l a r t o A p r i l 26 t e s t . T e s t s had been described i n p r e s s a s l a r g e s t c o n t i n e n t a l explosions announced by AEC. Newsmen were permitted t o witness t e s t f o r f i r s t time i n 1 0 y r . Among f a c t i o n s p r o t e s t i n g underground t e s t i n g was Howard Hughes spokesman who s a i d Hughes would continue t o sponsor independent s t u d i e s on a d v i s a b i l i t y of continuation of t e s t i n g [ s e e Dec. 61. (AEc PIO; AXC Release L-288; Wilson, W Post, 12/20/68, A3; H i l l , NYT, 12120168, 1; 12/25/68; AP, NYT, 1 2 / 1 8 / 6 8 , 5 ) - �December 19: U.N. General Assembly, by vote of 96-0, approved plans f o r permanent body of 42 members t o study means of reserving seabed f o r p e a c e f u l purposes and 'of exploring resources beyond n a t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . Members would serve six-year terms, with one-third of membership stabro rook, W Post, 12/20/68, ~ 1 2 ) changing every two years. December 20: NASA announced completion of X-15 f l i g h t research program. On f i n a l f l i g h t Oct. 24--199th i n s e r i e s which began June 8, 1969-NASA t e s t p i l o t William H. Dana flew rocket-powered a i r c r a f t t o 255,000ft a l t i t u d e . Attempt a t 200th f l i g h t Dec. 20 was canceled because o f adverse weather conditions. I n NASA-UW-USN program i n i t i a t e d i n 1 9 5 4 , f l i g h t s by t h r e e X-15 a i r c r a f t manufactured by North American Rockwell Corp. had included more t h a n 82 min of f l i g h t a t speeds exceeding mach 5 and t o t a l f l i g h t time of more t h a n 30 h r . Peak a l t i t u d e reached was 354,200 f t (67.04 m i ) and t o p speed was 4,520 mph (mach 6.7)--speeds and a l t i t u d e s never before a t t a i n e d by any vehicle f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d by p i l o t from launch t o landing. It had s e t two o f f i c i a l world a l t i t u d e records of 246,740 ft and 314,750 f't previously. X-15 f l i g h t program provided knowledge applicable t o design and development of f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t and commercial supersonic a i r c r a f t and d a t a on aerodynamic heating i n high-speed f l i g h t , which could cause d e t e r i o r a t i o n of a i r c r a f t s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y . X-15 remained only a i r c r a f t capable of studying phenomena a t hypersonic speeds, space-equivalent f l i g h t , and r e e n t r y f l i g h t . It a l s o had served a s t e s t bed f o r new components and subsystems, s u b j e c t i n g them t o hypersonic f l i g h t environment. I n 1962 four X-15 p i l o t s received Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy from President Kennedy f o r "the g r e a t e s t achievement i n aeronautics o r a s t r o n a u t i c s i n America, with r e s p e c t t o improving t h e performance, s a f e t y , o r e f f i c i e n c y of a i r and space v e h i c l e s . " (NASA Release 68-221; NASA SF-60; NASA EP-9; AP, NYT, 12/21/68, 73; SBD, 12/23/68, 236) - - . Workmen loading super-cold oxygen i n t o Apollo 8 service module discovered gas had been contaminated, apparently by nitrogen used t o f l u s h tanks. Oxygen would be changed and tanks r e f l u s h e d and launch was expected t o t a k e p l a c e on schedule. ( ~ a n n a n ,W S t a r , 12/20/68, A5) . National Science Founation announced it had provided support permitting more t h a n 5,800 secondary school students t o receive s p e c i a l t r a i n i n g i n science and mathematics i n summer 1969 o r i n 1969-70 academic year through 112 t r a i n i n g p r o j e c t s . Grants t o t a l e d $1,815,874. (NET Release 68-180) �D r . ~ o b e &H. Guest, professor of o r g a n i z a t i o n a l behavior December 20 : i n Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, Dartmouth College, was sworn i n a s consultant by D r . Thomas 0. Paine, Acting NASA Administrator. D r . Guest would serve on Management Advisory Panel. (NASARelease 68-220) 4 December 21: President Johnson sent congratulatory message t o Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s : " I am confident t h a t t h e world ' s f i n e s t equipment w i l l s t r i v e t o match t h e courage of our a s t r o n a u t s . I f it does t h a t , a s u c c e s s f u l mission i s assured. " (PD, 12/30/68, 1738) , December 21-27 : NASA s Apollo 8 (AS-503) second manned mission i n Apollo l u n a r landing program and f i r s t manned mission t o o r b i t moon, was s u c c e s s f u l l y launched from KSC Launch Complex 39 a t 7:51 am EST by Saturn V booster. Primary o b j e c t i v e s were t o demonstrate crew, space v e h i c l e , and mission support performance during manned Saturn V mission with command and service module (CSM) and t o demonstrate performance of nominal and s e l e c t e d backup l u n a r o r b i t rendezvous (LOR)mission a c t i v i t i e s - - i n c l u d i n g t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n ; CSM navigation, communications, and midcourse c o r r e c t i o n s ; and CSM consumables assessment and passive thermal c o n t r o l . A l l launch events occurred a s planned and s p a c e c r a f t , carrying Astronauts Frank Borman (commander), James A. Lovell, Jr. (CM p i l o t ) , and William A. Anders (LM p i l o t ) , entered i n i t i a l o r b i t o with 118.4-mi (190.6-km) apogee, 113.8-mi (183.2-km) perigee, 32.51 i n c l i n a t i o n , and 88.2-min period. A t 10:42 am EST 3rd stage burned f o r second time, i n j e c t i n g spacec r a f t i n t o l u n a r t r a j e c t o r y , and a s t r o n a u t s began journey t o become f i r s t men t o l e a v e e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d . Stage and instrument u n i t separated a s planned and s e r v i c e module propulsion system was f i r e d t o increase separation d i s t a n c e from 3rd stage, which was t r a i l i n g 500-1,000 f't behind spacecraft, spewing unused p r o p e l l a n t s . Crew f i r e d service propulsion system (SPS) engine f o r 2.4 sec, c o r r e c t i n g t r a j e c t o r y and increasing v e l o c i t y by 25 fps. Second midcourse maneuver, scheduled f o r second day, was canceled because t r a j e c t o r y was already so accurate t h a t burn would have required v e l o c i t y change of only 0.7 f p s . Borman r e p o r t e d i l l n e s s , apparently from 24-hr i n t e s t i n a l v i r u s o r from r e a c t i o n t o sleeping p i l l s being used during space f l i g h t f o r f i r s t time, and Lovell and Anders reported nausea. Crew took navigation s i g h t i n g s and conducted f i r s t TV t r a n s mission, showing spacecraft i n t e r i o r and e a r t h from 138,690-mi a l t i t u d e and demonstrating food preparation and movements i n weightlessness. S i g n a l s were received a t ground s t a t i o n s and t r a n s m i t t e d t o NASA �December 21-27 (continued) Mission Control Center i n Houston before r e l e a s e l i v e t o commercial networks. Second TV transmission, on t h i r d day, showed e x c e l l e n t p i c t u r e s of e a r t h from 201,365-mi a l t i t u d e , including view of western hemisphere i n s u n l i g h t . Crew pointed out North Pole, South America, Cape Horn, and Baja, C a l i f . , and noted t h a t U.S. East Coast was very cloudy. Earth, t h e y s a i d , was b e a u t i f u l ; water looked r o y a l b l u e , land a r e a s brown, and clouds b r i g h t white. Reflection off e a r t h was much g r e a t e r t h a n off moon. SM r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system's f o u r rockets were f i r e d f o r 1 2 sec t o reduce v e l o c i t y by 2 f p s and t o make approach t o moon c l o s e r t o 60 m i a t n e a r e s t p o i n t . On f o u r t h day, Christmas Eve, communications were i n t e r r u p t e d a s Apollo 8 passed behind moon and a s t r m a u t s became f i r s t men t o see moon' s f a r side. SPS engine was f i r e d f o r 4 min 2 see, reducing speed by 2,994 f p s and placing spacecraft i n l u n a r o r b i t with 193.6-mi (310.6-km) apolune and 69.1-mi (111.2-km) p e r i l u n e . I n t h i r d TV t e l e c a s t Anders described l u n a r surface a s "whitish gray, l i k e d i r t y beach sand with l o t s of f o o t p r i n t s on it. Some of t h e s e c r a t e r s look l i k e pick-axes s t r i k i n g concrete, c r e a t i n g a l o t of f i n e dust." After spacecraft passed behind moon a t end of second revolution, SPS engine burned f o r 1 0 sec t o reduce speed by 135 f'ps and t o c i r c u l a r z e o r b i t with 70.0-mi (112.6-km) apolune and 69.6-mi (112.0-km) p e r i l u n e . Love11 s a i d a s t r o n a u t s had "a grand view" of t h e l u n a r surface and confirmed t h a t prospective landing s i t e s were s a t i s f a c t o r y . He reported t h a t a t about two minutes before s u n r i s e a fan-shaped white haze appeared j u s t behind moon's limb. Crew continued landmark s i g h t i n g s and named numerous unnamed l u n a r f e a t u r e s a f t e r o t h e r a s t r o nauts, NASA o f f i c i a l s , and f r i e n d s . They conducted communications experiment which showed t h a t r a d i o s i g n a l from e a r t h t o Apollo 8 and back t o e a r t h took t h r e e seconds t o make 460,000-mi round t r i p . Third TV transmission during n i n t h r e v o l u t i o n showed h e a v i l y impacted mountains described by Anders a s "a vastness of black and white, a b s o l u t e l y no color. The sky up here i s a l s o r a t h e r forbidding, forboding e x t e n t s of blackness with no s t a r s v i s i b l e when we're f l y i n g over t h e moon i n daylight. You can see by t h e numerous c r a t e r s t h a t t h i s p l a n e t has been bombarded through t h e eons w i t h numerous small a s t e r o i d s and meteoroids, pock-marking t h e surface of every square inch. And one of t h e amazing f e a t u r e s of t h e surface i s . . . t h a t most of t h e c r a t e r s . .have a round mound type of appearance i n s t e a d of sharp jagged rocks. A l l , o n l y t h e newest of f e a t u r e s have any sharp d e f i n i t i o n s t o them, and eventually t h e y get eroded down by t h e constant bombardment of small meteoroids." The moon i s "a very dark and unappetizing place Crew read verses from f i r s t chapter of Genesis and wished viewers a Merry Christmas. . ...." �December 21-27 (continued) On f i f t h day, while spacecraft was behind moon completing i t s 1 0 t h r e v o l u t i o n , SPS engine was f i r e d f o r 3 min 23 sec, i n c r e a s i n g spacecraft v e l o c i t y by 3,523 f p s and p r o p e l l i n g Apollo 8 back toward e a r t h . Spacec r a f t l e f t l u n a r g r a v i t y a t 201,807 m i above e a r t h . A t 104 hours mission elapsed time 14-sec reaction-control-system burn increased v e l o c i t y by 5 f'ps. F i f t h TV transmission showed spacecraft i n t e r i o r , c o n t r o l s , and food preparation. Data a n a l y s i s revealed s i x t h midcourse c o r r e c t i o n would not be necessary because of accuracy of course. Astronauts reported t h e y had s l e p t w e l l and were i n "very good shape."' S i x t h TV transmission showed e a r t h from ll2,125-mi a l t i t u d e . On s i x t h day crew prepared f o r r e e n t r y and SM separated from CM on schedule. Parachute deploment and o t h e r r e e n t r y events were nominal and Apollo 8 splashed, apex down, i n P a c i f i c about 5,100 yd from recovery s h i p U. S. S. Yorktown a t 10: 51 am EST Dec. 27, 147 h r a f t e r launch and p r e c i s e l y on time. According t o p r i o r planning, h e l i copters and a i r c r a f t hovered over spacecraft and pararescue personnel were not deployed u n t i l l o c a l sunrise, 50 min a f t e r splashdown. Crew was then picked up and reached recovery ship a t 12:20 pm EST. A l l primary Apollo 8 mission o b j e c t i v e s and d e t a i l e d t e s t object i v e s were achieved and, i n a d d i t i o n , f i v e not o r i g i n a l l y planned. A l l launch v e h i c l e and spacecraft systems performed according t o plan. Engineering accomplishments included use of ground network w i t h onboard n a v i g a t i o n a l techniques t o sharpen accuracy of l u n a r o r b i t determination and successful use of Apollo high-gain antenna, four-dish u n i f i e d S-band antenna t h a t deployed from SM a f t e r separation from 3rd stage. Mission proved c a p a b i l i t y of Apollo CSM and crew, a s w e l l a s ground support and c o n t r o l systems, t o operate out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e s and r e t u r n through t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere a t l u n a r v e l o c i t y . Apollo 8 was f i f t h Apollo mission t o d a t e , second manned Apollo mission, f i r s t manned mission on Saturn V launch v e h i c l e , and f i r s t manned o p e r a t i o n of Apollo system under conditions f o r which it was designed. E a r l i e r unmanned Apollo f l i g h t s had yielded a l l spacecraft information p o s s i b l e without crew on board. Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, 1968) had both been h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l , completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major pieces of Apollo hardware. Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4), d e s p i t e launch v e h i c l e problems, had a t t a i n e d four of f i v e primary o b j e c t i v e s with t h e spacec r a f t recovered i n e x c e l l e n t condition. F i r s t manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 Oct. 11-22, had achieved a l l primary o b j e c t i v e s and had v e r i f i e d o p e r a t i o n of spacecraft f o r lunar-mission duration. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn V launch v e h i c l e , and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a A v �December 21-27 (continued) a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 68-208; of Tracking and Data Acquisition. NASA S p e c i a l Releases; Lannan, W S t a r , 12/21/68, Al; 12/22/68, Al; 12/24/68, Al; 12/25/68, A l ; 2 A Cohn, W Post, 12/23/68, A l ; O1Toole, W Post, 12/22/68, Al; 12/28/68, Al; Stevens, NYT, 12/23/68, 27; Lyons, NYT, 12/23/68, 26; 12/25/68, 36; 12/28/68, 1; Wilford, NYT -3 12/23/68, 1; 12/25/68, 1; 12/26/68, 1; 12/27/63, 1; 12/28/68, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 12/23/68, A l ; 12/24/68, Al; 12/26/68, A l ; 12/28/68, A l ; SBD, 1 2 / 2 8 , 239; 12/27/68, 245; MSC Roundup, 1/10/69, 3) - - - A 01108 e d i t o r i a l comment: December 21-28: New York **Space contains more t h a n enough opportunity f o r f r u i t f u l a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e energies t h a t a l l mankind can devote t o i t s exploration, development and eventual settlement. There i s no need here f o r w a s t e f u l r i v a l r y deriving from earthbound n a t i o n a l i s t i c and p o l i t i c a l ambitions. I n t h e f a c e of t h e most breathtaking challenge humanity has ever faced, t h e only r a t i o n a l response i s cooperation t o make space an arena of u n i t y and i n t e r n a t i o n a l brotherhood. Man's hopes and prayers r i d e with t h e pre-Christmas voyagers. A f t e r them must come s h i p s bearing t h e United Nations f l a g , each carrying men of d i f f e r e n t c i t i z e n s h i p , language, p o l i t i c a l and r e l i g i o u s convictions and color. " (NYT, 12/22/68, ~ 1 0 ) - New York Times: " . . . t h e drama and i n t e r e s t of y e s t e r d a y ' s view of e a r t h from space transcended any p r o s a i c considerations of p r a c t i c a l u t i l i t y . Rather t h e excitement t h e s e p i c t u r e s aroused among m i l l i o n s of stay-at-homes flowed from t h e v i s u a l evidence t h e y provided of man's successful entrance i n t o a completely new realm, one which poses challenges, o p p o r t u n i t i e s and dangers such a s t h e human species has never before faced. And y e s t e r d a y ' s p i c t u r e s provided a sobering p e r s p e c t i v e on man's puny e a r t h l y works and r i v a l r i e s , reminding a l l humanity t h a t nature i s t h e b a s i c antagonist, not o t h e r men. " (g, 12/24/68, 22) New York Times : "The space ,age, no doubt, w i l l produce many f u t u r e heroes and many o t h e r h i s t o r i c accomplishments, but even now it i s p l a i n t h a t yesterday Astronauts Borman, Love11 and Anders assured themseleves of immortality a s t h e f i r s t men l i t e r a l l y t o break t h e shackles of e a r t h and t r a v e l successfully t o another d e s t i n a t i o n i n t h i s suddenly shrunken s o l a r system. " (E, 12/25/68, 30) �December 21-28 (continued) Washington Post: "Above a l l , perhaps, t h i s Christmas Eve a t t h e moon and Christmas Day on t h e way home have t o l d us more about our e a r t h t h a n about t h e moon. One o f t h e a s t r o n a u t s had wondered on h i s way t o t h e moon whether, i f he were a t r a v e l l e r from another p l a n e t , he would t h i n k t h a t i n t e l l i g e n t l i f e e x i s t e d on Earth. The answer, from Captain Lovell a t l e a s t , i s t h a t our p l a n e t i s ' a grand o a s i s i n t h e g r e a t vastness of space. That i s an awing i n s i g h t and it reminds us t h a t man has f a r t o go here a t home t o f u l f i l l t h e Christmas promise of Peace on Earth, Good W i l l toward Men. ", (W Post, 12/26/68, ~ 2 0 ) Washington Sunday S t a r : "The e s s e n t i a l t h i n g t h a t man has gained a s a r e s u l t of Apollo 8 i s a new v i s i o n of himself. There i s no r e v e l a t i o n , it i s t r u e , i n t h e knowledge t h a t t h e e a r t h i s a small p l a n e t , a speck of dust i n t h e vastness of space. That i s an i n t e l l e c t u a l concept t h a t man has accepted, o r t r i e d t o accept, s i n c e G a l i l e o glimpsed i n f i n i t y more t h a n 300 y e a r s ago. But never before has t h e e a r t h seemed so f r a g i l e - - o r so precious--as it looked from t h e edge of t h a t boundless n i g h t . (W 9-S t a r 12/29/68, ~ 1 ) . International comment on Apollo 8 mission: I n statement d i s t r i b u t e d by Soviet Embassy i n Washington, D. C. , Boris Petrov, Chairman of Council f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cooperation i n I n v e s t i g a t i o n and U t i l i z a t i o n of Outer Space, U. S. S. R. Academy o f Sciences, h a i l e d "hardware" and "courage" o f Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s but c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o "considerable accent" placed on "automatic devices" i n Soviet space program. He s a i d , "The Soviet Union i s engaged i n a l a r g e - s c a l e program of planned s t u d i e s and e x p l o r a t i o n o f o u t e r space, which provides f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e e a r t h ' s upper atmosphere and of near-earth o u t e r space and s t u d i e s of sun-earth r e l a t i o n s h i p s and of our c l o s e s t space neighbors--the moon, venus and mars, and l a t e r , on more remote p l a n e t s . " Cuban National radio: c a l l e d m i s s i o n "a t o t a l success. " Tass: "Due t r i b u t e should be p a i d t o t h e courage and mastery of Frank Borman, W i l l i a m Anders and James Lovell who have accomplished t h i s outstanding s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l experiment. The s u c c e s s f u l f l i g h t of Apollo 8 ushers i n a new s t a g e i n t h e h i s t o r y of space e x p l o r a t i o n . " Ten Soviet cosmonauts telegraphed Apollo crew congratulat i o n s f o r "another milestone i n s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l progress. I t Pope Paul V I , i n message t o President Johnson: " ~ i v i n gthanks t o God f o r t h e s u c c e s s f u l completion of t h e magnificent e n t e r p r i s e of t h e Apollo 8 mission, we congratulate you and t h e people of t h e United S t a t e s of America and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i n t r e p i d space t r a v e l e r s , and invoke d i v i n e b l e s s i n g upon a l l c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h i s noble achievement." - �December 21-28 (continued) U.N. Secretary General U Thant: "The powerful t h r u s t of t h e rocket engines, t h e awesome speeds a t t a i n e d i n f l i g h t , t h e v a s t d i s t a n c e s t r a v e l e d , t h e p r e c i s i o n of navigation and t h e f i d e l i t y of communications, a u r a l and v i s u a l , a l l stagger t h e imagination and defy t h e comprehension of man." Emperor Haile S e l a s s i e of Ethiopia: "a g r e a t milestone i n man's continued search of t h e unknown." Gov. Gen. Roland Michener of Canada, i n message t o President Johnson: Canadians had followed a s t r o n a u t s ' f l i g h t with "admiration f o r t h e i r courage and t h e t e c h n i c a l s k i l l of a l l who have a p a r t i n t h e enterprise." Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan t o President Johnson: f e a t showed America's "courage and t h e high l e v e l of s c i e n t i f i c technology. " The Economist: "What did they t h i n k , those t h r e e men of Apollo 8 who r i s k e d t h e i r l i v e s and t h e i r s a n i t y t o f l y t o t h e moon only t o r e p o r t t h a t it looked l i k e grey p l a s t e r of p a r i s ? What should we earthbound ones t h i n k ? I n New York City, t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t 2,000 people who would r a t h e r have watched a f o o t b a l l game and were s u f f i c i e n t l y incensed t o telephone t h e t e l e v i s i o n networks and t e l l them so. The blame i s not t h e a s t r o n a u t s ' . A whole s e r i e s of photographs, some t a k e n from instruments a c t u a l l y on t h e moon's surface, some i n black-and-white, some i n colour, had already warned them what t o expect. The buck l i e s on t h e desks of t h e men who f o r t h e p a s t 1 3 y e a r s have d i r e c t e d t h e United S t a t e s t $32 b i l l i o n space programme, and spent 7% of it on g e t t i n g men i n t o space without planning anything constructive f o r them t o do when t h e y got t h e r e .... The cost of a manned moonshot i s put a t around $1b i l l i o n , and f o r t h a t sum you could get a whole programme of unmanned moon launches... . But man does not l i v e by science alone. . . t h e g r e a t e s t achievements of men i n space have so f a r been i n t h e realm of t h e human s p i r i t Apollo 8 i s p a r t of t h e unceasing r e s t l e s s n e s s , invention and ambition of our kind. Have we r e a l l y any reason t o believe t h a t man's evolut i o n has come t o a stop af'ter a bare h a l f m i l l i o n years on e a r t h ? . . . It r e q u i r e s arrogance, a closed mind and absolutely no sense of h i s t o r y . . . t o say t h a t sending men i n t o space i s an u t t e r waste of time. " Neither Peking Radio nor New China News A ency covered Apollo 8 mission. (UPI, C Trib, 12/26/68, 4; B Sun, 12728/68, Al; Economist, 12/28/68, 11-12; UPI, N Va sun, 12/28/68,1) . .... �December 22: New York Acadeqy of Science i n v e s t i g a t i v e committee of 22 members d i r e c t e d "preliminary r e p o r t " t o President Johnson, P r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M. Nixon, and Congress on i n t e n s i f y i n g c r i s i s i n U.S. science and education which t h e y s a i d stemmed from cut s i n Federal Government support. I n v e s t i g a t i o n covering 84 academic i n s t i t u t i o n s and work of 193 research s c i e n t i s t s had shown " p o t e n t i a l s o l u t i o n s of such problems a s poverty, r a c i a l discriminat i o n , population c o n t r o l , a i r and water p o l l u t i o n , cancer and cardiov a s c u l a r d i s e a s e , mental i l l n e s s , mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , housing and education a r e not being pursued because of l a c k of continuing support.'' Committee recommended d i v e r t i n g Federal science funds earmarked f o r b u i l d i n g s and o t h e r c a p i t a l equipment t o use on research programs and i n t r a i n i n g s c i e n t i f i c manpower t o "preclude a s e r i o u s shortage i n t h e near f u t u r e , a c r i p p l i n g one within f i v e years. " (UPI, W Post, 12/23/68, ~20) - - December 24: INTEETAT-I11 F-2 began carrying segment of coverage of Europe. It t r a n s m i t t e d moon p i c t u r e s from capsule and relayed TV coverage of P a c i f i c splashdown t o Europe and Puerto Rico. INTELSAT I1 s a t e l l i t e s over ~ t l a n t i cand P a c i f i c each reserved about 100 voice c i r c u i t s f o r NASA support communications with Apollo 8. ATS I1 and 111 augmented commercial communications coverage and t r a n s m i t t e d l i m i t e d number of weather photos. (OSSA; NASA Release Apollo8 t o . FAA announced r e p o r t , F r i c t i o n E f f e c t s of Runway Grooves, Runway 18-36 Washington National Airport [AD 678 645 (DS 68-21) 1, r e s u l t of nine-month t e s t s e r i e s a t Washington National A i r p o r t , i n d i c a t e d runway grooving, designed t o prevent hydroplaning by i n c r e a s i n g drainage of water, might a l s o enhance braking e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a i r c r a f t on wet runways [see Nov. 173. (FAA Release T 68-48) . Soviet Union announced through Tass successful completion of experiment i n which t h r e e researchers spent from Nov. 5, 1967, t o Nov. 5, 1968, i n i s o l a t e d chamber c o n s i s t i n g of l i v i n g compartment and greenhouse l i n k e d t o o u t s i d e world by videotelephone. Purpose of experiment was t o t e s t man1s a b i l i t y t o l i v e i n i s o l a t i o n f o r year, using water and oxygen regenerated from waste products and dehyd r a t e d food supplemented by greenhouse-grown vegetables; study e f f e c t s of various f a c t o r s on human organism and e s t a b l i s h optimum conditions f o r long i s o l a t i o n ; and evaluate e f f e c t i v e n e s s of s e l f contained l i f e - s u p p o r t systems based on regeneration of waste products. Daily requirements of a s t r o n a u t s on long voyage included 700 g of food, 2.4 kg of drinking water p l u s 5.5 kg of water f o r o t h e r �December 24 (continued) purposes, and 800 g of oxygen, amounting t o 11 t o n s of supplies f o r one-year space voyage. Report s a i d t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n body weight and temperature of experimenters except one l o s t e i g h t t o nine pounds before h i s weight s t a b i l i z e d i n f i v e t o s i x months. Electrocardiagram remained unchanged and no dehydration was observed. Pulse and r e s p i r a t i o n r a t e s had f l u c t u a t e d before assuming lower l e v e l t h a n a t s t a r t of experiment. Researchers Gherman A. Manovtsev, Andrey N. Bozhko, and Boris N. Ulybshev were reported i n good h e a l t h a t conclusion o f experiment. haba bad, NYT, 12/25/68, 38) December 26 : U. S. S. R. launched Cosmos CCLXII from Kapustin Yar i n t o o r b i t with 791-% (491.5-mi) apogee, 264-km (164-mi) perigee, 95.2-min period, and 48.4 i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. (SBD, 12/30/68, 257; GSFC SSR, 12/31/68) - - . President Johnson appointed f o u r new members t o President ' s C o m i t t e e on t h e National Medal of Science: D r . Ernest R. Hilgard, Stanford Univ.; D r . Edwin Land, president of Polaroid Corp.; D r . Charles P. S l i c h t e r , Univ. of I l l i n o i s ; and D r . Richard B. Turner, Rice Univ. Terms would e x p i r e Dec. 31, 1971. D r . Max Stone P e t e r s of Univ. of Colorado was named Committee chairman f o r 1969, succeeding D r . Bryce Crawford of Univ. of Minnesota. (g, 12/30/68, 1742; NYT, - 12/27/68, 4 . I n Washindon Post columnist Joseph Kraft s a i d post-Apollo programs had been sharply cut i n Congress and space spending had been compared unfavorably with money f o r pressing i n t e r n a l needs. "In t h i s s i t u a t i o n , it makes sense f o r t h i s country t o disengage while it i s ahead. There i s no need f o r t h e United S t a t e s t o r a c e Russia t o every new milestone i n space. On t h e contrary, what t h e United S t a t e s wants i s a program c l o s e l y connected t o e x p l i c i t American requirements--a program of exploration f o r i t s own sake, not f o r t h e sake of beating t h e Russians. I n t h a t way, t h i s country can continue t o develop a c a p a b i l i t y i n space, without having t o respond i n a panic t o t h e ups and downs t h a t a r e necessary p a r t of t h e space business." (W Post, 12/26/68) . Apollo 8 l u n a r f l i g h t was voted t o p news s t o r y of 1968 i n Dec. 24 r e p o l l i n g of e d i t o r s of Associated Press member newspapers, r a d i o , and TV s t a t i o n s . Previous p o l l , completed before Dec. 2l-27 mission, had s e l e c t e d a s s a s s i n a t i o n s of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and Rev. Martin Luther King a s No. 1 and No. 2 s t o r i e s of year. (W -S 9 tar 12/26/68, ~ 8 ) �A t '135th meeting of American Assn. f o r t h e Advancement December 26-31: o f Science i n Dallas, Tex., John M. Logsdon, a s s i s t a n t p r o f e s s o r of i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s a t - Catholic Univ. of America, s a i d former President Dwight D. Eisenhower had planned t o scrap manned space f l i g h t s a f t e r P r o j e c t Mercury but h i s successor, President John F. Kennedy, had decided t o t r y t o send men t o t h e moon because of "America ' s competitive and expansive s p i r i t . " Outgoing P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, D r . Donald I?. Hornig recommended reexamination of concept of Federal Department of Science since science "has now assumed such importance t o t h e n a t i o n t h a t i t s p o s i t i o n would be stronger if it had a voice i n t h e Cabinet. I' He advocated annual r e p o r t on s t a t e of science s i m i l a r t o annual economic r e p o r t and s a i d Office of Science and Technology "could eventually evolve i n an o f f i c e of planning and a n a l y s i s , looking broadly a t n a t i o n a l problems with some s c i e n t i f i c o r t e c h n o l o g i c a l component, but extending w e l l beyond t h e purely t e c h n i c a l a r e a s . " Under questioning, D r . Hornig s a i d he agreed with D r . J. Herbert Hollomon, President of Univ. of Oklahoma and former A s s i s t a n t Secretary of Commerce, t h a t Federal Dept. of Science, with National Science Foundation a s i t s core, might encompass oceanographic agencies, high energy physics research c u r r e n t l y funded by AEC, ESSA, Bureau of Census and Labor S t a t i s t i c s , geophysics branches of Geological Survey, and some N I H programs. D r . Hollomon a l s o suggested WSA be added when it could be included "without having it become t h e t a i l t h a t wags t h e dog." D r . Hornig i n s i s t e d no massive "science agency" should be created t o usurp supervision of Nation's science e f f o r t . Cornell Univ. map expert, Prof. Arthur J. McNair, s a i d sophist i c a t ed photographic mapping by s a t e l l i t e s a t 140-mi a l t i t u d e would provide f a s t e r , cheaper, broader, and more d e t a i l e d coverage t h a n now p o s s i b l e by a i r p l a n e mapping. Single map-making s a t e l l i t e photo, he s a i d , would be equivalent t o 1,000 photos taken by a i r c r a f t . U.S. could be f u l l y and adequately mapped i n one year from photos from s a t e l l i t e i n near-polar o r b i t f o r f o u r weeks. Another 11 mo would be needed f o r d a t a processing. U.S. had already spent 125 yr i n inadequate mapping. D r . Robert H. Hardie of Vanderbilt Univ. s a i d planet Pluto had appeared t o be dimming f o r p a s t 10 yr. It was moving around i n 248-yr o r b i t a l period t o point where it r e f l e c t e d l i t t l e s u n l i g h t . I t s s u r f a c e temperature had dropped two degrees a s r e s u l t . He speculated t h a t planet froze i n t o mass of stone and s o l i d nitrogen a s temperatures reached -250° C when facing away from sun. When bathed i n s u n l i g h t , p l a n e t warmed t o -200' C and formed r e f l e c t i n g puddles which astronomers saw a s v a r i a t i o n s i n l i g h t i n t e n s i t y . ( ~ e x t ;WI, W Post, 12/28/68, Ag; Lannan, W S t a r , 12/30/68, A3; AP, W ~ o s t m 0 / 6 8 ,A6; W 9-S t a r 12/30/68, ~ 3 ) �December 27: A t White House p r e s s conference President Johnson discussed Apollo 8 ' s e f f e c t on U.S. p o s i t i o n i n space race: "We a r e very pleased with t h e progress we have made.... Each s i d e has d i f f e r e n t examples of i t s achievements. But i n t h e 10 t o 11 years since Sputnik I. .when we d i d n ' t even have a space committee i n t h e Congress, when we were t a l k i n g about t h e b a s k e t b a l l up t h e r e i n t h e a i r , when we have weathered t h e storms t h a t have brewed--everyone who wanted t o cut anything, t h e f i r s t t h i n g t h e y wanted t o cut was t h e space program--when we have seen t h e e d i t o r i a l p r o f e s s o r s inform us t h a t t h e r e was r e a l l y no value i n doing all of t h i s anyway, it gives me g r e a t pleasure now t o see t h e t h r i l l t h a t even t h e y a r e g e t t i n g out of it. " President described anxiety about such a complex mission and s a i d he had repeatedly asked himself whether U.S. was ready, whether d a t e s e l e c t e d was b e s t one, whether every p o s s i b l e precaution had been taken, and whether every man had performed h i s requirements. "About a l l you can d o . . . i s t o pick men t h a t you have confidence i n , t h a t you t r u s t , give them t h e support t h e y need, and t h e n hold on." Remembering he had "recommended t h i s goal f o r t h i s decade'' t o President Kennedy, he s a i d : "There have been many p i t f a l l s every s t e p of t h e way. I don't know how many f o l k s have j u s t wanted t o abandon it, c l i p it, cut it, t a k e t h e money f o r t h e c i t i e s o r t h e war o r j u s t anything e l s e . Space has been a whipping boy. "So when you see t h e day approaching when v i s i o n s , and dreams, and what we s a i d t o t h e Congress when we created t h e Space Administrat i o n back i n 1958 a r e becoming r e a l i t y , you n a t u r a l l y a r e hopeful. " L a t e r , i n telephone message t o Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s President congratulated crew and said: "YOUhave made us very proud t o be a l i v e a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r moment i n h i s t o r y . You have made u s f e e l akin t o t h o s e Europeans n e a r l y f i v e c e n t u r i e s ago who heard s t o r i e s of t h e New World f o r t h e f i r s t time. There i s j u s t no o t h e r comparison t h a t we can make t h a t i s equal t o what you have done o r t o what we f e e l . . My thoughts t h i s morning went back t o more t h a n 10 years ago when we saw Sputnik r a c i n g through t h e s k i e s , and we r e a l i z e d t h a t America had a b i g job ahead of it. "It gave me so much pleasure t o know t h a t you men have done a l a r g e p a r t of t h a t job. (5,12/30/69, 1744-50) . .. ... . Apollo 7 mission ( 0 c t . U-22) was adjudged successful by NASA. A l l launch v e h i c l e systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y throughout expected l i f e t i m e and spacecraft systems functioned with few minor anomalies, which were countered, preventing l o s s of systems support. Splashdown occurred w i t h i n one mile o f guidance system t a r g e t point and recovery of f l i g h t crew and CM was successful. A l l t e s t o b j e c t i v e s had been s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished. (NASA P r o j o f f ) �December 27: Apollo 6 (launched A p r i l 4) was adjudged unsuccessful by NASA. Although t h r e e of f i v e primary mission o b j e c t i v e s had been f u l l y accomplished and two p a r t i a l l y accomplished, o v e r a l l mission was not a success. Apollo 6 had entered e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t i n s t e a d of planned c i r c u l a r o r b i t when 2nd stage engines shut down prematurely and 3rd s t a g e f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e on command. (NASA Proj off) . NASA announced it would convert t o c i v i l service operation during next 1 8 mo work performed i n 810 contractor p o s i t i o n s a t GSFC, t o b r i n g Center's operations i n t o accord with C i v i l Service Commission guidel i n e s p r o h i b i t i n g Government supervision of contractor employees. Many incumbent c o n t r a c t o r employees would be o f f e r e d Government posit i o n s and only small p o r t i o n of c o n t r a c t o r s 1 a c t i v i t i e s would be a f f e c t e d i n many cases. Conversion would be completed by June 1970 and NASA would continue t o r e l y on industry t o considerable extent f o r support services. (NASA Release 68-223) . Mment SFC announced it had issued Boeing Co. $8,429,047 supplemental agreeextending from October 1968 t o March 1970 maintenance and operat i o n of Saturn V development f a c i l i t y a t MSFC and providing f o r mechanical ground support equipment and l o g i s t i c s work. (MXFCRelease 68-283) . NASA announced award by LeRC of $3,448,762 cost -plus-award-fee contract t o Honeywell, Inc., f o r Centaur launch vehicle guidance system including management, engineering, r e p a i r , and modification support during 1969. (NASA Release 68-222) . I n Science D r . J. C. G. Walker, Yale Univ. geologist and geophysicist, and N. W. Spencer, Chief of GSFC1s Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Biological Sciences, s a i d thermosphere probe experiments had provided l a r g e s t body of rocket mass-spectrometer d a t a obtained. T e s t s had been conducted j o i n t l y by s c i e n t i s t s a t GSFC and Space Physics Research Lab. a t Univ. of Michigan t o determine temperatures of e a r t h ' s upper atmosphere. Since 1962, concentration and temperature of molecular nitrogen i n upper atmosphere had been measured i n 22 s u c c e s s f u l f l i g h t s under varying conditions of s o l a r a c t i v i t y , from launch s i t e s a t Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Wallops I s l a n d , Va., and Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. S c i e n t i s t s had concluded t h a t upper atmosphere c o n s i s t e d of mixture of gases--electrons, ions, and n e u t r a l p a r t i c l e s - each of which had d i s t i n c t temperature. M u l t i p l i c i t y of temperatures could be expected i n upper atmosphere of p l a n e t s , though d i f f e r e n c e s between p l a n e t a r y atmospheres must be more s t r i k i n g t h a n s i m i l a r i t i e s �December T( (continued) because of d i f f e r e n c e s i n atmospheric composition and i n d i s t a n c e from sun. It was l i k e l y t h a t absence of permanent magnetic f i e l d on e i t h e r Mars o r Venus caused f u r t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s between upper atmospheres of t h e s e p l a n e t s and t h e upper atmosphere of e a r t h . (science, 12/27/68, 1437-41) . Washington Post s a i d Harvard Univ. s c i e n t i s t D r . George B. Kistiakowsky, who i n 1959 was chief science adviser t o President Eisenhower, had s a i d i n taped i n t e r v i e w f o r broadcast on CBS r a d i o network Dec. 29 t h a t putt i n g man on moon would not compare t o g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c achievements r his [moon f l i g h t ] i s an adventure. such a s breaking g e n e t i c code. i t ' s d i f f e r e n t from Darwin's t r a v e l s , " which l e d t o h i s discovery of g e n e t i c evolution. ( ~ a r o n s ,W Post, 12/28/68, ~ 8 ) ... . Associated Press quoted Mrs. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, who was instrumental i n having prayer removed from U.S. public schools, a s saying she would r e g i s t e r complaints with NASA against reading by Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s of p o r t i o n s of Genesis during l u n a r o r b i t and would organize mail campaign t o b a r prayer from space. (AP, W Post, 12/28/68, ~ 9 ) . National Science Foundation announced median annual s a l a r y of U.S. s c i e n t i s t s i n 1968 was $13,000, up $1,200 (19;)from 1966. S e l f employed s c i e n t i s t s earned highest median, $18,000, i n 1968, with t h o s e employed by industry, business, and nonprofit organizations second a t $14,700. Federal Government s c i e n t i s t s reported same median salary--$13,500--as t h o s e employed on y e a r l y b a s i s by educational i n s t i t u t i o n s . Single l a r g e s t u s e r s of s c i e n t i f i c Industry and business t a l e n t were educational i n s t i t u t i o n s (4%). employed 3$, and 1%were c i v i l i a n s i n Federal Government. I n f o r mation was based on responses by 298,000 U. S. s c i e n t i s t s t o NSF' s b i e n n i a l National Register survey. (NSF Release 68-181) . New York Times s a i d a r t i c l e i n December i s s u e of A u s t r a l i a n Quarterly by A u s t r a l i a n National Univ. l e c t u r e r Robery Cooksey had suggested U, S. "space r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t y " a t Pine Gap near geographical c e n t e r of A u s t r a l i a might be s t a t i o n designed t o guide o r b i t a l m i s s i l e s f i r e d from U.S. t o t a r g e t s i n Communist k i n a . I f so, he s a i d , A u s t r a l i a would t h e n be p o t e n t i a l t a r g e t f o r r e t a l i a t i o n with nuclear weapons. A r t i c l e had caused f l u r r y of questions about base i n A u s t r a l i a n p r e s s . Later New York Times s t o r y s a i d U.S. o f f i c i a l s i n Washington had denied suggestion and s a i d Pine Gap i n s t a l l a t i o n was j o i n t U. S. -Australian space research f a c i l i t y e s t a b l i s h e d by rumbu bull, NYT, 12/29/68, 30) agreement i n 1966. �December 27: DOD announced appointment t o Defense Science Board of D r . Arthur T. Biehl, Associate Director f o r Advanced Study, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory; D r . Lewis M. Branscomb, Chairman of J o i n t I n s t i t u t e f o r Laboratory Astrophysics, Univ. of Colorado; Daniel J. Fink, General Manager f o r Space Systems, General E l e c t r i c Corp.; and D r . Charles M. Herzfeld, Technical Director of Defense Space Group (R&D), I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telephone and Telegraph Corp. (DOD Release 1139-68) . AEC announced d e t e c t i o n of Chinese Communist atmospheric nuclear t e s t a t Lop Nor area. It was eighth Chinese Communist nuclear t e s t detected and had y i e l d of about t h r e e megatons. Peking government l a t e r confirmed s u c c e s s f u l explosion of hydrogen bomb, p a r t i c l e s of which, s a i d Associated Press, had been found i n r a i n water c o l l e c t e d a t Nigata, Japan. Peking Radio a l s o s a i d Communist China would never s i g n U.N. t r e a t y t o end spread of nuclear weapons. (AEC Release L-294; AP, W S t a r , 12/29/68, 1 F 12/26/69, A10; UPI, W -9S t a r 12/29/69, A10; Kumpa, B Sun, INTELSAT-I11 F-2 (launched Dec. 19) was used between Etam, December 28: W. Va, and Raisting, Germany, under emergency a u t h o r i z a t i o n t o back up i n t e r r u p t i o n of s e r v i c e on TAT-4 cable. (NASA F r o j o f f ) . Finnish p r o f e s s o r Arrno N i i n i s a i d photos of e a r t h brought back by Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s might show t i n y r i n g of small dust p a r t i c l e s 200 t o 350 m i above e a r t h . It would be d i s c e r n i b l e only i n p i c t u r e s t a k e n with sun behind camera and with s u f f i c i e n t l y s e n s i t i v e film. (WI, NyT, 12130168, 2) . Fresident Johnson announced promotion of Apollo 8 Astronaut William A. Anders (Maj., USAF) t o Lieutenant Colonel under h i s p o l i c y of granti n g one-grade promotion t o m i l i t a r y astronaut a f t e r h i s f i r s t successf u l space mission. (Maynard, W Post, 12/29/68, ~ 4 PD, ; 1/6/69, 5 ) - . I n Moscow interview with Turin, I t a l y , newspaper La Stampa, Soviet space s c i e n t i s t Prof. Leonid I. Sedov s a i d U.S. sX. was concentrating on p e r f e c t i n g unmanned spaceships f o r exploration of c e l e s t i a l bodies deeper i n space t h a n moon. "There does not e x i s t a t present a s i m i l a r p r o j e c t [ t o Apollo 81 i n our program. I n t h e near f u t u r e we w i l l not send a man around t h e moon. We s t a r t from t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t c e r t a i n problems can be resolved with t h e use of automatic soundings." Sedov h a i l e d Apollo 8 mission a s "a g r e a t s c i e n t i f i c conquest. " (UPI, W ~ o s t , ~ ~ 8 4 ,) �December 29: I n Washineon Sunday S t a r , W i l l i a m Hines reported r e s u l t s o f query of e i g h t eminent s c i e n t i s t s on most important s i n g l e decision r e l a t e d t o science and technology which faced President-elect Richard M. Nixon e a r l y i n h i s administration. Consensus was: shaping of long-term science policy. Also c i t e d were need f o r reexamination of p r i o r i t i e s and goals, with f i r m decision on extent t o which science and higher education should receive Government support; c r e a t i o n of Dept. of Science i n cabinet o r stronger science-Government communication l i n e s ; r e a s s e s s ment of space funding and o t h e r "big science" p r o j e c t s , including proton a c c e l e r a t o r s ; g r e a t e r emphasis on s o c i a l goals; vigorous a n t i p o l l u t i o n e f f o r t s ; and more imaginative use of science and technology a s i n s t r u ments of n a t i o n a l policy. None of eight s c i e n t i s t s advocated abandonment of space program a f t e r culmination of Apollo p r o j e c t . P h y s i c i s t Alvin M. Weinberg, Director of Oak Ridge National Lab., s a i d of space program, "This t h i n g t a k e s so very much money t h a t i t ' s hard t o get e x c i t e d about any o t h e r decision i n science u n t i l t h i s one has been made. What should be i t s l e v e l i n t h e l Y O s ? We have become accustomed t o something l i k e f o u r o r f i v e b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a year, but I doubt very much t h a t t h i s i s a l e v e l t h e new President i s l i k e l y t o concur i n . " (W 9-S t a r 12/29/68, ~ 3 ) . Noting what he c a l l e d "curious conspiracy of s i l e n c e on R u s s i a ' s capabili t i e s and i n t e n t i o n " f o r almost e i g h t y e a r s , W i l l i a m Hines i n Washington Sunday S t a r s a i d : "One of t h e many small a c t s of p o s i t i v e statesmanship which Richard M. Nixon could p r o f i t a b l y perform e a r l y i n h i s administrat i o n would be t o t e l l t h e American people f u l l y and f r a n k l y j u s t what t h e United S t a t e s government knows about t h e Soviet space program.. It would l e n d credence t o M r . Nixonts professed p o l i c y of openness. It would compromise no s i g n i f i c a n t s e c r e t s . And it would enable t h e American p u b l i c t o make judgments about t h e f u t u r e of t h e U.S. space program a t a time when v i t a f decisions along t h i s l i n e would be coming due." (W S t a r , 12/29/68, ~ 4 ) .. December 30: Defense Secretary designate, Rep. Melvin R. Laird (R- is. ) named David Packard, chairman of.Hewlett-Packard Co., C a l i f o r n i a e l e c t r o n i c s firm, t o be Deputy Secretary of Defense i n Nixon Administrat i o n . ( ~ e e c h e r ,NYT, 12/31/68, 1; WSJ, 12/31/68; Aero Daily, 12/31/68) - Cost-plus-fixed-fee contract f o r Cal Tech's operation of JPL a s a major NASA i n s t a l l a t i o n was renewed by NASA and Cal Tech through Dec. 31, 1971. Cal Tech s t a f f e d and operated JPL; property, f a c i l i t i e s , and equipment were owned by Government. (NASA Procurement Off ; NASA Release 69-2) �December 30: I n Pravda, Prof. Boris Petrov, Soviet guidance mechanisms s p e c i a l i s t , s a i d U.S.S.R. p r e f e r r e d not t o send men t o moon a t t h i s p o i n t though unmanned Zond V and Zond V I "were adapted f o r p i l o t e d f l i g h t . " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 1 2 / 3 1 m ) . Cleveland P l a i n Dealer e d i t o r i a l said, "Those who argue t h a t t h e country should be spending more money on important domestic programs a r e c o r r e c t . But t h e s e i n c r e a s e s should not have t o come a t t h e expense of American space exploration and newly-won world p r e s t i g e . NASA's needs deserve high p r i o r i t y . There should be no l o s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s . When t h e f i r s t American s e t s f o o t on t h e moon next year, h i s accomplishment should symbolize a beginning, not an ending. " ( C P l a i n Dealer, 12/30/68) . I n Washington Evening S t a r , David Lawrence asked, "What was r e a l l y t h e 5 i g ' m i r a c l e 1 i n t h e voyage of t h e American a s t r o n a u t s t o t h e moon and back?" It could have happened, "and t h e r e s t of t h e world would not have witnessed t h e dramatic a r r i v a l of t h e a s t r o n a u t s aboard an a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r i n t h e middle of t h e P a c i f i c Ocean o r t h e p i c t u r e s sent from o u t e r space f o r s e v e r a l days i f it has not been f o r another g r e a t f e a t of science--transmission of t e l e v i s i o n and r a d i o from a r t i f i c i a l s a t e l l i t e s d i r e c t t o every continent of t h e world." (W S t a r , 12/30/68, ~ 9 ) - December 31: White House announced from Johnson City, Tex., t h a t President Johnson would present NASA Distinguished Service Medals t o Apollo 8 Astronauts Frank Borman, James A. Lovell, Jr., and W i l l i a m A. Anders during "Astronaut Day" ceremonies i n D. C. Jan. 9, 1969. (AP, W 3-S t a r 12/31/68, A5 ; UPI, 10C; W Post, 1/1/69, 2) , . Soviet t e s t p i l o t Eudard V. Yelyan t e s t - f l e w TU-144 U. S. S.R. ' s delta-wing supersonic t r a n s p o r t , on successful 38-min maiden f l i g h t from a i r p o r t near Moscow. Tass reported "the equipment on board t h e a i r l i n e r operated normally." A i r c r a f t was designed t o c a r r y 120-135 passengers a t speeds t o 1,600 mph over 4,000-mi range. It was equipped with four Kuznetsov N.K. -144 t u r b o f a n engines. Tass s a i d sonic boom " i s almost not f e l t " on e a r t h because TU-144 reached maximum speed a t high a l t i t u d e s . L a t e r , New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented: "The long i n t e r n a t i o n a l debate about supersonic a i r l i n e r s i s sure t o be stepped up i n t h e wake of t h e news t h a t t h e Soviet entry, t h e TU-144, has made i t s f i r s t f l i g h t . Since it has not been claimed t h a t t h i s i n i t i a l t r i a l reached supersonic speeds, t h e l i k e l i h o o d i s �December 31 (continued) t h a t t h e TU-144 was kept subsonic on i t s f i r s t outing. But Soviet a i r p l a n e designers and b u i l d e r s have manufactured enough supersonic m i l i t a r y planes t o suggest t h a t on a subsequent f l i g h t t h e TU-144 I n t h i s country, t h e w i l l f l y f a s t e r t h a n t h e speed of sound.... Soviet f i r s t w i l l undoubtedly spur t h o s e who want t o pour s t i l l more Government funds i n t o t h e Boeing p r o j e c t t o b u i l d an advanced supersonic plane t h a t i s f a s t e r and l a r g e r t h a n t h e TU-144. Fort u n a t e l y , t h i s country's technological p r e s t i g e i s now higher t h a n ever i n t h e wake of t h e Apollo 8 moon journey. That f a c t should h e l p t h e incoming Nixon Administration t o see t h a t t h e r e a r e b e t t e r uses f o r t h e n a t i o n ' s scarce resources t h a n t o engage i n a supersonic plane race whose economics a r e dubious and whose product's c o n t r i b u t i o n t o noise p o l l u t i o n i s a l l t o o loud." haba bad, NYT -9 1/1/69, 1; UPI, W -S 9 tar 1/1/69, A7; Winters, B Sun, 1/1/69, 1; NYT, 1/2/69, 30) - . National Science Foundation r e l e a s e d Federal Funds f o r Research, Development, and Other S c i e n t i f i c A c t i v i t i e s : F i s c a l Years 1967, 1968, and 1969. Federal o b l i g a t i o n s f o r b a s i c research, applied research, and development ( p l a n t excluded) t o t a l e d $16.5 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967 and were expected t o t o t a l $16.2 b i l l i o n i n FY 1968, f i r s t drop since 1955. Obligations had been expected t o t o t a l $17.3 b i l l i o n i n FY 1969, b u t , because of appropriations and apportionment a c t i o n s , probably would be even l e s s t h a n i n 1968. Basic r e s e a r c h o b l i g a t i o n s t o t a l e d $2.0 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967 and were expected t o be $2.1 b i l l i o n i n 1968. Applied research o b l i g a t i o n s t o t a l e d $3.3 b i l l i o n i n FY 1967, with $3.3 b i l l i o n estimated f o r 1968. O r i g i n a l l y expected increases i n FY 1969 o b l i g a t i o n s , t o $2.4 b i l l i o n f o r b a s i c research and $3.6 b i l l i o n f o r applied research, probably would not occur because of cutbacks i n FY 1969 budget. Development o b l i g a t i o n s were $11.3 b i l l i o n i n 1967, highest ever reported, but were expected t o drop t o $10.8 b i l l i o n i n 1968. O r i g i n a l l y expected r i s e t o $ll. 3 b i l l i o n i n 1969 probably would not be achieved. I n FY 1967, o b l i g a t i o n s f o r R&D p l a n t t o t a l e d $620 m i l l i o n , with estimated $517 m i l l i o n f o r 1968 and $777 m i l l i o n f o r 1969. DOD, NASA, and AEC provided bulk of R&D funds, with 9@ average share during 1960-66 and 8 p during 1967-69. DOD, NASA, and AEC t o g e t h e r supported 6 q of Federal r e s e a r c h t o t a l and more t h a n 9% of development t o t a l i n 1968. During 1967-69, 8@ of Federal R&D funds were scheduled f o r extramural performers, c h i e f l y U.S. i n d u s t r i a l firms. I n 1968 t h e y received 6%, with colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s receiving N , �December 31 (continued) F e d e r a l l y funded R&D c e n t e r s , kj:, and remaining 2% t o intramural I n b a s i c research colleges and u n i v e r s i t i e s were 1968's major performing group, with 37% of t o t a l . Federal s e c t o r was scheduled t o perform 375 of 1968 t o t a l applied research. I n d u s t r i a l firms were t o perform 775 of t o t a l 1968 development. During t h r e e y e a r s , 1967-69, l i f e sciences received 2% of Federal support; engineering sciences 2%; physical sciences 215; and environmental sciences 1%. Since 1959, however, psychological and s o c i a l sciences had shown f a s t e r r e l a t i v e gains than a l l others. ( ~ e x t ) . New York Gov. Nelson B. Rockefeller announced Apollo 8 a s t r o n a u t s had accepted i n v i t a t i o n t o come t o New York f o r s p e c i a l day of observance Jan. 10. (FOX, 1/1/69, 1) TJYT, . Senator-elect Barry Goldwat e r ( R - ~ r i z). t e s t -rode F-111A and took c o n t r o l s during p a r t of 90-min f l i g h t t o and from N e l l i s AFB, Nev. L a t e r he s a i d a i r c r a f t had been victim of p o l i t i c s , not by p a r t y , but by "bungling i n t h e Defense Department. " Goldwater s a i d he had not opposed a i r c r a f t but objected t o way DOD had awarded c o n t r a c t t o General Dynamics Corp. He s a i d USAF had done good job i n "taking t h e bugs out of t h i s a i r p l a n e . " (AP, W Post, 1/1/69, ~ 9 ) . USAF awarded c o n t r a c t s t o t a l i n g $28.8 m i l l i o n t o F a i r c h i l d H i l l e r Corp., McDonnell Douglas Corp., and North American Rockwell Corp. f o r contract d e f i n i t i o n f o r ZF-15A advanced a i r s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t . (DOD Release 1147-68) NASA issued Objectives and Goals i n Space Science and During December: Applications--1968. NASA Office of Space Science and Applications had p a r t i c i p a t e d i n 1968 agency-wide planning t o d e t a i l program o b j e c t i v e s and options from which program could be b u i l t . Many t o o l s required f o r f u t u r e space program had already been developed and many f u t u r e ventures would r e q u i r e only modest improvements. Spacecraft pointing accuracies and s t a b i l i t y would improve, and t h e i r l i f e t i m e s would increase. More powerful t r a n s m i t t e r s would communicate d a t a across ever-widening expanses. Spacecraft weight would increase and man would have i n c r e a s i n g c a p a b i l i t y t o work and navigate i n space. Advances i n chemical propulsion, and i n t r o d u c t i o n of nuclear and e l e c t r i c propulsion, and new combinations of e x i s t i n g s t a g e s , would permit growth of launch v e h i c l e c a p a b i l i t y t o meet mission demands. FY 1969 support of program recognized need f o r a u s t e r i t y and provided �During December (continued) f o r continuance of e x i s t i n g a t economical l e v e l and i n i t i a - -programs t i o n of only " p r o j e c t s of g r e a t m e r i t , including t h o s e where a unique opportunity might be l o s t . " Future emphasis would be on expanding a p p l i c a t i o n s of space and space technology f o r b e n e f i t of man: improving c a p a b i l i t y f o r surveying e a r t h ' s resources, providing TV broadcast from space, and improving weather f o r e c a s t i n g . Knowledge o f Mars, Venus, Mercury, Jupiter,and o t h e r o u t e r p l a n e t s would be expanded. I n t r o d u c t i o n of l a r g e r , more accurate t e l e s c o p e s would provide man perhaps with "his g r e a t e s t s t e p i n understanding t h e n a t u r e of h i s universe." (Text) . Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences issued Tenth Anniversary, 1958-1968 t o meet requests f o r information concerning i t s h i s t o r i c a l background, a c t i v i t i e s , j u r i s d i c t i o n and procedures, l e g i s l a t i v e record, membership, and s t a f f a s s i s t a n c e . Report contained National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, a s amended, r e l a t e d l e g i s l a t i o n - - i n c l u d i n g NASA's funding history--and Comunicat i o n s S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962. (Text) I n 1968 U. S. o r b i t e d 64 spacecraft and U. S. S. R. , 74. During 1968: U.S. t o t a l included 43 launched by DOD. NASA's 21 included s a t e l l i t e o r b i t e d a s secondary payload. Highlight of NASA's 1 0 t h anniversary year was success i n c a r e f u l l y planned s e r i e s of Apollo missions--including f i r s t two manned f l i g h t s i n Apollo l u n a r landing program. Unmanned Apollo 5 and Apollo 6 completed i n f l i g h t t e s t s of a l l major p i e c e s of Apollo hardware. F i r s t manned mission, Apollo 7 , c a r r i e d t h r e e a s t r o n a u t s around e a r t h f o r 11 days, v e r i f y i n g s p a c e c r a f t operation before splashing down p r e c i s e l y on t a r g e t . Mission included l i v e TV transmission from space, l a r g e s t number of i n f l i g h t r e s t a r t s of SPS t o d a t e , and new record of 781 man-hours i n space. Apollo program climaxed Dec. 21-27 with highly s u c c e s s f u l six-day Apollo 8 mission on which three-man crew demonstrated operat i o n of spacecraft systems i n l u n a r environment. Spacecraft o r b i t e d moon 1 0 t - h e s , providing man with h i s f i r s t t r i p out of e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d and f i r s t look a t moon's f a r s i d e and proving c a p a b i l i t y of crew, s p a c e c r a r t , and support and c o n t r o l systems t o operate out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e s and r e t u r n through e a r t h ' s atmosphere a t l u n a r - r e t u r n v e l o c i t y . unmanned Surveyor V I I , NASA's f i r s t launch i n 1968 and l a s t s p a c e c r a f t i n Surveyor s e r i e s , softlanded on moon, conducted o n - s i t e analyses of l u n a r s o i l , and took p a r t i n l a s e r - d e t e c t i o n �During 1968 ( continued) communications experiment. Applications s a t e l l i t e s launched included INTELSAT-I11 F-2 comsat f o r ComSatCorp and ESSA V I I and V I I I meteorol o g i c a l s a t e l l i t e s f o r ESSA. S c i e n t i f i c achievements included o r b i t i n g of NASA's OGO V, OAO 11, Explorer XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, and XL s a t e l l i t e s and Naval Research Laboratory1s Explorer XXXVII. OAO E-h e a v i e s t and most complicated U.S. automated spacecraft ever launched-took f i r s t W photos of s t a r s , r e t u r n i n g previously unobtainable data. Explorer XXXVI was s u c c e s s f u l i y used by GSFC a s t a r g e t i n f i r s t dayl i g h t o p e r a t i o n a l l a s e r tracking. Pioneer IX, launched i n t o s o l a r o r b i t , c a r r i e d TETR I1 pickaback and e j e c t e d it i n t o e a r t h o r b i t where it served a s t r a c k i n g t a r g e t f o r NASA's Manned Space F l i g h t Network. Some 157 meteorological sounding rockets and 100 s c i e n t i f i c sounding r o c k e t s were launched, and FAM C - I 1 spacecraft was launched on s u b o r b i t a l mission t o o b t a i n d a t a on r a d i o a t t e n u a t i o n during reentry. X-15 rocket research a i r c r a f t made 1 3 f l i g h t s , ending i t s f l i g h t program with 199 missions, including 154 a t mach 4 o r g r e a t e r , 109 a t mach 5 o r above, and 4 a t g r e a t e r t h a n mach 6. NASA-USAF f l i g h t r e s e a r c h continued with 1 3 f l i g h t s of XB-70 supersonic a i r c r a f t . U W ' s C-5A, world's l a r g e s t m i l i t a r y cargo a i r c r a f t , made i t s maiden f l i g h t and t h r e e of t h e a i r c r a f t completed 31 f l i g h t s f o r 88-hr t o t a l f l y i n g time. Design of SST was reevaluated and program was delayed u n t i l new fixed-wing design was s e l e c t e d , with prototype construction expected t o begin i n 1969. NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e completed 1 2 s u c c e s s f u l g l i d e f l i g h t s and f i r s t powered f l i g h t . DOD space program included o r b i t i n g of 8 IDCSP comsats, 1 Lincoln Experimental S a t e l l i t e , 5 Orbiting Vehicle research s a t e l l i t e s , and 2 environmental r e s e a r c h s a t e l l i t e s ; s t a t i c t e s t - f i r i n g s of T i t a n IIIM 1 s t stage; and near completion of MOL launch complex a t Vandenberg AFB I n j o i n t NASA-AEC e f f o r t , propulsion technology h i g h l i g h t s i n cluded power t e s t s of Phoebus 2A nuclear r e a c t o r , f i r s t t e s t s of cold-flow t e s t engine i n f l i g h t configuration i n new t e s t stand, and f i r s t t e s t - f i r i n g s of Pewee 1 f u e l element t e s t - b e d r e a c t o r . U. S. S.R. launched 74 payloads, including 64 Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s , 1 Luna, 1 Proton, 3 Zond, and 2 Soyuz s p a c e c r a f t , and 3 Molniya I comsats. Manned Soyuz 2 rendezvoused but d i d not dock with m a n n e d Soyuz 3 launched one day e a r l i e r . Unmanned Zond 5 and 6 completed circumiunar f l i g h t s and were recovered. ~ o n K r c l e d - m o o n and apparently crashlanded. U. S. S. R. ' s TU-14-a-wing supersonic t r a n s p o r t s u c c e s s f u l l y made 38-min maiden f l i g h t . (Pres R t 68; NASA Release 68-219; B Sun, 1/18/69, 28; Shabad, ;*TY N UPI, W S t a r , 1/1/69, ~ 7 7 - . �Major administrative events a f f e c t i n g NASA and i t s r o l e i n During 1968: space were r e s i g n a t i o n of Administrator James E. Webb i n 0 c t o b e r ; a f t e r n e a r l y 8$ yr a s NASA's head, and budget c u t s n e c e s s i t a t i n g program and personnel reductions. Press marked Webb retirement with p r a i s e f o r many accomplishments o f U.S. space program during h i s leadership. Webb, planning t o devote time t o i n t e r e s t s i n education and urban and f o r e i g n a f f a i r s , continued t o serve a s consultant t o Acting Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine. NASA FY 1969 budget request of $4.37 b i l l i o n , already smallest s i n c e 1963 and $700 m i l l i o n below FY 1968 request, was f u r t h e r trimmed by Congress because of urgent n a t i o n a l needs i n o t h e r a r e a s , p a r t i c u l a r l y Vietnam war and urban problems. Authorization of $4.013 b i l l i o n was lowered t o appropriation of $3.995 billion--$375.12 m i l l i o n below o r i g i n a l request. Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 again reduced NASA funds, a s well a s funds f o r DOD and o t h e r agencies. D r . Paine i n October announced NASA interim operating plan l i m i t e d t o $3.85 b i l l i o n f o r FY 1969. Cutbacks included "sharply l i m i t e d and deferred" Apollo Applications program, end t o Saturn I B and V booster production, 5 ~ cut : i n advanced mission s t u d i e s , reduced l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y exploration program, one-year delay i n NERVA development, s l i p s i n B i o s a t e l l i t e program, and reductions i n astronomy, physics, and b a s i c research. I n November D r . Paine s a i d t h a t below $ 4 - b i l l i o n l e v e l NASA could no longer "hold t o g e t h e r our hard-won c a p a b i l i t i e s and u t i l i z e them e f f e c t i v e l y i n c r i t i c a l programs; some of them would have t o be dropped e n t i r e l y . " (EH) . In i t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation program, NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched t h r e e s a t e l l i t e s f o r European Space Research Organization: I n t e r n a t i o n a l Radiation I n v e s t i g a t i o n Sat e l l i t e IRIS I (ESRO 11-B)Aurorae (ESROI ) t o study aurora b o r e a l i s and r e l a t e d p o l a r ionosphere phenomena, and Highly Eccentric Orbiting S a t e l l i t e HEOS A f o r i n t e r p l a n e t a r y physics research. From eight nations, 35 i n v e s t i g a t o r s were s e l e c t e d t o c a r r y out experiments with t h e f i r s t l u n a r surface m a t e r i a l t o be r e t r i e v e d by NASA. Four nations contributed experiments flown on NASA s p a c e c r a f t and 122 sounding rockets were launched i n s c i e n t i f i c programs with e i g h t countries. Geodetic s a t e l l i t e observations were c a r r i e d o u t with 34 countries; a e r o n a u t i c a l research was conducted with 4 c o u n t r i e s ; and 52 c o u n t r i e s had APT f a c i l i t i e s t o receive cloud cover p i c t u r e s from U.S. s a t e l l i t e s . (NASA Releases 68-219, 68-204; Pres Rpt 68 , �PROVISIONAL INDEX- -DECEMBER 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. Accident, 393, 396 A c c e l e r a t o r , 405 Advanced B a l l i s t i c Reentry System (ABRES) , 391 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aegerter, D r . I r e n e , 390 Aerobee 150 M I ( sounding rocket ) 391 Aeronautics, 386, 387, 392, 402, 408, 428 Aerospace I n d u s t r i e s Assn. , 405 Aerospace industry, 405 A f r i c a , 399 Agreement, 385, 386, 420 A g r i c u l t u r e , Dept. o f , 387 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) , 390 A i r c r a f t , 386, 387, 390, 401, 402, 404, 405, 423-425, 427 A i r p o r t s , 387, 390 Alaska, 392 A l g r a n t i , Joseph S., 393 A l l e n , H. J u l i a n , 385 American Academy of A r t s and Sciences, 397 American Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Science, 417 American I n s t i t u t e o f Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM), 389 Space Science Award, 406 American I n s t i t u t e of Physics, 400 American Science and Engineering, Inc., 391 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 402 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T), 395 Ames Research Center (ARC), 385 Space science Div., 406 Ammonia, 400 Anchorage, Alaska, 392 Anders, L/C William A. (usAF), 394, 409, 421, 423 Andover, Me. , 407 Anniversary, 403, 426 Apollo (program), 391, 396, 399, 403, 404, 426 Apollo 4 ( f l i g h t ) , 411 Apollo 5 ( f l i g h t ) , 411, 426 Apollo 6 ( f l i g h t ) , 411, 419, 426 Apollo 7 ( f l i g h t ) , 400, 411, 418, 426 Apollo 8 ( f l i g h t ) , 396, 399, 400, 402, 409-414, 416, 418, 420, Apollo 8 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) 404-405, 408 Apollo 9 ( f l i g h t ) , 399 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 391, 399, 404, 416, 428 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP), 406 , , 4=, 426 �DECEMBER 1968 ARC. See Ames Research Center. A r c t i c , 390 Armed Forces Management Assn. , 387 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 404 Astronaut, 386, 387, 392-394, 396, 397, 400, 402, 4043 407, 409-4143 418, 421, 423, 425, 426 Astronomy, 387, 388, 392-393, 399-401, 41.7, 4263 428 Athena ( m i s s i l e ) 391 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 406, 415 Atlas-Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 392 Atmosphere, 419-420 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 407, 417, 421, 4 g ATS I1 ( ~ ~ ~ l ions i c a Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) , 415 ATS 111, 415 ATS IV, 391 ATS-E, 392 Aurora b o r e a l i s , 390, 428 Aurorae (ESROI) ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 428 A u s t r a l i a n National Univ., 420 Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT), 400, 428 ~ v i a t i o n / ~ ~ aWriters ce Assn. 405 Award, 385, 387, 388, 392, 397, 404, 406 Ba j a , C a l i f . 410 Balloon, 398 Barium, 396 B a t t e l l e Memorial I n s t i t u t e , 401 Becker, John V . , 387 Belgium, 388 Berry, D r . Charles A., 402 Beryllium, 401 Beverly H i l l s , C a l i f . , 392 Biehl, D r . Arthur T . , 421 Big Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 B i o s a t e l l i t e ( ~ r o ~ r a m 402, ), 428 Boeing Co., 401, 419, 423 Bonn, West Germany, 387 Borman, Col. Frank (uW), 394, 409, 423 Boshko, Andrei N., 416 Boston, Mass., 397 Branscomb, D r . Lewis M., 421 Brown, D r . Harold, 398 Bureau of Labor S t a t i s t i c s , 417 Bureau of t h e Census, 417 C-5A (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 401, 427 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology ( ~ a~le c h ) ,386, 397, 398, 422 , , , (ii) �DECEMBER 1968 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of Berkely, 386, 400 Lo s Angele s , 390 Camera, 400 Canberra, A u s t r a l i a , 400 Cape Horn, 410 Carbon dioxide, 390 Carnegie-Mellon Univ., 386 Carswell AFB, Texas, 402 Catholic Univ. of America, 417 Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 419 Chicago, Ill., 387, 390 China, Communist, 385, 420, 421 C i v i l Service Commission, 419 Cleveland C l i n i c , 390 C l i f f o r d , S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark, 396 Cloud, 428 C o l l i e r , Robert K. Trophy, 408 Colorado, Univ. o f , 416 J o i n t I n s t i t u t e f o r Laboratory Astrophysics, 421 Commerce, Dept. o f , 387 Communications s a t e l l i t e , 390, 392, 395, 406-407, 427 Communications S a t e l l i t e Act, 426 Communications S a t e l l i t e Corp. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o r p )390, , 393, '395, 406-407, 427 Computer Softwear Management and Information Center (COSMIC), 398 Congress, 387, 415, 416, 41d, 428 Congress, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 426 Cook, Don, 385 Cooksey, Robert, 420 Cooper, L/C L. Gordon (US&?), 394 Cornell Univ., 417 Cosmic r a y s , 388 Cosmonaut, 386, 397 Cosmos CCLVII (u. S. S. R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 386 Cosmos CCLVIII, 395 Cosmos CCLIX, 399 Cosmos CCLX, 401 Cosmos CCLXI, 407 Cosmos C C L X I I , 416 Crawford, D r . Bryce, 416 Cunningham, R. Walter, 394 Czechoslovakia, 397 D a l l a s , Texas, 417 , (iii) �DECEMBER 1968 Dana, William H., 408 Darmstadt Germany, 388 Dartmouth College Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, 409 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 385, 389, 390, 392, 398, 4 a 3 422, 425, 4269 428 Defense Science Board (DOD),421 D e l t a ( b o o s t e r ) , 388 Distinguished Service Medal, 404 Distinguished Service Medal (NASA), 423 DuBridge, D r . Lee A . , 386, 389, 398, 403 Draco ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 Duke Univ., 386 E a r t h , 396, 410, 412, 413, 421, 426 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 388, 392, 406 Education, 404, 415, 422 386, 394, 402 Edwards AFB, Calif. E i s e l e , Donn F., 394 Eisenhower, President Dwight D . , 417, 420 399, 417, 4~ Environmental Science Services Administrat i o n (EsSA) ERS XXI ( ~ n v i r o n m e n t a lResearch s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 ERS XXVIII, 427 ESSA V I I (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 400, 427 ESSA VIII (TOS-F) 399-400, 427 Etam, W. Va., 407, 421 ETR. See Eastern Test Range. Europe, 400 European Space Research Organization Explorer XXXVI ( s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Explorer XXXVII, 427 Explorer XXXVIII 427 ( ~ i Density r Explorer V ) 398, 4 q E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 389, 390 E:ctravehicular a c t i v i t g (EVA), 407 F - 1 4 ~ (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 404 F-111.A (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 405, 425 F a i r c h i l d H i l l e r Corp. 425 F e d e r a l Aviation Administration (FAA), 387, 390, 415 F e d e r a l Communications Commission (FCC), 395 F e d e r a l Department of Science (proposed), 417 ~ k d & r iaotn Aeronaut ique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e (FAI) 397 Fermi, Enrico, Award, 385 Fink, Daniel J., 421 F l e t c h e r , D r . Robert D. 406 F l i g h t Research Center (FRC), 402 F l i g h t S a f e t y Foundat ion, 402 , , , , , , , , , �DECEMBER 1968 F o r t Churchill, c an it oba, 419 F o s t e r , W i l l i a m C . , 4-04 France, 388 ~ r i ci bt n E f f e c t s of Runway Grooves, Runway 18-36, Washington National A i r p o r t , 415 F u l t o n , Fitzhugh L., Jr., 386, 402 Gagarin, Col. Yuri A. (u.s.s.R.), 397 Garbuzov, Finance Minister Vasily (u.S.S.R.), 397 Gas t u r b i n e , 406 General Dynamics Corp., 425 E l e c t r i c Boat Div., 391 General E l e c t r i c Co., 421 Gentry, Maj. J e r a u l d R. ( u w ) , 394 Geodetic s a t e l l i t e , 428 Georgia, Univ. o f , 398 German Federal Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) , 396 Germany, West, 385, 388 Goddard, D r . Robert H. , 406 Goddard, Robert H. , Award, 406 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GXFC),393, 399, 400, 412, 419, 4 3 Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Biological Sciences, 419 Goldstone, C a l i f . 400 Goldwater, Barry, 425 GOR-16 ( g e n e r a l ocean research s h i p ) , 398 Grants, 404, 408 Green River, Utah, 391 Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. 404 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guest, D r . Robert H. 409 Hage, George H. 404 H a i l e S e l a s s i e , Emperor of Ethiopia, 414 Handler, D r . P h i l l i p , 386, 404 Hardie, D r . Robert H. 417 Hardy, D r . H a r r i e t L., 400 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Trophy, 386 Harr, Karl G . , Jr., 405 Harvard Univ., 392, 420 Heart, a r t i f i c i a l , 390 HEOS-A ( ~ i ~ Eccentric h l ~ Orbiting s a t e l l i t e ) 388, 428 Herzfeld, D r . Charles M., 42l. Hewlett-Packard Co., 422 Hilgard, D r . Ernest R . , 416 Hines, W i l l i a m , 401, 422 HL-10 (lifting-body v e h i c l e ) , 394, 427 Hollomon, D r . J. Herbert, 417 , , , , , , �, Honeywell, Inc. 419 Hooker, D r . Stanley G. 406 Hornig D r . Donald F. 387, 392, 417 Hughes, Howard, 392, 407 Hughes Nevada Operations, 392 I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 416 I n i t i a l Defense Cormmmications S a t e l l i t e (IDcsP) 427 I n s t i t u t e of High Energy Physics, 405 I n s t i t u t e of S t r a t e g i c Studies, 397 INTELSAT I ( ~ a r l y ~ i r d )( c o m n i c a t ions s a t e l l i t e ) , 407 INTELSAT-I1 F-4 (INTELSAT 11-D)390, INTELSAT-I1 F-3 (Atlantic 11)) 407 INTELSAT-I11 F-1, 406 INTELSAT-I11 F-2, 406-407, 415, 421, 427 I n t e r i o r , Dept. o f , 387 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronomical Union, 385 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperat ion, space, 388, 396, 428 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT) 406 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telephone and Telegraph Corp. 421 Ion propulsion, 391-392 Ionosphere, 428 I r e l a n d , 386 IRIS I (ESRO 11-B)( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lRadiation Investigation s a t e l l i t e ) , 428 I s o l a t i o n experiment, 415-416 Italy, 388 ITT World Comunications, Inc. 395 Jamesburg, C a l i f . , 390 Japan, 400 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( C a l ~ e c h ) 422 Johnson City, Texas, 423 Johnson, President Lyndon B., 385, 386, 392, 403, 404, 409, 415, 418, 4-21 J o i n t Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n s f o r Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES ) 399 J u p i t e r l la net ) 426 399, 416 Kapustin Y a r , U.S.S.R., KC-135 ( f l y i n g ionospheric laboratory) 390 Kennedy, President John F. 408, 417 Kennedy, Sen. Robert F., 416 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 409, 411 K i l l i a n , D r . James R., 392 King, Rev. Martin Luther, 416 Kistiakowsky, D r . George B., 392, 420 K i t t y Hawk Memorial Trophy, 392 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. (USAF) 386 Kordes, D r . Eldon E. 402 Kraft, Joseph, 416 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , �KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuznetsov N. K. -144 (u. S. S. R. turbofan engine), 423 L a i r d , Rep. Melvin R., 3 9 , 422 Land, D r . Edwin, 416 Langley Research Center ( L ~ c ) ,387 Lannan, John, 399 Lapp, D r . Ralph E. 396, 399 Laser, 400, 427 Launch Complex 39, 409 Lawrence, David, 423 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 4 2 l Lederer, Jerome, 404 LES V I ( ~ i n c o l nLaboratory Experimental s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C(NASA), ) 388, 390, 419 Libby, D r . Willard F., 390 Lifting-body v e h i c l e , 394 Lindbergh, Charles A . , 394 L i t t l e Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 399 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. 396, 401 Lockheed E l e c t r o n i c s Co., 396 Lockheed M i s s i l e s and Space Co., 385 Logsdon, Prof. John M. , 417 Logunov, D r . A n a t o l i A. 405 Lop Nor, Communist China, 421 Los Angeles, C a l i f . , 400 Losey, Robert M., Award, 406 Lovell, Capt. James A., Jr. (USN) 394, 409, 423 Lucas, D r . W. R . , 391 Luest, Prof. Reimar, 396 Luna X I V (u.S.S.R. l u n a r probe), 427 Lunar Landing Test Vehicle (UTV), 393 Lunar o r b i t rendezvous (LOR), 409 Lunar O r b i t e r (program), 389 Luskin, Harold T 404 Lysenko, Trofim D., 385 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USAF) , 394 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 404, 425 McNair, Prof. Arthur J., 417 Madrid, Spain, 400 Magnetic f i e l d , 388, 420 Mallick, Donald L. , 386 anh hat tan P r o j e c t , 399 . Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 396, 4~ Manned space f l i g h t , 399, 400, 403, 414, 417, 418, 426 Manned Space F l i g h t Network, 400, 4 8 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 393, 411 , , , , ., (vii) �DECEMBER 1968 , Manovt sev, Gherman A. 416 ), Mariner ( ~ r o ~ r a m 389 Mars ( p l a n e t ) , 389, 403, 413, 420, 426 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 391, 411, 419 Maser, 400 Massachusetts General Hospital, 400 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MTT), 392 Dept of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 406 Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , 396 Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a , 394 Mercury ( p l a n e t ) , 426 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 395, 399-400, 427 Meteorology, 394, 406, 426 Michener, Gov. Gen. Roland, 414 Michigan Univ. of Space Physics Research Laboratory, 419 M i l l e r , D r . Rene H. , 406 Minnesota, Univ. o f , 416 Minuteman ( m i s s i l e ) , 401 M i s s i l e , 391, 401, 420 See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. MOL Molniya I (u. S. S.R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 4 3 Moon c r a t e r , 385, 410 e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 396, 399, 403, 413, 42l landing manned, 401, 403, 420, 423 s o f t , 426 unmanned, 414 landing s i t e , 410 photographs, 385, 414, 415 s u r f a c e , 407, 410, 414, 426, 428 Moorer, Adm. Thomas H. (uSN), 404 Moscow, U.S.S.R., 394, 405, 423 M t Palomar Observatory, 387 M t . Wilson Observatory, 387 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Manned Space F l i g h t Network. MSFN. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. NASA Committee on Extra-Vehicular A c t i v i t i e s , 407 NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 411 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (osSA), 393, 425 NASA Office of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n , 398 NASA. Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition, 412 National Academy of Sciences, 400, 401, 407 . . . �National Aeronautics and Space Act, 394, 426 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anniversary, 426 award, 387, 388, 392, 394, 406, 423 budget, 426, 428 c o n t r a c t , 396, 407, 419, 422 cooperation, 387, 398, 427 cooperat ion, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 388, 396, 428 employees, 419, 428 launch. 426 ~ $ 0 1 1 08 (AS-503)~409-415 s a t e l l i t e , 388, 392-393, 399-400, 406-407 Y 428 sounding rocket, 391 organization, 391, 407 personnel, 385, 391, 404, 409, 419, 428 program a e r o n a u t i c s , 386, 387, 402, 408, 428 Ap0110, 391, 396, 3999 403, 404, 426 Apollo Applications, 391, 399, 416, 428 B i o s a t e l l i t e , 402, 428 Explorer, 398 Lunar Orbiter, 389 Mariner, 389, 401 NERVA, 428 p l a n e t a r y , 428 sounding rocket, 391, 419, 427, 428 space biology, 390, 4-02, 428 Surveyor, 38 9 Viking, 389 t e s t , 391-394, 397, 400 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NAsc), 395 National Council on Marine Resources and Development, 388 National I n s t i t u t e s of Health (NIH), 417 National Science Foundation (NSF) 400, 408, 417, 420 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 405 Naval Research Laboratory, 427 Nepal, 386 N e l l i s AFB, Nev. 425 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application Netherlands, 385 Nevada Test S i t e , 407 New York, N.Y., 387, 390, 404 New York Academy of Science, 415 Newby, Dave, 391 Nicks, Oran W. 389 , , , , �Nigata, Japan, 421 N i i n i , Arrno, 421 Nixon, p r e s i d e n t - e l e c t Richard M., 386, 388, 393, 397, 398, 400, 4 0 3 ~415~ 421, 422 North American Rockwell Corp. 408, 425 North Pole, 410 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA),428 Nuclear f i s s i o n , 385 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 421 Nuclear r e a c t o r , 385, 427 Nuclear submarine, 391 Nuclear t e s t , 421 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 422 OAO I ( o r b i t i n g Astronomical observatory), 393 OAO 11 ( ~ A o - A ~ 392-3939 ) 399, 4 r l Oceanography, 388, 398, 399, 408, 417 OfConnor, E. F . , 391 Office of Naval Research, 400 OW V ( o r b i t i n g Geophysical ~ b s e r v a t o r y ) , 4 r l 0 ? Hair, Mrs. Madalyn Murray, 420 Oklahoma, Univ. o f , 417 O r b i t i n g Vehicle (research s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 O'Toole, Thomas, 392, 401 Oxygen, 408 P a c i f i c Ocean, 415 Packard, David, 422 Paine, D r . Thomas O . , 409, 428 Parachute , 377 Parsons, James F . , 385 Paul V I , Pope, 413 Paumalu, C a l i f . , 390 P e t e r s , D r . Max Stone, 416 Petrov, Prof. Boris, 413, 423 Pewee 1 (nuclear r e a c t o r ) , 427 Phoebus 2 A (nuclear r e a c t o r ) , 427 Pine Gap, A u s t r a l i a , 420 Pioneer IX ( i n t e r p l a n e t a r y probe), 427 P l u t o ( p l a n e t ) , 417 Polaroid Corp. 416 Poseidon ( m i s s i l e ) , 401 P r a t t Perry W. 406 P r e s i d e n t i a l Medal of Freedom, 394 P r e s s comment a i r p o r t s , 390 , , , , �Press comment ( continued) Apollo 8 f l i g h t , 396, 412-414 science, 389 space program, 423 P r e s s conference, 387-388, 403, 404, 418, 421 Princeton Univ. , 385 Proton IV (u. S. S.R. space s t a t i o n ) , 42'7 Proton a c c e l e r a t o r , 405 Puerto Rico, 415 Quark (matter t h e o r y ) , 405 Quasar, 398 Radiation, 387 Radio s i g n a l , 410 Radioastronomy 400-401 R a i s t i n g , W. Germany, 421 RAM C - I 1 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 427 R. C. A. Communications, Inc. 395 Re cord a i r c r a f t , 386, 408 Reed, Sylvanus Albert, Award, 406 Reentry, 391, 427 Rendezvous, 427 Research and development, 387, 397, 424-425 Reuther, Walter P., 385 Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968, 428 Rice Univ. , 416 Rockefeller, Gov. Nelson B. , 425 Rockefeller Fublic Service Award, 388 Rogers, William P., 397 Rolls-Royce Ltd. B r i s t o l Engine Div. , 406 Rumford, S i r Benjamin Thompson, Count, 397 Rumford Premium, 397-398 Ssnger, D r . Eugen, 387 Sato, Prime Minister Eisaku, 414 S a t w n IB (uprated Saturn I) (booster), 428 Saturn V, 409, 4 l l , 419, 428 S c h i r r a , Capt Walter M. , Jr. (uSN) 392-394, 404 Schmidt, D r . Maarten, 397-398 Schneider, W i l l i a m C . , 404 Science, 386-389, 393, 403, 415, 422 S c i e n t i s t s , 420 Scout (sounding r o c k e t ) , 396 Seckbach, D r . Joseph, 390 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 421 , , , . , �DECEMBER 1968 , h l t i t u d e Parachute ~ x ~ e r i m e)n Pro t j e c t 397 SHAPE (supersonic ~ i g A S i l v e r s t e i n , D r . Abe, 388 S l i c h t e r , D r . Charles P . , 416 Smart, Gen. Jacob E. (uW, Ret ) , 387 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 392-393 Sonic boom, 402 Sonnett, D r . Charles P. 406 Sounding rocket, 391, 419, 427, 428 South America, 410 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 385 Council f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Cooperat ion i n I n v e s t i g a t i o n and U t i l i z a t i o n of Outer Space, 413 soyuz 2 (u.s.S.R. spacecrarc), 4~ soyuz 3, 427 Space biology, 390, 402 Space, peaceful use o f , 397, 426 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 386-389, 391, 394, 396, 399, 403, 414, 416-418, 422, 423, 425-4269 428 Space r a c e , 396, 399, 416, 418 Space rescue t r e a t y , 386 Space r e s u l t s , 390, 398, 426 Space s t a t i o n , 391, 403 S p e c i a l Report on Underground Testing, 392 Spencer, N. W. 419 Stanford Univ. 416 S t a r , 392-393, 399, 427 S t e v e r , D r . H. Guyford, 386 S t u h l i n g e r , D r . E r n s t , 391 Supersonic High A l t i t u d e Parachute Experiment. See SHAPE p r o j e c t . Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 423-424, 427 Surveyor (program), 389, 403, 426 Surevyor V I I ( l u n a r probe), 426-48' Technology, 386-388, 403, 422 T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , 385 Telescope, 426 T e l e v i s i o n , 395, 400, 412, 414, 426 TETR I1 ( ~ e s and t Training s a t e l l i t e ) , 427 Thant, U.N. S e c r e t a r y General U, 414 Thrust-Augmented Long-Tank Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 406 Thiokol Chemical Corp Elkton, Md. Div., 396 Thrust-Augmented Long-Tank Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 399 Thrust-Augmented Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 388 T i r o s I (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 400 T i r o s 111, 400 T i r o s Operational Sat e l l i t e (TOS) system, 399-400 . , , , . (xii) �DECEMBER 1968 T i t a n 1 1 1 - ~ / ~ e n t a u r( b o o s t e r ) , 389 Titm 1 1 1 - M , 427 Todd Shipyards Corp., 398 Townes, D r . Charles H., 386, 400 Tracking, 427 Trendex P o l l , 403 TU-144 (u. S. S. R. supersonic t r a n s p o r t ) , 423-424, 4 8 Turner, D r . Richard B. 416 Ulybshev, Boris N. , 416 Underground nuclear t e s t 392, 407 United A i r c r a f t Corp. , 406 United Auto Workers of America, 385 United Kingdom (u.K. ), 385, 386, 388 United Nations (u.N.), 394, 412, 421 General Assembly, 408 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 389, 404, 425 Uranium, 385 U. S. A i r Force (USAF), 386, 398 a i r c r a f t , 386, 387, 390, 402, 405, 408, 425, 427 award, 387 c o n t r a c t , 385, 407, 425 cooperation, 387 , 408, 427 launch m i s s i l e , 391 r e e n t r y v e h i c l e , 391 MOL, 396 r e s e a r c h , 390, 401 U. S. Geological Survey, 417 U. S. Navy (uSN), 387 , 398, 404 U. S. S .R. (union o f Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e ~ u b l i c s ) a i r c r a f t , 423-424 budget, 397 launch, 426, 427 s a t e l l i t e , 427 Cosmos, 386, 395, 399, 401, 407, 416, 4 8 science and technology, 385, 397 , 405, 415-416 space program, 385, 399, 413, 421-423 space rescue t r e a t y , 386 weapons, 397 U.S.S. Yorktown, 411 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 427 Vanderbilt Univ. 417 Vavilov, Nikolay I. 385 Vavilov, Sergei I . , 385 Vega ( s t a r ) , 399 , , , , (xiii) �DECEMBER 1968 Vega Baja, Puerto Rico, 419 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 390, 413, 420, 426 VFX-1. See F - 1 4 ~ . Vietnam War, 397, 428 Viking, P r o j e c t 389 Volpe Gov. John A. 397 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 391 Vostok I ( f l i g h t ) , 397 Walker, D r . J. C. G., 419 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 396, 419 Washington, D.C., 388, 389, 404, 405, 423 Washington National Airport, 387, 415 Webb, James E . , 394, 428 Weidner, Hermann K e y 391 Weinberg, Alvin M. 422 Weizmann I n s t i t u t e of Science Reuther, Walter P., Chair f o r Study of Peaceful Use Energy, 385 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 395 , 385 Western Test Range (WTR) West e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc. 395 Wheeler, D r . John Archibald, 385 White, L/C Edward H. , I1 (USAT), 394 White House, 385, 386, 394, 418, 423 White Sands M i s s i l e Range (WSMR) , 391, 397 Wiesner, D r . Jerome, 392 Wilson, George C. 405 Wings Club, 404 Wisconsin, Univ. o f , 392-393 World Meteorological Organization, 394 World Weather Watch, 394 Wright Brothers Day, 403 Wright, O r v i l l e , 403 Wright, Wilbur, 403 WSMR. See White Sands M i s s i l e Range. WTR. See Western Test Range. X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 386, 387, 408, 427 XB-70 (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 402, 427 XB-70A, 386 X-ray, 389, 391 Yale Univ. , 419 Yelyan, Eudlard V. 423 ZF-15A ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 425 Zond V (u. S. S. R. space probe), 423 Zond V I , 385, 423 , , , , of Atomic , , , (xiv) NASA-HQ �COMMENT D W T .NOT F O R A S T R O N A U T I C S AND A E R O N A U T I C S DECEMBER 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HKR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division Library of Congress NASA Historical Division (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 (PLEASE F33TUFOJ COMMENTS AND SURPLUS COPIES TO EH) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000122 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics December 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 7 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18057 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1266/spc_stnv_000123.pdf ca5f34e8cf97095652390569e04c4d2f PDF Text Text �F E B R U A R Y 1969 �February 2: Laser tracking techniques which permitted accurate tracking of o r b i t i n g spacecraft on 24-hr b a s i s had been developed and perfected by NASA s c i e n t i s t s and engineers, NCLSA announced. New technique-p a r t i c u l a r l y import'ant in geodetic studies, which required precise angle and distance measurements between sat e l l i t e and ground s t a t ions-offered g r e a t e r measuring accuracy than RF methods, required only l i g h t weight r e f l e c t o r s on s a t e l l i t e , and was l e s s affected by t r a n ~ s s i o n impeding environmental disturbances. First operational daylight tracking with l a s e r had been accompLished by GSFC team Oct. 21, 1968. (NASA Release 69-10; A&A 68) NASA's Apollo 8 mission and USN navigation s a t e l l i t e system developed by Johns Hopkjlls U n i v . Applied Physics Laboratory had been named two of t o p four engineering achievements of 1968 by National Society of Professional Engineers. Others f i s t e d were Meramec Power Plant, south St. Louis County, Mo., f o r i t s a i r pollution control system and Palacio d e l Rio Hotel, San Antonio, Tex., f o r unique crane-hoisted module construction. (W Star, 2/2/69, ~ 2 ) In New York Times Magazine, D r , Ralph E. Lapp, physicist, wrote : " ... I would urge t h a t we a l t e r t h e U.S. space program a s follows: F i r s t , make a firm decision t o terminate the manned space program soon a f t e r I would reserve the remaking Apollo t h e init id lunar landing. c r a f t f o r f u t u r e unmanneb missions t o t h e planets and I would mothball t h e single-purpose manned space f l i g h t f a c i l i t i e s . A t t h e same time, I would continue a N.A.S.A. program of long-range space development aimed a t advanced modes of propulsion, compact e n e r a sources and improved long-distance cormwnication. High p r i o r i t y would be assigned t o t h e development of nuclear energy both f o r propulsion and f o r on-board power. "Second, g r e a t l y expand N.A.S.A.'s present program f o r exploiting applications o f space science and technology. The p o t e n t i a l of s a t e l l i t e s f o r cormnunications i s far from being r e m z e d and needs t o be enhanced by t h e development of new techniques. It should not be t o o d i f f i c u l t t o develop o r b i t a l systems f o r t h e control of h t e r c o n t i nerrtal a i r t r a f f i c . Perhaps t h e p e a t e s t benefits *om s a t e U t e s a r e t o be expected in t h e survey and evaluation of e a r t h resources, such as underground water , mineral deposits and plant -forest cc ver. , "Thlrd, e s t a b l i s h a high p r i o r i t y within N.A.S.A. f o r f'undamental research using unmanned space vehicles. This p r o g r a m s h o d d be 10 t o 20 years in duration and should be aimed a t finding out more about our ... .. �February 2 (continued) p l a n e t , : t h e sun and t h e r e s t of t h e s o l a r system. The most expensive-j e c t s would b e the- planetary and the most dramat ic--of t h e s e probes designed t o fly by, o r b i t o r land on t h e nearby planets. " (E, 2/2/69, 32-40; E, 2/7/69, ~ 9 9 - 9 ) a . Apollo 8 Astronaut 3'ra.m Brman and family departed aboard USAF j e t for 18-day p r e s i d e n t i a l goodwill mission t o England, France, Belgium, t h e Netherlands, West Germany, I t a l y , Spain, and Portugal. I t i n e r a r y : London, Feb. 2-5; P a r i s , Feb, 5-7; Brussels, Feb. 7-10; The Hague, Feb. 1 0 - I l ; ~ B o m , Feb. 11-12; West Berlin, Feb. 12-13; Rome, Feb. 13-17; Madrid, Feb. 17-19; and Lisbon, Feb. 19-21. (NASA Off of k t Affairs; W S t a x , 2/2/69, ~ 3 ) February 3 : NASA announced it had extended $69,692,000 contract with B e l l c m , Inc., t o provide systems analysis, study, planning, and t e c h n i c a l support of manned space flight. Value o f one-year costplus-fixed-fee contract extension was $ ~ , 4 8 3 , 0 0 0 . (NASA Release 69-25) February 3-5: London accorded Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Bornan and family full c e l e b r i t y s t a t u s , i n c l u d h g frontpage newspaper coverage, taped !IT interviews, and cheers from schoolchildren. He l e c t u r e d before Royal Society of S c i e n t i s t s Feb. 3 and on Feb. 4 w a s presented t o Queen Elizabeth IT. a t Buckingham Palace and d s i t e d Prime Minister Harold Wilson and House of'Commons. Borman at U.S. Embassy presented NASA's Manned Spaceflight Group Achievement Award t o S t a t i o n Manager James McDowell of NASA Communications Switching S t a t i o n in London and Public S e r v i c e Group Achievement Awmd t o C, James G i l l , d i r e c t o r of U. K. I s p o s t o f f i c e telecommunications system. ( ~ e e ,NYT, 2/4/69, 4; W Post, 2/5/69, A18; C Trib, 2/5/69; NASA O f f of ~ n t ' l ~ f f a i r s ) February 4 : Aerobee 150 MT sounding rocket launched by NASA from Churchill Research Range carried Univ. of Minnesota I n s t i t u t e of Technolow payload t o U5.6-mi (186-lan) a l t i t u d e t o study n e u t r a l composition of polar atmosphere with n e u t r a l mass spectrometers. Rocket and i n s t m e r k s performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and experimental d a t a showed"sme extremely i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s . " (NASA Rpt SRL) �President Nixon accepted pro forma resignation of February 4: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, Executive Secretary of Mational Aeronautics and Space Council. Appointed by President Kennedy i n 1961, D r . Welsh had been Councilt s f i r s t and only executive secretary. (W Post, 2/5/69, A7; AP, 17 S t a r , 2/5/69, 1; B Sun, 2/5/69, A7; s-6/69, ~ 3 ) - . D-70 supersonic research a i r c r a f t was flown from Edwards AFB, Calif., t o Wright-Patterson-AFB, Ohio, t o be placed on exhibit a t A i r Force Museum. Flight had been delayed u n t i l turbulent air conditions preuailed so t e s t i n g could continue u n t i l end of . a i r c r a f t ' s s e ~ c e . During final f l i g h t , crew collected data on a i r c r a f t handling and s t m c t u r a l response t o a i r turbulence a t subsonic f l i g h t . NASA had announced end of XB-70 flight research ,Jan. 13.m (NASA Proj Off; UPI, NYT, - 2 / 5 / 6 9 , 73; AP, W Star, . I Dn r Look, science w r i t e r Arthur C. Clarke, Nobel Prize nuclear physicist . I. I. Rabi, novelist C. P. Snow, and Catholic theologian -of. Leslie Dewart, wrote- personal reactions t o Apollo 8 mission.. Clazke sald, "The Apollo 8 mission W k s one of those rare turning points in human h i s t o r y after which nothing w i l l ever be t h e same again. The h e n s e t e c h n i c a l achievement i s already obvious t o every one and has been universally praised; yet t h e psychological impact may be even more important and will t a k e some t i n e t o make itself ruUy f e l t . W e nomlongerLive in the world which existed before Christmas 1968. It has passed away as irrevocably as t h e earth-cent ered m i v e r s e of t h e Middle Ages." D r . Rabi said, "It would be misleading t o taLk of t h e events t h a t l e d t o ' t h e ;journey of Apollo 8 in terms of t h e v a s t sums of money t h a t are involved, even though it cost several times as much as t h e developnent of t h e f i s t atomic bomb. What i s more important and more impressive i s t h a t Apollo 8 represents t h e cooperation of hundreds of thousands of people over a period of years in a gigantic e f f o r t with no c l e a r l y s e t p r a c t i c a l goals, except perhaps t h e profound d e s i r e of mankind t o prove t o it s e l f t h a t it had t h e knowledge and the a b i l i t y t o overcome i t s earthbound limitations. " . Prof. Dewart s a i d , "Xan has taken hls f i r s t , h a l t i n g s t e p s i n t o t h e cosmos beyond t h a t earthly world in which he was born and within which he had always lived. The impact of Apollo 8 i n other areas of human experience i s obvious; in religion, it i s much l e s s immediately evident. And y e t , in t h e end, it may be'more s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e development of man's r e l i g i o u s consciousness." (~ o o k ,2/4/69, 72-8) �February 4: I n l e t t e r t o Astronaut Frank Barman, Board of Education of Glendale Union High School D i s t r i c t No. 205, Glendale, Ariz., s a i d it had named plaxmed high school t'ApoUo" i n "honor and appreciation of t h e accomplishments of t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g astronauts. It invited Apollo 8 crew t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n 1 9 0 dedication ceremony. (NASA LAR, .=, 2/21/69, ~ 1 ~ 6 ) . USN announced award of $40,000,000 contract t o Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. f o r engineering development phase of F - 1 4 ~ supersonic f i g h t e r (formerly VFX) , replacement f o r F-Y1B. Funding during f m - y e a r development was expected t o t o t a l (DOD Release 92-69; W Star, 2/5/69, A7; WSJ $388,000,000. 2/5/69, 6 ) - J . I n l e t t e r from Chairman L. Mendel Rivers (D-s.C.) t o Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird, House Armed S e M c e s C o d t t e e informed DOD that because of uncertainty over ABM, Cormittee would take no action t o approve Sentinel a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile s i t e s u n t i l Nixon Administration posit i v e l v expressed i n t e r e s t in project. (sell, W Post, 2/6/69, Al) . I n New York Times, Theodore Shabad said Moscow sources indicated Soviet i n v e s t i g a t o r s had d e d out' p o s s i b i l i t y ;of p o l i t i c a l conspiracy i n Jan. 22 shooting during Kremlin ceremonies f o r Soyuz cosmonauts because of amateurish behavior of gunman i d e n t i f i e d as "Lt. win" of Soviet Army. Sources denied e a r l i e r reports that gunman had taken poison a f t e r shooting and was dead. They s a i d he was undergoing medical ind psychological t e s t i n g t o determine his sanity and motives. (E, 2/5/69, 2) February 5-1: I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-3 was successfulLylauncheh by NASA f o r ComSatCorp on behalf of International Communications Sat e U i t e Consortium. The 632-lb c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e , launched f'rom ETR by Long-Tank ,Thrust-Augmented Thor ( L E T T A T ) -b D o s~t e~r~, ~entered e U l p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t .with 23,496.9-mi. (37,814.6-lan) altitude 174.6-mi (253.1-la) perigee, 671.9-min period, and 29.aU inclination. AU systems were functioning normally. On Feb. 7 apogee motor was f i r e d t o kick s a t e l l i t e i n t o planned near-synchronous o r b i t over Pacific at 173.8O.east longitude with 22,250.6-mi (35,809-lrm) apogee, 22,225.1-mi ( 35,768-la) perigee, 22-hr 15-&period, and 1.3' inclination. �ebruary 5-7 ( continued) I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-3 was second successful launch i n I3\JTEI;SAT 111 s e r i e s . I n t e l s a t I11 F-2 had been launched Dec. 18, 1968,as backup . t o 'Intelsat-111 F-1 which had been destroyed minutes a f t e r launch Sept. 18, 1968. SateLLite was scheduled t o begin commercial service withln two days, handling up t o 1,200 voice c i r c u i t s o r four TV channels. (NASA Proj O f f ; ComSat Corp Release 69-7 ; AP, : 8 2, 2/6/69, 43; AP, w Post, 2/8/69, A6; G, 2/9/69, 62; GSFC -3SSR 2/15/69; ComSat C o r p ~ 3 0 ) ' February 5 : President Nixon authorized inrmediate $10-million increase in expenditure c e i l i n g p h c e d on National Science Foundation by Johnson ~ d m i n i s t r a t i o ni n 1 9 6 8 . He said, "The colJ.eges and u h i v e r s i t i e s of t h i s Nation provide a c r i t i c a l resource which needs t o be fostered and strengthened. O m higher educational system provides t h e advanced t r a i n i w needed f o r tomormwls leaders i n science and technology, industry and government, and a l s o conducts t h e basic research which uncovers t h e new-knowledge so e s s e n t i a l t o the f b t u r e welfare of t h e country. - : It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t these programs of education and research e ,Post, 2/6/69, be sustained a t a l e v e l of high excellence. " ( ~ ' ~ o o l W ,2/10/69,224-5) U 5 ; S c h e d s , 3 2/6/69, 20; - New tempest was brewing i n national s c i e n t i f i c community over whether defense establishment absorbed exhorbitant portion of U. S. s c i e n t i f i c and technological energies, John Lannm said i n Washington Evening S t a r . I n New York, younger.physicists had called f o r p o l i t i c a l activism a t annual meeting of American Physical Society Feb. 3. MXT group, Uhion of Concerned S c i e n t i s t s , had scheduled day-long "re search stoppage " March 4 and i n i t i a t e d l e t t e r campaign t o spread its views t o other i n s t i t u t i o n s . Union' s proposals included "a c r i t i c a l and conk inuing examination of government policy in areas where science and technology a r e of a c t u a l o r p o t e n t i a l significance"; redirection of research from defense-oriented t o environment-oriented projects; c a l l t o start students questioning t h e i r f k t u r e professional comnittment s ; opposition t o a n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system; and organization of s c i e n t i s t s i n t o e f f e c t i v e and vocal. p o l i t i c a l action group. (W Star, 2/5/69, A7; Sullivan, NYT -1 2/9/69, YE) �I n message t o Senate, President Nixon urged prompt. r a t i f icaFebruary 5 : t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y : "I believe t h a t r a t i f i c a t i o n o f . t h e rea at^. a t this time would advance t h i s Administration's policy of n e g o t i a t i o n r a t h e r than confrontation with t h e USSR. I beLieve t h e Treaty c a n , b e an important s t e p i n our endeavor t o curb t h e spread of nuclear weapons and t h a t it advances t h e purposes of our Atoms f o r Peace program. " (PD, 2/10/69, 219; W Star, 2/5/69, Al; Semple, NYT, 2/6/69, 1; Kil-patrGk, W Post, 2/6/69, Al, Al4; Large, WSJ, 2/6/69) Report on a v i a t i o n s a f e t y submitted t o House Committee on I n t e r s t a t e and Foreign Commerce by Joseph J. OIConnell, Jr., ChaFnnan of National Transportation Safety Boar'd, gave s t a t i s t i c s f o r 1968: For aY scheduled.air c a r r i e r s e r v i c e s t h e r e was roughly one f a t a l accident for every 500,QOO hrs o r departures, o r f o r every 100,000 transcoot inerrtal f l i g h t s . One passenger was l o s t for every 3 0 m i l l i o n passenger miles flown. Number of f a t a l i t i e s in scheduled domestic and i n t e r n a t i o n a l passenger s e n i c e was second worst of decade; however, total. scheduled air c a r r i e r accident r a t e s , fatal and nonf a t a l , continued downward. I n general aviation, 1968 accidents , t o t a l e d 5,069. Rate f o r f a t a l accidents on b a s i s of hours flown had increased but remained below r a t e s 0f~1965and before and was t h i r d b e s t i n decade. Total mmiber of fatal accidents--692, k i l l i n g 1,374 person-as highest i n history. ( ~ e x;t 2/9/69, 94) x, Durbg two-day Paris v i s i t Apollo 8 A s t m n a u t FrankBonnan February 5-7: m e t with President Chazles de G a U e . A t dinner given by Ambassador R. _ Sargent Shriver, Jr., on E i f f e l Tower, ~ o k Eeceiveh n o f f e r of racing car from French manufacturer who had presented similar g i f t t o Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin I n 1965. During Paris news conferences and on !t'V interview, aman s t r e s s e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l character of space exploration. He said, "1 don't know wby we aren't g o i n g - t o Russia. I would - l i k e t o visit Russia. I think we have some f a i r means of cooperation i n space and I would hope t o see more. " ( ~ a r r i s o n ,-I9WC 2/6/69, 2; 2/7/69, 3) ... j'ebruary 6: Aerobee 150 MI sounding rocket launched by NASA Prom Churchill Research Range c a r r i e d Univ. of Minnesota I n s t i t u t e of Technology payload t o 83.2-mi (133.8-lan) a l t i t u d e t o study n e u t r a l composition of p o w atmosphere with n e u t r a l mass spectrometers. Rocket underperformed; burnout occurred a t 42 secs. . A . l l instruments worked p e r f e c t l y . Usef'ul data were obtained in M.4- t o 87.0-mi (UO- t o 1 4 0 - h ) region. (NASA R p t ' sRL) �A t c o d m a t i o n hearing on his appointment as Director of February 6: Office of Science and Technology before Senate Labor and Public Welfare C a m i t t e e , D r . Lee A. DuBridge s a i d he would place his energies on analysis of weapons systems, environment and e f f e c t of technology and pollution on e n ~ o n m e n t ,and u t i l i z a t i o n of science and technology by Government departments. He planned t o concern hjmself with s o c i a l problems and hoped t o increase s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t s on President's Science Advisory Committee from one t o two. He hoped for increased funding f o r HUD and DOT, and regretted allocations f o r basic research were declining i n DOD, NASA, and AEC because such a g e x i e s "willp r o f i t by good relat i o n s with u n i v e r s i t i e s . " elso son, Science, 2/14/69, 657) . U.were S. R. s Venus V (launched Jan. 5) and Venus V I (launched Jan. 10) on course and functioning normally, Tass announced. SpacecraFt S. were expected t o reach Venus i n l a t e May. Venus V was 4,785,000 mi from earth; Venus V I , 4,050,000 m i . (Reuters, NYT, 2/7/69, 14) . Sperry Rand Corp. announced election of former NASA Administrator James E. t o Board of Directors. He been vice president Webb had of company's Sperry Gyroscope Div. i n 1943. 2/6/69: SBD, 2/=/69; 140) (sperry Rand Release . Univ. of California astronomers, Dr..E. Joseph Wam-pler and D r . Joseph S. Miller, reported they had photographed winking of pulsar i n Crab Nebula--first of pulsars t o be unequivocally associated with observable star--by spinning disk before s t a r ' s image projected by 120-in t e l e scope a t Lick Observatory, Calif. Hole in disk, spun slower than f l a s h rate of pulsa, permitted Light from star t o penetrate once each revolution. For f i r s t time s t a r was shown photographically t o be flashing on and o f f . Rate of l i g h t pulses was i d e n t i c a l Lo t h a t of previously observed radio pulses. (IWC, - 2 / 7 / 6 9 , 22; UPI, W Post, 2/7/69, ~ 6 ) . Cambriage Univ. announced radioastronomy team under Sir Martin Tyle, professor and astronomer, would build world's l a r g e s t , most s e n s i t i v e radiotelescope, t o cost $4.8 million. It would be operational i n two years and capable of picking up signals which s t a r t e d t o earth 8,000 m i n i o n years ago. cambridge team-had discovered pulsars. (UPI; W Post, 2/7/69, AX)) �February 6: NASA awarded G n m m m Aircraft Engineering Corp. $3,438,400 supplemental agreement f o r changes i n Apollo lunar module contract. lbdifications--to documentation and reporting procedures f o r LM t e s t and checkout, t o flight and ground t e s t hardware, t o t e s t and e f f e c t anaJyses, and t o crew s a f e t y hardware--brought t o t a l value of contract t o $1.6 b i l l i o n since January 1963. (MSC Release 69-14) . Washington Evening Star s a i d , "As man's horizon of space expands, t h e c o s t s o f . maintaining an e f f e c t i v e program expand in d i r e c t proport ion. Already, . t h e f i r s t W t e d steps have resulted i n an economic burden t h a t t h e r i c h e s t nation i n t h e world f i n d s almost intolerable. "If t h e adventure is t o continue much longer, it will have t o be a s an internati,onal e f f o r t . Nixon's inaugural. statement r a i s e s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y . t h a t , ,some h t e r n a t i o n a l body, a sort; 'of United, Nations f o r - space exploration, ,could,be established ,to pool t h e t a l e n t s - and t h e resources of a l L n a t i o n s . - I t i s an idea we= worth pursuing. For i f t h e nations can ever combine t h e i r energies as t h e y reach i n t o space--can l e a r n t o share t h e burdens and t h e .rewards--then perhaps manJ-s fear a d suspicion of his fellow man w i l l subside, and the ignorant slaughter will end." (W S t a r , 2/6/69, ~ 1 0 ) , . DOD announced month delay 5 n s i t e acquisition and construct ion work on SentFnel ARM system. Action had been taken previous week t o permit review of program, A t White House news conference, President Nixon s d d , :'I do not buy t h e assumption t h a t the ABM system, t h e t h i n S e n t i n e l system, as it has been de'scribed, .,was simply f o r t h e purpose of protecting ourselves against a t t a c k from Communist China. " System, l i k e those U.S.S.R. a3ready deplo ed, "adds t o our o v e r a l l defense capa.as,, far a s t h e t h r e a t of nuclear attack] i s concerned, . biUty. we do not see any change we a r e examinhg, therefore, all of our defense sys.tems and. ..postures t o see bow we .can best meet them consistent with our other r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . " (HI, 2/10/69, 228; W S J 2/7/69, 6; Maffre, W Post, 2/7/69, 1; Corddry, BSW -' 2/7/69, 1; E, 2/7/69, 120) .. ... f -, , S t a t e Dept . announced U. S. AEC would join Australia i n exploring economic, technical, and s a f e t y aspects of producing deep-water harbor a t Cape Keraudren i n northwestern Australia using atomic. explosives. (W Post, 2/7/69, ~ 5 ) �U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos C C U N i n t o o r b i t with 457-Ian apogee, 272-km (169-mi) perigee, 91.8-min period, and 71° inclination. (WC 2/15/69) : s, . Aerobee 150 M I launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d Johns Hopkins Univ. payload t o 101.7-mi (163.6-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure vacuum W s p e c t r a l emission l i n e s from Venusian atmosphere, using 14-ln-dia, two-meterfocal-length telescope and lithium f l o r i d e prism with photomultiplier and STRAP 111 a t t i t u d e control system. Experiment worked s a t i s f a c t o r i l y except f o r one second near end. No fine mode acquisition was received and Vernier s t a r - t r a c k e r could not track. No data on Venus were obtained. T e r r e s t r i a l a i r glow data were obtained. (NASA R p t sRL) . Senate confirmed appointment of D r . Lee A, DuBridge a s Director of Office of Science and Technology. (W MR ~111126; (3, S1536-7) - . Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe said in Washington, D.C., t h a t committee o f academicians, committee within DOT, and cormittee representing other agency executives had begun extensive review- f o r Nixon Adminis t r a t i o n t o determine whether Government should continue subsidizing SST development. (~erber's,. 2/8/69, 1; Reutcrs, W Post, 2/8/69, A2) . Royal Crown Cola Lnternational announced former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., had become i t s president. H e had been chairman since January 1967. (NyT, 2/8/69) - Committee o f a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l e r s said it had evolved program w h i c h would enable FAA t o postpone r e s t r i c t i o n s scheduled t o go i n t o e f f e c t April 27 a t five major airports. Professional A i r T r a f f i c Controllers Organization wauld p e t i t i o n Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe t o s u b s t i t u t e "revamped procedures which would make operations safer and more e f f i c i e n t ," s a i d F. Lee Bailey, counsel. Restrictions would c u r t a i l services &o New York, ~ h i c a g o ,and Washington, D. C. (NYT, 2/8/69) . In Science, Walter Orr .Roberts, President of University Corp. f o r Atmospheric Research, m o t e : "Manned exploration of t h e moon will provide answers t o age-long speculation about its nature. Perhaps even more important than what we f h d w i l l be t h e fact t h a t we have done it. The event w i l l mark t h e s u c c e s s h l a t t a h e n t of a goal t h a t demanded technological attainments of gnprecederrted complexity �February 7 (continued) and d i f f i c u l t y . Our s i g h t s were s e t upon t h i s goal nearly a decade ago by President Kennedy. I was, I confess, one who feared he had asked the Impossible. " . . Weather forecasting--one example of earth-oriented use of space science--would require space s a t e l l i t e s of new and sophisticated character. "We w i U not solve t h i s problem unless we can somehow i n s p i r e atmospheric s c i e n t i s t s of a l l t h e world to conrmit themselves Global cooperation i s esserrtial t o i t s achievemerrt. t o t h e goal.... Space technology i s perhaps t h e most important s i n g l e component of t h e technology development needed f o r success. What b e t t e r use could be found f o r our incredible t a l e n t s i n space? M t e r t h e moon, t h e earth! " (science, 2/7/69) I n d i r e c t i v e issued a t key Biscayne, Fla., President Nixon February 8: asked Science ~ d v ' i s e r ,D r . Lee A. m i d g e , . t o report on possible cost , reduction in s p e c i f i e d , p o r t i o n s of space program,.to a s s e s s recommendat i o n s t h a t DOD and NASA be d i r e c t e d t o coordinate space s t u d i e s , and t o recommend on e s t a b l i s h i n g Fnteragency committee t o advise on scope and d i r e c t i o n of post -Apollo 'program. (PD 2/17/69, 248-9; Cornell, AP, wstar, 2/9/69, A8; S e m ~ l e ,E, 2 / 9 g 9 , 1; 2 / ~ / 6 9 , 134) e, February 9: DOD's Taccomsat I T a c t i c a l C ~ i c a t i o n S s a t e l l i t e was successlaunched from ETR a t 4:09 pm EST by Titan I n - C booster O r b i t a l parameters : i n t o synchmnous e q u a t o r i a l o r b i t over P a c i f i c apogee, 14,233.1 m i (22,906 ha); perigee, 14,198.3 m i (22,850 km); period, 146.6 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 0 . 6 ~ . The $30-million, 1,600-lb c y l i n d r i c a l s a t e l l i t e would t e s t f e a s i b i l i t y of using s a t e l l i t e system t o communicate over g r e a t distances with small miJjtary u n i t s , such a s : a f r c r a f t , ships, and small ground s t a t i o n s . Taccamsat. I w a s powerrul enough for ground forces t o use portable, lightweight receiving arrtehnas as s m a l l as one foot in diameter. It a l s o would test . . new Gyrostat s t a b i l i z a t i o n system. (W Star, 2/9/69, C1; $10/69, A5; AP, W Post, 2/10/69, Al; AP, B Sun, 2 / 1 m ~ 4 ;InteraviaAirLetter, 3/18/69, 7; GSFC SSR, 2/15/69; DOD ~ G a s 64-683 e . ' NASA announced it would f l i g h t t e s t " s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing"--with airfofl shape developed in four-year wind-tunnel studies a t by D r . Richard T. Whitcomb--on USN F-8 . f i g h t e r a t FRC. If wind-tunnel performance was achieved in f l i g h t , wing could improve performance and e f f i c i e n c y P~RC �February 9 (continued) o f future a i r c r a f t , . p a r t i c u l a r l y jet transports. It would allow e f f i c i e n t cruise f l i g h t near speed of sound at 45,000-fi a l t i t u d e a d reduce operat i o n a l cost of subsonic f l i g h t s by increasing operational range o r permitting l e s s h e 1 and more payload on f a s t e r schedules. S u p e r c r i t i c a l wing shape was developed t o delay r i s e of drag force and onset of buffeting a t high speeds. Flattened t o p was designed t o reduce i n t e n s i t y of airflow disturbances, and downward curve a t rear of wing supplied l i f t l o s t by f l a t t e n i n g . Flight program would v a l i d a t e wiog's operational p o t e n t i a l ; validate design techniques and s p e c i f i c d i r e c t i o n f o r f'uther ground-based research leading t o p r a c t i c a l applicat i o n s ; demonstrate, through d i r e c t correlation with flight t e s t r e s u l t s , improvements i n drag r i s e and buffet onset indicated from tunnel t e s t s ; evaluate behavior of w i n g i n a c t u a l f l i g h t involving both high l i f t maneuvering a d off-design performance; and determine s e n s i t i v i t y of s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing t o w - b g contour v a r i a t i o n s associated with manufacturing processes and deformations due t o f l i g h t loads. (NASA Release 69-27; FRC Release 4-69; UPI, W News, 2/7/69, 25; Witkin, NYT, 2/9/69, 1; Butz, g,2 / 6 9 ) - . Boeing Co. t e s t p i l o t 'Jack tJaddell flew 35540~1,$20-million prototype of 49-passenger Boeing 747 j e t transpbrt from Paine Field, near S e a t t l e , Wash., for 1 br 15 min of scheduled e-hr maiden f l i g h t . Waddell returned a i r c r a f t t o field a f t e r encountering "minor malfunction" of wing surface control while lowering wing flaps t o 300 angle. Later he said a j r c r a f l w a s "a p i l o t ' s dream" which could be "flown with two fingers" and indicated f l a p misalignment would not delay f'urther t e s t i n g . The 210-+long 747 used only 4,500 ft of runway t o become airborne at 170 mph. Spectators w e r e impressed with quietness of i t s engines. (W Post, 2/10/69, 1; AP, W S t a r , 2/10/69, A5; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69, Al) . Lunar module was " f i r s t manned spacecraft ever b u i l t t h a t ' s not tough enough t o survive a return t o earth," s a i d Thomas OIToole i n Washington Vehicle from which two astronauts would descend t o moon's surface Post i n sumrner . 1969 was- 23 f't high, weighed 8,000 l b s , and c a r r i e d 12 tons of propellant. It contained 25 m i of e l e c t r i c a l wiring and more than a U o n p a r t s , most of which had been designed "from scratch," held together by 2U,000 ''pins". P i n bent more than five degrees out of shape -muld have t o be replaced. NClSA had contracted f o r 15 LMs a t t o t a l cost of $1.9 b i l l i o n from Gsurrnnan A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., which had taken six years t o get it from &.awing board t o launch pad. (w Post, 2/9/69, 82) ., �In Brussels, Astronaut Frank Borman and family attended February 9 : dinner given in his honor a t pelace by King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola. Borman showed ApoUo 8 fUn. -(NASA o f f of I n t v l Affairs; AP, B Sun, 2/10/69) . Hungary and Romania had issued souvenir stamps ccamnemorating Apollo 8 g i s s i o n and astronauts , U. S. newspaper p h i l a t e l i c columns announced. Photograph taken from m i n i N of Arabian coast provided d e s i for new stamp in sultanate of Muscat and Oman. ( ~ a r i e s ,W S,t a r 8 / 6 9 > D10; AP, W Post, 2/9/69, ~ 8 ) . Johns Hopkins Univ. associate professor of mechanics, D r . Robert L. Green, had designed and perfected "visualization apparatus f o r X-ray crystallography," device which permitted continuous observations of changes in s t r u c t u r e of atoms i n metal under s t r e s s . Device could l e a d t o discovery of h i t h e r t o unknown properties of metals, nonmetallic c r y s t a l s , and Living molecules; enable scierrtists t o study changes i n i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e of metals during deformat ion caused by a i r and water pressure; enable s c i e n t i s t s t o project image of atomic s t r u c t u r e on closed-circuit !I'V screen; and r e s u l t i n development of stronger submarine h u l l s , a i r craf't wings, and spacecraft. ( ~ e u t e r s , 2/9/69, 92) . F M had awarded United Aircraft =, C o q . Fratt & Whitney Div. $665,241 contract f o r two-year study t o develop design for quieter j e t a i r c r a f t mgines. (NYT, 2/9/69, 94) . Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., and h i s first-grade school teacher, Mrs. Peggy Crowley, would receive 1969 Golden Key Awards f'rom six national school organizations. a t annual convent ion of American Assn. of School Administrators, A t l a n t i c City, N . J . , Feb. 15, Parade reported. Awards had been founded t o dramatize teacher's r o l e i n U. S. l i f e . (Parade, 2/9/69, 4) . In Washington Post, Thomas O'Toole s a i d NASA Aaministration w a s "the l a s t big Federal post President Nixon has left unfiUed. " He asked, "Is it because he can't f i n d t h e man he wants? I s it because no m a n he wants t h e Job? Or i s M r . Nixon playing with t h e p o s s i b u t y of appojnting din^ Administrator Thomas 0.1 Paine t o the post of Administrator?" Washington "space watchers" f e l t job could not be kept vacant much longer, "if only because t h e program t o land American astronauts on t h e moon i s rapidly nearing i t s goal. I' (W P o s t , 2/9/69, �February'g: New York Times'editorial: he Congressional pressure t h a t spurred. t h e Nixon Administrat ion t o h a l t deployment of the Sentinel & t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system signals a h e a l t h y new disposition on Capitol Hill t o challenge t h e m i l i t m y - i n d u s t r i a l complex, a a i n s t which President Eisenhower warned eight years ago." (NJPP,, 39/69, 1 2 ) February 10: NAS published NRC Div. of Engineering's Usef'ul Applications of Earth-Oriented S a t e l l i t e s , Report of t h e Central Review Committee of NRC Summer Study on Space Applications, prepared f o r NASA. Study concluded t h a t space appLications program was "too small by a f a c t o r of two o r t h r e e . " Benefits from program were expected t o be large, "cer-bainly l a r g e r than t h e c o s t s of a c h i e h g them. I' However, "an extensive, coherent, and s e l e c t i v e program" would be required t o achieve benefits. Committee recommended t h a t NASA give greater emphasis t o earths a t e l l i t e programs w i t h promise of beneficial applications, cormnit a d d i t i o n a l f'mds t o expanded R&D and prototype operations f o r c e r t a i n applications, and commit $200 m i l l i o n t o $300 million yearly t o space applications program a t l e v e l " i n the best i n t e r e s t of t h e United States. " Manned space programs must be j u s t i f i e d i n t h e i r own r i g h t , not i n terms of space applications; nem-term benefits for mankind would be achieved "more e f f e c t i v e l y and economically with automated devices and vehicles." Noting t h a t in meteorology and communications " s a t e l l i t e s have already entered s o l i d l y i n t o t h e area ofpconomic userulness," report recommended t h a t NASA grant high p r i o r i t y t o development of multichannel d i s t r i b u t i o n system f o r public and private net work TV; multi-channel system f o r educational broadcasts i n developing countries and for s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t groups such a s physicians, lawyers, and educators; and North Atlantic s a t e l l i t e navigation system f o r t r a f f i c control of transoceanic a i r c r a f t and ships. In s a t e l l i t e earth-sensing, report s a i d p r a c t i c a l use l a y " i n t h e near future" but was dependent upon R&D i n sensor signatures--'form of information provided by Fnstrument s It recommended immediate p i l o t program f o r providing bformat ion i n familiar and immediately usable form, exploration i n t o use of sidelooking radar, and' start of 10- t o 12-yr development plan f o r more sophisticated sensors. (!Text;NRC Release; Sehlstedt, B Sun, 2/10/6g, A4 . - �February 10: ApoUo 8 mission ( ~ e c .21-27, 1968) was adjudged successful by' NASA. All objectives of manned circumlunar d s s i o n were attained, as well as four d e t a i l e d t e s t objectives not o r i g i n a l l y planned. (NASA Proj o f f ) . MSFC annouaced it would manage two recently awarded $300,000 six-month contracts, one t o Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. and one t o General Dynamics Corp. f o r conceptual. study of low-cost, manned l o g i s t i c s (space s h u t t l e j system. Similar study contracts awasded t o North American Rockwell Corp. and t o McDonneU Douglas Astronautics Co. would be managed by MSC and LaRC. I n t e g r a l Launch and Re-entry Vehicle (ILRv) s t u d i e s would i n v e s t i g a t e aspects o f reusable t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r post-1974 use i n support of proposed space s t a t i o n s . (MSFC Release 69-33) . MSFC announced $3,288,914 modification t o contract with Boehg Co. f o r continued configuration management support on Saturn V launch vehicle program, including processing of vehicle and ground support equipment configuration changes, configuration accounting, and change I n t e g r a t i o n and tracking. (MSFC Release 69-35} . USA3 contract awards: $4,305,295 fixed-price contract t o Computer Sciences Corp. f o r services and supplies t o develop, i n s t a l l , operate, 'test, and maintain hardware t o improve c a p a b i l i t i e s of space t r a c k i n g equipment ; and $1,600,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $4,200,000 f ixed-price contract t o United Technology Center f o r KSC launch and support services. (DODRelease 102-69; W -3 S J 2/=/69, 17) . DOt rTa nannounced over 35 c i v i l and military a i r c r a f t including C-5A s p o r t and Boeing 747 would be displayed a t U. S. exhibit i n Paris A i r Show May 29-June 8. (DOT Release 1569; W I , NYT, 2/16/69, S25 February U: Initial thermal and vacuum t e s t i n g of f l i g h t model of SERT I1 (space E l e c t r i c Rocket ~ e s) t i n preparation f o r f a U 1969 launch had been completed, LeRC announced. SERT 11, second f l i g h t t e s t h development of ion propulsion f o r space use and f i r s t LeRC o r b i t a l spacecraft, would. be launched from WTR by Thorad-Agena booster i n t o 62l-mi (999.4-km) c i r c u l a r o r b i t t o evaluate i n f l i g h t performance �February l l (continued) of electron-bombardment e n g h e s f o r six months o r more. SERT I had carried f i r s t ion t h r u s t e r t o operate in space on suborbital mission July 20, 1964. ( L ~ R CRelease 69-2) . In Bonn during Exmopeantour, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank b r a a n addressed enthusiastic crowd of 1,500 students and government o f f i c i a l s after film showing on lunar mission in Beethoven H a l l : " I believe t h i s research will teach us t h a t we a r e f i r s t and foremost not Germans o r Russians o r Americans but e a r t h e n . " B o m n met West German Chancellor K u r t Georg Kieshger a t lunch and l a t e r discussed space research with S c i e n t i f i c Affairs Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg. He attended evening reception given by West German Air and Space Research I n s t i t u t e . ( ~ a l b e ,B @, 2/12/69) . U. S. S.R. had ordered 100 space pens developed f o r U. S. astronauts and 1,000 special pressurized ink cartridges which enabled pen t o write in weightlessness.accordhg t o pen's inventor, Paul C. Fisher. When he presented models of pen t o Soviet Cosmonaut Alexey Leonov a t German trade f a i r i n 1968, Leonov said Soviet cosmonauts were writing with grease pencils during space fli h t s and incurring d i f f i c u l t y with t h e i r flaking. (UPI, W Post, ;2713/69, 024) February12: Pentagon,sources estimatedU.S.S.R. was spending equivalent of $60 b i l l i o n in 1969 on national defense and space e f f o r t s , while U. S. w a s spending $05.2 b i l l i o n , of which $29 b i l l i o n was f o r Vietnam w a r . Figures left U. S. S. R. $4 b i l l i o n ahead of U. S. jn spending on weapons and space technology. Between 1965 and 1969, Soviet spending on offensive and def gnsive s t r a t e g i c forces increased by 4$ but amount spent on intercontinental missiles and surface-to-air missile defense systems rose by 7%. ( ~ e l l y ,W Star, 2/12/69, ~ 4 ) . Aerobee 150 sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR carried Naval Research Lab. payload t o ll6.0-mi (187.9-lan) a l t i t u d e t o record photographically 18 EUV spectra of s o l a r photosphere, chromosome, and corona, using SPARCS and f l i g h t design v e r i f i c a t b n unit of Rocket high-resolution spectrograph planned for ATM-A and ATM-B. and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NPSA Rpt SRL) �Pebruary12: D u ~ n gv i s i t t o West Berlin, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Brman drove p a s t U. S S R. ' s w a r memorial near Berlin w a l l and looked across w a l l i n t o East krlin. A t Ternpeaof a i r p o r t Barman t o l d p r e s s , "I was here before [during 1949 BerJin a i r l i f i ] amid many bags of coal. There have been many space advances in t h e l a s t two decades, yet e have so many t r o u b l e s here on earth." (C T r i b , 2/13/69) .. . MSFC announced it had issued $1,182,i25 contract modification t o Chrysler Corp. Space Div. f o r continued systems engineering.and i r t e g r a t i o n on Saturn I3 launch vehicles. (MSSFC Release 69-37) . bSAF F-111A p i l o t e d by Capt . Robert Earl Jobe (UW) and ins-cructor p i l o t Capt. William D. Fuchlow (UW) f a i l e d t o r e t u r n t o N e l l i s AFB, Nev., a f t e r 750-mi t r a i n i n g mission. USAF and C i v i l A i r P a t r o l were searching a r e a between Las V e as, Nev., aad Great Salt Lake. (WI, W S t a r , 2/13/69, 1; AP, W Post, February 13-14: NASA successfully launched one Nike-Tomahawk and s i x Nike-Apache'sounding rockets carrying chemical cloud experiments from NASA Wallops Station,.between 6 : U pm and 6:13 am EST. Rockets e j e c t e d vapor t r a l l s between SO- and 186-mi (81- and 299.3-lun) a l t i t u d e s t o measure wind veloci-t;ies and 'dGec.t;ions. Nike -Tomahawk Launched a t dusk and Nike-Apache launched a t dawn c a r r i e d sodium experiments which created reddish-orange t r a i l s . Other f i v e payloads .consisted of trimethylaluminum - (TMA) experiments which formed pale white clouds. Data were obtained by photographing continuously motions of trails from f i v e ground-based camera s i t e s . Launches were conducted f o r GCA Corp. under GSFC contract. I n conjunction with vapor s e r i e s USA B a l l i s t i c s Laboratory. a t Aberdeen, Md., f i r e d six p r o j e c t i l e s containing cesium experiments t o 330,000-ft a l t i t u d e between 8:07 pm and 6:23 am EST f o r comparative study of winds. Three experiments f a i l e d t o e j e c t chemical; dispersion of cesium from remaining t h r e e p r o j e c t i l e s was recorded by ground-based radar and ionospheric sounding s t a t i o n s . (WS Release 69-5; NASA Release 69-28; NYT, 2/14/69, 41) February13: President N e o n ' s Science Adviser, Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, annourzced a t his first Washington press conference t h a t o v e r a l l plan for next decade of U.S. space program would be d r a r t e d a t P r e s i d e n t ' s request by h i s o f f i c e , NASA, NASC, and DOD f o r submission t o President �Febrmary 1 3 (con-cinued) about Sept 1. Charting "new directions, new goals and new .programs f o r t h e entire United s t a t e s Space progr&" was necessary. "Bringing t o t h e benefit of people t h e marvelous space technologies t h a t have been developed i n t h e l a s t decade and c e r t a i n l y o r b i t i n g s a t U t e s for t h e purpose of l e a n i n g more about the earth must be an w o r t a n t element i n our f u t u r e space program," D r . m i d g e said. ''Whole problem" was balance between t h a t enterprise and planetary and lunar exploration and " t h i s i s t h e problem which our group will seek...to bring i n t o perspective as we p r o J e d ahead and consider t h e budget problems t h a t a l s o l i e ahead. " I n answer t o quest ion on White House appointments, Dr. Dugridge s a i d , "We have n o t yet located t h e r i g h t man" f o r e i t h e r Administrator of NASA o r Executive o f f i c e r f o r Space Council. ransc script ; White House Memo; Schmeck, NYT, 2/14/69; W Post, 2/14/69, A3; Randal, W S t a r , 2/14/69, ~ 1 5 ; 8 & , 2 / 1 4 / 6 m Nelson, Science, 2/21/69, . 7 9 T . Winners of 1969 annual Arthur S. Fl-g Awards for 10 outstanding young men in Federal Government were announced and awards were presented i n Mayflower Hotel ceremony in Washington, D. C. ITinners included James J. Kramer, Chief of LeRC Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, who kept s o l i d rocket program "on schedule and within budgeted c o s t s , " and D r . Norman F. Ness, head of E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Physics Branch, GSFC, who made "significant contributions " t o understanding space through Explorer s a t e l l i t e program. D r . Richard E. Hallgren, Director of Commerce Dept.'s wrld weather sxsterns was named f o r "imaginative leadership" i n recognizing and i n t e g r a t in requirements of oceanographers and meteorologists. I' (W S t a r , 2713/69, B6; LeRC Release 69-3; 3/29/69, 6 ) AFJ, . Washhgton Post reported Washington Airlines President Robert Richardson had s a i d f i r s t scheduled STOL air s h u t t l e Fn U.S. had l o s t more than $100,000, cut back operations 4b$, and operated at l e s s than half break-even load f a c t o r during f i r s t four months of service. He a t t r i b u t e d ' most d i f f i c u l t i e s t o start-up problems, including minor equipment shortcomings which had been corrected. A i r l i n e was lowering f a r e s and could, s a i d Richardson, break even in 12-18 mos. ( ~ o ~ r o w s k i w Post, 2/13/69, ~ 9 ) �February 13: A t GSFC, s a t e l l i t e mapping authority D r . John A . . 0 'Keefe was preparing f h s t precise maps of Tibet using photographs taken from 100-mi a l t i t u d e by U.S. astronauts and data obtained between 1890s and 1935 by Swedish explorer Sven Hedin during o w extensive survey of area by outsider. Expeditiorils survey sightings on mountain peaks were being applied t o numerous photographs from space. Revised maps would be published i n Sweden. (Sullivan, hJ5, 2/13/69, 14) . Intelligence briefings t o high DOD o f f i c i a l s had indicated U.S.S.R. missile defense was three-quarters complete and had been slowed in recent months t o improve i t s radar system, s a i d W i U i a m Beecher I n New York Times. Briefings e l s o made i-t; c l e a r t h a t antimissile system around Ltloscow, even when finished, would not a l t e r balance of power between U.S. S. R. and U. S. or undermine U. S. r e t a l i a t o r y power. 2/13/69, 1 ) (m, February 14: ComSatCorp announced broadcasters had booked 40 brs of s a t e l l i t e t i n e f o r TV coverage of President Nixon's b o p e a n t r i p Feb. 23-March 3. More than 1'7 hrs had been requested from abroad t o d a t e f o r coverage of Apollo 9 Feb. 28-March 3. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ o r p Release 69-8; W Star, 2/16/69, ~ 6 ) . In Science Hudson Hoagland, President Emeritus of Worcester Foundat ion f o r Experimental Biology, commented on Condon Report on UFOs released Jan. 9, 1968: "The basic d i f f i c u l t y inherent i n any investigation of phenomena such as those of psychic research o r of UFO's i s that it i s impossible f o r science ever t o prove a universal negative. There w i l l be cases which remain unexplained because of lack of data, lack of r e p e a t a b i l i t y , f a s e reporting, wishful thinking, deluded observers, rumors, Lies, and fraud. A residue of unexplained cases i s not a j u s t i f i c a t i o n for continuing an investigat i o n after overwhelming evidence has disposed of hypotheses of supernomnality, such as beings from outer space o r communications *om the dead.... Science deals with p r o b a b i l i t i e s , and t h e Condon investigation adds massive ad&% i o n a l weight t o t h e already over whelming improbability of v i s i t s b y UFO ' s guided by i n t e l l i g e n t beings. " (science, 2/14/69, 625) �February 14 : In Science, Leonard Mandelbaum examined h i s t o r y of U. S. decision t o adopt Apollo program. "Cautious approach" t o manned space f l i g h t gave way a f t e r impact of April 12, 1961, "Russian spectacular"--flight of Cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin--and U.S. Cuban foreign p o l i c y fiasco, Bay of Pigs. "Congress acted without hearing t e s t b o n y of compelling m i l i t a r y need. The Apollo decision was made without reference t o any comprehensive and integrated national policy designed t o maximize t h e use of s c i e n t i f i c and technological resources f o r s o c i a l objectives It was a t y p i c a l Cold War reaction." WeU-integrated policy, Mandelbaum s a i d , "would recognize t h a t s c i e n t i f i c and engineering manpower, including systems analysis capability,. a r e required f o r basic s o c i a l objectives before surplus resources may be allocated t o prestigious o r otherwise marginal projects. The l a t t e r would be e n t i t l e d t o more serious considerat i o n i f t h e cost were minhized by international cooperation,,minimal duplication, and adequate research experience p r i o r t o heavy development outlays. Such a p o l i c y i s impossible within t h e f r w e n t e d framework of f e d e r a l R&D decision-making which has not s u b s t a n t i a l l y changed since 1961. " (science, 2/14/69, 649; g,3/25/69, ~ 2 3 3 0 - 3 ) :... February 15: Project Tektite, multiagency-industry program t o determine c a p a b i l i t y o f men t o perform s a t i s f a c t o r i l y s c i e n t i f i c research mission whUe l i v i n g i s o l a t e d on ocean f l o o r under saturated diving conditions f o r long period, began a t S t . J o h , Virgin Islands. Four U.S. acquanauts, Richard A. Waller, H. Edward Clifton, John G. Van D e m l k e r , and Conrad V. W. Mahnlren jumped i n t o sea at Beehive Cove and swam t o "habitat, " undeswat e r capsule moored 42 ft below sea l e v e l f o r 60-day experiments: Basic h a b i t a t systems were two connected v e r t i c a l cylinders containing wet work area, crew quarters, and engine room connected by bridge which served as laboratory f o r s c i e n t i s t s and control center. Tektite program was j o i n t l y sponsored by USN, NASA, and Dept. of t h e I n t e r i o r , with p a r t i c i p a t i o n by U.S. Coast Guard. Prime contractor, General E l e c t r i c Co., furnished underseas h a b i t a t and a s s i s t e d with planning and' scient if'ic mission coordination. Four I n t e r i o r Dept s c i e n t i s t -acquanaut s would swim from h a b i t a t each day t o measure plankbon a c t i v i t y , t a g spiny l o b s t e r s with miniature sonar beacons t o obsewe migration habits, and study sediment and rock formation. NASA and USN behavioral and biomedical teams would observe acquanauts continuously t o i d e n t i f y psychological and phsyiol o g i c a l r e a c t ions t o long-term mission perf omed in h o s t i l e and i s o l a t e d envbonment common t o undersea and space missions. (NASA OMSF PAO; Laman, W Star, 2/16/69, A3; 2/17/69, A6; Lyons, 2/17/69, 18) . m, �Pope Paul V I received Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Boman and February 15: family f o r 17-min audience i n Papal l i b r a r y . Pope said i n English, "Man's reaching out t o unravel t h e mysteries of t h e universe reveals more and more t h e wonders of God's work and shows f o r t h His glory." Pope Paul sent personal greetings t o Astronaut James W. M c D i v i t t who had audience i n 1967. (UPI,W Star, 2/16/69, C5) February16: USH1s Sealab I11 project, in which five acquanaut teams were t o spend 1 2 days each i n 60-day t e s t of man's a b i l i t y t o work under water f o r long periods, s t a r t e d e a r l y when four of f i r s t team of nine men were dispatched t o r e p a i r helium leak in 57x12-rt "habitat, " 600 ft beneath Pacific Ocean off San Clernente Island, Calif. Remaining f i v e acquanauts were scheduled t o descend i n pressurized personnel-transfer capsules 1 2 hrs l a t e r t o join coUeagues i n performing experiments in marine biology, geology, acoustics, and ecology. If project succeeded, USN would produce prototype system for supporting divers i n protracted salvage and rescue operations a t depths t o 1,000 ft--lower limit of continental shelf. (B -9Sun 2/17/69, ~ 7 ) February 17: Tenth anniversary of Vanguard 71, fifth U.S.-IGY s a t e l l i t e , launched by NASA t o produce cloud-cover images ustwo photocells. Wobbling kad prevented i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of data. ~ a t e l l i twas e ~ s t ill i n o r b i t . (A&A 1915-60; E, 2/17/69, 162) . USN suspended Sealab 111 project when. veteran Acquanaut Berry L Cannon was stricken while he and Acquanaut Robert A. Barth, Jr., were attempting t o open h a b i t a t ' s hatch a f t e r Cannon's second dive t o check gas leaks. He was pronounced dead of "cardiac a r r e s t " i n decompression chamber of mother ship U.S.S. E l k River and body was flown t o San Diego for autopsy. USN said cause of death would have t o be determined before Sealab project could be resumed. F i r s t findings of autopsy revealed Cannon did not d i e of he& attack. USN on Feb. 18 o f f i c i a l l y called off $10-millionproject. Stevens, NYT, 2/14/69, 41; 2/18/69, 1; 2120169, 93; AF, B Sun, 2/17 69, A7; 0%01e, W Post, 2/18/69, A l ; 2/19/69, A3; 2/20/69, A3; AP, Star, 2/18/69, Al- �February 17: President Nixon submitted t o Senate nomination of former N4SA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs a s Under Secretary of Transportation. (m), 2/24/69, 293) 4 - . In Madrid during European goodwjll tour, Apollo 8 Astronaut,Frank Borman placed wreath a t s t a t u e of Columbus and met Cristobal Colon de Carvajal y Mmoto, 17th duke of Veragua and hereditary "admiral of t h e ocean sea, " t i t l e created in 1537 f o r explorer's son, Diego Columbus. (AP, C Trib, 2/18/69) said ground t e s t of F - U had revealed l a r g e crack in t e s t version . USAF of one of a i r c r a f t ' s most c r i t i c a l parts, b e l l y section t o which movable wings were attached. No F - U s would be grounded, aS t e s t d i d not indicate safety hazard t o afrcraf't h service. Crack was not r e l a t e d t o one which was detected Aug. 25, 1w8. USAF said there was no estimate of time it would take t o determine e f f e c t of crack on F-Il1A program. (witkin, W , 2/19/69, 41; UPI, W Post, 2/18/69, ~ 4 AP, ; W S t a r , 2/18/69, A6 1 February 18: Secretary of S t a t e W i l l i a m P. Rogers t o l d Senate Foreign Relations Committee he "hoped1' U. S. -U.S. S . R. missile ta.lks would be underway before it became necessary f o r U. S . t o start deployment of proposed Sentinel ABM system. H e said under nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y U.S. would have obligation t o enter i n t c s t r a t e g i c arms talks with U.S.S.R. and expressed hope such talks could b e g b within six months. ( ~ i n n e y , 2/19/69, 1; Unna, W Post, 2/19/69, ~ 1 4 ) w, . Rep. Charles H. Wilson, (D-calif.) introduced H.R. 7030, b i l l t o encourage worldwide i n t e r e s t i n U.S. developments and accomplishments in m i l i t a r y and r e l a t e d aviation and equipment by authorizing Federal sponsorship of International Aeronautical Exposition 3 n U.S., t o be held not later than 1 9 0 . (T&) . Ln Washington Post review of CONTACT! The Story o f t h e Early Birds by Henry Serrano V i U a r 4 , John Osgood s a i d , " D e s ~ i t et h e technical comple&t i e s of t h e r e c e i t translunar injection,-the mystique of f l i g h t remains u n w i s h e d 65 years af'ter Orville Wright managed his-mere 120 f e e t of powered flight. Wstique o r no, it is s t i l l d i f f i c u l t t o comprehend what drove t h e e u l y aeronauts t o attempt f e a t s which most often won them t h e contempt and r i d i c u l e of t h e i r countrymen. (W Post, 2/18/69, ~ 4 ) �, Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R- la. ) introduced H.R. 465 "providing February 19: f o r t h e establishment of t h e Astronauts Memorial Commission t o construct and e r e c t with m d s a memorial in t h e John F. Kennedy Space Center, F l o r i d a , o r t h e immediate v i c i n i t y , t o honor and commemorate t h e men who ~111129; serve a s a s t r o n a u t s in t h e U. S. space program. " (NASA CR, 2/19/69, IU087) - s, . House passed and returned t o Senate, S. 1'7, bill t o amend Communications S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962 t o provide f o r apportionment of CcrmSatCorp d i r e c t o r s according t o percentages of stock held by public and communications corporations. (CR, 2/19/69, ~1037-4.0;W News, 2/20/69, 45) February 20: 'NASA announced appointment o f D r . Hans M. Mark, Chairman of Dept. of Nuclear Engineering, Univ. o f C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkely, as D i r e c t o r of Ames Research Center. He would succeed H. J u i a n m e n , who had announced r e t i r e m e n t Oct. 25, 1968, but had remained as Acting DFrector. D r . Mark, expert in nuclear and atomic physics, was a l s o Reactor Admini s t r a t o r of Univ. ' s Berkeley Research Reactor, research p h y s i c i s t a t Univ. ' s Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, and consultant t o USA,and NSF. Clarence A. Syvertson, Dir-ector of Astronautics a-t; ARC, was appointed t o newly c r e a t e d p o s i t i o n of ABC Deputy Director. Both appointments were e f f e c t i v e Feb. 28. Because of p i o r commitments, D r . Mark would spend one-fifth of h i s time at ARC u n t i l July 1969. (NASARelease 69-32; ARC Astropam, 2/24/69, 1) . I n move t o counter Senate pressure against ABM deployment, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird t o l d Senate Foreign Relations Committee U.S. should go forward with S e n t i n e l system i f DOD review found it " p r a c t i c a l " and " e f f e c t i v e , " s i n c e U.S.S.R. was working on " s o p h i s t i c a t e d new ARM system. " Curtailment i n Soviet missile construction durlng past few months, L a i r d said, was due t o %D t e s t i n g on more s o p h i s t i c a t e d system. U.S.S.R. h d been outspending U.S. t h r e e t o one i n missiZe defense and " s u b s t a n t i a l " network around Moscow was halftray complete , (sterne, B Sun, 2/21/69, Al; Unna, W Post, 2/21/69, Al; P h e y , NYT, - 2/2l/69, 1) . . Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Boman and family ended o f f i c i a l goodwill tour of West ern Europe with l e c t u r e and luncheon in Lisbon. During f i n a l European news conference previous day, he had p r e d i c t e d U.S. would put man on moon i n summer 1969 "if everything goes well. " (UPI, W S t a r , 2/20/69, Ae) �February 20: A t annual dinner of Washington Academy of Sciences, GSFC engineer Charles R. Guna received Academy's award f o r "noteworth discovery, accomplishment, or publi&tiont' i n engineering f i e l d for h i s work a s technical d i r e c t o r of Thor-Delta launch vehicle. (GSFC Delta Proj Mgr; AP, W 9-Star 2/21/69, ~10) . First I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aviation Service ,Award, financed by contributions f'rom FAA employees and established in June 1968 by r e t i r i n g FM executive Alfred Hand, w a s presented i n Washington t o Theodore C. Uebel: I n t e r n a t i o n a l Liaison Officer f o r FAA, f o r "out standing accomplishments i n furthering t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e United S t a t e s i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l aviation. " (l?URelease 69-17) . Ehgene Luther Vidal,who as Director of Air Commerce of Dept. of Comer (1933-1937) promoted growth of U. S. c i v i l aviation, died a t age 73 i n Palos Verdes, Calif. He had furthered construction of a i r p o r t s and beacons, encouraged private flying and manufacture of small a i r c r a f t , advanced cormnercid aviation, and reorganized Government control of commercial f l i g h t s . Af'ter leaving Commerce Dept. he had established research laboratory near Csmden, N.J., where he developed rocesp f o r m a k i n g airframe parts from molded plywood. (E, 2/2l769, 4 j ) February zL: ApoUo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family returned *om European goodwill tour made on behalf of Fresident Nixon. A t Andrews AFB, Md., Borman t o l d press on arrival t h a t Europeans found it hard t o believe .U S "could spend a l l that money on i t s space program and still make public eveq4h.j-ng we learned. " He said reception had been wniformly friendly, "but they would h e s i t a t e t o ask us questions, because t h e y a s s h e d information about t h e Apollo 8 f l i g h t must be c l a s s i f i e d . " Borman and family reported a t Capitol t o Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, Chairman of NASC. Borman t o l d press conference he had found ."extreme i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of people in all w a l k s of life i n h o p e w i t h our f l i g h t . They were very w e l l ' i n f o m e d about it and looked on us as representatives 'of Earth. I hope t h a t feeling of comradeship can continue." (AP, W Post, 2/22/69, ~ 2 ) .. ' ... . ComSatCorp reported $6.841 million 1968 net income (68 cents per share) , Improvement had r e s u l t e d primarily-from net operating income of $988,000, which contrasted with 1967 net operating l o s s of $642,000. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 69-10; AP, B 2, 2/22/69, ~ 9 ) up from 1967 net income of $4.638 million (46 cents per share). �February 21: President Nixon approved policy f o r Expanded Use of Federal Re searcb F a c i l i t i e s by University Investigators which directed Federal agencies t o make equipment Js Federal l a b o r a t o r i e s more r e a d i l y available t o q u a l i f i e d university s c i e n t i s t s . (PI), 3/3/69, 304) FAA announced award of $35,426,283 contract t o UNIVAC Federal Systems Div.' of Sperry Rand Corp. f o r automated radar tracking systems (ARTS 111) t o be i n s t a l l e d at more than 60 major U.S. airports. (FAA Release 69-22) February 24-28 : NASA 's Mariner VI (Mariner F) spacecraft was successfully launched *om ETR by Atlas-Centaur (SLV-3~)booster on five-month, 226million-mi, direct-ascent t r a j e c t o r y toward Mars--NASA's f i r s t of two attempts t o conduct Mars'flyby during 1969 launch window. Launch vehicle performance and spacecraft i n j e c t i o n were nominal. Spacecraft separated from Centaur, deployed its four s o l a r panels, locked i t s sensors on sun and s t a r ~ a n o p u s ,and entered cruise mode, where it remained with a l l subsystems performing s a t i s f a c t o r i l y while t r a j e c t o r y was refined. Midcourse maneuver was successrully conducted Feb. 28 t o ensure t h a t spacecraf't would fly within 2,200 m i (3,540.5 km) of Mars July 31. Primary mission obJective was t o conduct equatorial flyby mission f o r exploratory investigations of Mars which would s e t basis f o r f u t u r e experiments , part i c u l a z l y those relevant t o search f o r e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l life A s secondary objective spacecrart would develop technology needed f o r succeeding Mars missions. The 900-lb spacecraft carried six complementary experiments t o provide information about Martian surface and atmosphere. Mission offered first opportunity t o make s c i e n t i f i c measurements on night side of Mars. Two onboard TV cameras w o u l d take p i c t u r e s of Mars d i s c during approach with 15-mi optimum resolwbion and of surface during flyby-with 900-ft optimum resolution. Infrared spectrometer and W spectrameter would probe Mars atmosphere, and occultation experiment would obtain data on atmospheric pressures and d e n s i t i e s . Infrared radiomet& would measure surface temperatures on both l i g h t and dark sides of Mars, and c e l e s t i a l mechanics experiment would u t i l i z e tracking information t o r e f i n e astronomical data. Sharp h c r e a s e in data returns would be achieved over 1964, Mariner missions. Mariner VI TV p i c t u r e s would contain 3.9-million b i t s of i n f o a i o n ; Mariner IV contained 240,000 b i t s in 1965. Mariner V I would transmit . �February 24-28 (continued) d a t a a t r a t e of 270 bps; Mariner IV t r a n s + t t e d 8 1 / 3 bps. Mariner V I was follow-on t o 1964 ~ a r i n e x / ~ a rmissions s and precursor t o 141 o r b i t a l and 1973 landing missions. F i r s t Mars probe, Mariner I11 (launched Nov. 4, 1964), had f a i l e d t o achieve d e s i r e d o r b i t when shroud remained attached t o spacecraft. Mariner IIV (launched Nov. 28, 1964) had transmitted f i r s t close-up photos of Mars i n July 1965. Mariner VII ( ~ a r i n e rG) would be launched March 24. Mariner program was d i r e c t e d by OSSA Lunar and Planetary Programs Div. Project management and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r spacecraft, mission operations, and tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n were assigned t o JPL. Atlas-Centaur launch v e h i c l e was managed 'by LeRC. (NASA Proj Off; NASA Release 69-26; W Post, 2/25/69, A7; 2/26/69; Miles, LA Times, 2/25/69; Lannan, W S t a r 2/25/69, A3; g, 2/26/69) -, February 24- arch 3 : F i r s t documented pulsar a c c e l e r a t i o n was discovered in Pulsar PSR 0833-45 i n Vela consteLlation i n southern sQ by JPL radioastronomers Paul Reichley and D r . George S. Downs u s i n g 85-f't dish antenna a t Coldstone, C a l i f . While p u l s a r s normally showed moderate but steady slowing i n ' pulse r a t e Vela ' s r a t e accelerated, then slowed a t s l i g h t l y f a s t e r r a t e than before; during week's observation. Findings i n NASA-sponsored research were confirmed by Parkes Observatory astronomers i n A u s t r a l i a . (JPL Release BB-513, 4/16/69) , February 24: A t S t a t e Dept. meeting of more than 60 DWFJLSAT member nations, U. S. delegat ion chairma? Leonard H. Marks said, "I can t h i n k of no more import;ant s t e p we can take towards reducing world t e n s i o n s than t h a t of broadening communications l i n k s between power nations representing d i f f e r e n t p o l i t i c a l systemsw--as U. S. S. R. and 13 o t h e r observer n a t i o n s l i s t e n e d . I n w r i t t e n memorandum, France had questioned whether strong c e n t r a l i z e d system desired by U. S. could o r should be e s t a b l i s h e d and urged t h a t any new agreement l e a v e p a r t i c i p a t i n g 'countries f r e e t o j o i n o t h e r s a t e U t e systems. (Samuelson, W Post, 2/25/69, ~ 5 ) . Federal Council f o r Science a d Technology t r a n s m i t t e d t o NASA Expanded Use of Federal Research ~ a c ~ i t i by e s University I n v e s t i g a t o r s approved by President N b o n Feb. 2 l . (NASA O f f of Policy Memo, 3/14/69) �February 24: Vice President Spiro T. Agnew t o l d American Management Assn. briefing on oceanography h Washington, D.C., t h a t Nixon Administration was not yet ready t o endorse concept of "a wet NASA1'--marhe-oriented Government agency. As Chairman of National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development he was studying opinions of advocates of such an agency, a s well a s Il] report by Comission on W i n e Science, Engineering and Resources. (Smith, 2/25/69, 53) an. m, 8 Cosmos CCUlVI was launched by U.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with i apogee, 202-ka (125.5 - m i ) perigee, 89.8-min period, and 72 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered March 5. (GSFC -' SSR 2/28/69; 3/15/69; AP, W Post, 2/26/69) .m . NASA s OSO V (launched Jan. 22) had successfully completed more than 496 earth o r b i t s and had s a t i s f a c t o r i l y operated all spacecrafi systems, including r a s t e r scan and both tape records. Torque c o i l m&-hnize spacecraft p i t c h motions and reduce gas consmption. Primary objectives had been achieved and OSO V had acquired s c i e n t i f i c data from eight onboard experiments. ( ~ P r o off) j had been turned on Jan. 25 t o help . NASA announced selection of 38 s c i e n t i s t s organized i n t o eight teams t o a s s i s t i n design and development of Martian sof't lander f o r 19(3 Viking missions. Teams would p a r t i c i p a t e in early instrument development, d e s i m i n g of sof't lander, and p l d n g of missions. Final s e l e c t ion of investigations and part'icipat ing s c i e n t i s t s f o r both landers and o r b i t e r s making up 143 Viking missions would be made December 1969, when i n i t i a l r e s u l t s of Mariner flybys o f Mars i n summer 1969 would be available. Planetary Programs Directorate would have management r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r Viking Mars 1913 mission; M C had been assigned o v e r a l l project management and d i r e c t responsib i l i t y f o r managing planetary lander portion; JPZ had management r e s p o n s i b j l i t v for oxbit ex spacecraft. (NASA Release 69-31) . County Coroner R. L. Creason i n San Diego, C a l i f . , gave o f f i c i a l cause of Feb. 17 death o f Acquanaut Berry M. Cannon a s "acute hmorrhagic pulmonary edema and congestion due t o acute cardior e s p i r a t o r y - f a i l u r e due. t o ,'carbon dioxide poisoning. " E a r l i e r UST spokesman had acknowledged t h a t one of r i g s used by Cannon �February 25 (continued) a n d colleagues on f a t a l dive contained canister empty of chemical used t o absorb carbon dioxide *om acquanautsl a i r supply and a l s o t h a t C w o n "was not i n contact. " USN opened formal inquiry i n t o death Feb. 26. (AP, W S t a r , 2/20/69, A 3 ; 2/21/69, A15; 2/25/69, AT; UPI, NYT, - 2/25/69, 28; UPI, W Post, 2/25/69, ~ 7 ) . USAF and Lockheed Georgia Co. j o i n t l y announced six-month delay in C-5A product ion schedule a t t r i b u t e d t o labor s t r i k e s and material shortages caused by Vietnam War. F i r s t a i r c r a f i would be delivered t o U W i n December r a t h e r than June. Announcement followed successful test f l i g h t during w h i c h 250-ton a i r c r a f t reached complete stop on 1,500 ft of runway--$ distance required by converrtional 85-ton , 2/26/69; AP, W Post, 2/27/69, Al8) a i r l i n e r s . ( ~ i n d s e ~NYT, . FAA arnounced it had amended its Dec. 3 r u l e intended t o ease congestion a t f i v e of Nationt s busiest a i r p o r t s . Amendments provided f o r e x t r a sections of scheduled air c a r r i e r f l i g h t s without regard t o established quotas a t all a i r p o r t s except John F. Kennedy, increase i n f l i g h t quotas a t Kennedy between 5:00 pm and 8 : 0 0 pm t o accommodate scheduled air taxis and other general aviation aircraft;, and e f f e c t i v e date of June 1 instead of A p r i l 27 and tezhination date of Dec. 31. (FAA Release 69-23) . Senate Foreign Relations . C a n m i t t ee recommended U. S r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y and said it would send t r e a t y t o Senate f l o o r f o r action by March 6 . (W Post, 2/26/69, ~ 5 ) February 26 : N A d successfully launched ESSA IX (TOS-G) ninth meteorol o g i c a l s a t e u i t e i n ESSA s T i m s Operational Sat e U i t e (TOS) system *om ETR by two-stage Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Thor ( ~ ~ ~ ) - ~ e booster. PrFmary NASA mission objective was t o place and operate spacecraf't iLn sun-synchronous o r b i t with l o c a l equator crossing time between 2:15 pm and 2:35 pm so t h a t daily advanced videcon camera system (AVCS) p i c t u r e s of e n t i r e globe could be obtained r e g u l a r l y and dependably. S a t e U t e achieved nearly polar, sunsynchronous, c i r c u l a r o r b i t w i t h 935.2-mi (1,505 -h) apo ee , 888.6 -mi (1,430-lcm) perigee, U5.2-min period, and 101.88 inclination. An advanced version of cartwheel configuration, 3.20-lb cylind r i c a l ESSA IX c a r r i e d f l a t p l a t e radiometer t o measure atmosphere's �February 26 (continued) heat balance and two AVCS cameras f o r d a i l y global weather coverage. Photos would be stored on board s a t e l l i t e onPmagnetic t a p e u n t i l readout by ESSAts Command and Data Acquisition (CDA) s t a t i o n s a t Fakbanks, Alaska, and Wallops Island, Va. S a t e l l i t e was backup t o ensure full coverage a f t e r f a i l u r e of one AVCS camera onboard ESSA V I I (launched Aug. 16, 1968) and would be primary stored-data s a t e l l i t e in TOS system. Spacecraft underwent o r i e n t a t i o n maneuver t o place it in wheel mode and spin r a t e was adjusted. Only agomaly w a s TO rpm spin r a t e ( r a t h e r than expected 10 rpm) a f t e r spacecraft spin-down. ESSA financed and managed TOS system and would operate spacecraft af'ter NASA completed checkout l a t e r i n month. GSFC was responsible f o r procurement, launch, and initial checkout of spacecraft in o r b i t . (NASA Proj Off; ESSA Release ES-69-9; W S t a r , 2/26/69; SBD, 2/27/69, 212; UPI, W Post, 2/27/69) - . U.parameters: S. S. R. launched Cosmos C C U N I I f'rom Baikonur Cosmodrome. apogee, Orbital 331 l a (205.7 m i ) perigee, 202 h (126.5 m i ) ; period, 89.8 min; and inclination, 65'. S a t e l l i t e reentered March 6. (GSC e,2/28/69; 3/15/69; F,2/27/69, 212; C Trib, 2 / 3 / 6 9 ) . L generating e R C announced it had completed assembly of Brayton Cycle space power system, which appeared promising as source of e l e c t r i c a l power f o r s p a c e . f l i g h t s up t o f i v e years long. Self-supporting, closed-loop system operated when mixture of helium and xenon was heated t o 1 , 6 0 0 ' ~ and c i r c u l a t e d t o drive turbine. Turbine operated alternator providing e l e c t r i c power and compressor which helped c i r c u l a t e gas through system. Cycle would undergo t e s t s i n simulated space environment i n summer. ( L ~ R CRelease 68-9) . Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe announced President Nixon had nominated John K. Shaffer, Vice President of TRW, k c . , as Federal Aviation Administrator. Shaffer would replace ActFng FAA Admtnistrator, David D. Thomas, who would remain a s Deputy Administrator. (DOT Release 2469; W I , NYT, 2/27/69, 73; Kllpatrick, W Post, 2/27/69, AB) - �MSFC announced it had extended contract with Mason-Rust f o r February 26: continued support services at Michoud Assembly Facility f o r s i x months. (MSFCRelease 69-46) Contract modification amounted t o $3,786,203. February 27 : White House announced President Nixon had e s t a b l i s h e d i n t e r departmental ad hoc cormittee t o review SST program's technology, comercial p o t e n t i a l , schedule and c o s t s , and environmental. s i d e - e f f e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y sonic boom phenomenon. Under Secretary o f Transportat ion J m e s M. Beggs was designated chairman of 11-member committee, which a l s o included Science Adviser, D r . Lee A. DuBridge; Secretary of t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. ; and .NASA Deputy Associate Administrator Charles W. Itarper. (E, 3 / 3 / 6 9 , 323-30; AJ?, W Post, 2/28/69, A5; W Star, 2/28/69, A3; Miller, B -Sun 9 2/28/69, - , Commemorative stamp t o be issued May 5 i n honor of Dec. 21-27, 1968 Apollo 8 mission would include phrase "In t h e beginning Cod. " on ?hoto of earth as seen Prom moon, taken by Apollo 8 crew. Post- .. master General Winton M. Blount said phrase, read from Genesis by Astronaut William A. Anders during lunar o r b i t Christmas Ebe 1968, would be included in response t o many requests. Stanrp would be first U.S. stamp with r e l i g i o u s wording. since 1961. (UPI, W Post, 2/28/69) , FRC announced award t o Serv-Air Inc. of one-year,cost-plus-award-fee contract f o r administrative t e c h n i c a l support services. Contract, e s t h a t e d at $750,000 per year, included provision f o r two one-year extensions. (FRC Release 7 -69) NASA and B r i t i s h Science Research Council (SRC) had agreed Pebruarv 28: t o conduct cooperative p r o j e c t t o launch f o u r t h h i e l s a t e l l i t e , NASA announced. A r i e l IV would be launched by Scout booster fsom WTR i n l a t e lgl o r e a r l y 1972 carrying one U.S. md four U.K. experiments t o explore i n t e r a c t i o n s among plasma-charged p a r t i c l e streams and e l e c t r o magnetic waves i n upper atmosphere. SRC would be responsible f o r spacecraft design, f a b r i c a t ion, and t e s t i n g ; NASA would provide Scout launch vehicle. Both agencies would p a r t i c i p a t e i n t r a c k i n g , d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n , and d a t a reduct ion. (NASA Release 69-35) Tenth anniversary of DOD's 1,450-lb Discoverer I satellite successfWly launched into p o l a r orbit by Thor-Agena booster. Tracking a c q u i s i t i o n was hampered by s t a b i l i z a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s �February 28 ( continued) and s a t e l l i t e reentered i n e a r l y March 1959. Agena- launch vehicle- -most widely used booster i n U. S. --had completed more than 250 successf'ul f l i g h t s i n DOD and PWA operat i o n s since i t s f k s t mission Feb. 28, 1958, and had carried firsb spacecraft t o achieve c i r c u l a r o r b i t , f i r s t t o be controlled i n o r b i t by ground command, and f i r s t propelled f'rom one o r b i t t o another. It had been continually updated and used a s v e r s a t i l e , multipurpose vehicle. (A&A 1915-60; Space Propulsion, 2/28/69, 199; S 3 2/17/69, 162) . LaRC issued RFPs for design and f i n a n c i a l proposals f o r planetary . lander and project i n t e g r a t i o n portions of XASA ' s .Viking project Viking spacecraft--consisting of lander and orbiter--were t o be procured f o r t w o planned flights t o Mars t o seakch f o r s c i e n t i f i c d a t a i n 1973. (NASA Release 69-36; SBD, 2/25/69, 196) - . NASA announced it would negotiate with North American RockweU Corp. f o r modifications t o four Apollo spacecraft f o r ApoUo Applications program. Com3ined value of spacecraft and modifications was estimated a t $340 million. (NASA -Release 69-84) . I byn Science, Bryce Nelson reviewed Science Policy i n the USSR, sponsored Directorate f o r S c i e n t i f i c Affairs of Organization f o r Economic Co-operation and Development (oE(=D). It indicated, he said, t h a t Soviet s c i e n t i s t s and p o l i t i c a l leaders "need t o spend considerable time thinking about how t o correct imbalances i n t h e i r R&D system. Section on science and industry, by R. Amman, M. 5 . B e r r y , and R. W. Davies of Univ. of Birmingham, concluded U. S. S. R. had succeeded outstandingly i n aviation rocketry, space exploration, atomic energy, machine t o o l s , and i r o n and s t e e l technology but i t s R&D system seemed sluggish. Main bottleneck was r e l a t i v e u n a v a i l a b i l i t y of t e s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r manufacturing a d proving prototypes. C e n t r a l planning system i n U. S. S. 8. reinforced separation between R&D e s t a b l i s h ments and industry and contributed t o reluctance of f a c t o r i e s t o innovate. Increasing use of contract system, with .industries placing g r o w number of T&D contracts with i n s t i t u t i o n s of higher learning, was h e l p i r g bridge gap between research centers and industry. (science, 2/28/69, 91'7-8) �I n Astronautics & Aeronautics e d i t o r i a l , w r i t t e n j u s t During February: before h i s appointment as Secretary of A i r Force, incoming A I M President, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. said, "I believe t h a t t o o d e r stand adequately the challenges t h a t confront those of us i n aeron a u t i c a l and aerospace a c t i v i t i e s , we must take a s our perspective the comnitments t h a t challenge the nation as a whole. President Eisenhower, President Kennedy, and President Johnson, each i n h i s own way, had a major impact on aeronautics and astronautics. And f o r each, his support of aerospace e f f o r t s was a function of his b e l i e f that such efforts were instrumental f n t h e accomplishmerrt of n a t i o n a l goals. In t h e hture, a s i n t h e p a s t , governmentd support of aerospace w i l l be based l a r g e l y on i t s demonstrated relevance t o t h e needs of the nation." 2/69, 26-11 , (A&A, �PROVISIONAL rnEx-FmFlUARY Aberdeen, Md., 62 See A n t i b a l l i s t i c missile system. Accident, a i r c r a f t , 52 Advanced videcon camera system (AVCS ) 73-74 Aerobee 150 (sounding rocket), 6 1 Aerobee 150 M I , 48, 52, 55 Aeronautics, 49, 57, 67, 76, 7 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T. 69, 7 2 AIM. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics a d ~stronahtics A i r Force Museum, 49 A i r p o u u t i o n , 47 Air t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 47, 55 A i r Traffic C o n t r o l l e r s Organization, 55 Aircraft, 48-50, 52, 57, 58, 60 A i r U n e s , 52, 63 A i r p o r t s , 55, 69, 70, 73 Allen, H. Julian, 68 American Assn. of SchoolAdministra.tors, 58 American I n s t i t u t e of ~ e r o n a u t i c sand Astronautics (AIM), 7'7 American Management Assn., 7 2 American Physical Society 51 Arnes Re search Center (ARC 68 A=, R., 76 Anders, L/C W j l l i a m A. (USAI?), 75 Anniversary, 66, 75-76 Antenna, 56 Antiballistic m i s s i l e (AM) svstem. 50, 51, 54, 59, 64, 68 ApoUo (program), 47, 65 Apollo ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 54, 57, 7 G A P O ~ O8 f u g h t , 47, 49, 58, 60, 69, 75 Apollo 9 flight, 64' Apollo Applications (AA) program, 47, 56, 76 Applied Physics Laboratory (~ohnsHopkins Univ.), 47 Aquanaut, '65, 66, 72-73 ARC. See Ames Research Center. A r i e l IV (u. K. s a t e l l i t e ) 75 Astronaut, 40, 50, 52, 55, 57, 58, 61, 62, ,, 66-68, 75 Astronauts Memorial Conmission, 68 Astronomy, 53, 70, 71 A t l a n t i c City, N. J., 58 Atlas-Cent aur (SLV-3~)(booster) 70 ABM. , , I, , , �FEBRUARY 1969 Atmosphere, 48, 52 A t m i c Energy Commission (uc), 53, 54 Atoms f o r Peace program, 52 AustraJia, 54 Automated radar t r a c k i n g systems (ARTS), 70 Award, 4-8, 58, 63, 69 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 74 Barth, Robert A., Jr., 66 Baudouin I,-King of Belgium, 58 Beechex, ~illiam,-'64 Beggs, James M. , 67, 75 Belgium, 48, 58 BeUcomm, LC. , 48 Berlin, West, 48, 62 Berry, M. J . , 76 Birmingham, U n i v . o f , 76 Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 75 Boeing Co. , 5'7 Boeing 747 (jet -.t r a n s p o r t ) , 57 60 Bonn, W. &many, 48, 6 1 Borman, Col. Frank (uw), 50 goodwill t&, 48, 52, 58, 61, 6,2, 66-69 Brayton Cycle (space power generator), 74 Brussels, Belgium, 48, 58 C-5A (military cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 60, 73 California, Univ. of, 53 Berkeley ~ e i t .of Nuclear Engineering, 68 Cambridge Univ., 53 Camden, N . J . , 69 Camera, 70, 73-74 Cannon, Berry L., 66, 72-73 Canopus ( s t a r ) , 70 Cape Keraudren, ~ u s t r a l i a ,54 cbicago, m., 55 China, Communist, 54 , Chrysler Corp. Space Div., 62 Churchill Research Range, C i v i l Air P a t r o l , 62 Clarke, ArtW C. 49 Clifion, H. Edward, 65 48, 52 , (ii) �FEBRUARY 1969 Colon de Carvajal y Maroto, Cristobal, 67 Columbus, Diego, 67 Commerce, Dept. of, 63 Cormnission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, (2 Communications satellite, 47, 50, 56, 69 Communications Satellite Act of 1962, 68 Communications Satellite Corp. (~om~at~orp), 50, 64, 68, s, Computer Sciences Corp., 60 Condon, Dr. Edward U., 64 Congress, 65 Congress, House of Representatives b u s introduced, 67, 68 bills passed, 68 Conrmittee on.b e d Services, 50 Committee on Interstate and Foreign Comerce, 52 Congress, Senate, 55, 73 Committee on Foreign Relations, 68, 73 Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, 53 CONTACT! The Story of the Early ~irds,6 ' Cosmonaut, 50, 52, 61 Cosmos CCIXV (u.S . S.R. satellite), 55 cosmos CWI, 72 Cosmos CCLXVII, 74 Crab Nebula, 53 Creason, R. L., 7 2 Crowley, Mrs. Peggy, 58 Cuba, 65 Davies, R. W., 76 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 50, 53, 54, 56, 75-76 De GauUe, President Charles (F'rance) , 52 Dewart, Prof. Leslie, 49 Discoverer I (satellite), 75-76 DOT. See Transportation, Dept of. Downs, Dr. George S., 7 1 m i d g e , Dr. Lee A., 53, 55, 62-63 Earth resources, 47 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 56, 70 Edwards AFB, Calif. 49 Eiffel Tower, 52 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 59, 77 Elizabeth II, Queen of Great Britain, 48 . , (iii) �, Environmental Science Services Administrat ion (ESU) 74 ESSA IX (ToS-G) (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) , 73-74 Expanded Use of Federal Research F a c i l i t i e s by University I n v e s t i g a t o r s , 70, 71 Explorer (program), 63 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e 70 F-8 ( f i g h t e r aircraft 57 F-l4A. (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 50 F-U3-A (supersonic fighterj, 62, 67 F-U.33, 62 Fabiola, Queen of Belgium, 58 Fairbanks, Alaska, 74 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 55, 58, 7 3 , 74 Federal. Couricil f o r Science and Technolow, 71 F i s h e r , Paul C . , 6 1 F l e m i n g , A r t k S . , Awards 63 F l i g h t Research Center ( F R C ~ (NASA), 57, 75 France, 48, 71 FRC. See Flight Research Center. Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 68 Fuchlow, Capt William D. (USAF) 62 Gagarin, Col. Y u r i A. (u.s.s.R..), 52, 65 General a v i a t i o n , 52, 73 General mamics Corp., 60 General E l e c t r i c Co., 65 Germany, west, 48, 61, 62 Gill, C. James, 48 Glenn, Col. John H. Jr. (USMC,Ret ), 55 Glendale, Ariz., 50 GCA Corp., 62 Goddasd Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 47, 64, 74 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Fhysics Rranch, 64 Golden Key Award, 58 Goldstone, C a l i f . , 71 Great S a l t Lake, 6 2 Green, D r . Robert L., 58 Grumman Aircraft Engineer* Corp., 50, f l Gunn, Charles R . , 69 The Hague, Netherlands, 48 Hallgren, D r . Richard E . , 63 Hand, Alfred, 69 Hedin, Sven, 64 Hoagland, Hudson, 64 j, . , , . �FEBRUARY 1969 Housing and U r b a n Development, Dept. of (HUD), 53 HuwwT, 58 Uyh, L t . ( u . S . S . R . ) , 50 I n t e g r a l Launch and Re-entry Vehicle (ILFW), 60 INTELSAT. See International Telecommunications Sat e l l i t e Consortium. ink elsat-I11 F-1 (comunicat ions s a t e l l i t e ) , 5 1 Intelsat-111 F-2, 5 1 Lntelsat-I11 F-3, 50-51 I n t e r i o r Dept , 65 3 3 % e r m t i o n d Aeronautical Exposit ion, 67 International Aviation Service Award (FAA), 69 International cooperation, space, 49, 52, 54, 56, 65, International Telecommunications Sat e U i t e Consortium Ion propulsion, 60-61 Italy, 48 Jet Propulsion La-mratory (JPL (Cal Tech), 71, 7 2 Jobe, Capt Robert Earle (US&? , 62 Johns Hopkins Univ., 47, 55, 58 Johnson, Presiderrt Lyndon B., 51, 77 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Kennedy, President John.F., 49, 56, 77 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) (NASA), 60,: 68 Key Biscayne, Fla., 56 Kiesinger, Chancellor' K u r t G. (w. ~ermany) , 61 Kramer, James J., 63 ~remlin,50 Laboratories, 70 Laird, Secretary of .Defense Melvin R., 50, 68 Langley Reseasch Center ( L W ) (NMA), .57, 76 Lannan, John, 5 1 Lapp, D r . Ralph E. , 47 Las Vegas, N w . , 62 Laser, 47 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory 68 Leonov, L/C Aleksey (u.s.s.R. j, 61 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C(NASA), ) 60, 74 Propulsions Systems Acoustics Branch, 63 Lick Observatory, C a l i f . , 53 Li'sbon, Portugal, 48, 68 Lockheed Georgia Co. 73 Lockheed MissFLes 8: Space Co. , 60 London, U. K. 48 . ! . , , , �FEBRUARY 1969 Long-Tank Thrust-Augmented Tbor ( L T T A T ) - D ~ (booster), ~~~ 50, Lunar module (m), 54, 57 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USAF), 66 McDowell, James, 48 Madrid, Spain, 48, 67 Mahnken, Conrad V. W., 65 Mandelbaum, Leonard, 65 Manned space f l i g h t , 47-49, 57 59, 60, 65 Manned Spaceflight Center ( M S C ~(NASA), 60 Mariner (program), 71 Mariner 111 (Mars probe Mariner IV, 70, 7 1 Mariner V I (Maziner F) probe), 70-71 Mariner V I I (Mariner G) Mark, D r . Hans M. 68 Marks, Leonard H . , 71 Mars (planet), 70, 72, 76 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC) (NASA), 60, 62, 75 Mas on-Rust Co 7 5 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (a) 51 , Materials technology, 5.8 Meteorological s a t e l l i t e , 56, 59, 73-74 Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 75 Miller, D r . Joseph S . , 53 Minnesota, Univ. o f h s t i t u t e of Technology, 48, 52 Missile, 50, 54, 59, 61 MIT. See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. Moon exploration o f , 60, 61, 63, 75 landing manned 47, 55, 57, 58, 68 Moscow (u.s.s.R.~, 64 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space Flight Center. Muscat and Oman (sultanate), 58 NASA O f f i c e of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) Lunar and Planetmy Programs Div., 71 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 59 National Aeronautic s and Space Admini s t r a t ion (NASA) , ., ' achievements, 49 anniversaxy, 66 award, 48, 58, 60, 63, 6 9 73 �National Aeronautics and Space Administration (continued) c o n t r a c t , 48, 54, 57, 60, 62, 75, 76 cooperation, 56, 62, 65, 75 cooperat ion, i n t e r n a t i o n a l 48, 5 2, 75 launch probe, 70-71 s a t e U t e , 50-51, 73-74 sounding rocket, 48, 52, 55, 61, 62 personnel, 53, 58, 68 Pro Qrm aeronautics, 49, 57 APOUO, 47, 65 Apolro Applications, 47, 56, 59, 7 6 p l a n e t a r y , 47-48, 72 , Viking, 72, 76 t e s t , 57, 60-61 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NAsc) , 49, 63, 69 National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 72 National Research Council (NRC) Div. o f Engineering, 59 National Science F o u n d a t ' i o n . ( ~ ~ 51, ~ ) , 68 Nat-ional Society of Professional Engineers, 4-7 National Transportation S a f e t y Board, 52 Navigation s a t e l l i t e , 47, 59 N e l l i s AJ?B, Nev'. , 62 Nelson, Bryce, 76 Ness, D r . Norman F., 63 New York, N.Y., 51, 55 Nike-Apache ( sounding rocket ) 6 2 Nike -Tomahawk (sounding rocket ) ' 6 2 Nixon, President Richard M., 52, 58, 64, .72 a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e , 50, 59 science, 51, 70, 71 space program, 54, 56 supersonic t r a n s p o r t , 55, 75 North American Rockwell Corp., 60, 76 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 52, 67, 73 Nuclear power, 47 Oceanography, 6 3 , 65, 66 OtConnell, Joseph J., Jr., 52 Office of Science and Technology (Rresident's), 53, 55 , , �FEBRUARY 1969 OIKeefe, D r . John A . , 64 Organization f o r Economlc Co-Operat ion and Development (OECD ) D i r e c t o r a t e f o r S c i e n t i f i c Affairs, 76 Osgood, John, 67 OSO V ( o r b i t i n g Solar observatory), 72 0 'Toole, Thom,as 57 P a c i f i c Ocean, 66 Palne Field, Wash., 57' P a h e , D r . Thomas O., 58 Palos Verdes, C a l i f . , 69 P a r i s Air Show, 60 Paris, France, 48, 52 Paul VI, Pope, 66 Portugal, 48 P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory Committee, 53 Press comment a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system 59 Press conference,' 52, 54, 62-63, 68, 69 Probe, 53, 70-71 P r o j e c t Tekbite, 65 Pulsar, 5 3 , 71 , Rabi, Dr. I. ., , Radar, 59, 63, 7' . Radiotelescope, 53 R e i c h l e ~ , Paul, 71 Research and development, 51, 53, 76 Richardson, Robert, 63 Rivers, Rep. L. Mendel, 50 Roberts, W a l t e r O r r , 55 Rogers, Secretary of S t a t e William P, 67 Romania, 58 R o y a l Crown Cola I n t e r n a t i o n a l , 55 Royal Society of S c i e n t i s t s , 48 St. J o b , Virgin Islands, 65 St. Louis County Mo San Antonio, Tex., 4.7 S m Clemente I s l a n d , Calif., 66 San Diego, Calif. 7 2 Saturn 13 (uprated Saturn I ) ( b o s t e r ) , 62 Saturn V ( b o o s t e r ) , 60 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M.., Jr. (USN), 58 Science, 51, 53 , , . , �FEBRUARY 1969 Science Policy i n the USSR, 76 Science Research Council (SRC) (u. K. ) , 75 Scientists, 51 Scowt ( b o o s t e r ) , 75 Sealab 111, 66 Seamans, Secretary of the A i r Force Robert C., Jr., 7 S e a t t l e , Wash. 57 S e n t i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 50, 54, 59, 68 SERT I (space E l e c t r i c Rocket T e s t ) , 6 1 SEW XI, 60-61 Serv-Air, Inc., 75 Shabad, Theodore, 50 Shaffer, John H., 74 S h i v e r , Ambassador R. Sargent, Jr 52 Snow, Lord Charles (c. P. ), 49 Sonic boom, 75 Sounding m c k e t , 48, 52, 55, 61, 62 Space, military use of, 56 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 47-48, 54, 56, 62-63, 65, 68, 69, 7 ' 7' Space r e s u l t s , 47, 49, 59, 6 3 Space s t a t i o n , 60 Spain, 48 Spectrometer, 48, 52, 70 Sperry Rand Coxp., 53 Sperry Gyroscope Div., 53 UKITAC Federal Systems Div., 70 Stamp, commemorative, 58, 75 S t a r , 53, 70 S t a r Tracking Rocket A t t i t u d e Positioning (STRAT) system, 55 S t a t e Dept., 54 STOL a i r c r a f i , 63 Stoltenberg, Minister f o r S c i e n t i f i c A f f a i r s Gerhard (K ~ e r m a n y ) , 6 1 , ., Sun, 48, 6 1 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 55, 75 Sweden, 64 Syvertson, Clarence A . , 68 Taccomsat I ical Cormmicat ions s a t e l l i t e ) Television, 51, 59, 64, 70 Thomas, David D. 74 Thor-Delta (booster), 69 Thorad-Agena (booster ) 60, 75 a act , , , 56 �FEBRUARY 1969 Tibet, 64 T i r o s Operational S a t e l l i t e (TOS) system, 73-74 Titan 111-C (booster), 56 Tracking, 47, 60, 70, 75 Transportation, Dept. of (DOT), 55, 60, 67, 74 Trhethylaluminum (TMA) exper b e n t 62 TRW, Inc., 74 Tyle, Sir M a r t i n , 53 Uebel, Theodore C. 69 Unidentified f l y i n g obj e c t (UFO), 64 Union of Concerned S c i e n t i s t s , 51 United Aircraft Corp. P r a t t & Whitney Div., 50 United Kingdom ('u.K. ) 48, 75 House of Commons, 48 United Technology Center 60 Urdversities, 51, 70, 71 University Corp. f o r Atmospheric Research, 55 U. S. A i r Force (w) a i r c r a f t , 48, 49, 60, 62, 67, 73 c o n t r a c t , 60 U. S. Army 'BaUistics Laboratory, 62 U.S. Coast Guard, 65 U . S . Navy (urn), 47, 50, 57, 65, 66, 72-73 U.S.S. E l k River, 66 U.S.S.R=O~ Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,50, 62 budget, 61 cooperation, space, 52, 71 launch sat e l l i t e , , , , cosmos, 5 5 , 72, 74 missile and rocket program, 54, 64, 67, 60 nuclear nonproliferation treaty, 52 probe, 53 science and technology, 76 space program, 6 1 weapons, 6 1 Van Derwalker, John G. 65 Van ard I1 (satellitej, 66 h e l l a t i o n ) , 71 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 55 Venus V (u.s. S.R. Venus pobe), 53 �FEBRUARY 1969 Venus VI, 53 Vidal, Eugene Luther, 69 Vietnam War, 61 73 Viking ( P r o ~ r a n j ,72, 7 6 V i l l a r d , Henry Serrano, 67 Volpe, Secretary of Transportation John A., 55, 74 Waddell, Jack, 57 Waller, Richard A., 65 Wallops Station (NASA), 62, 74 Wampler, Dr. E. Joseph, 53 Washington Academy of Sciences, 69 Washington A i r l h e s , 63 Washington, D. C. 5 5 , 63, 69, 7 2 Weapon systems, 52, 53 Webb, James E., 53 Weightlessness, 61 Welsh, Dr. Edward C., 49 West German A i r and Space Research Institute, 61 Western Test Range (wR),60, 75 Whit comb, Dr. Richard T., 57 White House, 54, 62 White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), N. Mex. , 55, 61 Wilson, Rep. Chaxles H. 67 Wilson, Prime Minister Harold, 48 Wing, aircraft, 57 Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, 64 Wright, O r v i l l e , 67 Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, 49 WSMII. See White Sands Missile Range. XB-70 (supersonic research aircrart) , 49 , , GPO 8 7 8 0 3 s �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000123 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics February 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-02-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 23 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18073 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1267/spc_stnv_000124.pdf 8c9f4e9a31147f22a339b6e02eea55ab PDF Text Text ON SCIEKCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY - ' : (m-23) , 5,;* ' rT f.2 . 4 1 . , ,a - I by sci'e'&e and Technology Division Library of Congress . 1 I I - .+. ! , . Historical Division (EH) Office of Policy National Aeronautics and Space Administration .Washington, D.C. 20546 ;.uf ( P ~ S RETURN E COMMENTS AND SURPLUS COPIES TO EH) �A U G U S T 1969 �August 1: Lick Observatory s c i e n t i s t s s u c c e s s W y recorded f i r s t h i t s 03 l a s e r reflect.or l e f t on moon by Apollo 1 1 astronauts. Hits, which came af'ter 2,000-3,000 unsuccessful attempts by Lick and McDonald Observatories, were made by Lick's 120-in telescope--world's second l a r g e s t . S c i e n t i s t s f i r e d 500 pulses with pure xed beam of ruby l a s e r . Each pulse l a s t e d 15-20 b i l l i o n t h s of a second, reached moon i n 1 . 3 secs, and bouncedback i n same time. Target--18-in-square panel of 100 three-faced prisms of fused silica--was h i t about threefourths of time. (GSFC ~ i s t o r i a n ) . JPL, engineers reported Mariner VII, enroute t o Mars, had suffered sudden change i n velocity--possibly because of gas l e a k from pressure can i n i n f r a r e d spectrometer--that could throw o f f i t s approach t o Mars. Also, 20 of 92 telemetry. channels, including one t h a t aimed Tf camera platform toward Mars, had not operated properly a f t e r con-trollers l o s t contact with spacecraft July 30. When engineers turned on TV cameras, however, they began .taking pictures t h a t appeared t o Be of Mars. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/2/69, A4) . Dr. Wilmot N. Hess, Director of Science and Applications a t MSC, announ2ed he would leave NASA i n September t o became Director of Research Laborat o r i e s f o r ESSA i n Boulder, Colo. His successor had n0.t; yet been selected. D r . Hess said he was taking new position because job was challenging one i n growing organization with important mission. "We have passed a milestone i n t h e manned space f l i g h t program by t h e recent lunar landing. W e have put t h e Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n t o operat i o n and it i s performing i t s mission well. We have placed instruments on t h e moon successfully and have t h e s c i e n t i f i c program f o r t h e next several lunar missions well organized." Before going t o MSC, D r . H e s s served as Chief of Laboratory f o r Theoretical Studies a t GSFC, 1961-1967. (MSC Release 69-54) ' . I n t e l s a t -111F-2 cansat (launched Dec. 18, 1%8), which had stopped operating June 29 when mechanically despun ant eima m ~ cioned, t was restored t o service. l n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d ) ,reactivated June 30, had worked with I n t e l s a t - I 1 F-3 t o provide service during i n t e r r u p t ion. (CmSatCorp Release 69-49) . President Nixon arrived a t Lahore, Pakistan, during round-the-world journey. Pakistan President Y&ya Khan s a i d a t a i r p o r t , "The City of Lahore i s happy t o receive you on i t s h i s t o r i c s o i l and t o share your joy a t t h e most recent and t h e most memorable triumph of human cowage, determination, and s c i e n t i f i c skill which was achieved by your astronauts when they were first t o land on t h e moon." (m), 8/4/69, 1060) �Aumst 1: LRL technicians Ronald J. EufM and George E. Williams, accidently exposed t o lunar samples when glove used t o examine samples cracked, were placed i n quarantine with Apollo U astronauts, 2 doctors, and 1 2 technicians, cooks, and other employees. (W Post, 8/2/69, ~4) . James L. Stamy, Deputy Manager of Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y since 1962, became Acting Manager, replacing D r . George N. Constan, who re'tired July 31. (MSFC Release 69-169) . U .S . Army Collateral Invest i g a t ion Board appointed t o invest igat e March 1 2 crash of AH-56.A Cheyenne helicopter, in which c i v i l i a n p i l o t David A. Beil l o s t h i s l i f e , issued report. It found accident was caused by divergent, low-frequency, main-rotor o s c i U a t i o n and p i l o t had been k i l l e d by r o t o r blades. Manufacturer, LockheedCalifornia Co., had " f a i l e d t o exercise due care and judgment iil the planning and exemtion of f l i g h t 288 and in so doing f a i l e d t o adhere t o an acceptable l e v e l of sound i n d u s t r i a l practice. " ( ~ e x)t . M/G James T. Stewart, former Vice Director of USAF' s Manned O r b i t i n g Laboratory (MOL) program, had been named Deputy Chief of S t a f f f o r Systems, Gen. James Ferguson, AFSC Commander, gmounced. Gen. Stewart would replace M / G John L. Zoeckler, who r e t i r e d from USAJ? July 31. (USC Release 130.69) . USN amounced award o f $ 4 6 l - ~ i o ncontract t o Locmeed Aircraft Corp. f o r development of S-34 carrier-based antisubmarine-warfare a i r c r a f t , formerly designated VSX. Contract, t o be f'unded over five-years, was f o r 6 R&D a i r c r a f t with option t o procure 193 production models, cont igent upon successrul development phase. (DOD Release 647 -69) , Christian Science Monitor r e p r b t e d London Economist e d i t o r i a l : ' "When Europe drew pride and s t a t u s f r o m i t s colonies, t h e Americans had none: the t a b l e s a r e turned now. While t h e United S t a t e s r i n g s July 2 l s t red on its calendar, Europe faces t h e probability t h a t when t h e planets are opened up we Europeans w i l l have no p a r t i n doing it. The idea, a t t h i s l a t e stage, of a European manned space p r o g r m e i s nonsense. The policy t h a t would make more sense would be t o approach t h e United States t o see i f t h e Administration w i l l accept some foreign collaboration in t h e hugely expensive next y e w s of its space programme. I3' t h e next American objective i s Mars, a sensible Admini s t r a t i o n may welcome help and participation--especially i f this excludes pressure t o co-operat e with t h e . Russians There w i l l be no opportunity in t h i s generation that it would cost us more t o miss." (CSM, 8/1/69) .. .. �August 2: Press conference on Mariner V I prelimSnary r e s u l t s was held a t JPL. S c i e n t i s t s reported experiments had revealed t h a t : r e curring ' white blob seen in previous Mars pictures was 300-mi-wide c r a t e r with peak in center; l i n e a r features known as canals were a c t u a l l y l a r g e , i r r e g u l a r , low-contrast splotches without s p e c i f i c d e t a i l ; temperature i n e q u a t o r i a l area ranged from 75% t o -100?F; atmosphere was almost nonexistent; Mars had no sharply defined borders separating l i g h t and dark areas; and Martian surface was more heavily cratered t h a i previously believed. D r . Charles A. B&h of Univ. of Colorado said any l i f e on Mars tu-odd be very d i f f e r e n t from l i f e on earth--perhaps form that used carbon dioxide. He s a i d W spectrometer had found atomic carbon and carbon monoxide, but no t r a c e s of nitrogen--essential t o l i f e on earth. D r . George C. Pimentel of Univ. of California a t Berkeley s a i d i n f r a r e d spectrometer had detected presence of unknown compound r e l a t e d t o methane--building block of l i f e on earth. He a l s o reported detect i o n of super-thin l a y e r of water i c e hanging i n atmosphere above Mars equator. (Auerbach, W Post, 8/3/69, A3; Lannan, W Star, 8/3/69, ~ 5 ) - . NASA's Mariner V I I t e l e v i s e d t w o good t e s t ' pictures before s t a r t of i t s f i r s t s e r i e s of 34 approach shots more than 1 m i l X o n m i from Mars, (e, W Star, 8/2/69, ~ 3 ) . Initial r e s u l t s of t e s t s a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory in which mice were e x p o s e d t o lunar samples showed no indication of life on moon, LRL p r e ventative medicine s p e c i a l i s t D r . Norman D. Jones reported. ALL 24 s t e r i l i z e d mice t h a t had lunar dust injected i n t o t h e i r stomachs July 3 and 240 mice innoculated Aug, 1were "alive and kicking.. They have shown no untoward reaction t o t h e sample and seem t o be i n very good health." (AT, W S t a r , 8/3/69, ~ 5 ) .. . Lick O b s e m t o r y s c i e n t i s t s said they had measured distance between e a r t h and moon t o be 226,970.9 m i , based on data *om Aug. 1 t e s t i n which l a s e r beam successfully h i t r e f l e c t o r afimoon. Figure was accurate t o within 150 fi and eventually d g h t be pinned down t o inches. (AP, W Post, 8/4/69, Ah) . Romanian President Nicolae Ceausescu met President and Mrs. Nixon on a r r i v a l a t Otopeni Airport, Bucharest. President Nixon r e p l i e d t o welcome: " . . . t h i s s i g n i f i c a n t moment i n t h e h i s t o r y of r e l a t i o n s between our two countries coincides with a great moment in t h e h i s t o r y of t h e human-race. Mankind has landed on t h e moon. We. have established a foothold i n outer space. But t h e r e are goals �August 2 (continued) we have not reached here on earth. We a r e s t i l l building a j u s t peace i n t h e world. This i s a work ' t h a t requires t h e same cooperation and patience and perseverance from men of good w i l l t h a t it took t o launch t h a t vehicle t o t h e moon." (g,8/4/69, ~ 6 5 ) . Washi&on Post editorial: " I t is not of'ten t h a t t h e public has a chance t o share i n t h e day t o day unraveling of s c i e n t i f i c mysteries. The men and women who engage in basic research prefer t o work q u i e t l y in laborat o r i e s and eventually announce t h e i r findings i n t h e atmosphere of scholarly meetings o r academic publications. But at Houston and Pasadena [MSC and JPL] t h e s e days, t h e public has became a s i l e n t observer of t h e plodding work t h a t goes i n t o basic research. Regardless of the drama t h a t i s involved, t h e study of t h e rocks brought back by Apollo U from t h e moon and of t h e p i c t u r e s being transmitted back by Mariners 6 and 7 as they f l y past Mars i s simply basic research. Although results a r e t r i c k l i n g out each day, t h e dimensions of each discovery are hard t o measure and an understanding of t h e i r cumulative impact i s l i k e l y t o be long i n coming. " (W Post, 8/2/69, ~ 1 2 ) A t Andrews AFB, on return from world $our, President Nixon said: A ust 3 I noted t h a t so many, p a r t i c u l a r l y of the young people, *&arest held up a newspaper picture of the astronauts landing on t h e moon, and everywhere we went it was t h e same. Some way, when those two Americans stepped on t h e moon, t h e people o f t h i s world were brought closer t o gether. . .I r e a l l y f e e l in my heart t h a t it is.. .the s p i r i t of Apollo, t h a t America can now help t o bring t o all r e l a t i o n s with other nations. The s p i r i t of Apollo can bring the people of t h e world together in peace. " (g, 8/4/69, 1071-2) . ... , New York Times published interview in which Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp. President L. J. Evans expressed concern over p o s s i b i l i t y of f a i l u r e in future space missions, "It has been one b i g ' g m b l e up t o t h i s point. This country must ccme up with rescue hardware. It w o u l d be shocking if someone got stuck i n o r b i t someplace. " He s a w need f o r four space f a c i l - t i e s : space s t a t i o n i n e a r t h or lunar o r b i t , s h ~ t t l ef o r t r a v e l between earth and space laboratory, space "tug" t o go between nonatmospheric o r b i t s , and rescue vehicle. ampel el, F,8/3/69, ~ 7 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l commented on Apollo 1l lunar landing and Marher V I Mars mission: "Future generations may well regard the l a s t two weeks of J u l y 1969 as the most revolutionary and s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t n i g h t of t h e e n t i r e twentieth century. Not for 300 �August 3 (continued) years has any compuable quantum leap i n man's howledge of t h e Cosmds taken place in so b r i e f a time. " (E, 8/3/69, 10) . There was no quest ion t h a t manned Mars mission could be "organized, equipped and flown, possibly 'by 1985 o r 1986, " William Kines s a i d i n WashingLon Sunday S t a r . "But t h e cost of such a f l i g h t would be tremendous." Apollo had cost $25 b i l l i o n over eight years.' Project Mars "would cost four times as much over a period twice as long." Taxpayers and l e g i s l a t o r s "should l i s t e n t o t h e professional pitchmen of space with a dubious ear, demanding f a c t s instead of t h e s o r t of r h e t o r i c D r . George E. Mueller delivered on ApoUo 11 splashdown day. " (W S t a r , 8/3/69, ~ 4 ) August 3-4: Photos of Mars taken from 65,000-mi a l t i t u d e byNASA1s Mariner VII were received by JPL and shown l i v e on TV. Although p i c t u r e s were c l e a r , canals were barely v i s i b l e as dark splotchy areas, indicating they were not sharply defined features a s previously believed. Viewers s a w 100-mi-wide, 750-mi-long dark streak i d e n t i f i e d as Agathadaemon canal, Ceberus canal i n l i g h t Plateau Elysium area, and Martian south pole with c r a t e r s f i l l e d with substance resembling snow o r i c e , Pictures showed white grid p a t t e r n around Nix Olympics, i d e n t i f i e d by Mariner V I photos as 300-mi-wide crater. Absence in Mariner VII photos of bright streak on Tempe desert near Mars north pole t h a t had been v i s i b l e i n ~ ai nre i V I photos suggested met eorologicaL phenomenon similar to earth's seasonal changes. South polar cap, which was 2,500 m i across in Mariner VII photos, shrank t o 250 m i across i n Martian summer and increased t o 3,500 m i across i n winter. ( ~ u e r b a c h , w post, 8/5/69, u ) August 4 : S c i e n t i s t s a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory opened l a s t box of Apollo L l lunar samples containing charcaal-gray dust and assorted rocks ranging from gravel t o s i z e of orange, NASA geologist D r . Jeffrey.L. Warner described rocks as "different from anything we have on earth." Some of rocks had f l a t faces a n d appeared t o have been broken o f f l a r g e r chunks of rnzterial. Rocks i n f i r s t box of s&?nples had been rounded. Some rocks contained unidentified crystals that sparkled; others had "an unusual smattering of what appeared t o be metallics," possibly illemite (iron-titanium mineral (UPI, W Post, 8/5/69, A6; oxide), important source of titmiurn. AP, B 8/5/69, f i ) a, �August 4: NAS-NRC Space Science Board published A Program for Exploration. Report detailed program f o r m n n e d exploration from 197'4 t o early' 1980s; reaffirmed goals set by e a r l i e r study emphasizing e x p e r h e n t s contributing t o understanding of o r i g i n and evolution of solar system, of l i f e , and of dynamic processes i n t e r r e s t r i a l environment; and agreed exploration would concentrate on planets but time i n f l i g h t would permit study of interplanetary medium. Missions recommended were 1 4 4 3upiter deep-entry probe and flyby, 1976 J u p i t e r o r b i t , 1yi"j' eeh-Jupiter-Saturn-Pluto probes, 199 earth-Jupiter-Uranus-Neptune probes, and earth-Jupiter-Uranus e n t r y probes i n e a r l y 1930s. Vigorous national program could be developed f o r small f r a c t i o n of total NASA program cost and increased portion of space budget should be devoted t o planetary exploration. Report, o r i g i n a t i n g f'rorn June 1968 study chaired by D r . James A. Van Allen of Univ. of Iowa and D r . Gordon 3 . F. MacDonald of Univ. of California a t Santa Barbara, recommended NASA include long-term outer s o l a r system exploration plan i n 191 Congressional budgetary presentation. ( ~ e x t ) . NASA's Pegasus IT1 meteoroid detection s a t e l l i t e , launched July 30, 1965, reentered earth atmosphere a t 2:04 am CDT over Indian Ocean a t 3.h0 N. l a t i t u d e and 56.Y0E. longitude. Pegasus III was l a s t i n s e r i e s of t h r e e Pegasus s a t e l l i t e s with 96-ft-long detector panels launched t o determine flrequency of meteoroids in near-earth environment. All t h r e e had been turned off i n 1968 after operating f o r more than double design lifetime. Few hours before reentry, c o n t r o l l e r s comanded Pegasus 111 beacon t o begin operating again and beacon functioned s a t i s f a c t o r i l y u n t i l s a t e l l i t e was destroyed by r e e n t r y heat. ( W C Release 69-170; CSFC 8/15/69) . ERC announced it had developed and successfuJJy f l i g h t - t e s t e d "Flying Baton," simple, low-cost device t o provide eye-level a r t i f i c i a l horizon f o r p i l o t s . Developed by Center's W i l l i a m J. O'Keefe, device could contribute t o more "head-up" flying, be uSed f o r precision a t t i t u d e flying, and allow p i l o t more time t o look outside a i r c r a f t . (ERC Release 69-19) . DOTandand HUD announced $166,734 project f o r studies t o recommend shortlong-term r e l i e f Prom a i r c r a f t noise a t John F. Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, New York; 0 'Hare Lnternat i o n d A i r p o r t , Chicago ; Bradley International Airport, Hartford, Conn. ; and Cape Kennedy Regional Airport, Fla. Area r e f l e c t e d cross - section of a i r p o r t ' s i t u a t i o n s . Studies were t o define noise problems, t o i d e n t i f y �August 4 (continued) a c t i v i t i e s a w e c t i n g problems, , t o i d e n t i f y approaches t o land use compatible with a i r p o r t locations, and t o analyze f e a s i b i l i t y of cornpat i b l e land development i n high-noi se areas. (DOT Release 18369) . Apollo 8 comemorative medallions containing metal carried on mission "as a token of appreciation f o r each individual's e f f o r t s i n e i n g t h e United States lunar pro ram possible, " NASA Hq. Weekly Bulletin said. (NASA Hq WB -9 w e r e being d i s t r i b u t e d t o NASA employees 814769, 1) - August 4-5: NASA's Mariner V I I transmitted f i r s t closeup photos of Mars south pole a s it flew within 2,103 m i of planet. Dr. Robert I?. Sharp, geologist a t C a l Tech, said 31 photos might look l i k e "baby p i c t u r e s of Earth. This i s what t h e E a r t h might have looked l i k e some four b i l l i o n years ago before it developed an atmosphere and oceans t o weather i t s surface and nurture l i f e . " Photos taken on passAug. 4 were t r a n s m i t t e d t o JPLAug. 5. Polar cap, which had appeared gleamhg white i n more d i s t a n t photos, looked d u l l gray in-closeups. Pictures showed south p o l a r cap with snow-like substance--possibly frozen carbon dioxide--piled up i n v a s t dunes; pocked with deep, steeply walled c r a t e r s ; and much darker than desert t o north. Floor of bright circular Hellas desert area, believed t o be shallow c m t e r or collapsed area, was strangely f r e e of meteorite hapact c r a t e r s , Mariner VII (launched March 27) with Mariner V I (launched Feb. 24) had provided most d e t a i l e d information t o date on Mars, including 198 photos coverjsg 2C$ of planet and d e t a i l e d s c i e n t i f i c d a t a *om onboard experiments. Data indicated: t h i n M&ian atmosphere had no detectable nitrogen; south polar cap, which appeared white and smoothly c i r c u l a r i n telescope, pictures, was ragged with dark splotch i n center; surface temperatures ranged from 7 5 9 ' t o -100%; some of narrower t h i n dark l i n e s called canals might be segments of rubbled rims of c r a t e r s up t o 303 m i across; and Martian surface, though heavily pocked, was not as rugged as lunar surface. (AP, 3 8 / 6 / 6 9 , Al; AP, WStar, 8/6/69, 117; Auerbach, W Post, 8/6/69, ~ 3 ) a, August 5 : D r . Thomas 0, Paine, NASA Administrator, and other t o p NASA o f f i c i a l s t e s t i f i e d on f u t u r e space programs before Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. �August 5 (continued) he decade of the 1 4 0 ' s Introducing programs, D r . Paine said: aria 1930's should have a program as bold in concept and as productive a s we have had i n t h e decade of the 1960's. we need to have c l e a r t o annual objectives t o focus our work and a commitrttent, subject review, as t o what these achievements w i l l be. Our general goal area should be t h e continued exploration of the solar system while! derivjng t h e maximum s c i e n t i f i c and p r a c t i c a l b e n e f i t s here on earth f r o m t h e space program. There is no question t h a t , a t some f'uture t h e , we will have t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r manned planetary exploration and we need t o face now some of t h e decisions t h a t w i l l not bear f r u i t i o n f o r more than a decade. Although I do not believe that we will see manned exploration of t h e planets in the 1 9 0 ' s in t h e United S t a t e s . , . I do t h i n k t h i s could come i n t h e 1930's. It i s by no means c l e a r t h a t f o r t h e Soviet Union t h e decision may-not be made t o mount a crash program and bring t h i s i n before t h e end of the decade of the lS/O1s." Dr. Wernher von Braun, MSC Director, described possible manned Mars expedition in which two spacecraft would leave e a r t h Nov. 12, 1981; a r r i v e in Mars o r b i t Aug. 9, 1982; remain in Mars o r b i t for 80 days, performing surface landing operations during which 6 of t o t a l 1 2 crew members would v i s i t Martian surface; leave M a s in October 1982, making swingby of Venus in 123 days; and r e t u r n t o earth o r b i t Aug. 14, 1983. Two NERVA engines f o r each spacecraft would power departure from e&h o r b i t and r e t u r n t o o r b i t f o r l a t e r reuse. Third nuclear stage would remain with spacecraft t o power entry i n t o Mars o r b i t and return . t o earth. Nuclear stages would be placed in o r b i t by separate Launches. "Truly reusable vehicle" would be needed t o f l y from e a r t h t o r e f u e l stages. Each spacecraft would weigh 1.6 million l b s a t departure from earth o r b i t and would be 270 f't long, "smaller than what we are flying already t o t h e moon." Each should be able t o c a r r y all 1 2 astronauts i n case one ship should be put out of commission. On a r r i v a l a t Mars, unmanned landers would probe Mars and r e t u r n s o i l t o orbitlng c r a f t . Only after analysis would c r e w descend i n larger l a r d e r with small biological laboratory. During planetary o r b i t , two ships could be joined. If a r t i f i c i a l gravity proved desirable, joined spacecraft could be spun slowly t o create gravity by c e n t r i f b g a l force NASA was using "concept of r e u s a b i l i t y " i n planning, t o improve and reduce cost of operating in space, D r . George E. Mueller, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , t o l d Cornittee, Reusability could be achieved "through t h e reuse of launch and space vehicles and ...through t h e reuse of a'mission module such as a space ... . ... �August 5 ( continued) s t a t i o n " put i n t o o r b i t and used over 10-yr o r even 20-yr period. Space s h u t t l e s would be designed t o r u n 100 or more f l i g h t s . Modules vehicles would be designed f o r multiple applications i n earth, lunar, and synchronous o r b i t s . Space tug would permit t r a v e l *om space s t a t i o n t o other spacecraft and back again--"generaJ. purpose equipment." In e a r t h o r b i t a l operations, " i t permits us t o f l y off from t h e space s t a t i o n over to.. .an QAO, orbiting astronomical observatory, e i t h e r to r e p a i r o r check t h e (240, or t o bring it back t o a space s t a t i o n where it can then be loaded on t h e space s h u t t l e f o r return t o e a r t h and then brought back i n t o o r b i t a f t e r repairs. " D r . John E. N a m e , NASA Associate Administrator f o r Space Science -f l i g h t s and Applications, reviewed information from Mariner V I and VII past Mars. He concludedthat with "excellent data we a r e g e t t i n g t h i s year" two Mariner 1971 spacecraft would be able successfully t o "map t h e planet and watch f o r surface changes," And NASA confidence i n a b i l i t y of 1973 Viking orbiter-lander project t o do s c i e n t i f i c research a l s o had increased. ( ~ r a n s c r i ~ t ) ... . Foqx LRL technicians--Miss Heather A. Owens, Chauncey C. Park, Roy G. Coons, and Riley Wilson--were placed i n i s o l a t e d area under quarantine after, being exposed t o l u n a r material when l i n e carrying contaminated material from vacuum chambers t o disposal area burst, spraying lunar material i n t o examining roam. Mishap, second i n which LRLtechnicians were exposed t o t o t a l number of persons under lunar rnsterial 1see Aug. 11, bro A3; MSC Hist o f f ) quarantine t o 23. (AP, W Post, . NASA announced resignat ion o f Astronaut F. Curtis Michel, e f f e c t i v e Aug. 18. D r . Michel, who had been on one-year leave of absence from NASA t o do s c i e n t i f i c research a t Rice Univ. in Houston, s a i d that--although he m s reluctant t o leave NASA and prospect of f l i g h t in space--he wanted t o devote f'ull time t o research a t Rice. Resignation reduced number of NASA astronauts t o 48. (MSC Release 69-55) . NASA n o t i f i e d I n s t i t u t o Geofisico d e l Peru t h a t $2-million NASA tracking s t a t i o n near Lima, Peru, would be closed because of s h i f t i n g pmgran requirements a d economic reasons. Station, t o be phased out by November, had p a r t i c i p a t e d i n more than 75 s a t e l l i t e missions since 1957. ( W A Release 69-117) . Dept. of I n t e r i o r mnoxnced grant of $100,225 f o r research i n t o health, s a f e t y , and water pollution i n c 3 s l mining operations. Island Creek Coal Co would determine if miners equipped with self-contained breathing apparatus similar t o astronaut s ' could work e f f i c i e n t l y i n mines f i l l e d with nitrogen or other inert gas. (DOI Release 17784-69) . �launched Cosmos CCXCI f h m Baikonur i n t o o r b i t with. ( 8 8 . 9 4 . ) perigee, 91.2-min period, and 62.2O inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Sept. 8. (CSFC g , 8/15/69; 9/15/69; SED,. 8/7/69, 109) August 6: U.S.S.R. 527-lm (327.5-mi) apogee, 143-hm , NASA's HL-10 lif'ting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A. Manke, reached. 78,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1.55 af'ter a i r launch from 8-52 aircraf't a t 45,030-ft a l t i t u d e west of Rosamond, C a l i f . objective of flight, 23rd in s e r i e s , was t o obtain d a t a on performance, s t a b i l i t y , and control--especially r o l l control. (NASA Proj o f f ) . PIASA named f l i g h t crews f o r Apollo 13 and 14 lunar landing missions. Prime crewmen f o r ApoUo 13 were Astronauts James A. Love=, Jr. (commander), Thomas K. Mattingly I1 (CM p i l o t ) , and Fred W. Haise, Jr. (M p i l o t ) . Backup crew was composed of Astronauts John W. Young, John L. Swigert , Jr , and Charles M. Duke, Sr . Apollo 14 prime crewmen were Astronauts Alan B. Shepard, Jr. (commander), Stuart A, Roosa . . ( C M p i l o t ) , and Edgar D. Mitchell (LM p i l o t ) . Backup crew was Astronauts Eugene A. Cernan, Ronald E. h s , and Joe E. Engle. Both missions would include lunar exploration and deployment of Apollo lunar surface experiment packages (ALSEP), Total lunar surface s t a y time would include two JWA periods of t h r e e hours each and would not exceed 35 h r s . F l i & t s would be f i r s t f o r Astronauts Mattin&, Haise, Roosa, and Mitchell. (NASA Release 69-115) a . Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A. Armstmng and E d w h E. Aldrin, Jr. , quarantined in LRI;, discussed lunar surface a c t i v i t i e s with about 4b s c i e n t i s t s and geologists over closed-circuit TV. Astronauts s a i d lunar surface was r i c h with i n t e r e s t i n g rocks. They described snail, walnut-size fragnents which appeared translucent o r t r a n s parent, with r e f l e c t i n g surfaces l i k e quartz c r y s t a l s ; s p a t t e r s of glass on rocks, e s p e c i a l l y on rocks on bottom of c r a t e r s ; and rocks shaped l i k e automobile d i s t r i b u t o r caps, which appeared t o be weathered o r eroded and sculptured a t t o p i n cyl&drical shape. Astronauts s a i d t h e y r e g r e t t e d not being able t o r e t r i e v e more lunar rocks and suggested t h a t future Apollo astronauts be equipped with e x t r a pocket or shoulder bag so t h e y could c o l l e c t i n t e r e s t i n g rocks a s they'saw them. (W Post, 8/7/69, ~ 4 AP, ; B Sun, 8/7/69, ~ 8 ) . D i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with substandard performance i n other p a r t s of society was "something worthwhile t h a t the Space Program is contributing t o t h e United States, " NASA Administrator, D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, said i n speech before National Press Club i n Washington, D.C. "I hope we �August 6 (continued) have spurred our society and our people t o demand higher performance, t o s e t bolder goals, and then t o have t h e gumption t o stand up before t h e whole world and demonstrate whether o r not t h e goals a r e achieved. I' Space program had a l s o t a u g h t "need f o r broadly e n l i s t i n g not only American capability, but t h e best people f'rom around t h e world w i l l i n g t o throw t h e i r competence' and a port ion of t h e i r careers i n t o challenging endeavors." It had "unleashed i n t h e 1960's t h e t a l e n t s ahd energies of a technological generation. " U. S. must continue "to put together bold prograws t h a t w i l l r e l e a s e t h e creative energies of our people i n product ive channels. " D r . Paine thought h i s t o r y would record a s "the great contribution o f our generation" astronauts ' blazing of " t r a i l f o r all f u t u r e generat i o n s of men who want to...conquer new worlds.... Through man's brains, energy and resources l i f e can--and l i f e w i l l - - e x t e n d it s e l f through t h e s o l a r system The lg80ts a r e very c l e a r l y t h e decade i n which both we and t h e Soviet Union, with reasonable-sized space programs i n t h e 1970's, w i l l develop a technological capability f o r landing on Mars. " I n response t o questions, D r . Paine said: "It seems c l e a r t o me that t h e r e a r e increasing opportuaities f o r a l l nations t o work together in space exploration and application. Certainly we and t h e Russians can and should cooperate more c l o s e l y . i n space science so our two programs can produce greater r e s u l t s than t h e simple sum of their outputs. 'I r ran script ) ... .... Future space p r o g r m was described by D r . George E. MuelLer, NASA Associate Administrat or f o r Manned Space Flight, before NationaL Space Club in Washington, D.C. Reusable nuclear vehicle t o s e r v e as space s h u t t l e between space s t a t i o n in e a r t h o r b i t and space s t a t i o n i n lunar o r b i t would be "final l i n k t h a t would permit us t o reduce t h e cost of operation t o something l i k e $200 f o r moving a pound of material from the e a r t h 1s surface t o t h e lunar surface and r e t m a s compared t o something l i k e $100 thousand a pound using today s techniques. Similar reductions i n t h e cost of tYansportation t o t h e earth o r b i t a l s t a t i o n w i l l permit us f o r t h e f i r s t time t o consider processing materials i n space, t o use space f o r t h e kind of laboratory work t h a t we now associate with ground-based laborat o r i e s . " By end of 1970s "we would f k d so many uses f o r operations i n synchronous o r b i t both f o r observing t h e universe and f o r observing t h e eazth t h a t we would have established a space s t a t i o n i n synchronous o r b i t which would be regularly supplied by a nuclear s h u t t l e system and which would provide us with d i r e c t t e l e v i s i o n broadcasting and d i r e c t r a d i o broadcasting t o the homes of a l l - p e o p l e in t h e world, a s well as providing u s with great s t e l l a r obsemrat o r i e s and a viewing platform �August 6 ( continued) f o r air t r a f f i c control, navigation and f o r a permanent weather watch; " . . . t h i s approach t o using space i s one that i s r e a d i l y extended, once t h e s h u t t l e c a p a b i l i t y has been developed, t o a corresponding approach f o r planetary exploration and...the same nuclear s h u t t l e system together with the space s t a t i o n modules need only t o be supplemented by a Mars landing module t o permit us t o c a r r y out t h e f i r s t manned planetary expedition t o Mars. 'I ( ~ e x)t August 7 : . s c i e n t i s t s a t SPL presented conflicting opinions on preliminary d a t a f'rom Mariner V'1 and Marber V I I flybys of W s . D r . George C, Pimentel and D r . Kenneth C. Herr of Univ. of California at Berkley s a i d d a t a f ram infrared spectrometer indicated presence of gaseous &nia and methaae i n Martian atmosphere. 'We a r e confident t h a t w e have detected s o l i d carbon dioxide t h a t i s not on t h e surface; t h a t i s , it i s suspended as a cloud above t h e polar cap. Our data are consistent with and suggest t h a t t h e polar cap i s composed of water i c e and probably not s o l i d carbon dioxide near t h e polar cap edge." If l i f e didexistonMars,theysaid, itcouldbe~inregionnearedgeofpolar icecap where "polar i c e provides a reservoir of water" and s o l i d carbon dioxide cloud "provides protection from u l t r a v i o l e t radiation. " D r . Gerry Neugebauer of C a l Tech s a i d t m p e r a t u r e of Mars was "strong circumstantial evidence that t h e polar caps are i n fact predominantly made of carbon dioxide." Infrared radiometer experiment, which measured temperatures on Martian surface, indicated t h a t temperat u r e of south polar cap was close t o -253°~--temperature a t which carbon dioxide would s o l i d i f y i n t h i n Martian atmosphere. W spectrometer experiment had found l a r g e amount of W radiation r e f l e c t e d from south polar icecap, indicating t h a t W light from sun was penetrating t h i n Martian atmosphere and reaching surface. D r . Charles Hord of Univ, of Colorado s a i d strong W r a d i a t i o n reaching surface "would destroy many of the important molecular bonds of organic compounds. I' If l i f e did e x i s t on Mars, he s a i d , it "must be p r e t t y strong stuff, 'I or it must have some means of protection against W rays. D r . Robert B. Leighton of C a l Tech s a i d one of most s t r i k i n g r e s u l t s of Mariner photos was indication of dynamic process occurring on Martian surface. Unlike r e s t of Martian surface, which was heavily cratered and closely resembled moon, Hellas area appeared t o be smooth and free of c r a t e r s . "Hellas i s t h e f i r s t non-lunar-like feature" ckiscovered by Mariner V11, he said. Apparently t h e r e was " a c t i v i t y in t h a t region which i s o b l i t e r a t i n g c m t e r s as fast as they are being f omed. " isho hop, WSJ, 8/8/69; Sullivan, E,8 / 8 / 6 9 , - 1; Lannan, W S t a r , 8/8/69, ~ 4 ) , ' �Lunar Receiving Laboratory s c i e n t i s t s presented first compreAugust 7: hensive report on preliminary study of lunar samples collected by Apollo U astronauts ; ~ x ~ e r & e nindicated ts t h e r e was no l i f e i n sample and t r a c e s of organic material reported earlier'were probably from a s t r o n a v t s t spacesuits and containers, ruaber gloves, and t o o l s used t o handle material. (Traces of hydrocarbons i n two samples of lunar dust had been reported Aug. 6) Autopsies performed on 48 mice i n j e c t e d with lunar dust and then k i l l e d had shown no signs of germs o r i l l n e s s . Detailed analyses of samples would begin i n l a t e September when material would be released from quarantine and d i s t r i b u t e d t o 146 principal. investigators i n 9 countries.' (AP, W Star, 8/8/69, A&; Sullivan, NyT, 8/7/69, 1 ) , Sen. Ralph W. Yarborough (D- ex. ) offered amendment t o X.R. ll271, FY 1970 NASA authorization b i l l , [see June 241 t o increase funds f o r NASA R&D and program management from amount reported by Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences t o amount passed by House. Increases would t o t a l $256.50 million i n R&D and $6.35 million i n research and program management. He said: ''My amendment authorizes t h e bare minimum t h a t we, a s a nation, should commit,to space. I t s adoption i s v i t a l t o t h e proper balance i n our national p r i o r i t i e s ; it i s v i t a l t o t h e f i t u r e of our exciting and promising space program; and it i s v i t a l , i n m y opinion, t o t h e i n t e r e s t s and well-being of our country. " 8/7/69, ~ 9 3 8 3 ) (s, . Washington Post published r e s u l t s of J& 26-28 Gallup survey, which found public lukewarm about Government f'undhg of manned Mars landing. While majority o f young a d u l t s favored idea, majority of those 30 o r over opposed it. Generally, 3% of those polled favored attempt t o land m a n on Mars, 5% opposed, and €$had no opinion. Blacks opposed by 3-to-1 r a t i o . (W Post, 8/7/69, ~ 4 ) .At White House dinner f o r West German Chancellor K u r t G. Kiesinger, D r . Wernher von Braun, MSC ~ i r e c t o r ,t o l d press p u t t i n g man on Mars by 1982 posed l e s s r i s k than putting man on moon because most technical problems had been solved. In time space t r a v e l would become commonplace, with spacecr& carrying passengers. On Martian surface man could move from home t o car or o f f i c e in completely controlled enviioment ( ~ h e lon, t W Post, 8/8/69, ~ 2 ) . . MSFC announced award of two contracts. Eight-month, $400,000 contract had been given t o General Dynamics Corp. t o study experiment mohules f o r proposed manned space station. Study, which would complement space s t a t i o n investigations being conducted by McDonnell Douglas Corp. and �August 7 (continued) North American RockweU Corp., would examine v a r i e t y of experiments s u i t a b l e f o r manned space s t a t ion, analyze s c i e n t i f i c and engineering communityls need f o r experiment modules, and develop concepts f o r l e a s t number of modules needed t o meet these requirements. Martin Marietta ~ o r p .had been awarded $1,170,030 contract t o f a b r i c a t e , t e s t , and d e l i v e r 15 Saturn V workshop r a t e gyro processors and 1module t e s t s e t and t o r e t r o f i t 22 Apallo Telescope MO& rategyro processors f o r Apollo Applications program. Work, expected t o t a k e 18 mos, would be done i n Orlando, Fla. (MSFC Release 69-172;. 69-173) ' With encouragement from President Nixon and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, NASA had "begm dwuming ,up pressure f o r t h e huge sums required t o send men t o Mars i n t h e e a r l y 1-0 ' s ," New York Times e d i t o r i a l said. "But t h e l a t e s t Mariner information makes t h e probability of l i f e on Mars much l e s s than it seemed even a week ago, thus removing much of t h e o r i g i n a l motivation f o r such a project. The s h i f t of emphasis now proposed t o unmanned s a t e l l i t e s would be far cheaper; s c i e n t i f i c a l l y it would a l s o be far more p r d u c t i v e . (NYT, 8/7/69, 32) August 8-14: ZondVII automatic space s t a t i o n was launched b y U . S . S . R . from Baikonur with [ ~ o w e r f u cl a r r i e r rocket" and placed on free-return lunar t r a j e c t o r y from parking o r b i t . Tass s a i d mission objectives were t o study moon and near-lunar space further, photograph lunar surface, and t e s t improved onboard systems and design of "rocket -space complex. " All equipment was functioning normally. On Aug. 11 Tass announced t h a t spacecrafi had c b c l e d moon on f l i g h t plan similar t o t h a t of Zond V (launched Sept 15, 19681 and Zond V I (launched Nov. LO, 1968photographed lunar s u f a c e , and was returning t o earth. Zond VII reentered atmosphere by skipping across outer l a y e r s of atmosphere t o reduce its entry speed and then descended and softlanded in predetermined area aear Kustanay in northern KazakhstanAug. 14. SBD, 8/ll/69, 120-1; 8/18/69, 152; E,8/9/69, 25; 8/12/69, 6; 8 w 6 9 , 14; GSFC, SSR, 8/15/69) . August 8 : NASA announced selection of Heliodyne Corp. and Wolf Research and Development Corp. f o r f i n a l negotiations leading t o one-year, $1-million, cost -plus-award-f ee contract with two 9ne -year opt ions t o operate National Space Science Data Center a t GSFC. (NASA Release 69-118) �A y s t 8 : I n Washington Daily News, Sen. Everett T. Dirksen (R-IU. ) said: Unknowing voices clamor t o u s , t o give up t h e search 'into t h e own. They ask us t o spend'the money on things here on earth. They ask f o r something t h a t already has been done. Where do you t h i n k t h e money i s spent t h a t sent Apollo U t o the moon? It wasnt t spent on t h e moon. There a r e no creatures t h e r e t o benefit from t h e b i l l i o n s spent t o ' f i n a l l y land Neil Armstrong and h z z Aldrin i n t h e Sea of T r m q u i l i t y . The money w a s spent here on earth, where it enriched t h e laborers, t h e craftsmen, t h e technicians, t h e engineers, the scientists--and t h e i r neighborhoods. . I t enriched t h e millions and millions of people who always benefit from industry.. ( W News, 8/8/69, 23) .." . Washinp$on Post e d i t o r i a l : "There was a c e r t a i n l o g i c in playing down t h e purely s c i e n t i f i c aspects of t h e Apollo program i n t h e past since t h e e f f o r t was t o land men on t h e moon before t h e Russians did. But t h a t day i s past. The s c i e n t i s t s of space, as .contrasted with i t s engineers and technicians, have been forced i n t o t h e back s e a t of t h e manned space program. It i s time now t o make them t h e navigators. The choice of missions--for f'uture flights t o t h e moon and f o r future operations t h a t w i l l l e a d some day t o a t r i p t o Mars and eventually other planets--should be l a r g e l y i n t h e i r hands. They, far b e t t e r t h a n t h e men who created t h e hardware and t h e knowledge necessary t o make space t r a v e l possible, know t h e areas most ap r o p r i a t e f o r explorat i o n i n terms of gaining knowledge." ( W Fost, 818 69) 7 August 9-15: NASA s OSO VI (OSO-G)Orbiting Solar Observatory was success fully launched from ETR a t 3:52 am EDT by two-stage Delta N booster t o study sun and its influence on e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Orbital parameters : apogee, 348.0 m i (560 km) ; perigee, 307.6 m i (495 km) ; period, 95.2 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 32.96'. Primary mission objective was t o obtain highr e s o l i ~ t i o nspectra3 data from pointed experiments i n 10-20 k w range and 12-1,300 I? range during one solar r o t a t ion -and make r a s t e r scans of s o l a r d i s c in selected wavelengths. Spacecraft; would obtain usef'd data *om nonpointed experiments and from pointed experiments f o r more than one s o l a r r o t a t i o n f o r extended observations o f single l i n e s and solar flares. OSO V I w a s spin s t a b i l i z e d , weighed 640 l b s , c a r r i e d seven experiments, was designed with six-month l i f e t i m e , and had two main sections-wheel (lower), which carried nondirect ional scanning experiments and basic support equipment, and sail (upper), which c a r r i e d pointed experiments. It was similar t o previous OSOs but had unique capability which enabled two s u - p o i n t i n g telescopes t o study In d e t a i l W and'x-ray spectra a t any point on s o l a r d i s c and would provide g r e a t e r knowledge �A -u p s t 9-15 (continued) of sol= atmosphere (chromosphere) as well a s outermost l a y e r (corona) v i s i b l e only through special instruments o r during t o t a l s o l a r eclipse. Experiments, designed t o continue and extend work of preceding OSO spacecraft, were provided by Karvard College Observatory, Naval Research Laboratory, Rutgers Univ, Los Alamo s S c i e n t i f i c Laboratories Univ. of New Mexico, Univ. of Bologna, and University College (London). Both t a p e r e c o e e r s were operating at lif'toff and were s*iU operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Spscecraft s t a b i l i z e d and acquired sun a s scheduled s h o r t l y af%er entering o r b i t . By Aug. 15 all experiments had been turned on and were operat ing s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . . Two minor anomalies- -bigher than planned use of current by motor t h a t provided. f i n e elevation pointing and lower than expected spacecraft operating temperature--were not expected t o a f f e c t spacecraft operat ion adversely. OSO VI was seventh i n s e r i e s of eight OSO spacecraft designed t o provide d i r e c t observation of sun during most of U-yr s o l a r cycle. OSO I (launched March 7 , 1962) and OSO I1 (launched Feb. 3, 1965) had surpassed t h e i r six-month design l i f e t i m e s and together provided more than 8,600 hrs of s c i e n t i f i c information, OSO-C (launched Aug. 25, 1965) had f a i l e d t o reach o r b i t when booster malfunctioned. OSO I11 (launched March 8, 1967) and OSO IV (launched Oct 18, 1967) continued operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , each providing 7% hs of real-time data d a i l y . OSO V (launched Jan. 22, 1969) had both tape recorders and seven of eight experiments operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a f t e r s i x months i n o r b i t . # OSO program was managed by GSFC under OSSA d i r e c t i o n . (NASA Proj Off; NASA Releases 69-U2, 69-123) , , ' . August 9 : "Scientists who have long f e l t t h a t t h e i r r o l e was secondary to t h a t of engineers i n the Apol10,project" were complaining openly and trying t o force greater emphasis on science in planning future lunar landing missions, John Noble Wilford reported in New York Times. "Their argument i s t h a t , wlth t h e success of Apollo 11, t h e p r o j e c t ' s goal should be t o l e a r n a s much as possible about t h e moon and not merely t o repeat t h e demonstration that moon landings a r e possible." D r . Elbert A. Xing, curator of Lunar Receivjng Laboratory, had s a i d i n interview t h a t NASA Administration d i d n o t have "enough sympathy with, o r understanding o f , s c i e n t i f i c o b j e c t i v e s . " Casting science i n "piggyback role" f o r f i r s t manned lunar landing was understandable, he said. "No one r e a l l y c r i t i c i z e s that, because ...ge t t i n g men t o t h e moon and back had t o be a massive engineering e f f o r t . Eu-t now t h a t we have accomplished t h a t g o d , t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r .future lunar exploration i s l a r g e l y science. .There has t o be a s h i f t of emphasis," S c i e n t i s t s were pressing f o r m r e a c t i v e r o l e i n mission �August 9 (continued) planning, r e t u r n of l a r g e r amounts of lunar samples, s e l e c t i o n of s c i e n t i s t s f o r f l i g h t crews, and more time between missions i n which t o evaluate data f o r application t o future experiments. (Q, 8110169, 4-41 S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t Dr. Valery A. fiasheninnikev and academician D r . Aleksandr P. L i s i t z i n had returned t o San Diego from 55 d;iys with U.S. Deep Sea Drilling Project aboard d r i U i n g ship Glomar Challenaer convinced their findings were "more important t o man than the sample's from t h e moon, " Associated Press reported. Concentrated d r F l l i n g between Honolulu and Guam had produced rocks and sedimentary cores showing microorganisms in perfect s t a t e of p r e s e m t i o n . They might provide h i s t o r y of e a r t h ' s creation. Project was cooperative venture of Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n , Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia Univ., Univ. of Miami I n s t i t u t e of Marine Science, and Univ. of Washiwon. (g, 8/10/69, 45) , August 10: Apollo ll Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. and Michael Collins and 20 other persons quarantined in Lunar Receiving Laboratory were released s h o r t l y a f t e r 10.00 p EDT--four hours e a r l i e r then planned. Dr. Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations, MSC, s a i d astronawts, who had been confined since July 24, showed no signs of any possible infection f r o m exposure t o moon. He cautioned t h a t astronauts might become iU a f t e r release- -not from lunar contamination, but from e a r t h organisms t o which they were highly susceptible a f t e r long period of i s o l a t i o n . Report on h e a l t h of persons under quarantine would be p r e s e n t e d b y NASA Aug. l l t o Inter-Agency Committee on Back Contamination, which had ap roved early release. ( ~ e h l s t e d t ,B Sun, 8/ll/69, Al; AP, W Post, 8710/69,.A7) . NA&4 had assured Post Office D C p t . t h a t master dkk for 10-cent moon landing commemorative stamp [see July g] .had gone all t h e way t o lunar surface as planned, It had returned t o e a r t h i n CM and been n t w a t i o n a t MSC. rushed t o Washington, D.C., July 31 a f t e r d e c-o..L However, moon l e t t e r envelope with d i e proof of' moon landing stamp had not been postmarked on lunar surface. %cause of t i g h t schedule f o r l u n a r EVA, l e t t e r had been l e f t with Astronaut Michael Collins i n CM Columbia --while Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., worked on moon. " M O O ~Landing" postmark had been applied during r e t u r n voyage. L e t t e r had been decontaminated at MSC and returned t o Postmaster General Winton M. Blount Aug. 5 . ( ~ a h i e s ,W -' Star 8/10/69, ~11) �August 10 : William fines i n Washington Sunday S t a r s a i d time was "ripe" f o r NASA reorganization, "not merely t h e firing, promoting and t r a n s f e r r i n g of o f f i c i a l s , but t h e f'unctional r e s t r u c t u r i n g of t h e agency as well. " There was some suspicion t h a t no place e x i s t e d f o r Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, N4SA Administrator, who was "not only a Johnsonadministration holdover, but a card-carrying Democrat as w e l l . " Some observers believed Apollo 8 Astronaut Fralik b m a n , "the. Pre sidenk ' s current d a r l i n g and space confidant," m i & t be s e x t NASA Administrator. "The i d e a of p u t t in@; a s t r o n a u t s i n charge of t h e space program may seem inzongruous, but it i s c l e a r l y not beyond t h e realm of p o s s i b i l i t y i n t h e imsge-conscious Nixon regime. If Paine ' s f a t e would determine t h a t of Associate Admini s t rat o r f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , D r . George E. Mueller. With lunar landing, Apollo had changed from developmental t o operational e f f o r t . Christoper C. Kraft D i r e c t o r of F l i g h t m e r a t i o n s a t MSC, would l i k e l y t r a ~ s f e rt o 'dashington as Apollo Program Manager- -pos s i b l y "corrtrolling all space missions f o r NASA." Hines saw p o s s i b i l i t y of ApoLlo P m g r m Deputy Director, George H. Hage' s moving i n t o p o s i t ion being vacated by L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo Program Director, who was r e j o i n i n g USAF. "George M. Low, Apollo chief at Houston, may replace t h e Houston Center d i r e c t o r , Robert R. G i l r u t h , i f Gilruth can be p r e v a i l e d uFon t o r e t i r e . " There was t a l k about moving MSC Director D r . Wernher von Braw t o Washington "to do what he does b e s t : c b r m money out of Congress." Dr. K u r t H. Debus, KSC Director', "may S t a r , 8/10/69, &) r e t i r e t o mz.ke way f o r Rocco Petrone. . " (W - , .. . Space program spinoffs of medical b e n e f i t t o ma-rlkind were &scribed by Howard A. Rusk, M.D., i n New York Times. NASA's S c i e n t i f i c Information Div. provided s t o c k p i l e of knowledge indexed i n coaputer t a p e s and d i s t r i b d t e d on microfiche. Collection o f 250,030 do:uments increased by approximately 75,OX items annually, NASA Technical U t i l i z a t i o n Div. s e l e c t e d inventions, ideas, and new techniques f o r use i n nonaerospsce a c t i v i t i e s , including medicine, asd d i s t r i b u t e d them through e i g h t r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s . Under interagency agreement, NASA and HEW S o c i a l and R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Services Administ rat ion reported r e s u l t s of aerospace research t o solve problems of 4 m i l l i o n p h y s i c a l l y o r mentally disabled Awricarls of working age. Research had developed technique f o r sharpening x-rays, microme"ueorite sensor t o record Parkinsonian tremors, and technique f o r applying electrodes with spray of conductive m a t e r i a l . (g, 8110169, 55) �Aulqust 10~ History of J e t Propulsion Laboratory from 1936, "when t h e crazy s c i e n t i s t s under. . D r . Theodore von K & r m h lit o f f one of t h e i r rockets i n the. dry gulch c a l l e d t h e Arroyo Seco," t o current time, when "JPL1s s i g h t s a e s e t a l i t t l e higher--and f a r t h e r o u t , " was t r a c e d by John Lannan i n Washington Sunday Star. JPL controlled NASA Deep Space Network with j u r i s d i c t i o n over space e f f o r t s 10,000 . m i from e a r t h and be-yond, though i t s Goldstone f a c i l i t y ,also had p a r t i c i p a t e d wlth GSFC i n support of Apollo 11. Its space f l i g h t operation facility was "actual d i r e c t o r a t e " for handling cosmic penetration fli,ght s. . It was currently gearing f o r Martian Orbiter s e r i e s i n 1971 and f o r 19'73 Viking Landers. Future h e l d p o s s i b i l i t i e s of developing and d i r e c t i n g missions leading to Grand Tour of planets. JPL was owned by Federal dovernment and s t a f f e d and operated by C a l Tech. (W -9S t a r 8/10/69, ~ 3 ) + . . George Gallup released r e s u l t s of f i r s t p o l l of President Nixonfs populaxity since A p U o 11 success. P o l l showed 6% of U. S. public approved h i s performance i n of'fice. P o l l July 11-14, before frpollo J l mission, had shown 58% approval. (W Post, 8 / ~ / 6 9 ~, 2 ) - . Apollo 11 had opened vast market f o r medals, tokens, and p i n s t o c o l l e c t o r s who specialized i n commemorative pieces, New York Times said. Medals issued by s e v e r a l countries a f t e r ApoUo 8 were "few compared t o t h e meteoric shower of commemoratives f o r t h e moon landing." ~ e d a by l Ralph J. Menconi portrayed ApolLo l l astronauts on face side; reverse showed Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, J r . , with L! on l u n a r surface and e a r t h i n background. Medal designed i n U.K. by Paul Vincze depicted astronaut on lunar surface and names of Apollo ll astronauts, with reverse showing f i g u r e of Hermes holding winged staff of f l i g h t and o l i v e branch and Saturn V i n background. ( ~ a n e y ,E, 8/10/69) . New York Times advertisement a n n m c e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of Apollo ll: On the Moon, magazine-size s p e c i a l edifiion with s t o r y of A o U o 11mission and color photographs, presented by Times and Look. ( h / d g , 66) August U : Rep. George P. Miller ( D - c a l i f . ) , Chairman of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, t o l d House: "...I do not a t this time wish t o commit ourselves t o a s p e c i f i c time period for s e t t i n g s a i l for Wrs. I believe t h a t t h e r e a r e rnsny t a s k s t h a t can be accomplished t h a t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y provide t h a t capability, but w i l l be l e s s c o s t l y and will be necessary i n meetin@; short term objectives." He urged p r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n t o intermediate s t e p s and balanced program "that f u U y e x p l o i t s t h e great �August l l (continued) p o t e n t i a l of unmanned spacecrart, while a t t h e same time maiitaining ,a vigorous manned flight prograni. " He advocated continuation of lunar exploration t o obtain "experience of operating a base f o r science and exploration on another' heavenly body"; manned earth-orbit a1 o'perations leading t o long-term space s t a t ion, supported by low-cost s h u t t l e rocket; greater 'emphasis on applications s a t e l l i t e s t h a t "have t h e greatest p o t e n t i a l for economic r e t ~ ni n t h e near term"; l a r g e r runding f o r unmanned planetary exploration, "aarea i n which the U.S. may soon be overshadowed by t h e Soviet Union"; continued NEFVA development because "improved propulsion i s a key t o space leadership"; and "special emphasis on'ERS s a t e l l i t e s , "which promise t o y i e l d so much. . t o agriculture and ind'ustry. " ( ~ e x;t CR, 8 / ~ / 6 9 , ~251-4) . . - . . Sen. J. W i l l i a m U b r i g h t ( D - h k . ) t o l d senate: "It would be a major s t e p forward if we could now negotiate a newspace t r e a t y which would go beyond t h e disavowal of national claims of sovereignty i n t h e e x i s t i n g t r e a t y and e x p l i c i t l y recognize t h e United Nations as t h e 'owner' o r sovereign of e x b r a t e r r e s t r i a l bodles and a l s o define t h e functions and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of a United Nations space authority, p a r t i c u l a r l y the ways i n which it would regulate and coordinate national space exploration programs. The o v e r a l l obJective of such a t r e a t y would be t o regulate but not eliminate t h e competition i n space. One benefit of such an arrangement i s t h a t it would alIow the space powers t o reduce t h e i r expenditures and so r e a l l o c a t e f b d s t o more pressing domestic and h t e r n a t i o n a l requirements." (CR, 8/31/69, ~ 9 6 3 3 ) . On f i r s t day out of quarantine, Apollo 11 crew v i s i t e d MSC o f f i c e s , then enjoyed o f f i c i a l day off. NASA spokesman s a i d astronauts had requested t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s be kept s e c r e t . (WI, W Post, 8/12/69, 113) . Approximately nine hours of s a t e l l i t e t h e had been booked f o r T V coverage abroad of ApoUo U astronaut events during coming week, ComSatCorp said. They included more than two h d u r s - l i v e coverage-of Aug. 1 2 MSC news 'conference, t o be relayed via ~ n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2 t o West e m and Eastern m o p e and, in part, t o Tokyo a d Sydney v i a fa'cific Intelsat-111 F-4. Nearly two hours coverage of New York t i c k e r tape parade and v i s i t t o U.N. would be transmitted t o Europe Aug. Ceremonial dinner in h s Angeles, l a t e r i n day, would be taped f o r transmission t o Europe Aug. 14. ( ~ o r n S a t ~ o rRelease p 69-50) u. �Auqust 11: New York Times e d i t o r i a l : "On t h a t eventful day when the f i r s t men walk on t h e surface of Mars, they w i l l f i n d much 'magnificent desolat i o n ' akin t o t h a t seen by Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin when they s t r o l l e d on t h e moon l a s t month. That virtual c e r t a i n t y emerges f r o m t h e brilliantly successful exploration 'of the red planet j u s t completed by Mariners 6 and 7. Their expedition lacked the hman drma of Apollo U, but t h e s c i e n t i f i c information they returned may well q u a l i f y t h e two Mariners a s t h e most s c i e n t i f i c a l l y productive enterprise men 'have yet c a r r i e d out i n space. " (E, 8/ll/69) . Subcommittee on NASA Oversight submitted t o House Committee on Science and Astronautics report ~ n g i n e e r i nManagement ~ of Design and Construct ion of F a c i l i t i e s of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Report concluded closer economic scrutiny of design and construction management a t NASA executive l e v e l could "yield dividends i n more e f f i c i e n t management and lower costs at t h e f i e l d centers." Organization o f Office of F a c i l i t i e s was "progressive step. " Cost accounting of administ r a t ive expenditures needed t o be improved and engineering management costs should be c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d f o r all. projects a t a l l centers. Relative cost effectiveness' should be one of t h e basic c r i t e r i a in a choice among management systems. " Army Corps of Engineers and on-site space contractors were " p a r t i c u l a r l y well adapted to.managing l a r g e construct i o n , " f o r post-Apollo program i f new missions required new f a c i l i t i e s but, i n small o r diminishing f a c u i t i e s construction program, there was advantage in concentrating management a t centers in in-house c i v i l service s t a f f s . Better project i d e n t i f i c a t i o n was needed. Design and construction management record was creditable, but could be improved, "especially in design supervision." ( ~ e x k ) ... August 12-18 : ' NASA s 951-lb ATS V (ATS-E)Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e was launched from ETR a t 7 :01 am EDT by Atlas (SLV-3~)-Centaur booster on mission t o conduct carefully instrumented gravity-gradient -orientation experiment f o r basic design Gformation on s t a b i l i z a t i o n and control of long-lived spacecraft i n synchronous o r b i t and t o obtain useful data f'rom onboard experiments d u r b g f i r s t 30 days in o r b i t . Spacecraft successfully entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t with 26,737.2-mi (43,020.2-lan) apogee, 5,297.0-mi (8,522.9-km) perigee, 686.5-min.period, and 17. go inclination. Because of anomaly which required excessive f i e 1 t o $ l a d a b s t a b l e spin condition, apogee-kick motor &s fired on f i r s t apogee, anstead of second, and spacecraft had t o be biased so it would d r i f t f r a m p o s i t i o n over h d i a t o intended s t a t i o n over area west of Ecuador. Maneuver s u c c e s s f d l y placed ATS V i n t o near-synchronous o r b i t with 22,gq-mi + . �-A s t 12-18 (continued) 36,899.5-h) apogee, 22,221-mi (35,753.6-lan) perigee, 1,464..0-min period, 2.7'' inclination, and 6. go per day westward drift. Active nut a t ion control was overpowered by m i d e n t ified force t h a t caused spacecraft t o go i n t o f l a t spin, preventing ejection of motor case w i t h o u t p o s s i b i l i t y o f d a m a g e t o spacecraft. Controllerswere . invest i g a t h g a l t e r n a t i v e s - - stopping spacecraft spin, r e s t o r i n g space craft; t o normal spin mode, o r minimizing ejection hazard--which could be executed Aug, 25 when spacecraft became v i s i b l e t o Rosman, N.C., ground s t a t i o n . . Spacecraft was not i n danger thermally o r electronic a l l y and was expected t o become s t a b l e and operational a f t e r successf u l e j e c t i o n of kick motor. ATS V was fif'th i n s e r i e s of seven ATS s a t e l l i t e s designed t o investigate and f l i g h t - t e s t t echnological developments common t o number of s a t e l l i t e applications and usef uL t o s a t e l l i t e s operating i n st a t ionary o r b i t s , conduct c a r e f u l l y instrumented gravity-gradient experiments f o r basic design informat ion, and f l i g h t - t e s t experiments peculiar t o or'dit s ' of various missions, ATS I (launched Dec. 6, 1966) had exceeded t e s t objectives and was st ill operating s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ATS 11: (launched A p r i l 5, l%7), though judged a f a i l u r e because of eccerrtric o r b i t , had transmitted some useful data before being turned off Oct 23, 1957. ATS TI1 (launched Nov. 5, 1967') had operated successrully and transmitted color photos of earth. ATS IV (launched Aug. LO, 1968) had remained i n parking o r b i t when Centaur f a f i e d t o coaplete second burn and had reentered Oct. 17, 1968, ATS program was managed by GSFC under OSSA direction. (MSA Proj off) - . . , . August 12: Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A , Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, J r . , and Michael Collins held f i r s t p o s t f l i g h t press conference a t MSC, narrating 45 -min film of mission and answering questions. On meaning of lunar landing, Collins said it was "technical triumph for t h i s country t o have s a i d what it was going t o do a number of years ago, and then by golly do it. J u s t l i k e we s a i d we were going t o do. Not j u s t ...purely technical, but also a triumph of t h e n a t i o n ' s o v e r a l l determination, will, economy, a t t e n t i o n t o d e t a i l , and a thousand .md one other f a c t o r s t h a t went i n t o i t . " To Aldrin mission meant "that many other problems perhaps can be solved i n t h e same way by taking a cornxitment t o solve them in long thne fashion. I think t h a t we were. timely i n accepting t h i s mission of going t o t h e moon, It might be timely at t h i s point t o t h i n k i n many other areas of other missions t h a t could be accomplished." Armstrong s a i d moon landing heralded " b e g i m h g of a new age." He said moon was "stark and strangely d i f f e r e n t place, but it looked �A u g u s t 1 2 (continued) friendly. and proved t o be friendly. " Astronauts had much l e s s trouble than expected on lunar surface'. Primary d i f f i c u l t y was t h a t "there was .. j u s t f a r too l i t t l e time t o do t h e v a r i e t y .of things t h a t we would have l i k e d t o have done.... We had t h e problem o f t h e 5 year o l d boy i n a candy store. There a r e j u s t t o o many i n t e r e s t i n g t h h g s t o do. " . Armstrong s a i d t h a t during landing they "were concerned about running low on fie1 on range extension we d i d t o avoid the boulder f i e l d and c r a t e r s . We used a significant percentage of our f u e l margins and we were quite close t o our l e g a l limit." On p o s s i b i l i t y of abort during period they were receiving alarm signals, Aldrin said procedure in preparation simulations had been always t o "keep going as long a s we could. The computer was cont h u h g t o issue @dance. .and it was continuing t o f l y t h e vehicle down i n .the same way t h a t it w a s programmed t o do. The only thing t h a t was missing i s t h a t we d i d not have some of t h e displays.. .and we had t o make several e n t r i e s . . . t o c l e a r up t h a t area. " Armstrong added, "We would have continued t h e landing so long as the t r a j e c t o r y seemed safe. And landing i s possible under these conditions although with considerably l e s s confidence than you have when you have t h e information from t h e ground and t h e computer i n i t s normal manner a v a i l a b l e t o you." (Transcript) ... . ... . Leningrad astronomer Nikolay Kozyrw called f o r lunar l a b o r a t o r i e s over, under, and on moon's surface. Soviet and American space exploration had made s c i e n t i s t s "more confident t h a t t h i s i s not a dead accumulation of rocks but a space body with a very i n t e r e s t i n g h i s t o r y whose l i f e a l s o continues today. " Lunar -research goals were establishment of a s t r o nomical instruments on s t a b l e platforms i n lunar o r b i t , permanent s c i e n t i f i c laboratory on moon, spacecraft launching centers on moon f o r planetary exploration, and laboratory s t a t i o n s under lunar surface or i n n a t u r a l caves, ",to give r e l i a b l e protection from dangerous r a d i a t i o n and meteorite h i t s . " (UPI, E, 8/13/69, U ) . MSFC announced award of $15,455,800 contract rnodlfication t o b e i n g Co. f o r continued Saturn V systems engtneering and integration. Contract covered work from June 1967 through June 1970 and continued e f f o r t through 10 Saturn V boosters. (MSFC Release 69-177) . New Jersey S t a t e Div. of Clean A i r and Water requested order from Superior Court, Newark, asking seven a i r l i n e s t o stop polluting a i r with j e t engine exhaust a t Newark ~ i r p o r t . Suit c u e d f o r modificat ion of e x i s t i n g j e t engines with a i r - p o l l u t ion-control devices' o r f o r switching t o new smokeless engines and asked imposition of $2,500 f i n e . In Washington, A i r Trans.oort Assn, spokesman s a i d t h a t "it �August 1 2 (continued) would be hard t o make R case f o r massive r e t r o f i t with the absence o f a major h e a l t h hazard. " He said studies had shown that j e t engine pollution was,only one percent of t o t a l problem and was case of " v i s i b i l i t y " and " e s t h e t i c s " r a t h e r than health danger. United Airlines spokesman said November 1968 engine modifications t o t h r e e of a i r l i n e ' s Boeing 727s had sharply decreased pollution. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,IWT, 8/13/69, 1) . Philadelphia Evening Bulletin e d i t o r i a l : "The public ceremonies honoring t h e astronauts underscores i d e n t i t y i n a l a r g e r and much more responsible sense--a f e e l i n g of coa-nunity, rooted i n a family and expanding t o embrace t h e nation, perhaps ultimately t h e world. There are other words f o r it-awareness of a common purpose, a--sense of decency both public and p r i v a t e , a common standard of behavior and a c m n sense of service and l o y a l t y t o country. T h i s i s what made Apollo succeed, and this i s what t h e nation i s recognizing a s t h e celebration begins today, " (P Bull, 8/12/69) NERVA experimental engine (XE) was successfully run through two August 13: boot stTap s t a r t u p s i n open-loop control and t'hree a u t o s t a r t experiments in Jackass F l a t s , Nev. Objective was t o obtain additional data abuk engine in starbup phase. Engine and t e s t f a c i l i t y operated normally and a l l t e s t objectives were achieved. (NASA -02 ' o f f ; E,9/2/69, 4) Apollo ll Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. , ~ i c h a e l CoSlins, t h e i r families, and NASA Administrator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, flew i n p r e s i d e n t i a l j e t fYoa Houston t o New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles during day of cross-country celebrations. Three-hour New York v i s i t included greeting a t City H a l l by Major John V. Lindsay, motorcade t o U.N. f o r greeting by U.N. Secretary General U Thant, and ticker-tape procession -to John F. Kennedy International Airport for departure t o Cinicago. Party was more than half hour ahead of schedule. New York Public Events Commissioner John S. P a h e r estimated crowds a t 4 million; other observers said t h e r e were fewer and blamed off-schedule appearance and TV coverage. I n Chicago, welcoming crowd was e s t h a t ed a t 3.5 million. Major Richard J. Daley greeted party at Civic Center and presented medals symbolic of honorary citizenship t o astronauts and D r . Paipe. I l l i n o i s Gov. Richard B. Ogilvie said, "To these f i r s t c i t i z e n s of the new epoch, t h e people of Chicago and I l l i n o i s o f f e r t h e i r profound admiration and respect." Astronauts spoke t o 15,003 young people i n Grant Park before returning by helicopter t o OtHare . International Airport f o r flight t o b s Angeles. �August 1 3 (continued) Mayor Samuel W. Yorty met party a t Los Angeles I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport. After b r i e f ceremony, p a r t y sped t o century Plaza Hotel f o r reception pneceding s t a t e dinner. ( ~ e l y v e l d ,g, 8/14/69, 1; Obedorfer, W Post, 8/14/69, A l ; NASA PAO) - . Climaxing day of cross-country celebrations, President and Mrs. Mixon hosted formal s t a t e dinner a t Century plaza Hotel i n Los ~ n ~ e i teos honor A ~ o l l ol l astronauts, t h e i r wives, and " h i s t o r i c achievement of the f i r s t m~nnedlanding on t h e . moon. " Guests included other astronauts and wives; widows of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom and Edward H. White 11; Mrs. Esther Goddard, widow of rocket pioneer D r . Robert H. Goadard; NASA and other space pmgram o f f i c i a l s ; U.S. and i n t e r n a t i o n a l a v i a t i o n pionee'rs; Cabinet rnmbers; Chief J u s t i c e and Mrs. Warren E. Burger; governors of 44 s t a t e s ; members of J o i n t Chiefs of Staff; Diplonatic Corps members representing 83 nations; Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower, widow of former President; former Vice President and Mrs. Hubert H. Humphrey; and Congressional leaders. President asked NASA Administrator, D r . .Thonas 0. Paine, t o read c i t a t i o n of posthumous awards : "The National. Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion awards posthumously t o V i r g i l I. Gris som, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee t h e IUSA,Distinguished Service Medals f o r professional skill, courage, and dedication t o duty i n Project ApoUo. They gave t h e i r l i v e s in t h e i r country's h i s t o r i c undertaking t o r e a l i z e t h e g o a l of landing men on t h e moon and returning them safely t o earth. " President a l s o asked D r . Paine t o read c i t a t i o n of NASA Group Achievement Award t o Apollo 1l Mission Operat ions Team "for e x c e p t i o n d service in planning and exemplary execution of mission operational r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for. f i r s t manned lunar landing rnis sion. " Award was presented t o ApoUo Flight Control Engineer Stephen G. Bales, who had made decision t o proceed with lunar landing when computers f a i l e d j u s t before Eagle ' s landing on Sea of Tranquility, on behalf of 400,000 persons who had contributed t o Apollo pmgram sirccess. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, as NASC c h a i m n , presented Medal of Freedom, nation's highest civilian honor, t o b o l l 0 U astronauts f o r p a r t i c i p a t i o n in "a unique and profoundly important adventure. The accumulated s c i e n t i f i c knowledge and technological a b i l i t y of mankind made man's f i r s t step on t h e moon practicable; t h e courage and s k i l l of men l i k e these made it possible. Their contributions t o t h i s undertaking w i l l be remembered so long as men wonder and dream and search f o r t r u t h on t h i s planet and among the s t a r s . " , . .. �August 1 3 (continued) Feplying t o honors, Astronaut Edwin E. A l d r i n , Jr,, said : "What Apollo h a s begun we hope will spread out in many d i r e c t i o n s , not j u s t i n space, but underneath t h e seas and in t h e c i t i e s , t o t e n u s unforg e t t a b l y t h a t we can do what we w i l l and must and want t o do." During evening orderly crowd of peace and antipoverty p r o t e s t o r s gathered o u t s i d e h o t e l . (PD, 8/18/69, ~ 4 1 - 2 , U48-51; Roberts, . NYT 6/15/69, 1 4 ; B 8/14/69, Al) sun, . -J MSFC announced award of t h r e e 10-mo c o n t r a c t s t o t a l i n g $1,370,000 t o McDonnell ~ o u ~ l Corp. is North American Rockwell Corp. and Lockheed , , A i r c r a f t Corp. t o study design concepts and development requirements f o r nuclear rocket stage t h a t could replace Saturn V 3rd stage (S-IVB) f o r advanced missions beginning i n l a t e 1970s and servc as workhorse f o r e a r t h o r b i t a l and planetary applications. McDonneU Douglas received $570,828 t o develop and evaluate two a l t e r n a t i v e stage concepts--one with modified Saturn V hardware, other w i t h new stage design and advanced design techniques. NAR received $5U,734 t o study modified Saturn V hardware .concept only and Lockheed received $287,030 t o study advanced design concept only. (MSFC Release 69-180) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on Aug. 1 2 Apollo U news conference i n Houston: "What came through most c l e a r l y i n yesterday's e n t h r a l l i n g f i r s t - h a n d r e p o r t by t h e ~ ~ 6 1 1a s0t r o n a u t s was-the i n f i n i t e s i m a l margin by which Eagle escaped e i t h e r catastrophe o r a decision t o abort t h e Boon landing; E i t h e r o f t h e two major problems t h a t emerged i n those nerve-wracking moaents before touchdown--the overburdened computer and t h e near-exhaust i o n of t h e i r f u e l supply before Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin found a s u i t a b l e landing spot--might have forced a very d i f f e r e n t ending t o t h e h i s t o r i c mission. T h a t all turned out p e r f e c t l y i s a t r i b u t e t o t h e a s t r o n a u t s ' s k i l l , courage and poise as well a s t o t h e a b i l i t y of t h e back-up personnel a t Mission Control i n Houston." (E, 8/13/69, 40) . Apollo ll comwsnder N e i 1 . A . Armstrong stood t o i n h e r i t 100,W3-franc f o r t u n e of m e . Anna E . Guzman, widow of French i n d u s t r i a l i s t , which had been held i n t r u s t by Academy of Science o f I n s t i t u t e of France since h e r 1891 death, according t o a r t i c l e Rep. Janes G. N t o n (R-pa.) i n s e r t e d i n Conqressional Record. Legacy--once worth $20,030 but c u r r e n t l y decreased ix value t o $290 exclusive of interest--was t o be awarded t o f i r s t s c i e n t i s t t o mnke personal contact with heavenly body o t h e r t h a n Mars. (CZ, 8/13/69, ~ 7 0 2 3 ) �August 13: In Senate, Sen. William P r o m i r e (D- is.) called f o r a t l e a s t temporary halt in USAF plans t o purchase Lockheed C-5A cargo a i r c r a f t while U. S Comptroller General studied a i r c r a f t ' s c o s t s and value t o be gaihed from f u r t h e r purchases. 8/13/69, ~ 9 4 2 - 8 ) . (s, . Rep. J. Herbert Burke (R- la. ) introduced j o i n t resolution c a l l i n g f o r redesignat ion of Cape Kennedy a s Capo Canaveral. (CR, 8/13/69, ~ 3 8 7 ) 14: U. S. S,R. launched Cosmos C C X C I I from Plesetsk i n t o o r b i t with 76.5-Jan (475.4-mi) apogee, 745 -km (462.9-mi) perigee, 99.9-min period, and 74.0' inclination. (GSFCSSR, 8/15/69; SBD, 8 / 2 0 / 6 9 , 169; UIN Public egist try ) August - . NASA announced t h a t 8 of 14 aerospace research p i l o t s t r a i n e d f o r USAFts Manned Orbiting Laboratory program terminated June 10, would join NASA. One, L/C Albert H. Crews (US@), would be assigned t o F l i g h t Crew Operat i o n s Directorate a t MSC. Seven would be astronauts, bringing t o t a l number of a c t i v e NASA astronauts t o 54: M z ~: j Karol H, Bobko (USAF) L/c&. Robert L. Crippen (USN), M s j . Charles G. Fullerton (USAF), Maj. Henry W. Hartsfield, 3r. (USAF), Maj. Robert F. Overmy-er (USMC), Maj. Donald H. Psterson (uSAF), and ~ / ~ d Richard r . H. Truly (USN). Effective date f o r new assignments had not been set. W j . Bobko, Maj. Hartsfield, and Maj. Peterson would complete studies f o r graduate degrees before assuming astronaut duty. (WA Release 69-120) , . NASA announced appointment of eight-man f a i l u r e review cormnittee t o determine why I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5 cornsat di-d not achieve planned'orbit a f t e r launch from KSC J u l y 25. (NASA Release 69-119) . Discovery of x-ray "star" between constellations Centaurus and Lupus fron data relayed during July by two Vela nuclear detection s a t e l l i t e s launched May 23 had been announced by Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory astronomers, New York Times reported. Dr. J. P. c o m e r , Dr. W. D. Evans, and R. D. ~eliansaid object had twice t h e i n t e n s i t y of most b r i l l i a q t . x-ray sources previously known--in constellation Scorpius--and had not y e t been i d e n t i f i e d i n wavelengths observable by human eye. No obvious source of x-ray emissions had been i d e n t i f i e d , such a s s t a r s , s t e l l a r explosions, or pulsars. (Sullivan, 8/14/69, 7 ) x, �Cross-country ceremonies f o r Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s c o n s t i t u t e d August 14: probably t h e single g r e a t e s t peacetime c e l e b r a t i o n i n t h e n a t i o n ' s history, " New ~ o r k~ G e es d i t o r i a l said. "It was more than a t r i b u t e t o three -courageous and a b l e men; it was also an a c t of homage t o t h e hundreds of thousands of workers, engineers, technicians and s c i e n t i s t s whose hard work over almost a decade made t h e moon landing possible. A t the most fundamental Level, perhaps, t h e outpouring of n a t i o n a l r e j o i c i n g stemmed from t h e renewedsense of purpose the Apollo's &credible f e a t had brought t o a nation long t o r n and depressed by military t r a v a i l abroad and r a c i a l and generational antagonisms'at home. The essence of t h a t sentiment was well s t a t e d by M r . Armstrong when he declared a t the United Nations t h a t 'we c i t i z e n s of earth who can solve t h e problem of l e a v i n e a r t h can also solve t h e problems of staying on e a r t h . I " 8/14$69) (m, Research submarine Ben Franklin surfaced 300 mi south of Nova Scotia, ending 1 , 2 0 0 - m i , month-long Gulf S t r e m D r i f t by Swiss oceanographer Jacques Piccard and team which included MSC researcher Chester B. May [see July 141. During journey team had noted Gulf Stream contained fewer f i s h , stronger current, and more turbulence than expected. (UPI, W Star, 8/14/69, Al; Blakeslee, NYT, - 8/8/69, 38) - Auwst 15: Results of q u a l i t a t i v e study of Mariner V I photos were summarized i n Science by D r . Robert B. Leighton, D r . Norman H. Horowitz, . D r . Bruce C. Murray, and D r . Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech; Alan G. Herriman and D r . Andrew T, Young of JTL; Bradford A. Smith of New Mexico S t a t e Univ.; Mer-ton E. Davies of RAND Corp.; and Conmy B. k o v y of Univ. of Washington: "The p r i n c i p a l r e s u l t s from preliminary study axe: t h e surface of Mars appears s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e Moon, but t h e r e a r e s i g n i f i c a n t differences; some f e a t u r e s seen from Earth a r e characterized; t h e 'blue haze' hypothesis i s disproved; and new phenomena associated with t h e p o l a r cap are discovered." Mars resembled moon i n abundance, form, arrangement, and s i z e of craters, but t h e r e appeared t o be break in s i z e - d i s t r i b u t i o n curve o f c r a t e r s i n sone parts of Mars not charac- . t e r i s t i c of moon--apparently because Mars had more e f f e c t i v e weathering and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n process t h a n moon. S i m i l a r i t i e s between M a r b i m and l u n s r surfaces included c r a t e r s with slump blocks, t e r r a c e , ahd r a d i a l dry-debris avalanche chutes on steep inner surfaces; c e n t r a l peaks, polygonal o u t l i n e s , blocky e j e c t a rims, and i r r e g u l a r e j e c t a ; and i r r e g u l a r l y sinuous ridges. Differences included more subdued relief of many Martian c r a t e r s , f l a t t e r f l o o r s , fewer c e n t r a l peaks, raore subdued d e b r i s blankets, absence o f ' obvious secondary c r a t e r s ... �August 1 5 (continued) and rays, and greater abundance of "ghost " craters. Photos showed no sinuous r i l l e s and no d i s t i n c t i v e earth-like phenomena such a s mountain ranges, t e c t o n i c basins, stream-cut topographs, dune f i e l d s , playa . flats, or o t h e r arid-region features. (science, 8/15/69, 685-90) , ' . C l a s s i c a l astronomical data on figures of noon and t e r r e s t r i a l planets were being supplemented by new information from Lunar Orbiter program. Compara b l e future planetary probes would provide flrndamental data Mrn simple experiments, Cornell Univ. radiophysicist s D r . Brian T. OILeary, D r . Malcolm J. Cmpbell, and D r . C a r l Sagan said i n Science. Lunar Orbiter r e s u l t s had revealed lunar masconst nonuniform surface d i s t r i b u t i o n t h a t could explain lunar d y n m c a l asymmetries "and perhaps similar asymmetries f o r Mars aqd Mercury. " (science, 8/15/69, 651-7) , Astronal~tJoseph P. K e r w i n was uninjured when f a u l t y l a n d h g gear on T-33 j e t t r a i n e r forced belly landing a t Ellingkon AFB, Tex. (AP, W -sStar ' 8/16/69, ~ 2 ) . Soviet newspaper said TU-lu+,Soviet supersonic transport, had been f l y i n g beyond sound b a r r i e r "for extended periods of t h e " with no d i f f i c u l t y , Associated Press reported. (W Post, 8/16/69, ~ 2 ) . C-5 Galaxy a i r c r a f t would demonstrate i t s cargo and troop delivery capab i l i t y i n J o i n t USAF-US4-Lockheed-Georgia Co. Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test (TADJET)program t o begin i n early October, DOD announced. k p p r o x b a t e l y 150 f l i g h t s from Pope AFB, N.C., would aisd-sop equipment andmen. During transport phase, C-5 would be loaded and unloaded some 50 times a ~ perform d nating maneuvers with air-transportable dock t h a t could handle cargo capacity of t h r e e C-5s. (DOD Release 683-69) , - 15-17: Second National A h Exposition a t Dulles International f i r s t public appearance 02. Lockheed C -5A, world's l a r g e s t a i r c r a f t . Show was opened by Secretary of Transporbat ion John A. Volpe, who announced plans f o r further expositions. (AP, - 8/16/69, 46) lE!P, A w s t ~irpbrt,Va. , featured August 16: U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos C C X C I I I from Plesetsk into o r b i t w i t h x - l m (151.6-mi) apogee, 202-lan (125.5-mi) perigee, 88.9-min p?riod, and 51.7' inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Aug 28. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; UN Public Registry; = , . 8 / ~ ) / 6 9 , 166) - . ' �August 16 : Estimated 250,000 persons mtched ApoUo l l astronauts parade i n Houston, Tex. Crud threw c o a e t t i , t i c k e r tape, and "moon c e r t i f i cates"--fake $100 and $1,000 paper money--until streets were two t o t h r e e f e e t deep i n l i t t e r . Later, 55,000 persons attended gala i n Houston's Astrodone coliseum, which was f U l e d t o capacity. Total of (UPI, W. PoBt 31 astronauts and families rode through cheering throngs .- 8/17/69, , ) Associated Press s a i d Austin, Tex., Judge John R. Brown had granted request of atheis* Madalyn Murray O'Hair f o r three-judge Federal court t o hear h e r s u i t against NASA seeking t o prevent astronauts on duty f'rom practicing r e l i g i o n [see Aug. 61. (AJ?, W Post, 8/16/69, A3) Agnew E. Lsrsen, space research consultant with Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pa., died at age 73. He had received 1930 Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r perfecting autogiro, predecessor'of helicopter. (IW, 8/18/69, 31) Apollo 11 astronauts discussed possible manned Mars landing August17: by 1982 on C3S program a ace t h e Nation, " Astronaut Neil A . Armstrong said, "I am quite c e r t a i n t h a t goals of t h e Mars variety a r e within our I1 rage, should we choose...that investment of our n a t i o n a l resources. F i r s t exploratory f l i g h t s could be combined with earth-orbit ing spacec r a f t t o develop long-term capability with same kind of spacecraft. It was "we31 within our capability" t o be prepared f o r Mars launch i n 1981. Astronaut Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., s a i d he was "not so sure. . t h i s i s t h e time tbst we can accurately s e t a date like 1931." S e t t i n g g o d was worthwhile but a s intermediate goals were reached "I believe . we w i l l . be able t o b e t t e r define exactly what our longer term goals are i n terms of ten years from now. " Astronaut Michael Collins said, "I don't thZnk 1931 i s t o o soon. I t h i n k it i s w e l l within our capability t o do so." Very nsrture of . long-duration t r i p "requires careful design and t e s t i n g of the equipment, $ ? c h could e a s i l y be done i n Earth o r b i t w i t h a number of a n c i l l a r y b e n e f i t s . " He defended Bible reading i n space and anno-uced he would never fly i n space again because he found it i n c r e a s k g l y d i f f i c u l t "to keep up year a f t e r year" with rigorous training required. (SBD, - 8/19/69, 159; W Post, 8/18/69, A2; NY!T, 8/18/69, 33) a . �A w s t 17: Controversywas building up over astronauts' future, Apollo prowarn, and manned space flight generally, Harry Schwartz . s a i d i n . Mew York Tjmes. Three major debates were over whether engineerastronauts o r scientist-astronauts should be sent on f u t u r e Apollo missions; who should control mission schedules and astronaut a c t i v i t i e s , "NASA hierarchy1' o r ground-based s c i e n t i s t s i n NASA; and whether U. S. should emphasize unmanned probes o r crash program t o put men on Mars'in e a r l y 1980s. "The Pact t h a t it i s t h e s c i e n t i s t s who have been resigning while astronauts with test p i l o t backgrounds have been receiving unprecedented public acclaim makes it evident where t h e balance of p o w e rl i e s f o r t h e moment &thin NASA. But t h e issue i s f a r fkom s e t t l e d , since U S A i t s e l f must and does use t h e prospect of s c i e n t i f i c advances as a key argument i n seeking appropriations f o r space a c t i v i t i e s . Hence t h e d i s s i d e n t s c i e n t i s t s could have s u b s t a n t i a l leverage i f they teamed up with Congrsssmen and others who oppose t h e space appropriations f o r other rzasons. It would not be s u r p r i s i n g , . . i f NASA sought t o ease t h e s c i e n t i s t s 1 i r r i t a t i o n by satisfying soae of t h e i r demands. " (E, . ' , 8/17/69, ~ 2 ) . Japag successfully launched her l a r g e s t rocket t o date - -four -stage, 75-f't-10=, 4.5-fb -dia, 43.8-ton MU3D--Kyodo. News Service reported. Rocket reached 100-mi (160.9-km) a l t i t u d e i n 44 min, with l a s t stage reaching 1 . 8 mps--about half speed thought needed t o o r b i t s a t e l l i t e - Western Pacific after 7 min 35 secs of f l i g h t . . President Nixon ' s post -Apollo I l t o u r of A s i a and Romania July 25 -Aug 3, wlus his remarks and reactions aboard U.S.S. Hornet a t s~lashdownand during welcoming c e r m n y f o r astronauts, were recorded i n New -York Times Masazine a r t i c l e by Max Frankel and Robert 8. Sernple, Jr. Authors were among press accornp&ng President and Mrs. Nixon on t o u r . President and part;y had basked " i n r e f l e c t e d moonglow." When President walked tjwards reviewing stand i n Guam, spectator had remsrked, "that ' s h i s moon walk. " A o l l o I l had given President "new .exuberance. " (g Magazine, €3119 -, 76-80) r Rep. George P. Miller ( D - c a l i f . ) , as Chairman of House C o m i t t e e on Science and Astronautics, had forced NAS4 to pay $5,522 f o r U W j e t t o transport 32 committee members and wives t o Aug. 1 3 Apollo l l s t a t e dinner i n Los Angeles, Rowland Evans a ~ Robert; d Novak s a i d i n W a s h i e Post. NASA a l s o had t o pay $19,342 f o r chartered comercial jet for space o f f i c i a l s and $2,800 f o r Aug. 12 Houston luncheon, and White House w e s charging agency with most of estimated $75,000 cost of s t a t e dinner. (W Post, 8/17/69, B7) �August18: Swiss physicist D r . Johannes Geiss, originator of A p o l l o l I experiment t o trap atomic p a r t i c l e s from s o l a r wind on lunar surface; would use "deliberate speed" i n assaying r e s u l t s , New York Times reported. NASA courier had delivered square foot of aluminum f o i l exposed on moon f o r an ho;z t o catch emitted by sun. D r . Geiss a ~ associates d i n Beme Univ.'s Physics I n s t i t u t e had devised plan f o r duaL study of foil i n Berne and a t Federal Polytechnic a t Zurich. A n i l y s es , determining components by spect rornet e r , would require sever& weeks. NASA would not release remaining t h r e e square f e e t of f o i l t o him until 1970. (E, 8/18/69, 34) B r i t i s h Aircraft Corp. and Sud Aviation announced completion of second phase of Anglo-French Concorde supersonic transport f l i g h t developaent program, Two prototypes were being readied for transonic phase t o push a i r c r a f t ' s speed beyond mach 1 i n e a r l y September. Two prototypes had logged 104 f l y i n g hrs i n 39 and 24 f l i g h t s and had achieved speeds t o mach 0.95 and a l t i t u d e s t o 40,000 f't Concorde 002 was being prepared for supersonic f l i g h t s t o mach 2, o r 1,400-mph cruising speed, i n t e s t s expected t o begin a t y e a r ' s end. (BAC/SU~ Aviation Release 1 0 ~ / 6 9 ) . A u p t 1 9 : McDonald O b s e m t o r y successrully recorded i t s first'h i t s on l a s e r r e f l e c t o r l e f t on moon by Apollo l l astronauts a t 9:30 pm CBT. S c i e n t i s t s said distance a t t h a t moment was 232,271,406 m i and moon was 131.2 fl farther from e a r t h than previously believed. L i d k Observatory had recorded f i r s t h i t s A u g . 1 and had estimated earthmoon distance t o be 226,970.9 m i a t that time. (AP, W S t a r , 8/21/69, ~ 3 ) U.S.S.R. launc3ed Cosmos CCXCN from Plesetsk i n t o orbit with 343-km (213.1-ni) apogee, 205-hn (127.4-mi) perigee, 89.7-min period, and SSR, 8/31/69; 65.4' inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Aug. 27. (GSFC SBD, 8/29/69, 166; UN Public egist try) NASA announced selection of Ch5ster M. Lee as Apollo Mission Director, succeeding George H. Hsge, who had been elected vice president f o r product development with Boeing Co. Lee, r e t i r e d USN captain who had s a v e d i n Polaris missile prograq and i n Directorate of Research and Engineering i n Office of Secretary of Defense, had been Assistant Apollo Mission Director since A u g ~ s t1966. (NASA Release 69-122) �August 20: Study of possible o r b i t i n g Space Technoloa Applications and ~ e s e a x hLaboratory (STARL~B) sponsored by NASA and American Society f o r Engineering Education, was completed a t MSFC. Eleven-week design project focused space-developed technology on e a r t h resources use, crop-maturity prediction, s o i l analysis, veg'etation vigor, sea farming, and other e a r t h problems. Final presentation i n p r o j e c t , which had p a r t i c i p a t i o n of 21 f a c u l t y members from 1 8 colleges a n d - u n i v e r s i t i e s , was report; on o r b i t i n g space laboratory i U u s t r a t ing systems approach that could be valuable i n solving major e a r t h problems. (MSFC Release , 69-179) Washington Post published l e t t e r from former Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk. He recommended U.S. abandon idea of space race with U.S.S.R.; "throw wide open t h e doors on international cooperation"; proceed with development of near-earth space c a p a b i l i t i e s and a c t i v i t i e s contributing t o understanding of earth; and "take advantage of NASA s extraordinary a b i l i t y t o mobilize s c i e n t i f i c , technical, i n d u s t r i a l and other t a l e n t s " f o r other t a s k s , l i k e a i r t r a v e l and a i r pollution problem-solving. "Marzned f l i g h t s t o t h e planets might b e t t e r be a decision f a r t h e next generation." (W Post, 8/23/69, A28) . NAS4' s X - 2 4 ~l i f t ing-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by Ma j Jerauld R. Gexrbry, successfully completed t h i r d f l i g h t a f t e r air-launch from B-52 a i r c r a f t over South Rogers Lske Bed, Calif. Objectives of f l i g h t were t o obtain handling q u a l i t i e s , s t a b i l i t y and control derivatives, flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n over a f t portion of vehicle, and longitudinal trim curves and l i f t -to-drag r a t i o a t 15' upper-flap s e t t i n g . Procedural, e r r o r caused ~ - 2 ts h ~be launched 35 secs e a r l y and some planned data were not obtained. (NASA Fxoj O f f ) August 21 : . Intelsat I (~azly~ i r d hsd ) been put back into o r b i t a l retirement and f u l l co&nications service v i a Lntelsat-111 37-2 had been restored, ComSatCorp announced. I n t e l s a t I, reactivated June SO af'ter six- month retirement t o compensate f o r failure of I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-2 u n t i l service was restored Auq. 1, would remain i n o r b i t and wollld be capable of operational service i f needed. Restored I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-2 was handling 620 --time c o m e r c i a l c i r c u i t s serving countries i n A t l a n t i c area and t r a n s a t l a n t i c TV programing when ordered. (INTELSAT Release 69-53) �Aumst 21 : Evely s c i e n t i s t -astronaut except one - -geologi s t Harrison Schmitt--had been removed f'rom NASA's lunar landing t r a i n i n g l t s t , Victor Cohn reported i n Washineon Post. Report was l a t e r denied by NASA. Cohn s a i d remaining s c i e n t i s t s had been assigned t o t r a i n f o r long-duration, earth-orbiting Apollo Applications missions beginning i n 1972. Action was "certain t o aggravate t h e already e x i s t i n g disagreements between s c i e n t i s t s and space o f f i c i a l s , " Cohn said, and would probably prompt more resignations by s c i e n t i s t s . (W Post, 8/21/69, fi; 8/22/69, ~ 1 8 ) Washin$on % s t published l e t t e r from Irene S, Rubin i n Lmpsng, Thailand. Real impact of Apollo ll success i n Thailand had been "on t h e group of educated men who have some e f f e c t on government. Their primary reaction was not one of shared accomplishment but of shame i n t h e gap t h u s dramtt i z e d between themselves and t h e developed countries." Though U.S. could not hide technological capacity, "I t h i n k we should be more aware of t h e context i n t o which news of t h e Apollo mission i s received. Far from, bringing the world closer together with such performances, we may be a r o u s m b i t t e r n e s s and obstinacy i n t h e misa-nocat ion of development f'unds. " (W Post, 8/21/69, ~ 1 8 ) U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCV i n t o - o r b i t with 473-km 293.9-mi) apogee, 270-km (167.8-mi) perigee, 91.9-min period, and :l.OO inclination. (GSFC SSR, 8/31/69; UN Pablic egist try) A u g u s t 22: . NASA named Rocco A. Petrone, Director of Launch Operations a t KSC since 1966, t o succeed L/G Same1 C. P h i l l i p s (USAF) a s Director of Apollo P r o g r a , effective Sept 1. He would be succeeded by Deputy Director of Launch Operations Walter J. Kapryaq. Petrone had been Saturn Project Officer and Apollo Program Manager. H i s awards included NASA Exceptional Service Award f o r d i r e c t i o n of Apollo 7 checkout and launch and NASA Distinguished Service Medal, NASA's highest award, f o r d i r e c t i o n of ApoUo 8 checkout and launch. (MA Release 69-124) . . International Academy ok Astronautics announced s e l e c t ion of D r . Charles A. Berry, Director of Medical Research and Operations a t MSC, t o receive Daniel and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award f o r 1969. Award and $1,000 p r i z e w o u l d be presented during 20th I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astron a u t i c a l Congress i n Argentina i n October. (UPI, W Post, 8/23/69, ~ 3 ) . NASA's alleged neglect of pure science research goals i n favor of engineering p u s u i t s and "glamor" had caused undercurrent of d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n among s c i e n t i s t s , Science noted. When interviewed by Science D r . F. Curtis Michel, �A u g u s t 22 (continued) D r . Donald U. Wise, and D r . Elbert A. K i n g , who had resigned from NASA recently, declined t o a t t r i b u t e t h e i r resignations d i r e c t l y t o major d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n s with N4SA and denied t h a t they had resigned t o p r o t e s t emphasis on engineering r a t h e r than s c i e n t i f i c research. They did, however, express some d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n with r o l e of basic science in space exploration and impatience with NAS4's management of s c i e n t i f i c projects and admitted they were lured f'rom NASA by prospects of new positions t h a t offered more time f o r s c i e n t i f i c research. (science, 8/22/69, 776-8) AIAA announced e l e c t i o n of Honorary Fellows: Secretary of t h e Air Force, D r . Robert C, S e a m s , Jr.; German rocket pioneer Hermann Oberth; amd Northrop Corp. founder John K. Nodhrop. D r . Seamans, former N!lSA Associate Administrator, was honored f o r "organizing t h e research, development and operational base which produced t h e Apollo program. Honors would be presented a t Oct. 23 banquet i n Anaheim, Calif. (AM el ease) " I n l e t t e r advocathg postponement of decision on manned Mars landing [see A u g . X)] former Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk had "gone t o the heart of what i s bound t o become a c r i t i c a l national decision," Richard Wilson s a i d i n Washington Evening Star. "Now t h a t we know we can and w i l l do t h i s t h i n g does it make any difference i n t h e eons of time yet t o cone when we do it? F i f t y years k o a now might we not have developed far cheaper and more e f f i c i e n t ways t o do it? Mars w i l l s t i l l be t h e r e . . . . The space men have shown us not only t h e moon, but what a b e a u t i f u l planet we have i n what may otherwise be a wholly desolate solar system--a beautiful. planet t h a t needs loving care t o preserve it." (W Star 8/22/69, ~ 1 5 ) J In telephone interview, UCZ4 astrono-ser D r . Samuel Herrick, Jr., s a i d planetoid Geographos, due t o pass earth a t 5.6 million-mi distance Aug. 27, would be best s i t e of all a s t e r o i d s f o r eventual spsce s t a t i o n beyond moon and good spot f o r manned or unmmed spscec r a f t landing. I t s f a r t h e s t point from sun i n given o r b i t w a s least d i s t a n t from sun and from e a r t h of all minor planets. But astronauts landing on it would have t o "dig i n and t i e themselves down" since i t s estimated g was so s l i g h t "even a sneeze directed a t t h e surface would propel a man off i n t o space." (AP, B &, 8/23/69, A 3 ) In Science, MIT Lincoln L3boratory s c i e n t i s t s A, E. E. Rogers and R. P. IngaUs reported mapping Venus surface r e f l e c t i v i t y by radar i n t e r f e r o a e t r y a t 3.8-cm wavelength f o r region *om -80' t o '0 �August 22 (continued) longitude and *om -50' t o 4 0 ' l a t i t u d e . 14ap was f r e e from twofold range-Doppler ambiguity, presented new features, and c l e a r l y delineated f e a t u r e s previously obs ewed. It showed l a r g e c i r c u l a r regions of s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower r e f l e c t i v i t y than t h e i r surroundings with s i z e and appearance of lunar m a r i a . (science, 8/22/69, Tg7-9j . A t National Amateur Astronomers convention i n Denver, Colo. , six-member pmel including Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek and Univ. of Arizona physicist D r . James E. McDonald suggested UFO i n v e s t i gation be t a k e n from USAF and placed with s c i e n t i f i c body. P a n e l i s t s s a i d since UFOs apparently presented no danger t o nat iona2 defense, they were unimportant t o U W . Panel disagreed with 1968 Condon Report on UFOs [see Jan. 91. H p e k said UFO research should continue. (AP, W S t a r , 8/2$/69, Al7) -- Awst 23: W launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg U B by T i t a n 111-B-Agena booster. S%te l l i t e entered o r b i t with 251.7 -mi (405-ka) apogee, 7 2.7-mi ( ~ 7 - b perigee, ) 89.7 -min period, and 1 0 8 . 0 ~ i n c l i n a t i o n and reentered Sept. 7. (CSFC E,8/31/69; 9/15/69; E, 8/26/69, 1%) . Chemical analysis of moon rocks a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory had &is- closed t h e i r age might range from 2 b i l l i o n t o 4.5 b i l l i o n yrs--far greater thanmost s c i e n t i s t s expected--lunar s c i e n t i s t s i n touch with LRL colleagues s a i d , I t w a s "almost conclusive evidence t h a t it has been b i l l i o n s of years since these rocks c r y s t a l l i z e d . " Finding might s e t t l e difference between geologists who had viewed lunar surface as having had continuous history and those l i k e D r . Harold C. Urey who believed moon was ancient, undisturbed place made of m a t e r i d which would help unfold h i s t o r y of e a r l y planets, Later, MSC Director of Science and Applications, D r . Wilmot N. Hess, said D r . S. Oliver Schaeffer and D r . John Funkhouser of S t a t e Univ; of New York; Dr. Joseph Zahringer of Max Planck I n s t i t u t e i n Heidelberg, and D r . Donald Bogard of MSC had measured s o l a r p a r t i c l e s trapped in l u n a r rocks t o determine lunar m s t e r i a l f s age. (ah, W Post, 8/24/69, A l ; UPI, W Star, 8/25/69, ~ 4 ) . Ten space pioneers were named t o f i r s t National Space Hall of Fame. Honorees, chosen by Houston City committee, would be f e t e d a t f i r s t annual awards dinner i n Houston, Tex., Sept. 27. They include& Astronaut Alan'B. Shepard, Jr., f i r s t American to journey i n space; former Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., f i r s t American t o o r b i t i n ' �August 23 (continued) space; l a t e Astronaut Edward H. White 11, f i r s t man t o walk i n space;. D r . Wernher von Braun, MSFC Director; l a t e Rep: Albert Thomas (D- ex. ) staunch supporter of space progran; D r . Kurt H. Debus, KSC Director; l a t e D r . Hugh L. Dryden, former NASA ~ e p u t yAdministrator; D r . Maxime A. Faget, Director of Engineering and Dwelopment a t MSC; D r . Robert R. Gilruth, MSC Director; and l a t e D r . Robert H, Coddard, f a t h e r of rocketry. Hall was i n Albert Thomas Center in Houston. (UPI,' NYT -3 , .' 8 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 8) This Week published interview with science f i c t i o n author Arthur C. Clarke. Most important recent outer sDace discovew was p u l s a r s - - " I t l s possible t h a t they might be sign& from some higher c i v i l i z a t i o n . " S c i e n t i f i c sllrprise in ApolLo program was " i t s immaculate perfection. You don't expect t h a t , no matter how caref'ully you prepme." Clarke. was miting space exploration.documentary which would show "whole span of human i n t e r e s t i n space, b&k t o t h e Babylonian astronomers and on up thrc=lgh t h e colonization of t h e s o l m system. " It would include Stonehenge which was "as big a burden for t h e primitive economy t h a t hilt i t - - i n f a c t , probably a much bigger burden than t h e Apollo program i s for us. " (Bradford, This Week, August 24: 8/24/69, 7) Transfer of US4F MOL o f f i c e r s t o NASA astronaut corps [see Aug. i4] was c r i t i c i z e d in.WashingLon Sunday S t a r by W i l l i a m fines: "With t h e i n i t i a l noon l a d i n g now an accomplished fact, the pace of named space operations 'has slowed down t o three flights per year. This n;eans t h a t no more than nine men can f l y annually, and with 54 a s t r o nsuts now on board, t h i s , i n t u n , means an average of six years between f l i g h t s . " Tho@ pace might accelerate i n time and future space stations.would increase annual number of crew assignments, "the glamor and glory of being an astronaut--particularly a nonflying one--no longer compensates f o r t h e enforced .idleness imposed by t h e modified flight schedule. I ' (W Star, 8/24/69, ~ 4 ) August 25: Postmaster General Winton M. Blount announced t h a t " ~ i r s t Man on t h e ~ o o n "postage stamp would be issued Sept, 9 i n Washington, D .C. , i n conjunct ion with National Postal Form. Printed from master d i e c a r r i e d t o moon on A o U o 11rnisslon (~uly16-24), 10-cent air mail s t amp would be 5@-han conventional commemorative -stamps and would be dedicated i n special cereabny attended by Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l h i n , Jr., and Michael C o U n s . �August 25 (continued) Post Office had received 500,000 f i r s t - d a y cover requests within t h r e e weeks a r t e r stamp was announced July 9 and was still receiving 60,00089,030 such requests daily--of which about one-fif'th were f'rom foreign countries. (PO Dept Release 130) . Robert E. Bernier, former CamSatCorp systems engineer f o r - t e l s a t I11 program, becme NASA European Representative i n Office of International Af'fairs. He replaced Clotaire Wood, who would return t o Of'fice of Advanced Research and Technology a t NASA Hq. Bernier would begin h i s d u t i e s a t American Bnbassy i n P a r i s i n e a r l y October, handling NASA's cooperative r e l a t i o n s and programs with European regional and n s t i o n a l space organizations. (NASA Release 69-125) . Scientist-astronaut D r . W i L l i a m E. Thornton, who had been grounded i n spring, received clearance t o continue j e t p i l o t t r a i n i n g . Thornton had had d i f f i c u l t y landing because of d i s t o r t i o n of v i s i o n c a l l e d aniseikonia,which reduced h i s depth perception. Vision had been corrected with s p e c i a l glasses. (UPI, W S t a r , 8/26/69, A3; WPost, 8/26/69, ~ 9 ) - . Washington Post published r e s u l t s of July 30-Aug. 4 Harris survey of U. S. households t o determine a t t i t u d e toward spending $4 b i l l i o n annually for decade t o explore moon and other planets. While 5% of those polled approved funding f o r lunar landing, narrow p l u r a l i t y of 1,577 4% was opposed t o m h e r $4 b i l l i o n anually; 44% favored. Persons un3er 30 favored extension of space program by 6@ t o 34% but those over 50 opposed it by 5 g a c k c i t i z e n s were opposed by (W Post, 8 6% t o 1%. . Dr. Harry H. Hess, Chairman of MIS-NRC Space Science Board, died of heart a t t a c k suffered while attending Board meeting a t Woods Hole, Mass. D r . Hess, Blair professor of geology a t Princeton Univ., was one of s c i e n t i s t s who had a n a l b e d Apollo ll lunar samples. In 1950 he had advanced theory t h a t volcanic a c t i v i t y on ocean Moor caused continental d r i f t . He had been past president of Mineralogical Society of America a d of Geological Society of America, chairman of s i t e - s e l e c t i o n committee f o r NSF"s Project Mohole, and adviser t o . numerous Federal a encies, including NASA. (UPI, - W Post, 8/27/69, A10; Science, 8/29$69, 882) �Augpst 25-30: Eighth International Symposium on Space Technology--first major i n t e r n a t i o n a l space meeting since Apollo ll-:was held I n Tokyo. I n opening speech, general chairman Tsuyoshi Hayashi expressed world's appreciation t o U.S. f o r making "a great l e a p f o r mankind" but s a i d many other nations had contributed t o s c i e n t i f i c knowledge t h a t made lunar landing possible. He asked recognition of moon a s i n t e r n a t i o n a l territory. Among 400 s c i e n t i s t s from 19 countries attending meeting 'were NASA Apollo Applications Program Director W i U i a m C. Schneider; D r . Cristoper C. b a n , Jr., MSC Director of Flight Operations, and M. P. Frank from MSC; Herbert A. Wilson, Jr., Chief of Applied Materials D i v . , from LaRC; Ox Project Manager WiUked E. S c u l l f'rom GSFC; D r . Thomas Vrebalovich from JPL; and Leon C. Hamiter, Jr., MSFC engineer. H a m i t e r presented paper on increased computer capacity and l i g h t e r weight f l i g h t hardware. Prof. Masahiko Kido of Japan's Ehime Univ. s a i d legal s t a t u s should be developed f o r moon before disputes arose over lunar r e a l e s t a t e . Other p a r t i c i p a n t s urged steps t o outlaw m i l i t a r y use of moon. D r . Werner J. KLeen, Director of European Spsce Research and Technology Center,said ESRO had been given permission t o put comsat i n t o o r b i t and would s t a r t work i n autumn. Japan announced i t s space development corporation would begin operations Oct. 1 and launch MS-4 f e rocket in e a r l y 1 4 0 , followed by comsat launch. ( ~ b a b e c o f, 69, 11; MSFC Release 69-181; NASA Off of Int Affairs) August 26: Moon landing would change human l i v e s , C..P. Snow s a i d i n Look. "I am a f r a i d that in the long run, perhaps a generation, perhaps longer, it will have a bad e f f e c t . It wiLl give us t h e feeling, and t h e p e r f e c t l y j u s t i f i e d f e e l i n g , t h a t our world has his i s forever the end of t h e mortal f r o n t i e r . " f i n a l l y closed in. Space enthusiasts thought lunar landing would l i b e r a t e human imaginat i o n but "I believe...that hman imagination i s going t o be r e s t r i c t e d - as t o an extent it was when the l a s t spots on t h e globe had been r i s i t e d , t h e South Pole and t h e summit of Everest. e ow here on earth f o r adventurous man t o go. Very soon, there w i l l be no place i n t h e universe f o r adventurous man t o go. " (Look, 8/26/69, 68-72) - , NASA announced award by LaRC of $2.5-million contract t o Ling Temco Vought Aerospace Corp. t o design, develop, and flight-qualify larger 1st -stage s o l i d rocket motor f o r Scout booster. New Algol I11 motor w o u l d have 44- or 45-in dia, 4 or 5 i n wider than Algol IIB, and would enable Scout t o place 400-lb payload, 100 l b s more than I I B capacity, i n t o o r b i t with 300-mi a l t i t u d e . (NASA Release 69-126) �August 26: Bright red l i g h t s , believed by observers t o be meteors, flashed across California, Nevada, and Arizona a t 8 : 5 0 pm PDT. North American A i r Defense Command (NORAD) l a t e r i d e n t i f i e d l i g h t s as parts of Soviet booster burning during reentry. Booster had launched Cosmos C C X C N Aug. 19. (AP, W S t a r , 8/27/69, A5; l a t e r ed, ~3 ) August 27 : NASAf s 148-1b drum-shaped Pioneer E f a i l e d on 5 :29 pm EDT launch from ETR by Thrust-Auwented Improved Delta (DSV-3~)b o x t e r . S a t e l l i t e had been intended for solar o r b i t t o c o l l e c t s c i e n t i f i c data on electromagnetic and plasma properbies of interplanetary medium near e a r t h ' s o r b i t a l path during s i x or more passages of s o l a r a c t i v i t y centers. J e t t i s o n of t h r e e strap-on solid-propellant rockets, 1st-stage Thor engine cutoff, and 2nd-stage i g n i t i o n occurred as planned but vehicle began gyrating, veered o f f course, and was destroyed by Range Safety Officer a t 8 min 2 secs GET. Pioneer E and TETR C t e s t and t r a i n i n g s a t e l l i t e , carried a s secondary payload t o t e s t Apollo c o m i c a t ions network, splashed i n t o Atlantic about 300 m i southeast of Barbados. Preliminary analysis of data indicated l o s s of hydraulic pressure during 1st-stage burn permitted engine nozzle t o develop uncontrolled gimbaling and vehicle w a t ions. Invest igat i o n would be conducted t o determine exact cause and action t o prevent recurrence. Pioneer E was l a s t i n s e r i e s of f i v e spacecrart designed t o provide, continuing measurements over t h e s o l a r cycle at widely separated points i n interplanetary space. Pioneer V I (launched Dec 16, 1955), Pioneer VII - (launched Aug. 17, 1956), Pioneer VIII (launched Dec. 16, 1 m n d Pioneer M (launched Nov. 8, 1968) had received 25,000 commands from ground and were s t i l l producing usef'ul data from widely s c a t t e r e d positions i n heliocentric o r b i t s . Nost recent Pioneer missions had provided new information on functions of magnetosphere, additional d a t a on f i n d i n g t h a t diffuse solar,plasma regions appeared t o have a t t r a c t i o n of t h e i r own, measurements of cosmic dust populations, data on changes in e l e c t r i c a l and magnetic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o l a r corona, and t a r g e t s f o r precision radar tracking which l e d t o establishment of r e l i a b l e value f o r earth-moon msss r a t i o aqd sun-earth mass r a t i o . Pioneer progran was managed by ARC under OSSA direction. (NASAProj Off; NASA Release 69-U6; 8/29/69, 213) . s, �August 3 : Moon was t w i n planet of earth, formed f r o z - same whirling gas cloud, i n e a r l y view of t w o LEE s c i e n t i s t s studying Apollo 11 samples. D r . S. Ross Taylor of A s t r i National Univ., Canberra, Australia, said,' "Moon's composition i s unlike t h e e a r t h ' s . But it i s not outside our experience. It i s l i k e t h e material you would expect i f t h e e a r t h and moon were formed a s a double planet.'' He thought moon was younger twin, while D r . Oliver A. Schaeffer of S t a t e Univ. of New York thought it might be equally old. " Age of two lunar rocks had been estimated a t 3.1 b i l l i o n y r s , "p;ive o r take.. -200million years," by measuring proportion of argon 40 t o potassium i n rocks, D r . Schaeffer said. L u n a r highlands might be 4.5 b i l l i o n y r s old. Moon, he thought, never grew big enough t o melt i n t e r n a l l y and produce geologic activity t o change lunar surface an3 leave younger rocks. D r . Taylor's studies had shown unusually high amounts of refYactory material an3 absence or low concentration of v o l a t i l e materials, implying v o l a t i l e material hsd boiled ah-ay in melting process. He inferred rock chemistry was d i f f e r e n t from deep msntle of e a r t h and fYom cosmic abundances - - d i s t r i b u t ion of elements t h a t w ~ u l dbe expected i n d i s t a n t , more primitive planet captured by earth. ( c o b , W Post, 8/28/69, A l ) , . MSC Deputy Director George S. Trimble announced h i s resignation, effect i v e Sept 30, after 2; yrs with NASA. He had been Director of Advanced Manned Missions P r o g a r i n N4SA Office of Manned Space FLight before appointment t o MSC post Oct. 13, 1967. (UC Release 69-70; W Post, 8/28/69, A 8 ; NAS9 Ann, 10/13/67) . . NASA announced selection of RCA Service Co. t o receive two-year, cost- plus-award-fee contract with one-year option f o r l o g i s t i c support t o (STADAN), Manned Space F l i g h t Network (MsFX), and NASA Comunications Network (NASCOM) Contract was expected t o exceed $17 million. (NASA Release 69-127) Sgace Tracking an3 Data Acquisition Network . . American A i r l i n e s began showing IQASA color film o f Apollo 11 and d i s t r i b u t i n g f r e e copies of CBS News recording "Man on the Moon" azd free cut-out lunar modules f o r children on "Americana" f l i g h t s between East Coast and California through Sept. 23. (E, 8/1@/69, 23) Auqust 23: Leading lunar s c i e n t i s t D r . Harold C. Urey t o l d conference on nuclear energy a t Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago he was "pleased" a t discovery t h a t age of lunar rocks might range between �August 28 (continued) 3 b i l l i o n and 4.5 b i l l i o n y r s [see Aug. 231 and had "expected t h i s for But I ' m not making any more b e t s on t h e moon's o r i g i n . " a long t h e He was "puzzled" by once-molten l u n a r . sea material; it might have been formzd by huge meteor or a s t e r o i d impacts r a t h e r than volcanism and . moon might h3ve o r i inated out of c l u s t e r of such a s t e r o i d a l debris. ( ~ o h n ,W-Post, .... F i f t i e t h anniversary of International A i r Transport Assn. (IATA), founded i n Amsterdam A u g . 28, 1919. International flying under IATA asspices i n 1919 amounted t o 3,503 passengers; i n 1969 it w a s expected t o t o t a l 300 million. Organization was s t i U devoted t o o r i g i n a l principles: promot i o n o f s a f e , regular, and economical air transport; collaboration anong i n t e r n a t i o n a l c a r r i e r s ; processing of technical matters and comon f a r e s ; and functioning as clearinghouse f o r settlement of member a i r l i n e accounts. From o r i g i n a l membership of s i x a i r l i n e s , IATA now had 103 p a r t i c i p s t i n g members. ( ~ a n b e r ~ e NYT, r, 8/24/69, 86) August 2 9 : U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCqI from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t with 239-lan (185.8 -nt) apogee, 227-km (141.1-mi) perigee, 89.6-min per id, and 64.g0 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered Sept. 6. (GSFC -SSR 9 8/31/69, 9/15/69; S8D, 9/3/69, 9; ull Public Itegistry) Soae p l a n t s treated with lunar dust i n e a r l y ' ~ w s t were showing unexpected responses. Treated plants- -including seedlings of several common food plants l i k e wheat, tomatoes, cucumbers, and limes--were generally huskier and s l i g h t l y greener than untreated plants. NASA statement said: "The seedlings challenged with lunar materials uniformly look b e t t e r t h a n t h e controls (untreated p l a n t s ) Germination i n t h e presence of lunar soil indicates t h a t it is behaving l i k e a source of nutrients. " Plant c e l l s i n t i s s u e c u l t u r e showed "some evidence of s u b t l e change a s a r e s u l t of l u n a r innoculat i o n . " D r . 3. A . Vozzo, plant pathologist a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory, eGhasized t h a t changes were minor and could not yet be p o s i t i v e l y a t t r i b u t e d t o l u n a r ' d u s t . ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 8/30/69, ~ l ) . NAS4 selected General E l e c t r i c Co. t o receive three-year, $4-million, ' cost-plus-award-fee contract with two-year option t o provide engineering and mission-related support t o LsRC f o r Viking Project--series of planet sry probes which would begin softlanding on Mars i n 1973. (NASA Release 69-128) ' �New determination of abundance of water i n Mars atmosphere was reported i n Science by I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e of Technology a s t r o norners Tobias Owen and Harold P. Mason. New spectograms of planet had been obtained i n region of wat er-vapor band a t 8,200 8 during February and March 1969. h o u n t of p r e c i p i t a b l e water was found t o be about 1 5 JL Abundance reaffirmed t h a t some water was .present at current epoch but otherwise had l i t t l e bearin5 on evolution of Martian atmosphere. Water vapor d i d n o t imply liquid \ate r e x i s t e d ori Martian surface. (science, 8/29/69, 893-5) August 29: . August 31: Washinqton Post Sunday supplesent Potomac published p r o f i l e of D r . Richard T. Whitcoxb, head of 8-Foot Tunnels Branch a t k R C . He had won 1954 Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r design of "coke b o t t l e " a i r c r a f t fuselage configuration t h a t enabled high-speed a i r c r a f t t o pass through rnach 1 with increased power. Nore r e c e n t l y he had devised s u p e r c r i t i c a l wing, which would permit subsonic j e t a i r c r a f t t o approach mach 1. If adopted by c o m e r c i a l a i r c r a f t manufacturers, wing would c u t n e a r l y one hour from current five-hour t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l f l i g h t s . ( ~ o t o m s c , 8/31/69, 1, 5-7) . DOD i n t e r n a l , c l a s s i f i e d , menoranda money buying a d d i t i o n a l Lo:kheed suggested Governmat would waste C-5A aircraf't, Washington Post s a i d . Central conclusion as t h a t most e f f i c i e n t and l e a s t c o s t l y transport a t i o n network t o support two major and one "brushf i r e " war " f o r which m i l i t a r y wants t o be prepared c o n s i s t s of t h e e x i s t i n g t h r e e squadrons (58) [ o f ] C-5As plus smaller c a r r i e r s l i k e t h e C-141 and modern freighters." ( ~ o s s i t e r ,W Post, 8/31/69, Al) During ----Amst: Pace magazine p ~ b l i s h e da r t i c l e s by Vice President S p i r o T. Agnew, also NASC Chairma, and by NASA Administrator, Dr. Thoaas 0 . Paine. D r . Paine s a i d , "To improve conditions i n our s o c i e t y w e need t o c r e a t e more wealth through g r e a t e r productivity based on new t e c h n o l o a . We should be r e s t l e s s and d i s s a t i s f i e d with our slowness i n overcoming s o c i a l i l l s , and T hope t h a t t h e space prograrn trill continue t o spur us onward here. If we can go t o t h e moon, why can ' t we b u i l d great and shining c i t i e s ? Why c a n ' t we eliminate ignorance, crime and poverty? If our space program h i g h l i g h t s such questions and helps form s n a t i o n a l c o m i t a e n t t o f i n d new solutions, it w i l l have served the n2tion well. Our space advances should eznbolden the n s t i o n ta proceed forward w i t h increased �During August (continued) confidence i n these other areas. Our ApoUo program has demonstrated anew what Americans can accom$lish given a nat-ional comsnitment, capable leadership and adequate resources. "Man's f'uture i n space i s l i m i t l e s s . We have embarked on a new stage of evolution t h a t w i l l engage a l l future generations of men. We face t h e unknown i n countless areas: What a r e t h e e f f e c t s . o f sustained zero and a r k i f i c i a l gravity? Of time-extending f l i g h t a t nearly t h e v e l o c i t y of l i g h t 7 O f s o c i e t i e s genetically selected f o r extraterrestrial living? 'We must f i n d t h e answers. We must mwe vigorously forward i n space. The p r a c t i c a l benefits Qone justify t h i s venture, but t h e r e a r e many other canpeU_ing human reasons. Progress i n space should continue t o spur u s onward t o find new solutions t o our age-old problems here on Spaceship Earth. We must make t h e blue planet Earth a hone base, worthy of men who w i l l s e t f o r t h one day on journeys t o the s t a r s . " Vice SPresident Agnew s a i d : "With t h e remarkably successful Apollo moon-landing program on the verge of c d m b a t i o n , we are now faced with a need t o define j u s t what we should proceed t o do t o make use most effectively of t h e results of our past and continuing space-exploration investaent. Wealthy a s our .econony is, rich as our technology has become, we must plan c a r e f u l l y i n order t o meet It i s our hope a wide range of urgent n a t i o n a l requirements t h a t , with a c a r e r u l l y reasoned s e t of goals adequately Punaed by the people through t h e i r Congress, t h e nation and the world w i l l rzap t h e maximum possible b s n e f i t from mankind's most ambitious m9ertaking. We must keep our horizons wide and our s i g h t s high. Despite i t s many i n t e r n a l domestic p r i o r i t i e s , t h i s nation should never t u r n inward, away from t h e opportunities and challenges of i t s 9 8/69, 2-4) most promising f r o n t i e r . (pace .... Four h u n b e d t h anniversary of Mercator's map, published i n Rhenish c i t y of Duisberg i n 1569 by Gerhsrd Kremer (knowi b y ' h i s Latin name Gerardus ~ e r c a t o)r Map t r a n s l a t e d earthfs spbere i n t o plane on chart on which s t r a i g h t l i n e drawn by navigator cut across all meridians a t same angle. Mercator projection w a s s t i l l standard f o r worldwide sea navigation and f o r aeronautical charts. (E, 8 / ~ 7 / 6 9 ,8 2 ) . 'Technologically and managerially, Apollo was d i f f i c u l t , " Englebert Kirchner said i n ~ p a c e / ~ e r o n a u t ei cd ~ i t o r i a l . " P o l i t i c a l l y a2d s o c i a l l y , it. was simple. J u s t t h e r e v e r s e ' i s t r u e about t h e great �During A u g ~ s t(continued) problems of our society. What i s making t h e s e so hard t o solve i s not t e c h n ~ l o g ybut s e r i o u s disagreement about goals and p r i o r i t i e s , about what i s good f o r whom, who i s t o g e t what and who should pay f o r it. The space prograa does not hold t h e answer t o t h e s e questions. Trying t o find them i n Apollo will only d i s t o r t and t h e r e f o r e b e l i t t l e a n incomparable achievement. Apollo took u s t o t h e moon, t o t h a t shining disk i n the sky t h a t looks so unbelievably d i s t a n t . I s n ' t t h a t enough?" (a, 8/69, . AFSC rl) - Newsreview e d i t o r i a l comented on Apollo 11: "If, l i k e t h e e m l y Vikings o r Columbus a t t h e shores of t h e New World, Amundsen at A n t a r c t i c a , Hillary a t t h e peak of M t ~ v e r e s--o& t astronauts stood alone with their thoughts on unknown s o i l , they were not alone. With them was t h e i n v i s i b l e presence of t h e most e ~ e n s i v e ,highly t r a i n e d , p r o f e s s i o n a l l y coapetent, and thoroughly dedicated t a s k f o r c e we have . known. We i n t h e A i r Force Systems Command s a l u t e t h e a s t r o n a u t s on t h e i r accomplishment. We are proud t h a t we have been a b l e t o contribute t o t h e i r rnzgnif i c e n t achievement. " (AFSC Newsreview, 8/69, 2) . �Accident a i r c r a r t , 340 h e l i c o p t e r , 313 See A i r Force Systems Cornand. AFSC. Agathadaemon canal (~ars), 316 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 325, 354-355' AH-56.A ( ~ h e y e n n)e ( h e l i c o p t e r ) 313 A M . See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 313, 356 A i r p o l l u t i o n , 334-335, 344 A i r Transport A s s n . of h e r i c a , 334-335 A i r c r a f t , 313, 338, 340, 354 A i r p o r t s , 317-318, 334 Aldrin, L/C Edwin E . , Jr. (uSAF) An0110 U mission commemorative medal, 330 extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 321 flight, 334 lunar landing, 315, 326 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333-334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333, 337 TV interview, 341 awards and honors, 335-336 commorative stamp ceremony, 348 t r i b u t e t o , 335-336 A l g o l IIB (rocket engine), 350 Algol 111, 350 h e r i c a n A i r l i n e s , 352 Amlrican I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM), 346 American Society f o r Engineering Education, 344 Ames Research Center (ARC), 351 , Anaheim, C a l i f . , 346 Andrews AFB, Md., 315 Antenna, 312 Apollo program, 326-329, 336, 342, 345, 355 Apollo 7 mission, 345 Apollo 8 mission, 318, 345 Apollo 11 mission b i o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s , 314, 353 book, 330 commemorative medals, 330 comernorat i v e s t m p , 328, 348- 349 , , �'Apollo II mission (continued) c o s t , 326 implications of, 313-315, 322, 333-334, 339, 342, 345, 350 l a s e r e x p e r h e n t 312, 314, 343 lunar m a t e r i a l sanples, 315 -316, 320-321, 324, 343, 347, 349, 352 medical a s p e c t s , 314, 320 moving p i c t u r e film, 333, 352 p r e s s comment, 332, 335, 337, 339, 356 p r e s s conference, 333-334, 337 r e l i g i o u s a s p e c t s , 341 Apollo 11: On the Moon, 330 Apollo 13 mission, 321 ApoUo 14 mission, 321 Apollo Applications program, 345 Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP) 321 ARC. See Ames Research center. Argentina, 345 Argonne National Laboratory, 35 2 Arizona, 351 Arizona, Univ. o f , 347 Armstrong, Neil A. Apollo l l mission comemorative modal, 330 e x t r a v e h i c u l a r activity, 321 n i g h t , 334 lunar landing, 315, 326 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333-334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333-334, 339 . TV interview, 341 awards and honors, 335-336 comemorative stamp ceremony, 348 legacy, 337 t r i b u t e t o , 335-3363 Army Corps of Engineers, 332 A r t i f i c i a l horizon, 317 Asteroid, 346 Astronaut Apollo 11 mission comernorat i v e medals 330 comernorat i v e s t amp, 328, 348 - 349 extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 321 medical aspects, 328 , , , (ii) �AUGUST 1969 Astronaut (continued) quxrantine, 328, 331 awards and honors , ,335 336, 347- 348 press conference, 333-334, 337 t r i b u t e s t o , 335-337 TV coverage, 331 TV interview, 341 UUF, 338, 348 Astrono=y, 317, 334,-338, 340, 346, 348 A t l a n t i c O ~ e a n , 351 A t l a s (SLV-3~) -Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 332 ATS I ( ~ ~ ~ :1a tiions . c ATS1, 333 - ATS 111, 333 ATS N , 333 ATS V (ATS-E) Austin, Tex. , A u s t r a l i a n ~ a t i o n a lUniversity, 352 Autogiro, 341 Awards and honors, 318, 335-336, 341, 347-348, 354 B-$2 ( ~ t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) 321 Back contaainat ion, 328 Bsikonur, U.S.S.R., 3El, 353 Bales, Stephen G . , 336 , ' Barbados, West Indies, 351 Barth, Dr. Charles A,, 314 B e U , David A , 313 Ben Franklin ( r e s e a r c h submarine), 339 %me Univ. Physics I n s t i t u t e , 343 Bernier, Robert E . , 349 Berry, D r . Chsrles,A., 328, 345 Blount Postmaster General Winton M. 328, 348 Bobko, Ms j Karol H. (uSAF) 338 . Boeing Co. 334, 343 Bogard, D r . DonaLd, 347 Bologna, Univ. o f , 327 Borman, L/C Frank (uSAF) 329 Boulder, Colo 312 Bradley I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 317 B r i t i s h A i r c r a f t Corp., 343 Brown, Judge John R . , 341 Bucharest, Romania, 314, 3 5 B u f - f b , Ronald J. 313 , . , , , , ., , (iii) �Surke, Rep. J. Herbert, 338 C-5A mil it as^ cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 338, 340, 354 C-141 ( m i l i t a r y t r a n s p o r t ) 354 C a l i f o r n i a , 351 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of Technology ( ~ a ~l e c h ) , 318, 323, C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of Berkeley, 3 4 Los Angeles, 346 Santa Barbara, 317 Csnbarra, A u s t r a l i a , 35 2 Cape Canaveral, F l a . , 338 Cape Kennedy, F l a . 338 Cape Kennedy Regional A i r p o r t , F l a . , 317 Ceausescu, President Nicolae ( ~ o m a n i a ) 314 Ceberus canal ( ~ a r s ) 3 6 Centaurus ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 338 Cernan, LCdr. Eugene A. (UST), 321 m i c a g o , Ill., 317, 335 Clarke, Arthur C. 348 Cohn, V i c t o r , 345 C o l l i e r , Robert J. Trophy, 341, 354 C o l l i n s , Col. Michael (USAF) ApoLlo 11 mission comemorat ive medal, 330 , 339 , , , , , flight, 334 l u n a r landing, 333 medical a s p e c t s , 328 p r e s s conference, 333- 334 quarantine, 328, 331 s i g n i f i c a n c e o f , 333 TV interview, 344 awards and honors, 335-336 comemorat ive stamp ceremony, 348 t r i b u t e t ~ ,335-336 Colorado, Univ. o f , 314 . Columbia Univ., 328 Cornmications s a t e l l i t e , 312, 338, 344, 353 C m m i c a t i o n s S a t e l l i t e Corp. ( ~ o m S a t ~ o r p )331, , Conputers, 350 Concorde (u. K. - ~ r a n c e )supersonic t r a ~ s p r t 343 Condon, D r . Edward U . , 347 Congress, 336, 355 Congress, House of Representatives, 323 , 344, 349 �AUGUST 1969 . ' Congress, House of Representatives (continued) Committee on Science and ~stronaut ics , 330 Subcornittee on NASA Oversight, 332 Congrqss, Senate, 331, 338 Cornittee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 318-320, 324 Conner, Dr. J. P., 338 Constan, Dr. George N t , 3 3 Coons, Roy G. , 320 Cosmos CCXCI (u.S.S.R. satellite), 321 Cosmos CCXCII, 339 Cosmos CCXCIII, 340 Coslnos CCXCIV, 343, 351 Cosmos CCXCV, 345 Cosmos CCXCVI, 353 Crews, L/C Albert H. (USAF) , 338 Crippen, L / C ~ X . Robert L. (USN), 338 Ddley, Mayor Richard J. , 335 Daniel. and Florence Guggenheim International Astronautics Award, 345 Davies, Merton E., 339 Debas, Dr. Kurt H., 329, 349 Defense, Dept, of (DOD), 340, 3h3, 354 Delta N (boster), 326 Denver, Colo., 347 Dirksen, Sen. Everztt T., 326 Distinguished Service Med,al (WLSA) , 336, 345 DOD. See Xefense, Dept. of. Dryden, Dr. Hugh L. , 348 Duke, Capt. Charles L., Jr. (USAF), 321 Dulles li3ternational Airport, Va., 340' Earth Resources Observation Satellite progran, 331 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 326, 332, 351 Eisenhower, Mrs. Dytght D. , 336 Electronics Research Center (ERC) (NASA), 3 7 Ellington AFB, Tex., 340 Engle, Capt. Joseph H. (uSAF), 32L Environaental Science Services Administration (ESSA), 312 See Electronics Research Center. ERC. ESRO. See European Space Research Organization. Europe, 313 European Space Research and Technology Center, 350 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 350 Evans, L. J., 315 Evans, LC&. Ronald E, (USN) , 321 Evans, Rowland, 342 �AUGUST 1969 Evans, D r . W. D m , 338 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 314, 324, 325 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA), 32l, 328 Faget, D r . Maxime A., 348 Federal Polytechnic, Zurich, 343 Ferguson, Cen. James (USAF), 313 -"First Man on the Moon" (commemorative postage stamp), 328, 348-349 Flying Baton ( a r t i f i c i a l horizon device), 317 Frank, M. P., 350 Frankel, Max, 342 Frankford Arsenal, 341 N l b r i g h t , Sen. J. W i l l i a m , 3 3 F u l l e r t o n , Msj Charles G. (usAF) 338 N t o n , Rep. James G . , 337 l?unkhouser, D r . John, 347 Gallup, George, p o l l , 324,'330 Geiss, D r . Johannes, 343 Generdl Dynamics Corp. 324 General E l e c t r i c Co. , 353 Gentry, M a j J e r a u l d R. (USAF) 344 Geographos ( p l a n e t o i d ) 346 Geological Society of America, 349 C i l r u t h , D r . Robert R. , 329, 348 Glenn, Col. John H. , Jr. (USMC, Bet. ) 347 Glomzr Challenger (drilling ship), 326 Goddard, Mrs. Esther, 336 ~ o d d a r d ,D r . Robert H. 336, 348 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 312, 325, 330, 350 Goldstone Tracking Station, 330 G r i s s m , Mrs. Virgil I . , 336 Grumnaa A i r c r a f t Engineeriw Corp., 315 CSFC. See Goddard Space Flight Center. Guam, 328, 342 G u l f Stream D r i f t , 339 Guman, Mme. Anna E . , 337 Hage , George H. 329, 343 Haise, Fred W . , Jr., 321 H a n i l t e r , Leon C . , Jr., 350 Harris survey, 349 H-%rtford, Conn., 3 7 Hsrbsfield, Maj. Henry W., Jr. (uSAF), 338 Harvard College Observatory, 327 Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, 350 Health, Education, and Welfare, Dept of (HEW), 329 Helian, R. D., 339 . , , . , , , ' , , , . �Helicopter, 313 Heliodyne Corp., 325 Hellas (Mars), 323 Herr, D r . Kenneth C., 323 Hsrrick, D r . S a w e l , Jr., 346 Herriman, Aim G . , 339 Hess, D r . Harry H. 349 Hess, D r . Wilmott N . , 9 2 , 3&7 Hines, William, 9 6 , 329, 348 HL-10 ( l i f t i n g - b o d y vehicle ) 321 Honolulu, H a w a i i , 328 Hord, D r . C h ~ r l e s , 323 Horowitz, D r . Norman H. , 339 Housing and Urban Developaent, Dept. o f (w), 317 Houston, Tex- 315, 320, 335, 337, 341, 342, 347-3b8 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H,, 336 Humphrey, Mrs. Hubert H., 336 Rynek, Dr. J. Allen, 347 IATA. See I n t e r n a t i o n s l A i r Transport Assn. Indian Ocean, 317 Ingalls, R. P. 346 I l l i n o i s I n s t i t u t e of Technology, 354 Institute S e o f i s i c o del Peru, 323 L n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d )( comunicat ions satellite) 312, 344 I n t e l s a t - T I F-3 ( I n t e l s a t 11-C; A t l a n t i c II), 312 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2, 312, 344 I n t e l s a t I11 F-'S, 331 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 , 339 Inter-Agency Cornittee on Back Contamination, 328 I n t e r i o r , D a p t . o f , 32C I n t emat i o n a l A i r Transport Assn. ( NTA) 35 3 I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t i c a l Congress, 345 Lnt ernat i o n s l cooperat i o n , 315 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperat ion, space ,' 3 3 , 344 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium on Spsce Technology, Eighth, 353 Iowa, Univ. o f , 317 I s l a n d Creek Coal Co . , 323 Jeckass F l a t s , Nev., 335 Jar,an, 342, 350 J e t Propulsion Lsbaratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,312, 31L-316, 330, 339, 350 Jcint Chiefs of Staff, 335 Jones, D r . Norman D. 314 J u p i t e r (planet ) 317. Ks?ry=, Wslter J., 345 , , , , , , , , (vii) �Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R., 325 Kennedy, John F. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, N. Y. 317, 335 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 338, 345, 348 Kerwin, LC&. Joseph P. (USN), 340 Khan, President Yahya ( ~ a k i s t a n ) ,312 Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (west ~ermany) 324 Xing, D r . Elbert A. 327, 346 Kirchner, Englebert, 355 Kleen, D r . Werner J. 350 Kozyrev, Nikolay, 334 Kraft, Christopher C., Jr., 329, 350 Lahore, Pakistan, 312 Lamont Geological Observatory, 328 Lampang, Thailand, 345 Langley Research Center ( L ~ R C ) , 350, 353, 354 Lannan John, 330 Lars en, Agne-v E 341 Laser experiment, 312, 314, 343 Lee, Capt. Chester M. (uSN, Ret.), 343 Leighton, D r . Robert B., 323, 339 Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 334 Loovy, Conway B., 339 Lick Observatory, 312, 314, 343 Lifting-body vehicle, 321, 344 Lima, Pzru, 320 Lindsay, Mayor John V . , 335 Ling Temco Vought Aerospace Corp. 350 L i s i t z i n , D r . Aleksadr P . , 328 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. 337 Lockheed-California Co., 313 Lackheed-C~lifornia Corp. , 313 Lockheed-Georgia C o . 340 Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, 3-27, 338 Los Angeles, C a l i f . 3 3 , 335 -336, 342 Los Angeles International Airport, 336 Lovell, Capt. James A . , Jr. (USN), 321 Low, George M . , 329 LRL. See Lunsr Receiviw Lzboratory. Lunar Orbiter (program), 340 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) 312-314, 316, 320, 321, 324, 328, 347 Lupus ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 338 MacDonald, Dr. Gordon J. F . , 317 , , , , , , ., , , , , , McDonald, D r . James E ., 347 McDonald Observatory, 312, 343 ( v i i i) �McDonnell Douglas Corp., 324, 337 . Magnetosphere , 351 an on t h e Moon" (CBS News recording), 352 Manke, John A . , 321 Manned Orbiting ~ a b o r a t o r(MOL) ~ , 3 3 , 338, 348 M3nned space f l i g h t , 312, 313 315, 316, 348 Manned Spaeeeraf't Center ( M S C,~ 312, 324, 328, 329, 3 X , 333-33hy 339, 345, 347, 34% 350, 352 Mariner VI ( ~ a r spmbe) 315, 318, 323, 339-340 Mariner V I I ( ~ a r sprobe 312, 318, 323 Mars (planet) atmosphere, 314, 318, 323, 354 c r a t e r s , 314, 3 6 , 323, 339 canals, 314, 33-6, 3 8 . exploration of, 315, 322, 326, 332 . funding, 316, 324, 325 i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 3 3 manned, 316, 3 9 , 323-325, 332, 341, 342, 346 plans for, 319, 320, 353 spacecraft, 3 9 unmanned, 325, 342 l i f e on, 323,'325- photographs, 312, 315, 316, 3 8 , 339 poles, 316, 318 surface, 3 8 , 323, 339, 340 temperature, 3 4 , 323 water on, 354 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 324, 344, 350, ,352 Martin Marietta Corp., 325 Mason, Harold P. , 354 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (ldIT) . Lincoln Laboratory, 346 Mattingly, L t . Thomas K., 11 (urn), 321 May, Chester B., 339 Medal of Freedom, 336 Menconi, Ralph J., 330 Mercatar, Gerardus, 355 Mercator project ion, 355 Mercury (planet) , 340, M i a m i , Univ. of I n s t i t u t e of Marine 'Science, 328 Michel, D r . F. C u r t i s , 320, 345-346 . Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 313 Miller, Rep. George P., 339 ' . 1, �AUGUST 1969 Mineralogical S o c i e t y of America, 349 M i t c h e l l , LCdr. E d g a r D. (USN), 321. Mohole, P r o j e c t , 349 Moon d i s t a n c e from earth, 314 laboratoxy, 334 landing manned, 315, 321, 326-327, 333-334, 337, 345 commemorative stamp, 328, 348-349 legal a s p e c t s , 350 l a s e r experiment, 312, 314, 343 Lunar Receiving Lsboratory (I;RL), 312-314, 316, 320-321, 324, 328, 347 surface s m p l e , 313, 315-316, 320-321, 343, 349 biological t e s t s , 314, 353 preliminary study, 324, 347, 352 INS-4 ( ~ a p s n e s er o c k e t ) , 350 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall S p a c e F l i g h t Center. MU3D (~apaneser o c k e t ) , 342 Mueller, D r . George E., 316, 319-320, 329 Murray, D r . Bruce C., 339 NASA Comrnunications Network (NASCOM) 35 2 NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 352 NASA Offfce of Space Science and Applications (oss,~), 333, 351 NASC. See National Aeronautics and Space Council. NAS-NXC Space Science Board, 317, 349 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 317, 349 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) a s t r o n a ~ ~c et l e b r a t ions, 335-336, 339, 341 c o s t , 342 awards and honors, 3 8 , 335-336, 345, 347-348 budget, 318-320, 324 c o n t r a c t , 324-325, 334, 33'7, 350, 352-353 cooperat i o n , irrternat i o n d 313 c r i t i c i s m , 327-328, 345-346, 348 f a c i l i t i e s , 332 launch , , , , failure I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5, 338 Pioneer E, 351 s a te l l i t e ATS V (ATS-E), 332-333 OSO VI (OSO-G), 326-33 �National Aeronautics and Space Administrat ion (continued) l e g a l s u i t , 341 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 321, 344 msnagement 332 organization, 329 personnel, 312-313, 320, 329, 338, 343, 345, 348-350, 352, .program a e r o n a u t i c s 317 Apollo, 326-329, 336, 342, 345, 355 astronomy, 317, 319, 322 . Mariner, 314-316, 319, 325, 330-331, 341 nuclear propulsion, 322-323 R&D, 324 space s t a t i o n , 322-323, 344 t r a c k i n g , 320 . Viking, 320, 330, 353 t e s t , 335 National Aeronautics and Space CouncFl (NASC), 336, 354 National A i r Exposition, Second, 340 . National Amateur Astronomers convention, 347 Nationail P o s t a l Forum, 348 National Press Club, 321 N a t i o n d Research Council (NRC) 317, 349 National Science Foundat ion (NSF), 349 National Space Club, 322 National Space Hall of Fame, 347-348 National Spsce Science Data Center, 325 Naugle , Dr. John E. 3% Naval. Re search Laboratory, 327 Neptune (planet) 317 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. Neugebauer, D r . Gerry, 323 Nevada, 351 New J e r s e y Div. of Clean A i r and Water, 334 New Mexico, Univ. o f , 327 New York, N.Y., 331, 335 New York S t a t e Univ., 347 Newark Airport, 334 . Nix OZympica ( ~ a r sc r a t e r ) , 316 Nixon. President Richard M. i p o ~ I ol x i s s i o n , 315, 342 astronauts s t a t e dinner f o r , 336-337 , , , , , 354 �Nixon, President Richard M. (continued) offi c e performance, 330 space progrm, 325 world t o u r , 3 2 , 314-315, 342 Nixon, Mrs ; Richard M. , 314, 336; 342 Noise, a i r c r a r t , 317-318 North American A i r Defense Command (NOW), 351 North American Rockwell Corp., 325, 337 Northrop, John K. 346 Northsop Corp. , 346 Northwestern Univ. , 347 Nova Scotia, Canada, 339 Novak, Robert, 342 NSF. See National Science Foundation. Nuclear Eng5ne f o r Rodcet Vehicle Application (NERVA) , 319, 0.0. See Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. Oberth, Hermann,' 346 Oceanography, 328, 339 0 Hair, Madalyn Murray, 341 0 'Hare I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, D l . 317, 335 0 'Keefe W i l l i a m J., 317 OSF. S e e W A O f f i c e of Manned S p a c e F l i g h t . Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (QAo), 320 Orlando, Fla., 325 OSO I (Orbiting S o l a r observatory), 327 . OSO 11, 327 OSO 111, 327 , 335 , , , pso IV; 327 OSO 7 , 327 OSO VI (OSO-G), 326-3Zi' oso-c, 327 OSSA. See NAS4 Office of Space Science and Applications. Otopeni Airport, Romqia, 314 ~ k s orl a r s y s t e m : A g o g r a m f o r Exploration, 317'" Overmyer, Maj. Robert F. (USMC), 338 owen,. obia as 354 Owens, M i s s Heather A . , 320 P a c i f i c Ocem, 342 Paine, D r . Thonss O., 318-319, 321-322, 329, 335, 336, 354-355 Pakistan, 312 Palmer, John S . , 335 Paris, France, 349 Park, Chauncey C., 320 Pasadena, C a l i f . , 315 Pegasus I11 (meteoroid detect ion s a t e l l i t e ) 317 , , (xii) �AUWST ' 1969 . Peterson, Maj Donald R . (w), 338 Petrone, Rocco, 329 Philadelphia, Pa. 341 P h i l l i p s , L/G Samuel C. (USAF) 329 Piccard, Jacques, 339 Pimentel, D r . George C . , 323 Pioneer VI ( i n t e r p i Pioneer V I I , 351 Pioneer V I I I , 351 Pioneer M, 351 Pioneer E, 351 Planetoid; 346 Plateau Elysium (~ars), 316 Plesetsk, U.S.S.R., 338, 340, 343 Pluto ( p l a n e t ) , 317 Pope AFB, N. C. 340 Post Office Dept., 32i3 Press comment Apollo program, 326 Apollo 11 mission, 3 5 , 332, 337, 356 , , , astronaut ceremonies, 335, 339 lunar samples, 315 Mariner V I , 315-316 Press conference ApolLo 11mission, 333-334 manned Mars landing, 341 Mariner V I , 314 space f a u u r e , 315 princeton Univ., 349 P r o m i r e , Sen. Willim, 338 Pulsar, 348 Radar, 346 Radiation, 323 RAmJ carp. , 339 RCA Service Co 352 Reusable launch and space vehicles, 319-320, 322 Rice Univ., 320 Rogers, A.E.E., 346 Romania, 314, 315, 342 Roosa, Capt. S t u a r t A. ( U S - 4 ~ ) 321 , Rosmond, Calif., 32i Rubin, Irene S. , 345 Rusk, Dean, 344, 346 ., (xiii) �Rusk, Dr. Howard A., 329 Rutgers Univ., 327 S - 3 (antisubmarhe aircraft), 313 Sm Diego, Calif. 328 Saturn V (boosterj, 330, 334, 337 Schaeffer, D r . Oliver A , , 352 Schaeffer, D r . S. Oliver, 347 Schmitt , Harrison, 345 Schneider, William C. , 350 Schwartz, Harry, 342 s c i e n t i s t - a s t r o n a u t , 342, 345, 349 S c i e n t i s t s , 327-328, 342 Scorpius (const elJ.@ti o n ) , 338 Scout (booster), 350 Scripps I n s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography, 328 S c u l l , WFlfred E., 350 Sea of T r a n q u i l i t y (moon), 326, 336 Seamans, Secretary of t h e A i r Force D r . Robed C., Jr., 346 Semple, Robert B. Jr 342 Sharp, Dr. Robert P., 318, 339 Shepard, Capt. MAn B. , Jr. (USN), 321, 347 Snith, Bradford A , , 339 Snow, Lord Charles (c.P. ), 350. S o l i d propellant, 350, 351 South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . 344 . space biology, 314, D9, 353 Space d e b r i s , 351 Spsce l a w , 350 Space l a w treaty (proposed), 331 Space, mUitary use of, 350 Space program, national, 313? 315-325, 327-320 330-331, 341-342, 344-346, 349, 354-355 . .1 Spsce race, 326, 344 . . Space rescue, 315 Spsce r e s u l t s , 320-322, 329, 331, 344 Space s h u t t l e , 320, 322-323 Spsce s t a t i o n , 315, 320, 322, 325, 331, 344 Space Technology Applications and Research Laboratory (STARLAB), 344 Space Tracking and Dats S c q u i s i t i o n Netwoyk, 352 Spsce t r a v e l , 324 Space tug, 3M Spectrometer, 314, 323 3ST. See Supersonic transport. Stamy, James L., 313 , ., , �AUGUST 1969 See Space Technology and Research Laboratory. STARLAB. Stewart, M / G James T. (USAF) 313 Stonehenge 348 Sud Aviation, 343 Sun, 326-327 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) 340, 343 Swigert, John L., Jr., 321 T-33 ( j e t t r a i n e r ) , 340 See Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test. TADJET. Taylor, D r . S. Ross, 352 Telescope, 312 Television, 312, 314, 316, 321, 331 335, 344 TETR C ( t e s t and t r a i n i n g s a t e ~ i t e j ,351 Thant, U.N. Secretary General U, 335 Thomas, Rep. Albert, 348 Thornton, D r . W i l l i a m E . , 349 Thrust - A w e n t ed Improved Delta (DSV-JL) (booster ) 351 Titan 111-B-Agena (booster), 347 Tokyo, Japan, 350 , , , , Tracking, 351 s t a t i o n , 320, 330 Transport A i r Drop and J e t t i s o n Test (TADJET), Transportation, Dept of (DOT), 317, 340 Trimble George S. 352 Truly L/c&. Richard H . (USN), 338 TU-144 (u.s.s.R. supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 340 Unidentified flying object (UFO), 347 Unidentified sat e l l i t e 347 United A i r Lines, 335 United Nations (u.N. ), 331 335, 339 University College o on don j 327 Uranus (planet ) , 317 Urey, D r . Harold C., 347, 3 2 - 3 3 , U.S. A i r Force (USAF) , 342 a i r c r a f t , 338, 340, 354 cooperation, 340 launch s a t e l l i t e , 347 , , . , , MOL, 313, 338, 348 persoanel, 313, 329, 338, 348, 349 UFO, 347 U.S. h q y (USA), 340 U .S Army CoUat era1 Lnve s t igat ion Board, 313 . 340 �AUGUST ' 1969 Comptroller General, 338 U.S. Deep Sea D r j l l i n g Project, 328 U S Navy (USN) , 313 U.S. Post Office, 328, 348-349 U.S. S. Hornet, 342 U. S .s ~ m o ofn Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c)s a i r c r a f t , 340 a s t r o n o ~ ,334 cooperation, space, 313 launch probe, 325 s a t ellit e Cosmos, 321, 338, 340, 343, 345, 353 science and technology, 328 space program, 319, 322, 334 spacecraft debris, 351 supersonic t r a n s p o r t , 340 Van Allen, D r . James A . , 317 Vandenberg AFB, Calif. 347 Vela (nuclear t e s t detect ion s a t e l l i t e) , 338 Venus (planet ) , 346-347 Viking Project, 320, 330, 353 Vincze, Paul, 330 Volpe , Secretary of Transportation John A. , 340 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 319, 324, 329, 348 . Von ~Arrnin, Theodore, 330 Vozzo, Dr. J. A , , 353 Vrebalovich, D r . Thomas, 350 VSX (a9tisuhmarine a i r c r a f t ) . See S - 3 Warner, D r . J e f f r e y L., 316 Washington, D. C. , 321, 322, 348 Washington, Univ. a f , 328, 339 Whitcomb, D r . R i c h a r d T . , 354 . White, L/C Edward H. , I1 (USAF), 348 White, Mrs. Edward H. , 11, 336 White House, 324, 342 Wilford, John Noble, 327 Williams, George E., 313 Wilson, Herbert A. , Jr. 350 WFlson, Richard, 346 Wflson, R i l e y , 3% Wise, D r . Dollald U., 346 Wolf Research and Development Corp., 325 Wood, Clotaire, 349 U.S. .. . , , �Woods Hole, Mass., 349 Woods Hole Oceanographic I n s t i t u t i o n , 328 X-2bA (lifting-body v e h i c l e ) , 344 XE (nuclear rocket engine), 335 X-ray source, 338 Yarborough, Sen. Ralph W., 324 Yorty, Mayor Samuel W., 336 Young, D r . Andrew T . , 339 Young, Cdr. John W. (uSN), 321 Zahringer, D r . Joseph, 347 Zoeckler , M/G John L, (UW) , 313 Zond V (u. S: S. R. space robe), 325 Zond V I , 325 Zond VII, 325 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000124 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics August 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18214 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1268/spc_stnv_000125.pdf 77f76bdbb0d04dd4dcda25ca835791f6 PDF Text Text �J U L Y 1 9 6 9 �July 1: Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman and family flew from New York f o r nine-day tour of U.S.S.R. I n s t i t u t e f o r Soviet-American Relations i n Moscow had extended i n v i t a t i o n through Soviet h b a s s y i n Washington, D.C. I t i n e r a r y included Moscow, Leningrad, Novosibirsk, and Crimea. (W Post, 7/1/69, A15; AP, W S t a r , 7/1/69, A4) PrelimFnary investigation had revealed l e a k i n small f u e l l i n e on Saturn V 1 s t stage (s-IC-11) No. 3 engine had caused June 26 f i r e , MSFC announced. B a r d had been convened t o conduct f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and recommend preventive measures. Stage's No. 3 and No. 5 engines would be replaced; other t h r e e engines received minor'damage and would be repaired i n place. Accident would n o t a f f e c t launch preparations f o r ApoUo U mission; inspection of Apollo U vehicle SA-506 had confirmed t h a t its high-pressure fuel l i n e s were i n good condition. (MSFCRelease 69-156) North American Rockwell Corp. consolidated i t s Rocketdyne Div. and Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div. i n t o new Power Systems Divs. headed by Jay D. Wethe, Vice President of Aerospace and Systems Group. (NAR Release N-14) U.K. Defense Ministry said it had t r a n s f e r r e d i t s nuclear s t r i k e force from delta-wing bombers t o P o l a r i s submarines. Seven eventually would be brought i n t o service. ( ~ e u t e r s ,3 Sun, 7/2/69, ~ 2 ) July 2 : European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO) attempt t o place I t a l i a n ELDO F-8 spacecraft i n t o polar o r b i t from Woomera Rocket Range f a i l e d when West German 3rd stage of Europa booster rna.lflmctioned. U.K. 1 s t stage and French 2nd stage performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (2, 7/16/69, 14; AP, W Star, 7/3/69, ~ 3 ) ' Preliminary countdown demonstration t e s t (QDDT) for J u l y 16 Apollo 11 launch was successfully completed at KSC. Except f o r 3-hr 18-min hold during which technicians repaired leaky f u e l valve, 53-day t e s t had run smoothly. (AP, 3 Sun, 7/3/69, ~ 4 ) Unofficial Communist sources said U.S.S.R. would launch unmanned Luna spacecraft July 10, which would attempt t o scoop up lunar sample and r e t u r n it t o e a r t h , Associated Press reported. Sources s a i d launch would be t h i r d attempt t o conduct successful mission; f i r s t had reportedly exploded on launch pad a t Baikonur in e a r l y A p r i l , and second had exploded i n f l i g h t June 14, when 2nd stage i g n i t e d . One source s a i d Soviet space o f f i c i a l s were "very disturbed over the success of the American ApoUo program. Losing t h e moon r a c e will be a t e r r i b l e blow t o them." (B Sun, 7/3/69, ~ l ) �Cosmonauts Gherman S, Titov, Konstantin P. Feoktistov, and Georgy J u l y 2: T. Deregovy were among Soyiet o f f i c i a l s who met Astronaut Frank Borman and family on a r r i v a l at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport at s t a r t of nineday U.S.S.R. v i s i t . Asked i f S o v i e t cosnionaut might visit U.S., Bom)an said; " I ' m sure t h a t will be discusced. Cooperation i n space a c t i v i t i e s i s an important aspect of t h e space program. " Bomans breakfasted i n Moscow and returned t o a i r p o r t f o r flight t o Leningrad. Schedule called f o r v i s i t t o Vzyozdni Gomdok--Star City--where cosmonauts l i v e d and t o space comunicat ions c e n t e r i n Crimea; nothing i n program indicated v i s i t t o U.S.S.R. launching center at Bsikonur i n Kazakhstan. (AP, W -9S t a r 7/2/69, ~ 1 4 ) Time-Life , Inc. , w o u l d pay minhum of $400,000 f o r exclusive book r i g h t s o f l u n a r landing s t o r y t o combine established by NASA astronauts i n 1959, Don Kirkman s a i d i n Washington Daily Mews. Money would be split equally i n t o 60 shares f o r 52 active astronauts and widows o f eight deceased. (W News, 7 / 2 / 6 9 , 7) NASA announced award t o Bendiq Field Engineering Corp. of $30 million, one-year, cost-plus-award-fee contract extension f o r operation and maintenance of major portion of Manned Space F l i g h t Network. Extension was t h i r d exercised under option and brought t o t a l funding t o $139,215,832. (NASA Release 69-100) 3: ApoUo ll booster, spacecraft, and Astronauts N e i l A. Armstrong, M i c h e l CoUips, and Edwin E. Aldrin, J r , , completed f i n a l countdown r e h e a r s a l t e s t . Astronauts achieved simulated liftoff a t 9 : 3 2 am EDT-exad, time aT scheduled J u l y 16 launch. Final countdown f o r manned lunar landing mission would begin July 10. (AP, B 9,7/4/69, Al0) July Apollo 11 astronauts would leave three items on lunar surface t o commemorate landing, NASA announced. S i l i c o n disc; 1%-in-dia, would carry statements by Presidents Eisenhower , Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon; messages of goodwill frorh leaders of 73 countries; l i s t of l e a d e r s of Congress and members of four Congressional committees responsible f o r NASA I e g i s h t i o n ; and names of NASA's t o p management, p a s t and present. Statements, messages, and names had been etched on d i s c by process used t o make microminiature e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t s . Each message had been reduced 200 times, t o b a r e l y v i s i b l e dot. Twee- by five-foot nylon American f l a g with tubing along t o p edge would be erected on eight-foot aLwlinum staff on airless moon. Two o t h e r U.S. flags and f l a g s f'rorn 136 nations and 50 U.S. s t a t e s would be carried t o mon and returned t o earth. Plaque on LM descent stage �July 3 (continued) would bear i m ~ e sof two hemispheres of e a r t h and i n s c r i p t i o n , "1,Lere men from t h e p l a n e t e a r t h first s e t foot upon t h e moon July 1969, A.11. We came i n peace f o r all mankind." It would bear names of Apollo 11 crew-Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong, Edwin P;. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins-and President Nixon. (NASA Releases 69-03E, 69-83F, 69-838) . A t Leningrad news conf csence during U. S. S R. t o u r , Astronaut Frank Borrnan s a i d he hoped U . S . and Soviet spacemen would fly t o g e t h e r i n J o i n t mission by mid-1:YIOs. (Neuters, W ]Post, 7/4/69, ~ 3 ) E d i t o r i a l in W ~ s h i n ~ t 0l'ost n e n t i t l e d "Our Man on the Moon" c r i t i c i z e d White IJouse decision t o l e a v e on moon plaque on Apollo 11 LM descent s t a g e with s i g n a t u r e of President Nixon: "The proposed plaque would s t a t e $hat ' w e came in peace f o r a l l mankind.' That message, t o g e t h e r with the names of t h e t h r e e brave men who made t h e , voyage would seem t o us t o be enough." E d i t o r i a J erroneously c i t e d A p r i l 1968 a r t i c l e by KASA 1Iistorian Eugene M. Emme, " H i s t o r i c a l Perspectives on Apollo," saying t h a t nowhere did Mr. Nixon's name appear. Name d i d appear with reference t o post-Sputnik statements i n October 1957 and t o promises of l u n a r landing by 19/1 i n 1960 e l e c t i o n campaign. (W post, 7 / 3 / 6 9 , A14; Journ of Spacecraft and Rockets, 4/68, 369-01) A p o l l o l l might s i g n a l end t o KSC area's economic boom, Wall S t r e e t Journal - said. NASA had announced s l a c k i n Apollo launchings and cut, i n KSC employment from 23,500 t o 18,500 persons. Brevard Counts (site of k c ) housihg construction had f L l e n some 4@, from 3,k38 u n i t s i n 1967 t o 2,080 i n 1968,and was currently down another 4%. Amount of money drawn against checking account d e p o s i t s i n county r o s e only 1% in f i r s t five months of 1969, c o n t r a s t i n g with 17% rise f o r a l l of F l o r i d a . (Prugh, WSJ, 7/3/69, 28) Message f'roq President Nixon was read at opening of s m e r session of 18-nat ion Disarmament Commit t e e i n Geneva; 'I. draft agreements have . been submitted by the United S t a t e s and by t h e Soviet Union t o prevent an arms race on the seabeds. Although d i f f e r e n c e s e x i s t , it should not prove beyond our a b i l i t y t o find cornan ground s o t h s t a r e a l i s t i c agreement may be achieved t h a t enhances t h e securi$y of a l l countries. ... Our g o a l should be t o present a sound seabed arms c o n t r o l measure t o the 24th General Assembly of t h e United Nations. " (E, 7/7/69, 929-30) .. �A t P a r i s press conference Sud-Aviation President Henri Ziegler July 3: denied r e p o r t s t h a t France was dropplng Concorde supersonic transport project f o r economic reasons. Milan aerodynamic system developed f o r Mirage supersonic fighter-bomber was being t e s t e d on French prototype. It consisted of two s m a l l nose wings which shortened t a k e o f f and landing runs and r e t r a c t e d i n f l i g h t t o reduce r e s i s t a n c e . (=, 7/,5/69, a 28 -B) NASA o f f i c i a l s ordered technicians t o r e p a i n t Saturn V 3rd s t a g e a f t e r they discovered o l d coating had begun t o peel. Thermal p a i n t would h e l p protect super-cold hydrogen fuels from sun's h e a t . Repainting of stage, scheduled t o boost manned Apollo U spacecraft toward moon July 16, would not a f f e c t launch date. (AP, W S t a r J 7/5/69, ~ 1 3 ) A t U.S. k b a s s y Independence Day Pasty i n Moscow, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Forman signed autographs with Cosmonauts Ghehan S. Titov, Georgy T. Beregovoy, and Konstantin P. Feoktistov. Among 1,000 persons attending reception given by U.S. Ambassador Jacob D. Beam were V 4 s . U y V. Kuznetsov, U.S.S.R. F i r s t Deputy Foreign Minister, and Mfkhail P. Georgadze, Secretary of t h e Presidium of t h e Supreme They were highest ranking Soviet o f f i c i a l s t o a t t e n d annual July 4 -reception since 1964 attendance of Nikita S. Khrushchev as head of government and C o m i s t Party, ( c l a r i t y , E,7/5/69, 28; AP, B 2, 7 / 5 / 6 9 , A21 Soviet. . Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, P r e s i d e n t i a l Science Adviser, addressed Independence Day celebrat ion at Dearborn, Mich. : "For untold m i l l i o n s of years t h e human animal was chained t o t h e earth. S W y y e a r s ago he found a way of soaring i n t o its atmsghere. Ten years ago he learned t o break t h e chains of p a v i t y and t o soar out i n t o space. This month the first man w i l l set foot on another world. Later t h i s month two spacecrafi w i U reach Mars and send back new information about t h a t Planet. Americans w i l l have no reason t o be ashamed of t h e i r nation on those days. Is it worth while? Is it worth while t o l i f t the spirits of m i n i o n s of human beings? If n o t , what e l s e i s w o ~ h whiLe,?" Developing l u n a r landing t ethnology was r e l a t i v e l y easy, "The laws of nature which made it possible have been well known for a long ... t h e . The engineering skills required were a v a i l a b l e and. were b r i l l i a n t l y organized. Hundreds of thousands of Americans worked together t o make this dream come t r u e . They had f a i t h and t h e y had hope. �Ctdy 4 ( ~ t ~ i ~ u e d ) The prubler& of our c l t l e s and the ither social p-oblems which besct ,us are not LaJ.l ihat'ensy. Tn t h i s area human beings are not w6rking t o ~ ~ b h but e r are In conflict. We find that we do not yet lmow the co.1rac uII these ~ r b u b i e snor do we yet have t h e mechanisms for' c u r i n @ them. l,Icnce we must study, we. m G s t experiment, we must t r y a n d we w l U o f t e n railr... And we shaLl learn from our faiiures. ( ~ e x tCli ; 5 *[/:13/6(), ~~415-7)' , ' , Analysis of 11tna.r surface would provide key to e a r t h 1r, history. by lkdicat$qg whether moon-Is origin was, catastrophic or -noncatastrophic, Pr; 11. Alf'vdn and Dr. G. Arrhenius of Univ. of California at San Diego said in Science , ~adiome6ricdating o f igneous lunar rocks,might nrovide '. information on the of' their s o l i d i f i c a t i o n . If catastr&hic . B l t e f i j t i v e was correct, rocks should date to .less t h ~ n4; 5 eons ,minhnum age of moo'n, and predominant age should-be approx'imate$y 0.7 +on, w i t h m a j o r . s u r f a c e ahd s u b s ~ f a c efeatures less than O,7 eoh. I f noncatastrsphic alternq%iveproved correct, predotninant age of . i u n q rpcks. should exceed b . eons, at least, since it was likely moon -predate-desFth;' (science,'7/4/69, 11-7) . Jhpmese freigmer 'hrd'bein hit. by wreckage of Soviet spackcraft, ~a~&ese'diplohats reported to five Western d e f e g a t i h s on .legal sUbaemmi$tee of U.N. C o m a i t t e e on Outer Space meeting in ~enkva. ; T h e 5 dnmsge .to D a i (=hi m i n e i while outside territorial waters . and near Siberian coast had p r w i b u s l y been a t t r i b u t e d t o --identi. f i d .ob.1cct. . It was 'beliebed to be first authenticated case of io&estjial d-ge k a i s k a by falling objects. (Harniltah, . . :7/5%69,' 28) e, a '. A p o D 1l Astronauts N e i l A. ~ r i e t r o h(com&der), ~ ~dwin-~. held.pGess conference at MSC. A s t r o n a u t s ,were seated .50: ft.f'rom' ne+rebt newsmesl. h d were partially enclosed Fn plastic booth as ;>art of g&an to limi*. '&ewt$ c o n t a c t s . during'21 days' ir&ediatel$: preceding Colllns,told hres's that .flight:arPd prevent-dwefoprnent of ilJness. A-om CM viewpoint, Apollo h should n o t be very d i i y e r e n t A.om previous. manned Apollo missions. Only major differences .would be . i n c l u s i o n Q? sleep period , i n h i s one -day.so10 flight aro,,lhdmoon, in CM and p6ss1biiity of different CSM/LM ,reDdezmus 'seq&n.:es h c e .'yould be s t a t i o n a r y op lunar surf ace. Collins s a i d 'h.-- d i d 'not.. . f e e l : "slighiest b i t ' frustrated" @out goih& t - o moon & h u t 1gndir.g . . oh 'itt .' "I 'rh mirig 99;9. .. bercent df t h e ' &.y there, ~d chat suits me ,: Jr. (LM p q t ) , a@d Michael ~ o l l i q s(CM. ' , , . �July 5 (cuntll~ued) flne. " LM fliellt plan would pick up where Apollo 10 left off with pkGsing maneuver, Aldrln explained, There would be number of "firsts" : " t h e ult i1m.te te:;i;, " actual touchdown; 1 / (~ ; environment ; new thermal conditlolis; two-man KVA on l u n a r surface; sleeping i n LM on moon; star s i g h t - . iq: teel~il.iquew i t h alignment telescope on l u n a r surface ; and powered Q S C P ~from ~ tnooli with seven-minute engine burn. One of important early ' a c t i . v l t i c s a f t e r c x i t i n c from LM on moon would be determining b e s t pace for wvhc a b u t : " .there have been several d i f f e r e n t techniques elnployeci 111 t h e partial zero g r a v i t y training. And, it looks l i k e you It a l s o looks as though call rmlk conventionally one foot after another. you can do G two-footed hop--Kangaroo style. " I n trainingl i n aircraft flown a t 1/6 g, ."a f a i r l y r a p i d pace" appeared q u i t e easy t o perform, "It looks l i k e we shouldn't have t o p much d i f f i c u l t y i n moving a t somet h i n g like 6 , 8, o r 10 miles per hour." I n response t o question on procedures during descent, Armstrong s a i d crew would use "somewhat hybrid methods of manual and automatic, The predicted method a t t h i s p o i n t , although we have a g r e a t d e a l of f l e x i b i l i t y and choice, based on t h e s i t u a t i o n a t t h e time, would be t o m a l n t a i n manual c o n t r o l of a t t i t h d e and automatic c o n t r o l of t h r o t t l e through t h e f i n a l descent from an a t i t u d e of somewhere between 503 and 1000 f e e t urrtil such time as the automatic t h r o t t l e r a t e d descent was unsatisfactory, at which time w e ' l l go f u l l manual on t h e t h r o t t l e . , . f l y i n g it i n a manner l i k e a normal VTOL machine . would be flown." N and LM had been s e l e c t e d a s "representative of Code names f o r C t h e flight, t h e n a t i o n ' s hope," Armstrong revealed. L! would be c a l l e d "Eagle" for U. S n a t i o n a l emblem, and CM would be c a l l e d "Columbia" f o r U . S . symbol) s t a t u e on t o p of Capitol, and J u l e s Verne's f i c t i o n a l spacecraft, "Columbiad, " which flew t o moon 100 y r s ago. ransc script ; OtT091e, W Post, 7/6/69, U ) .. . . Bopny, pig-tailed monkey launched on b a r d NASA B i o s a t e l l i t e 111 Juqe 29, was showing marked decxease in i n t e r e s t and efficiency. s Although he was s t i l l i n s a t i s f a c t o r y physical condition, Bonny vas becoming much l e s s energetic and w a s consuming l e s s food and water. ( M , W Star, 7/5/69, A3; w Post, 7/5/69, ~ 6 ) ,ApoD '10 commander Thomas P, Stafford received Flying Tiger P i l o t Trophy, presented every two years by Flying Tigers, group of World War I1 veterans. Trophy was presented during q t h reunion i n Ojai, C e l i f . . (AP, W -Star, 7/7/69, ~ 2 ) ', ��July 7 (continued) a c r o s s t h e skies. " U. S. S.R. would continue t o put g r e a t s t r e s s on space and move ahead s t e a d i l y . " . . . t h e r e ' s always t h e danger t h a t we may f e e l we can r e l a x now--having a t t a i n e d t h e lunar god--and perhaps slack off. .i f \(re were not t o s t a r t new programs now, I t h i n k t h e s i t u a t i o n might well reverse and the Soviets might once again develop superior technol o g i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i n space." Space technology could a f f e c t future defence posture. " . . . i n t h e p a s t , wherever man has flown f a r t h e r and higher and f a s t e r , wherever he has developed new c a p a b i l i t y t o observe from h i g h e r a r e a s , t o c a r r y out opexations i n new media, t h i s has had a major e f f e c t on t h e equations of i n t e r n a t i o n a l power. We're q u i t e confident that t h i s w i l l probably be t r u e again i n space." Application of space t o defense area was D O D t s job. "We do not consider Apollo a p p l i c a t i o n s as any kind of s u b s t i t u t e f o r MOL." Journey of man t o another s o l a r system w a s "completely out of t h e realm of p o s s i b i l i t y " for next generation; '"but i n t h e more d i s t a n t f u t u r e , i f .it were ever p o s s i b l e . . . t o c o n t r o l t h e energy of nuclear . fusion and adapt it in some e f f i c i e n t way t o t h e propulsion of spacecraf't, it might be p o s s i b l e t o t h i n k J,n terms of longer voyages t o another staz." FqdamentaJ. brealdhrough would have t o be made. Chance t h a t l i f e existed i n o t h e r s o l a r systems seemed "absolutely 103 per cent. " (US N e w s , 7/7/69) .. . White House announced President Nixon had canceled plans t o dine with Apollo ll astronauts July 15, eve of launch. MSC Director of Research and Medical Operations, D r . Charles A. Berry, had expressed concern t h a t crew m i g h t catch earthly i l l n e s s from President, which could comp1icat;e lunar landing mission. (AP, B Sun, 7/8/69) Apollo I l lunar samples wouLd not be f i r s t moon material t o reach earth and t o undergo s c i e n t i f i c examination, Los Angeles Times quoted D r . Dean R. Chapman, Chief of ARC Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., as saying in interview, Tekites--molten pieces of lunar surface i n form of chunks of black glass--had f a l l e n t o earth when meteorites s t r u c k moon w i t h tremendous force. Most recent t e k t i t e shower had occurred 700,000 yrs ago. While t e k t i t e s r o r i g i n was matter of s c i e n t i f i c dispute, Dr. Chapman believed most commonly held theory-l u n a r o r i g i n . I n working out shower's t r a j e c t o r y , he had determined t e k t i t e s came from Tycho c r a t e r on moon s southern hemisphere. He believed Tycho t o be 700,030 y r s o l d and t h a t c r u s t s of e a r t h and of moon were i n t a a t e l y r e l a t e d . ( ~ e t z e ,LA Times, 7/7/69) - �~ewsweek's431d space age cover s t o r y since October 1957 contained JuJy ' l : comments from "opinion makers" on Apollo l l mission. D r . Robert Jastrow, Director of NASAt s Coddard I n s t i t u t e f o r Space Studies, said s c i e n t i f i c basis f o r mission was t o discover secret of earth ' s past through study of lunarr rocks. Resolution of "cold moon" versus "hot moon" theory controversy- -whether moon e i t h e r was formed cold, or cooled off s h o r t l y after its b i r t h , o r was l i k e e a r t h molten o r partly molten inside with volcanic surface--"may r i d e with Apollo ll." Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, t h e Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, said: "A society t h a t can resolve t o conquer space ; t o put man i n a place where i n ages past it was considered only God could reach; t o appropriate vast b i l l i o n s ; t o systematically s e t about t o discover the necessary s c i e n t i f i c knowledge; t h a t society deserves both acclaim and our contempt. ,acclaim f o r achievement and contempt f o r bizarre s0cia.l values. For though it has the capacity t o meet extraordinary challenges, it has f a i l e d t o use i t s ability t o r i d i t s e l f of the scourges of racism, poverty and war, a l l of which were b r u t a l l y scarring t h e nation even as it mobilized -for t h e a s s a u l t on t h e solar system. " Anthropologist D r . Margaret Mead said: . "This can be a firit s t e p , not i n t o space alone, but i n t o t h e disciplined and courageous use of enhanced human powers f o r man, enobled as he i s today, as t h e f i r s t men step on the moon. " Philosopher Lewis Mmford said : "Space exploration. i s s t r i c t l y a m i l i t a r y by-product ; and without pressure from t h e Pentagon and t h e Kremlin it would never have found a place i n any national budget. " Best hope was "that t h i s colossal perversion of energy, thought and other precious human resources may awaken a spontaneous collective reaction s u f f i c i e n t t o bring us down t o e a r t h again. Any square mile of inhabited e a r t h has more significance for man's Rrture tham all t h e planets in our solar system. " (~ewsweek, 6/7/69, 3 , 60-1) . .. Original equipment o f f ield-sequential color TV system which would be used by Apollo 11 t o transmit pictures from moon [ s e e April 51 was presented t o Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n by inventor D r . Peter C. Goldmark, President of CBS Laboratories. Apollo 11 would c a r r y three-pound miniaturization of system i n Westinghouse camera. (Schaden, W S t a r , 7/8/69, ~ 1 ) * DOD announced award of $356,713,045 f ixed-price contract t o KcDonnell Douglas Corp. f o r ~ - Phantom b I1 high-performance J e t fighter a i r c r a f t f o r USN and USAF use. (DOD Release 568-69; AP, W Post, 7/8/69, ~ 1 5 ) �July 7-8 : NASA terminated Biosat e U i t e 111 mission t o determine long-term e f f e c t s of weightlessness on living organisms when Bonny, p i g - t a i l e d monkey on board, registered extremely low metabolic s t a t e and refused t o d r i n k water a f t e r receiving 10 emergency water commands. Spacecraft had been scheduled t o remain i n o r b i t 30 days after h u n c h June 29, but monkey's condition--as indicated by s t e a d i l y lowering body temperature, reduced heart r a t e , shallow breathing, substantial periods of sleep during day, and general sluggishness--had declined s t e a d i l y for several days, Spacecraft separated and parachute deployed successfully , but space c r a f t reentered 100 m i downrange f'rom expected point and recovery a i r c r a f t was unable t o r e t r i e v e it in midair as planned. Capsule w a s recovered from Pacific o f f coast of Kauai a t 7:36 pm EDT, minutes a f t e r splashdown, and flown t o Hickam AFB, Hawaii, laboratories, where monkey. was removed from capsule immediately and given h t e n s i v e care. Without p r i o r warning from changes i n physiological parameters being recorded, Bonny died suddenly at 6 :04 am EDT July 8. Autopsy performed s h o r t l y after death suggested d e t e r i o r a t i o n in health had been caused by heart f a i l u r e brought about by weightlessness and lower-than-normal body temperature. Detailed analyses of data would be made during next s i x months and formal report would be issued after Jan. 1, lg(0, Despite curtailed length of mission, experimenters expected s i g n i f i c a n t results. (NASA Proj Off; ARC Astrogram, 7/17/69, 1) J u l y 8: Rep. John V. Tunney (D-calif.) intr0ducedH.J.R. 810, "designating the day which man lands on the moon, and t h e anniversary of t h a t day each year t h e r e a f l e r as a national holiday t o be known a s 'Space Exploration Day. I!' Resolution was referred t o House Judiciary Committee, ( C R , ' ' 7/8/69, ~ 5 7 2 5 CBS Enterprises Inc. announced f i r s t agreement f o r r e g u l a r s a t e l l i t e transmission of news s t o r i e s had been reached with CBS Newsfilm subscribers in Australia and Japan. It would eventually lead t o d a i l y , i n s t ant aneous, a t ercont i n e n t a l transmission of TV news by s a t e l l i t e , company said. (CBS Enterprises Release, 7/8/69) Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Borman met i n Moscow with Mstislav V. Keldysh, President of Soviet Acadew of Sciences, and spent 40 min with 'u.s.s.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny i n t a l k which Bonnan s a i d was "encouraging and beneficial" i n efforts t o achieve U. S. -U. S. S. R , . cooperation i n space. (AP, W Post, 7/10/69, A23) July 9 : - ��+ July 9 (continued) behind in c h i l d support payments , i n e r t i a l navigation systems that were standard equipment on new 360- t o 400-passenger Boeing 747, and therma.1 mapper developed f o r s a t e l l i t e s , being used t o seek o i l formations, diagnose cause of sinking a i r p o r t runways, and find sources of water pollution. Other space age spinoffs were p l a s t i c r e s i n marketed a s commercial laminates, adhesives , and coatings ; devices t o monitor i n t e r n a l s t r e s s i n dams during e a r t h tremors; data-processing 9 techniques t o record t r a i n t r a f f i c and t o match power-generating c a p a c i t i e s t o demand; electromagnetic hammer t h a t smoothed and shaped metal without weakening it ; and luminous devices f o r a i r c r a f t e x i t signs, map reading, and gun s i t e s . Medicine w a s benefiting from miniaturized electronic devices i n cardiac pacemakers; remote-handling and manipulation equipment t h a t had improved pmsthet i c devices l i k e a r t i f i c i a l limbs; space-helmet-like hoods t o measure oxygen consumption while p a t i e n t exercised; computer t o provide sharper x-ray photos; liquid-cooled s u i t s t o lower temperatures ; " sequenced-pulsation pressure s u i t " f o r possible use in a s s i s t i n g c i r c u l a t i o n i n heart p a t i e n t s ; and small battery-powered devices t o transmit physiological data from a r m s of as many as 64 p a t i e n t s t o single nurse at monitor console. (!Fanner, 7/9/69) . z, . MSFC announced it would exercise option i n existing contract with Computer Sciences Corp. t o allow continued computer support services through June 30, 1970, a t cost of $6,081,887. (MSFC Release 69-157) U . S . S , R . launched Cosmos CCA-omPlesetskintoorbitwith ( ~ 1 . 3 - m i )apogee, 208-Ian ((129.2-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.4 inclination. S a t e l l i t e reentered July 15. (GSFC -9SSR 7/15/69; E,7/15/69, 5 ) Jul 10 . ApoUo ll countdown began a t a t 9:32 am EDT July 16. . Four-stage KSC a t 8:00 pm EDT in preparation f o r launch p pol lo ll Status R p t ) Pacemaker rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n carried 58-lb instrumented payload t o 65,000-ft a l t i t u d e and reentered atmosphere at 7,000 mph. Primary objective was t o evaluate performance of carbon phenolic, synthetic resin, a s a b l a t i v e material. Secondary objective was t o evaluate performance of low-density a b l a t i v e materials--pyronne foam, polymer blend, and phenolic nylon--for'possible use on manned lifting-body reentry vehicles. (WS Relzase 69-12; WS PIO) . �J u l y 10: American Academy of Achievement presented 1969 Cold P l a t e a an o f ~chievement'I Awards t o D r . William 11, Pickering, JPL Director, and t o A 110 8 ~ s t r o n a u t sWilliam A. Anders and rank- or man. (LA k e r - ~ x m , 6 1 % 6/21/69, 30) ' (D- la.), f o r himself and Sen. Edward J. Cuerney (R-E'la.), introduced S . J . R . 133 "to redesignate t h e a r e a i n t h e s t a t e of Florida known as Cape Kennedy as Cape Canaveral," Measure w a s referred t o Senate Committee on I n t e r i o r and Insular Affairs. (CR, 7/10/69, S7813 , Sen. Spessard L. llolland , National Geographic Society cartographer and "backyard stargazer David Moore w a s one of few amateur astronomers selected by ,NASA t o t' help nearly 200 professionals who had volunteered t o attempt s i g h t i n g ~of Apollo 11 spacecrart, Washington Evening Star said. Through telescope in yard of his Wheaton, Md., home he would watch for "small brilliant flashes when rocket engines a r e turned on o r 'burnedf or.. .when waste water i s edected from the spacecraft. " I n eJection, mte r f'roze . i n s t a n t l y and r e s u l t a n t i c e crystals flared in s u n l i g h t . NASA had credited Moore with one of few sightings of earthbound Apollo 10. ( ~ a d c l i f f e ,W S t a r , 7/10/69, ~ 2 ) - C water shortage were "two i l l u s t r a t i o n s of man's efficiency in achieving t h e t h r u s of l i f e and man's i n e f f i ciency i n not achievFng $he necessities of l i f e , " Drew Peasson s a i d i n Washington Post, "At Cape Kennedy, the United States i s about t o launch the most c a r e r u l l y rehearsed, most expensive, most unnecessary project of t h i s century by which man w i l l reach a piece of drab, radioa c t i v e , lava-like real e s t a t e hitherto romsntic because of distance-t h e moon. The launching w l U succeed because a vast amount of money and the best scientific byains i n America over a period of seven years have been lavished on t h i s moon shot, Meanwhile, up the A t l a n t i c Coast, the Capital which voted t h e $20 b i l l i o n t o reach t h e moon i s desperately short of the second essential t o man's life--water--all because of l a c k of planning, lack of foresight, and l a c k of money--the same ingredients which have put t h e moon shot on the verge of success." (W b s t , i'/10/69, FU) , Apollo U and current nationwide ' Apollo 11Astronauts Neil A, Armstrong, Michael Collins, and ~dwi; E. f i d r i n , Jr underwent l a s t m J o r p r e f l i g h t medical examinst i o n at KSC f o r July 1 6 launch. (Apollo Status Rpt ; July 11: ., �U: A t Cape Kennedypress conference, Apollo 8 A s t r o n a u t Frank Bormm termed " t o t d l y ridiculous " cancellation of President Nixon ' s dinner with Apollo 11 crew on eve of launch t o avoid contaminating crew with president ial germs. Ire had delivered i n v i t a t i o n t o dinner t o White House and President Aixon had accepted when MSC Medical Director, D r . Charles A . Berrs crLt icized dinner [see July 71, Barman said h i s talks with U.S.S.R. o f f i c i a l s during recent t o u r had l e f t him convinced they planned lunar landing soon but, "from t h e people on t h e subways t o their president, a l l I heard was t h a t t h e y a r e wishing success f o r Apollo 11." (&eider, W Post, 7/13/69, Ah) NAS published Plan f o r U.S, P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e Global Atmospheric Research Program. It recommended five-year e f f o r t including P a c i f i c t e s t of global weather observing system and l a r g e -scale atmospheric study i n 193, s e r i e s of smaU regional s t u d i e s beginning i n 1969 or 1 4 0 , and experiments t o improve numerical models of atmosphere f o r computer forecasting, with continued development of computer 100 t h e s f a s t e r t h a n c u r r e n t l y available. T o t a l e f f o r t would r e q u i r e . 1 0 yrs, with plans f o r second portion t o be based on information gained during first 5 y r s . Report, prepared by NRC committee, said developments i n computers and s a t e l l i t e s had made it p o s s i b l e " t o advance toward t h e goal of accurate two-week f o r e c a s t s and, eventually, toward i n t e l l i g e n t modificat i o n of t h e weather. " Use of s a t e l l i t e s such a s Nimbus 111, launched A p r i l 14, and expansion of o t h e r observing systems made it t e c h n i c a l l y a i d e c ~ n & n i c a l l ~ ~ ~ o s s i bt ol e provide adequate g l o b a l observations f o r long-range forecasts. Recommended t e s t of global observing system would require 2 satellites with advanced instrumentation, nearly 1,000 balloons, and 135 instrdnent ed buoys. Simultaneous cloud-cluster study would r e q u i r e 1 2 a d d i t i o n a l a i r c r a f t , several ground s t a t i o n s ; and computer f a c w t y . P a r t i c i p a t i n g Government agencies would be responsible for determining p r o e m costs. ( ~ e x t ; NRC el ease) - - , NASA and USAF announced cooperative f l i g h t t e s t program using two USAF YF'-12A a i r c r a f t and spares, ground equipment, maintenance personnel, and .base support a t Edwards AFB, C a l i f . X U A would budget f o r and f m d $10 million f o r program through FY 1974. About $4 m i o n had been made a v a i l a b l e by completion of X-15 and XB-70 f l i g h t programs. USAF purpose In two-part program was t o provide USAF with a d d i t i o n a l data on a i r c r a f t ' s operational f a c t o r s , procedures, l i m i t a t ions, and p o s s i b l e bomber penetrat i o n t a c t i c s . NASA would seek data on a l t i t u d e - h o l d at supersonic speeds, boundary l a y e r noise, heat t r a n s f e r under high speed, airframe-propulsion system i n t e r a c t i o n s and o t h e r performance and handling c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . (DODRelease 581-6$13 �July 11: MSE'C issued RFPs f o r design, development, t e s t , and d e l i v e r y of four f l i g h t models of manned lunar roving vehicle. Four-wheeled, 400-lb v e h i c l e would be c a r r i e d t o moon on board LM i n 1911, t o t r a n s p o r t astronauts, t o o l s , lunar samples, and o t h e r equipment and experiments. (NASA Special el ease) . Emperor U.S. Ilaile S e l a s s i e of Ethiopia toured MSC during five-day v i s i t t o ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/10/69, A 2 3 ; ApoLlo S t a t u s Rpt; NASA PAO) NASA program of returning man f r o m l u n a r landing was based on conclusion t h e r e was no r i s k , Stanford Univ. g e n e t i c i s t D r . Joshua Lederberg s a i d i n Washine;ton Post. "We could not mount an e f f e c t i v e quarantine against a s e a l p e r i l o f global i n f e c t i o n unless we were prepared t o s a c r i f i c e the astronaut, which i s unthinkable. " Arguments f o r zero r i s k were "quite persuasive"--lack of atmosphere on moon, "an absolutely necessary condition f o r l i f e t o f l o u r i s h , " and f a c t t h a t earth had experiepced lunar material samples from secondary meteorites. Main purpose of quarantine was "to protect t h e samples from earthly contaminat ion - -not a l t o g e t her succe ssflilly, in view of t h e e f i a l a t ions from t h e landing rocket and from t h e astronauts' space s u i t s , It was then reasonable t o add on whatever a d d i t i o n a l precautions against back-contamination were possible without impeding t h e mission." Project had helped show lunar arrangements would be "quite inappropriate t o a real risk, for example a sample return from Mars." For Mars program, "we must l e a r n a g r e a t d e a l more by instrumented observations l e f t t h e r e , before w e can begin t o design t h e precautions needed f o r samples, o r men, returned t o e a r t h . " (W Post, 7/12/69, ~ 1 5 ) July 12: " ~ o o rPeople ' s campaign" Director, t h e Rev. Hosea W i l l i a m of Southern C h r i s t i a n Leadership Conference, s a i d "hungry" people fYom f i v e southern s t a t e s would demonst r a t e a t Cape Kennedy J u l y 15 on eve of Apollo l l launch and would t r y t o g e t "as close as possible1' t o launch s i t e with mules and wagons. "We're not against t h i n g s l i k e t h e space shot, but t h e r e l s been a miscalculation i n p r i o r i t i e s . " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/13/69, ~ 5 ) . NASA said Soviet Ambassador Anatoly F. Dobrynin had r e j e c t e d U.S. i n v i t a t i o n t o watch Apollo U launch. U. S. S. R. o r i g i n a l l y had accepted, but Soviet Embassy in WashingLon s a i d Dobrynin would be out of country. (AP, W S t a r , 7/13/69, Ag) �USH reported eight-ship Soviet Naval f l e e t was heading south July 12: 25 m i east-southeast of Miami, Fla. , on course t h a t could provide view of Apollo S1 launch. U.S. carrier a i r c r a f t and destroyer escort Cary shadowed squadron, o f f i c i a l l y enroute t o Havana f o r July 26 commemorat ion of Cuban revolution. oma an, W Post, 7/12/69,~1; AP, W Post, 7/13/69, AS) July 13: U.S.S.R. launched L u n a X V unmanned spacecraft from Baikonur irrto selenocentric o r b i t t o conduct "further s c i e n t i f i c studies of the moon and near lunar space, " Tass announced, Spacecraft was expected t o reach moon l a t e July 16--scheduled date of launch of NASA's Apollo llmanned lunar l a n d i n g mission. There was speculation t h k t Luna XV w a s Soviet attempt t o land spacecratt on moon and return . it t o earth with sample of Lunar s o i l before U,S. did. (W Post, 7/14/69, Al; SBD, 7/18/69, 22; B Sun, 7/14/69, Al; GSFC 5-715/69) -- Washington Sunday S t a r published Associated Press interview w i t h Dr. Charles A. Berry, MSC Director o f Medical Research and Operations: While 4,514 hrs of weightlessness endured by U. S. astronauts i n space had produced no serious medical problems, on moon "we w i l l be placing men i n a n e n t i r e l y new environment." After four days of weightlessness, they would s t e p onto surface where gravity f i e l d was 1/6 t h a t of earth. A t blission Control Center i n Houston, D r . Berry would be watching Apollo ll astronauts' heart r a t e , oxygen consmption, and temperature of water t h a t cooled spacesuits. Preflight physicals had enabled doctors t o draw metabolic p r o f i l e of each astronaut, including work capacity on e a r t h a t various heart r a t e s , oxygen consumption, and body heat generated, "We know the heat product ion l e v e l which t h e portable l i f e support system can handle without being overburdened. I f it reaches t h a t point f o r f i v e minutes, we w i l l t e l l t h e astronauts t o stop and r e s t . " Because of spacesuits ' bulk astronauts would s t a r t with simple t a s k s and work up t o tougher ones. Excitement could a f f e c t a b i l i t y t o sleep i n four-hour r e s t period planned before lunar w a l k . "We might have t o make a real-time decision on whether t o give them a sleeping p i l l o r perhaps a stimulant. " Apollo had taught one "amazing medical f a c t - - t h a t t h e l o s s of red blood c e l l mass apparently i s caused by a pure oxygen atmosphere. Results of using mixed nitrogen-and-oxygen atmosphere i n spacecrart since January 1967 Apollo f i r e had indicated nitrogen apparently protected c e l l s . ened edict, AP, W S t a r , 7/13/69, ~ 9 ) �J u l y 13: From summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo near Rome, Fope Pad. V I asked Christians worldwide t o pray f o r Apollo U astronauts and s a i d mission showed man was a "giant. " (AP, B 7/14/69, ~ 5 ) A t White House religious service t h e Rev. Paul H. A. Noren of Mount Olivet Church i n Minneapolis l e d 300 people in prayer. "We ask Thy divine protection f o r our space pioneers who w i l l soon make f o o t p r i n t s on t h e moon." (A?, E,7/14/69, 23) Sun, New York Times e d i t o r i a l : "This i s t h e week of t h e moon. The countdown i s on a t Cape Kennedy and, i f a l l goes well, a week from today a manned vehicle wifi f o r t h e - f i r s t time a l i g h t on another c e l e s t i a l bbdy. .all mankind w i l l share i n t h e exhilaration of discovery. Ever since man evolved he has been exploring, extending h i s domain over all parts of h i s planet. Now t h a t i n s a t i a b l e c u r i o s i t y i s bursting i t s t e r r e s t r i a l bounds t o provide our first personal knowledge of the nearest neighbor in t h e cosmos. It i s an inspiring adventure, a testimony not only t o man's imagination i n amassing knowledge of nature, but t o h i s courage, h i s perseverance and h i s indominable s p i r i t . " (E, 7/13/69) .. , I n Washington Evening Star W i l l i a m Hines said: "...Space Administrator Thomas 0 . Paine was dead right when he acclaimed Project Apollo as 'a triumph of t h e squares.'" While word "square" was i n disrepwte, "you w i l l f i n d no umbrage taken by the clean-cut s t a r s of t h i s week's cosmic drama i f you called them squares. They are, and probably proud of it. There was no f i g h t from Neil Axmstrong when Congress t o l d h i m t o p l a n t an American flag on the surface o f t h e moon.... The Apollo program i s not only run by squares, but f o r squares, as well; i t s t h r i l l s and g l o r i e s appeal t o t h e vast majority of Americans who, a t t h e bottom, a r e just a s s uare a s any Armstrong on Earth--Jack o r N e i l o r any o t h e r , " (w -Star 3 7/13 69, ~ 2 ) 3 Wing of Lockheed C-5A s t a t i c t e s t specimen cracked during s t r e s s t e s t s a t point below a i r c r a f t ' s contract specifications but above % t s design l i m i t . U W l a t e r s a i d cause of crack was overloading of wing area where spar a t t a c h e d t o 1 o w e r . r e a r beam cap; it would not require extensive redesign. It was f i r s t major performance f a i l u r e reported f o r C-5A. Contractor was plannin modification and r e t e s t i n g of s t a t i c specimen. (VW Memo 8/18f69; W Post, 7/15/69, ~ 2 ) ' Apollo 11 Astronauts Neil A . Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., appeared i n nationally televised press conference. Interview with four newsmen was conducted over closed-circuit TV, with astronauts a t KSC and press 15 m i away. TV cameramen allowed i n auditorium with crew had undergone thorough medical examinations. J u l y 14 : �-J u l y 1 4 (continued) Armstrong, mission commander, said t h a t a f t e r decade of planning and hard work astronauts were " w i l l i n g and ready t o attempt t o achieve our n a t i o n a l goal. This i s possible because very many Americans across t h e nation have dedicated themselves t o quality c r m m a n s h i p a d ingenuity. " I n response t o question on a s t r o n a u t s t a t t i t u d e s toward mission, Armstrong s a i d fear was not unknown, but added: "Fear i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p a r t i c u l a r l y of a knowledge t h a t t h e r e may be somethiag t h a t you haven't thought of and f e e l t h a t you might be unable t o cope with. I t h i n k our t r a i n i n g and a l L t h e work that goes i n t o t h e preparation f o r a f l i g h t does everything it can towards erasing those kinds of p o s s i b i l i t i e s m d I would say that as a crew we...have no f e a r of launching out on t h i s expedition. " ( ~ i l f o r d ,E,7/15/69, 1, 20) Chances of U.S.S.R. ' s Luna XV successAiLly returning t o e a r t h with l u n a r sample were small because of complexity of operations required, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space Flight, D r . George E. Mueller, t o l d KSC Center Directors' Briefing. Landing, deploying equipment, c o l l e c t i n g and s t o r i n g samples, and then lifting off "are not simple t h i n g s t o do...and doing it remotely i s more d i f f i c u l t than doing it with men i n space. I don't t h i n k by any means impossible, b u t . . . t h e a b l e t o carry it out on t h e first mission a r e chances of be* r e l a t i v e l y low compared ; t o t h e kind of p r o b a b i l i t y that we would a s s o c i a t e with our own landings. " If Luna XV were a b l e t o successfully r e t r i e v e lunar sample, f e a t w o u l d be "significant technological s t e p and one t h a t r e p r e s e n t s a considerable degree of prestige, " he said, but "each country [u.S. and U. S. S. R. ] will o b t a i s its proper share af c r e d i t . The f i r s t . s m p l e returned i f it were possible t o do so and the f i r s t man landing on t h e moon a r e significant events, each i n their own r i g h t , and a r e - t o be t r e a t e d a s such. " ransc script) .. . IAF announced officiaJ. endorsement of absolute world's records f o r ' Dec. 2l-27, 1968, Apollo 8 mission's 10 lunar o r b i t s : a l t i t u d e , Z34,672.5 m i ; g r e a t e s t mass l i f t e d i n t o earth o r b i t , 282,197 l b s ; t o t a l time in space f o r an astronaut, James A. LoveU,-+., 572 hrs 1 0 min 1 6 secs. ApoUo 8 world c l a s s records: duration of l u n a r secs; duration in l u n a r o r b- i t. , X) h r s mission, 146 hrs 59 & 4 9 14 min 13.2 secs. To obtain IAF c e r t i f i c a t i o n of Apollo U, crew would be given t o r n halves of four $1b i l l s f o r comparison with other halves on r e t u r n as proof same men returned as took off. NAll would submit claim f o r absolute world record f o r extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA) f o r successful Apollo ll mission. (AP, NYT, 7/15/69,20) �July 14 : New York Post published r e s u l t s of Louis I-Iarris p o l l which showed American people favored manned lunar l a d i n g by 5l$ t o 4$. I n February po31 public opinion had been opposed by 4% t o 3%. 1Iarris a t t r i b u t e d change t o f e e l i n g " i f we have gone this far, we ought t o f i n i s h t h e job. " He s a i d 5% of 1,607 a d u l t s p o l l e d *om June 1 6 t o 22 were opposed t o annual $4-billion o u t l a y f o r space program, while 3% favored i t - - l i t t l e change from 5% f o r t o 34% against i n February. React ion t o Apollo 10 f l i g h t had been g e n e r a l l y favorable (E, 7/15/69, 20) . ' . Expectation of one rnjllion t o u r i s t s t o witness Apollo I l launch had l e d t o extraordinary precautions a t Cocoa Beach, Fla., Washing-ton Post said. Tank t r u c k would be stationed a t City Hall t o f u e l police c a r s ; a i r b o a t s would stand by t o r u s h c a s u a l t i e s t o h o s p i t a l i f ambulances could not penetrate automobile t r a f f i c ; and o f f i c i a l s were concerned with scores of aircraft c i r c l i n g overhead t o glimpse spacecraft. ( ~ r i e d e r ,W Post, 7/14/69, Al) . Washington Evening S t a r s p e c i a l supplement, "voyage t o the Moon, " commented: " ~ a n g i n gi n the sky, a t t r a c t i n g man' s a t t e n t i o n f o r untold generations, t h e moon has been the reputed home of gods and goddesses of a l l r e l i g i o n s , primitive and modern. If a l l t h e s e d e i t i e s l i v e d t h e r e a t any one time, the reasons for i t s b a t t l e scarred appearance woulcl be obvious. But assuming t h a t . n o n e did t h a t pock-marked f a c e s t i l l poses more questions than it answers." ... (w st=, 7/14/69) . Aerospace Systems Laboratory had been established a t Princeton Univ. t o i n v e s t i g a t e U. S. space program and other broad a r e a s of applied research, including trahsport'ation systems, New York Times sgid. Project was a s s i s t e d by NASA and o t h e r Federal agency grants. (E, 7/14/69, '?3! . NASA announced availability of 16-in-dia globe of moon prepared by USAF Aeronautical C h m and Information Center *om NASA-photbs made by L u n a r Orbiter s e r i e s . Lowell Observatory, Ariz.; prepared art work with exaggerated color tones showing lunar landscape bathed i n morning sunlight and l a r g e Ring P l a i n s , o r explosive c r a t e r s , on far side. One globe had been p r e s e n t e d t o President Nixon by Apollo 1 0 astronauts . (NASA Release 6 9 - 8 3 ~ ) - . Harold W. Adams, Deputy t o Vice President-Chief Engineer of Doughs received A I M Aircraft Design Award of c i t a t i o n and $500 honorarium a t AIAA A i r c r a f t Design and Operations Meeting i n Aircraf't Co,, �July 24 (continued) Los Angeles . Citation read: "In recognit ion of your out s t anding contributions t o t h e s a f e t y and economic p r a c t i c a l i t y of commercial a i r transportation during t h e p s s t 38 years by development of a i r c r a f t design principles f o r high r e l i a b i l i t y and ease of maintenance. " Adams w a s s p e c i a l i s t i n e l e c t r i c and hydraulic systems. (AM Release, 7/9/69) Oceanographer Jacques Piccard cast off in 48-ft research subnarine from West Palm Beach, Fla., f o r reheaxsal of 1,500-mi Gulf Stream Drift t o study ocean depths. [ s e e April 71, If four-to-five-day trial run was successful, team would remain submerged f o r 30 days and drift t o Boston. (UPI, W S t a r ; 7/14/69, A10) - July 1 5 : President Nixon sent telegram t o Apollo ll astronauts : ''On t h e eve of your epic mission, I want you t o know t h a t my hopes and my prayers--and those of all ~ m e r i c a ; s - - ~ owith you. Years of study and planning and experiment and hard work on t h e part of thousands have l e d t o t h i s unique moment i n the story of mankind; it i s now your moment and from t h e depths of your minds and hearts and spirits w i l l come t h e triumph a l l men will share. I look forward t o greeting you on your return. U n t i l then, b o w that all t h a t i s best in the s p i r i t of mankind w i l l be with you during your mission and when you r e t u r n t o earth. " President a l s o telephoned Apollo 11 astronauts: "...as you l i f t o f f t o t h e moon, you lift t h e s p i r i t s of the American people as w e l l a s t h e world You carry with you a f e e l i n g of ood w i l l i n t h i s greatest adventure man has ever taken.. (PD, 7$21/69, 9 9 ) .... .." F i r s t notables t o a r r i v e a t Cape Kennedy on eve of Apollo l l launch included former President and Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and Southern Christian Leadership Conference President, t h e Rev, Ralph D. Abernathy. Johnsons arrived h miLitary a i r c r a f t assigned by President Nixon, t o a t t e n d luncheon honoring James E. Webb, former NASA Administrator. Abernathy l e d 25 poor southern families t o p r o t e s t Federal funding p r i o r i t i e s . NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0 . Paine, met gxoup of 150 poor people outside KSC gate where Abernathy requested 40 VIP passes t o launch, asked D r . Paine t o join f i g h t against poverty, and urged NASA technology be converted t o finding new ways t o feed poor. D r . Paine agreed t o admit members of group t o launch and pledged t o do what he could t o adapt space-developed food concentrates t o aid undernourished. "It w i l l be a l o t harder to s ~ l v et h e problems of hunger and poverty than it i s t o send men t o t h e moon." But, "if �July 15 (continued) It were p o s s i b l e f o r us not t o push t h a t button tomorrow and solve t h e problems you a r e talking about, we would not push the button. " He s a i d space program and science could be used t o h e l p solve poverty problems. "I want you t o h i t c h your wagon t o our rocket and t e l l t h e people t h e NASA program i s an exarnple of what t h i s country can do. " The poor people said they would pray f o r Apollo ll astronauts. By evening 500,000 t o u r i s t s had a r r i v e d i n Brevard County, s i t e of KSC, with t o t a l one m i l l i o n expected by early morning. A i r t r a f f i c Iiad quadrupled, with 1 0 l o c a l a i r f i e l d s handling over 1,200 small aircraft, and 2C10 p r i v a t e j e t s . A i r c r a f t were t o bring Vice President . S p i r o T. Aepew, over 200 Congressmen, 60 ambassadors, 19 governors, 40 mayors, and o t h e r public figures J u l y 16. More than 1,000 police s t r w g l e d t o c o n t r o l road t r a f f i c , and hordes s e t t l e d t o s l e e p on beaches from which they could see illuminated spacecraf't on launch pad. ( ~ e i n r a u b ,NYT, - 7/16/69, 22; Greider, W Post, 7/16/69) . - - Proximity of probable d a t e of lunm landing t o b t e of arrival of Mariner VT and VII cameras near Mars surface would provide U.S. TV viewers with %uble=ace f e a t u r e , " NASA said. Gerald M. Truszynski, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Tracking and Data Acquisition, c r e d i t e d feat t o advances i n e l e c t r o n i c s through which streams of s i g n a l s could be returned from moon and from Mars i n t o tracking centers and switching p o i n t s on e a r t h , thence v i a comsats i n t o TV networks throughout globe. Apollo L L mission would include e i g h t color t e l e c a s t s k-om spacecraft. Lunar t e l e c a s t s would be black and white since LM would l a c k power f o r color TV. Mars t e l e c a s t s from Mariner V I would produce 50 photos; Mariner V I I would e s o l u t i o n from closeup would be 900 f t ; it had been d e l i v e r 91, B ~ rX 2 m i i n 1955 Mariner N photos and was 100 m i by b e s t o p t i c a l means from e a r t h . ( M A S A ~ e z a s e69-831) Europeans were "as excited as Inany AmericasM about Apollo U- launch, New Yoxk Times reported. kt "only t h e sharpest observer of the Soviet news media could guess, as he went t o bed t o n i g h t , t h a t Americans will t r y t o send men t o t h e moon tomorrow," according t o Baltimore Sun. Last mention of Apallo 1l i n Soviet p r e s s had been July 9 meeting of President Nikolay V. Podgorny with Astronaut Frank Borman. I n U.K., BBC and c o m e r c i a l TV were planning extensive Apollo L1 coverage, soae l i v e via comsat. B r i t i s h newspapers were competing with s p e c i a l space suppleaent s and guides Except ions t o generally "adulatory" reportage was The Times of London a r t i c l e in which philosopher Lord 3ussell had said: e en w i l l not be content t o land upon the moon and t r y to make it habitable. They wlll land simultaneously from Russia and t h e United S t a t e s , each party, complete with H-bombs and each i n t e n t upon exterminating t h e other. " . �July 15 (continued) American hhnbassy i n Warsaw was packed every day with Poles viewing space films. Spain's Evening Daily Pueblo had sponsored contest t o send 25 readers t o ApoUo ll launch. Ln France 22-page space supplement issued by France-Soir had sold 1.5 m i n i o n copies a t $1each. Bild Zeitung in?ermany had noted seven out of fifty s e v e n Apollo supervisors were of Gcrmn origin. Austrian press had lionized D r . Wernher von Braun during recent v i s i t t o Salzburg. Volume of Western European newspaper space devoted t o lunar landing mission r i v a l e d t h a t i n . U.S., New York Tim% said, and "the whole s t o r y of t h e moorh e f f o r t i s improving t h e 'prestige' of t h e United States. .. . But ...respect voiced by individuals i s orten f o r America's technological power, not h e r humanity o r c i v i l i z a t i o n . " ( ~ e w i s ,NYT, 7/16/69, 20; B -2Sun 7/16/63, A9, M i l l s , ~ 9 ) - . Across U.S. on eve of Apollo ll launch, newspaper e d i t o r i a l s commented on lunar landing mission: - " I t i s with an almost breathless sense Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: of awe t h a t w e await tomorrow's blast-off from Cape Kennedy--the launching of t h e e space explorers on t h e most ambitious and fearsome adventure i n a l l human h i s t o r y . Mere words cannot capture the immensity o f t h e flight of Apollo 11. Quite l i t e r a l l y , man w i l l be attempting a f i n d break of t h e chains which have bound him t o t h i s earth." (LA Her-Exam_, 7/15/69) Mewport News, Va., Times-Herald: "Now, t h i s triumph of human . courage and knowledge stands poised on the threshold of accomplishment. For a few f l e e t i n g moments, t h e a t t e n t ion of t h e world w i l l follow the Eagle as it f e r r i e s i t s two astronawts toward a destiny until now only dreaned of i n our history. Then, most probably, our a t t e n t i o n will f i l t e r back t o t h e pressing problems on earth. " ( ~ i m e s - ~ e r a l d7/15/69) , Milwaukee Journal: "ApoUo 11 i s providing insight i n t o t h e meaning of life and t h e impe%tives of human society. It i s forcing us t o face the grlm paradox of exploiting human reason and t h e marvels of machinery t o soar i n t o t h e majesty of space w h i l e the world becomes fragmented i n t o selfish national sovereignties--some armed, some arming, with t h e hideous capacity t o end l i f e i t s e l f . " ( ~ i l w a u k e eJournal, 7/15/69) Denver Post : h he Soviet attempt t o send an unmanned spaceship t o t h e moon i n advance of ApoUo 11 i s a bold bid t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o Soviet space prowess. But even i f it succeeds...in mechanically scooping up samples of t h e moon and r e t u r n i n g ' t o earth, t h e Soviet project w i l l not overshadow the American mission. Instead, t h e Soviet f l i g h t will serve t o underscore t h e expensive duplication of e f f o r t created by t h e space race. If t h e Russians and Americans had cooperated, r a t h e r than competed, t h e r i s k s and the costs involved in landing a man on t h e moon would have been far l e s s . " ( ~ e n v e rPost, 7/15/69) �July l5 (continued) Washingtop Eveninf: S t a r : Soviet Luna XV seemed strangely timed. During their'Moscow discussions on sgace cooperation, U.S.S.R. President Nikolay V. Podgorny had not given Astronaut R a n k Borman, " s l i g h t e s t h i n t t h a t t h e Kremlin was planning t o send an unmanned spacecraft t o t h e moon t o coincide w i t 1 1 the historjr-making Apollo, L L American mission. " Was it r e a l l y possible "to work together i n space exploration with a country t h a t seems t o bc playing t r i c k s with ours a t a moment when we are engaged in a histor:lc ei'fort t o land men on t h e moon?" (W -)S t a r 7/15/69, ~ 2 ) . Sari Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto urged San Franciscans t o fly U.S. flag from Apollo l l b l a s t o f f t o splashdown and t o sound every b e l l siren, and whlstle i n city a t splashdown. (AP, W Post, 7/17/69, ~~j . NASA awarded General E l e c t r i c Co. ' s Aircraft Engine Group $18.7-million, fixed-price contract with performance-award provision t o construct and t e s t two experimental quiet jet a i r c r a f t engines. To cut development costs, CP-6 and TF-39 engines,developed f o r DC-10 and C-5A a i r c r a f t would be used a s core of new engine. Enghes would produce 4,933-1b t h r u s t a t c r u i s e and 22,030-lb thrust f o r takeoff. Work was parti of (1AR!T s .' Quiet Engine Research Program t o develop turbofan e n g h e with noise level 15-20 db below present e n g b e s . Contract would be managed by LeRC. (NASA Release 69-103) July 16-24: Apollo U (AS-TOG)manned lwar landing mission flown by NASA achieved eight-year national goal s e t by President Kennedy May 25, 3.961. On July 20, spacecrafi's LM--Eagle--landed on lunar surface and f i r s t man stepped out onto moon. Two astronauts performed assigned t a s k s on lunar surface before reentering LM t o lif't off from moon, redock with CSM, and r e t u r n s a f e l y t o earth. July16-19: Mission began a t 9:32 am J u l y 1 6 , when spacec r a f t was launched from KSC Launch Complex 39, Pad A, by Saturn V booster. L i f t o f f was relayed l i v e on TV t o 33 countries on 6 continent s , watched by estimated 25 million TV viewers i n U. S. , and heard on radio by millions of listeners. Launch events occurred as planned and spscecrafl carried Astronauts Neil A. h s t r o n g (commander ) , Michael Collins ((24 p i l o t ) , and Edwin E Aldrin, Jr. (LM p i l o t ) i n t o c i r c u l a r parking orbit with U8.5 - m i (19.7 -km) a l t i t u d e . A f t ex post i n s e r t i o n checkout CSM separated fram Saturn V 3rd stage (s-IVB) . , �July 16-13 (continued) and LV, code-named E l e . Crew successrully transposed CSM and docked with LM, ejected CS$!=IN h r n S-ZVB, and conducted f i x s t SPS burn. Successful propellant dump provided impulse t o S-IV3 f o r slingshot maneuver t o earth-escape velocity. Translunar i n j e c t i o n maneuver was so accurate t h a t f i r s t midcourse correction was not required. Midcourse correction No. 2, a t 26:45 GET, was so accurate t h a t t h i r d and f o u r t h maneuvers were not necessary. Crew conducted two unscheduled color TV broadcasts--for 16 min beginning a t 10:32 GEX (taped f o r U:26 GET transmission) and f o r 50 min beginning a t 30:28 GET--and one scheduled 36-min t r a s m i s s i o n beginning a t 33:59 SET. Broadcasts were very clear and showed earth, onboard computer keyboard, and crew. At 55:03 GET (4:40 pm EDT July 18) crew began %-rain color TV transmission with excellent p i c t u r e . resolution, coverage, and general quality. Viewers i n North America, South America, Japan, and Western Europe saw l i v e pictures of CSM and UUI i n t e r i o r s , CSM exterior, and e a r t h and watched crew removing probe and drogue, opening spacecraft tunnel hatch, preparing food, and housekeeping L!. A o l l o I l passed i n t o moon's sphere of influence a t 61:40 GET, 214,5 6.8 m i 345,205.8 km) from e a r t h , t r a v e l i n g a t 2,990 f p s r e l a t i v e t o earth. Spacecraft entered lunar o r b i t with 194.3-mi (312.6-krn) apolune and 70.5-mi (ll3.4-km) perilune a t 75 :56 GET (1: 28 pm EDT July 19) a f t e r f i r s t SF'S burn. During second lunar o r b i t , l i v e color TV transmission showed spectacular views of l u n a r surface and approach path t o S i t e 2. Armstrong pointed out lunar landmarks and described unexplained glow near c r a t e r Aristarchus which some s c i e n t i s t s believed t o be volcanic a c t i v i t y . Second SPS burn circularized o r b i t wlth 7 5 . 6 m i (121.6 -w) apolune and 61.9-mi (99.6-km) perilune. Aldrin transferred t o IN f o r two-hour housekeeping, voice and telemetry t e s t , and oxygenpurge-system check. July 20-21: Armstrong a d Aldrin reentered LV a t 95 :20 GET and checked out a31 systems before firing SM reaction-control-system thrusters t o separate CSM and LM on far side of moon. LM descentpropulsion-system engine propelled LM t o within 9.8 m i (15.8 km) of lunar surface. Because LM-powered descent maneuver--initiated a t perilune of descent orbit--was about 4 . 6 m i (7.4 h)downrange from planned position, landing w i n t was a l s o shifted downrange. During f i n a l approach phase, crew noted t h a t landing point t o which spacecraft was heading was i n center of l a r g e , r u s e d c r a t e r with 5- t o 10-ft-dia boulders. Consequently crew f l e w past c r a t e r t o mre suitable touchdown h �20-21 (continued) -July ',point by c o n t r o l l i n g ' ' , a t t i t u d e manually and adjusting descent r a t e and h o r i z o n t a l v e l a c i t y . O f f i c i a l s l a t e r a t t r i b u t e d change i n course t o malfunction i n onboard radar and subsequent critical overload of computer, which caused warning alarms and could have aborted misslon. LM landed on moon at 102:46 GET (4:18 pa JDT July 2C)) i n Sea of Tranquility, 20,800 f t west and 4,000-5,000 f t south of c e n t e r of planned landing e l l i p s e . Landing-point coordinates were approximately 23.5% and 0.64% and site a l t i t u d e w a s approximately 8,600 ft below moon's mean radius. h s t r o n g reported : "Iiouston, Tranquility Base here- - t h e Eagle has landed." Mission Control replied: " ~ o g e r , Tranquility. We copy you on t h e grou,nd. You got a bunch of guys about t o turn blue. We a r e breathing again. Thanks a l o t . " Armstrong s a i d landing area contained numerous boulders up t o two f e e t i n diameter, some apparently fractured by LM engine exhaust, and surface color varied from very l i g h t t o dark gray: Crew immediately adapted t o one-sixth (earth) g r a r t t y i n LM and moved with ease. About t w o hours a f t e r landing astronauts requested and were granted permission t o perform extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s (EVA) on moon s surf ace before s l e e p period--about h r s e a r l i e r than o r i g i n a l l y scheduled. After postlanding checks, Armstrong opened LM hatch, descended LM ladder, and deployed modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA) containing camera, which recorded h i s descent t o l u n a r surface. Aldrin remained i n s i d e LM and recorded Armstrong's descent with 16- rim Maurer camera. Armstrong took man's first step on moon a t 109:24 GET ( 1 0 : ~pm~ EDT J u l y 20. Some 600 m i l l i o n viewers on earth--one-fifth of world population--watched l i v e J!V! transmission and heard him describe f e a t as "one small s t e p f o r a man--one g i a n t leap f o r mankind. " Collins, o r b i t i n g moon alone i n CSM, was unable t o see landing and subsequent EVA because CSM was not equipped t o receive TV t r a n s mission. Armstrong s a i d moon had "stark beauty a l l its own" like d e s e r t . i n southwestern U.S. Lwar surface was "fine and powdery" and could be kicked up loosely. "It adheres like powdered charco al...but I only go sink] i n a small f r a c t i o n of an inch. I can see my f o o t p r i n t in the moon l i k e f i n e grainy p a r t i c l e s , " Armstrong checked LM e x t e r i o r and reported penetration of LM footpads i n t o lunar surface w a s t h r e e t o four inches and that s t r u t collapse was minim& Blast of descent engine had not formed c r a t e r i n swface and about one f o o t of clearance remained between engine b e l l and l u n a r surface. He reported only problem was seeing h i s footing i n darkness of &M shadqw. Ke emplaced microdot containing messages f ~ o mworld l e a d e r s , c o l l e c t e d contingacy �July 20-22- ( continued) sample of lunar s o i l neat. LM ladder, a d reported t h a t , although surface consisted of s o f t loose material, material s i x o r eight inches under surface was very hard and cohesive. Rocks were very slippery, apparently because v e s i c l e s (pores) were f i l l e d with powdery surface material. Armstrong photographed Aldrin's descent t o lwar surface a t U:l5 prn EDT and astronauts unveiled plaque mounted on s t r u t behind ladder and read i t s i n s c r i p t i o n t o t h e i r worldwide TV audience: "Here men from t h e planet earth f i r s t set foot on t h e moon July 1969, A.D. W e came i n peace f o r a U mankind." Armstrong then removed !t'V camera from MESA, obtained panorama, and placed camera on t r i p o d 40 f t fYom LM t o view subsequent EVA. Aldrin experimented t o assess man's mobility on moon by walking, running, leaping, and doing two-footed kangaroo hops between LM and camera. He indicated some d i f f i c u l t y i n maintaining balance but said t h a t h i s a g i l i t y was b e t t e r than expected and t h a t he was a b l e t o move with great ease. Mass of backpack affected i n e r t i a and caused " s l i g h t tendency..,to tip backwards. If I ' m about t o l o s e my balance i n one d i r e c t i o n , recovery i s q u i t e n a t u r a l and easy, You've just got t o be c a r e f u l leaning i n t h e d i r e c t i o n you w a n t t o go in." Aldr i n deployed s o l a r wind composition exper b e n t i n sunlight north of LM and joined Armstrong i n e r e c t i n g three- by five-foot American f h g on eight-foot alumFnm staff. Astronauts saluted flag and t h e n t a l k e d by radiotelephone with President Nixon at White House i n what President c a l l e d 'host h i s t o r i c telephone c a l l ever made f'rom the White House." President said: "Because of what you have done t h e heavens have become a part of man ' s world. As you t a l k t o u s frm t h e Sea of Tranquility, it i n s p i r e s us t o redouble our e f f o r t s t o bring peace and t r a n q u i l i t y t o e e r t h . For one p r i c e l e s s moment i n t h e whole h i s t o r y of man a l l t h e people on t h i s e a r t h a r e t r u l y one--one i n t h e i r p r i d e i n what you have done and one in our prayers t h a t you will r e t u r n s a f e l y t o e a r t h . " Astronauts saluted President and expressed honor and p r i v i l e g e of representing U.S. and world on moon. ~ o ni th i n g EVA, Armst rong collected bulk sample of assorted surface m a t e r i a l and selected rock chunks, inspected LM, deployed passive seismic experiment package and l a s e r ranging r e t r o - r e f l e c t o r , and c o l l e c t e d two core samples and 20 l b s of d i s c r e t e l y s e l e c t e d material. Throughout EVA conthuous black-and-white coverage of crew a c t i v i t y provided l i v e document at ion, with telemetered d a t a and voice comments Lunar surface photography included both s t i l l and sequence coverage using Hasselblad, Maurer data-acquisition, and Apollo lunar surface close-up cameras. Astronauts completed EVA, t r a n s f e r r e d fjlm and samples t o M, reentered LM, and jettisoned equipment a c c o r d h g t o plan, closing hatch by =:39 GZT ( 1 : a~ m EDT July 21). Armstrong and Aldrin r e s t e d i n s i d e LM seven hours and checked out systems. . ����J u l y ZO-21 (continued) At124:22GET(~:54pmJuly2l)IMsuccessfullyliftedoffrnoon, a f t e r 21 h r s 3G min on lunar surface. ALL l u n a r ascent and rendezvous maneuvers were nominal. Eagle reported t o M3.sslon Control: "Eagle i s back i n o r b i t , having l e f t TranquiLity Base, and leaving behind a r e p l i c a from our Apollo U patch with an oLive.branch." LM docked with CSM a t 128: 03 GET. Crew t r a n s f e r r e d with s a ~ p l e sand f i l m t o CSM, and LM ascent stage was j e t t i s o n e d i n t o l u n a r o r b i t . SM reaction-controlsystem scparat ion maneuver placed CSM i n t o o r b i t with 72.0 m i (115.9-km) apolune and 63.0-mi ( 1 0 1 . 4 - h ) perilune, where crew r e s t e d and prepared f o r r e t u r n t o earth. J i l 22-24: Crew f i r e d SPS engine at 135 :24 GET (12: 55 am EM! i n j e c t i n g CSM i n t o t r a n s e a r t h t r a j e c t o r y a f t e r 59 h r s 28 m i n July (30 r e v o l u t i o n s ) i n l u n a r o r b i t . Midcourse correction No. 5 , a t 150: 30 GET, was so accurate t h a t s i x t h and seventh c o r r e c t i o n s were not necessary. During 18-min color TV traqsmission, crew demonstrated weightlessness of food and water and showed scenes of noon and e a r t h . Aldrin showed in-space p r e p a a t i o n of ham sandwlch and Collins showed viewers how t o drink water from teaspoon and from water gun. F i n a l , l e - m i n broadcast a t 171 :32 GET sent message of appreciation f h m each a s t r o n a u t t o all who helped make Apollo 11mission possible. CM, code-named Columbia, separated from SM on schedule a t 194 :49 GET. Because of d e t e r i o r a t i n g weather i n nominal landing a r e a , splashdown point was moved 247 ;4 mi downrange, where weather was excellent. Parachute deployment and other r e e n t r y events occurred as planned. Apollo ll splashed down i n mid-Pacif i c a t l 2 : 5 l pm EDT July 24, 15 m i from recovery ship U.S.S. Hornet, 195 hrs 19 min after launch. Swimmers attached f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r and seven-man r a f t t o spacecraft and h e l i c o p t e r dropped b i o l o g i c a l i s o l a t i o n garments, which were donned by a s t r o n a u t s i n s i d e CM and by one swimmer. Two o t h e r swimaers moved upwind of CM on another l a r g e raft. Postlanding v e n t i l a t i o n was turned o f f and CM powered down, and astronauts climbed out and helped swimmer close hatch. Swimmer t h a n decontawinated all garments , hatch area, f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r , and area around postlanding vent valves with Betadine d i s i n f e c t a n t . Helicopter carried astronauts t o recovery ship, where t h e y entered 32-ft-long mobile quarantine f a c i l i t y (M*) with recovery physician and technician. They were congratulated by President Nixon and NASA Administrator, Dr. Thomas 0, Paine, who were on board ship. Crew, physician, and technician remained i n s i d e MQF untFl it was d e l i v e r e d t o Lunar Receiving Laboratory (LRL) i n Houston July 27. CM was r e t r i e v e d , placed i n d o l l y on h o d recovery ship, moved t o MW, and mated t o t r a n s f e r tunnel. From i n s i d e MQF/CM containmentenvelope, MQF engineer removed lunar samples and equipaent through decontamination lock and CM was sealed u n t i l d e l i v e r y t o LRL. Sample ' d- �J u l y 22-24 (continued) -r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r s , film, and o t h e r d a t a were flown t o Johnston Island and t o liouston f o r t r a n s p o r t t o LRL. Primary Apollo ll mission objective- - t o perform rnarlncd landing on moon cmd return--and a l l d e t a i l e d t e s t objectives were achieved. A l l launch vehicle and spacecraft systems performed according t o plan, with F l i g h t crew performance was out only minor, currec1;ed discrepancies standing; all t h r e e crew members remained i n excellent health and t h e i r p r e v a i l i n g good s p i r i t s nnd proficiency were msjor f a c t o r s i n m i s s i o n ' s success. Accomplishments Lncluded first rnmned l u n a r landing and r e t u r n ; first lunar surface EVA; f i r s t seismometer, l a s e r r e f l e c t o r , and s o l a r wlnd experiment deployed on moon; f i r s t lunar s o i l samples returned t o e a r t h ; l a r g e s t U.S. payload ever placed i n t o l u n a r o r b i t .(72,037.6 lbs a t l u n a r o r b i t i n s e r t i o n ) ; a c q u i s i t i o n of numerous v i s u a l observations, photos, and TV transmissions of s c i e n t i f i c and engineering s i g n i f i c a n c e ; a d f b s t operational use of M 8 and LRL. Apollo 11 w a s eighth Apollo mission t o date, f i f t h manned Apollo mission, and f i r s t manned lunar landing mission. Mission acquired major q u a n t i t i e s of data for subsequent Apollo f l i g h t s . Fir& manned Apollo mission, Apo110 7 (0ct. U-22, 19";8), had v e r i f i e d operation of spacecraft f o r lunar-mission duration. First manned lunar o r b i t a l mission, Apollo 8 ( ~ e c ,21-27, 1%8), had proved c a p a b i l i t y o f Apollo spacecraft and hardware t o o p e r a t e out t o l u n a r d i s t a n c e and r e t u r n through e a r t h 1s atmosphere. ApoUo 9 arch 3-13, 1959) had proved c a p a b i l i t y of LMto operate fn space under manned conditions, Apollo 10 (May 18-26, 1959) had successfully operated complete ApoUo spacecraft on l u n a r o r b i t a l mission and had provided major q u a n t i t i e s of s c i e n t i f i c and t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l s f o r Apallo ll. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Spsce Flight; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn V launch vehicle, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n w a s managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Trackin and Data Acquisition. 7 16-25/69; W Post, 7/16-25/69; (NRSA Proj O f f ; NASA Release 69-83K; 10E) W -S t a r , 7/16-25/69; B 7/16-25/69; m), . -- Sun-, U.S.S.R.'s L m a XV (launched July 13) entered lunar o r b i t at J u l y 16: 3:00 pm Bsikonur t G W 0 am EDT) with a l l systems functioning normally, Tass announced. S i r Bernard Lovell, Director of U.K,'s J o 3 r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , s a i d spacecrart w a s transmitting telemetry data but no photographic signals. (SEX, 7/18/69, 22; AP, W Star, 7/17/69, ~ 1 ) �I n Cape Kennedy interview before A ~ o l l ol l l a u n c h , Vice President Spiro T. A g n e w said, " I t is my individual f e e l i n g t h a t we should a r t i c u l a t e 3. simple, ambitious, optimistic goal of a manned f l i g h t t o Mars by t h e end of t h i s century. Whether we say it o r not, someone's going t o do it." After l i f i o f f , Vice R e s i d e n t t o l d NASA launching team, ",..all t h e time I was out t h e r e I couldn't help thinking of you, t h e people i n here and all over NASA who have done such a b r i l l i a n t job in p u t t i n g together t h e combined e f f o r t behind those t h r e e gentlemen who are o f f on this . h i s t o r i c m i s s i o n . . . . 1: b i t t h e b u l l e t f o r you today a s far as Mars i s concerned. But on t h e other hand. I may be a voice i n t h e wilderness. I n Washington, 1). C. , Senate Majority l e a d e r Michael J. Mansfield (D-lrknt. ) t o l d press, "I think we have a l o t of problems here on e a r t h t h a t we must f a c e up t o and when we s e t t l e those we ought t o consider future space ventures." Senate Majority Whip Edward M. Kennedy (D- ass.) s a i d , "The Apollo program i s f o r landing a man on the moon and explorat i o n and should take another one t o two years. I think a f t e r that t h e space program ought t o f i t i n t o our other n a t i o n a l p r i o r i t i e s " (witkin, NYT, 7/17/69, 1; Transcript of Agnew statement t o I4k.A launch crew; Unna, m o s t , 7/17/69, KL) J u l y 16: , .. . . A t White House, President Nixon proclaimed July 21 National Day of P a r t i c i pation. "Apollo l l i s on i t s way t o the moon.... Never before has man embarked on so epic an adventure. . A s t h e astronauts go. . w e on e a r t h w i J l want, as one: people, t o be 'with them i n s p i r i t . .and t o support them with prayers t h z t a l l w i l l go well." A l l Executive departments and Government agencies would be closed and U.S. f l a g would be displayed on public buildings. With many members at Cape Kennedy, Senate and House met b r i e f l y and conducted only r o u t i n e business. Congressional Record was f i l l e d with comments on Apollo ll and @shes , f o r Godspeed t o astronauts. (E, 7 1 ~ 1 6 9 ,997-8; 7/16/69) .. . . z, . During C I S TV interview a t Cape Kennedy following Apollo 11 launch, former President Lyndon B. Johnson said, "If our i n d u s t r i a l people, t h e s e great managers of industry, t h e Laboring people of t h e country, t h e government, t h e s c i e n t i s t s , all. with t h e help of t h e Congress, can get together and do a job l i k e t h i s t h e r e 's j u s t nothing we c a n ' t do. " To world' s i l l s , "we must apply some of t h e g r e a t t d e n t t h a t we've applied t o space." There wasn't "a s i n g l e thing that our country does, t h a t our government does, t h a t our people do, t h a t has g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l f o r peace than t h e space e f f o r t . " (UPI, E , 7/17/69, 20) . Between 750,000 and 1 million persons crowded Brevard County, F l a . , t o witness launch of Apollo U, including 5,000 d i g n i t a r i e s headed by Vice President Spiro T. Agnew and former President Lyndon B. Johnson. �July 1 6 (continued) The Rev. RaLph D. Abernathy and 40 representatives of Poor People s Caapaign watched launch fYom bleacher s e a t s with 10,000 guests including f a m i l i e s of Apollo program personnel, while other repres e n t a t i v e s marched outside KSC. P a r i s Match had brought 105 European businessmen. Sone 3,100 press members were a t s p e c i a l stand. A s Apollo spacecraft l i f t e d f Y o m launch pad t h e r e w a s some applause, but most s p e c t a t o r s s t a r e d i n s i l e n c e u n t i l Saturn V rocket disappeared overhead, M ' t e m r d s many were caught i n monumental t r a f f i c jams. Banana River, f i v e miles south of Launch Complex 39, was clogged with s e v e r a l thousand boats r e g i s t e r e d from New England t o Texas. w post, 7/17/69, m; ~ e i n r a u b ,E, 7/17/69, 21, Lyons, E, 7 . Apollo L-l launch brought mood of ' r e f l e c t i o n across at ion, New York Times s a i d , Dawn was breaking i n western U . S . when b l a s t o f f occurred. Workers i n San Frarlcisco's open air f i s h markets stood i n s i l e n c e t o hear r a d i o r e p o r t . I n San Diego motorists crossing U.S.-Mexican border l i s t e n e d t o countdown on c a r radios. I n mid-America, c l a s s e s were postponed at A i r Force Acaderqy i n Colorado Springs, Colo., while cadets watched launch on TV. Cowhands at northern Wyoning ranch, inaccessible t o r a d i o o r TV, i n t e r r u p t e d work t o honor ApoUo U. Ranch owner D r . W e i g h Thorn I1 said, "We f e e l so close t o t h e moon shot out here, because we're so close t o the stars and sky." b BUoxi, Miss., harbor fishermen psused on wharf t o hear countdown. In Tennessee, tobacco farmers l i s t e n e d t o t r a n s i s t o r radios i n fields, Washington, D. C. , school teacher said, "The astronauts didn 't just go t o the moon. KU our minds went t o t h e moon and i n t e l l e c t u a l l y man' s horizons have jumped l e a p s and bounds beyond t h e h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n they've always been confined t o . " (F'osburgh, E , 7/17/69, 1) Worldwide audience focused on Apollo ll lamzh: A t summer residence, Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, Pope Paul V I asked f o r prayers f o r U.S. astronauts a few hours before launch of Apollo 11. U.S.S.R. r a d i o and TV gave factual. a c c o m t s of Apollo 1l launch but maintained third day of s i l e n c e on Luna XV. Major Soviet news program a t 8: 30 pa Moscow time showed t a p e of Apollo U l i f t o f f taken from l i v e cornsat coverage. Public i n t e r e s t i n ApoUo 33 was high. I n U. K. TV viewers saw launch v i a t r a n s a t l a n t i c s a t e l l i t e . BBC scheduled l i v e coverage t h o u @ July 24 splashdown and would r e l a y broadcasts t o continent by cable: London newspapers frontpaged Apollo ll. Daily Express headljlle read, "Ho Hum--Anyone f o r t h e Moon �July 16 (continued) Today?" over report on relaxed a s t r o n a d s . - ~ o l i s h Aewers - ~ ~ saw launch v i a 45-min transmission d i r e c t l y *om Cape Kennedy. Hundreds of Germans and Americans crowded i n t o Apollo ll exhibit i n Mannheim, Germany, department store. Swedish TV viewers were advised by s t a t e broadcasting company n o t t o turn off s e t s Sunday night--so they could be awakened for scheduled moon landing Monday. Hippies i n I r a n held m i l k and honey p&y in Teheran restaurant t o t o a s t astronauts In Egypt, Moslem world's leamoon expert, Sheikh Ahmand Haredi said, "The Koran urges Moslems t o look up from t h e i r e a r t h l y abode t o what l i e s behind the moon and stars." Japanese department s t o r e s featured models of ApoUo command module. In Greece, Aspis-Pronoia insurance company issued f i r s t outerspace l i f e insurance policy, t o cover Apollo U crew a t $10,000 each. I n Spain people called event most i n t e r e s t f n g since Colmbus U s covered Amer.i ca. I s r a e l ' s s t a t e radio broadcast i n Hebrew from Cape Kennedy while I s r a e l i s stood around TV s e t s and portable radios i n s t r e e t s . U . S . Enbassy in Tel Aviv and U. S. .consulate .. in Jerusalem opened Apollo l l i n f o h a t ion o f f i c e s Apollo 11 reaction was "generally t e p i d " i n Lagos, Nigeria. Radio Nigeria reported launch seven minutes i n t o i t s am newscast. Later it became number one newscast item. Most of Latin America missed launch on TV because of failure of I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 P-2 June 29. Latin American newspapers and TV correspondents t r a v e l e d t o U.S. t o cover launch and were repol-ted t o be outraged by absence of TV coverage in t h e i r countries. I n Colombia, . . .town s q k i e s . govemerrt asked TV manufacturers t o pu-k s e t s i n all ~ off t o watch lunar landing. Bogota students would have J & 21 ( r a ~ 7/17/69, ~, a,22; C W i b , 7/17/69) . . . Harry F. Guggenheim s a i d in Washington Evening Star a r t i c l e t h a t rocket expert D r . Robert H. Goddard "was t o t h e moon rocket what t h e Wright brothers were t o the airplane. " Guggenheim, administrator of Daniel Guggenheim Fund f o r the Promotion of Aeronautics during p;riod it helped support D r . Goddard's research, t r a c e d career of "Father of modern rocketry" from early experiments i n 1 9 8 . Among Goddard' s inventions were: f i r s t l i q u i d - f u e l rocket, first smokeless powder rocket, and f i r s t p r a c t i c a l automatic steering device f o r rockets It was no wonder American Rocket Society had conceded t o Goddard, "the almost single-handed development of rocketry 'from a vague dream . �July 16 (continued) t o one of t h e most significant branches of modern engineering. ' " He had l e f t "testimony t o the power of one s o l i t a r y individual t o e f f e c t change and t o transform the future." While D r . Goddard had died without fame which had accrued t o Wright brothers i n t h e i r l i f e t i m e , "he died s t i l l believing t h a t man would one day s h a t t e r t h e f e t t e r s of Earth's g r a v i t y and s t r i d e majestically i n t o t h e ' v a s t rea.hesmof space. I wish he were here now t o share t h i s moment. It belongs t o him." (Q, W S t = , 7/16/69, U S ) . A s part ' of NASA and Washington National Gallery o f A r t program, Eyewitness t o Space, group of a r t i s t s attended Apollo ll, launch t o paint f a c e t s of mission. Program originated i n 1963 when a r t i s t s were invited t o cover Mercury 9 mission. h o n g t h o s e commissioned t o record Apollo I I were Peter Hurd, Robert Rauschenberg, L a m a Dodd, and James B. Wyeth. Since program started, 25 a r t i s t s had produced more than 500 sketches and paintin W Post, 7/13/69, CI; . u f k s , E, 7/15/69, 33; W . Apollo 11was producing noticeable e f f e c t on business and consumer products, Washineon Post said. Snoopy the Astronaut d o l l s were s e l l i n g out; s a l e s of color V !l s e t s had r i s e n in some s t o r e s ; and s a l e s of "moon maps and globes, as well a s t o y rocket ships and lunar exploration vehicles had a l s o l i f t e d s m a r d . " Two Washington, D.C., department s t o r e s were offering Japanese telescopes ranging f'rorn $19.99 t o $1,000.00. One t o y store manager s a i d s a l e s of space-related toys had jumped 7% or 8% i n two months. Rockets propelled by s o l i d f u e l i n s e r t s sold f o r $1.50 t o $5.00 complete with recovery parachute. One Washington s t o r e had sold out supply of $10 space s u i t s . Demand f o r r e n t a l of color !t'V s e t s in Washington a r e a had been " t e r r i f ig" according t o area dealer. , (Cushing , W Post, 7/16/69, DU) . NAS announced formation of Universities Space Research Assn. (US%) --national consortium of 48 universities--to f o s t e r cooperation among u n i v e r s i t i e s , other research organizations, and Government f o r advancement of space researcbj [see Jan. -lo,]. It would a c q h e , plan, construct, and operate l a b o r a t o r i e s and otber f az'iliti e s f o r R%D and education in space science and technology and had submitted proposal t o NASA f o r management of Lunas Science I n s t i t u t e i n Houston, Tex. Existing contract between NASA and NAS would e x p h e in autumn. U n i v . of California a t San Diego Vice Chancellor of Graduate Studies and Research, D r . Fkederick T, Wall, wasChairman of Board of Trustees. (NAS ele ease) �July 16 : U. S. newspaper e d i t o r i a l s hailed Apollo U launch. Miami News : "All America, represented by three lonely men i n space, i s on its way t o t h e moon. I n fact, t h i s i s a people's e f f o r t , arousing the i n t e r e s t and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of a l l t h e people of t h i s country, This i s evidenced by t h e more than one &ion persons on hand a t Cape Kennedy f o r t h e s t a r t of the moon voyage and by t h e many millions who join in t h e adventure by television. Today's magnificent launch, and t h e elan s t i r r e d i n our people by it, makes t h i s one of America s most splendid hours. " id News, 7/16/69, A16) Washington Evening S t a r : countdown which culminated i n A 0110ll l i f t o f f , "regardless of NASA's o f f i c i a l records," had begun, L when prlmit i v e maii. first looked up imto t h e.- night $9t o gaze a t t h e mb'on', and t o f e e l t h e f i r s t s t i r r i n g s of wonder. " (W 7/16/69, A22) Huntsville Times: Manhattan ~ m t had climaxed with July 16, . 1945, explosion of world's f i r s t successful a t d c bomb. "Men, it seems, can only pray that t h e consequences of the quest of t h e planets may be better t h a n those born i n t h e i r r e v e r s i b l e explosion on a New Mexico desert 24 years ago. " ( ~ u n s t f l eTimes, 7/16/69) Chicago Sun-Times : "Man has always looked upward t o t h e s t a r s , f i r s t i n f e a r and awe, then in need t o know. Today t h e first great s t e p t o t h e firmament wiLl be taken. If it i s successful man w i l l stand on t h e threshold of outer space--and standing t h e r e will reach outward. " (C Sun-Times, 7/16/69) - ... + E%-&r Gvenska Dagbladet, Stockholm, Sweden welcomed ApolJo ll launch: "One of t h e g r e a t e s t adventures of human history begins today.. Studies of t h e moon w i l l t o a great degree enrich our knowledge of both t h e earth and space. Among other things it w i l l be possible t o make comparisons which will propel science by leaps in various d i s c i p l i n e s While w e can predict much t h a t may result from conquest of t h e moon, there w i l l i n s U likelihood be many r e s u l t s which we cannot even imagine now. All great discoveries and bold undertakings have brought advances which no one could have foreseen *om t h e outset." Arbetet, Malmo, Sweden: "There i s an i r r a t i o n a l element Fn these f e a t s of discovery which fortunately dominates t h e prosaic calculation of gains. Then one can regret t h a t man's fantasy seems incapable of being f i r e d f o r such a tremendous task as eliminating starvation fYom our earth, o r f o r bringing peace t o Biafra or for eliminating the U.S. Negro ghettos.... Three men w i l l be l i f t e d t o world acclaim today on " t h e c r e s t of mankind ' s greatest ever coordinated e f f o r t . ( ~ m h b a s s y , Stockholm) .. .... ... �White House announced ApoUo 11 crew on way tomoon was carrying July 17: Soviet cornmemorat ive medals brought back t o U. S , by Astronaut Frank Borman, who had received then from widows of Cosmonauts Yuri A. Gagarin and Vladimir M. Komarov during h i s Moscow v i s i t . Apollo 11 also c a r r i e d ApoUo 204 crew patch and commemorative medals struck f o r . f a m i l i e s of Astronauts Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White, and Roger B. Chaffee before astronauts died in Jan, 27, 1967, f i r e . President Nixon said, "The names of Gagarin and Komarov, of Grissom, White, and Chaffee, share the bonors we pray wiJl come t o Armstrong, AldrFn, and Collins. I n recognizing t h e dedication and s a c r i f i c e of b ~ mene of d i f f e r e n t nations, we underscore an example we hope t o s e t : t h a t i f men can reach t h e moon, men can reach agreement. " (m),7/21/69, 999 > 'Aerospace industry was having i t s greatest week i n h i s t o r y with Apollo U launch, s a i d New York Times, but aerospace stocks remained i n doldrums. Wall S t r e e t was "bearish about t h e industry and, from an investment standpoint, unenthusiastic about space, " Security analysts interviewed agreed Apollo U would have l i t t l e e f f e c t on long-depressed stocks, which commenced decline in 1968; many were s e l l i n g near lows f o r year. Aerospace industry was chief beneficiary of space program funds, but l a r g e s t portion of $34 b i l l i o n spent since 1950 had been allocated before " r e a l l y spectacular shots" occurred. While Apollo program had been "tremendous boon t o the aerospace industry and t o t h e advancement of technology, " it represented s m a l l part of total industry revenues and outlook was f o r f u r t h e r decline. ( ~ m e r E , ,7/17/69, 6 3 ) ApoLlo 11 launch continued t o draw wide e d i t o r i a l comment i n foreign and n a t i o n a l press. New York Times : "One could hardly watch t h e magnificent spectacle of t h e l i f t o f f , l e t alone contemplate t h e feats of human ingenuity t h a t made it possible, a s well a s t h e courage and s k i l l of t h e f l y e r s , without The temptation i s some r e f l e c t i o n upon t h e meaning of this event.... strong t o f a l l back upon lyricism. The poetry of t h e t h i n g has yet t o Find i t s expression i n any of t h e earnest, p r o f i c i e n t Americans who have ventured away from t h e Earth; y e t , the' stunning beauty of man's most marvelous creation, as it rose i n i t s majesty toward the unknown, toward t h e future, could be matched only by t h e profound sense of having been preserrt a t an end t o something and therefore necessarily a t a beginning." (wicker, E,7/17/69) . Chicago Tribune: "The Apollo 11b l a s t o f f was as b e a u t i f u l a one a s we 've seen. It displayed every b i t of t h e precision a n d ' t h e c a r e f u l planning which we have come t o ,expect from NASA." One of most " s a t i s f y ing" things w a s t h a t , " l i k e our e a r l i e r launchings, it took place within �July 17 (continued) the s i g h t of anybody who wanted t o go t h e Florida coast t o watch it, and was broadcast l i v e t o courrtless millions more in every corner of t h e world. People will not fail t o contrast t h i s with t h e secrecy of Russia's unmanned Luqa 15, which may reach t h e moon today on a myster i o u s mission of i t s own. " ( C Trib, 7/17/69) Christian Science Monitor: "And although it i s an American moonc r a f t , bearing American men. the venture i s , i n t h e best sense, a universal one. It i s t h e r e s u l t of American technology p u t t i n g t o use t h e knowledge, techniques and discoveries i n which aJ3, nations and races have participated. all nations and peoples are taking part. " (E, 1/17/69) . S e a t t l e Times: "The space program has yielded Fmmense new resources i n . . . s c i e n t i f i c and technological advances which...make t h e program worth while even beyond t h e explorations and discoveries--and national pride-offered by t h e ventures irrto outer space. It s t r i k e s us, therefore, that the time i s a t hand f o r these so-called by-products of t h e space . program, which hold such promise f o r u t i l i z a t i o n i n behalf of mankind, t o be put t o work f o r t h a t purpose. " (S Times, 7/17/69) Bulgarian Telegraph ~ g e n c ~ i r e p o rcarried t in Bulgarian newspapers Rabotnichesko Delo, Narodna Mladezh, Trud, and Kooperativno Celo commented: " I n the coming days a l l humanity will follow t h i s flight with i n t e r e s t and tension. .And surely t h e r e i s no one on our o l d planet who will not ask himself t h i s quest ion: 'Will it succeed? " ( ~ Embassy, m of i a ) .. . .. - July 18: I n r e s p o n s e t o telephone inquiry by Astronaut Frank Borman, Mstislav V. Kddysh, President of Soviet Academy o f Sc'iences, .sent telegram guaranteeing t h a t LULL&XV, o r b i t i n g moon, would not i n t e r f e r e with Apollo 11 mission and assuring.&rman t h a t he would be n o t i f i e d of any changes in spacecraf't's course. Under 1967 U.N. Outer space Treaty, U. S. and U. S. S.R. were bound t o furnish each other t h i s kind of data. ( ~ i l f o r d ,E,7/19/69, 1) ' Apollo passive seismic experiment, part of extravehicular a c t i v i t y t o be performed by Apollo U- astronauts on moon, was hescribed i n Science as "the most exciting experiment i n seismology. " Dr. G. Latham and D r . M. Ewing of Columbia Univ.'s Lmont-Doherty Geol o g i c a l Observatory, D r . F. Press of MIT, and D r . G. Sutton of Univ. of Hawaii explained objective was t o detect naturally occurring s e i d c events on lunar surface through e a r l y Apollo scient if i c experiment package ( ~ S E P )planted on moon. Package weighed 105 lbs and \-odd transmit data t o earth one year (ox �July 18 (continued) maximum two years), during lunar days because i t s solar c e l l panels required U u m i n a t i o n t o provide power. Complete Apollo lunar surface experiments package (ALSEP) , containing a t l e a s t t h r e e additional experiments for measurements of s o l a r wind and magnetic f i e l d , would be included on ~ ~ o l l1o2 'for day and night operation. I n Apollo 11 experiment astronaut would remove instrument from LM t o smoothest a r e a w i t h h 6 .'6-9.8 ft (20-30 m) o f LM,,_ unfold solar panels adjust package l e v e l t o within 5 O , o r i e n t it i n azimuth f o r rn&-Lrnum illumination of s o l a r panels, and a h antenna toward earth. MSC would issue commands t o uncage and l e v e l seismometers and s e l e c t proper gain. Expected sources of lunar seismic a c t i v i t y included several hundred monthly moonquakes, thermal s t r e s s e s produced by rapid temperature v a r i a t i o n s a t surface; t i d a l s t r e s s e s exerted by earkh and sun; and meteoroid Impacts. By end of Apollo program, s c i e n t i s t s hoped t o have achieved crude curves of t r a v e l time f o r body and surface waves and beginning of seismicity map of moon. During post -Apoll.o period, seismologists wanted t o achieve wider d i s t r i b u t i o n of detectors t o map seismically a c t i v e b e l t s i n greater detail; study mechmisms of energy release; lower minimum detectable ground motion of individual seismometer; and improve performance of long-period seismometer systems a t ultrabng-period end of spectrum f o r recording surface waves from moonquakes free o s c i l l a t i o n s o f moon, and lunar t i d e s . (science, 7/18/69, 241-501 White House confirmed President Nixon would talk with ApoUo U. astronauts over two-way TV hook-up a s they f i r s t s e t foot on moon. Nixon and Astronauts N e i l A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., would be v i s i b l e on s p l i t screen t o e a r t h viewers. President could wat-ch on White House TV, but astronauts would have no view of him. President Nixon planned t o spend evening of July 20 watching Apollo U progress on TV with former Astronaut Frank Borman, White House l i a i s o n with NASA. ( ~ y o n s , w Post, 7/19/69, ~ 9 ) ApoUo 10 mission (May 18-26), first lunar o r b i t a l mission with complete Apollo s p a c e c r a n , was adjudged successful by NASA. Mission had achieved a l l objectives; systems had performed according t o plan with only minor anomalies and crew had acquired major q u a n t i t i e s of photographic t r a i n i n g materials for subsequent Apollo missions. (NASA Proj O f f ) I z v e s t i a gave f i r s t U.S.S.R. report of President Nixon's July 17 annoncement t h a t medals of two dead Soviet cosmonauts would be placed on moon Factual account of mission c a r r i e d no comment. �July 18: Pride Inc. operations director Marion Barry c a l l e d on black c o m i t y t o work during July 2l National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n declared by President Nixon in honor of Apollo ll lunar landing. During Washington press conference he said, "Why should blacks r e j o i c e when two white Americans land on the moon when white America's money and technology have not even reached" t h e inner c i t y ? "Why should blacks celebrate Monday. . .when President Nixon d i d n ' t f e e l t h a t D r . Martin Luther King's assassination deserved t o be observed?" ( p a , W post, 7/19/69, ~ 9 ) Richmond, V a . , News Leader e d i t o r i a l approved Vice President Splro T . . Agnewt s calling f o r f l i g h t t o Mars by end of century [see July 161 : "one day, man wiU go beyond the planets, to other s o l a s systems; r i g h t now...that i s not within our technological reach. But Mars i s , . and so are t h e other planets. The moon i s in e a r t h ' s , and man's, own crib. Plans and commitments should be made--now--for man t o take grown-up s t r i d e s i n t h e r e a l world of space, " (R News-Lead-, 7/18/69) After four years of "running a t t o p speed, " MSC had f a i l e d t o turn Houston, Tex., into "science c i t y , I' said Thomas G. Plate i n Science. Houston area, as l a r g e s t petrochemical industry area i n U.S., was "going i t s own booming way" while 4,600 NASA people and 9,000 employees of 125 private firms workhg on NASA business i n a r e a helped to shape space 8ge community a t 14SC. "The i n j e c t ion of $140 million a year i n NASA money and t h e impact on t h e l i f e of t h e area of WSA workers--some 2500 of them R&D s c i e n t i s t s and engineers-and of t h e 9300 employees of high-technology firms serving MSC has so far had surprisingly l i t t l e e f f e c t . B u t meanwhile t h e space community has developed its own s p e c i a l character with i t s owxi s t y l e of l i f e and i t s own special goals." (science, 7/18/69, 265-9) ... ComSatCorp reported second quarter earnings of $1,46,000 (20 cents per share) ; earnings had been $1,506,000 (15 cents per share) in similar 1958 period. Earnings for f i r s t six months of 1959 t o t a l e d $3,501,000 (35 cents per share) and $3,405,000 (33 cents per share) i n 1968. ( ~ & a t ~ o r pRelease 69-43) Montreal, Canada, Gazette commented on ApoLlo ILL mission: m d o n Johnson, more than any other man, i s responsible f o r meeting t h e moon-shot deadline this week.. ( ~ Consul, m hntreal) J?ly 19: .." �July 19: P i t t s f i e l d , Mass,, Berkshire Eagle e d i t o r i a l said: "It s u b t r a c t s nothing from t h e extraordinary human and t e c h n i c a l achievement represented by Apollo ll t o say t h a t t h e projected l u n a r landing i s an occasion not only f o r awe and pride but a l s o f o r a thoughtful reappraisal 6f our whole approach t o t h e new f,xonti e r of space. " ( B Eagle, - 7/19/69) "We have entered a new era, " D r . Thomas 0. P a h e , NASA Administrator, t o l d press i n Houston following Apollo l l l u n a r landing. "The significance of t b e t r i p i s t h a t mankind i s going t o establish places of abode outside of h i s planet earth. 'I In telephone c a l l t o White House, D r . Paine had t o l d President Nixon, " I t i s my honor on behalf of t h e e n t i r e NASA team t o report t o you t h a t t h e Eagle has landed on t h e Sea of Tranquility and our astronauts a r e safe and looking forward t o s t a r t i n g the explorat-ion of t h e moon. " Dr. Paine s a i d IYesident had 'spoken with "excitement and awe in h i s voice " and mood was t h a t of "considerable tension relieved." NASA planned t e n t a t i v e s i x additional manned lunar missions over next few years. D r . Paine praised U.S.S.R.'s cooperation i n providing Luna XV information He a l s o s a i d i f Astronaut t o Astronaut Frank B o m n [ see July 181 Neil A . Armstrong,had not assumed manual control of LM t o s t e e r it from c r a t e r during lunar landing, "we might. .have had considerable d i f f i c u l t y . " ( ~ c ~ e h a nB,@, 7 / 2 1 / 6 9 , J u l y 20: , . . CBS presented interview with former President Lyndon B. Johnson which had been taped July 5. President Johnson credited space program with sparking "revolution of t h e 60s" and said, "We c a n ' t discard space. We're just beginning. " U. S. had enough money, "to do all t h e t h i n g s w e need t o do" i n spsce, education, and health. ''What we must 'have i s , t h e determination t o do it. " He s a i d his last act as president had been t o send A o l l o 8 photos of earth t o 186 leaders of foreign governments. (W Post, hA71 Astronaut Frank Sorman repeated Apollo 8 reading f'rom Genesis a t White House s e r r l c e attended by President and family, Vice presidefit, Cabinet members, Congressmen, and members of J o i n t Chiefs o f S t a f f , and of diplomatic corps. During sermon, D r . Paul S, Smith, President of Whittier College m d member of Religious Society of Friends, said: "1t was a philosopher. .who, two thousand years ago, f i r s t recounted a voyage t o t h e moon. Lucian called it The True History but confessed i n t h e preface t h a t he wrote 'of things which are not and never could have been. It was a p o l i t i c a l s a t i r i s t s precautionary. disclaset;, . because his r e a l subject was t h e s t u p i d i t y of human warfag, His lunar voyagers got caught up in internecine s t r i f e between t h e moonmen . �July 20 (continued) and the sunmen over t h e colonization of Venus! If t h e r e i s something i n s t r u c t i v e i n t h e thought, it may be the implication t h a t a f t e r two millenia of philosophy men are s t i l l f i g h t i n g over real e s t a t e and s t i l l dying i n t h e name of philosophical abstractions, but that a voyage t o t h e moon is' just as feasible (tho h somewhat more expensive) as a t r i t o T i m W u . " (Wiegers, W Post, j;$21/69, B1; 3 7/22/69, H6189-50 7 Hours before lunar landing attempt by Apollo 3 l Astronauts Neil. A. Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Pope Paul V I said a t C a s t e 1 Gondolfo, I t a l y : "In t h e ecstasy o f t h i s prophetic day, a r e a l triumph f o r means produced by man f o r t h e domination of the universe, we must not forget man's need t o dominate h b s e l f . Admiration, enthusiasm and passion for instruments , f o r t h e . products of man's hand, fascinate us, perhaps t o the point of madness.,.. This i s t h e danger: We must beware of t h i s worship. " (~chmick,B -3Sun 7 1 ~ 1 6 9 A4) , Tass announced t h a t Luna XV was still functioning normally i n lunar o r b i t with 109.4-km (68-m-me, 16.1-Eon (10-mi)perilune, 1-hr 54-min period, and 127' inclination. S i r Bernard Lovell, Director of U, K. ' s JodrelL . - . . Ba.nk ExperhentaL Station, s a i d Luna XV had conducted two midcourse corrections and speculated t h a t spacecrart was prepar' e i t h e r t o land o r t o observe ApoUo 1l landing. (AP, B Sun, July 20-21: White House was flooded with congratulatory cables and telephone c U s on Apollo U landing, from beads o f s t a t e throughout world. Washington Post estimated h a l f b i l l i o n persons had watched lunar touchdown on worldwide TV, and NBC said 123 million i n U.S. saw it, mostly i n t h e i r own homes. But 35,000 baseball fans i n New York had learned of landing's success when words "They're on t h e moon" flashed on scoreboard a t Yankee Stadium. I n New York's Harlem, many of 50,000 attending s o 3 music festival booed lunar L a n a . announcement. A t massive "Moon In" a t Central Park, e n t h u s i a s t i c crowd of young people watched landing on huge outdoor TV screen i n steady downpour and bought "lunar dogs, " "ApoUo rock candy, " and "moon picnic " boxes Composer and band leader Duke Ellington made singing debut with "Moon aid en," song he wrote t o celebrate Apollo l l success, taped f o r ABC. New York Times sold out 950,000 copies of July 21 issue announcing lunar landing and announced it would reprint e n t i r e edition July 24 as souvenir. Special Florida Times-Union e d i t ion . �J u l y 20-21 (continued) datelined "Moonday, July 21" sold out in Jackson within two hours. Estimated 8,000 Western E l e c t r i c Co. employees l e f t work or f a i l e d t o show up i n protest against being denied access t o !CV o r radios on Job during lunar landing. Des Moines, Iowa, TV.stations received some complaints from viewers over absence of regular programs; Crime r a t e f e l l i n Los Angeles, while in Savannah, Ga., 17 prisoners sawed t h e i r way out of Chatham County prison branch while guards watched Apollo 11 on TV. A t MSC, Houston Welfare Rights Organization members demonstrated around display of LM, calling o n U. S. t o s e t new oal--elimination of poverty. (AP, B Sun; 7/22/69; W Post, 7/21/69; 7 22/69; Apollo U f i s s i o n Comentary, 7 / 2 1 / 6 9 ; ~ y ~ m 7 / 6 7 9 / ,r 1 / 6 9 ) 7 N i l l i o n s around world hailed Apollo 1l landing: Soviet Premier Alexsey Kosygin complimented U.S. on lunas landing and expressed i n t e r e s t in widening U. S -U.S S R. space cooperat ion during July 21 Moscow discussion with former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, who was ending Soviet visit. Soviet TV did not carry live coverage of Apollo lJ. lunar landing July 20; Tass announcement was read by newscaster and carried i n two-paragraph item on Pravda's f r o n t page. Evening paper, Izvestia accorded s t o r y more space and featured photo of astronauts on moon. On W ,Cosmonaut Konstarrtin P. Feoktistov described landing as "major landmark" and s a i d crew had coped " b r i l l i a n t l y " with mission. Georgy Petrov, Director of Soviet I n s t i t u t e f o r Cosmic Research, called Apollo I l "outstanding achi&ement" but s a i d more data per ruble could have been gathered by unmanned probes. Statue dedicated to Apollo ll astronauts was unveiled July 21 in s p o r t s stadium a t Cracow, Poland. I n U.K., Queen Elizabeth watched lunar landing on W ,then cabled President Nixon "warme s t congratulations. " Prime U , n i s t ,,Earold Wilson expressed " h e a r t f e l t r e l i e f . " A t J o d r e l l Bsnk Experfmental ,$tation astronomers applauded and director, S i r Bernard Lovell, s a i d that "the f u t u r e has been revolutionized. " David Threlfall collected $24,000 on fiveyear-old bet t h a t man would land on c e l e s t i a l body before 191. Betting shop had given him thousand-to-one odds [ see May 291 In Wollongong, Australia, l o c a l judge heard cases while watching Apollo 11 lunar landing on portable TV s e t , Czechoslovakia issued two postage stamps July 21 comme&rating . . - . --.. lunar landing, while record crowds a t U. S. Embassy exhibition tapered o f f a f t e r exhausting supply of ApoJlo giveaway materials. Five thousand Hungarians walked'thraugh American Embassy i n 'Budapest July 21, picking up USIA pamphlet Man on t h e Moon. . .. . �July 2 0 - 2 l ( continued) In Romania, bouquets were tossed through U.S. Embassy fence t o foot of flagpole and several Romanians reported l a r g e numbers of Bulgarians were crossing border t o watch l i v e TV coverage of Apollo 11. Cuban government decided not t o jam Voice of America broadcast of Apollo ll lunar landing, but in Algiers news was ignored except f o r announcement in government -controlled newspaper t h a t "the man i s on t h e moon. " I n Ghana, v i l l a g e chief l i s t e n i n g t o VOA broadcast feared a s t r o nauts might f a l l off moon if not caref'ul. I n Bangkok, fYeedom f o r 622 pardoned prisoners was delayed because l. guards r e f u s e d t o leave TV s e t s showing Apollo l Lunar landing s t o l e top play i n I s r a e l and Egypt, from accounts of t h e i r f i e r c e f i g h t i n g a t Suez Canal. In Singapore, girl born half hour a f t e r l u n a r landing was named Luna. In Pakistan, boy baby was named Apollo. P r h e Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and Indian Parliament gave standing ovation t o Apollo ILL astronauts at opening of day's business i n New Delhi July 21. In Japan, Emperor Kirohito called o f f customary daily s t r o l l and interrupted l k c h t o watch A p l l o 11 on TV. Iroquois Indians i n Brantford, Ontario, Canada, feared lunar landing might plunge e a r t h i n t o darkness and release monsters from earth's core. Their medicine man and chief, Joseph Logan, Jr., had said moon was sacred t o his people and "we a r e not supposed t o d i s t u r b her." In Taipei, Formosa, Nationalist China Parliament member Hsieh Jen-chao invited Apollo l l astronauts t o attend Moon F e s t i v a l honoring r a b b i t which Chinese legend said l i v e d on moon and could provide e t e r n a l life Same devout Muslims in Somalia refused t o believe ApoUo.11 lunar landing was r e a l i t y . Following radio, press, and word-of-mouth announcement, f $ s t ?'tght s broke out July 2 l i n Mogadiscio s t r e e t s between bel i e v e r s and disbelievers. Parents of baby boy born on lunar landing day broke with Muslim t r a d i t i o n and named c h i l d h s t m n g Abdurahmsn Osman I n Brussels workers i n radio and TV studios suspended s t r i k e during transmission of ApoUo ll mission film. I n B r a z j l several thousand persons cheered a s they witnessed t e l e vised 1uoa.r landing a t Museum of Modern A r t i n Rio de Janeiro while church b e l l s rang otrtside. In Santiago de Chile people rushed out of restaurants t o look a t moon, forgetting it was midafternoon when they learned of lunar landing. While r e s t of world focused on lunar landing, one quarter of world's population labored through s i x t h moon of Chinese l u n u year unaware of event. Approximately 800 million people in Communist China had heard no news of lunar landjag. Only deviation from " t o t a l blackout . . �July 20-21 (continued) on space exploration" w a s July 17 s t o r y o f Astronaut Frank Borman's v i s i t t o Moscow, reported by New China News Agency. (C Trib, 7/22/69; W Post, 7/a-22/69; W S t a r , 7/22/69; F,7/22/69; B ~un,-/21-22/69; Am Embassy, Prague, Bucharest, Brussels, Budapest, Mogadiscio) Press e d i t o r i a l s i n U.S. and around world underscored Apollo l l ' s landing on moon and man's f i r s t steps on another planet. St. Louis Post-Dispatch: "There i s no doubt t h a t t h e United S t a t e s should continue t o support a substantial spacefaring program. Anything e l s e would be a denial of t h e s c i e n t i f i c s p i r i t of the centuxy and t h e q u a l i t i e s t h a t have made America what it i s . E3ut i t s scope should be measured by findings and probabilities--and one other factor. Future spacefaring ought t o be a co-operative e f f o r t of all nations able t o with t h e benefits-to be shared by a l l . " ( s t . Louis P-D , 7/?0/_6?1 Washington Sunday S t a r : "A creature t h a t can stand where Armstrong and Aldrin stand tonight--that can, in the f'uture, move among t h e spheres and l i t e r a l l y explore new worlds. . . i s unlikely t o give up on t h e hard t a s k of perfecting himself and his l i f e i n h i s n a t u r a l envimnment on earth. The God who brought him thus f a r *om a blob of squirming protoplasm...is unlikely...to l e t man b l o w it all now. Here...must be t h e answer t o t h e national debate as t o whether we go ahead i n space, or whether we tend t o our k n i t t i n g a t home. We a r e bound t o do both.. , The progressive expansion of t h e physical and s p i r i t u a l domain of man inevitably w i l l i n t e n s i f y our determination and a b i l i t y , in concert with other nations, t o build a home world where hunger, f e a r and violence no longer have a place. " (W S t a r , 7/20/69, ~ 1 ) W i l l i a m Hines i n Washington Sunday S t a r : "One c&ot question t h e majesty of conception or magnitude of e f f o r t t h a t made Apollo 11 possible." But one could ask, "Is t h i s t r i p r e a l l y necessary?': One saw i n ApoUo, "that fundamental f a i l i n g called hubris, which got so many protagonists i n t o hot water i n t h e old Greek mythology. Hubris i n English i s usually taken t o mean p r i d e m arrogance; i n ancient Greek t h e word meant simple insolence. The Apo3J.o enthusiast r e j e c t s the concept of hubris; he says we go t o t h e moon not because we a r e arrogant, but because we are driven, and thereby i m p l i c i t l y r e j e c t s t h e concept of f'ree w i l l and s u b s t i t u t e s sappiness f o r sassiness. The majority asks, 'But if we d i d n ' t go, what?' and t h e minority responds,.._- 'If w- e didn't go, so what?'" (W -9S t a r . .7/20/69, ~ 2 ) Humorist Art Buchwald i n Washington Post : "Sometimes one g e t s t h e feeling t h a t t h e r i g h t hand germs i n t h e Government don't know what t h e l e f t h&d g e m s arePdoing. ?his was brought home t o me...when I read about t h e m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s t h a t were being spent t o see that t h e . I �July 20-21 (continued) astronauts d i d not bring back a s i n g l e germ from t h e moon. Unfortunately, across t h e page kom t h a t s t o r y was another t h a t t h e Army was going ahead with open a i r t e s t i n g of nerve gases and g e m warfare," (W Post, 7 / 2 0 / 6 9 , ~6) Los Angeles Herald-Examiner: "America ' s moon program has benefited a l l mankind. It has brought b e t t e r color t e l e v i s i o n , water p u r i f i c a t i o n at l e s s c o s t , new p a i n t s and p l a s t i c s , improved weather f o r e c a s t ~ n ~ , medicine, r e s p i r a t o r s , walkers f o r t h e handicapped, l a s e r surgery, world-wide communications, new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems, earthquake prediction system and s o l a r power.... The Mars goal should b r i n g b e n e f i t s t o all mankind even g r e a t e r t h a n t h e tremendous contributions of t h e moon program. " (LA Her-Exam, 7/20/69) Baltimore Sun: "...it i s s t i l l almost incredible t h a t i n t h e af'ternoon of a Sunday on e a r t h two humans found themselves within a vehicle r e s t i n g on t h e surface of t h e moon. Nothing could quite prepare one's mind f o r t h a t , o r f o r t h e subsequent moment of climax, the a c t u a l sekting of a human f o o t on t h e substance of our barren s a t e l l i t e . One of t h e mysteries t h a t had engaged t h e i n f i n i t e l y i n q u i s i t i v e mind of man i s now made tangible. Others remain beyond ourand upon it. " ( B -2Sun 7 / ~ / 6 9 A161 , Chicago Daily News : "These have been moments t o savor--moments i n which uncounted millions have s h a r e d , t h e immediacy of a turning point i n h i s t o r y . This time t h e r e was no lapse of weeks o r months, waiting f o r t h e event t o be confirmed. We were all there, bound t o g e t h e r by t h e miracle of communication t h a t intertwined all t h e other miracles of technology t h a t marked man's f i r s t s t e p on a c e l e s t i a l body." c Daily News, 7/21/69) Milwaukee Journal: " ~ u ~ e r l a t i v epale s before t h e ' magnificence of thrachievement. but how many years before t h e astounding performance of Armstrong and Aldrin will seem as primitive as the pioneering work of t h e Wright brothers?" (MJ, 7/21/69, 1 4 ) Cleveland Plain Dealer : "Man' s s t o r e o f . s c i e n t i f i c knowledge w i l l be v a s t l y enriched by t h e landing on t h e moon. I n no other s i n g l e event i n h i s t o r y has t h e r e been g r e a t e r opportunity t o unlock the mysteries of t h e universe. " ' ( p l a i n Dealer, 7/21/69) London Daily Sketch: "America's moon triumph o f f e r s t h i s old world ' s bic,kering and jealous people a parable of hope, " ( B -Sun 9 7/22/69,' Al) Montreal Star: h he deepest hope f o r a world starved f o r some form of symbolism, of an attempt a t harmony i n place of s e l f i s h n e s s and narrow nationalism, cane from the astronauts." CFOX Radio, Montreal, broadcast: "...Eliminate war? Yes! E l M n a t e poverty? Yes! But t h e exploration of space w i n help us, not impede us, i n reaching t h e s e goals. " ( ~ m Consul, ~ o n t r e a)l - a ... �July 20-21 (continued) A r b e t e t , Malmo Sweden (principal organ of Social Democratic party) : "No Soviet politician has ever before used such conciliatory tones toward t h e U.S.A. a s did Foreign Minister Gmmyko recently i n h i s speech before t h e Supreme Soviet This Russian position seems generally t o be based on fears of a confrontation with China.... One of the side e f f e c t s can be increased Russian i n t e r e s t i n broader s c i e n t i f i c cooperation i n space research. Nothing e l s e could be b e t t e r designed f o r global cooperation, since nothing e l s e gives us c l e a r e r testimony that we live in one world." (hEmbassy, ~ t o c k h o l m ) , ..,. U.S.S.R.'s Luna XV (launched July 13) had landed on moon a t 6:45 J u l y 21: pm Moscow time ( l l : ) and had ended i t s work, Tas s announced. . Spacecraft had "reached t h e moon's surface i n t h e preset areat' a f t e r 52 revolutions around moon and 86 communications sessions during which "the work of the new systems of the s t a t i o n was checked, t h e parameters of t h e t r a j e c t o r y of the movement were measured, and s c i e n t i f i c research was conducted." Tass said Luna XV had demonstrated c a p a b i l i t y t o land on various areas of lunar surface by changing selenocentric o r b i t and t h a t mission had yielded Fmportant data on spacecraft systems. S i r Bernard Lovell, JodreU 8ank Experimental S t a t ion Director, s a i d signals from spacecraft had ended suddenly and estimated c r a f t might have landed i n Sea o f ' Crises, about 500 m i from Sea of Tranquility. "If we d o n ' t get any more signals, we wlll assume it crashlanded. But we don1t make t h a t a s s m p t i o n a t the moment. " (~werkzman, NYT, - 7/22/69, 1, 29) . Univ. of Texas astronomers reported second unsuccessful attempt t o bounce l a s e r beam off r e f l e c t o r lef't on moon by Apollo ll astronauts. McDonald Observatory Director, D r . Harlan Smith, s a i d he expected eventual success. (AP, B 7/22/69, ~ 8 ) s, . Galabert International Astronautics Prize f o r 1969 was awarded i n Paris t o Apollo ll astronauts. Award of $4,000 was presented m u a l l y f o r nqtable contributions "to human progress f o r t h e advancement of a l l sciences and techniques associated with astronautics. " (AP, B -9 Sun 7/22/69, A81 . KUD Secretary George W. Romney addressed International Platform A s s n . in Washington, D.C. : "I do not progose t h a t we now abandon our e f f o r t s t o extend man's reach s t i l l further beyond our planet, any more than we abandoned our domestic goals while we were reaching f o r t h e moon. But I do believe t h e time has come f o r a revision--in �July 2L (continued) f a c t , a reversal--of our national p r i o r i t i e s . I believe t h a t in t h e decades ahead, t h e public i n t e r e s t and indeed our national survival require us t o assign our housing and urban goals a high p r i o r i t y - - a t l e a s t comparable t o the p r i o r i t y we gave our space- program i n the decade Just ending." (HUD News; Hutchens, W Star, 7/22/69, ~ 6 ) - South Korea dedicated i t s first super-highway, linking Seoul with Inchon. It was named Apollo i n honor of U. S moon landing. (AP, w Post, 7/23/69, ~ 5 ) . July 22: U.S.S.R. launchedtwounmanned s a t e U i t e s . Cosmos CCXC, launched from Ple s e t sk, entered o r b i t with 323-km (200.7 - m i ) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) perigee, 89.6-min period, and 65.b0 i n c l i n a t i o n and reentered July 29. f h m Baikonur entered o r b i t with apogee, 496-lrm (308.2-mij perigee, 7U. 0-min (GSFC E,7/ 31/69; E,7/28/69, 62; S c i e n t i s t s a t MSC,rnonitoring seismometers l e f t on lunar surface by Apollo ll astronauts, recorded f ive-minute tremor they s a i d could have been i n t e r n a l activity--moonquake--or meteoroid s t r i k e on surface. S c i e n t i s t s expressed concern t h a t seismometer was overheating, probably because of damage t o protective cover f r o m LM exhaust, and might not survive heat of lunar moon. ( ~ c ~ e h a nB, -9Sun 7/23/69, M ; Cohn, W Post, 7/24/69, n 5 ) S c i e n t i s t s a t Lick Observatory i n California unsuccessrully t r i e d . f o r third consecutive night t o bounce ruby l a s e r beams o f f r e f l e c t o r lef't on lunar surface by Apollo 11 astronauts. They admitted d i f f i c u l t y i n pinpointing r e f l e c t o r ' s exact l o c a t ion and speculated that it mi&% have been knocked down by LM exhaust during ascent. (AP, W -' ~tar7/23169, A7) , NASA announced revised plans f o r f i r s t o r b i t a l workshop, with 1 4 2 launch using f i r s t two stages of Satum V t o launch workshop and Apollo Telescope Mount together. Workshop would be o u t f i t t e d on ground and would a r r i v e i n 253-mi c i r c u l a r o r b i t equipped for immediate occupancy by astronauts and with A!TM attached. Program objectives remained same a s when NASA intended t o use Saturn IB 2nd stage a s lgl workshop: to pmvide environment i n which man could l i v e and work f o r extended periods i n space and t o study man's physiological and psychological responses and c a p a b i l i t i e s i n space. �July 22 (continued) ATM would permit man t o operate high-resolution astronomical telescopes i n space, f r e e from e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Saturn V hardware f'rom ApoUo program was availabie f o r revised plan. (NASA Release .69-105;Simons, W Post, 7/22/69, 'Al) . President Nixon addressed 2,000 American Field Service students from 60 countries on White House lam: " . . . i n t h e yearm2000 we wiU, on t h i s e a r t h , have v i s i t e d new worlds where t h e r e w i l l be a form of l i f e . I know t h l s w i l l happen, and I want t o t e l l you a s I look forward and dream about t h a t f i t u r e . t h i s i s t h e k i n d of world I w o u l d l i k e t o see and t h e kind of exploration of t h a t new world t h a t I know all Americans want. I hope t h a t when t h e next great venture i n t o space takes place t h a t it : tbe one i n which Americans will be joined by representatives of other countries." (PD, - 7/2i3/69, 1016-7) .. . U. K. radioastronomer S i r Bernard LoveU. t o l d press at U . K. ' s J o d r e l l Bamk Experimental Station, t h a t Apollo 1l and Luna XV increased hopes f o r U. S. -U. S. S.R. space cooperation because " t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time t h e United S t a t e s has been demonstratively superior i n a v i t a l p a r t of t h e space program. American approaches f o r collaboration may be received with sympathy i n the Soviet Union as they can no longer regard themselves as masters." (AP; B 2,7/23/69, ~ 4 ) .Wall S t r e e t Brokerage houses were watching e f f e c t of Apollo 11 success on stocks a s market resumed trading afTer J u l y 21 holiday. Some f i r m s believed lunar landing would generate enthusiasm, although i t s impact would be restrained by uncertainties over surtax extension, House committee vote t o cut o i l depletion allowance (major tax benefit. o f petroleum industry) and apparent s t andof f a t Vi&nam peace conference. ( ~ 1w , star, 7/22/69, ~ 7 ) . Washington Post s a i d it found i n t e l l e c t u a l s "deeply divided" on implicat i o n s of lunar landing. Univ. o f California physicist D r . Owen Chamberlain had s a i d achievement showed "mankind can be i n charge of h i s destiny, , W e should now come back and put our emghasis on t h e surface of t h e globett t o achieve peace, l e s s e n poverty, control overpopulation, and preserve our environment. Univ. of California physicist D r . Harold C. Urey s a i d i f some of space e f f o r t r e l i e b i l i t y rubbed o f f on industry, "spin-off" would be of l$ of enormous and space program would pay f o r it s e l f . Less than GNP was spent on space and if lessened t h e r e was no guarantee it would be spent on necessary domestic programs. . 4 . �July 22 (continued) H a n d Univ. biochemist D r . George Wald had said: "What should have been a great f l i g h t of the human s p i r i t comes t o us heavy with t h r e a t . Those almost miraculous guidance systems t h a t so uncannily f i n d t h e i r t a r g e t s , win they one day be guiding missiles t o find us?" D r . Wald wondered i f ApoUo U had opened new horizons f o r h i s students. "I am a f r a i d t h a t they see i n t h i s an exercise of t h e old and w e l l entrenched, an exercise i n great wealth and power, heavy wtth m i l i t a r y and p o l i t i c a l overtones. I am afYaid t h a t they f e e l a l i t t l e more trapped; a l i t t l e more disillusioned, a l i t t l e more desperate." Most overseas i n t e l l e c t u a l s tended t o concw.,with h i s t o r i a n Prof. Arnold 5 . Toynbee' s judgment, "If we a r e going t o go on behaving on e a r t h a s we have behaved.here so f a r , then a l a n d h g on t h e moon wLfL have t o be written off as Just one more shocking misuse of mankind's - slender surplus product, " But Oxford Univ. ' s Prof. A. J. Ayer had said, "I doubt i f Prof. Toynbee has any evidence t h a t men a r e being prevented i n any large numbers &om t u r n a . t h e i r minds t o meaningful p u r s u i t s by t h e p a r t which they play, o r t h e i n t e r e s t which they take, i n t h e exploration of space.. I think t h a t these s p a t i a l explorations,. .are i n t e l l e c tually stimulating, especially t o young people. I ) Italian professor Michele Federico Sciacca of Turin, Italy, felt "united S t a t e s would o f f e r proof of havhg achieved maturity if it were t o stop exploration of space, except f o r [unmanned] ships intended t o c a r r y out e s s e n t i a l s c i e n t i f i c research. " Mankind needed l e s s tech. . n i c a l achievement and more moral and r e l i g i o u s strength. (W Post, 7 / 2 2 / 6 9 , A141 .. Australian Civil Aviation Minister Reg-lnald Swartz s a i d passengers on t r a n s p a c i f i c Qantas A i r l i n e s f l i g h t would see Agollo ll reentry July 24 when command module would p a r a l l e l t h e i r a i r c r a f t f o r four minutes during descent near Gilbert &d E l l i c e Islands. ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/23/69, 3,456,387 to-Clyde A . Tolson, Associate Director of Federal Bureau o f Investigation, for e q u i p e n t t o operate emergency windows and e x i t s in aircraft and space vehicles. Without a c t ion of occupants , sensors would detect abnormal conditions and computer would weigh considerations before opening appropriate escape e x i t s . Patent No. 3,456,445 was issued t o Curtiss-Wright Corp. f o r improved version of astronaut maneuvering u n i t , Cap P i s t o l , intended t o propeU man outside space vehicle by capsules spaced along t a p e s t r i p and f i r e d by engine i n p i s t o l fashion. Inventors were Joseph F. Loprete, Max Beniele, and Richard E. Biehl. (pat O f f P I O ; Jones, E,7/26/69, 31) U . S . Patent Office issued patent No. �July 22: Goodyear Aerospace Corp. had invented U W P i l o t Airborne ~ e x e Device r ~ (PARD) t o keep ejecting J e t f i g h t e r p i l o t a l o f t and out o f range o f enemy ground f i r e until h i s midair r e t r i e v a l by rescue a i r c r a f t . Ballute (balloon-parachute) attached t o main parachute had burner .sus ended below and fueled fYom propane tank on p i l o t ' s back. A t 250gF hot a i r kept parachute above ground f o r 30 min. System could be operated automatically t o carry p i l o t 6,000 f't o r manually t o 10,000-ft hovering a l t i t u d e . (E, 7/22/69, 5 8 ) . National a . and i n t e r n a t i o n a l press continued comment on Apollo 11 lunar landing. Philadelphia Inquirer : " W i l l t h i s magnificent accomplishment serve a s i n s p i r a t i o n , urging Americans and all,-kind on t o a genuine 'giant leap' forward, not merely into t h e i n f i n i t e reaches o f space but i n t o the i n f i n i t e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of achievement on e a r t h where t h e space age has recorded many more f a i l u r e s t h a n successes 2' O r w i l . 1 the i n s p i r a t i o n be abandoned before t h e v e i l e d censure of those who seem t o suggest t h e solution of all human dilemmas l i e s i n turning away from space t o other p r i o r i t i e s ? " Cutbacks a t hour of triumph would be only waste of investment i n technology which c 0 3 d be help i n solving e a r t h problems. "This i s no time t o f a l t e r , our astronauts should come home t o a world and nation determined t o f u l f i l l t h e prophecy i n Commander Armstrong's words." (P Inq, 7/22/69) Washington Post: It was foolish ' t o l e a p from t h i s h i s t o r i c moment t o eager expectations of t h e day when men w i l l l i v e and work i n space, when colonies w i l l be established, food raised and i n d u s t r i a l products b u i l t on heavenly bodies other than t h e earth. These things will doubtless come i n t h e i r own good time. But t h i s , i s not t h e occasion on which t o make a new national commitment i n space that would keep N4SA1s program going a t t h e f r a n t i c pace which f u l f i l l e d President Kennedy's great promise f o r t h e moon. Now i s t h e occasion, r a t h e r , t o e s t a b l i s h a steady program of space development, one removed from the p o l i t i c a l debate over national p r i o r i t i e s , which will ensure that we e s t a b l i s h a -f i r- m base f o r---future while creg%_-- ~ e n e r a t-i.o .n. st..-o. -b g l d upon - .. - -ing a t home...a kind of society'which &ll allow t h & t o use t h e new opportunities opened up by t h e t h r e e new American heroes and the t e n s of thousands of other people who made t h e i r flight possible." (W Post, 7/22/69, ~ 2 4 ) . Handels Och Sjofartstidning, Gotebrg, Sweden: "This i s a small s t e p f o r a man, but a great one f o r hmanity. Neil Armst r o w ' s commentary when he stepped down onto t h e surface of t h e moon has every prospect of becoming one of those winged expressions which generations of school children will commit t o memory.... Now shofld be t h e time t o replace t h e extraordinarily costly space race w i t h cooperation between t h e Soviet and t h e U. S.A. " (Am Embassy, stockholm) ., - �July 22 (continued) .. Stockholm Expressen: "The 'moonshot ' . w a s Fmposing. E n t it a l s o gives a h o r r i b l e f e e l i n g t o t h i n k t h a t t h e U . S . A . can handle tremendous t e c h n i c a l problems with such ease while it i s considerably more d i f f i c u l t t o cope with those of a complicated s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l and human nature. 'I (Am Embassy, Stockholm) Canadian Montreal Star : he s c i e n t i f i c informat ion which r e s u l t s f'rom ApoUo 11 i s an e x t r a dividend Prom an e n t e r p r i s e which has produced i t s own b e n e f i t s f o r t h e hum% s p i r i t and, perhaps, for human s o l i d a r i t y . " ( ~ Consul, m Montreal) USAF launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB i n t o perigee, 101.3o r b i t with 5 32.5-mi A857 -loo) apogee, 488.4-mi (786 -la) . min period, and 99.8 i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC 7/31/69) ~ u l y23: s, NASA's HL-10 lifting-body vehicle, p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, reached 68,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 2 during 22nd f l i g h t west of Rosamond, C a l i f . Purpose was t o obtain performance, s t a b i l i t y , and c o n t r o l data. (NASA Pm j o f f ) S c i e n t i s t s monitoring seismometer l e f t on lunar surface by Apollo J1 a s t r o nauts t o l d press a t MSC five-minute event recorded J u l y 22 was e i t h e r meteoroid s t r i k e o r moonquake similar t o mild C a l i f o r n i a earthquake recorded on East Coast. MIT geologist, D r . Frank Press, s a i d tremor would have magnitude of four o r f i v e according t o Richter s c a l e , on which major earthquake r e g i s t e r e d seven o r e i g h t , Seismic reading was strong i n d i c a t i o n that moon w a s layered with o u t e r crust and inner mantle l i k e earth and supported t h e o r i e s t h a t moon ms formed near o r t o r n from earth. Layering, he s a i d , "would imply t h a t a t one time t h e r e w a s enough heat so t h a t t h e - h e a v i e r rocks went t o t h e i n t e r i o r and t h e l i g h t e r ones t o t h e surface. (~cGehan,B Sun, 7/24/69, A l ; Lyons, E, 7/24/69, 1 ) . NASPL announced s e l e c t i o n of McDonneU Douglas Corp. and North American Rockwell Corp. s Space Div. t o conduct p a r a l l e l $ 2 . 9 - U o n , ll-mo design and planning s t u d i e s of 12-man earth o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n which could be developed by 1975 and have 10-yc l i f e t i m e . Companies would a l s o include conceptual design of 50-man space base composed of specialized modules assembled i n low earth o r b i t i n late 1970s and e a r l y 1980s t o serve as c e n t r a l i z e d s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l f a c i l i t y i n orbit. A e r oj e t - General Corp. , General. E l e c t r i c Co. , and Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. had been s e l e c t e d f o r f i n a l competitive negotiation of contract t o �July 23 (continued) develop advanced o p t i c a l communications experiment, Companies would compete f o r one $5lmillion contract t o develop wideband iaser communications system t o be placed on board Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e ATS-F, scheduled f o r launch i n 142, f o r cormrmnications between s a t e l l i t e and transportable ground s t a t i o n . (NASA. Releases 69-108, 69-109) Canadian I s i s I Tnternat ional S a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric Studies (launched Jan. 30) was adjudged successful by NUA. Nine of t e n experiments were operational; ion mass spectrometer had been turned off a f t e r one week of operation, when it developed high-voltage problems, and since had been used only f o r short periods t o c o l l e c t engineering data. Lowfrequency receiver experiment kad been providing indlzect ion data, . thus compensating p a r t i a l l y f o r IMS l o s s . Onboard tape recorder was providing excellent topside ionograms of Antarctic area and other previously inaccessible areas. (NASA Proj off) N l - c o l o r lunar photos from Apollo ll, including one of man f i r s t s e t t i n g foot on moon, would be released by NKSA t o press sad TV four days af'ter splashdown, following two-day decontanination of fUm, NASA announced. Superintendent of Documents, GPO, was taking orders f r o x public f o r photos t o be f i l l e d i n l a t e August. Series of reproductions of paintings by American artists recording space program, "Eyewitness t o Space, " a l s o would be released. (NASA Release 69-035) Successrul Apollo l l mission was expected t o spur reservations on f i r s t lunar passenger f l i g h t , Washington krening.Star said. Before launch Pan American World A i r w a y s held 30,000 reservations and Trans World Airlines, 5,000. Pan Am spokesman s a i d rush began a f t e r film "2001: a Space Odyssey" was f i r s t shown i n 1968. In l e t t e r s acknowledging reservations, Pan Am was saying, "Starting date o f service i s not yet known. Equipment and route w i l l , probably, be subject t o government approvals. " TWA was saying, 'We will be i n contact with you again, a s soon a s technological advances develop t o t h e point where we can project departure dates." (W -' S t a r 7/23/69, ~ 7 ) I n Pravda Soviet Academician, Prof. Leonid I. Sedov, s a i d space research was developing in so many d i f f e r e n t directions t h a t r e a l i z a t i o n of future p r o j e c t s would require huge n a t e r i a l expenditure and concentrat ion of creative e f f o r t s of "countless highly q u a l i f i e d workers and s p e c i a l i s t s . " He said, "Not one individual country can a f f o r d the p r a c t i c a l implementation o f all t h e technically f e a s i b l e and worthw h i l e p r o j e c t s . " While s c i e n t i s t s had s a i d unmanned spacecraft �July 23 (continued) could not always be s u b s t i t u t e d f o r manned vehicles, " f l i g h t s by automatic s t a t i o n s have preceded and wiLl continue t o precede manned f l i g h t s . If H m f e e l i n g s and observations, "especially when something t u r n s up unexpectedly and unforeseen, cannot be completely replaced by automatic s t a t i o n s . " But unmanned probes would continue as pathfinders because t h e y were "cheaper, more simple and l e s s dangerous vehicles f o r research. " ( ~ e u t e r s ,W Post, 7/24/69, A15) . U.S. delegate t o U.N. William 8. Buff'm, responding t o Soviet t r i b u t e t o ApoUo lil astronauts by U.S.S.R. delegate Aleksey V. Zakharov, s a i d before Security Council he hoped " f r a t e r n a l s p i r i t " demonstrated by astronauts and cosmonauts would lead t o g r e a t e r cooperation on earth also. (E, 7/25/69, 31) . Ln his fourth reference t o Apollo Iil within week, Pope Paul V I s a i d a t summer palace, Castel Condolfo, Italy: "catholic faith, not only does not f e a r t h i s powerful confrontation of i t s humble doctrine with t h e wonderf'ul r i c h e s of modern s c i e n t i f i c thought, but it d e s i r e s it... because truth although diverse on various I e v e l s . . . i s one and because such a confrontation i s of mutua3, advantage t o f a i t h and t o study in every f i e l d , " (AP, W Post, 7/24/69, ~ 1 5 ) . Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R- la.), introduced for himself and Rep. William Chappell (D-c la.) H.J.R. 834 "to redesignate t h e a r e a i n t h e S t a t e of Florida known as Cape Kennedy a s 'Cape Canaveral.'" Measure was r e f e r r e d t o House Committee on Science and Astronautics. (CR, 7/23/69, ~6238) . Czechoslovakian Communist Party Central C a m i t t e e ' s weekly Tribuna s a i d l landing: "It would be premature today, t o try t o attempt of Apollo l a d e t a i l e d evaluation of t h e h i s t o r i c a l significance of t h i s a c t . Surely i t s influence w i l l be no smaller than t h a t of Columbus' t r a v e l s many centuries ago." (Am Embassy, Prague) . Space Business Daily e d i t o r i a l : "The space c o m i t y must not be asked t o stop, now t h a t they have attained t h e i r first major goal i n space, a d t o attempt t o provide a s e f f e c t i v e a leadership i n t h e s o c i a l sciences and f o r t h e domestic programs, as they have provided in t h e physical sciences and technology. Rather, it i s t i m e for t h e s o c i a l leaders of our country t o ... reexamine t h e i r own program, t o begin .. correcting t h e i r mistakes, and t o forge a management s t r u c t u r e from t h e i r fkagmented family t h a t will m o w them t o f'ully u t i l i z e t h e products of the space program. " (E, 7/23/69, 36) ' �July 24: President Nixon welcomed returning Apollo 1l astronauts aboard U. S S , Hornet : "I think I am t h e l u c k i e s t man i n t h e world. not only because I have t h e honor t o be President of t h e United States, but particularly because I have t h e p r i a e g e of speaking f o r so many i n welcoming you back to. earth. " Washington had received messages f'rom more than 100 foreign governments: "Emperors, Presidents, P r i m e Ministers, and Kings, have sent t h e most warm messages t h a t we have ever received. They represent over 2 b i l l i o n people on t h i s e a r t h , a l l of them who had t h e opportunity, through t e l e v i s i o n , t o see what you have done." Week of mission had been, "the greatest week i n the h i s t o r y of the world since t h e Creation, because a s a r e s u l t of what happened i n t h i s week, t h e world i s bigger, i n f i n i t e l y , and also, a s I am going t o f i n d on t h i s t r i p around t h e world..,as a r e s u l t of what you have done, t h e PD',-8/lj/fig;"i032-3) world has never been closer together be'fore. I' (- .. . A t MSC news conference following Apollo ll splashdown, D r . George E. MueUer, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t , said : " .we now stand a t what i s undoubtedly t h e greatest decision point i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h i s planet. " Apollo 11 had proved ''that man i s no longer bound t o t h e lFmits of the planet on which f o r so long he has lived. We w i l l return t o t h e .. moon f i r s t i n November and then at regular i n t e r v a l s i n t h e coming year. But t h e s e t r i p s a r e only the f i r s t step. Will we press forward t o explore other p l a n e t s o r w i l l we deny t h e opportunity t o the future? To me, t h e choice i s clear. We must t a k e the next s t e p This i s t h e time f o r decision.... The knowledge possessed by men i s s u f f i c i e n t , t h e r e sources a r e adequate f o r the t a s k of carrying out t h i s next step, "In t h i s moment of mant s g r e a t e s t achievemerrt, it i s timely f o r us t o dedicate ourselves t o the unfinished work so nobly begotten by t h r e e of us. To resolve t h a t t h i s nation, under God, w i l l join with' all men in t h e pursuit of the destiny of mankind w i l l lead t o t h e m y t o the planets." I n answer t o questions, Dr. MueUer said next major step should be manned landing on Mars which would be possible "sometime after 1980. " L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (W) , Apollo Program Directol; t o l d press Apollo team was "strongest team t h a t ' s ever been assembled in t h e h i s t o r y of man. It has t h e strength of technical and engineering confidence, s c i e n t i f i c competence, and management competence t h a t ' s unexcelled, It has t h e dedication t h a t ' s necessary t o be able t o t a c k l e a n almost impossible job and bring it through" and an exciting f u t u r e i n lunar exploration. Second manned lunar l a n d i n g mission, Apollo 12, would be launched f r o m KSC Nov. 14 toward touchdown on S i t e 7 i n moon' s Ocean of Storms. Primary objective would be t o deploy Apollo l u n m surface experiment survey,mare area, and r e t u r n samples t o if W s o f t l a n d e d o n target, would be t o ... .... ... �July 24 (continued) examine Surveyor 111 spacecraft (launched April 17, 1967), which was r e s t i n g on moon n e w planned ApoJlo 1 2 touchdown point. Astronauts would have t w o periods for extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s (EVA), during which they would explore surface and conduct experiments f o r over t h r e e hours and walk f a r t h e r away from spacecraft than had ApoUo 11 crew. Maximum lunar s t a y time would be 28-32 hrs. Schedule c a l l e d f o r planning t o fly follow-on missions through Apollo 15 a t four-month i n t e r v a l s and missions a f t e r t h a t at five-month i n t e r v a l s . ( ~ r a n s c r i) ~ t USAF launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB by Thorad-Agena booster. O r b i t a l parameters : apogee, 136.1 m i (219 b); perigee, l10.6 m i (178 km); period, 88.4 m i n ; and inclination, 74.9 Satellite reentered Aug 23. (GSFC E,7/31/69; 8/31/69; InteraviaAirLetter 7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 5) . . , I n nationwide reaction t o safe return of Apollo J l astronauts, New York Stock Exchange went wild though stocks continued t o fall. Numbers on annunciator boards flapped in unison as message "New York Stock Exchange shares the world's joy at t h e safe r e t u r n of Apollo F r o m t h e moon--Astronauts Amstrong, Aldrin, and Collins--So proudly we hail you" appeared on t a p e and illuminated on screen. Along F i f t h Avenue church b e l l s rang. Hayden Planetarium suspended usual program t o throw "splashdown party" with champagne and l i v e color t e l e c a s t of Apollo ll recoveqr operations flashed on blackened dome. San Franciscans exploded firecrackers and threw ticker tape from windows, and 10-story-high figure "1l"was fashioned i n l i g h t e d windows a t MIT i n Boston. Des Moines, Iowa, rang Liberty B e l l reproduction f o r first t h e since i t s 1950 i n s t a l l a t i o n on S t a t e House .grounds. I n Astronaut Neil A . Armstrong's home town, Wapakoneta, Ohio, highschool band marched playing moon songs. Montclair, N.J., t h e a t e r marquee read, "Congratulations Buzz Aldrin--Montclairts MEQ on the Moon. " I n Hunstville, Ala. , MSFC Director, D r . Wernher von Braun, was hoisted on shoulders of four l o c a l councilmen while thousands a t MSFC s i t e cheered and waved banners saying "Huntsville i s Rocket City. " United Press International. s a i d city of Houston planned "Texas s i z e " celebration f o r Apollo ll astronauts Aug. 16, including tickertape parade and huge program in c i t y ' s Astrodome coliseum. (Sloan, Weinraub, Hicks, Borders, UPI, 7/25/69, 67, 29, 69, 31, 30; B 2,7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 45) m, �July 24: Trans World A i r l i n e s f l l e d first application with C i v i l Aeronautics Board f o r routes between e a r t h and moon. Airline said it bad received 1,200 reservations during f i n a l four days of Apollo ll mission. (TWA Release) Safe landing of ApolLo' 11 i n P a c i f i c made "splash applauded around t h e world, " New York Times said.' I n U. S. S. R, TV viewers had l i v e coverage for first time during mission a s Moscox TV s t a t i o n hooked i n t o Eastern Europe's l a t e r v i s i o n network f o r l i v e transmission of astronauts being deposited on c a r r i e r Hornet. Later s t a t ion devoted f i r s t two-thirds of f i n a l newscast t o Apollo U and announced t h a t Soviet President Nikolay V. Podgorny had sent telegram t o President Nixon o f f e r i n g "our congratulations and best wishes t o t h e brave space p i l o t s . " Soviet Academy of Sciences president Mstislav V. Keldysh c a l l e d voyage . "a b i g contribution t o space exploration and M h e r progress of world science. " Cosmonauts sent message t o Apo11o 11 crew: "We, closely followed your f l i g h t . We wholeheartedly congratulate you on t h e complet i o n of your wonderful journey t o t h e moon and safe return t o e a r t h . " I n London Lloyds of London's Lutine B e l l t o l l e d twice f o r good news of splashdown of A l l o U. S i r Bernard Love=, J o d r e U Bank Experimental S t a t i o n Director, P said,o The successful conclusion of t h i s immense project marks t h e beginning of a new phase when man must concern himself with t h e g r e a t e s t issues of peaceful coexistence i n e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l space. " , Thunderstorm i n Paris drove many people o f f s t r e e t s at time of splashdown. On R i d e r a , b e l l s t o l l e d f o r f i v e minutes and ancient c a n o n bomed. Mayor Pascal Rossini of Ajaccio, Corsica, sent i n v i t a t i o n t o astronauts t o v i s i t Corsica during 1969 bicentennial of Napoleon's birth. In Warsaw crowd of 300 Poles broke i n t o applause a t U . S . Embassy. Over P a c i f i c on Qantas a i r l i n e r flying under Apollo reerrtry point, crew and 80 passengers saw space capsule reenter. In Canberra Prime Minister John Gorton i n v i t e d astronauts t o v i s i t Australia. Pope Paul V I sent telegram t o President Nixon with prayer "that t h i s immense achievement may f o s t e r peace and prosperity and s c i e n t i f i c and moral progress f o r a l l mankind." Other congratulatory messages were sent by President Giuseppe Saragat of Italy, President Agha Mohammand Yabya Khan of Pakistan, Prime Minister Eisaku Sato of Japan, President .Chung Hee Park of South Korea, U.N. Secretary General U Thant , President Gustav Heinemann of West Germany, and Prime Minister John Gorton of Australia. Collier, NYT, 7/25/69, 31; Mills, B Sun, 7/25/69, A6; AP, B Sun, .. - �July 24: More !t'V coverage of Apollo ll mission had been transmitted overseas via s a t e l l i t e s t o worldwide audience than of any previous event, CamSatCorp announced. More than 230 hrs of s a t e l l i t e time f o r 200 programs were transmitted durhg-nine-day mission. Previous record was 225 hrs, s e t by Mexico Summer Olympic Games during 18-d~y period i n October 1968. Broadcasters estimated t h a t TOO million persons were able t o watch TV broadcasts in more than 40 countries on 5 Release 69-46) - . During stop a t , Hickam AFB, enroute t o MSC flrom A 0110I J splashdown, Apollo 8 Astronaut Frank Barman said it wauld be helpful and hopef d " f o r U.S. and U.S.S.R. t o cooperate in space missions. He saw "indications" during M s tour of U. S . S . B . that Russians would be i n t e r e s t e d , but " t a l k i s cheap" and U.S.S.R. "is still supplying 85 per cent of t h e munitions t o North ~ i e t n a m . " He said U . S . had gone "95 per cent of the way" towards promoting cooperation. It was up t o U.S.S.R. t o do t h e r e s t . (UPI, NYT_, 7/26/69, 1 2 ) - . USAF promoted Apollo U Astronaut Michael Collins t o full colonel. In congratulatory message Gen. John P. McColmeU, A i r Force Chief of S t a f f , said A o l l o U mission was "indeed a momentous achievement" and pmmot i o n was token of appreciation for t h e p a r t you played." (UPI,E, 7/25/69, 28) . NASA Office of Space Science and Applications announced establishment of Earth Resources Research Data Facility a t MSG c o n t a m n g documentation from NASA and user agency investigators i n E a r t h Resources Survey Program over past three years. Information was available f o r examinat i o n in f a c u t y by a U W e r e s t e d persons. (NASA Ann) . . Rep. Louis Frey, Jr. (R-Fla. ) , introduced House J o i n t Resolution "providing for t h e establishment of.the Astronauts Memorial Commission t o cons t r u c t and e r e c t with k d s a memorial i n t h e John F. Kennedy Space Center...to honor and commemorate the men who serve a s astronauts 3.n the U.S. Space Program." Measure, co-sponsored by House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was referred t o Committee on House Administrat i o n . (g,7/24/69, H6293; NMA LAR VIII/U~) - July 25: NASA launch f r o m E T R of Intelsat-I11 F-5 f a i l e d t o reached planned synckronous o r b i t when 3rd stage of Delta booster malf'undioned. S a t e l l i t e entered low e a r t h o r b i t with 3,354.8-mi (5,399-lan) apogee, 167.2-mi (269-km) perigee, 146.7-min period, and 30.3' i n c l i n a t i o n instead of e l l i p t i c a l orbit wtth 23,000-mi (37,007-km)apogee and �July 25 (continued) 175-mi (281.6-km) perigee. Mission, o r i g i n a l l y scheduled f o r launch i n October 1969, had been rescheduled f o r J3y 17 t o replace I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 =which had stopped operating over Atlantic June 29. Launch had been delayed f o r various technical reasons. ( W A Release 69-119; SBD, 7/29/69, 6 5 ; GsFC SSR; 7/31/69) . Apollo I 2 recovery physician, D r . W i l l i a m R. Carpentier, reported from inside Mobjle Quarantine F a c i l i t y onboard U.S.S. Hornet t h a t astronauts had c a p l e t e d preliminary medical examination and were "fine." Astronaut Neil A, Armstrong's s l i g h t ear infection had disappeared and: all t h r e e astronauts were i n excellent condition. (wooten, E,7/26/69, 1) . Two . boxes of lunar samples *om ApoUo ll arrived a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n Houston, where they would be examined and used i n 7/26/69, 1) experiments. ( ~ i l f o r d ,NJC, . DU.S.S. r . Thomas 0. Paine, NASA Administrator, t o l d news conference aboard Hornet he expected U.S.S.R. t o l a n d men on moon w i t h i n 18 mos. "My guess i s i t ' l l be much sooner than most people think." He thought U. S ,S. R. had l o s t race '%by keeping t h e i r program so secret " U.S. had encouraged suggestions from s c i e n t i s t s throughout nonC o m i s t world, whue d e t a i l s of Soviet program were known only t o " m d l e l i t e . " Apollo U success would eventuaUy l e a d t o closer cooperation with U. S . S .R. i n space exploration. "I don't look f o r any early change i n t h e a t t i t u d e . . . b u t a steady i n t e r e s t on t h e i r part. 1 don't see j o i n t e f f o r t s but cooperation from t h e t o time. " ( ~ 1E , ,7 / 2 5 / 6 9 , 30) . . President Nixon arrived a t Guam International Airport a r t e r f l i g h t from c a r r i e r Hornet, He said, "As I stand here and t h M of what happened today, t h e completion of that h i s t o r i c f l i g h t t o t h e moon and t h e landing on t h e moon, I can say that I am sure all of us--all of the American citizens around the world--are proud' today of what has (g, 8/4/69, 1033) happened . . . . I ' . Senate unanimously adopted S .B. 224, introduced by Sen. Michael J. Mansfield ( D - ~ o n t). f o r himself =d Sen. Everett M. Dirksen (R-Ill. ), expressing g r a t i t u d e on behalf of Senate and of dl American people f o r "dedication, devotion, courage and e f f o r t of all associated with t h e A p l l o program and with t h e Apollo JI mission." ( C R , 7/25/69, sa575 . In telephone interview, evangelist and p r e s i d e n t i a l r e l i g i o u s adviser B i l l y Graham took i s s u e with July 24 statement of President Nixon i n welcoming Apollo 11 astronauts back t o earth. Grahaa t o l d UPI, "...as �July 25 (continued) a Christian, I would contend t h a t t h e r e h&e been three much much greater days" t h a n those of lunar l a n d h g and moon walk. They were fir s t Christmas, day on which Christ died, and f i r s t Easter. While he d i d not wish t o d e t r a c t from "magnificent achievement, I' he f e l t "President was speaking extemporaneously. And I ' v e found from years of speaking extemporaneously t h a t i n t h e excitement and emotion of a moment, you don't think through every statement you make. " Associated Press l a t e r quoted Graham as saying, "I know t h a t President Nixon agrees t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t single event in h i s t o r y was t h e coming of Christ "; he was sure President Nixon meant moon walk was probably man ' s g r e a t e s t accomplishment. (W Post, 7/26/69, A.10) , Plans f o r proposed $1-million Neil A. Amstrong Aerospace Museum at ApoUo l l astronaut's birthplace, Wapakoneta, Ohio, c a l l e d f o r completion in 1 9 0 , Ohio Historical Society Director Daniel R. Porter said. (UPI, w Post, 7/26/69, ~ 7 ) National and international press commented on successful completion of A ~ o l l o11 mission : Washinaon Post: "It has been eight days of triumph f o r America, eight days of triumph f o r mankind. Much more w i l l undoubtedly follow as-the s e c r e t s of space bow t o the advances of science. But it i s enough now--more than enough f o r an e n t i r e l i f e t i m e when you think about i t - - t o have seen t h e f i r s t men walk on t h e moon and then, l e s s tkan four days l a t e r , t o welcome them back home safely. " (W Post, 7/25/69) New York Times: "For t h e f i r s t time i n h i s t o r y , men have gone f'rom t h i s e a r t h to another c e l e s t i a l body, landed t h e r e and returned home, even bringing back with them e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l matter. Not since t h e hman race evolved has t h e r e been a comparable event, nor one so capable of lifting all mankind's horizons, dreams and aspirat i o n s , What was fantasy t o preceding generations i s now accomplished f a c t . The achievement w i l l . be remembered so long as c i v i l i z a t i o n survives 'I O f President Nixon' s round the world tour, ~ i m e ssaid: "The spectacular success of Apollo ll has v a s t l y increased good f e e l i n g towmd t h e United States tkroughout t h e world. The President obviously wants t o c a p i t a l i z e on it both f o r foreign and domestic p o l i t i c a l purposes." 7/25/69, 46) Cleveland, Ohio, P l a i n Dealer: Apollo ll mission "closes out one aspect of t h e exploration program but opens wide t h e door of what can be an almost endless journey Although t h e Apollo program i s not complete, t h e l u r e of Mars, 5 U i o n m i l e s away, grows i n bold a n t i c i the race has only j u s t begun.'' levelan and pation of t h e future. P l a i n Dealer, 7/ 25/69) 4. . (m, .... ... �July 25 (continued) Newport News, V a . , TFmes Herald: " A l l o f t h e money poured i n t o t h e space program would appear j u s t i f i e d i f one of the side products was t h e kind of cooperation [with U. S. S. R. ] now possible. " ( ~ e w p o r tNews Times Herald, 7 / 2 5 / 6 9 ) E l R a i E l Amm, Khartoum, Sudan: "America achieved a v i c t o r y f o r t h e human mind by sending the f i r s t man from the earth t o t h e moon.... 8ut America, t h e g r e a t power t h a t achieved t h i s astonishing big success, must stop doing things t h a t are far below these standards." ( ~ r nh b a s s y , martown) Somali News, Mogadiscio, Somali: "It i s t r u e t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e Apollo-Eleven i s e n t i r e l y American, but t h e message lef't behind on t h e moon f o r p o s t e r i t y by t h e astronauts. acknowledges t h e universal aspect of such a f e a t . We think...of those courageous astronauts not... as Americans but a s worthy reprelsentatives o f the human race on whose t o t a l achievement they r e l i e d i n carrying out t h e i r mighty and splendid mission. " (Am Bnbassy, ~ o ~ a d i s c o ) .. , Motion picture footage of Apollo ll lunar landing mission would be released f o r s a l e t o commercial producers a f t e r quarantine period, NASA announced. Two 600-f't, r o l l s would be made available i n i t i a l l y : one would include prelaunch, launch, and recovery operations; other would include a l l (NASA Release 69-83) usable onboard footage . July 26: Apollo ll astronauts, enclosed i n mobile quarantine f a c i l i t y m, a r r i v e d a t Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where they were greeted by 12,030 cheering people andMayor of Hor:olulu Frank F. Fasi. MQJ? was then transported t o a i r c r a f i which could carry it t o Lunar Receiving Laboratory i n Houston. A t LRL, s c i e n t i s t s opened first of two boxes of lunar sarnples and made preliminary examinations of samples i n one NYT, 7/27/69, 47, 1 ) box. (wooten, Wilford, - A t lunar landing celebration dinner i n Huntsville, A l a . , MSFC Director, D r . Wernher von Braun, said: "We worked together and together we accomplished our p a r t of t h e mission. The moon i s now accessible. And someday, because of t h e beginning t h a t we have made here, t h e planets and t h e s t z r s may belong t o mankind. T h i s reach toward t h e heavens, toward t h e s t a r s , can eventually loose t h e human race f r o m t h e c o n f h e s of t h i s earth and maybe even t h i s solar system and give it immortality i n t h e immense and never-ending reaches of space." For f i r s t time, " l i f e has l e f t i t s planetary cradle and t h e ultimate destiny of mankind i s no longer confbed. When the Mayflower landed on American shores t h e pilgrims did not envision t h e nation t h a t �July 26 (continued) would eventually evolve. either' can w e t r u l y say what w i l l eventually spring from t h e footprirvt s around Tranquility Base. " (T& ) A t s t a t e dinner i n Man,ila, Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos exchanged t o a s t s with President Nixon and commented on ApoUo ll: . " .we p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e celebration of t h i s achievement as m a n a s p i r e s f o r t h e s t a r s , the stars outside of t h i s world and t h e s t a r s within himself and within h i s spirit. It i s t h e hope of humanity, as it i s t h e hope of t h e R i l i p p i n e s , t h a t t h i s vision and this genius, t h i s courage and t h i s ingenuity s h a l l be u t i l i z e d f o r t h e solution of man's problems." (PD, - 8/4/69, 1036-7) .. ' New York Times interview quoted JPL Director, D r . William H. Pickering: "Now t h a t ApoUo has been accomplished, r a t h e r than s e t another ambit i o u s goal we should have a period of consolidation," during which "the balance should be increased toward unmanned e f f o r t . " There was talk of exploring universe, "but the solar system i s only a small p a r t and it ' s going t o be a long time before we venture out. We a r e making a v e r y l o c a l exploration." He believed s o l a r system exploration would pay off in understanding of history and evolution of solar system and, possibly, discovery of l i f e on another planet and i n s o c i a l benefits. ''The trouble with t h e s o c i a l world is t h a t we cannot agree on goals. We t a l k of weat her control. but control f o r whom? The farmer o r t h e sportsman or t h e businessman?" ( ~ e i n h o l d , NyT, 7 / r 1 / 6 9 , 47) .. Creation of U.lQ. Space I n s t i t u t e was urged by Columbia Univ. law professor Richard N. Gardner in New York Times. It would be "center f o r the cooperat i v e planning of space exploration i n which all U.N. members would be " U. S. and U. S. S. R. could divide r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s invited t o take f o r instrumented landings on d i f f e r e n t planets. There should be "United Nations Space S t a t ion" i n outer space manned by astronauts from aU U, N , nations and t r a i n e d a t U.N. Space I n s t i t u t e . It would gather informat i o n about s o l a r system and universe and be used f o r p r a c t i c a l earth 7/26/69, 24) applications. (x, J u l y 2( : Lamont Geological Observatory s c i e n t i s t D r . Gary Latham said i n Houston h i s team bad detected 1 4 "unusual seismic events" from seismometers left on moon by Apollo 11 astronauts. They believed walls of lunar c r a t e r s had been falling i n a s d i f f e r e n t p a r t s became h o t t e r than others during highest lunar temperatures and f e l t they might be observing "initial stages of t h e process by which f r e s h new c r a t e r s are transformed t o old." (W Post, 7/28/69, AS) �President Nixon toured Jakarta F a i r during Indonesian v i s i t . He o f f e r e d t o send Indonesian President Suharto and o t h e r world c h i e f s of s t a t e "a piece of t h e moon as a souvenb." I n evening a t s t a t e dinner i n Jakarta,President Suharto said: "I underline M r . h s t r o n g t s moment o u s enunciation, when he, as t h e f i r s t human being, put h i s f e e t on t h e moon, declaring: 'These a r e small human s t e p s which form a g r e a t leap t o mankind.' This l e a p has occurred i n the outer space, a very expansive space f u l l of mysteries, but it has not taken place in t h i s world o f ours, It i s t h e which seems t o be contracting and i s r e l a t i v e l y simpler.. t a s k of a l l nations i n t h i s world t o r e a l i z e peace and unity. " (E, 7/28/69, 18, PD, 8/4/69, 1043-6) July T ( : .. . Apollo U. f l i g h t was public r e l a t i o n s man's and r e p o r t e r ' s dream, James Clayton said in Washington Post. HAW had kept "very l i t t l e , if anything" from hundreds of U. S. and foreign press. More t h a n 3,500 s e t s of press c r e d e n t i a l s had been issued at MSC and Cape ~ e n n e d ~ Most . went t o Americans, but 55 foreign countries were represented, including Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania. There were I I l newsmen representing Japan among 800 foreign newsmen, s e v e r a l of whom had been waiting i n Houston since Apollo 1 0 f l i g h t May 18-26. Voice of America joined in t r a n s m i t t i n g news abroad. A t peak, Apollo ll s t o r y w a s going out i n 22 languages t o every world a r e a except some Communist countries. "!hen t h o s e had t h e r a d i o beams d i r e c t e d at them." (W Post, 7/27/69, B6) . Psychological, t e c h n i c a l , and p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s had combined t o enable U.S. t o win lunar landing race over U.S.S.R., s a i d Harry Schwartz in New York Times. Moscow had shown overconfidence i n underrating American c a p a b i l i t i e s , ignored l u n a r rendezvous technique adopted by U. S. , and purged ~ i k i t aS. Xhrmshchev, who had been " e n q o r e d of space exploit s and t h e propaganda t h e y gave him. " New Soviet l e a d e r s had change& p r i o r i t i e s t o concentrate on domestic problems. Since U. S. lunar l a d i n g , however, "two very d i f f e r e n t r e a c t ions are v i s i b l e i n t h e Soviet Union." S c i e n t i s t s , engineers, and many ordinary people were avercome with admiration. ideologists and Soviet propaganda managers were deeply unhappy, "and their r e g r e t t h a t it was not Soviet cosmonauts who went t o t h e moon i s s c a r c e l y 7/27/69) hidden. " (E, . Washington Sunday S t a r e d i t o r i a l said: "Apollo ll has c a s t a harsh l i g h t on l i f e on e a r t h , showing man's f a i l u r e s in sharp c o n t r a s t t o h i s breathtaking t e c h n i c a l achievements It i s a v i s i o n that should.,.be exploited as an incentive t o g e t t h e v i t a l l y needed jobs done on e a r t h . " kt, t h e U.S. could not withdraw from space. . �July 27 (continued) Tbe complete Apollo progrm...should be funded. Beyond t h a t , serious consideration should be given t o t h e establishment of p e m e n t manned s t a t i o n s on t h e moon so t h a t we may truly explore and perhaps exploit t h e new world t h a t we have already conquered. The manned orbiting s t a t i o n t h a t NASA h a s proposed should be provided t o t e s t t h e a b i l i t y of men t o l i v e and work for long period in weightlessness. And f a r more emphasis should be placed,..on unmanned probes of t h e planets." Minimum requirement should be enough momentum i n program t o prevent it from falling agart through disuse. Every effort should be made " t o e n l i s t the cooperation, t h e technical help, and t h e f i n a n c i a l support of any nation t h a t i s willing t o contribute t o t h e adventure that must, fi&Ay, be seen as t h e collective achievement of a l l mankhd. " (W S t a r , 7/27/69, El) , In Washington Sunday S t a r William Hines said: "Considering how very l i t t l e he had t o do with the whole enterprise, it i s remarkable how much p o l i t i c a l mileage Psesident Nixon got out of t h e f l i g h t of ApolZo ll. The plaque, the phone c a l l and t h e t r i p t o greet t h e returning heroes all were benefits Nixon inherited r a t h e r than earned. " O f f i c i a l NASA space age h i s t o r y This New Ocean, published there by GPO i n 1956, mentioned Nixon only once i n 648 pages hardly a s an aggressive champion of manned space f l i g h t . " Book said Nhon, as Vice President and a s p r e s i d e n t i a l candidate running against John F. Kennedy, had defended Eisenhower Administration's a t t i t u d e toward space which ruled out manned flights t o moon i n foreseeable future. "The new President ' s belated enthusiasm blurs memories of t h e alden days," Hines said. "Sut 'This New Ocean' remains, proving perhaps t h a t all goverment-sponsored' h i s t o r y books should be armed t o s e l f - d i s t r u c t whenever a change of & h i s t r a t i o n occurs. " (W S t a r , 7/27/69, ~ 4 ) J u l y 28: JPL engineers sent signals t o Mariner V I t o turn on TV camera and s c i e n t i f i c experiments t h a t would measure Mars surface and a i r temperatures Spacecraft (launched Feb 24 ) began tracking Mars and would begin taking first of 33 far-encounter pictures 7 1 , 5 0 0 mi from Mars e a r l y July 29. W - d i s c photos would be received a t JPL July 29. (AP, B S , 7 / ~ / 6 9 AS) , . . Geologists . a t Lunar Receiving Laboratory held press conference on Apollo 11_sa.nples and expressed suprise a t discovery of tiny glassl i k e c r y s t a l s i n lunar dust. Analyses had revealed samples were c r y s t a l l i n e , igneous, fragmented, s c o r i a t ious , and vesicular. They �July 28 (continued) confirmed theory based on Surveyor V data t h a t l u ~ a rm a t e r i a l contained t i t a n i m and indiceked presence of number of m i ~ e r a l s . Columbia Univ. s c i e n t i s t D r . Paul G a s t said, "The most e x c i t i n g discovery t o &ate has been t h a t of t h e glass. There i s something going on on the moon far d i f f e r e n t t h a n on the earth. " He s a i d s c i e n t i s t s speculated impact of meteoroids on moon had vaporized lunar material and caused it t o rain back on surface i n s m a l l drops which formed t i n y yellow, brown, and c l e a r pieces of g l a s s few t e n t h s of millimeter i n diameter. (~yons, NYT, 7/29/69, 1; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 7/29/69, A l ) - - . U.S. a m l i e d t o Astronautic Cornnittee of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aeronautical ~ e d e & i i o n f o r s i x wcrld records based on Ar!oll.o 11 achievements : duration of s t a y on l u n a r surface cutside spacecrafb, Astronaut ,. .N e i l A. Armstrow, 2 hrs 2l min 1 5 secs; d G a t i o n ''in l&ar ' o r b i t , 59 hrs 27 mi* 55 secs; duration of s t a y Astronaut ~ i c h a e iCollins, ' on lunar surface, Astronauts Amstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. 21 hrs 36 min 16 secs; duration of s t a y on lunar surface i n s i d e spacecraft, Aldrin, 19 h r s 45 min 52 secs; g r e a t e s t mass landed on moon, Armstrong and Aldrin,7,211 kg (15,897 l b s ) ; g r e a t e s t mass l i f ' t e d i n t o lunar o r b i t f k o m lunar surface, Armstrong and Ndrin, 2,648 kg (5,837 ~ b s ) . Records would not be acknowledged o f f i c i a l l y u n t i l NASA presented confirming data and Federation o f f i c i a l s approved. (N~T, 7/29/69, 16) - , .At s t a t e banquet i n Bangkok, Thai King Bhumibol AduLyade j t o a s t e d President Nixon : "Lsst week ' s breathtaking achievement of Apollo 11 and i t s brave American crew cannot be measured s o l e l y i n s c i e n t i f i c terms, f o r it a l s o i n d i c a t e s man's a b i l i t y t o look beyond h i s ,earthbound problems and t o set h i s s i g h t s on new horizons i n quest of wider knowledge and deeper understanding of himself and h i s environment. " .(PD, 8/4/69, 1049-50) - -. Gloom and embarrassment over Apollo 11 success and crash of Luna XV on moon had caused c o n t r ~ v e r s yamong Soviet leaders, including; Communist Party Secretary Leonid I. - ~ r e z h n e vand President Nikolay V. Podgorny, a t July 21-23 meeting of Eastern European l e a d e r s i n Warsaw, Mew York Times said. Reports of e n t h u s i a s t i c public response t o Apollo f e a t across Eastern Europe had been i n t e r p r e t e d a s sign of lingering and l a t e n t sympathy f o r U.S. It was strongest i n technologically advanced East Germany and Czechoslovakia, but had been noted a s w e l l i n Poland, Hungary, and Romania. (~of'mmn,-NYT > 6/28/69, 7 ) �July 28: U.K. I s Royal Geogrt~phicelSociety awarded special gold medal-its f i r s t f o r space exploration--to Astromut N e i l A. Amstrong f o r leading Apollo I l mission. Other gold medalists included Capt. Roald Amundsen, f i r s t t o reach South Pole; A h . Robert E. Peary, f i r s t t o reach North Pole; Sir Edmund Hillmy, conqueror of M t . Everest; and S i r John Hunt, leader of Everest expedition.. (AP, W Star, 7/28/69, A5 . Senate Committee on W i n g and Currency favorably reported, w i t h amendments, S. J . R . 140, providing f o r s t r i k i n g of medals honoring U. S. a s t r o nauts who had flown in outer space. ( C R , 7/28/69, ~ 6 8 1 ) - . MSFC announced resignai;ion of M/G Ednund F. 0'Connor (USAF) , Director of I n d u s t r i a l Operations, effective J-dly 31. Gcn. OrConnor, on loan t o . NASA from USAF f o r past f i v e years, would become Vice Commander of Air Force Aeronautical Systems Div. H e would be succeeded by Lee B. James, Saturn V Manager, IULSFC. (MSFC Release 69-166) . USAF released A i r Force Review of t h e C-5A Program. Total cost of 120 Lockheed C-5A a i r c r a f t had increased from $3.369 b i l l i o n a t 1965 contract award t o current t o t a l $5.125 billion, overrun r Secretary of $1.756 b j l l i o n . A t DOD press conference ~ i Force Robert C. Seamans, Jr., c r i t i c i z e d " m b i g u i t i e s and deficiencies" i n o r i g b a l contract and Mated remaining 39 a i r c r a f t i n 120-plane package might not be purchased unless revisions were made in cont r a c t . ( ~ e x;t P h U i p s , W Post, 7/29/69, A 3 ) ' . II Mattino d e l Lunedi, Asmara, Ethiopia: "...today we not only admire, but exult. Because this 'a3most superhuman' exploit has been accomplished by a society wuch i s f r e e &d p l u r a l i s t i c , by a society which has no close and oppressive t r a d i t i o n s , by a society which has founded i t s p o l i t i c a l and constitutional s t r u c t u r e not on a t o t a l i t a r i a n ideology but on t h e democratic p u o s o p h y of t h e Declaration of Independence. It has been accomplished by a nation, t h e American nation, whose c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . , . i s t h e fusion of t h e spirit of precision and discipline with t h e s p i r i t of freedom.... T h i s i s t h e reason why w e today exult. Because we know t h a t the conquest of ApoUo-ll i s i n m Asmara) the service of man and not t o opress him. " ( ~ Consul, ... . Norrlandska Social-Demokraten, Boden, Sweden, e d i t o r i a l commented t h a t Russian press was surprisingly generous w i t h p r a i s e of men behind Apollo 11 and American space research i n general d u r i n g mission, but now press seemed t o fear landing migbt have increased respect f o r U.S. around t h e world. "It i s surely disturbing f o r Pravda and t h e �J u l y 28 (continued) Russian Party leaders t h a t t h e American conquest of t h e moon...witnessed by t h e greater part of the Communist world, crushed t h e ~ @ ho f t h e Communist systemts superiority." (Am Embassy, ~tockholm) . Within 76 h r s af%er ~ ~ o l 1 l1osplashdown, Bantam Books and New York Times published We Reach the Moon, 416-page paperback account of U. S. space program from 1961 through Apollo 1 1 ' s success. Early publication was yrs of planning. Book went t o press immediately effected by nearly after July 24 splashdown while aerospace reporter John Noble Wilford was completing text. Flnal copy was telexed t o Chicago p r i n t e r July 25, F i r s t printing co~rrprised375,000 copies. Hard c w e r e d i t i o n would be published by W. W. Norton & Co. i n September. (% 7/29/69, 16) F i r s t pictures of-Mars taken by NIISAts Mariner V1,launched July 29: Feb. 24 t o fly by Mars equator, were received a t JTL. Full-disc photos, taken- between 7'71,500 &d 450,000 m i from Mars, were flashed on screen every f i v e minutes. ,Although pictures were not as c l e a r as expected, they showed Mars a s dull, gray, egg-shaped body with crack in surface and bright spot--southern polar cap--with ragged edge. Better pictures were expected as spacecraft traveled closer t o Mrs. (AP, B Sun, 7 / 3 0 / 6 9 , Al; Laman, W Star, 7/30/69, ~ 3 ) , JPL radar readings which showed 8.3-mi a l t i t u d e variation i n Marst north equatorial zone and included corrected figures f o r Mars' ephemeris, o r o r b i t a l path, were expected t o ensure accuracy of W cameras aboard Mariners V1 and V I I , NASA said. Experimenters hoped t o obtain photos identifying objects 900 ft across a t close approach and p i c t u r e s were expected t o be 500 t h e s b e t t e r t h a n those taken t o date by earth-based telescope cameras. Readings were obtained a t NASA's Goldstone Trackbg Station i n California by team directed by D r . Richard Goldstein during p l a n e t ' s closest approach t o eazth ( ~ a r shad been within 45 million m i of e a r t h June 9). They would be of great i n t e r e s t t o astronomers because they showed t h a t areas which appeared l i g h t t o telescopes might be e i t h e r high o r low i n elevation. Optically dark areas appeared (NASA Release 69-131; t o be of medium elevation t o radar-scanners. JPL Release 530) �NASA released f i r s t photos taken by ApoUo ll astronauts on and near l u n a r surface, including four color s t i l l s and 16-mm film of UI descent. Film opened a s U4 swung low and curved s l i g h t l y over area pocked with c r a t e r s and rocks and showed dust being scattered by exhaust as LM touched down safely. It t h e n showed Astronaut Neil A . Amstrong as he descended ladder t o surface, took f i r s t s t e p on moon, and deployed initial equipment. Still photos showed closeup of brownish surface sprinkled with f o o t p r i n t s , s i l h o u e t t e s of LM and U.S. flag, Armstrong i n s i d e LM, and e a r t h with Europe, Africa, and Asia v i s i b l e . ( w i t k i n , NYT, - 7/30/69, 1; Cohn, W Post, 7/30/69, A l , A 3 ) J u l y 29; . LRL s c i e n t i s t s continued examining lunar samples and preparing them f o r experiments on l i v i n g organisms. Experiments, scheduled t o begin . J u l y 29, would be delayed one day t o r e p a i r cracked glove which permitted s c i e n t i s t s outside vacuum box t o handle o b j e c t s i n s i d e and t o allow more t h e f o r grinding samples t o uniform size. (AP, E,7130169, 19) .M A Wallops S t a t i o n announced award of 40-mo, $936,3ll contract t o Rice U n i v . t o i n v e s t i g a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between field-aligned currents and a u r o r a l p a r t i c l e fluxes and document and summarize findings and conclusions. Rice would construct and t e s t suitable f l i g h t and ground instrumentation f o r three Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket payloads; prepare and p r e f l i g h t - t e s t payloads; a n d acquire, record, reduce, analyze, a ~ publish d r e s u l t i n g magnetic and auroral pax-ticle data. (WS Release 69-14) . FCC, a t White House request, decided t o delay f o r 60 b y s decision on e stablishmant of dornestic comsat s y s t e m t o enable Nixon Administration t o study issues and make recomaendations. (A%, W Star, 7/29/69) . Rep. W i l l i a m G. Bray (R-1nd. ) introduced H. J. R. 844, providing for d i s t r i b u t i o n of lunar samples t o Governors of states. 50 (g, 7/29/69, . New York weathermen were being deluged with c a l l s blaming 10 days of r a i n and overcast weather in northeastern U. S. on Apollo U , Associated Press said,' WCES r a d i o news meteorologist Dr. Robert Harris had said, "WeJve had an abundance of c a l l s from & s o r t s of people who are a b s o l u t e l y c e r t a i n , through their Bible s t u d i e s , t h a t t h e Lord has taken t h e sun away from us. " (AP, B .Sun, - 7/30/69, ~ 6 ) �July 29: National Assn. of Government Employees president Kenneth T. Lyons t o l d House I n t e r s t a t e and Foreign Commerce Committee landing on moon would soon be s a f e r than landing a t most U. S. a i r p o r t s . "Do we have t o have NASA take over from t h e I?fi i n order' t o get a little sense i n t o our a i r p o r t and aircraft traf'fic management jumble?" ( ~ e n t l- e- ..y ,3 'Sun 7/29/69, A5) J u l y 30-31: NASA's Mariner V I , launched mission, approached Mars and completed about 111,400-mi a l t i t u d e , which showed W-shaped cloud, and seas, deserts, and Feb. 24 on M a s s equatorial. flyby 17 pictures of planet taken a t ragged edges of polar cap, c r a t e r s seen by Mariner IV i n 1965 - As spacecrafi neared and swung around Mars it took 24 close-up pictures *om aboizt 2,000 m i at closest point. Plctures were so sharply defined and d e t a i l e d t b s t they were shown l i v e oa TV instead of being refined and released l a t e r i n photographic prines as o r i g i nally planned. Pictures--enhanced by computers a t JPL-to ?l&r out s t a t i c , highlight images, adjust contrast and brightness, &kd e G g e r a t e features--were spectacular. They showed t h a t Mars was heavily cratered and looked very much l i k e moon. One photo showed 11-mi-dia c r a t e r closely resembling moon's Copernicus c r a t e r and diagonal d i t c h resembling lunar r i l l e . During closest approach onboard T\T cameras took 1 2 high-resolution and 1 2 medium-resolution pictures, stored some on board f o r l a t e r playback, and transmitted some immediately t o ground s t a t i o n s f o r conversion t o images a t JPL. Three of four onboard experiments--TV t o take pictures, W spectrometer t o i d e n t i f y and measure gases i n upper atmosphere, and inf'rared radiometer t o measure p l m e t ' s temperature- -functioned s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Only anomaly . was f a i l u r e i n cooling of one channel on inf'rared spectrometer, designed t o i d e n t i f y gases jn lower Martian atmosphere, which prevented proper acquisition of data. JPL controllers temporarily l o s t contact-with Msriner V I I , enroute t o Mars, at,6:00 pm EDT July 30, Engj~eers.speculated t h a t spacecraft had been t b r o w n out of alignment when struck by tiny micrometeoroid traveling a t 40 mps and had locked on planet Jupiter or another bright object. Contact with Mariner VII was regained seven hours later by s w i t c h h g fkom one antenna t o another and proper a t t i t u d e was restored by r o l l i n g spacecraround u n t i l it locked on s t a r Canopus. Although some of data being transmitted appeared t o be abnormal, flyby mission was s t i l l expected t o succeed. Mariner V I would continue taking pictures and play back recorded near-encourrter d a t a during f i n a l phase of mission. Data would be compared with data f'rom Mariner VI3 (launched March 27 ), which would ' �July 30-31 (continued) fly past Mars polar region Aug 4. (NASA Release 69-26.A; Sullivan, NYT, 8/1/69, 1; Auerbach, W Post, 8/1/69, Al; Lannm, W S t a r , 7/31/69, . AT - July 30: On arrival i n Saigon, Republic of Vietnam, President Nixon said: "I am happy t h a t t h e moon landing, which i n i t s universality s i g n i f i e s a symbolic drawing together of all mankind, has provided an occasion f o r me t o meet with President Thieu i n t h e c a p i t a l of h i s country." Later, a f t e r discussions with President Nixon, President Nguyen Van Thieu said, "The Vietnamese people fully concur i n t h e message of peace which t h e t h r e e brave American astronauts deposited on t h e moon f o r a l l mankind." (g, 8/4/69, 1051-4) . During Apollo I l celebration, c r e d i t should be given t o former NASA Administrator James E. Webb, "whose organizational s k i l l , vision and drive played a major p a r t i n i t s success," MIT Provost, Dr. Jerome B. Wiesner, and MIT physicist Jer,rold Zacharias said i n l e t t e r t o New York Times. "There never w a s any question regarding the t e c h n i c a l f e a s i -. b i l i t y of a manned lunar landing. The r e d question was whether o r not w e could organize and manage so large and complex a program on t h e time schedule laid down by President Kennedy." Webb had organized, defended, and managed program, "and as t h e world celebrates t h i s great technical and human achievement we should a l s o honor t h e man who directed i t s accomplishment. " (E, 8/5/69, 32) . LRL s c i e n t i s t s began i n j e c t i n g pulvarized luaar samples i n t o s t e r i l e white mice i n attempt t o discover germs or chemicals hazardous t o hwnan beings. Mice, born by Caesarean section and raised i n s t e r i l e environment so t h a t they would be extremely sensittiye t o infection, would a l s o have samples mixed i n t h e i r food and sir. (UPI, W 9-S t a r 7/31/69, A5; Q, g, 7/30/69, . World Health Organization Director General, D r . M. G , Candau, and Dr. Karel Raska, Director of WHO'S Communicable Disease Div., said i n Houston t h a t Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had " i n i t i a t e d " plans f o r lunar receiving laboratory. Soviet delegates t o international conferences had discussed subject but no d e t a i l s were available. WHO o f f i c i a l s were i n Houston t o observe LRL at U.S. Government i n v i t a t i o n . (W P o s t , 7/31/69, A31 �., After two-hour inspection of TU-144 a t Moscow's Sherernetyeiro lnt ernational Airport, Pan American World Airways president Na jeeb E. Halaby s a i d S w i e t supersonic transport had l e f t group of U. S. aviation experts "very, very impressed." U,S,S.R. apparently had progressed f u r t h e r i n t e s t i n g than U. K. o r France with Concorde, and TU-144had reached 930 mph, breaking sound b a r r i e r several times. Concorde hoped t o reach mach 1 i n six months and U.S. SST was a t l e a s t f i v e years behLnd. Aeroflot planned t o pvk TU-14.4 i n service by 1973. Pan Am would review all information available before deciding whether t o order a i r c r a f t as hedge against competition. Halaby l i k e d TU-144' s design and advanced instrumentation and was impressed with amount of titanium used i n construction. Russians had t o l d him a i r c r d f t ' s noise l e v e l was low i n l a n d h g s and takeoffs. (NYT, 7/31/69, 58) July 30: Senate passed S . J . R . 140,providing f o r s t r i k i n g of medals honoring American astronauts who had flown i n outer space. (El, 7130169, ~8786) Subcornittee on Science, Research, md Developaent of IIouse Committee - on Science and ~ s t r o n a uics t p b l i s h e d science, Technology, and Public Policy During t h e Ninetieth Congress. Report covered 1955-1968, g i v i n g details behind 9k public laws passed which authorized, funded, o r otherwise affected R&D i n U. S. and 45 additional b i l l s on which Congress took l e g i s l a t i v e action. T t included major reviews of U.S. policy f o r science and technology by Organization f o r Economic Cbqperation and Development and by NSF f o r United Nations Educational, S c i e n t i f i c , and N t u r a l Organization. b t h reviews showed p l u r a l i s t i c nature of U,S. public policy f o r science, b u f i t up by laws, executive - policy as they*occure$. ( ~ e x t ) orders, and other expression$ .of , July 31: USA3 launched unidentified s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AF'B i n t o o r b i t with 333. l G m i ((536-lm)apogee, 238.9-mi (465 -1rm) perigee, 94.6-min period, and 75.0 inclination. (GSFCE,7/31/69; UPI, NYT, 8/1/69, 8) - . At s t a t e dinner i n New Delhi, India, Acting President Moharnmsd Hidaya t u l l a h exchanged t o a s t s with President Nixon a ~ congratulated d him: h he epic flight t o t h e moon agd back by three of yam- countrymen has arnazedthe world and marks a new stage in science andtechnology. On behalf of t h e Government and people of India, and myself, I cong r a t u l a t e you, and through you, the people of your country on t h i s h i s t o r i c occasion. We a r e g l a d . ,t o h o w t h a t you a r e sharing the knowledge you have gained with t h e rest of t h e world. It 8/4/69, 1056-9) .. 0, , �Sequence of f i v e color photos of Apollo U A s t r o n a u t s July 31: Neil A . Armstrong and Edwin E. Aldrin, Sr., performing extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s on lunar surface were released by NASA. Vivid sequence showed Aldrin descending ladder t o surface, walking near LM, posing near U. S. flag, deploying seismaneter, and walking, with Armstrong' s r e f l e c t ion v i s i b l e i n h i s visor. NASA a l s o released two-part 16-nm film which showed moon fadin@;away a s LM ascended and LMfs rendezvous with CSM i n lunar o r b i t . It a l s o showed Astronaut Michael Collins shaving i n s i d e CSM. (W Post, 8/1/69, A7; Witkin, NYT, 8/1/69, 16) Hans H. %us, Director of Executive Staff a t MSFC, and D r . George N. Constan, Director of Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , r e t i r e d a f t e r combined t o t a l of 5 1 yrs Government service. Maus, e x p e r t i n rocket development and production engineering, had received U S A ' s Exceptional Civilian Service Award and number of c i t a t i o n s f o r development of manufacturing methods, process autoaation, assembly, and tooling D r . Constan had served with USA at Milan, J o l i e t , concept developxent and Redstone Arsenals before h i s appointment t o Michoud i n 1961. (MSFC Release 69-167) . . Soviet Academician, D r . Anatoly A . Blagonravov, conceded that competition with U.S. S.R. might have been major f a c t o r i n U.S. determination t o reach moon and said t h a t i n space t h e r e was no way t o r e a l l y declare a winner, Space Business Daily reported. "I d o n ' t preclude t h e idea t h a t such a boosted prepsration Gf t h e Apollo project was i n some measure t h e r e s u l t of cornpetit ion with us. Basically a healthy competition i s no obstacle to success.... Science i s boundless i n i t s development and it cannot be compared t o a horse race--there i s no f i n i s h i n g l i n e . U . S , S . R . would The i n t e r e s t s of science are bound t o win anyway.. continue research .in "several major s c i e n t i f i c areas," make " e ~ e n s i v e use of automatic devices f o r exploring outer space," and 'pay "due a t t e n t ion" t o moon md t o both manned and unmanned missions. Cosmos, Zonh, and Proton spacecraft would continue t o be used f o r research and Soyuz spacecraft would be converted i n t o "modules of o r b i t a l space 7/31/69, laboratories designed f o r research i n lengthy flight. " (E, . ." ' 79) . Ms,-'s knowledge of Venus, Mars, and moon had been enormously enhanced by unmanned Mariner missions, New York Times e d i t o r i a l said. They were r e l a t i v e l y Fnexpensive and d i d not r i s k human l i v e s . "Neverthel e s s , American p o l i t i c a l leadership has been so obsessed with sending a man t o t h e moon t h a t unmanned probes of the planets became t h e stepchildren of t h e national space program. There were times &en even the continued existence o f the J e t Propulsion Laboratory--the �July 31 (continued) center for these unmanned flights--seemed i n doubt. Now, i n the new phase of American space exploration begun i n t h e wake of Apollo 1 1 ' s h i s t o r i c achievement, t h e major cost-benefit advantages of mariner type unmanned f l i g h t s . need t o be more rully appreciated by Washington policy makers, and even more intensively exploited than i n t h e p a s t , even as t h e manned exploration of the moon continues. " ( N J , 7/31/69, 32) . MOL cancellation "should a t most be a 'postponement,'" During July: Dr. Edward C. Welsh, formerly NASC Executive Secretary, said in Air ~ o r c e / s p a c eDigest. "contrary t o assertions made by people who should h o w b e t t e r , t h e MOL was not planned as a weapon system and would not have been a t h r e a t t o any other nation." MOL observations would be "as peaceful as those obtained on t h e NASA Gemini and Apollo f l i g h t . Men on board the spacecraft can be j u s t i f i e d by the contribut i o n s men make in matters of choice of observatlons, maintenance, and communication with e a r t h . " MOL would not duplicate NASA's ApoUo Applications program. "To try t o combine t h e A i r Force and NASA manned programs would waste much of the investments already made, would delay both programs, would increase the t o t a l cost over t h e long run, and would v i o l a t e the sound administrative p r i n c i p l e of having t h e experts do what they have been t r a i n e d t o do. Failure t o get a maximum return f r o m t h i s national-security system would seem t o be woefully short(AF/sD, 7 / 6 9 , 60-1) sighted and w a s t e f u l . " . American Embassy science attache i n New Delhi reported completion of India-U.S. project t o erect 48-in telescope a t Hyderadad. Project was s t a r t e d i n 1955 and completed j u s t before U. S. lunar landing. ( ~ ' ~ e i l l W. , Post, 8/31/69, ~ 5 ) �PROVISIONAL INDEX-JULY 1%9 , Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D. 246, 257, 2'70 Accident spacecraft, 238, 25 3 Adams Harold W. , 256 Adulyade j in^ Bhumibol ha iland) 30 2 Aeroflot, 308 289- a 0 Aero j e t -General Corp Aeronautics, 251, 254 Aerospace industry, 274 Aerospace Systems Laboratory, 256 Agnew, Vice President Spiro T., 269, 270, 271, 278 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e o f Aeronautics and Astmnautics. A i r Force Academy, 2j'O A i r Force R w i e w of the C-5A Program, 303 Air traffic control, 306 A i r c r a f t , 238, 241, 246, 251; 253, 254, 256-257, 260, 308 Airports, 306 Ajaccio, Corsica, 294 A l d r in, L/C E d w i n E , Js (uSAF) ,248 Apollo 11 mission exLravehicular a c t i v i t y , 243, 260, 262-263, 309 f l i g h t , 260-268 lwzar landing, 279, 290, 305 medical examinat ion, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome t o , 257, 292 plans f o r , 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284, 303, 308 , , , ., ' . . , tribute t o , 274, 293 Algiers, 281 Alioto, Mayor Joseph, 260 AISEP. See Apollo l u n a r surface experiment package. American Academy of Achievement, 250 American F i e l d Service, 286 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AM) A i r c r a f t Design Award, 256-257 American Rocket Society, 271 hoes Research Center (ARC) Thermo and Gas-Dynamics Div., 245 Amundsen, Capt. Roald, 303 Anders, L/C William A. (US&?), 250 Animal experiments, space, 243, 247 Anniversary, 247 �Apollo (program), 238, 248, 254, 268, 2 4 , 301, 309 ApoUo 7 f l i g h t ) , 268 Apollo 8 f l i g h t ) , 268, 278 ApoUo 9 flight) 268, 272 Apollo 1 0 (flight , 243,. 250, 268, r / 6 ApolLo 1l ( f l i g h t achievement, 268, 280, 282-284, 292, 296-299 cornmemorative s t amps, 248, 280 cosmonaut medals, 274, 276 c r i t i c i s m , 252, m , 282 experiments laser, 268, 284, 235 seismic, 268, 275-276, 285, 289, 299 solar wind, 263, 268, 276 Eyewitness t o Space (art program), 272 implications o f , 246, 286-293 launch, 260-268 plans and preparations f o r , 238-243, 249-250, 252 medical aspects, 251, 253, 296 Nixon, President Richard M . , 263, 267, 269, 276, 292, 296-24 observance o f , 252-253, 256-258, 270 photographs, 268, 293, 298, 309 press comment, 246, 254, 256, 258-260, 270, 273-275, 277-279, 282-283 288, 290, 294, 24-298, 300-301 foreign, 258-259, 270-271, 273, 275, Zj"7, 200, 283-284, 288-289, 2 9 , 298 p r e s s conference, 242-245, 254-255, 278 , 292, 301-302 records, 302 religious aspects, 3 4 , 260, 279, 296, 297, 305 splashdown, 267 t r a c k i n g , 250, 268 TV broadcasts, 246, 258, 261-263, 267, 268 TV coverage, 260, 252, 294-295 U.S.S.R. and, 252-253, 270, 276, 280, 291, 29$, 302 Apollo 1 2 ( f l i g h t ) , 292-293 Apollo lunar surface experiment package (ALSEP), 276, 292 ApoTelescope Mount (AICM), 285-236 Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e (ATS ) 2 9 ARC. See Axes Research Center. . h i s t a r c h u s (moon c r a t e r ) , 261 Armstrong, N e i l A. , 288 A ~ Oll E mission O extravehicular a c t i v i t y , 243, 260, 262-263, 309 f l i g h t , 260-268 l u n a r landing, 279, 293, 305 1 I , (ii) �JULY 1969 Armstrong, Neil A. (continued) medical examination, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome to, 257, 292 plans for, 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284, 297, 303, 308 tribute to, 274, 293 Armstrong, Nefi A., Aerospace Museum, 3 7 Aspis-Pronoia insurance company; 271 Astronaut ApoUo U mission commemorative stamp, 245 extravehicular activity, 243, 260, 262-263, 268, 293 flight, 260-268 plans and preparations for, 238-239, 240-243, 249-250, 252 lunar landing, 262, 290, 305 medical aspects, 250, -253, 296 TV broadcast, 261, 263, 295 awards and honors, 243, 250, 284, 303, 308 contract, lunar Landin@; story, 239 goodwill tom, 238-241, 244, 247, 251 hazards, 252, 253 memorial, 280, 295, 297 Nixon, President, Richard M. dining with astronauts, plans for, 245, 251 messages and greetings from, 257, 276, 292, 296 press conference, 240, 242-293, 254-255 promotion, 295 record, 255, 302 tributes to, 274, 291, 292, 296 . White House liaison, 276, 278 Astronauts Memorial. Conrmission (proposed), 295 ATM. See ApoUo Telescope Mount. Atmosphere, 251 ATS-F ( ~ p p l i c aions t Technology sat ellite) , 290 Australia, 247, 280, 294 Austria, 259 Award, 243, 250, 256-257, 2a4, 303, 308 Ayer , Prof Alfred J. , 287 Back-contanination, 252 Baikonur, U.S.S.R., 238, 239, 253, 268, 285 B a l l u t e (balloon-parachute) , 288 . (iii) �W g k o k , Thailand, 244, 281, 302 Bantam Books, 304 W r y , Marion, 217 Beam, Ambassador Jacob D., 241 Bendix Field Engineering. Corp., 239 Eeniele, Max, 287 Berry, D r . Charles A . , 245, 251, 253 Biehl, Richard E., 287 B i l o x i , Miss., 270 B i o s a t e U i t e 111, 243, 247 Blount, Postmaster General Winton M., 248 Boeing 747 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 249 Bogota, Colombia, 271 Bonny (space monkey), 243, 247 Soman, L/C Frank (w) award, 250 press conference, 251 v i s i t t o U.S.S.R., 238-241, 244, 247, 258, 260, 295 White House a c t i v i t i e s , 276, 278 &mtf ord, Canada, 281 Bray, Rep. William G., 305 Brazil, 281 Brevard County, FZa., 240 Brezhnev, Leonid I., 302 British Broadcasting Corp. (BBC), 3 0 Brussels, Belgium, 2a1 B u c h a d , A r t , 282-283 Budapest, Hungary, 280 Buffum, W i l L i a m B . , 291 maria, 8 5 C-5A (military cargo t r a n s p o d ) , 254, 260, 303 California, Unlv. o f , 286 San Diego, 272 C u e , Paul, 248 Camera, 246, 252 Canada, 293 Candau, D r . M. G., 307 Cap P i s t o l (astronaut maneuvering u n i t ) , 287 Cape Canavexal, Fla., 250, 291 Cape x e ~ e d y ,Fla., 250-252, 291, 300 Carpentier, D r . W i l l i e R. , 296 Caste1 Gondolfo, Italy, 254, 270, 279,-291 CBS Laboratories, 246 CDDT See Countdown demonstration t e s t . CF-6 (turbofan engine), 250 . �JULY 1969 ' Chaffee, LCdr. Roger B. (uSN) , 274 Chamberlain, Dr. Owen, 286 Chapan, Dr. Dean R., 245 Chappell, Rep. William, 291 Chile, 281 China, Communist, 281-282, 284 China, Nationalist, 281 Civil Aeronautics Board, 294 Clayton, James, 300 CM. See Commandmodule. Collins, Col. Michael (USW) A~ollo ll mission . . flight, 260-268 medical examination, 296 Nixon, President Richard M., messages and welcome to, plans for, 239-240, 250 press conference, 242-243, 254-255 record, 302 splashdown, 267 awards and honors, 280, 284,-303, 308 promotion, 295 tribute to, 274 Colombia, Zi'l Colorado Springs, Colo., 3 0 Columbia. See Commandmodule. Columbia Univ. , 275, 302 Command and service module (cSM), 251, 262, 267, 309 Command module (CM) (~olumbia), 242, 243, 261, 267, 271 Commerce, Dept. of, 2 7 Communications, 289-293 Communications satellite, 247, 285, 290, 305 Cammunications Sat e l l i t e Corp (cornsat ~ o r )p, m, 295 Computer, 249, 251 257, 292 . Computer Sciences Corp. , 249 Concorde (u.K. -~rance)supersonic transport, 231, 308 Congress, 239, 254, 278 Congress, House of Representatives, 259, 286 bills introduced, 247, 291, 295 Committee on House Administration, 295 Conunittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 305 Committee on Judiciazy, 247 Committee on Science a ~ Astronautics, d 295 Subcommittee on NASA Oversight, 248 Subconmittee on Science, Research, and Development, 308 �JULY 1 9 6 9 Congress, Senate, 250, 269 bills passed, 296, 308 Committee on Eanking and Currency, 303 Committee on I n t e r i o r and Insular Affairs, 250 Constan, D r . George N., 309 CopeMLicus (moon c r a t e r ) , 306 Cosmonaut, 239-241, 244, 276, 294, 300 Cosmos C C ~ (u.s. M S.R. s a t e l l i t e ) ,'249 Cosmos CCXC, 285 Countdown demonst r a t ion t e s t (CDDT), 238 Crimes, U. S. S.R., 238 CSM. See Command and service module. Cuba, 281 (Surtiss-Wright Corp. 287 Czechoslovakia, 280, 300, 302 Czechoslovakian Communist Party, 291 Dai Chi Chinei ( ~ a p a n e s ef r e i g h t e r ) , 242 D m a . W i l l i a m H. 289 ~ a n i h ~ u g ~ e n h ekuld ii f o r the Promotion of Aeronautics, 271 DC-10 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 260 Dearborn, Mich. 241 Defense, Dept . of (DOD) 245, 2G6, 303 Delta (booster), 295 Des Moines, Iowa, 293 Dirksen, Sen. Everett M., 296 Disarmament, 240 Dobrynin, Ambassador Anatoly I?., 252 Docking, 261 DOD. SeeDefense, Dept. of. Dodd, Lamar, 272 DuBridge, Dr. Lee A. 241 Eagle. See Lunar module. Early Apollo s c i e n t i f i c experiment package (EASEP), 27'5 -276 Earth Resources Survey Program, 295 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 295 Edwards AFB, C a l i f . , 251 Egypt, 2-71 Eisenhower, President Dwight D., 239 ELDO. See European Launcher Development Organization. ELDO F-8 (ELDO satellite), 238 Elizabeth 11, Queen of Great B r i t a i n , 280 Ellice Ielnnd, 287 Ellington, Duke, Z??g Erne, D r . Eugene M., 240 , . , , , ' �Ethiopia, 252, 303 Eupatoria, U. S.S.R. 244 Europa (booster ) 238 European Launcher Development Organization (EXDO), 238 Ewing, D r . Maurice, 2 7 5 . Exceptional Civilian S e m ice Award (USA), 309 E x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 245 Extravehicular a c t i v i t y (EVA), 243, 255, 260, 262, 263, 268, 293, 309 Eyewitness t o Space (NASA art program) 272 F-4 (Phantom 11) ( j e t f i g h t e r aircraft), 246 , , , Fasi, Mayor Frank F., 298 Federal Aviation A d m i n i s t rat ion (FW), 306 Federal Comunicat ions Commission (FCC), 305 Felver, Edward R., 248 Feoktistov, Konstantin P., 239, 241, 280 Flying Tiger P i l o t Trophy, 243 Flying Tigers, 243 France, 241, Zg, 308 Frey, Rep. Louis, Jr., 291, 295 Gagmin, Col. Y u r i A . (u,S.S.R. ), 244, Z74 G a l a b e d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Astronautics Prize, 284 Gandhi, Prime Minister, Mrs. I n d i r a (India), 281 Gardner, Prof. Richard N., 299 Gast, Dr. P a d , 302 General E l e c t r i c Co. Aircraft Engine Group, 280 Geneva, Switzerland, 2b0, 242 Georgadze, Mikhail P., 241 Gemasy, East, 302 Gernany, 'West, 238, 294 Ghana, 281 G i l b e r t Island, 287 Goiidard Institute f o r Space Studies, 246 Goddard, D r . Robert H., 271 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC) 244, 265 Goldmark, D r . P e t e r C. 246 Goldstein, D r . Richard, 304 Goldstone Tracking Station, 304 Goodyear Aerospace Gorp., 288 Gorton, Prime Minister John ( ~ u s t r a l i a ) ,294 , Graham, B i l l y , 295-24 Grant, 256 Greece, , ' 271 (vii) �iirgil Grissom, L/c I. (WAF), 274 Growko, A n d r e y A . , 284 . GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (NASA). Guam I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 296 Guerney, Sen. Edward J. 250 Guggenheim, Harry F. 271 Gulf Stream Drift, 257 Kaile Selassie, Emperor of B h i o p i a , 252 Halaby, ~aj ee6 E 308 Haredi, sheikh Ahmand, T/1 Harris, Louis, p o l l , 256 Harris, D r . Robert, 305 Harvard Univ., 287 Hayden Planetarium, 293 Heinemam, Ptesident Gustav (vest ~ermany) 294 Hickam AFB, Hawaii, 247, 295 Hiday-atdlah, Mohammad, 308 Hillary, S i r Edmund, 303 Hines, William, 254 Hirohito, Emperor ( ~ a p a n ) 281 "Historical Perspectives on ApoUo, " 2 b I-&-10 (lift --body vehicle), 289 Holland, Sen. Spessard L,, 250 Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Dept. of, 284 Houston, Tex. ,,258, r(2, r17, 293, 299, 300, 307 Houston Welfare Rights Organization, 280 Hsieh Sen-chao, 281 ' Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. 289-290 Humphrey, Vice President Hubert H., 280 Hungary, 280, 302 Hunt, Sir John, 303 HutltsvilZe, M a . 293 Kurd, Peter, 27'2 Hyderabad, India, 310 ZMS. See Ion mass spectrometer. Inchon, South Korea, 285 Independence Day, 241 India, 281, 308 Indonesia, 244, 300 I n s t i t u t e f o r Soviet -American Relations, 238 I n t e l s a t - 1 1 1 F-2 (communications s a t e l l i t e j* ,. 296 I n t e l s a t - I 1 1 F-5, '295-296 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Aeronautical Federation (I@) , 255, 302 bt ernat i o n a l cooperat ion, spsce 239, -240, - 247, - 259, 260, r ( 8 , 280, 286 288 , 295 295 , 2983 299 , , ., , , , , , (viii) , �, International Platform Assn. 284 Ion mass spectrometer (IMS), 290 Ira, q l Isis 1 (International S a t U t e f o r Ionospheric studies), 293 I s r a e l , 271 Italy, 238, 294 Jakarta, Indonesia, 244, 300 James, Lee B., 303 Japan, 252, 294, 300 Jastrow, D r . Robert, 246 Jerusalem, Israel, 271 J e t P r o p d s i o n Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) 250, 299, 301, 304, 306, 309 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental' Station (u.x.), 268, 279, 280, 284, 2a6, 294 Johnson, President Lyndon B. 239, 257, g o , q 8 Johnson4 Mrs. Lyndon B., 257 Johnston Island, 268 Jones, Robert J., 248 JPL. See Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( ~ a ~l e c h ) Kauai, Hawaii, 247 Kazakhstan, U. S,S. R. 239 : Keldysh, Mstislav V. , 247, ,275, 294 Kennedy, Sen. Edward M., 269 Kennedy, President John F. 239, 260, 288 Kennedy Space Center (KSC) 239, 254, 255, 295 Khan, President Agha Mohammad Uahya (~akistan) 294 . IOuushchev, Premier Mikita (u. S..S. R. ) 241, 300 King, D r . Martin Luther, Zj"7 Kirkman, Don, 239 Kornarov, L/C V l a d i m i r M. (u. S S .R ) 244, 274 Korea, South, 285, 294 Korolev, S ergei 244 Kosygin, Premier Alexsey (u.s.s.R.), 280 EC. See Kennedy Space Center. Kuznet sov, Vasily V 241 Lagos, Nigeria, 271 LaHore, Pakistan, 244 Laaont -Doherty Geological Observatory, 275, 299 Laser experiment, 284, 285 Latham, D r . Gary, 275, 299 Launch Complex 39, 260,. 267 Lederberg, D r . Joshua 252 Lenin, Vladimir I. 2f14 Leningrad, U.S.S.R., 2b , .m, , . , , , , . ., , ., , , �Lewis Research center' ( L ~ R C )(NASA), 260 Lick Observatory, 285 Lifting-body vehicle, 289 Lloyds of London, 294 I;M. See Lunar module. Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. ,' 254, 260, 303 Logan, Joseph, Jr., 281 Loprete, Joseph F, 237 Los Angeles, Calif., 280 h v e l l , Sir Bernard, 268, q 9 , 2a0, 284, 286, 294 LovelZ, Cap-t. James A , , Jr. (USN), 256 Lowell Observatory, Ariz., 256 Lucian, 278 Luna XV (u.S.S.R. lunar probe), 238, 255, 268, 275, 279, 286 . launch, 253 moon landing, 204, 302 p r e s s comment, 259-260 Lunar module ( ~ a g l e ) ,243, 258, 3 6 , 280, 309 moon landing, 243, 260-263, 278, 305 moon l i f t o f f , 267 plaque on, 239-240 Lunar Orbiter (program), 256 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (IIRL) 248, 267-268, 298, 301-302, 305 Lunar roving vehicle, 252 Lunar Science Institute, 272 L u t i n e B e l l , 294 Lyons, Kenneth T . , 306 . ~ c ~ o n n e l Gen. l, John P. (USAF) 295 McDonald Observatory, 284 McDonnell Douglas Cory. 246, 2a 9 Magnetic field, 276 Man of Achievement Award, 250 Man on the Moon (pan~hlet), 280 Management, 248 Manhattan Project, 27'3 Manila, Philippines, 244, 299 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 245, 310 W e d space f l i g h t , 245, 260-268, 291 Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) 239 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 242-243, 245, 252, 268, r ( 6 , 277, 235, 303 ~a.nnh& e We s t Germany, ,268 Mansf i e l d , Sen. Michael J. , 269, 296 , , , , , , ; Marcos, President Ferdhand E. ( ~ M l i p p i n e s ) ,299 �Mariner (program), 309-310 Mariner N Mars probe), 258 Mariner VI Mars probe) 258, 301, 304, 306 Mariner V I I (Mars probe j 238, 304, 306 Mars (planet); 241, 251, 252, 258, ri?, 283, 292, 297, 301, 304, 306, 309 Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 238, 249, 252, 258, 303, 309 Massachusetts Institube of Technology (MIT) , 289 Materials technology, 249 Maurer camera, '262 Maus, Hans H. , 309 Mead, Dr. Margaret, 246 MESA. SeeModularized equipment stowage assembly. Meteorological satellite, 251 Meteorology, 251 Miami, Fla., 253 Michoud Assembly Facility, 309 Microminiaturization, 239 Minneapolis, Minn. , 254 Mirage ( ~ r e n c hsupersonic fighter-bomber), 241 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mobile quarantine facility (MV), 267, 268, 298 Modularized equipment stowage assembly (MESA), 262-263 Mogadiscio, Somalia, 281, 293 MOL. See Manned Orbiting Laboratory. Molniya 1-12 (communications satellite), a5 Monkey experiment, 243, 247 ~ontciair,N.J., 293 . Moon crater, 245, 261 globe, 256 landing, 241 manned anniversary, 247 cornmemorative s t amp, 248 criticism, 250 implications of, 286-287 U . S . , 242-241C, 256, 260-268, 304 cornemoration of, 239-240, 254 plans for, 252,. 254, 292-2543 U.S. S.R., 296 manned U.S.S.R., 284, 302 lunar orbit, record, 255, 302 Lunar Receiving Laboratory (I&), $6, 298, 301, 305, 307 I , �Moon (continued) lunar roving vehicle, 252 Lunar Science I n s t i t u t e , 272 magnetic f i e l d , 276 o r i g i n , 242, 289 passenger flight t o , 293, 294 photographs, 246, 256, 263, 293, 305, 309 probe Luna XV, 253 seismic a c t i v i t y , 285, 289, 299 s o l a r wind, 263, 276 surface, 289 analysis o f , 242, 301-302 composition, 301-302 sample, 238, 245, 255, 263, 267-268, 292, 296, 298, 301-302, 305, 307 TV t e l e c a s t s from, 258, 262-263 "Moon In" ( c e n t r a l Park, New ~ o r k ) 279 " ~ o o nMaiden" (song), 279 Noore, David, 250 238, 239, 247 Moscow, U.S.S.R., Mt. Everest, 303 See Mobile quarantine f a c u i t y . MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. See Marshall Space ??light Center. MSFC. MueUer, D r . George E.', 255, 292 Mumford, Lewis, 246 See National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA, NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (CART), 260 NASA Office of Manned Space Flight (OMSF), 258 NASA Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA), ,295 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA) 268 See NationalAeronautics and Space ~ o h c i l . NASC. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) 272 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) awards and honors, 2h3, 250, ,284, 303, 308 budget, 251 contract, 239, 249, 252, 260, 289, 305 cooperation, 251 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a , 239, 240, 247, 259, 260, 278, 280, 286, 288, 295, 296, 298, 299 c r i t i c i s m , 250, 252, 2'7'7 employment, 240, 277' f a c i l i t i e s , 295 , . ' , , �National Aeronautics and Space A d m b 5 s t rat ion (continued) launch Apollo ll, 260-268 s a t e l l i t e , 295-296 sounding rocket, 249 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 289 management, 248 personnel, 303, 309 programs Apollo, 238, 248, 254, 268, 297, 301, 309 art, 272 astronomy, 269, 27'7 manned space flight, 256, 292-293 Mariner, 244, 258, 306-301, 309-310 space biology, 243, 247, 253 space s t a t i o n , 285-286, 289 record spacecraft 255, 302 National Aeronautics and Space Council (NASC) 310 National Assn. of Government Employees, 306 National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n p pol lo ll f l i g h t ) , 269 National Geographic Society, 250 National Research Council (NRC), 251 New Delhi, India, 244, 281, 308 New York, N . Y . , 279 New York Stock Exchange, 286, 293 Nigeria, 271 Nike-Tomahawk (sounding rocket ) 305 Nimbus 111 (meteorological s a t e l l i t e ) 251 Nixon, B e s i d e n t ~ i c h & dM. , 286 ~ ~ o l ll lof l i g h t , 239, - 240, 301 astronauts communications with, 257, 263, 276 dining with, $45, 251 tribute t o , 274, 292, 296 U.S.S. Hornet greeting, 267 messages t o , regarding, 294 moon plaque, 240 National Day of P a r t i c i p a t i o n , 269, 277 Asian tour, 244, 297, 299, 302, 308 Fnternational cooperation, space, 286 White House r e l i g i o u s service, 278-2j'g Noren, Rev. Paul H. A . , 254 , , , ' , (xiii) . , �North American Rockwell Corp. Aerospace and Systems Group, 238 Atomics I n t e r n a t i o n a l Div. 238 Power Systems Div., 238 Rocketdyne Div., 238 , Space Div., 289 North Pole, 303 Norton, W. W. & Co., 304 Novosibirsk, U. S. S. R . , 238 NRC. See National Research Council. See NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. OART. Ocean of S t o m s (moon), 292 Oceanography, 240, 244, 257 Orconnor, M/G Edmund F. (USAF), 303 Ohio H i s t o r i c a l Society, 297 Ojai, C a l i f . , 243 Organization f o r Economic Cooperation and Development, 308 Osman, Armstrong Abdurahnm, 281 Oxford Univ., 28'7 Pacemaker ( sounding rocket ) 249 Pacific Ocean, 247, 251 Paine, D r . Thomas O., 244-245, 254, 257-250, 267 Pakistan, 294 Pan American World Airways (Fan Am), 2 9 See P i l o t &borne Recovery Dedce. PARD. Paris, France, 241, 284, 294 Park, President Chung Hee (South ~ o r e a ) , 294 Paterrt 287 Paul VI, Pope, 254, a'0, r19, 291, 294 Pearson, Drew, 250 Peary, A h . Robert E. (USN), 303 Petrov, Georgy 280 Philippines, 2h, 299 P h U i p s , L/G Samuel C . (USAF), 292 Piccard, Jacques, 257 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 250, 299 P i l o t Airborne Recovery Device (PARD), 288 Plan f o r U.S. P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the Global Atmospheric Research Program, 251 P l a t e , Thomas G. , 277 ~ l e s e t s k ,u . s . s . ,'249, ~ 285 258, 260, 294, 302 Podgorny, President Nikolay V. (u.s.s.R.), Poland, 259, 271, 230, 302 Poor People's Campaign, 252, 267 Porter, Daniel R . , 297 Post Office Dept., 248 , , (xiv) �JULY 1969 Press, D r . Frank, 275 Press comment . Apollo U f l i g h t foreign, 258-259, r/O-Zj'l, 273, 275, 277, 280, 283-284; 288-289, 291, 298. moon plaque, 240 U . S . , 246, 256, 258, 259-2609 r(0, r13, r14-r15, 277, 3 9 , 282-2835 '288, -0, 24-298, 300-301 Mars, manned f l i g h t t o , Zi7 space r e s u l t s , 248-249, 272, 274, 291, 309 Press conference Apollo 33. f l i g h t , 242-245, 254-255, q 8 , 292 international cooperation, space, 240, 286, 295 l u n a r surface samples, 301-302 Mars, manned flight to, 269, 292 space program, n a t i o n a l 269, 278, 292-293, 299 supersonic transpork, 2 1 U.S.S.R. space program, 251, 296 Pride Inc., 277 Princeton Univ., 256 b Qantas A i r l i n e s , 287 Quiet Engine Research Program, 260 Radiometer, 306 Raska, D r . ILarel, 307 272 Rauschenberg, Robe*, Record spacecrafi, 255, 302 Redstone Arsenal, A h . 309 Religious S o c i e t y of Friends, 278 Rendezvous, 242, 300, 309 Rice Univ., 305 Rio de J a n e i r o , Brazil Museum of Modern A r t , 281 Romania, 281, 300, 302 Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urban ~evelopmentGeorge W., Rosamond, Calif., 289 Rossini, Mayor Pascal, 2gb Royal Geographical Society, 303 Russell, Bertrand A. W., Lord, 258 Saavedra, Albert, 248 Saigon, South Vietnam, 307 San Diego, Calif., 270 San Francisco, Calif., 260, 270 Santiago de Chile, 281 Saragat, President Guiseppe ( ~ t a l y ) ,294 , 284-285 �~ a t o ,Prime Minister Eisalru (~apan), 294 Saturn V (booster), 260, 268, 303 1st s t a g e (s-IC), 238 3rd s t a g e (s-IVB) 241, 248 Saturn V workshop ( q a c e c r a f t ) 285 -286 Savannah, Ca,, 280 Sciacca, Prof. Mlchele Federico, 287 Science, 309 Science, Technology, and Public Policy During t h e Ninetieth Congress, 308 Sea of Crises (moon), 284 Sea of T r a n q u i l i t y . (moon), 262, 267, 284, 299 Sedov, Prof. Leonid I., 2 9 Seismic experiment, 275-276, 285, 289, 299 Service propulsion system (SPS), 261 239 Sheremetyevo Airport, U. S.S.R. Singapore, 281 Smith, D r . Harlan, 284 Smith, Dr. Paul S. 278 Smithsonian h s t i t u t ion, 246 S o l a r wind experiment, 263, 276 ~ o m a l i a , 281, 298 Sounding rocket, 2bg South Pole, 303 Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( s a c ) , 246, ,252 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 247, 275, 294 Soviet lnst i t u t e f o r Cosmic Research, -280 Space biology, 243, 245, 247, 253 Space Exploration Day ( ~ r o ~ o s e d 247 ), Space l a w t r e a t y , 275 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 2b5 Space program, national, 244-245, 256, 260, 269, 278, ,282, 288, 304 Space race, 238, 259 286, 296, 300, 309 Space r e s u l t s , 248-229, 272, 275, 283, 286, 289 Space s t a t ion, 285 -286, 289-290, 299 Spacecrafi debris, 242 Spacecraft -lunar-module-adapt e r (SLA) psnels, 248 S p a h , T/1 Spectrometer, 306 SPS. See Service propulsion system. Stanford Univ. 252 Star C i t y , ( ~ z y o z d nGorodok, i U.S.S.R.), 239, 244 Submarine, missile-carrying, 238 Sud-Aviation, 241 Suez Canal, 281 , , , , ' , �, Suharto President (Indonesia), 300 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 241, 308. Surveyor 111 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 293 Surveyor V , 302 Sutton, D r . George, 275 Swartz , Reginald, 287 Sweden, 271, q 3 , 284, 288-289, 303-304 Taipei, Formosa, 281 Teharan, Iran, 271 T e k t i t e , 245 T e l Aviv, I s r a e l , 271 Television, 254, 258, 8 2 Apozlo U, 246, 260-262, 267, 294, 295 Tennessee, 270 Texas, Univ. of, 284 TF-39 (turbofan engine), 260 Thailand, 302 Thant, U, U.N. Secretary General, 294 This New Ocean, 301 Thorad-Agena (booster) , 293 Thorn, ~ r OeWeigh, . 11, 3 0 T h r e l f a S 1 , David, 280 Time-Life, Inc 239 Titov, L/C Gherman S. (u.s.s.R.), 239, 241 Tolson, Clyde A., 2a7 Toynbee, Prof. Arnold J . , 287' Tracking, 244, 250, 268 Trans World A i r l i n e s , 290, 294 TransporLation, 256 The True History, 278 Truszynski, Gerald M., 258 Tu-14.4 (u.s S. R. supersonic transport ) 308 Tunney, Rep. John V. 247 T u r i n , Italy, 287 " 2001: a Space Odyssey" (film) 290 Tycho (lunar c r a t e r ) , 245 Unidentified s a t e l l i t e , 289, 293, 308 United Kingdom (u.K.), 258, 303, 308 Defense U s t r y , 238 United Nations (u.N.) C o d t t e e on t h e Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 242 Disarmament C a n m i t t ee 240 General Assembly, 240 Secretary General, 294 , ., ' . , , , , �United Nations (continued) S e c u r i t y Council, 291 Space I n s t i t v k e (proposed), 299 United Nations Educational, S c i e n t i f i c , and Cultural Organization, 308 U n i v e r s i t i e s Space Re search Assn. (USRA) 27 2 Urey, D r . Harold C., 286' USAJ? Aeronautical C h a r t and Information Center, 256 U. S. A i r Force (uSAF), 295 aircraft, 246, 251, 254, 288, 303 cooperation, 251 launch s a t e l l i t e , 289, 293, 308 U.S. Army (USA), 283 U. S. Information Agency (usIA), 280 U S . Navy (USN), 246, 253 U.S. Patent Office, 287 U.S.S. Gary, 253 U.S.S. Hornet, 264, 292, 294, 296 U.S.S.R-on of S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,241 a i r c r a f t , 308 Apollo U f l i g h t , 252, 253, 270, 276, 280, 291, 294, 302 Brman, L/C Frank, v i s i t t o , 239-241, 244, 247, 251, 258, 260 cooperation,. space, 239, 24-0, 247, 259, 260, 278, 280, 286, 288, 295, 295, 298, 299 disarmament, 240 launch, 238 probe Luna XV, 253 sate l l i t e Cosmos, 249, 285 Molni I-ii 285 . probe L A , 259-260, 268, 275, 279', 280, 284, 286, 302 space program, 238, 245, 290-291, 2 9 , 300, 309 spacecraft debris, 242 supersonic transport, 308 Van Praagh, David, 244 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . 289, 293, 308 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 309 Verne, Jules, 243 Vietnam, North, 295 Voice of America (VOA) 281, 300 Von Braun, D r . Wernher,. 259, 298 Vostok 1 (u.S. S. R. spacecraft), 244 Vzyozdni Gorodok (Star city) (u. S. S . R. ) 239, 244 , , , , ( x v i i i) �Wald, D r . George, 287 Wall, D r . Frederick T., 272 Wallops Stat ion (NASA), 249, 305 Wapakoneta, Ohio, 293 Warsaw, Poland, 259, 29k, 302 Washington, D . C . , 238, 250, 269, 270, 284 Washington National G d l e r y of A r t , 2(2, We each t h e Moon, 304 Weather modification,. 251 Webb, James E . , 257 Weightlessness, 247, 253 Welsh, D r . Edward C., 310 West Palm Beach, Fla. 257 Western E l e c t r i c Co., 280 wethe, Jay D. 238 Wheaton, Md., 250 White, L/C Edward H. I1 (USAF) 274 White House, 240, 251, 263, 269, 274, 278, 3 9 , 286, Whittier CoUege, 278 Wiesner, D r . J e m m e B., 307 WFlford, John Noble, 304 Wwiams, Rev. Hosea, 252 Wilson, Prime Minister Harold (u.K. ) 280 Wing, aircraft, 254 Wollongong Australia,. 280 Woomera Rocket Range, Australia, 238 . World Health Organization (WHO) Communicable Disease Div., 307 Wright brothers, 271, 283 Wyeth, James B., 272 X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 251 XB-70 (supersonic bomber), 251 YF-12A (reconnaissance a i r c r a f t ) 251 Yugoslavia, 300 Zacharias, J e r r o l d , 307 Zakharov, Aleksey V . , 291 Ziegler, Henri, 241 , , , , , , , 305 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000125 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics July 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 32, Folder 27 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource fr Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18215 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1269/spc_stnv_000126.pdf 6ae506a16e096751e498a546da7d59ed PDF Text Text COlMFXC DRAFT NOT FOR ASTRONAUT I C S RELEASE A N D JULY AERONAUTICS 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HER-23) Text Drafted by Science and T e c h n o l o a Division Library of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) Office of P o l i c y National Aeronautics and Space Admini s t r a t i o n Washington, D C 205 46 .. (For I n s e r t i o n i n Your ~ o l d e r ) ��J u l y 1: Eighth anniversary of NASA's l a r g e s t Center, Marshall Space F l i g h t Center MSFC s t a r t e d business J u l y 1, 1960, with 4,400 employees working i n f a c i. l i t i e s valued a t estimated $100 million. On e i g h t h anniversary MSFC had 6,500 employees. Plant value was estimated a t $400 m i l l i o n , w i t h r e a l p r o p e r t y values accounting f o r $140 m i l l i o n and c a p i t a l equipment f o r remaining $260 million. Achievements during f i r s t e i g h t y e a r s included development and successful f l i g h t of Saturn I, Saturn I B , and Saturn V launch v e h i c l e s . (MSFC Release 68-143) . . McDonnell Douglas Corp. received $9,666,800 NASA contract f o r 1 0 a d d i t i o n a l Improved ( ~ o n ~ - ~ a nDelta k ) launch v e h i c l e s f o r use i n v a r i e t y of launches, including TOS-E f o r ESSA i n August, INTELSAT I11 f o r ComSatCorp i n September, IDSCP/A f o r DOD i n May 1969, HEOS ( ~ i ~Eccentric h l ~ Orbiting S a t e l l i t e ) f o r ESRO i n l a t e 1968, and ISIS-A ( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lS a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric s t u d i e s ) i n l a t e 1968. North American Rockwell Corp. was awarded $6,968,038 c o n t r a c t extension f o r m a t e r i a l , f a c i l i t i e s , manpower, and equipment f o r XB-70 f l i g h t operations, and General E l e c t r i c Co. was awarded $1,957,323 extension f o r maintenance of XB-70 engines. Both extensions covered J u l y 1, 1968, through June 30, 1969. (NASARelease 68-116; FRC Release 19-68) . At signing i n Washington, D.C., of nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , President Johnson said: h he conclusion of t h i s t r e a t y encourages t h e hope t h a t o t h e r s t e p s may be t a k e n toward a peaceful world. And.. . I have described t h i s t r e a t y a s t h e most important i n t e r n a t i o n a l agreement s i n c e t h e beginning of t h e nuclear age.... A f t e r long seasons of p a t i e n t and painstaking n e g o t i a t i o n , we have concluded j u s t within t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s , t h e l i m i t e d t e s t ban t r e a t y , t h e o u t e r space t r e a t y , t h e t r e a t y c r e a t i n g a nuclear-free zone i n L a t i n America. And t h e march of mankind i s toward t h e summit and not t h e chasm". Agreement had a l s o been reached between U. S. and U. S. S. R . , President Johnson announced, " t o e n t e r i n t h e n e a r e s t f u t u r e i n t o discussions on t h e l i m i t a t i o n and t h e reduction of both offensive s t r a t e g i c nuclear weapons d e l i v e r y systems and systems of defense a g a i n s t b a l l i s t i c missiles. " A t Moscow signing of t r e a t y , Soviet Premier Alexey N. Kosygin c a l l e d agreement a "major success f o r t h e cause of peace." He d i s closed contents of U.S.S.R. memorandum t o a l l n a t i o n s proposing a nine-point disarmament and arms c o n t r o l program and c a l l e d on 18-nation (PD , 6/8/68 ; Sherman, Geneva disarmament conference t o t a k e up proposal. W S t a r , 7/1/68, Al; UPI, 7/1/68; Grose, NYT, - 7/2/68, 1,2) . Sudden a f f i r m a t i v e response by U.S.S.R. t o President Johnson's longstanding o f f e r f o r d i s c u s s i o n of l i m i t i n g m i s s i l e s may have subs t a n t i a l meaning, s a i d W i l l i a m S. White i n Washington Post. "If �J u l y 1 (continued) t h i s should t u r n out t o be t h e case it would be i r o n i c , indeed. It would mean t h a t only a f t e r renouncing h i s o f f i c e had t h e President been a b l e t o convince t h e Russians. . t h a t t h i s country was honestly prepared t o make accommodations with Moscow, so long a s t h e y were r e a l i s t i c and enforceable accommodations t o reduce a p o s s i b i l i t y of nuclear holocaust t h a t s t i l l hangs over t h e world and w i l l so hang whatever may or may not happen i n t h e Vietnams." (W Post, 7/1/68, ~ 2 1 ) . . Resignation of D r . Mac C. Adams, NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology, announced May 21, became e f f e c t i v e . He r e j o i n e d Avco Corp., where he had worked from 1955 t o 1965, a s Corporate Vice President and Deputy Group Executive of Government Products and Services Group. (E, 7/2/68, 63) . NASA . appointed M/G Daniel F. Callahan (USAF, Ret ) , Manager of F l o r i d a M i s s i l e Operations f o r Chrysler Corp., t o p o s i t i o n of Deputy D i r e c t o r of Administration, Kennedy Space Center, vacated i n October 1967 by F r e d e r i c M i l l e r , who had become Director of I n s t a l l a t i o n Support. (KSC Release KSC-331-68) . New subdivision of A i r Force Systems Command, A i r Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), became o p e r a t i o n a l a t Brooks AFB, Tex., a s f o c a l p o i n t f o r USAF R&D e f f o r t t o s a t i s f y technology needs i n human resources education, t r a i n i n g , and management. It would a l s o provide t e c h n i c a l and management a s s i s t a n c e i n support of s t u d i e s , analyses, development planning a c t i v i t i e s , a c q u i s i t i o n , t e s t evaluation, modification, o r operat i o n of aerospace systems and r e l a t e d equipment. (AFSC el ease 93.68) . Commenting on C-5 maiden f l i g h t , New York Times e d i t o r i a l noted: "Of t h e many t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances r e q u i r e d f o r y e s t e r d a y ' s a v i a t i o n breakthrough, t h e most important was t h e quantum l e a p i n j e t propulsion c a p a b i l i t i e s represented by t h e C-5's motors. The enormous s i z e of t h e new plane forced extraordinary use of l i g h t m e t a l s . . . t o keep down weight. It a l s o posed unprecedented manufacturing problems whose b r i l l i a n t l y successful s o l u t i o n was proved by y e s t e r d a y ' s pathbreaking flight. "But w i l l t h e a i r p o r t s of t h i s country--and t h e world, f o r t h a t matter--be capable of meeting t h e c h a l l e n g e s . . . ? " By 1978, "it may be commonplace f o r a few enormous planes landing minutes a p a r t t o deposit 5,000 o r 10,000 passengers on t h e ground almost simultaneously.. Now i s none t o o soon t o begin planning f o r handling such masses of people The v a s t s i z e of t h e g i a n t new planes ahead i s dwarfed only 7/1/68, by t h e enormity of t h e unprecedented problems t h e y pose. " (E, 30 .... �J u l y 2: USAF had a t t r i b u t e d March 3 reports of unidentified f l y i n g objects over e a s t e r n U.S., including 70 eyewitness accounts, t o r e e n t r y of booster rocket o r other launching components of Zond IV spacecraft launched by U.S.S.R. March 2 on apparently unsuccessful mission. Despite March f l u r r y , t h e r e had been a sharp decline i n UFO r e p o r t s ; they were reaching USAF a t t h e monthly r a t e of 1967. As of previous weekend, 156 UFO reports had been received since Jan. 1, 1968; 21were a t t r i b u t e d t o astronomical objects, 19 t o a i r c r a f t , 10 t o balloons, 8 t o s a t e l l i t e s , and 22 t o other known causes. There were 35 cases pending and 41 as yet unidentified. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 7/2/68, 1 ) . West Germany' s major aerospace companies--Me sserschmidt -Edlkow, Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke of Bremen, Hamberger Flugzeubau, and Dornier--formed subsidiary t o coordinate a l l long-range a i r c r a f t and space p r o j e c t s . They met under auspices of West German Government which had been urging g r e a t e r concentration of t h e n a t i o n ' s aerospace capacity. Experts termed t h e new organization nucleus of eventual merger of t h e four companies t o increase West German competition i n world markets ( ~ h a b e c o f f ,NYT, 7/3/68, 12) . - . NASA awarded contracts valued a t $579,000 t o Lockheed Missiles and Space Co. and $568,313 t o Northrop Systems Laboratories t o b u i l d and t e s t nonflight demonstration models f o r Orbiting Primate Experiment, a s continuation of preliminary conceptual design studies made during 1967. Research had been begun t o gain b e t t e r understanding of physiological changes anticipated i n long manned f l i g h t s . To assess e f f e c t s of weightlessness on r e l a t i v e l y high order mammal, NASA was studying experiment which might place two unrestrained rhesus monkeys i n o r b i t and r e t u r n them f o r d e t a i l e d examination a f t e r extended period t o i s o l a t e weightlessness a s a variable while maintaining a l l other f a c t o r s near normality. Post-flight examinations could r e v e a l changes r e s u l t i n g from absence of gravity. Orbiting Primate Experiment was p a r t of NASA's Human Factors Systems program t o provide technology required t o support man i n space during extended periods. (NASA Release 68-119) . Univ. of Virginia announced it would use $100,000 NASA grant t o finance construction of 40-in astrometric telescope a t i t s observatory south of C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e , Va. Additional funding would come from e s t a t e of Leander McCormick, who provided funds f o r i t s 26-in telescope b u i l t i n 1882. (AP, W S t a r , 7/3/68, ~ 2 0 ) . U. S. patent No. 3,390,492 was issued t o General E l e c t r i c Co. engineer E d e n T. Myskowski f o r g l a s s deep-submergence module i n titanium a l l o y frame usable a s laboratory o r l i v i n g quarters on ocean f l o o r i n anchored �J u l y 2 (continued) or mobile form. Patent No. 3,390,853 was issued t o North American Rockwell Corp. mechanical engineer Raymond P. Wykes f o r i n f l a t a b l e drag balloon ( b a l l u t e ) which was released behind reentry vehicle o r lifting-body vehicle a t end of a cable which pulled spacecraf't's wings out from i t s body on reentry and slowed it down f o r landing. (Patent Off PIO; Jones, NYT, 7/6/68, 25) - . N. Whitney Matthews, Chief of GSFC1s Spacecraft Technology Div., died i n Alexandria, Va., a t age 52. Pioneer i n space research, he had been with NASA 10 yr and had helped see Goddard through planning stages. He had worked with Projects Vanguard, Ariel, and Echo and with number of Explorer programs. He had specialized i n e l e c t r o n i c and s o l i d - s t a t e instrumentation and control c i r c u i t r y . (W Post, 7/5/68, ~ 8 ) . In e d i t o r i a l c r i t i c a l of National Academy of Sciences June 25 r e p o r t on sonic boom, Washington Evening S t a r said: "There comes a time when t h e convenience of t h e few and t h e p r o f i t of t h e even fewer simply have t o be made secondary t o t h e s a n i t y of t h e many. That time i s a r r i v i n g i n t h e sonic boom business. There i s no imaginable excuse f o r unleashing t h e boom against defenseless c i t i z e n s . " (w 3-s t a r 7/2/68, 3) J u l y 3: President Johnson signed H.R. 15856, NASA FY 1969 Authorizat i o n Act, which had been designated P.L. 90-373 [see June 181. (NASA J . A& v11/71) . Washington Post e d i t o r i a l comented on complaints of s c i e n t i s t s about deceleration of Federal funding f o r R&D. Since Federal expenditures had r i s e n every year, t h e r e would not be "much l a y sympathy f o r s c i e n t i s t s who complain they a r e not g e t t i n g t h e i r annual increase of 15 per cent.... Rather than crying ' c r i s i s ' . . . s c i e n t i s t s ought t o accept an ongoing obligation t o help public o f f i c i a l s devise b e t t e r ways of deciding how t o support t h e l e v e l of science t h a t t h e national welfare requires." (W Post, 7/3/68) . Did it matter i n 1968, asked New York Times e d i t o r i a l , t h a t I t a l i a n astronomer Galileo a f t e r t h r e e centuries might be cleared of heresy by a commission authorized by t h e Pope? "His astronomical t h e o r i e s and discoveries have long since been accepted; i n a r e a l sense, it i s t h e s p i r i t of s c i e n t i f i c inquiry t h a t w i l l be ' r e t r i e d ' by t h e Vatican Tribunal. " it s t i l l matters i n 1968 t h a t t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l s , t h e s c i e n t i s t s and t h e students be granted f u l l freedom of inquiry and "... �J u l y 3 (continued) p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n modern l i f e and government. That i s t h e meaning of Galileo, t h e i n d i v i d u a l and h e r e t i c , f o r today. I' (E, 6/3/68) . Aluminum Co. of America and Ocean Science and Engineering, I n c . , would i n v e s t more t h a n $5 m i l l i o n i n Alcoa Seaprobe p r o j e c t c a l l i n g f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of ship permitting search, science, and salvage work a t depths t o 6,000 f t and a b l e t o h o i s t t o surface loads weighing up t o 200 t o n s . Planned f o r launch by May 1970, v e s s e l would search t h e ocean f l o o r by lowering streamlined sensor, carrying side-looking sonar, a t end of long semirigid pipe. (W -9S t a r 7/3/68, ~ 2 ) . French government announced imminent s t a r t of new atomic t e s t s e r i e s i n t h e P a c i f i c amid i n d i c a t i o n s France would attempt her f i r s t explosion of hydrogen bomb i n l a t e summer o r e a r l y autumn. B u l l e t i n warned s h i p s t o avoid, u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e , danger zone around Mururoa A t o l l , about 750 m i southeast of T a h i t i . (E, 7/4/68, 1 ) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced appointment of D r . Robert V. Meghreblian, Manager of JPL Space Sciences Div., t o newly-established p o s t of Deputy A s s i s t a n t Laboratory D i r e c t o r f o r Technical Divisions. D r . Donald P. Burcham, Deputy Manager of Space Sciences Div., would succeed him. (JPL el ease) . French Armed Forces Ministry announced successful t e s t i n g of two new long-range b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e s during p r e p a r a t i o n f o r P a c i f i c nuclear t e s t s e r i e s expected t o include French hydrogen bomb. F i r s t m i s s i l e , sea-to-ground, two-stage, remote-controlled rocket, would be used on F r a n c e ' s f i r s t nuclear submarine, which would e n t e r s e r v i c e i n e a r l y 1970. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 7/5/68, 13; W Post, 7/5/68, ~ 2 7 ) - J u l y 4-8: NASA launched 417-lb Explorer XXXVIII, Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE-A), from WTR by t h r e e - s t a g e Thrust-Augmented Delta booster i n f i r s t of two missions t o measure frequency, i n t e n s i t y , and source d i r e c t i o n of r a d i o s i g n a l s from s o l a r , g a l a c t i c , and e x t r a g a l a c t i c sources. Spacecraft entered e l l i p t i c a l t r a n s f e r o r b i t , where it was s p i n - s t a b i l i z e d with 3,656.1-mi (5,884-km) apogee, 397.7-mi (640-km) perigee, 157-min period, and 59.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . Apogee motor was f i r e d J u l y 7, p l a c i n g Explorer X X X V I I I i n t o planned n e a r - c i r c u l a r o r b i t with 3,652.3-mi (5,881-km) apogee, 3,641.2-mi (5,860-km) perigee, 224.4-min period, and 59.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . On J u l y 8, yo-yo despin mechanism reduced s p i n r a t e from 93 rpm t o 2.8 rpm. As primary o b j e c t i v e spac.ecraft would measure i n t e n s i t y and d i r e c t i o n of r a d i o s i g n a l s from cosmic sources �~ u l y4-8 (continued) i n 0.5- t o 10-mhz range, not normally observable from e a r t h . Secondary o b j e c t i v e s were t o p l a c e spacecraft i n t o c i r c u l a r o r b i t of about 3,728-mi (6,000-km) a l t i t u d e and t o o b t a i n u s e f u l d a t a during f i r s t 30 days i n o r b i t , f o r d e t a i l e d study of dynamic s p e c t r a and decay r a t e s of sporadic r a d i o b u r s t s . Spacecraft was expected t o provide f i r s t low-frequency r a d i o map of Milky Way and a d d i t i o n a l d a t a on low-frequency s i g n a l s from J u p i t e r and sun. Explorer X X X V I I I was equipped with unique antenna system c o n s i s t i n g of two antennas made o f , f o u r -$-in-dia booms which could be deployed up t o 750 f t each, t o form X-shaped array. Configuration was t o be g r a v i t y gradient s t a b i l i z , e d [see J u l y 221. Spacecraft was a l s o equipped with damper boom, d i p o l e antenna, and TV cameras t o monitor spacecraft p e r formance and determine source of r a d i o s i g n a l s monitored w i t h upper a r r a y . Radio Astronomy Explorer p r o j e c t was managed by Goddard Space F l i g h t Center under d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Space Science and Applications. GSFC constructed, designed, and t e s t e d s p a c e c r a f t and provided s c i e n t i f i c instrumentation. (NASA Pro j O f f ; NASA Release 68-109K; Schmeck, NYT, 6/29/68, 8; AP, W S t a r , 7/5/68; AP, -N Y Y T 7/5/68, 26; W p o s t 7 / 8 / 6 8 , A6; 7/9/68, AT J u l y 5: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos CCXXX from c e n t r a l launch s i t e a t Kapustin Yar. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 544 km (338 m i ) i perigee, 283 km (175.8 mi); period, 92.8 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 48.4 (UPI, NYT, 7/6/68; SBD, 7/10/68, 26; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68) . - . AEC1s High Energy Fhysics Advisory Panel r e p o r t i n Science decried recent cutbacks i n funds f o r high-energy physics--"one of main f r o n t s of sciencew--and recommended budget i n c r e a s e t o a v e r t d e c l i n e i n U.S. d f f o r t and construction of g i a n t bubble chamber at Brookhaven Laboratory and electron-positron storage r i n g a t Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC). Work on 200-bev a c c e l e r a t o r a t Weston, Ill. , should continue "at highest p r i o r i t y , " r e p o r t s t r e s s e d , and provision should be made t o finance j o i n t r e s e a r c h with U. S. S.R. using present most powerful a c c e l e r a t o r i n world at Serpukhov, near Moscow. Lack of approval of bubble chamber and SLAC storage r i n g i n 1968 and 1969 budgets meant "for t h e f i r s t time i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h i s f i e l d , U. S. p h y s i c i s t s w i l l be unable t o make use of some of t h e most modern means of r e s e a r c h . " Further, t h e r e was " c l e a r and present danger" t h a t U. S. would l o s e i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h i s fundamental f i e l d , "an ominous s t e p " toward s i t u a t i o n of 1930s, "when most of t h e major d i s c o v e r i e s i n fundamental science were made i n Europe. " (science, 7/5/68, 11-19; Sullivan, NYT, 7/7/68, 1.7 - �J u l y 5: JF'L s c i e n t i s t D r . Robert Nathan, who had devised method using computers t o improve spacecraft photos of moon and Mars, planned t o l i n k computers with e l e c t r o n microscopes t o photograph a s i n g l e atom. Within s i x months much of connection work should be done, he s a i d , and "with luck, we could be t a k i n g p i c t u r e s of atoms i n a year o r so. " ( ~ i g h t o n , Glendale News-Press, 7/5/68, 1 ) . NASA awarded 16-mo, $178,844 cost-plus-fixed-fee c o n t r a c t t o Lockheed M i s s i l e s & Space Co. f o r computer sof'tware required t o operate NASA/ RECON remote-console information r e t r i e v a l system. Consoles would be i n s t a l l e d a t f i e l d c e n t e r s and NASA. Hq. and l i n k e d t o c e n t r a l computer a t NASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y i n College Park, Md. They would provide real-time access t o NASA's worldwide c o l l e c t i o n of s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l documents on aerospace. Users would need no s p e c i a l s k i l l . (NASARelease 68-118) . FCC r u l e d t h a t r a t e s charged t e l e v i s i o n networks f o r overseas s e r v i c e v i a s a t e l l i t e were not excessive and t h a t companies providing service-AT&T, RCA Communications, I n c . , ITT World Communications, I n c . , and Western Union International--were no longer r e q u i r e d t o place payments f o r s e r v i c e s i n d e f e r r e d c r e d i t fund. (AP,E,7/7/68, 1 0 ) . Danish government announced it had banned U. S. rocket f l i g h t s t o probe sunspot e f f e c t s a t high a l t i t u d e s over Greenland during 1968 because of popular apprehension which followed January c r a s h of nuclear-armed U W B-52 a i r c r a f t near Thule AFB. Disappointed s c i e n t i s t s noted 1968 was peak i n l l - y r sunspot cycle; 1969 would o f f e r hardly enough sunspots f o r study. ( C Trib, 7/6/68, 5) . Sonic booms from U W t e s t f l i g h t s were t h r e a t e n i n g p r e h i s t o r i c Indian c l i f f dwellings and n a t u r a l rock formations i n Arizona. Log kept a t Canyon de Chelly National Monument a t request of National Park Service had recorded 16 booms i n A p r i l 1967, 19 i n A p r i l 1968, and 20 i n May 1968. Booms dropped t o 9 i n June 1968. Natural Environment Panel, p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n Interagency A i r c r a f t Noise Abatement Program under DOT, planned t o p l a c e d a t a recorders a t f o u r n a t i o n a l parks, Yellowstone, Yosemite, Bryce, and Mesa Verde, t o e x t r a c t information on which t o base p l e a f o r "adjustment" from USAJ?. ( ~ l u m e n t h a l ,NYT 7/5/68, 1 1 ) -, . I n d i c a t i o n by West German Chancellor Kurt G. Kiesinger t h a t h i s government would seek U.S. guarantee a g a i n s t U.S.S.R. nuclear aggression before accepting n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y was confirmed by U.S. o f f i c i a l s . They s a i d West German request was based p a r t l y on f e a r NATO might �J u l y 5 (continued) expire before 25-yr t r e a t y , leaving Bonn exposed, and p a r t l y on West Germany's l a c k of confidence i n U.N. S e c u r i t y Council e f f i c a c y i n emergency. ( ~ h a b e c o f f ,NYT, 7/6/68, 1, 3) High q u a l i t y weather d a t a was moved from Suitland, Md., J u l y 5-12: by wire t o NIISAts Mojave, C a l i f . , r e l a y s t a t i o n from whence it was beamed, f o r f i r s t time, t o s t a t i o n s i n t h e Netherlands and West Germany v i a NASAt s ATS I11 Applications Technology S a t e l l i t e . Transmissions, including cloud maps, c h a r t s , and photo-mosaics, were received " i n good form," according t o Environmental Science Services Administration. WEFAX (weather Facsimile ~ x p e r i m e n)t proj e c t was p a r t of World Weather Watch program t o develop economical worldwide weather d a t a d i s t r i b u t i o n system. Further experiments scheduled f o r September included r e l a y v i a ATS I11 of weather d a t a t o more t h a n 150 Automatic P i c t u r e ~ransmis-) stations i n 30 countries. (ESSA Release ES 68-43, UPI, NYT, 7/19/68, 35; W S t a r , 7/24/68, ~ 1 4 ) July 6: Ninth Molniya I comsat, Molniya 1-9, was launched by U. S. S. R. t o "ensure t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e long-range system of. communication" and TV transmission t o f a r northern and f a r e a s t e r n U.S.S.R., accordi n g t o Tass. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 39,307 lun (24,422.3 mi) ; perigee, 882 km (548 mi); period, 11 h r 54 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 65O. Equipment, including instruments f o r transmission, command, and s a t e l l i t e operation, was functioning normally. (AP, E,7/9/68, SBD, 7/10/68, 26; GSFC SSR, 7/31/68) 6; - .. - . Japanese astronomer Minori Honda of Kurashiki Astronomical Observatory, Okayama, discovered new comet south of Capella i n Auriga c o n s t e l l a t i o n . Tokyo Astronomical Observatory s a i d J u l y 1 4 discovery had been confirmed by t h r e e American observatories. comet-was named ~ o n d aComet No. 6. (AP, C Trib, 7/15/68) . DOD r e l e a s e d A p r i l 24 testimony before Senate Committee on Armed S e r v i c e s ' Preparedness I n v e s t i g a t i n g Subcommittee. D r . John S. F o s t e r , Jr. D i r e c t o r of Defense Research and Engineering, had s a i d F-111A wings had broken o f f during Jan. 23 ground test--under l o a d g r e a t e r t h a n expected i n f l i g h t but l e s s t h a n s t i p u l a t e d 5%-overload s a f e t y margin--before i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o Vietnam combat, where a i r c r a f t had operated under protective restrictions. On previous day, J o i n t Chiefs of S t a f f Chairman Gen. E a r l G. Wheeler (USA), when asked i f he had become apprehensive about U. S. s u r v i v a l , �J u l y 6 (continued) capacity i f t r e n d s of some U.S. p o l i c i e s continued, had r e p l i e d affimatively: I submit. . t h e y do not n e c e s s a r i l y have t o continue because] t h e s e t r e n d s a r e not i r r e v e r s i b l e . " Gen. Wheeler and o t h e r J o i n t Chiefs had been anxious t o proceed with new ICBM development and deployment of F-12 f o r c e p l u s f u l l m i s s i l e i n t e r c e p t i o n system, none of which had been included i n FY 1969 DOD budget. General Dynamics President Frank W. Davis l a t e r termed t y p e of ground t e s t i n g which r e p o r t e d l y broke wings o f f USKF F-11U "normal." T e s t s , he i n d i c a t e d , were made t o determine s t r e s s l i m i t a t i o n s . "We 've had no f a i l u r e s . a t s t r e s s simulation t o be expected i n combat." T r a n s c r i p t ; Kelly, W S t a r , 7/7/68, A3; AP, W Post, 7/7/68, A22; 7 8/68, A.15; Corddry, B Sun, 7/7/68, 1 ) ...[ "... . .. - . Washington Evening S t a r e d i t o r i a l p r a i s e d USAF C-5 Galaxy j e t a i r c r a f t 'According t o Tom [T.R. ] and i t s "impressive l1 c i v i l i a n p o t e n t i a l : May, Lockheed's p r e s i d e n t , a l l t h e experimental evidence i n d i c a t e s t h e r e a r e v i r t u a l l y no engineering l i m i t a t i o n s t o b u i l d i n g s t r i k i n g l y l a r g e r C-5s t h a n t h o s e scheduled," but i t s c o m e r c i a l use would cause " I f t h e Galaxy i s t o become a passenger and baggage congestion. commercial plane, then, a t t h e most, only a t h i r d of i t s space should Although [ ~ a y be f o r passengers; t h e r e s t should be f o r cargo. i s ] confident t h a t bigger and bigger C-5s can be made, he doubts t h a t t h e world i s ready f o r them. We doubt it, t o o . " (W 7-S t a r 7/6/68) . .. Melbourne, F l a . , engineer Duane Brown had applied f o r p a t e n t J u l y 7: on Survey S a t e l l i t e (SURSAT) system of f o u r low-cost s a t e l l i t e s which would enable surveyors t o p l o t boundaries, r o u t e highways, make maps, and monitor e a r t h ' s c r u s t t o accuracies of a few inches. System included r e g i o n a l center f o r processing survey d a t a and p o r t a b l e r e c e i v i n g and recording u n i t s f o r f i e l d use and could be o p e r a t i o n a l by mid-1970s, Brown said. (WI, W -9S t a r 7/7/68, ~ 7 ) , . Successful t e s t - f i r i n g of Phoebus 2A, world's most powerful r e a c t o r , June 26 might have been c a t a l y s t needed t o b r i n g DOD i n t o p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h NASA and AEC i n development of nuclear energy f o r space propulsion, Frank Macomber wrote i n San Diego Union. Not only was USAF becoming i n t e r e s t e d i n m i l i t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r nuclear engine, so were s c i e n t i s t s and engineers representing aerospace industry. Phoebus f i r i n g would be followed i n f a l l by f i r s t t e s t of smaller NERVA XE-1 nuclear engine. Both were v i t a l phases of NASA-AEC Rover program. (SD Union, 7/7/68, 1 2 ) �J u l y 7: Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. announced plans f o r new Guppy, 4,000-lb, low-cost , undersea research vehicle t o be t e t h e r e d t o surface ship by e l e c t r i c cable and capable of carrying two men t o 2,000-ft depth f o r up t o 48 hr. Spherical g l a s s f i b e r and s t e e l vehicle would be economical enough f o r c a p i t a l investment r a t h e r than l e a s i n g arrangement. F i r s t vehicle would be completed i n March 1969. (E, 7/8/68, 66) . France began 1968 nuclear t e s t s e r i e s with detonation of conventional atomic warhead over Mururoa A t o l l i n t h e Pacific. Device was f i r e d t o t e s t complex measuring instruments i n s t a l l e d f o r t e s t s scheduled t o culminate i n explosion of France ' s f i r s t hydrogen bomb. (UPI, N f l , 7/7/68, 7; W Post, 7/8/68, A121 - J u l y 8: D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr. , Special Consultant t o NASA Admini s t r a t o r , had been elected t o board of t r u s t e e s of Aerospace Corp. ( ~ e r o s p a c eRelease ; SBD, 7/8/68, 10) . Approximately 36 Soviet A i r Force f l i g h t s involving more than 85 bombers had been i d e n t i f i e d o f f t h e northern coasts of North America during f i r s t h a l f of 1968, s i x times t h e scale of operations reported during l a s t h a l f of 1967,according t o Charles W. Corddry i n Baltimore Sun. I n a l l these expeditions, sources reported, Soviet a i r c r a f t had cruised over i n t e r n a t i o n a l waters giving no evidence of h o s t i l e i n t e n t . DOD reportedly considered f l i g h t s routine. ( B -3Sun 6/9/68, 1) . In joint communique, D r . Donald F. Hornig, Special Assistant t o t h e President f o r Science and Technology, and Alexandru Birlandeanu, member of Romanian Politburo touring U.S. s c i e n t i f i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , announced agreement whereby Romania would broaden s c i e n t i f i c and technological t i e s with U.S., including exchange of s c i e n t i s t s and possible collaboration i n atomic energy f i e l d . Romania had asked U.S. f o r t e c h n i c a l and f i n a n c i a l a i d toward construction of i t s f i r s t nuclear power plant by 1973. NYT, 7/9/68, 1) - rose, . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on June 21 emergency meeting of s c i e n t i s t s t o p r o t e s t cuts i n Federal support f o r basic research: "...deep slashes i n basic research funds a r e l i k e l y t o be extremely c o s t l y i n t h e years ahead. The fundamental lesson of t h e h i s t o r y of science i s t h a t basic research i s t h e indispensable seed bed f o r a l l f u t u r e technology, t h e ultimate source of t h e new wealth and o f t h e improved capacity t o save l i v e s t h a t f u t u r e technology could bring Those i n Congress and t h e Executive Branch who .... �J u l y 8 (continued) a r e now applying t h e axe t o Government spending would be wise t o proceed a s g e n t l y a s p o s s i b l e i n t h i s small a r e a t h a t i s so e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e n a t i o n ' s f u t u r e . " (E, 7/8/68, 36) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Manned Space F l i g h t D r . George E. Mueller addressed j o i n t meeting of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astron a u t i c s (AN) and Canadian Aeronautics and Space I n s t i t u t e (CASI) i n Montreal: Systems engineering concept applied t o management "was pioneered and developed i n aerospace programs and i s being i n c r e a s i n g l y applied a s a powerful t o o l i n t h e management of o t h e r major e n t e r p r i s e s . " I n NASA most extensive a p p l i c a t i o n was i n Apollo program. F a c t o r s unique t o manned space f l i g h t had contributed t o management approach, including "sheer s i z e of Apollo program, l a r g e r i n . . . l e a d time, money, organization and technological development t h a n any previous program." S p e c i a l f e a t u r e was high r e l i a b i l i t y and s a f e t y required. And space program had been executed under s c r u t i n y of p r e s s , public, Congress, and s c i e n t i f i c community. Weight and volume budgeting were c r i t i c a l . High c o s t of f l i g h t t e s t i n g space v e h i c l e s made maximum ground t e s t i n g necessary,_ a s w e l l a s a l l - u p (concurrent r a t h e r t h a n s e q u e n t i a l ) f l i g h t t e s t i n g . Vehicle was a s complete a s p r a c t i c a b l e f o r each f l i g h t , t o o b t a i n maximum i n f o r mation from minimum number of f l i g h t s and provide e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e system readiness. Open-ended mission concept was used t o accomplish a s many f l i g h t o b j e c t i v e s p e r v e h i c l e a s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h s a f e t y and mission success. Review of s t a t u s throughout mission determined l e n g t h of mission. Redundant, o r a l t e r n a t e , means of o p e r a t i o n reduced a b i l i t y of s i n g l e f a i l u r e t o endanger crew o r mission. Prime design consideration i n a l l manned space f l i g h t s was s a f e t y . (~ext; UPI, H Chron, 7/10/68) . NASA board i n v e s t i g a t i n g f a t a l accident a t North American Rockwell Corp. ' s , Downey, C a l i f . , p l a n t Oct. 5, 1967, had found t h a t l a b o r a t o r y employees had ignored important s a f e t y procedures. "Most probable cause" of explosion which had k i l l e d two workmen and i n j u r e d 11 was, " f r i c t i o n a l o r impact f o r c e c r e a t e d while barium-Freon TF s l u r r y was being t r a n s f e r r e d from a l a b o r a t o r y container t o a shipping c o n t a i n e r . " Although IWR had i s s u e d s a f e t y i n s t r u c t i o n r e q u i r i n g barium--used i n NASA. sounding rocket experiments--be handled only under dry argon atmosphere, it had been washed and sieved i n open a i r . Board recommended f u l l r e c o g n i t i o n of chemical hazards of combining metals and chemicals such a s Freon TF and upgrading of precautions, manuals, and procedures. NAR had a l t e r e d procedures, would process barium only under remote control. (NASA Release 68-122; AP, NYT, 7/9/68, 27) �J u l y 8: Inauguration of d i r e c t a i r s e r v i c e between New York and Moscow had been s e t f o r "on o r a f t e r J u l y 15" by l e t t e r s between U.S. Moscow Embassy and U.S.S.R. Foreign Ministry. Soviet a i r l i n e Aeroflot announced 11-62 j e t a i r c r a f t service would s t a r t from Moscow J u l y 15. U.S. c a r r i e r Pan American World Airways expected t o s t a r t Boeing 707 s e r v i c e from New York same date. B i l a t e r a l a i r agreement of Nov. 4, 1966, had s t i p u l a t e d once-weekly r e t u r n f l i g h t s over 4,700-mi route. May 6, 1968, agreement added intermediate stop a t Montreal, Copenhagen, Stockholm, o r London, with c a r r i e r s having option t o change i n t e r mediate p o i n t a t six-month i n t e r v a l s . Fares had been s e t a t $1,109 f i r s t c l a s s r e t u r n , $730 economy r e t u r n , with $429 economy one way during peak swnmer season. (CAB Docket 6489; S t a t e Dept Release 94; AP, NYT, 7/9/68, 65; Ward, B Sun, 7/9/68, 1; AP, W Post, 7/9/68, ~ 1 5 ) - J u l y 8-9: Two major s o l a r f l a r e s were detected within 25-hr i n t e r v a l by U. S. Space Disturbance Forecast Center s c i e n t i s t s i n Boulder, Colo. F i r s t had i n t e r f e r e d with short-wave transmissions worldwide, according t o ESSA Chief of Forecast Services, Robert Doeker; second had seemed weaker although no f i r m r e p o r t s on d i s r u p t i o n s had been received. S c i e n t i s t s were watching f o r e f f e c t of cloud of e l e c t r o n s spawned by f i r s t s o l a r flare, b i g e s t and b r i g h t e s t since 1966. (AP, LA Her-Exam, 7/10/68; AP, NYT, 7/10 68, 17) - 7 J u l y 9: B r i t i s h p h y s i c i s t Samuel Tolansky, appointed a s p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r Apollo program, had p r e d i c t e d discovery of i n d u s t r i a l diamonds among 40 l b of matter Apollo spacecraft would b r i n g back from moon. Theory was based on supposition t h a t l u n a r c r a t e r s had been caused by meteor impact o r volcanic eruptions producing shock waves. "You can c r e a t e diamonds by passing a shock wave through carbon," he s a i d . Pasadena Independent, "And t h e r e has t o be carbon on t h e moon. " (MA, 7/9/68> . Lockheed M i s s i l e s & Space Co. s c i e n t i s t s were studying use of small charcoal beds t o remove contaminants i n space capsules where p o l l u t i o n hazards had been found t o be "more s e r i o u s t h a n t h o s e f o r t h e man on t h e s t r e e t . " Studies had i s o l a t e d 150 contaminants, most of which could be extremely t o x i c . (WSJ, 7/9/68, 23) . President Johnson t r a n s m i t t e d "Treaty on t h e Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons " t o Senate f o r r a t i f i c a t i o n and u r g e n t l y recommended t h a t Senate h he t r e a t y , l' he "move s w i f t l y " t o enhance U. S. and world s e c u r i t y . s a i d , "does more t h a n j u s t p r o h i b i t t h e spread of nuclear weapons. It would a l s o promote t h e f u r t h e r development of nuclear energy f o r peaceful �J u l y 9 (continued) purposes under safeguards.'' Treaty had been passed by U.N. General Assembly June 1 2 and opened f o r s i g n a t u r e J u l y 1. (PD, 7/15/68, 1090-2) . With Senate Foreign Relations Committee scheduled t o open hearings on n u c l e a r n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y J u l y 10, none of t h e seven "threshhold nations, 'I nonnuclear a s y e t but capable o f producing atomic weapons, had signed, s a i d Washington P o s t ' s Chalmers M. Roberts. West Germany was hedging. There had been "vague t a l k " of a d d i t i o n a l U. S. guarantee although President Johnson, a t German r e q u e s t , had repeated U. S commitment t o honor it s o b l i g a t i o n s under e x i s t i n g NATO a l l i a n c e ; Japan was waiting outcome of i t s J u l y 7 e l e c t i o n s ; I n d i a had s a i d i n A p r i l it would not sign; I s r a e l was expected t o s i g n now t h a t i t s enemies, Egypt, Syria, and I r a q had signed; Sweden's signing would be delayed by summer holidays u n t i l August; and Switzerland would seek more inform'ation. It was b e l i e v e d she would p r e f e r t o see West Germany and I t a l y s i g n f i r s t ; Canadian s i g n a t u r e was expected s h o r t l y . Thus f a r 62 n a t i o n s had signed t r e a t y , including 3 of 5 nuclear powers, U.S., U.K., and U.S.S.R.; Communist China and France would not sign. I t a l y , Belgium, t h e Netherlands, and Luxembourg had i s s u e d statement saying t h e y would s i g n soon. Spain and South A f r i c a had y e t t o sign; P a k i s t a n had been key organizer of conference of nonnuclear n a t i o n s t o open i n Geneva Aug. 29 t o consider t r e a t y ' s implications. B r a z i l w a s opposed t o t r e a t y on grounds it would impede i t s peaceful use of nuclear explosives and Argentina would not s i g n without B r a z i l . Treaty would become e f f e c t i v e with s i g n a t u r e of t h r e e nuclear powers and r a t i f i c a t i o n by 40 o t h e r nations. ( ~ o b e r t s ,W Post, 7/9/68, 1 ) . . Fixed-wing SST design aerodynamically s i m i l a r t o one unsuccessfully submitted t o USAF by Boeing i n 1957 XB-70 competition but f e a t u r i n g more titanium, new f l i g h t c o n t r o l system, and more powerful turboj e t s was presented t o customer a i r l i n e s a t FAA SST program b r i e f i n g . Model was undergoing wind-tunnel t e s t s t o determine i t s a b i l i t y t o exceed mach 1 without p e r c e p t i b l e sonic boom. (~off'man,W Post, 7/9/68, 1 ) �NASA issued Apollo S t a t u s Summary: Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e July 10: was undergoing propulsion subsystem checks a t Launch Complex 34. Apollo 7 spacecraft was being prepared f o r unmanned a l t i t u d e chamber t e s t s a t 210,000 f t f o r 1 5 h r . I f successful, manned t e s t s might be scheduled t o begin J u l y 15 with Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., Donn F. E i s e l e , and R. Walter Cunningham i n command module. I n ~~ollo/~atu 503 r n program, combined systems t e s t s would continue through mid-July on Lunar Module 3. On J u l y 8 and 9, nine a s t r o n a u t s had taken p a r t i n l i f e support t r a i n i n g f o r a i r c r a f t p i l o t s a t P e r r i n AFB, Tex. They were second astronaut group t o a t t e n d t h e USAF course. Vibration t e s t i n g of e n t i r e Apollo spacecraft s t a c k assembled i n launch configuration was continuing a t MSC. Doctors and engineers from MSC would p a r t i c i p a t e i n Third Annual Meeting of Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation a t Houston, J u l y 16-17. I n Apollo spacecraft loading t e s t s , drogue parachutes would be t e s t e d within s e v e r a l days a t Naval A i r F a c i l i t y , Calif., with 13,000-lb t e s t v e h i c l e dropped from a i r c r a f t a t 46,000-ft a l t i t u d e , subjecting parachutes t o "ultimate loads" i n r e e f e d condition before t h e y opened f u l l y . Drop, a r e p e a t of previous t e s t which f a i l e d , was t o complete v e r i f i c a t i o n t e s t s e r i e s which had begun i n 1967. Last of seven b o i l e r p l a t e v e r i f i c a t i o n t e s t s of modified e a r t h landing system had been successf u l l y completed J u l y 3. Only one of two drogue parachutes and two of t h r e e main parachutes had been deployed t o simulate a "worst case" of h i g h - a l t i t u d e abort condition. ( ~ e x t ) . Cosmos CCXXXI was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome by U.S. S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 391-km (243-mi) apogee, 206-km (128-mi) perigee, 89.6min period, and 64.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment functioned normally and s p a c e c r a f t reentered J u l y 18. ( ~ 1 W, mr, 7/11/68, A5; UPI, NYT, 7/12/68, 7; E,7/12/68, 41; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68, 7/31/68) - - . Soviet S t a l i n P r i z e p h y s i c i s t Prof. Andrey D. Sakharov, c o n t r i b u t o r t o development of U.S.S.R. hydrogen bomb, had i s s u e d p l e a f o r f u l l cooperation, and worldwide i n t e l l e c t u a l freedom, U.S.-U.S.S.R. r e j e c t i o n of "demagogic myths, " i n unpublished essay e n t i t l e d �Jul 10 (continued) *ughts About Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and I n t e l l e c t u a l Freedom," which was circulating i n Moscow. Expressing f e a r t h a t world was on t h e brink of d i s a s t e r , he urged worldwide implementat i o n of s c i e n t i f i c method and freedom of thought i n p o l i t i c s , economic planning and management, education, a r t s , and m i l i t a r y a f f a i r s and denounced Soviet censorship. "The salvation of mankind requires i n t e l l e c t u a l freedom--freedom t o obtain and d i s t r i b u t e information, freedom f o r unprejudiced and unfearing debate, and freedom from intimidation by officialdom. Such freedom of thought i s t h e only guarantee against an i n f e c t i o n of mankind by mass myths which...can be transformed i n t o bloody d i c t a t o r s h i p . I n t e l l e c t u a l freedom i s t h e only guarantee of a scientific-democratic approach t o p o l i t i c s , economic development and culture. I' ( ~ n d esron, -3NYT 7/W68, 1 ) . DOD formally ordered work stoppage on F-111B (USN version) development work being conducted by General Dynamics Corp. Action followed Congressional cuts of $460 million i n program. ( ~ e n e r a Dynamics l PIO; SBD, 7/11/68, 30) . Chrysler Corp. engineers and technicians s t a t i c - f i r e d Saturn I B booster i n 35-sec run a t East Test Area, MSFC. Booster was scheduled f o r l t a r , 7/17/68, 1) rull-duration, 2$--min run J u l y 25. ( ~ a r s h a l S . Sen. , Eugene J. McCarthy (D-Minn. ) candidate f o r Democratic nomination f o r President, i n p o s i t i o n paper urged t h a t U. S. delay deployment of Sentinel ABM system and Poseidon and Minuteman I11 m i s s i l e s t o f a c i l i t a t e agreement with U.S.S.R. on defensive and offensive armament l i m i t a t i o n . Delay would not jeopardize U.S. security, he said, since n e i t h e r Chinese nuclear t h r e a t nor Soviet ABM development i s "moving ahead perceptibly.t' Paper was prepared by Harvard Univ. chemistry professor D r . George B. Kistiakowsky and MIT Provost D r . Jerome B. Wiesner. ex%; Kenworthy, NYT, 7/11/68, 25 ; 7/11/68, ~8439-42) - g, J u l y 10-12: Hearings were held by Senate Foreign Relations Committee and Senate members of J o i n t Committee on Atomic Energy on U.S. r a t i f i c a t i o n of nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y . Secretary of S t a t e Dean Rusk affirmed t r e a t y would bind U.S. t o no more atomic defense action than already s e t f o r t h i n e x i s t i n g t r e a t i e s and by membership i n U.N. Security Council. Gen. E a r l G. Wheeler, Chairman, J o i n t Chiefs of S t a f f , and Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul H. Nitze i n j o i n t testimony s a i d U. S. would give up nothing under terms of t r e a t y but would benefit from major �J u l y 10-12 (continued) s t e p t o reduce t e n s i o n s . They assured Committee t h a t U.S. planned no s p e c i a l agreement with West Germany t o guarantee i t s p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t AP, NYT, 7/11/68, 16; Roberts W Post, 7/11/68, nuclear invasion. 68, T ~ h e r m a n ,W S t a r , 7/12/6A l l ; UPI, NYT, - - J u l y 11: USAF s u c c e s s f u l l y launched OV 1-17 and OV 1-16 r e s e a r c h s a t e l l i t e s pickaback from Vandenberg AFB by Atlas-F booster. OV 1-15 e n t e r e d o r b i t w i t h 1307b.4-mi (1,729-km) apogee, 93.8-mi (151-km) perigee, 103.8-min period, and 89.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . OV 1-16 nicknamed "Cannonball, " was 600-lb, 23-in-dia Low A l t i t u d e Density S a t e l l i t e (LOADS)launched t o measure atmospheric d e n s i t y between 90- and 110-mi a l t i t u d e s f o r 25-30 days. Densest s a t e l l i t e U.S. had o r b i t e d , OV 1-16 had 162-lb-per-cu-ft d e n s i t y , which enabled it t o o r b i t c l o s e r t o e a r t h t h a n any previous spacecraft. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 315.6 m i (508 km) ; perigee, 88.2 m i (142 km) ; period, 91 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 89.7O. OV 1-16 reentered Aug. 22. (~'~oolW e ,Post, 7/12/68, A 2 l ; SBD, 7/15168,44; GSFC SSR, 7/15/68, 8/31/68) . DOD d i r e c t i v e t h a t General Dynamics Corp. h a l t development of USN F-111B a i r c r a f t because of weight problem would not a f f e c t USAF1s F-11I.A program o r Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. development of Phoenix a i r - t o a i r m i s s i l e , which presumably would be i n s t a l l e d i n replacement a i r c r a f t , Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l reported. Of l 7 F-111B prototypes planned, 8 had been produced and 6 d e l i v e r e d (one of which had crashed). General Dynamics was u n c e r t a i n how many of remaining nine would be completed. USN had o r i g i n a l l y requested 30 a i r c r a f t . (FTSJ, 7/11/68, 29) . S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M. C l i f f o r d announced USN would proceed with c o n s t r u c t i o n of one of two advanced nuclear submarines advocated by V/A Hyman G. Rickover t o combat Soviet submarine t h r e a t . Authorizat i o n was f o r "super high-speed" version; "quiet" electric-powered c r a f t was s t i l l under consideration though i t s development had been stopped i n May. Congressional committees had supported.Adm. Rickover and urged development of both types. ale, NYT, 7/12/68, 1; Kelly, W S t a r , 7/12/68, ~ 5 ) J u l y 12: Last USN f l y i n g boat, SP-5B Martin Marlin, was formally r e t i r e d from a c t i v e s e r v i c e and turned over t o Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n a t ceremony a t U. S. Naval A i r S t a t i o n , Patuxent Md. A i r c r a f t would be placed i n proposed National Armed Forces Museum. (CR, - 7/18/68, ~ 6 6 7 1 ) , �J u l y 12: D r . Stephen B. Sweeney, governmental, administrat i o n professor a t Univ. of Pennsylvania's Wharton School and Executive Director Emeritus of Univ.'s F e l s I n s t i t u t e of Local and S t a t e Government, and D r . Harold Asher, manager of General E l e c t r i c Co.'s TEMPO s e c t i o n and former Deputy A s s i s t a n t Secretary of Defense, had been sworn i n a s c o n s u l t a n t s t o NASA Administrator James E. Webb. D r . Sweeny would s p e c i a l i z e i n u n i v e r s i t y a f f a i r s , public administration, and applicat i o n of science and technology t o urban problems. D r . Asher would review and znalyze NASA' s systems f o r resource management. (NASA Release 68-124; AP, - 7/15/68, Alg) J u l y 13: USAF C-5 Galaxy j e t a i r c r a f t , flown by Lockheed-Georgia Co. t e s t p i l o t Walter E. Hensleigh, completed successful 2-hr 44-min second f l i g h t with t a k e o f f weight of 520,000-lb--believed t o , be 1 0 t o n s heavier t h a t any previous a i r c r a f t t a k e o f f weight. During ascent t o 1,000 ft, crew cut each of f o u r GE TF39 engines i n d i v i d u a l l y and r e s t a r t e d them i n a i r . Auxiliary u n i t s a l s o underwent c u t - r e s t a r t checks. (AP, W -3S t a r 7/14/68, 1 4 ) . FB-11lA, bomber v e r s i o n of F-111, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed 30-min maiden f l i g h t from Carswell AYB, Tex., reaching 20,000-ft a l t i t u d e and up t o 660 mph, DOD announced. Equipped with advanced avionics, including onboard computers enabling p i l o t s t o a l t e r missions i n f l i g h t automatically, FB-lllA's design incorporated b a s i c f u s e l a g e of USAT F-11lA t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r r e c e n t l y grounded a f t e r t h r e e crashes i n Southesst Asia. (DODRelease 652-68; AP, W S t a r , 7/14/68, A2; AP, W Post, 7/14/68, ~ 5 ) . Team of NASA and Max Planck I n s t i t u t e s c i e n t i s t s completed 28-day t o u r of Argentina, Chile, Netherlands A n t i l l e s , Peru, and Venezuela, where t h e y had explored p o t e n t i a l s i t e s f o r o p t i c a l observation of higha l t i t u d e ionized cloud experiment proposed a s cooperative p r o j e c t of German Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research and NASA. Release of barium vapor a t 12,000- t o 20,000-ft a l t i t u d e s by Scout rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n was being considered. Barium cloud would be v i s i b l e from l a r g e a r e a of Western Hemisphere. (NASA Release 68-121) J u l y 14: U.S. and U.S. S.R. had exchanged p r i v a t e messages which r a i s e d hope i n i t i a l t a l k s on l i m i t i n g nuclear m i s s i l e s would begin i n few weeks, according t o Geneva sources quoted by Washington P o s t ' s Murrey Marder. Possible o b s t a c l e was Warsaw meeting of .U. S. S. R. and Eastern European o f f i c i a l s over ~ z e c h o s l o v a k i a nadvance towaid l i b e r a l i z a t i o n . U.S.-U.S.S.R. accord on nuclear m i s s i l e production �J u l y 1 4 (continued) presumably would i n t e r a c t on Soviet s t r e n g t h i n Eastern Europe weakening it a s East-West t e n s i o n subsided. Soviet Foreign Minister Andrey A. Gromyko and Premier Alexey N. Kosygin, i n r e c e n t speeches, had implied t h a t secure Soviet v e r s i o n of s t a t u s quo i n Eastern Europe was a c r i t i c a l p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r f u r t h e r reduction of i n t e r n s t i o n a l tension. (W Post, 7/15/68, Al) . George Alexander reviewed i n Washington Post E r i k Bergaust's Murder on Pad 34, s t o r y of Jan. q ,1967, Apollo f i r e . Book was "charact e r i z e d by sloppy e r r o r s of omission and c o m i s s i o n , innuendo and p o i n t l e s s n e s s , " Alexander said. "It was good fortune, nothing e l s e , t h a t t h e various mechanical flaws and human f a u l t s t h a t occurred i n the Mercury and Gemini programs d i d not coincide...as t h e y d i d i n s i d e Apollo-one. Foresight t r i e s t o prevent such coincidence, b u t . . . not a l l p o s s i b l e coincidence can be foreseen. ... Accidents...will happen. And t h e searching i n v e s t i g a t i o n conducted by t h e National Aeronautics and Space Administration i n t o Apollo-one could f i n d no ~ook evidence t h a t t h e f a t a l f i r e was anything but an accident ." (World, W Post, 7/14/68, 4-5) ... President Johnson formally asked Senate t o r a t i f y space rescue J u l y 15: t r e a t y endorsed by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1967, and signed by 43 n a t i o n s A p r i l 22, terming it "another s t e p toward s t a b l e peace on t h i s t h r e a t e n e d e a r t h . " Astronaut a s s i s t a n c e and r e t u r n agreement looked "beyond t h e o l d d i v i s i o n s of h i s t o r y and ideology t o recognize t h e challenge of comon p e r i l and t h e b e n e f i t s of comon a c t i o n . . . . Our laws and t r e a t i e s must always keep pace with our science. But t h e value of t h i s Agreement goes beyond t h e p r o t e c t i o n it o f f e r s t o t h o s e who venture i n t o space. " It a l s o "helps p r o t e c t t h e peace of t h i s planet.. Surely two nations who a s p i r e t o t h e s t a r s can r e a l i z e t h e comon danger and a c t i n t h e common i n t e r e s t h e r e on e a r t h . " ( ~ e x t ;W post; 7/16/68, A9; Ap, W S t a r , 7/16/68, A8; Nordlinger, B ~ & 7 / 1 6 / 6 8 , 1) .. - . Harvard College Observatory s c i e n t i s t s D r . George R. Huguenin and D r . J. H. Taylor became f i r s t U.S. s c i e n t i s t s t o i d e n t i f y a new p u l s a r when t h e y discovered HP 1506 i n northern sky near L i t t l e Dipper. P u l s a r , s i m i l a r t o f o u r p u l s a r s discovered i n 1967 by U.K. s c i e n t i s t s , had p u l s e r a t e of onewery 0.7397 sec, e a c h - l a s t i n g 0.020 sec. Pulse r a t e of o t h e r f o u r p u l s a r s ranged from 0.25 t o 1 . 4 sec, with each pulse l a s t i n g 0.020 sec. Harvard s c i e n t i s t s used National Radio Astronomy Observatory antenna a t Green Bank, W. Va. ( ~ u l l i v a n , m, 7/19/68, 20) - �J u l y 15: NASA Administrator James E. Webb discussing implications of F Y 1969 budget reductions a t American Astronautical Society Symposium i n Denver, Colo., s a i d he did not f i n d public support f o r space program declining. Rather, "many people who i n t h e years following 1961 ascribed t o t h e space program a separate, s p e c i a l , t o p p r i o r i t y s t a t u s a r e now r e a l i z i n g , a s t h e n a t i o n a l leadership i n t h e space program has understood a l l along, t h a t t h e space program must be regarded a s only one of a number of e s s e n t i a l a c t i v i t i e s of high p r i o r i t y t o which t h e country must devote s u b s t a n t i a l resources.... The investments made i n NASA may w e l l add g r e a t l y t o t h e value of investments we w i l l have t o make i n t h e s e other fields " NASA was "very much i n business, and it w i l l s t a y i n business. We a r e accepting t h e challenge of t h e time and w i l l continue a h a r d - h i t t i n g , t e c h n i c a l l y sound program aimed a t t h e most important objectives of t h e f u t u r e . " But he described cutbacks a s w e l l a s elements of strength. "We a r e doing a l l we can t o avoid terminating completely such important a c t i v i t i e s a s t h e unmanned planetary exploratory program, but it i s not l i k e l y t h a t we w i l l be able t o proceed with t h e ~ i t a n l ~ a 1973 r s missions. " Saturn I Workshop would be delayed and, "for a number of y e a r s t o come, missions t o use t h e manned space f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t i e s developed i n t h e Apollo program w i l l be very l i m i t e d . " Reductions t o a budget already "sharply reduced w i l l have many very serious e f f e c t s on t h e U.S. p o s i t i o n i n aeronautics and space. They a r e only t h e most recent i n a s e r i e s of cutbacks and, i n e f f e c t , c o n s t i t u t e something l i k e f i n a l r a t i f i c a t i o n of a decision.. . t h a t t h e United S t a t e s w i l l not, a t t h i s time, t a k e t h e s t e p s necessary t o continue t h e advances of t h e recent years." Outlining NASA's program, Webb s a i d two flyby missions t o Mars i n 1969 were l a r g e l y paid f o r . "Even a t our reduced l e v e l s , I believe we can follow t h e 1969 missions with two o r b i t e r missions i n 1971, but w i l l probably have t o postpone f o r another year t h e s t a r t of work on t h e two Titan-launched o r b i t e r and lander missions which we had hoped t o f l y i n 1973." The 1969 missions "were i n i t i a t e d t h r e e o r more years ago. We a r e approaching t h e end of our approved f l i g h t programs. The number of new p r o j e c t s s t a r t e d each year has sharply dwindled since 1966 and we w i l l soon see years go by when we w i l l have very few f l i g h t s . We may see a gap of 2 years i n our manned f l i g h t program a f t e r t h e landing on t h e moon, and a second gap, equally long, a f t e r t h e Saturn I Workshop. "Perhaps t h e most fundamental decisions ahead l i e i n t h e f i e l d of l a r g e launch vehicles. Can we gap t h e production of Saturn V o r w i l l we have t o terminate i t ? " Question required reexamination of uses of T i t a n I11 and of possible development of new, l e s s c o s t l y launch vehicles. "Especially important" i n t h i s period was continuation of broad program of advanced research f o r f u t u r e n a t i o n a l needs, including broad u n i v e r s i t y program. ( ~ e x) t . �July 15 (continued) Sen. Gordon A l l o t t ( R - ~ o l o). a t U S meeting s a i d space program had created new yardstick of economics because of t h e expenditure of v a s t sums f o r new knowledge and experimentation. He s a i d t h e country should be c a r e f u l not t o confuse t h e economics of t h e market place with those of space. (CRY - 7/18/68, S8901; NASA LAR ~11/84a; Denver Post, 7/15/68 ) - - Martin Marietta Corp. planetary s c i e n t i s t Allan R. Barger, who was doing t h e o r e t i c a l work on balloon-b~rneVenus probe, t o l d AAS meeting U.S.S.R. data released a f t e r Oct. 18, 1967, Venus probe was i n c o r r e c t . Soviet report had s e t p l a n e t ' s surface temperature a t about 52OoF and surface pressure a t about 18 times t h a t on earth. Barger s a i d h i s conclusions, based on analysis of Soviet report and on data gathered by NASA' s Mariner V space probe a s it flew by Venus ' upper atmosphere, s e t planet ' s surf ace temperature a t about 8900F a n b p r e s s u r e - a t 100 o r more times t h a t on earth. ( ~ e n v e rPost, 7/15/68) . USAF's Arnold Engineering Development Center was with conducting research 5 million-w a r c heater t o determine temperature and pressure l i m i t a t ions of a b l a t i v e materials used t o prevent m i l i t a r y r e e n t r y vehicles from burning up on encountering e a r t h ' s atmosphere. M i l i t a r y r e e n t r y vehicles had t o withst and conditions similar t o high-speed r e e n t r y of i n t e r p l a n e t a r y vehicles on r e t u r n t o e a r t h , f a r more severe than those t o be met by lunar astronauts. Data had been produced f o r c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y agencies (AFSC Release 117.68) . . Food, land, and raw m a t e r i a l shortages might compel man t o e s t a b l i s h mining operations on other planets and t o grow food i n space s t a t i o n s , according t o D r . K. A. Ehricke, North American Rockwell Corp. s c i e n t i s t . He s a i d farms growing food i n chemicals could be establ i s h e d i n earth-orbiting s t a t i o n s f e r t i l i z e d by chemicals produced on Mars and other planets. (AP,G,7/15/68, 6 ) . France exploded nuclear device a t Mururoa A t o l l i n t h e P a c i f i c . Test was second i n 1968 s e r i e s believed designed t o perfect t r i g g e r f o r hydrogen bomb France planned t o explode i n 1968. F i r s t t e s t i n s e r i e s (~uly 7) had been protested by many countries concerned over increasing contamination of atmosphere. ( ~ e u t e r s ,NYT, 7/16/68, 7; UPI, W S t a r , 7/16/68) . Boyd C. Myers,II, NASA Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Operations, Office of Advanced Research and Technology, became NASA Deputy Assistant Administrator f o r Administration. (NASA Release 68-125;' JQ, NyT, 7/16/68, 7 ) �J u l y 15-16: Commercial a i r service between U. S. and U. S. S. R. was i n augurated with Moscow departure J u l y 15 of Ilyushin-62 a i r c r a f t belonging t o Soviet f l a g c a r r i e r Aeroflot. A i r c r a f t , carrying 97 Soviet o f f i c i a l s and commercial passengercjlanded a t Kennedy I n t e r nationa1Airpor-k i n New York J u l y 16, a f t e r 13-hr 17-min f l i g h t v i a Montreal (including 1 h r 35 min c i r c l i n g New York a r e a because of a i r t r a f f i c ) U. S. f l a g c a r r i e r , Pan American World Airways, f l e w two Boeing 707 a i r c r a f t from New York t o Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport v i a Copenhagen J u l y 16. F i r s t c a r r i e d U.S. o f f i c i a l s and p r e s s ; second c a r r i e d revenue passengers. (W-5S t a r 7/15/68, A l l ; 7 7/16/68, A7; Witkin,. NYP, 7/16/68, 1; Anderson, E,7/17/68, 28) . July16: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos CCXXXII i n t o o r b i t with 355-km (220.6-mi) apogee, 200-km (124.3-mi) perigee, 89.4-min period, and 65.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . Spacecraft reentered J u l y 24. (UPI, E,. 7/17/68, 30; GSFC SSR, 7/31/68) . Maj. William J. Knight (usAF) p i l o t e d X-15 No. 1 t o 218,500-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,409 mph (mach 4.74) i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Objective of f l i g h t , exposure and s a t i s f a c t o r y r e t r a c t i o n of WTR experiment, was , n o t accomplished because abnormally low hydraulic pressure and severe v i b r a t i o n s prevented a i r c r a f t ' s reaching r e q u i r e d a l t i t u d e . (x-15 Proj o f f ) . NASA Associate Administrator f o r Advanced Research and Technology James M. Beggs dedicated new $3.5-million F l i g h t Control Research F a c i l i t y a t Langley Research Center. F a c i l i t y , connected t o LaRCfs d a t a a n a l y s i s and computation center, would be used f o r guidance and c o n t r o l research i n support of manned f l i g h t . During ceremony, Center's D i g i t a l Computer Complex Group received LaRC Group Achievement Award f o r "outstanding performance and dedicated e f f o r t s i n combining unique concepts i n computer organization and operati n g systems" c o n t r i b u t i n g t o "one of t h e most outstanding r e s e a r c h l e ~ computer i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n t h e United S t a t e s . " ( ~ a n ~Researcher, 7/26/68, 1, 4) . MSC o f f i c i a l s announced resignation of Astronaut John S. Bull (L/c&. , USN), t h i r d astronaut t o leave space program because of medical problem. D r . Charles A. Berry, MSC Chief of Medical Programs, t o l d news conference Astronaut B u l l had r a r e r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e f o r which t h e r e was no known cure and no medical name. It was charact e r i z e d by chronic sinus d i f f i c u l t e s , lung o b s t r u c t i o n , and s e n s i t i v i t y t o a s p i r i n (UPI, W Post, 7/17/68, A l l ) �Global warning system o p e r a t i o n a l since January was providing J u l y 16: a i r l i n e p i l o t s with a s much a s two months n o t i c e of r e e n t r y of spacec r a f t d e b r i s , which had been averaging one r e e n t r y a day. Chances of damage by fragment t o a i r c r a f t , while small, would increase with-operat i o n of SSTs a t 70,000- and 80,000-ft a l t i t u d e s . System, outgrowth of Volunteer F l i g h t Officer Network formed i n 1963, included more t h a n 38,000 f l i g h t crews a t t a c h e d t o 117 a i r l i n e s , which received r e e n t r y d a t a from NORAD computers v i a United A i r Lines comunications f a c i l i t i e s a t Denver, Colo. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 7/17/68, 27) . President Johnson informed Geneva disarmament conference t h a t agreement was expected "shortly" on time and place of U.S.-U.S.S.R. talks t o l i m i t nuclear m i s s i l e production. I n message read t o opening of new session of conference, President s a i d i f progress could be made on l i m i t i n g s t r a t e g i c d e l i v e r y systems, U.S. "would be prepared t o cons i d e r reduction of e x i s t i n g systems. " ( ~ e x t ;W Post, 7/17/68, A15; NyT, 7/17/68, 1 ) - J u l y 17: I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Nov. 15, 1967 X-15 accident by NASA board i n d i c a t e d t h a t p i l o t , Maj. Michael J. Adams (usAF) who d i e d i n crash, had s u f f e r e d d i s o r i e n t a t i o n and operated c o n t r o l s improperly. Mistaki n g r o l l i n d i c a t o r f o r heading i n d i c a t o r , he had increased heading e r r o r , causing a i r c r a f t t o s p i n uncontrollably at-mach 5 and 230,000-ft a l t i t u d e and t h e n t o go i n t o severe p i t c h o s c i l l a t i o n and d i s i n t e g r a t e Board requested t h a t Government r e p o r t a t a l t i t u d e above 60,000 ft on MH-96 c o n t r o l system experience and recornended use of telemetry f o r d i r e c t i o n a l readings by NASA X-15 ground c o n t r o l center, c a r e f u l checkout of experiments and equipment f o r next X-15 f l i g h t , i n c l u s i o n i n p i l o t p h y s i c a l examination of s p e c i a l t e s t s f o r tendency toward v e r t i g o , and development of a d d i t i o n a l methods t o maintain proper heading under b a l l i s t i c f l i g h t conditions. (FRC Release 20-68; NASA Release 68-126) . . James C. Elms, Director of NASA E l e c t r o n i c s Research Centel; discussed ce he NASA Biomedical Program i n Perspective" before Third Annual Meeting of Assn. f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation i n Houston. "Despite t h e r a p i d advance of biomedical techniques s i n c e World War 11, t h e main t h r u s t of t h e a c t i v i t i e s was d i r e c t e d toward studying s i c k i n d i v i d u a l s i n a normal environment. The manned space program has provided t h e opportunity f o r i n t e n s i v e c o n t r o l l e d study of a s e l e c t group of normal and healthy i n d i v i d u a l s i n an abnormal and s t r e s s f u l environment. By so doing, we have achieved a b e t t e r d e f i n i t i o n of t h e range of normality of t h e h e a l t h y organism which, i n t u r n , i s u s e f u l i n t h e study and understanding of disease." �J u l y 17 (continued) I n t e r a c t i o n of space and medicine had l e d t o many medical applicat i o n s of aerospace hardware. Application of e l e c t r o n probe microanalyzer--used f o r chemical analyses of microelectronic c i r c u i t s - - t o study of r e d blood c e l l s had l e d t o unexpected clues i n study of blood cancer. System t o monitor h e a r t r a t e , r e s p i r a t i o n , and galvanic s k i n response was being considered f o r use i n measuring e f f i c i e n c y of d e n t a l anest h e t i c s on c h i l d r e n and i n t r a i n i n g t e a c h e r s f o r r e t a r d e d c h i l d r e n . Accomplishments of b i o e l e c t r o n i c s research i n i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y e l e c t r o n i c s environment included remote measuring technique f o r eyep o i n t i n g d i r e c t i o n , meaningful measurement of a e r o s o l concentration and s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n , and automatic t r a c k i n g system t o i d e n t i f y t h r e s h o l d s of ment a 1 a l e r t n e s s . ( ~ e x) t . Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a p h y s i c i s t D r . Edward T e l l e r , a t hearing on nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, urged Congress t o preserve option of giving nonnuclear a l l i e s c o n t r o l over "purely defensive" nuclear weapons systems. He was r e f e r r i n g , he s a i d , t o system t h a t could be exploded only over a n a t i o n ' s t e r r i t o r y , one involving "time-lock" of monthly i n s p e c t i o n by donor n a t i o n , and one which would be proof a g a i n s t tampering o r a n a l y s i s designed t o develop it i n t o offensive system. I n afternoon Arthur Larson, head of Educational Committee To Halt Atomic Weapons Spread, t e s t i f i e d he agreed with Sen. John 0. Pastore (D-R.1) t h a t proper time t o p r e s s f o r r e v i s i o n was when t h e o r e t i c a l system became r e a l i t y . ( ~ a f f r e ,W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 4 ; Sherman, W S t a r , 7/18/68, ~ 1 2 ) . U. K. , West Germany, I t a l y , and t h e Netherlands signed agreement t o cooperate i n $4.8-million p r o j e c t t o develop and produce advanced combat a i r c r a f t f o r t h e i r a i r forces. A i r c r a f t , scheduled t o e n t e r s e r v i c e i n 1975, would replace U.S. Lockheed F-104 S t a r f i g h t e r c u r r e n t l y being used. Orders f o r new a i r c r a f t were expected t o reach 1,000. (Reuters, B Sun, 7/18/68, 2) - July18: Cosmos C C X X X I I I was launched from P l e s e t s k Cosmodrome by U. S. S. R. i n t o o r b i t with 1,505-km (935.2-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 101.9-min period, and 81. go i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. (SBD, - 7/22/68, 32; GSFC SSRy 7/31/68) - . Senate passed unanimously H.R. 17023, FY 1969 Independent Offices and HUD appropriations b i l l , including $4.008 b i l l i o n f o r NASA. T o t a l f o r NASA agreed with House-passed t o t a l , but Senate adopted �J u l y 18 (continued) committee amendments increasing funds f o r construction of f a c i l i t i e s by $12.95 million and decreasing R&D funds by same amount. As passed by Senate, b i l l provided $3.37 b i l l i o n f o r R&D $34.75 m i l l i o n f o r construction of f a c i l i t i e s , and $603.17 million f o r administrative operations. Senate requested conference with House on amendments (NASA. LAR ~ 1 1 1 7 6 ;-CR 3 S8910-38; SEE), 7/19/68, 71) , - . - . House Appropriations Committee cut $550.5 million from DOD FY 1969 appropriations, including $85 million from USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. C (J, 7/18/68; 7/19/68, 71) m, . Defense Communications Agency had declared operational eight s a t e l l i t e s added t o Defense S a t e l l i t e Communications System (DSCS)by successful June 1 3 launch from ETR, f i n a l launch of I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e (IDsCP) Project. Total of 24 s a t e l l i t e s were i n normal use, o r b i t i n g eastward i n 21,000-mi-altitude synchronous o r b i t . They would remain i n use u n t i l 1971. (DOD Release 668-68) . NASA. had completed t e s t s t o f i n d solution t o "longitudinal o s c i l l a t i o n s " of Saturn V booster which had occurred during April 4 Apollo 6 mission. Tests revealed t h a t n a t u r a l frequency of vehicle s t r u c t u r e and propulsion system frequency had coincided, multiplying amplitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s . Problem would be corrected by using accumulators, small gas reservoirs, i n 1 s t - s t a g e liquid-oxygen prevalves t o change propulsion system frequency. Minor modifications necessary t o allow helium i n j e c t i o n i n t o prevalves were being made on 1 s t stages of t h i r d and s i x t h Saturn Vs. (wASA Release 68-128; MSFC Release 68-158) . Ryan Vertifan, j e t V/STOL a i r c r a f t designated XV-5B by NASA, was undergoing f l i g h t t e s t s before delivery t o Ames Research Center f o r use i n aeronautical research programs. A i r c r a f t ' s counterr o t a t i n g fans submerged i n wings and driven by j e t exhaust, provided l i f t f o r v e r t i c a l takeoff, hovering, and v e r t i c a l landing. XV-5B was improved version of Ryan Aeronautical Co. research a i r c r a f t b u i l t f o r USA; modifications and renovations, a f t e r damage from October 1966 emergency landing a t Edwards AFB, were made under $1-million NASA contract. (ARC Astrogram, 7/18/68, 1) . With U. S. and U. S. S.R. ready t o discuss possible mutual r e s t r i c t i o n on production of s t r a t e g i c missiles, research and t e s t i n g of advanced spectrometer designed t o police agreement had been delayed because of congressional cuts i n DOD funds f o r Arms Control and Disarmament �J u l y 18 (continued) Agency program. Device, which analyzed missile c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s from t h e i r exhaust t r a i l s a t launch s i t e s , had been developed a t cost of $574,000 a f t e r 1964 proposal by U. S. f o r missile agreement with Device could be manned by i n t e r n a t i o n a l inspectors positioned U.S.S.R. one mile from launch s i t e o r read by remote control through transmission czble already developed f o r a d d i t i o n a l $200,000. F i e l d t e s t i n g under simulated U.S.S.R. conditions had been postponed one year u n t i l summer 1969. ( ~ b e r d o r f e r ,W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 4 ) . The Security of Japan and Prospects f o r 1970, study produced f o r Japanese Defense Agency by Security Research Council, s a i d Japan had t h e t e c h n i c a l and economic resources t o produce uranium and plutonium bombs and I C H 4 producing c a p a b i l i t y similar t o t h a t of France. Japanese policy t o date had banned construction and importation of nuclear weapons. (W Post, 7/18/68, ~ 3 ) . Dr. Ernest H w r y Vestine, expert on geomagnetism who joined The RAND Corp. i n 1957 a f t e r 20 years with Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n , died i n Santa Monica, Calif., of heart a t t a c k a t age 62. He had been one of o r i g i n a t o r s of 1957-58 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year and had served a s consultant t o DOD, NASA, and Dept. of Commerce. He had been one of leaders of 1933 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Polar Year expedition, which established observatory t o measure e a r t h f s magnetic f i e l d . (W Post, 7/19/68, ~ 6 ) NASA t e s t p i l o t s Donald L. Mallick and Fitzhugh Fulton flew J u l y 19: XB-70A t o 42,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1.62 i n f l i g h t from Edwards AFB. Purpose of f l i g h t was t o evaluate performance of v a r i e t y of speeds, check e x c i t e r vane function, determine ground e f f e c t s during low approach, and evaluate p i l o t proficiency during touch-and-go landing. (XB-70 Pro j o f f ) . Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. Scott, and Russell L. Schweickart successfully completed checkout of Apollo spacecraft cabin f l i g h t equipment provisions under simulated mission conditions a t North American Rockwell Corp. ' s Downey, Calif. , f a c i l i t y . (NAR Skywriter, 7/26/68, 1) . Wdrogen-filled 600-ft-dia p l a s t i c balloon bearing card dated May 7, 1968, and words "National Center of Space Studies, Landes, France, Balloon Launching Center" landed i n cornfield near Portsmouth, Ohio. It was believed t o have been responsible f o r f l u r r y of unidentified f l y i n g object reports from south c e n t r a l Ohio previous night. (m, NyT, 7/20/68, 27) �J u l y 20: Senate by vote of 67 t o 3 passed H.R. 17903, FY 1969 public works and atomic energy appropriations b i l l , which included $36 m i l l i o n f o r NERVA and t o t a l of $68 million f o r space propulsion systems. Senate a l s o passed H.R. 13781, authorizing $15 million f o r sea-grant colleges and ocean exploration i n FY 1969 and another $15 million i n FY 1970. (NASA LAR -~ 1 1 / 7 ;7 CRY ~ 9 0 4 7 ,~9069-87) USN had awarded f i v e $1-million contracts f o r study of J u l y 21: F-111B replacement t o G r m a n A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., LTV Aerospace Corp., General Dynamics Corp., North American ~ o c k w e l l Corp., and McDonnell Douglas A i r c r a f t Corp. S u b s t i t u t e f o r F-111B, designated VFX-1, would have v e r t i c a l sweep wings and same j e t engine. USN had a l s o awarded $143.5 -million contract t o Newport News ( ~ a). Ship Building Co. f o r two nuclear-powered guided-missile f r i g a t e s , which would bring t o f i v e USN' s t o t a 1 atomic-powered escort vessels. (W Post, 7/21/68, KL) J u l y 22: P a r t i a l extension of Explorer XXXVIII1s antennas, delayed because of unexpected spacecraft o s c i l l a t i o n s and ground computer f a i l u r e , was successfully conducted by NASA a f t e r s e r i e s of complex maneuvers which permitted successful gravity-gradient capture and three-axis s t a b i l i z a t i o n . Antenna a r r a y l s four booms would be held a t planned 455-ft length f o r a t l e a s t two weeks while data was collected and then, i f spacecraft performed s a t i ~ f a c t b r i l ~antennas , would be extended t o f u l l 750-ft length. Damper boom was deployed, experiments were turned on, and a l l spacecraft support systems were functioning normally. Dipole antenna was deployed J u l y 23 and s a t e l l i t e was declared f u l l y operational. Spacecraft had been launched (NASA Proj o f f ; NASA Releases 68-123, 68-132; W Post, J u l y 4. 7/18/68, ~ 2 1 ) . Explorer XXXV (IMP-E), s i x t h spacecraft i n Interplanetary Explorer s e r i e s , completed one year of operation i n lunar o r b i t . Seven of eight onboard experiments and a l l spacecraft systems were 10% operational. Eighth experiment had 576 degradation i n performance. Since J u l y 19, 1967, launch, s a t e l l i t e had shown t h a t p o s i t i v e ions from s o l a r wind crashed d i r e c t l y i n t o lunar surface and had v e r i f i e d existence of s o l a r wind void d i r e c t l y behind moon, enabling s c i e n t i s t s t o deduce information on moon ' s e l e c t r i c a l conductivity and i n t e r n a l temperature. (NASA Proj o f f ) . Despite sharp budget cuts NASA was not contemplating layoff of Civil Service Commission personnel, columnist J e r r y Kluttz reported i n �J u l y 22 (continued) Washington Post. As Government agencies searched f o r ways t o meet c u t s ordered by Congress, NASA appeared t o be only major agency with no problem of excess employees. But because of "big money problems," NASA hoped t o save d o l l a r s by abolishing half of i t s currently vacant positions, possibly making some "selective" l a y o f f s a t MSFC and GSFC, and continuing major cutbacks i n contractor personnel. NASA would reprogram i t s a c t i v i t i e s and t r a n s f e r f'unds t o finance CSC positions. (W Post, 7/22/68, ~ 2 0 ) . I n Project Cold Flare, j o i n t NASA-FAA-UW program t o assess radiol o g i c a l e f f e c t s of s o l a r a c t i v i t y on f u t u r e SST passengers and crews, radiation-measuring f l i g h t s were being flown from Eielson AFB, Alaska, near North Pole, where s o l a r and g a l a c t i c charged p a r t i c l e s were normally concentrated, t o gather data on radiological phenomena during s o l a r f l a r e s . ( 9 7/22/68, 61) . Michael Getler i n American Aviation saw SST program "eminently worthy of c r i t i c i s m " but, more important, "eminently worthy of success " Thus f a r it had come t o " f u l l c i r c l e : from basic design t o advanced concept back t o even more basic design." These events, he said, should be regarded objectively, with an eye toward learning lessons applicable t o f u t u r e large-scale Government-industry-commercial under"The SST a l s o should teach takings involving advanced technology. us a lesson about aviation technology, one which reminds us t h a t aerodynamics i s s t i l l t h e name of t h e game. There was great concern about t h e engine and materials problems i n t h e SST, but those two areas have come along very well and t h e c u l p r i t i s proving t o be b a s i c aerodynamics. " ( ~ Av, m 7/22/68, 60) . A r t h r i t i c growth on spine of Astronaut Michael Collins J u l y 22-23: (Maj , u W ) , scheduled t o p i l o t command module on t h i r d manned Apollo mission e a r l y i n 1969, had l e d t o h i s being grounded. USAF surgeons successfully removed bone spur from near base of h i s neck but speculated convalesence might take up t o four months. MSC o f f i c i a l s declined conjecture on h i s f u t u r e f l i g h t s t a t u s . Collins was member of t h i r d group of astronauts selected i n 1963 and had p i l o t e d two-man Gemini mission J u l y 18-21, 1966, d ~ i n g which he had performed two space walks. (AP,W S t a r , 7/23/68, ~ 4 W; Post, 7/23/68, A5; 7/24/68) . �July 23: Senate passed H.R. 18188, Dept. of Transportation appropriations b i l l by vote of 82 t o 2 a f t e r approving addition of $153 million f o r Federal Aviation Administration t o h i r e 3,627 a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l l e r s t o r e l i e v e congestion a t n a t i o n t s busiest a i r p o r t s . (CR, ~9226-47; AP, W S t a r , 7/24/68, ~ 2 1 ) - - . Guidance and control equipment used during Gemini X I r e e n t r y Sept. 15, 1966, was being f l i g h t - t e s t e d a t NASA Wallops S t a t i o n t o s e t up system performance requirements f o r automated landing f o r V/STOL a i r c r a f t . Tests were p a r t of long-range NASA research program t o develop all-weather aviation electronics systems f o r V/STOL a i r c r & f t . (ERC Release 68-12; WS Release 68-14; Marshall S t a r , 8/14/68, 2) - NASA launched s e r i e s of 11 sounding rockets from NASA J u l y 23-24: Wallops S t a t i o n between 8:19 pm J u l y 23 and 5:55 pm J u l y 24 t o gather upper atmosphere data f o r weather research. Carried on s i x Nike-Apache and f i v e Nike-Cajun sounding rockets, experiments included: two Univ. of Colorado experiments t o obtain v e r t i c a l p r o f i l e of n i t r i c acid density, with two spheres t o measure d a i l y density change; four payloads instrumented by GCA Corp. and Univ. of I l l i n o i s t o measure e l e c t r o n and ion density and s o l a r r a d i a t i o n i n ionosphere; t h r e e j o i n t GSFC-Univ. of Michigan grenade launches t o obtain temperature, pressure, and wind data; and two Univ. of Michigan payloads t o measure ambient a i r density by tracking two small spheres a s they f e l l from d i f f e r e n t a l t i t u d e s . Experiments were expected t o y i e l d new information about i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p of ionosphere and n e u t r a l atmosphere between 30- and 70-mi a l t i t u d e s (NASA Release 68-134; WS Release 68-15) . J u l y 24: ComSatCorp reported $3.3 million net income (33 cents per share) f o r f i r s t half of 1968, of which $1.5 m i l l i o n (15 cents per share) was i n second quarter. Earnings f o r f i r s t half of 1967 were $2 million (21 cents per share) and f o r second quarter of 1967, $859,000 (9 cents per share). ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-35) . IBM p h y s i c i s t s D r . Peter P. Sorokin and J. I?. Lankard had designed and b u i l t pulsed l a s e r which produced 100,000-w b u r s t s of l i g h t l a s t i n g 2.5 millionths of a second and varing i n color according t o commercial l i q u i d dye used. It could be b u i l t i n home workshop with materials worth $25 t o $50. By changing type of dye used, thereby s e l e c t i n g new molecule, l i g h t of new frequency was produced, �J u l y 24 (continued) enabling s c i e n t i s t s t o i n v e s t i g a t e e n e r g e t i c p r o p e r t i e s of molecules and atoms. D r . Sorokin had s a i d he considered l a s e r ' s s e l e c t i v i t y more important, s c i e n t i f i c a l l y , t h a n i t s cheapness and s i m p l i c i t y of construction. (stevens, NYT, 7/26/68, 55) . Joint Committee on Atomic Energy s a i d no v a l i d reason had been o f f e r e d f o r DOD's May 28 h a l t i n spending f o r q u i e t e l e c t r i c d r i v e submarine a d urged t h a t a l l r e s t r a i n t s on i t s design and construction be r e moved. Recommendation accompanied r e l e a s e of June 2 1 t e s t i m o n y i n which V/A Hyman G. Rickover s t r o n g l y supported submarine and c r i t i r ran script; c'ized DOD f o r delaying i t s development [ s e e J u l y 111. Ap, NyT, 7/28/68, 54) J u l y 25 : NASA was e n t e r i n g competitive n e g o t i a t i o n s with Informatics Inc., and Leasco Systems and Research Corp. f o r one-year, $&-million c o n t r a c t with two one-year options f o r operation of i t s S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y a t College Park, Md. (NASA Release 68-133) J u l y 26: NASA Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from WSMR c a r r i e d Columbia Radiation Laboratory experiment t o 88.3-mi (142-km) a l t i t u d e t o examine x-ray p o l a r i z a t i o n of Sco XR-1 i n 10- t o 25-kev region with x-ray polarimeter. Rocket and instruments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Experiment worked a s expected, but some counter o r e l e c t r o n i c f a i l u r e , o r both, occurred during e a r l y p a r t of f l i g h t . (NASA Rpt SRL) . U W - sponsored u n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g object (UFO) i n v e s t i g a t i o n by Univ. of Colorado concluded A p r i l 30 had become "mired i n controversy'' s a i d Science. I t s D i r e c t o r , D r . Edward U. Condon, had refused t o d i s c u s s s i t u a t i o n and c r i t i c s were saying p r o j e c t was "biased and l e s s t h a n d i l i g e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n . " Chief t a r g e t s f o r c r i t i c i s m were D r . Condon and p r o j e c t coordinator Robert J. Low, while "most s u b s t a n t i a l " c r i t i c s were James E. MacDonald, Univ. of Arizona s e n i o r p h y s i c i s t , and Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek, USAF's chief UFO consultant, who f e a r e d D r . Condon would recommend a g a i n s t f u r t h e r s e r i o u s UFO study. D r . Condon's supporters had noted c r i t i c i s m was based on newspaper quotes, on h i s d e l i g h t i n humorous UFO anecdotes, statements from p r o j e c t members who had been f i r e d , and memo w r i t t e n by a subordinate before p r o j e c t began. They d i d not f i n d evidence convincing, Science said. ( ~ o f f e y ,Science, 7/26/68, 339-42) �J u l y 26: USAF Cambridge Research Laboratories s c i e n t i s t s John W. S a l i s b u r y and Graham R. Hunt reported i n Science t h e y had found hypothesis of p a r t i c l e s i z e c o n t r o l of albedo incompatible with hypothesis of abundant l i m o n i t e on Mars. Their observations i n d i c a t e d t h a t proposal t h a t p o l a r i m e t r i c , spectrometric, c o l o r , and albedo measurements of l i g h t and dark a r e a s on Mars proved l i m o n i t e was major s o i l c o n s t i t u e n t was i r r e c o n c i l a b l e with proposal t h a t v a r i a t i o n s i n s i z e of p a r t i c l e could be responsib l e f o r albedo d i f f e r e n c e between l i g h t and dark areas. They showed r e l a t i v e albedo was reversed from blue t o r e d f o r l i m o n i t e samples with d i f f e r e n t - s i z e d p a r t i c l e s . Observations of Mars revealed no blue-red albedo r e v e r s a l between a r e a s . Although gvidence was i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r choice between hypotheses, t h e y believed Mars s o i l was most l i k e l y , f o r g e o l o g i c a l reasons, t o be composed of s i l i c a t e s s t a i n e d o r coated with f e r r i c oxides. (science, 7/26/68, 365-6) F i r s t t r a n s a t l a n t i c a i r c r a f t crossing had been made by USN NC-4 f l y i n g boat i n May 1919, Univ. of North Carolina professor Joseph L. Morrison, biographer of S e c r e t a r y of t h e Navy Josephus Daniels, s a i d i n l e t t e r t o t h e e d i t o r of Time. He pointed out six-man crew under C d r . Albert Cushing Read (USN) had crossed between Newfoundland and Lisbon v i a Azores one month before Britons John Alcock and A. W. Brown made nonstop Newfoundland-Ireland crossing i n Vickers Vimy bomber which J u l y 1 2 Time had c a l l e d f i r s t crossing. ( ~ i m e ,7/26/68, 8 ) J u l y 2': Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched by NASA from WSMR c a r r i e d MIT payload t o 84.1-mi (135.3-km) a l t i t u d e t o o b t a i n d a t a on c e l e s t i a l l o c a t i o n s and energy s p e c t r a of d i s c r e t e x-ray sources i n t h r e e regions and t o search f o r weak, undiscovered x-ray sources using p r o p o r t i o n a l counters. Rocket and instruments performed satisfactorily. (NASA Rpt SRL) . Sen. Clinton P. Anderson (D-N.~ex.) , Chairman of Senate Aeronautical and Space Science Committee, i n s e r t e d i n t o Congressional Record h i s r e p o r t "Legislative History of Space Nuclear Propulsion f o r F i s c a l Year 1969" which confirmed "the continued vigorous support of t h e Congress f o r t h i s space r e s e a r c h and development a c t i v i t y " and t h a t "appropriate agencies should proceed with t h e development of t h e NERVA-1 nuclear rocket engine." F i n a l Congressional a c t i o n on AEC and NASA FY 1969 a u t h o r i z a t i o n s s t r o n g l y supported nuclear prop u l s i o n development. NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n had been $55 m i l l i o n f o r Nuclear Rockets Program. J o i n t Committee on Atomic Energy had recommended $69 m i l l i o n f o r AEC Nuclear Space Propulsion Systems and s t r o n g l y recommended program proceed. AEC had requested $72 m i l l i o n f o r P r o j e c t Rover, including $49 m i l l i o n f o r development of NERVA I �J u l y 27 (continued) rocket engine. F i n a l a c t i o n of both Senate and House Appropriations Committees on Independent Offices b i l l and AEC a p p r o p r i a t i o n s b i l l had supported space nuclear propulsion and NERVA rocket engine development, r e s t o r i n g funds cut by House e a r l i e r . It was c l e a r , s a i d Sen. Anderson, " t h a t t h e view of t h e Congress i s t h a t t h e Nuclear Rockets Program f o r f i s c a l year 1969 i s one of t h e most important and h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y programs i n NASA and should move forward a s planned The amount f i n a l l y appropriated f o r NASA R&D f o r FY 1969 would not be l e s s t h a n $3.3703 b i l l i o n , including $55 m i l l i o n f o r t h e Nuclear Rockets Program. "The conference committee on t h e AEC appropriations.;.agreed t o $53 m i l l i o n on t h e AEC' s program i n Reactor Development--Space prop u l s i o n Systems, a f i g u r e more t h a n halfway between t h e House lower f i g u r e [$31 m i l l i o n ] and t h e Senate higher f i g u r e [$68 m i l l i o n ] . " (CR, - 7 / q / 6 8 , S9.582-4; NASA U R ~11181) ...." . U.S. was completing s e c r e t arms-control s t u d i e s i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t a l k s w i t h U.S.S.R. on curbing nuclear m i s s i l e r a c e , Seymore Topping r e p o r t e d i n New York Times. Optimism on both s i d e s was generated by acceptance of need t o &void competitive scramble f o r ABM systems which might c o s t each government $40 b i l l i o n i n resources needed f o r domestic programs and f o r e i g n a i d . Agreement would r e q u i r e some method of mutual o n s i t e inspection, p o s s i b l y t h r o u h e x i s t i n g systems of s a t e l l i t e s over each (E, 7$27/68, 1 ) others t e r r i t o r y . . Army E l e c t r o n i c s Command had produced new battery-operated nuclear clock which would g a i n o r l o s e only one second every 3,000 yr. It would be used by USA, NASA, USAF, and USN p r i m a r i l y i n a v i a t i o n - e l e c t r o n i c systems and had p o t e n t i a l use i n U.S., U.K., Canadian, and A u s t r a l i a n d i g i t a l communications systems. (AP, E,7/28/68, 30) J u l y 28: JPL astronomers D r . Richard M. Goldstein and D r . Shalhav Zohar had l o c a t e d and mapped t h r e e rugged s e c t o r s on northwest f a c e of Venus using Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n ' s 210-ft antenna. Beta, most c l e a r l y defined, appeared roughly c i r c u l a r with 150-mi d i a and 17,000-sq-mi area. Two o t h e r i r r e g u l a r f e a t u r e s almost a s l a r g e had appeared on r a d a r map which covered t r i a n g u l a r a r e a of estimated 160,000 sq m i , equal t o a r e a of northeastern U. S. D r . Goldstein i n c l i n e d t o t h e o r y t h a t prominences were mountains, but he had not y e t been a b l e t o measure "We know t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e permanent," he s a i d , "bet h e i r heights. cause t h e y have appeared on a l l our t e s t s " f o r p a s t s i x y e a r s . (JPL Release BB-483) . German s c i e n t i s t D r . Otto Hahn, who had won 1944 Nobel P r i z e f o r chemistry f o r h i s 1938 discovery of nuclear f i s s i o n , died a t Goettingen, Germany, �J u l y 28 (continued) of h e a r t f a i l u r e a t age 89. He had been c o n s i s t e n t opponent of use of atomic weapons, urging s c i e n t i s t s t o concentrate on peaceful uses of nuclear energy. (UPI, W Post, 7/29/68, ~ 4 ) J u l y 28-August 3: A u s t r a l i a n astronomers using M i l l s Cross antenna a r r a y a t Univ. of Sydney had detected f i r s t two p u l s a r s t o be found i n southern sky. They brought t o nine t o t a l p u l s a r s discovered t o date. Their p u l s e r a t e of once every 0.56 and 1.96 sec, r e s p e c t i v e l y , was s i m i l a r t o a l l o t h e r s , which ranged between 0.25 and 2 sec. Cornell Univ. astronomer, D r . Yervent Terzian, had observed t h a t two-second pulse r a t e made it appear u n l i k e l y t h a t p u l s a t i n g neutron s t a r s could account f o r t h e s i g n a l s . Calculations i n d i c a t e d t h a t , i f t h e y were quivering, o r "ringing" l i k e a b e l l , it should be a t much s h o r t e r i n t e r v a l s t h a n t h o s e observed. Pulse r a t e s were more compatible, he s a i d , with proposal t h a t t h e y emanated from white dwarfs, "cinders" of s t a r s t h a t had consumed t h e i r nuclear f u e l but were l a r g e r and l e s s dense t h a n neutron s t a r s . ( s u l l i v a n , NYT, 8/8/68, 30) - J u l y 29: Aviation Week reported t h a t a n t i c i p a t e d $100-million cut i n FY 1969 funding could h a l t c o n t r a c t o r s r work on USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL)i n September, with slippage of f l i g h t schedule i n t o 1972. Boeing Co. was working on new launch v e h i c l e a t NASA's Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y under P r o j e c t Scrimp. Booster would be v e h i c l e 75 ft i n d i a and 80 f t high and use TRW engine based on Boeing l u n a r module ascent engine experience, with 2-million-lb o p e r a t i o n a l thrust--although " US& had not decided t o abandon T i t a n III-M a s launch v e h i c l e . (AV W k 37/29/68) . House passed H.R. 18785, m i l i t a r y construction appropriations b i l l f o r FY 1969, which included $263.3 m i l l i o n f o r S e n t i n e l AIN f a c i l i t i e s . It had r e j e c t e d by v o t e of 106 t o 37 a motion t o d e l e t e m i s s i l e funds. (CR, - q710-35; Crowther, B Sun, 7120168, A5; AP, NYT, 7/30/68, 62) - . Aviation - Week reported t h a t DOD concern over advanced U.S.S.R. t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r s 1see June 101- - p a r t i c u l a r l y new Soviet mach 2.8 MiG-23 oxba bat ) might r e s u l t i n approval of long-delayed USAF and USN p r o j e c t s including USN VFX-1 and follow-on VXF-2 i n t e r c e p t o r s f o r f l e e t defense, USAF FX air s u p e r i o r i t y f i g h t e r , and u~AF/Lockheed F-12 i n t e r c e p t o r . USAF o r i g i n a l l y had wanted next-generation c o n t i n e n t a l defense i n t e r c e p t o r f o r c e composed e n t i r e l y of F-12s but would accept mixed f o r c e of F-12s and modified Convair F-106 i n t e r c e p t o r s designat'ed F-106X. F a s t e r , longer-range F-12 would be used t o i n t e r c e p t enemy bombers well -- �J u l y 29 (continued) beyond U.S. shores; F-106Xs would be used t o i n t e r c e p t and d i v e r t bombers which survived F-12 screen. (AV Wk, 7/29/68) . Panel of s c i e n t i s t s t e s t i f i e d before House Committee on Science and Astronautics symposium on u n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g o b j e c t s (UF0s) i n unanimous support of f u r t h e r , more d e t a i l e d UFO research. Northwestern Univ. astronomer D r . J. Allen Hynek s a i d U.S. should seek U.N. cooperation i n s e t t i n g up " i n t e r n a t i o n a l c l e a r i n g house" f o r s c i e n t i f i c a l l y - r e s p e c t a b l e UFO r e p o r t s because t h e r e was almost a t o t a l l a c k of q u a n t i t a t i v e d a t a about t h e phenomenon. Cornell Univ. exobiologist D r . Carl Sagan t o l d Committee it was not inconceivable t h a t t h e r e were o t h e r p l a n e t s with c i v i l i z a t i o n s and technologies more advanced t h a n e a r t h ' s , but he cautioned a g a i n s t a widespread UFO i n v e s t i g a t i o n program which would r e q u i r e "some harder evidence t h a n i s now p r e s e n t , " t h u s being expensive. Computer Science Corp. mathematician and c e l e s t i a l mechanics s p e c i a l i s t , D r . Robert L. Baker, Jr., revealed space-based sensor system operated from Colorado Springs A i r Defense Command Hq. had received s e v e r a l anomalous UFO alarms t h a t had not been explained by n a t u r a l phenomena, equipment i n t e r f e r e n c e o r malfunction, o r man-made space o b j e c t s . D r . James A. Harder, Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkley engineer, suggested t h a t power which permitted UFOs t o undertake t h e i r r e p o r t e d l y i n c r e d i b l e maneuverings might depend on a t h e o r e t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e "second g r a v i t a t i o n a l f i e l d " i n t e r a c t i n g with e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d i n a manner corresponding t o r e a c t i o n between conventional e l e c t r i c a l motors and generators. Panel, which D r . Sagan s a i d was "plagued by a shortage of t h o s e who d i s b e l i e v e " i n UFO phenomena, a l s o included Univ. of I l l i n o i s s o c i o l o g i s t , D r . Robert L. Hall, and Univ. of Arizona meteorologist, D r . James E. McDonald. ransc script; Lyons, NYT, 7/30/68, 10; Lannan, W S t a r , 7/30/68, ~ 3 ) - . DOD announced one-year appointment of D r . John C. F i s h e r , Manager of Programs and Systems, General E l e c t r i c Research and Development Center, a s USAF Chief S c i e n t i s t , e f f e c t i v e Aug. 1. He would succeed D r . Robert H. Cannon, Jr., who would r e t u r n t o Stanford Univ. a s professor of aeron a u t i c s and a s t r o n a u t i c s . (DOD Release 702-68) . NASA had extended, f o r $29,130,524, one-year contract with Trans World A i r l i n e s , Inc., f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n support s e r v i c e s a t KSC, bringing t o t a l of cost-plus-award-fee contract t o $101,017,194. (KSC Release KSC-364-68) �J u l y 30 : U. S. S. R. launched Cosmos CCXXXIV from Baikonur Cosmodrome i n t o o r b i t with 295-km (183.3-mi) apogee, 208-km (129.2-mi) perigee, 89.5-min period, and 51.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . Equipment was functioning normally. S a t e l l i t e r e p o r t e d l y softlanded i n i t s home t e r r i t o r y Aug. 5. (GSFC SSRy 7/31/68; 8/15/68; 7/31/68> 129; E y 7/31/68, 3; 8/7/68) - sy . NASA announced a d d i t i o n of $35,048,000 t o c o n t r a c t with General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r continuation of design, f a b r i c a t i o n , and t e s t i n g of f o u r remaini n g B i o s a t e l l i t e spacecraft, a s s o c i a t e d experiment hardware, and aerospace ground equipment --bringing t o t a l value of contract t o $136,662,157. (NASA Release 68-136) . Cone-shaped instrumented payload of French Veronique rocket r e l e a s e d a t 1 1 4 - m i a l t i t u d e f e l l i n t o A t l a n t i c 164 m i o f f French Guiana and was swept away by c u r r e n t s , French National Space Center announced. ( ~ e uetr s , W Post, 7/31/68, ~14) . NASA announced t h a t Bernhardt L. Dorman had resigned a s A s s i s t a n t Admini s t r a t o r f o r I n d u s t r y A f f a i r s t o r e t u r n t o Aerojet General Corp. He would be succeeded Aug. 5 by P h i l i p N. Whittaker, Vice President of IBM Federal Systems Div. (NASA Release 68-137) .U W Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization i s s u e d Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp. $2-million i n i t i a l increment t o $4,131,785 cost -plus-f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t f o r r e e n t r y v e h i c l e technology and observables program. (DODRelease 706-68) NASA i s s u e d Apollo S t a t u s Surmnary: Apollo 7 prime crew, J u l y 31: Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , Jr., Donn F. E i s e l e , and R. Walter Cunningham, s u c c e s s f u l l y completed nine-hour t e s t i n spacecrart i n KSC a l t i t u d e chamber J u l y 26 a t 226,000-ft simulated a l t i t u d e , with cabin p r e s s u r i z e d f i r s t with 6% oxygen and 4% nitrogen, t h e n with 10% oxygen a t 5 p s i , normal o r b i t a l atmosphere. Astronauts Thomas P. S t a f f o r d , John W. Young, and Eugene A. Cernan had completed s u c c e s s f u l manned a l t i t u d e t e s t i n KSC chamber J u l y 29 with cabin p r e s s u r i z e d with 60140 mixture a t s t a r t and oxygen t o r e p l e n i s h atmosphere during t e s t . Saturn I B launch v e h i c l e s t a g e s were mated a t Complex 34 with sequence malfunction t e s t s scheduled f o r Aug. 1. Propellant u t i l i z a t i o n system modifications had been completed on 2nd stage. In ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u 503 r n program, Lunar Module 3 ascent and descent s t a g e s were being modified t o c o r r e c t r a d a r lock-on problem i n �J u l y 31 (continued) rendezvous radar subsystem. Saturn V launch vehicle 1 s t and 2nd stages were mated, with pogo suppressor modification k i t s on 1 s t stage being v e r i f i e d . Third stage propulsion subsystem checks were i n progress. Engine l e a k checks would be conducted on stage during week. I n ~ ~ o l l o / Saturn 504 program, launch vehicle 2nd stage was undergoing augmented spark i g n i t e r propellant feed l i n e modifications. Six-minute captive f i r i n g of f i f t h Saturn V 2nd stage, postponed because of d i f f i c u l t i e s with l i q u i d hydrogen vent valve, had been rescheduled f o r Aug. 1 a t Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y . Twelfth Saturn I B booster stage was scheduled t o leave MSFC f o r Michoud As'sembly F a c i l i t y Aug. 6 f o r p o s t - s t a t i c checks and storage. I n South A t l a n t i c Anomaly Probe, computer analysis had confirmed r a d i a t i o n l e v e l s presented no hazard t o low-altitude manned Apollo o r b i ta 1 f l i g h t s ( ~ e x)t . . Nike-Tomahawk sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Maryland and Johns Hopkins Univ, experiments t o 186-mi (300-km) a l t i t u d e t o i n v e s t i g a t e r o l e of electrons i n producing day airglow. Rocket and instrumentation--which included five-wavelength f i l t e r - w h e e l photometer with s p e c i a l sunshade, 3- t o 800-ev e l e c t r o n spectrometer, and electron retarding-potential analyzer--performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Data c o r r e l a t i n g ionospheric electron density d i s t r i b u t i o n with day airglow emissions i n ionosphere were obtained. (NASA Rpt sRL) . NASA announced award of $31,270,300 contract t o General E l e c t r i c Co. f o r continuance of general support services a t Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y through September 1969, bringing t o t a l value of b a s i c contract t o $190,810,713. (MSFC Release 68-170) . Dr. Henry J. Reid, former Director and Senior S t a f f Associate a t NASA Langley Research Center died i n Gloucester, Va., a f t e r heart a t t a c k a t age 72. He had become LaRC Director i n 1926 and r e t i r e d i n June (AP, W Post, 8/1/68, ~10) 1961, a f t e r 34 yr continous service. Data scored U.S. complacency i n Ralph Kinney Bennett i n During July: year which might "see some of t h e g r e a t e s t Soviet space spectaculars of t h e decade." I n U.S., he said, e a r l y glamour of space race had faded and NASA p r o j e c t s were neither as ambitious nor a s well-funded a s t h e y once were. I n contrast, he noted, U.S.S.R. showed signs of "a new spurt of a c t i v i t y , new t e c h n i c a l accomplishments above our �During J u l y ( continued) p l a n e t , an accelerated a s s a u l t on t h e moon and dark rumblings of advanckd m i l i t a r y uses of t h e threshold of space. The time f o r a Soviet resurgence could hardly be b e t t e r . "...Soviets a r e badly i n need of a great techno-propaganda f e a t Soviet hold t o r e a s s e r t t h e i r influence on world public opinion on European s a t e l l i t e nations had shown evidence of advanced erosion. Their p o s i t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e s t of t h e communist world i s no longer c l e a r l y defined. " Soviets were spending estimated $9 b i l l i o n a year on space and half t h a t sum went toward m i l i t a r y applications of space technology. "There i s an American a t t i t u d e . . .of waiti'ng u n t i l you get burnt before you shed complacency. When Sputnik I burnt us, we came back with a vengeance. Now complacency has s e t i n again. Perhaps we w i l l f e e l t h e f i r e from t h e Soviets i n space before t h i s year i s out and r e a c t accordingly. But i n space technology. it ' s a tough way t o play t h e b a l l game. " ( ~ a t a ,7/68) .... .. �PROVISIONAL INDEX--JULY 1968 MS. See American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society. ARM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system. Accelerator, 197 Accident, 202 a i r c r a f t , 213 s p a c e c r a f t , 209 Adams, D r . Mac C. 193 Adams, Maj. Michael J. ( u r n ) , 213 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aerobee 150 M I (sounding r o c k e t ) , 220, 221 Aeroflot 212 Aero j e t General Corp. 225 Aeronautics, 200, 210, 211, 215, 216, 218, 224 Aerospace Corp. , 201 Agreement, 192, 2l.3, 214 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 221 A i r Force Human Resources Laboratory (AFHRL), 193 A i r Force Systems Command (AFsc), 193 A i r c r a f t , 193, 194, 199-201, 203, 204, 206-208, 214, 216, 217, 221 A i r p o r t s , 193, 21.9 Alcock, John, 221 Alexander, George, 209 Aluminum Co. of America, 196 Alexandria, Va., 195 A l l o t t , Sen. Gordon, 211 American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society (US), 210, 211 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 202 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T) 198 Anniversary, 192 Ames Research Center (ARC), 215 Anderson, Sen. Clinton I?. , 221 Antenna, 197, 217, 223 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABM)system, 206, 222, 223 Apollo (program), 202-205, 218, 225-226 Apollo 6 (AS-502) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 215 Apollo 7 ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 204-205 ARC. SeeAmes R e s e a r c h c e n t e r . Argentina, 204, 208 A r i e l (program), 195 Arizona, 198 Arizona, Univ. o f , 224 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 215 -216 Army E l e c t r o n i c s Command, 222 Arnold Engineering Development Center, 211 , , , , �Asher, D r . Harold, 208 Association f o r t h e Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 205, 213 Astronaut, 205, 209, 218, 225, 226 Astronomy, 194, 197, 199, 209, 223 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 225 Atlas-F ( b o o s t e r ) , 207 Atom, 198 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) , 200, 221-222 High Energy Physics Advisory Panel, 197 ATS 111 ( ~ ~ ~ l iiocn sa Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) 199 Auriga ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 199 A u s t r a l i a , 222, 223 Automatic P i c t u r e Transmission (APT), 199 Avco Corp., 193 B-52 ( s t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 198 Baikonur Cosmodrome, 205, 225 Baker, D r . Robert L. Jr. 224 Balloon, 2l1, 216 Barger, Allan R., 2 l 1 Barium, 202, 208 Beggs, James M., 212 Belgium, 204 Bennett, Ralph Kinney, 226 Bergaust, Erik, 209 Berry, D r . Charles A., 212 Birlandeanu, Alexandru, 201 Boeing Co. 223 Boeing 707 ( j e t a i r c r a f t ) , 212 B r a z i l , 204 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 197 Brooks AFB, Tex., 193 Brown, A. W., 221 Brown, Duane, 200 Bryce National Park, 198 Bubble chamber, 197 Bull, ~1cd.r.John S. (USN) 212 Burchm, D r . Donald P. 196 C-5 (Galaxy) (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 193, 200 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of a t Berkeley, 224 Callahan, M/G Daniel F. (usAF, Ret. ), 193 Canada, 204, 222 Canadian Aeronautics and Space I n s t i t u t e (CASI) 202 Cannon, D r . Robert H., 224 Canyon de Chelly National Monument, 198 Carnegie I n s t i t u t i o n , 216 , , , , , , , (ii) �Carswell AFB, Tex., 208 Cernan, LCdr. Eugene M. (USN) , 225 Charlottesville, Va., 194 Chile, 208 China, Communist, 204 Chrysler Corp., 193 Civil Service Commission, 217 Clifford, Secretary of Defense Clark M., 207 Cold Flare, Project, 218 College Park, Md., 198 Collins, Maj Michael (UW) , 218 Colorado, Univ. of, 219, 220 Colunbia Radiation Laboratory, 220 Comet, 199 Communications satellite, 192, 199, 215 Communications Satellite Corp. ( ~ o m ~~orp) a t , 192, 219 Computer, 198, 212 Computer Science Corp. , 224 Condon, Dr. Edward U. , 220 Congress, 201, 206, 207, 218 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 206, 220, 221 Congress, House of Representatives bills passed, 223 Committee on Appropriations, 215, 222 Committee on Science and Astronautics, 224 Congress, Senate, 203, 209 bills passed, 214-215, 217, 219 Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 221 Committee on Appropriations, 222 Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Preparedness Investigating, 199 Committee on Foreign Relations, 204, 206, 214 Copenhagen, Denmark, 212 Corddry, Charles, 201 Cornell Univ., 223, 224 Cosmos CCXXX (u.S.S.R. satellite), 197 Cosmos CCXXXI, 205 Cosmos CCXXXII, 212 Cosmos CCXXXIII, 214 Cosmos CCXXXIV, 225 Cunningham, R. Walter, 205, 226 Czechoslovakia, 208 Davis, Frank W., 200 Defense Communications Agency, 215 Defense, Dept. of (DOD), 192, 199, 201, 207, 215, 220, 224 . (iii) �Denmark, 198 Denver, Colo. 210 Diamonds, i n d u s t r i a l , 203 Disarmament, 192, 213, 222 Doeker, Robert, 203 Dorman, B ~ r n h a r d tL., 226 Dornier, 194 DOT. See Transportation, Dept. of. Downey, Calif., 216 Echo (program), 195 Educational Committee To Halt Atomic Weapons Spread, 214 Edwards AFB, Calif. 212, 215, 216 Egypt, 204 Ehricke, D r . K. A., 211 Eielson AFB, Alaska, 218 E i s e l e , Maj. Donn F. (usAF) 205, 226 Electronics Research Center (ERC) (NASA), 213 Elms, James C., 213 Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) , 192 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 192 ERC. See Electronics Research Center. Explorer X;rMV (IMP-E), 217 Explorer XXXVIII ( ~ a d i oAstronomy Explorer RAE-A) 196-197, F-12 (interceptor a i r c r a f t ) , 200, 223 F-104 ( ~ t a ri g f h t e r ) ( a i r c r a f t ) 214 F-106 ( i n t e r c e p t o r a i r c r a f t ) , 223 F-106X, 223 F-11lA (supersonic f i g h t e r ) 199-200, 207, 208 F-111B, 206, 207, 217 FB-11lA (supersonic bomber), 208 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 204, 218, 219 Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 198 Fisher, D r . John C. , 224 Foster, D r . John S., Jr., 199 France, 196, 201, 211, 216 French Guiana, 225 Freon TF, 202 Fulton, Fitzhugh, 216 GCA Corp. 219 Gemini (program), 209 Gemini X ( f l i g h t ) , 218 Gemini X I ( f l i g h t ) , 219 General Dynamics Corp , 206, 217 General E l e c t r i c Co. , 192, 225, 226 Geneva, Switzerland, 192, 213 , , , , , , , . 217 �Germany, West, 194, 198-199, 207, 208, 214 G e t l e r , Michael, 218 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC) , 195, 197, 218, 2l9 Goldstein, D r . Richard M. 222 Goldstone Tracking S t a t i o n , 222 Grants, 194 Green Bank, W. Va., 209 Gromyko, Foreign Minister Andrey A. (u.S.S.R.), 209 Grwnman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., 217 Guppy (undersea research v e h i c l e ) , 201 Hahn, D r . Otto, 222 Hall, D r . Robert L. 224 Hamburger Flugzeugbau, 194 Harder, D r . James A. 224 Harvard College Observatory, 209 Harvard Univ. 206 Hensleigh, Walter E . , 208 mOS ( ~ i g h l yEccentric Orbiting s a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Honda Comet No. 6, 199 Honda, Minori, 199 Hornig, D r . Donald 3'. 201 Housing and Urban Development, Dept of (HID), 214 Houston, Tex., 205 HP 1506 ( p u l s a r ) , 209 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 207 Huguenin, D r . George R . , 209 Hunt, Graham R. 221 Hydrogen bomb, 196, 201, 2 l 1 Hynek, D r . J. Allen, 220, 224 IDSCP. See I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e P r o j e c t I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 2x9, 224 Ilyushin-62 (u. S. S. R. a i r l i n e r ) , 212 I n d i a , 204 Informatics Inc. 220 Information r e t r i e v a l , 198 I n i t i a l Defense Communications S a t e l l i t e P r o j e c t (IDSCP) 215 INTELSAT I11 (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Interagency A i r c r a f t Noise Abatement Program, 198 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp. (IBM) 219 Federal Systems Div. 225 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, 197, 201 I n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation, space, 208 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Geophysical Year, 216 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Polar Year, 216 Ionosphere, 192, 219 , , , , , . , , , , , , . �I r a q , 204ISIS-A ( ~ n t e r n a t i o n a lS a t e l l i t e f o r Ionospheric s t u d i e s ) , 192 I s r a e l , 204 I t a l y , 204, 214 I T T World Communications, Inc., 198 5-2 (rocket engine), 205 Japan, 199, 204, 216 Japanese Defense Agency, 216 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,196, 198, 222 Johns Hopkins Univ., 226 Johnson, President Lyndon B. 192, 195, 203, 204, 209, 213 J u p i t e r (planet ) , 197 Kapustin Yar, U.S.S.R., 197 Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 212 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 193, 224, 225 Kiesinger, Chancellor Kurt G. (west ~ e r m a n ~ 198 ), Kluttz , J e r r y , 217 -218 Knight, Maj W i l l i a m J. (USAF), 212 Kosygin, Premier Alexey N. (u. S. S. R. ), 192 Kurashiki Astronomical Observatory, 199 Landes, France, 216 Langley Research Center ( L ~ R C , ) 226 D i g i t a l Computer Complex Group, 212 F l i g h t Control Research F a c i l i t y , 212 Lankard, J. P., 219 Larson, Arthur, 214 Laser, 219-220 Launch Complex 34, 204, 225 Leasco Systems and Research Corp., 220 L i t t l e Dipper ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 209 Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp., 214, 226 Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., 194, 203 Low, Robert J. 220 LTy Aerospace Corp. 217 Lunar Module (LM) , 225-226 Luxembourg, 204 McCarthy, Sen. Eugene J., 206 Macomber, Frank, 200 McCormick, Leander, 194 McDivitt, L/C James A. (USCIF), 216 MacDonald, D r . James E. 220, 224 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 192, 217 Magnetic f i e l d , 216 Mallick, Donald L. , 216 Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), 215, 223 , . , , , �Manned space f l i g h t , 194, 225-226 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 212, 218 Marder, Murrey, 208 Mariner V probe), 211 -n'et ) 198, 210, 211, 221 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 192, 2l8 Martin Marietta Corp. 211 Maryland, Univ. o f , 226 Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology (MIT) 221 Matthews, N. Whitney, 195 Max Planck I n s t i t u t e , 208 May, T. R., 200 Melbourne, F l a . , 200 Mercury (program), 209 Mesa Verde National Park, 198 Messerschmitt -B'dlkow, 194 Meteorology, 199 Michigan, Univ. o f , 219 Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y , 223, 226 MiG-23 (Foxbat ) (u. S. S. R. f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) 223 Milky Way ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 197 M i l l e r , F r e d e r i c , 193 Minut eman I11 ( m i s s i l e ) 206 M i s s i l e , 192, 206, 207 M i s s i s s i p p i Test F a c i l i t y , 226 MIT. See Massachusetts I n s t i t u t e of Technology. Mojave, C a l i f . 199 Molniya 1-9 (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 199 Montreal, Canada, 202, 212 Moon, 198, 203, 217 Morrison, Prof. Joseph L., 221 MOSCOW, u.s.s.R., 19.2, 212 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. Mueller, D r . George E. 202 Murder on Pad 34, 209 Mururoa A t o l l , 196, 201, 211 W e r s , Boyd C. 11, 211 Myskowski, Edwin T. 194 NASA Off i c e of Space F l i g h t and Applications (OSSA) 197 NASA S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information F a c i l i t y , 198, 220 Nathan, D r . Robert, 198 National Academy of Sciences (ws), 195 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) anniversary, 192 enu us , , , , , , , , , (vii) �National Aeronautics and Space Administration (continued) award, 212 budget, 195, 214-215, 217, 221-222 c o n t r a c t , 192, 194, 220, 224-226 cooperation, 200, 218 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 208 employment, 192, 217-218 g r a n t , 194 launch s a t e l l i t e 196-197 sounding r o c k e t , 219-221, 226 personnel, 193, 195, 196, 201, 208, 211, 225, 226 program, 210 Apollo, 202-205, 218, 225-226 Human Factors Systems, 194 NERVA, 201, 221-222 space biology, 213-214 t e s t , 225 National Armed Forces Museum (proposed), 207 National Park Service, 198 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 209 Natural Environment Panel, 198 Naval A i r F a c i l i t y , C a l i f . 205 NC-4 ( f l y i n g b o a t ) , 221 NERVA. See Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application. NERVA XE-1 (nuclear engine), 200 Netherlands, 199, 204, 214 New York, N. Y., 212 Newport News ( ~ a). Ship Building Co. 217 Nike-Apache (sounding rocket ) 219 Nike-Cajun (sounding r o c k e t ) , 219 Nike -Tomahawk ( sounding rocket ) 226 Nitze, Paul H. 206 North American Rockwell Corp. 192, 202, 211, 216, 217 North A t l a n t i c Treaty Organization (NATO), 198-199 North Carolina, Univ. of, 221 North Pole, 218 Northrop Systems Laboratories, 194 Northwe s t e r n Univ. 224 Nuclear clock, 222 Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERvA), 201, 217 2"dl-222 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 192, 198, 203-204, 206-207, 21fl Nuclear r e a c t o r , 200 Nuclear submarine, 196, 207, 220 Ocean Science and Engineering, Inc., 196 , , , , , , , , ( v i i i) �Oceanography, 196, 217 Orbiting Primate Experiment, 194 OV 1-15 (research satellite), 207 OV 1-16, 207 Pacific Ocean, 196, 201, 211 Pakistan, 204 Pan American World Airways, Inc., 212 Parachute, 205 Pastore, Sen. John O., 214 Patents, 194-195,200 Pennsylvania, Univ. of, 208 Perrin AFB, Tex., 205 Peru, 208 Phoebus 2A (nuclear reactor), 200 Phoenix (missile) , 207 Physics, 19'7 Plesetsk Cosmodrome, U. S.S.R. , 214 Portsmouth, Ohio, 216 Poseidon (missile), 206 Press comment Apollo AS-204 accident, 209 C-5 aircraft, 193, 200 disarmament, 192-193, 208 National Academy of Sciences, 195 research and development, 195, 201 SST, 218 Press conference, 212 Pulsar, 209, 223 Radiation, 218 Radio signal, 196-197 RAND Corp. , The, 216 RCA Communications, Inc. , 198 Read, Cdr. Albert Cushing (USN), 221 Reentry, 211, 213 Reid, Dr. Henry J. , 226 Research and development, 195, 201-202, 215 Rickover, m a n G. (USN), 207, 220 Roberts, Chalmers M. , 204 Romania, 201 Rover (program), 200 Rusk, Secretary of State Dean, 206 Ryan Aeronautical Co. , 215 Sagan, Dr. Carl, 224 Sakharov, Prof. Andrey D., 205 Salisbury, John W., 221 VIA �Santa Monica, C a l i f . , 216 Saturn I ( b o o s t e r ) , 192 Saturn I Workshop ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 210 Saturn I B (uprated Saturn I) ( b o o s t e r ) , 192, 225 Saturn V, 192, 210, 215, 226 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M., Jr. (USN) 205, 226 Schweickart, Russell L., 216 S c i e n t i s t s , 195, 201 S c o t t , L/C David R. (USAF), 216 Scout ( sounding rocket ) 208 Scrimp, P r o j e c t , 223 Seamans, D r . Robert C . , Jr,, 201 The S e c u r i t y of Japan and Prospects f o r 1970 (study), 216 S e c u r i t y Research Council, 216 S e n t i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 206, 223 Serpukov, U. S. S. R. 197 Smit hsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , 207 S o l a r f l a r e , 203 Sonic boom, 195, 198, 204 Sorokin, D r . P e t e r P., 219-220 Sounding r o c k e t , 202, 219-221 South A f r i c a , 204 SP-5B artin in ~ a r l i n )( f l y i n g boat ) 207 Space biology, 194, 203, 213-214 Space Disturbance Forecast Center, 203 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 210 Space r a c e , 226-227 Space rescue t r e a t y , 209 Spacecraft d e b r i s , 213 Spain, 204 Spectrometer, 215-216 S t a f f o r d , Maj. Thomas P. (usAF), 255 Stanford Linear Accelerator (sLAc) 197 Stanford Univ. 224 S u i t l a n d , Md., 199 sun, 197 Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co., 201 Sunspots 198 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 204, 213, 218 Survey S a t e l l i t e ( SURSAT ) 200 Sweden, 204 Sweeney, D r . Stephen B. 208 Switzerland, 204 Sydney, Univ. o f , 223 S y r i a , 204 , , , , , , , , , �Taylor, D r . J. H. , 209 Telescope, 194 Television, 198, 199 T e l l e r , D r . Edward, 214 Terzian, D r . Yervent, 223 Thrust -Augmented Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 196 Thule AFB, Greenland, 198 T i t a n I11 ( b o o s t e r ) , 210 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, 199 Tolansky, Samuel, 203 Topping, Seymore, 222 TOS-E ( ~ i rso Operational S a t e l l i t e ) , 192 Trans World A i r l i n e s , Inc. , 224 Transportation, Dept. of (DOT), 198, 219 Unidentified f l y i n g object (UFO), 194, 216, 220, 224 United A i r Lines, 213 United Kingdom (u. K. ) , 204, 214, 222 United Nations (u.N. ) , 224 S e c u r i t y Council, 199, 206 General Assembly, 204, 209 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 194, 210 Uranium, 216 USAF Space and M i s s i l e Systems Organization, 225 U.S. A i r Force (usAF), 212, 222 a i r c r a f t , 193, 198-200, 204, 207, 208, 214, 223 c o n t r a c t , 225 cooperat ion, 200, 218 launch s a t e l l i t e , 207 MOL, 215, 223 nuclear propulsion, 200 organization, 193 personnel, 224 r e s e a r c h and development, 193, 2ll, 221 t e s t , 198, 200 t r a i n i n g , 205 ~ O s 194, , 200 U.S. Army- (USA), 222 U. S. N a v y (USN) 206, 207, 21'7, 22l, 222 U. S. S. R. (union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s,) 194 agreement, 192, 203, 206, 208-209, 213, 215-216, a i r c r a f t , 201, 203, 212, 223 a i r l i n e s , 203, 212 communications s a t e l l i t e , 199 cooperation, 197 , 222 �U. S. S. R. (Union of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s )(continued) launch s a t e l l i te Cosmos, 19, 205, 212, 214, 225 ~ o l n i ~ 1-9, a 199. nuclear nonproliferation t r e a t y , 192, 198, 204 science and technology, 205-206, 211 space program, 226-227 submarine 207 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 207 Vanguard ( ~ r o ~ r a m 195 ), Venezuela, 208 Venus ( p l a n e t ) , 211, 222 Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke, 194 Veronique (sounding rocket), 226 Vestine, D r . Ernest Harry, 216 VFX-1 ( i n t e r c e p t o r a i r c r a f t ) , 217, 223 VFX-2, 223 Virginia, Univ. o f , 194 V/STOL a i r c r a f t , 2.19 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 208, 219 Warsaw, Poland, 208 Washington, D. C. 192 Webb, James E. 208, 210 WEFAX (weather Facsimile Experiment ) 199 Weightlessness 194 Western Test Range (WTR) 196, 212 We s t e r n Union I n t e r n a t i o n a l 198 Weston, Ill., 197 Wheeler, Gen. E a r l G. (USA), 199 White Sands Missile Range (w), 220, 221 White, W i l l i a m S., 192 Whittaker, P h i l i p N. , 226 Wiesner, D r . Jerome B., 206 World Weather Watch, 199 See White Sands Missile Range. WSMR. Wykes, Raymond P., 195 XV-5B (V/STOL a i r c r a f t ) , 215 X-15 (rocket research a i r c r a f t ) , 213 XB-70 (supersonic a i r c r a f t ) , 192, 204 XB-70A, 216 Y zllowst one National Park, 198 Yosemite National Park, 198 Young, C d r John W. (US?), 225 Zohar, D r . Shalhav, 222 Zond N (u. S. S. R. space probe), 194 , , , , , , , . ( x i i) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000126 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics July 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 27, Folder 38 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17925 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1270/spc_stnv_000127.pdf 48e78e5743d43af1a7d62da633359e1e PDF Text Text COMMENT DRAFT NOT F O R RE:LEASE "4RONOLC)GY ON SC;ICE;IJCE, TZCTdI!TOLO=r31, llND POLICY (HER-23) Text D r a f t e d by Scien-e and Technology Division Library of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division ( ~ 9 ) Office o f Policy N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D.C. 20546 �S E P T E Y B E R 1959 �L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s , Apollo I1rograln D i r e c t o r , became Commander o f A i r Force Space and M i s s i l e Systems Iljv. (SAMSO). c:cli. { ' h i l l i p s had been D i r e c t o r of Minuteman program b e f o r e %zsignment 1 c NASA i n <T:~nuary1064 a s Deputy D i r e c t o r of Apollo Program. (NASA 11111, 7/31/69) September 1: . S. l'cllll John:;ton r e t i r e d a s head of Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i on' s N a t i o n a l A i l . ,irid Spacc Museunl. 11 lie would r e p r e s e n t ANA. on NRC. \ ( ~ 89/69, , September ------- 2: U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCVII from P l e s e t s k i n t o o r b i t w i t h 309-km (19.2. ~ - m i ) a p o g e e , 7 ? ? E i G ~ ~ 8 - m i )p ? r i g e e , 89.6-min p e r i o d , and 72.8' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept . 1 0 . (GSFC SSR ---3 9/15/69; 9/3/69, 8 ) -, . Qatron Corp. announced it had r e c e i v e d $275,030 c o n t r a c t from GSFC t o b u i l d s e v e r a l r e c o r d e r - r e c e i v e r switching a.nd p r e p r o g r r a x a b l e p a t c h systems f o r Apollo program. ( W --S t a r , 9/2/69, ~ 1 6 ) September 3: -------- NASA's FIL-10 l i f t i n g body v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by NASA Z e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana, reached 81,030-f't a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 4 2 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t west of Rosanond, C a l i f . Primary o b j e c t i v e o f f l i g h t , 2bth i n s e r i e s and f i r s t w i t h new engine, was t o (NASA P r o j o f f ) o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y , c o n t r o l , and engine d a t a . . Tokyo Univ. s c i e n t i s t s s u c c e s s f u l l y launched f o u r - s t a g e Ltmbda r o c k e t i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r l a u n c h of J a p a n ' s f i r s t s a t e l l i t e i n l a t e September. (UPI, W -----) News 8/4/69; H a r r i s o n , W P o s t , 9/24/69, ~ 9 ) ---- . K3PC announced c o n t r a c t awards: McDonnell Douglas A s t r o n a u t i c s Co. was awarded $97,340,003 c o s t - p l u s - f ixed-f ee/award-fee c o n t r a c t t o provide f o r two S a t u r n V Workshops--one f o r l a u n c h i n 1972 and second f o r backup. McDonnell Douglas a l s o r e c e i v e d $87,450,033 c o s t - p l u s - f i x e d f e e l a w a r d - f e e c o n t r a c t m o d i f i c a t i o n f o r continued work on two a i r l o c k mxiules f o r Apollo A p p l i c a t i o n s (AA) prograrn c l - a s t e r , i n c l u d i n g t e s t s , checkout, documentation, and l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t . Boeing Co. r e c e i v e d $25,130,376 c o n t r a c t m o d i f i c a t i o n extending p e r i o d f o r completion o f S a t u r n V 1 s t s t a g e (s-IC-15) from June 30, 1970, t o June 30, 1971. (MSFC Releases 69-199, 69-203, 69-291) �S --e ~ t e r n b e rj: Swedish a i r c r a f t c o n s t r u c t o r Iias Fancher had s a i d t h a t i n 1 9 4 4 A d o f t l i t l e r t o o k d e l i v e r y of f i r s t Junkers 390 a i r c r a f t w i t h 14,403-1-1p engine c o n s t r u c t e d s p e c i a l l y t o bomb New York, Wash 3 indon D a i l y N ~ w sr e p o r t e d . Fancher, p i l o t on a i r c r a f t ' s nonstop t c c t f l i g h t ----bctweeii Ger~narlyanti South America, s a i d plane weighed 93 t o n s w i t h bombs and had planned range f o r nonstop f l i g h t s f r a n Bordeaux i n occupied France t o New York and r e t u r n . A i r c r a f t , d e l i v e r e d t o o l a t e f o r u s e i n war, had been burned by Germans. Comparable a i r c r a f t was n o t b u i l t u n t i l 1955, Fancher s a i d . (W -- News, 9/3/69) September 4: ---- Some NRSA s c i e n t i s t s were h e l p i n g t h e i r communit ier, sncl h i d i n g t h e i r a i d p r o j e c t s "as t h o t h e y were s i n f u l , " Roy Crornley s a i d i n Washington D a i l y News. S c i e n t i s t s were u s i n g space-acquired s k i l l s --------" t o h e l p t h e i r fellolni men i n ways t h e y were u n i q u e l y q u a l i f i e d . " Proj e c t s i n c l u d e d a p p l y i n g systems a n a l y s i s t o a i r p o l l u t i o n problem, p l a n n i n g s c h o o l expansion t o n e e t p a p u l a t i o n expansion, a p p l y i n g systems concept t o town mznagement and t o c i t y p o l i c e f o r c e problems, developing new concepts f o r a i r p o r t p l a n n i n g and new t e c h n i q u e f o r vandalism prevent i o n , d e v e l o p i n g improved communications systems f o r c i t y emergency dep a r t m e n t s , and h e l p i n g an agency develop ways of e v a l u a t i n g p r o p o s a l s L ews f o r s t u d y and development c o n t r a c t s w i t h p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y . (W ) 'li 9/4/69, 23) - Mariner V I September ---- 5: F i r s t measurement o f Mars W dayglou, made d u r i n g ---Mars f l y b y J u l y 31, was r e p o r t e d i n ---Science by Univ. of Colorado a s t r o g e o p h y s i c i s t s C. A. Barth, C. W. Hord, J . B. Pearce, K. K. K e l l y , A. I. S t e w a r t , G. E. Thanas, and G. P. Anderson; Johns Hopkins p h y s i c i s t W. G. F a s t i e ; and J P L ' s 0 . F. Raper. h i s s i o n f e a t u r e s from i o n i z e d carbon d i o x i d e and carbon monoxide were measured i n 1,9130 !? t o b,393 $? s p e c t r a l r e g i o n . Lyman a l p h a 1,216 R l i n e of a t o n i c hydrogen and 1,304 f?, 1,356 !?, and 2,972 f? l i n e s of atomic oxygen were observed. Prime o b j e c t i v e of experim2nt was t o s e a r c h f o r n i t r o g e n i n Martian atmosphere. F i r s t a n a l y s i s had s h o w no evidence of n i t r o g e n emissions i n UV spectrum of upper atmosphere. (--s9 c i e n c e 9/5/69, 1004-5) A s t r o n a u t s Frank Borman, James A. L o v e l l , J r . , and William A. Anders were n m e d winners of 1969 Harmon I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t ' s Trophy f o r D?c?mber 1968 Apollo ---- 8 mission. Maj. J e r a u l d R. Gentry (uSJF) was awarded A v i a t o r ' s Trophy f o r t e s t i n g HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e . (UPI, w s t a r , 9/7/69, A7) Snptenber 6: ------ �Se tember L -- 6 : - - - - Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s a t t e n d e d c e l e b r a t i o n s i n t h e i r hometo%ms. I n Wapalroneta, Ohio, N e i l A. Armstrong was cheered by crowd e s t i m a t e d a t 10 t i m e s normal 7,030 p o p u l a t i o n , addressed teen-age r a l l y , and l e d parade i n c l u d i n g (bv. James A. Rhodes, D r . A l b e r t Sabin ( d e v e l o p ~ rof o r a l p o l i o v a c c i n e ) and comedian Bob Hope--all Ohioans. Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , on second v i s i t t o hometown a s a s t r o n a u t , p r e s e n t e d Montclair, N.J., L i b r a r y w i t h autographed photo of plaque l e f t on moon; L i b r a r y named i t s s c i e n c e c o l l e c t i o n i n h i s honor. Astronaut Michael C o l l i n s , who was born i n Rome, I t a l y , v i s i t e d New Orleans, La., a s h i s adopted honetown. He a t t e n d e d luncheon i n h i s honor and v i s i t e d NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility. ( W P o s t , 9/7/69, ~ 3 ) -- September 7: S e l f - t e s t i n g - a n d - r e p a i r i n g (STAR) computer t o d i r e c t imma,nned s p a c e c r a f t on m u l t i y e a r m i s s i o n s t o o u t e r p l a n e t s and i n t e r g a l a c t i c space had p a s s e d p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t s and would b e g i n f u l l - s c a l e ground o p e r a t i o n a t JPL d u r i n g week, JPL anno3mced. Bzlieved f i r s t computer capable o f d e t e c t i n g i t s own f a i l u r e s and r e p a i r i n g i t s e l f , STAR had been developed by D r . A l g i r d a s A. A v i z i e n i s , JPL computer e x p e r t , who was t r y i n g f o r 9% p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t it would l a s t 1 5 y r s , t o c o n t r o l o p e r a t i o n s t o Neptune o r P l u t o i n s o l a r system Grand Tours scheduled f o r l a t e 1970s. During 9-to-11-yr minimum l i f e t i m e , STAR would a u t o m a t i c a l l y s w i t c h on dp t o t h r e e backup u n i t s t o r e p l a c e d e f e c t i v e p a r t s . By 1974, more modest model might r e p l a c e d e f e c t i v e p a r t s t w i c e f o r use on s h o r t e r m i s s i o n s l i k e one t o J u p i t e r . STAR could a l s o a i d i n h o s p i t a l and s u p e r s o n i c - a i r c r a f t automation. (JPL Release 5 32) September-- 8 : NASA's 3 6 3 - f t - t a l l S a t u r n V l a u n c h v e h i c l e , t i p p e d with Apollo 1 2 s p a c e c r a f t scheduled t o c a r r y a s t r o n a u t s toward moon Nov. 1 4 , was p l a c e d on l a u n c h pad a t KSC. (AP, W P o s t , 9/9/69, ~ 2 ) . MSFC announced s e l e c t i o n of McDonnell Douglas Corp. t o r e c e i v e 11-mo, $2,893,986 c o n t r a c t f o r p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n and p l a n n i n g f o r 12-man e a r t h - o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n f o r p o s s i b l e mid-1970 launch. S t a t i o n - i n i t i a l element o f l a r g e space base and means of i n v e s t i g a t i n g e f f e c t s o f l o n g - d u r a t i o n space f l i g h t on man--would have 10-yr l i f e t i m e , s u b j e c t t o expendables r e s u p p l y and crew r o t a t i o n . P a r a l l e l e f f o r t was b e i n g conducted by MSC hnd n o r t h American Rockwell Corp. (MSFC Release 69204) . Mexicall P r e s i d e n t Gustavo Diaz 0rd.az announced i n Coahuila, Mexico, t h a t P r e s i d e n t Nixon had a c c e p t e d i n v i t a t i o n f o r Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s t o s t a r t round-the-world t o u r i n Mexico. He r e p e a t e d c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s t o -- �September ------ 8 (continued) Government and U.S. people 011 Apollo 11 s u c c e s s . " ~ h eUnited S t a t e s Gave proof o f i t s g r e a t n e s s when it achieved t h i s triumph, but it became even g r e a t e r when t h e y understood it and a c c e p t e d it a s a triumph o f a l l humanity." P r e s i d e n t Nixon was i n Mexico t o a t t e n d d e d i c a t i o n o f Arnistad Dam on Rio Grande. 9/15/69, 1241) -- (g, September 9: ----- NASA's X-24A l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj. J e r a u l d R . Gentry ( ~ % ~ ) , r e a c h e mach d 0.6 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 40,003-ft a l t i t u d e over South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . Purposes of f l i g h t , f o u r t h i n s e r i e s , were t o e v a l u a t e s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d e r i v a t i v e s a t upper f l a p p o s i t i o n s , determine h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s , and o b t a i n flow v i s u a l i z a t i o n motion p i c t u r e s o f t u f t s on v e h i c l e ' s a f t p o r t i o n . (NASA P r o j o f f ) . Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NASA from WSMR w i t h VAN-22 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d C o r n e l l Univ. psyload t o 97.8-mi (157.4-km) a l t i t u d e t o examine sky i n f a r i n f r a r e d (5~-1,600&), u s i n g copper-doped-germanium, t w o gallium-doped-germsnium, and indium-antimonide d e t e c t o r s . Loss o f r e s i d u a l helium a t 1 6 2 s e c s d i s a b l e d a t t i t u d e - c o n t r o l system. Timing f a i l e d i n e x p e r i m e n t a l payload and no u s e f u l s c i e n t i f i c d a t a were o b t a i n e d . Some u s e f u l e n g i n e e r i n g d a t a were c o l l e c t e d . (NASA Rpt SKL) . FRC announced award of $1.8-million NASA c o n t r a c t t o North American Rockwell Corp. f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of new s u p e r c r i t i c a l a i r c r a f t wing. Wing, which u t i l i z e d a i r f o i l shape w i t h f l a t t o p and r e a r edge curved downward, had been developed by D r . Richard T. vlhitcomb and t e s t e d a t LaRC. Wind t u n n e l t e s t s i n d i c a t e d new shape could a l l o w h i g h l y e f f i c i e n t c r u i s e f l i g h t a t n e a r l y 630 mph a t 45,003-f.t a l t i t u d e . By i n c r e a s i n g c r u i s e speeds w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g power, wing might s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce o p e r a t i o n a l c o s t o f subsonic j e t t r a n s p o r t f l i g h t s and a l l o w f a s t e r t r a v e l , lower f u e l conswnpfion and c o s t s , i n c r e a s e d o p e r a , t i o n a l r a n g e , o r i n c r e a s e d payload. Wing would be mounted on modified Navy F - J f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t a t FRC f o r f l i g h t - t e s t i n g . (FRC Releases 4-69, 15-69) . Former , NASA Apollo Program D i r e c t o r , M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (usAF) r e c e i v e d D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e Medal f r ~ mS e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C . Seariisns, Jr., i n Pentagon ceremonies. Award was f o r achievements w i t h NASA from December 1964 t o August 1969. Gen. P h i l l i p s had l e f t NASA t o becone commander of USAF Spsce and M i s s i l e Systems O r g a n i z a t i o n (SAMSO) i n Los Angeles. (AFJ, 9 / q / 6 9 , 8) �3t7ptember 9: A t Apollo-- 11 splashdown p a r t y a t Shoreham H o t e l i n Washington, i7.C.--attended by Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s and wives--NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . 'Tllomas 0 . P a i n e , announced new Apollo Achievement Award o f l a p e l He p r e s e n t e d awards t o NASA A s s o c i a t e Adminixtrsbutton and c e r t i f i c a t e . t o r f o r Manned S p w e F l i g h t , D r . George E . Mueller; former Apollo Progravl I l i r e c t o r , L/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USAF); and Deputy D i r e c t o r of Apc,llo P r o c r m George H. Hage. ( ~ e a l e ,W S t a r , 9/10/69, FI.) - - . At f i r s t day ceremonies f o r commemorative moon l a n d i n e stamp i n W ? s h i n ~ t o n , , D. C. Postmaster General Winton M. Blount p r e s e n t e d Apollo 11 Astron3ut s K c . i l A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l d r i n , Jr. and M ickiael C o l l i n s and IASA , Yi'irnini~trator, D r . Thomas 0. Paine, w i t h albums c o n t a i n i n g 32 s t a a p ; each. Yc s a i d : " I n t h e l a r g e s t sense we pay t r i b u t e t o d a y t o t h e s r i r i t of' man. We cannot s e p a r a t e t h e accomplisk~rnentsof Apollo 11 fro111t h o s e o f Vostok 1; we cannot s e p a r a t e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s of Michael C o l l i n s , o r Edwin A l d r i n o r N c i l Armstrbng from t h o s e of 'i)ddard and E i n s t e i n , Kepler and Newton, Copernicus and G a l i l e o . We knob t h i z . And i n t h e knowing a g a i n we f i n d hope. For i f men of a l l n a t i o n s , t o g e t h e r , can achieve dominion over t h e heavens, men o f a l l n a t i o n s , t o g e t h e r , can a c h i e v e peace on e a r t h f o r a l l men f o r a l l t h e . " Armstrong s a i d a s t r o n a u t s had d e f e r r e d c a n c e l l a t i o n of startlps u n t i l t h e y were r e u n i t e d i n CM, J u l y 22. They had t h e n grasped c a n c e l e r simult a n e o u s l y and p r e s s e d it upon d i e - p r o o f v e r s i o n of comemorative stamp a f f i x e d t o m a d d r e s s e d envelope. C a n c e l l a t i o n 3 a t e remained J u l y 23, day o f l u n a r l a n d i n g . (PO Dept Release 135 ; Shandler, W S t a r , 9/10/69, -43) September 1 0 : Nike-Apache sounding r o c k e t launched by NASA from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Illinois-GCA Corp. payload t o 127.L-mi (205-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure e l e c t r o n d e n s i t y , c o l l i s i o n frequency, and t e m p e r a t u r e i n lower ionosphere on q u a r t e r l y world day. Payload i n cluded dual-frequency p r o p a g a t i o n experiment. Rocket a l t i t u d e was nominal b u t range was o n l y o n e - f o u r t h t h a t p r e d i c t e d . Instrwnznt performance was e x c e l l e n t and good d a t a were expected from a l l e x p e r i msnts. (NASA Rpt SRL) . P a u l G. Dembling, NASA General Counsel s i n c e January 1967, became NASA Deputy A s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r . Dernbling, who had j o i n e d NACA i n 1915, had been p r i n c i p s l d r a f t e r of b i l l which became N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Spsce Act o f 1958 aqd had r e c e i v e d USA D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e Medal i n 1958 f o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o d e v e l o p n ~ n to f l e g a l framework o f U.S. a e r o n a u t i c a l and space a c t i v i t i e s . (NASA Release 69-131) �September 10: Study of lunar samples was "bringing to light as msny mysteries as it unravels," New York Times editorial said. Theorists were cautious, with evidence from one small area, Tranquility Base. "It is likely-that the picture will become still-more complex when a representative ,collection of samples becomes available from ten, twenty or thirty areas spread over the entire lunar surface. But even the limitations of the present data suggest strongly that the moon is very different from earth, and therefore has much to teach human science about the origin and evolution of the solar system. The case for intensive scientific study of the moon--conducted in part by geologists and other scientists sent there for on-the-spot invcstigntion--is strong." (KT-, /10/69, 40) September ----11: Press conference on results of Mariner VI (launched Feb. T a n d Mariner ----VII (launched March 27) was Keld at U-SA IHq. Some 203 TV pictures of Mars were taken by two Msriners, including 57 high- and medium-resolution views of selected Mvlsrtian surface areas from altitude of only few hundred miles. Spacecraft smpled Martian atmosphere for temperature, pressure, and chemical constituency and measured surface temperatures in effort to correlate thermal characteristics with features observed in TV pictures. Data indicated Mars was heavily cratered, bleak, cold, dry, nearly airless, and generally hostile to any earth-style life forms. Dr. Robert B. Leighton of Cal Tech said success of TV experiment on spacecraft could be easily shown by comparing actual picture return with projected picture return. "we got nine times the number of far encounter pictures that were originally proposed [few years ago], 2O p3r cent mDre near encounter pictures than were proposed, and 1,103 digital pictures which were entirely imp~ssibleaccording to Mars seemed schemes at the time of the proposal . . . . After Mariner to be like the moon. At last Mariners 6 and 7 have shown Mars to be like Mars and have brought out Marsf own characteristic features, some of them unknown and unrecognized elsewhere in the solar system." Dr. Robert P. Sharp of Cal Tech said Martian terrain could be divided into three types--crater, featureless, and chaotic. Cratered terrain was widespread and common on Mars and resembled moon. Featureless terrain was represented by Hellas area, which appeared to be upland area, 150-nli-wide zone that gently sloped into flat featureless floor. Chaotic terrain had series of "short ridges, little valleys, an3 irregalar, jumbled topography." Chaotic and featureless terrain appeared to be distinctly Martian, suggesting "that on Mars we have either s difference in processes that are operating on the surface or within the crust or ws have a difference of material from one place to �September ---- 11 ( c o n t i n u e d ) arlotller on Mars and d i f f e r e n t t h a n on t h e moon, o r , more l i k e l y , a We a l s o have good r e a s o n f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t c o ~ n b i n a t i o nof b o t h . t h e e v o l u t i o n a r y h i s t o r y h a s been somewhat d i f f e r e n t . Again, t h e r e a r e s c a r s on t h e f a c e of Mars t h a t we do not s e e on t h e f a c e of t h e moon. And t h e r e have perhaps been episod i c e v e n t s i n Martian h i s t o r y t h 3 t a r e unique t o t h e p l a n e t Mars. We end up w i t h t h e conclusion t h a t Mars i s i t s own p l a n e t . " D r . George C. Pimentel of LJniv. of C a l i f o r n i a a t Berkeley s a i d r e e v a l u a t i o n of i n i t i a l d a t a from i n f r a r e d spectrometer had shown i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a l f e a t u r e s e a r l i e r a s c r i b e d t o methane and aqmonia were a c t u a l l y due t o p r e v i o u s l y undiscovered a b s o r p t i o n s of s o l i d carbon d i o x i d e . R e f l e c t i o n peak recorded t h r e e t i m e s i n atmosphere o f f Mars' b r i g h t l i m b showed presence of s o l i d carbon d i o x i d e a t h i g h a l t i t u d e s and a t l a t i t u d e s n o r t h of' p o l a r cap. Broad a,bsorption n e a r 9 ~ ~ r e c o r d eon d b r i g h t l i m b was a s c r i b e d t o s o l i d s i l i c a o r s i l i c a t e m a t e r i a l and broad a b s o r p t i o n s n e a r 1 2 , k r e c o r d t J n e a r dark limb were t e x t a t i v e l y a s c r i b e d i n p a r t t o s o l i d carban d i o x i d e abave ground. F u r t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l work was i n p r o g r e s s t o r e f i n e t h e r m a l map. I n i t i a l r e s u l t s o f dV spectrometer experiment were d e t e c t i o n o f i o n i z e d carban d i o x i d e , carbon monoxide, atomic hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen and n i t r i c oxide were n o t d e t e c t e d and no evidence was found o f c l o u d s , b l u e h a z e , o r any a p p r e c i a b l e atmospheric a b s o r p t i o n of UV r a d i a t i o n . D r . Charles A. B ? r t h of Univ. o f Colorado s a i d i m p ~ r t a n t p o i n t " i s t h a t t h e atmosphere of Mars i s d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e atmosphere o f t h e e a r t h . I f I showed you a spectrum t a k e n t h e same way from t h e upper atmosphere of t h e e a r t h , we would s e e a p l e n t i f u l number o f n i t r o g e n bands. We could s e e emissions from n i t r i c oxide. We could s e e emissions from atomic n i t r o g e n . None of t h o s e f e a t u r e s i s p r e s e n t " i n t h e atmosphere of Mars. D r . Norman H. Horowitz of JPL p r e s e n t e d b i o l o g i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s here i s n o t h i n g i n t h e new d a t a t h a t o f Mariner 1959 r e s u l t s . encourages t h e b e l i e f t h a t Mars i s a body o f l i f e . But t h e r e s u l t s The Mariner 6 and 7 d a t a s t r e n g t h e n d o n ' t exclude t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y t h e p r e v i o u s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e s c a r c i t y of water on Mars i s t h e most Mars s e r i o u s l i m i t i n g f a c t o r f o r l i f e a s we know it on t h i s p l a n e t i s a c o l d d e s e r t by t e r r e s t r i a l s t a n d a r d s . If t h e r e i s l i f e on Mars, it must be a form of l i f e t h a t can u t i l i z e water i n t h e form of water v a-p x o r i c e . And it i s p o s s i b l e t~ mske even e x t e n s i o n s o f o u r own t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , e v o l u t i o n a r y a d a p t a t i o n s , b e i n g a b l e t o l i v e under " ( ~ r a n s c r i ~ NASA t; News ele ease) these conditions.. ... .. . .... .... .. �September 11: ------ President Nixon announced intention to nominate Secor D. Browne to be member of Civil Aeronautics Board for remainder of term expiring Dec. 31, 1974. He would replace John H. Crooker, who had resigned effective Sept. 30. Browne would also be designated CAB Chairman. (PT,, 9/15/69, 1249) September 12: NfiSA began distribution, at MSC, cf about 18 lbs ( e . 2 k n s ) of lunar material to 106 U.S. scientific investigators and 36 in eight other countries for university, industrial, and government laboratory analyses. Lot comprised one-third of lunar samples returned by Apollo 1 1. Another 15% would be kept as examples of Tranquility Base material. Remainder would be held for later scientific experiments, with small amount possibly available on loan for public display. Material had been quarantined in LRL since its July 25 return; tests on animal and plant life had shown no ill effects. Interaeency Committee on Back Contamination had approved release of samples to principal investigators or their representatives whose plans for safeguarding material had been approved by MSC officials. Preliminary LRL examinations had disclosed two basic rock types, compacted lunar soil and igneous rocks; rocks had been on lunar surface from 10 to 150 million yrs; and igneous rocks had crystallized from 3 to 4 billion yrs ago. Approximately 3 kgs of sanples would be destroyed during experiments; residues and remaining 5.1 kgs would be returned to NASA. Results of analyses were to be reported early in 1970. Among measurements to be made were those of: pnysical properties of rocks or soil to help in understanding optical observations of moon from earth and future seismic experiments; mineralogy and petrology to show mineral content, amount of water present when rocks crystallized, and how surfaces were eroded by particles; chemical composition of rocks and fines to determine concentration of 92 elements occurring on earth and in meteorites, times of crystallization 01 igneous rocks, and periods rocks had lain on lunar surface. Studies of rare gases in soil would furnish first data on isotopic compositions of solar materials. Biologists and organic chemists would determine structures and abundances of carbon conpounds in and on lunar surface 2nd their origin; catalog microstructures in terms of organized elements and microfossils; and define presence or absence of viable lunar organisms. (WSA Release 69-133) . Spencer M. Beresford, former special counsel of House Committee on Science and Astronautics, was appointed NASA General Counsel succeeding P a u l G. Denbling, new XASA Deputy Associate Administrator [see Sept. 101. (NASA Release 69-173) �w h i t e l[ouse announced P r e s i d e n t ' s Science A d v i s e r , Septertlber 1<': O r . l ~ > Ac. DuUridge, would v i s i t f o u r Western and two E s s t e r n E u ~ o l ) ~ acr oi u n t r i e s i n September and October t o d i s c u s s arrangements f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n and e x p l o r e s p e ~ , i f i cpo:: si b i l i t i e s f o r s t r e n g t h e n i n g e x i s t i n g arrangements. 6 /~~/ L ; ( J ,1 ~ 5 1 ) (z, . Keuterc s a i d NASA had a c c e p t e d o f f e r of French s c u l p t o r Marcel Recher t o b u i l d 1'40-f't "Platform f o r t h e Conquest of t h e ~ o s m o s "a t KSC a s memorial t o f i r s t 1una.r l a n d i n g . Recher was l o o k i n g f o r sponsor t o c o n t r i b u t e $145,003 f o r p r o j e c t . (W ----) Post 9/11/69, A ? ) 1 5 debut of Boeirlg 747 would be delayed by s i x t o e i g h t weeks, Boeing Co. s a i d . P r a t t & Whitney Div. of United A i r c r a f t Corp. had encountered problems i n meeting performance g o a l s i n 362-passenger a i r c r a f t s engines. (NX, 9/13/69, 46) , Dec. Septenber 1 3 : Aerospace Corp. announced e l e c t i o n of D r . T . K e i t h Glennan, P r e s i d e n t Emeritus o f Case I n s t i t u t e o f Technology and f i r s t NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( 1 9 5 8 - 1 9 ~ 1 )a~s Chairman of Board of T r u s t e e s . Sherrod E. Skinner r e t i r e d a s Chairman and L/G James H. D o o l i t t l e ( U S - 4 ~ Ret. , ), Vice Chairman, a l s o r e t i r e d d u r i n g annual meeting of Board of T r u s t e e s . Skinner and Gen. D o o l i t t l e were awarded USAF E x c e p t i o n a l S e r v i c e Award by Under S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force john L. McLucas i n E l Segundo, CRY 9/25/69, ~ 7 8 1 3 ) C a l i f . ceremony S e p t . 1 2 . (Aerospace Release; - , . Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n Curator o f Meteoritics, D r . Kurt F r e d r i k s s o n , a r r i v e d i n Washington, D . C . , c a r r y i n g 1 0 g r o f l u n a r m a t e r i a l from LRL i n n i t r o g e n - f i l l e d p l a s t i c bag i n s i d e s t e e l b r i e f c a s e . One of s i x men i n U.S. who ha? s t u d i e d l u n a r samples, he l a t e r s a i d Smiths o n i a n s c i e n t i s t D r . Bryan H. Mason, c u r r e n t l y i n A u s t r a l i a , would ( ~ o n r o y ,W --,News 9/16/69, 5 ) r e c e i v e a n o t h e r 10-gr s e t . - NASA announced a v a i l a b i l i t y o f E a r t h Photographs from September 1 4 : Gemini V I Through -X I 1 (NASA S P - I ~ ~ ) c, o l l e c t i o n of b e s t 250 p i c t u r e s t a k e n between 1965 and 1967 from a l t i t u d e s between 99 and 550 m i a s Gemini s p a c e c r a f t o r b i t e d e a r t h . F i r s t and l a s t views were of Cape Kennedy, w i t h views of p r i n c i p a l a r e a s w i t h i n 30° l a t i t u d e o f e q u a t o r (NASA Release 69-129) between. �Space Task Group p r e s e n t e d r e p o r t The Post-Apollo Spzce September 15 : D i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e F u t u r e t o P r e s i d e n t Nixon a t White ilouse. Frogran: ---I t recommended b a s i c g o a l of b a l a y e d manned and unmanned space program ~ > o n d u c t e df o r a l l mankind, w i t h emphasis on i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n o f :p:i~,e L, ~ p - i b i l i t i e sf o r s e r v i c e s t o man through expanded space a p p l i c a t ionc. ,)romr?rn; enhance-nent of U.S. defense p o s t u r e f o r world peace and . ; i . , i ~ r i t ythrouch e x p l o i t a t i o n of space t e c h n i q u e s f o r m i l i t a r y m i s s i o n s ; c o n t i n u i n g s t r o n g progran of l u n a r and p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n , astronomy, pliy::ics, and e a r t h and l i f e s c i e n c e s ; development o f new systems and t e c h n o l o r y f o r space o p e r a t i o n s , emphasizing commonality, r e u s a b i l i t y , and economy through developmant of new space t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y and s p s c e s t a t i o n modules; and promotion of world community t h r o u g h program of broad i n t e r n a t i o n a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n and c o o p e r a t i o n . As f o c u s f o r development of new c a p a b i l i t y , Task Group r e c o m ~ e n d e d U.S. a c c e p t long-range g o a l of manned p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n w i t h manned Mars mission b e f o r e end of century. A c t i v i t i e s l e a d i n g t o g o a l should i n c l u d e i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n on d u a l theme of e x p l o i t i n g e x i s t i n g c a p a b i l i t y and developing new one w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g program balance w i t h i n a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s ; o p e r a t i o n a l phase u s i n g new s y s t e m and c a p a b i l i t i e s i n earth-moon space, w i t h men l i v i n g agd working i n t h a t environment f o r extended p e r i o d s ; and manned e x p l o r a t i o n m i s s i o n s o u t o f earth-moon space, u s i n g experience of e a r l i e r two phases. Schedule and b u d g e t a r y i m p l i c a t i o n s o f phases were s u b j e c t t o P r e s i d e n t i a . 1 c h o i c e , w i t h d e t a i l e d progran t o be determined i n normal a n n u a l budget and progrartl review. R e p ~ r to u t l i n e d t h r e e p o s s i b l e NASA p r o g r a m f o r manned Mars l a n d i n g b e f o r e c e n t u r y ' s end. Option I would launch manned m i s s i o n i n mid-lgUUs and would e s t a b l i s h o r b i t i n g l u n a r s t a t i o n , 50-man e a r t h o r b i t i n g space b a s e , and l u n a r s u r f a c e base. Funding would r i s e from c u r r e n t $ 4 - b i l l i o n l e v e l t o $8- t o $ 1 0 - b i l l i o n l e v e l i n 1980. D e c i s i o n t o proceed w i t h development o f space s t a t i o n , e a r t h - t o - o r b i t s h u t t l e , and space t u g would be r e q u i r e d i n FY 1971. Option I1 would i n c l u d e Mars mission l a u n c h i n 1986, allowing f o r e v a l u a t i o n of unmanned Mars m i s s i o n r e s u l t s b e f o r e f i n a l d e s i g n a t i o n of l a n d i n g d a t e and r e q u i r e about $ 9 - b i l l i o n maximum annual e x p e n d i t u r e i n e a r l y 1980s. Option 111 would i n c l u d e i n i t i a l developnent of space s t a t i o n and r e u s a b l e s h u t t l e s , a s i n Options I and 11, b u t wauld d e f e r d e c i s i o n on manned Mars l a n d i n g d a t e w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g g o a l o f a f t e r 1990 but b e f o r e c l o s e of c e n t u r y . Concurrent developnent of space t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e x and modular space s t a t i o n s would r e q u i r e r i s e i n 1976 a n n u a l e x p e n d i t u r e s t o $5.7 b i l l i o n , w h i l e t h e i r development i n s e r i e s would e n t a i l $1- t o 5 - b i l l i o n funding l e v e l . �Septt1ml)er 15 ( c o ~ i t i n u e d ) Iiec~nmmertded1101) o p t j orls were : (A) program o f f u l l m i l i t a r y sparSF. c a p a b i l i t y i l l c a s e of o v e r t t h r e a t t o n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , ( B ) development of' c7Tfurt,r t o c o ~ ~ er lrt known and a cccpt ecl p r o j e c t i o n s of s e c u r i t y t,E~resf, 311cL i n c r e a s e i n development a c t i v i t i e s if t h r e a t i n c r e a s e d , and ( c ) pror:ram of lower l e v e l systenl deployment w i t h technology arld support e f f o r t n e c e s s a r y f o r contingency planning on assumption t h a t l e s s e n i n ~ o f world t e n s i o n s would recl~lce emphasis on na.tiona1 d e f e n s e . A t White House b r i e f i n g f o l l o w i n g p r e s e n t r t i o n , p r e s s s e c r e t s r y lio~laldL . Z i e g l e r s a i d P r e s i d e n t Nixon had concurred i n Task Group' r e j e c t i o n of two o t h e r , extreme space p r o g r a m , one t o l s n d men on iilarr, a s roan a s p o s s i b l e , r e g a r d l e s s o f c o s t , and one t o e l i m i n a t e manned f l ic:11t program a f t e r completion o C Apollo. IIe d i d not know dncn P r e s i d e n t would make d e c i s i o n on course t o f o l l o w , b u t b u d g e t s r y cons i t i c r a t i o n s would be major f a c t o r . ( ~ e x;t PI), 9 / 2 2 / ~ 9 , l;)31; IJYT. <?/lG/G9, 1) A - - - . __I IT. S . S. R . l a i ~ n c h e dCosmos C C X C V I I I from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t h 1 6 2 - k m (1~33. ( - m i ) spogee, 127-km (78.9-mi) p e r i g e e , 87. 3-min p e r i o d , and 1 1 9 . ~ ~ i u c l i u a t ioll. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d same day. (GSPC -' SSR 7/15/63; < l , ' l ( ~ /9, & 81 ) @, . Llulnr Kock Conference was h e l d a t Smithsonia.n I n s t i t u t i o n , w i t h p a r t i c i p s . tion of E r . Thomas 0. P?.ine, NASA Administra.tor; D r . I-Ienry J. Smith, NqSA Llep~ltyA s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( S c i e n c e ) ; and Lunar Receiving L a b ~ r a t c r ys c i e n t i s t s . During conference NASA r e l e a s e d PET Swnnary ofAp?llo 11 Lu.nzr S a n p l e s , r e p o r t of 63-day p r e l i m i n a r y examination of ~ ! _ ~ ) S C ----~ - A11~ l~u n~a rO samples i n LRL by u n i v e r s i t y and Government s c i e n t i s t s on NASA P r e l i m i n a r y E x a n i n a t i o n Team (PET). Regort confirmed e x i s t e n c e of unexplained e r o s i o n p r o c e s s on l u n a r s u r f 2ce i n d i c a t e d i n Ranger, Lunar O r b i t e r , and Surveyor p h o t o s , " u n l i k e ally p r o c e s s s o f a r observed on e a r t h " ; s a i d unique chemical composition ( t h a t o f s i l i c a t e l i q u i d ) o f T r a n q u i l i t y Base f i n e s and igneous r o c k s " i m p l i e s e i t h e r t h e camgosition of t h e r o c k from vinich t h e l i q u i d was d e r i v e d d i f f e r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h a t of .the m ~ n t l e of t h e e a r t h , o r t h a t t h e mechanism by which t h e l i q u i d was formed d i f f e r s from analogous t e r r e s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s " ; and concluded t h e r e ??as "very good chance t h a t t h e t i m e of c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n of some of t h e Apollo 11 r o c k s may d a t e back t o t i m e s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e o l d e s t r o c k s on e a r t h . " Samples could be d i v i d e d i n t o f i n e - and medium-grained c r y s t a l l i n e o f igneous o r i g i n , b r e c c i a s of conplex o r i g i n , and f i n e s . C r y s t a l l i n e r o c k s d i f f e r e d from any t e r r e s t r i a l r o c k and from m2teorS.tes i n mo3al mineralogy and b u l k chemistry. E r o s i o n had �September 15 -- (c>ontinued) lie(-ornmended T)OI) o p t i orls were : ( A ) program o f f u l l m i l i t a r y spa.cc: c - a p n b i l i t y i n c a s e of o v e r t t h r e a t t o n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , ( B ) deveJoprnr>rlt ui' erfor1,c t o courlter known and a(-vepted p r o j e c t i o n s o f s e c u r i t y t,hrest, alld i n c r e a s e i n development a c t i v i t i e s if t h r e a t i n c r e a s e d , and ( c ) prar:r-am of lower l e v e l systenl deployment w i t h technology arld support e f C o r t n e c e s s a r y f o r contingency planning on assumption t h a t l e s s e n i n ~ o f world t e n s i o n s would reclilce emphasis on n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e . A t White House b r i e f i n g followirlg p r e s e n t q t i o n , p r e s s s e c r e t a r y R o ~ ~ s lL. d Z i e g l e r s a i d P r e s i d e n t Nixon had concurred i n Ta s k Group ' r e j e c t i o n o f two o t h e r , extreme space p r o g r a m , one t o l a n d men on i 4 ~ r s a s FOOII a s p o s s i b l e , r e g a r d l e s s of c o s t , and one t o e l i m i n a t e msnned fl iivlit program a f t e r completion of Apollo. lie d i d n o t know ~ir1t.n P r e s i d e n t would make d e c i s i o n on course t o f o l l o w , b u t b u d i r t s r y cons i c l c r a t i o n ~would be major f a c t o r . ( T P X ~ ; PD, 9/22/69, 1;"31-; IJYT, 9/11;/(:9, 1) - - . IJ.S. S.R . la1.mched Cosmos C C X C V I I I from B3ikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t k ~lG2-kr1 (103. (-mi ) 3 p ~ g e e ,127-km (78.9-mi) p e r i g e e , 87. ;-min p e r i o d , and 49. G O F n c l i l l a t i o ~ l . S s t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d s3me day. (GSFC -7SSR 9/15/69; ~1,/1'3/6'3, 81 ) m, . LIu!l3r riozli Conference was h e l d a t Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , > i i t h p s r t i c i p ? t i o n o f E r . Thomas 0. P s i n e , NASA Arlministrator; D r . IIenry J. Smith, WAS.% l'leputy A s s o c i a t e A d m i n i s t r a t o r ( s c i e n c e ) ; and Lunar Receiving L a b - r a t c r . ~s c i e n t i s t s . During conference NASA r e l e a s e d PET Sumnary of " -A p l l o 1 1 Lunar S a n p l e s , r e p ~ of t 63-clay p r e l i m i n a r y examination of - ---Ibs of A ~----o l l o11 l u n a r samples i n LRL by u n i v e r s i t y and Government s 2 i e n t i s t s on NASA P r e l i m i n a r y Exanination Team (PET). Report confirmed e x i s t e n c e of unexplained e r o s i o n p r o c e s s on l u n a r s u r f a c e i n d i c a t e d i n Ranger, Lunar O r b i t e r , and Surveyor photos, " u n l i k e any p r o c e s s s o f a r observed on e a r t h " ; s a i d unique chemical composition ( t h a t o f s i l i c a t e l i q u i d ) o f T r a n q u i l i t y Base f i n e s and igneous r o c k s " i m p l i e s e i t h e r t h e composition of t h e r o c k from which t h e l i q u i d was d e r i v e d d i f f e r s s i g n i f i c a n t l y from t h a t of t h e mantle of t h e e a r t h , o r t h a t t h e mechanism by which t h e l i q u i d was formed d i f f e r s from analogou-s t e r r e s t r i a l p r o c e s s e s f f ; and concluded t h e r e Tras "very good chance t h a t t h e t i m e of c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f some of t h e Apollo 11 r o c k s may d a t e back t o t i m e s e a r l i e r t h a n t h e o l d e s t r o c k s on e a r t h . " Ssrrlples could be d i v i d e d i n t o f i n e - alnd medium-grained c r y s t a l lLne o f igneous o r i g i n , b r e c c i a s o f cornplex o r i g i n , and f i n e s . C r y s t a l l i n e r o c k s d i f f e r e d from any t e r r e s t r i a l r o c k and from rrl3teor5.tes i n modal mineralogy and b u l k chemistry. Erosion had - �Se tember 15 ( continu ed) P -- o c c u r r e d on l u n a r s u r f a c e b u t t h e r e was no evidence it was caused by s u r f a c e w a t e r . Probable presence of assemblage i r o n - t r o i l i t e - i l m e n i t e and absence of any h y d r a t e d phase i n d i c a t e d c r y s t a l l i n e r o z k s were formed under extremely low p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e s of oxygen, w a t e r , and c u l f u r . Absence of h y d r a t e d m i n e r a l s sug5ested absence o f any s u r f a c e water a t T r a n q u i l i t y Base s i n c e rocks were exposed. Rocks and f i n e s showed evidence o f shock o r impact metamorphism; a l l r o c k s d i s p l a y e d g l a s s - l i n e d s u r f a c e p i t s p a s s i b l y caused by impact o f s m a l l p a r t i c l e s ; and f i n e m z t e r i a l and b r e c c i a c o n t a i n e d g a s e s t h a t i n d i c a t e d t h e y were d e r i v e d from s o l a r wind. Measurements on igneous r o c k i n d i c a t e d c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n 3 b i l l i o n t o 5 b i l l i o n yrs ago. Rocks had been w i t h i n one meter of s u r f a c e f o r 20 m i l l i o n t o 160 m i l l i o n s y r s . L e v e l of indigenous v o l a t i l i z a b l e and/or p y r o l y z a b l e o r g a n i c m s t e r i a l wss extremely low. A l l r o c k s and f i n e s were g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r chemically. Major and minor c o n s t i t u e n t s were sane a s i n t e r r e s t r i a l igneous r o c k s 2nd ~ n e t e o r i t e s , b u t d i f f e r e n c e s i n composition were s i g n i f i c a n t . E l e ments t h a t were e n r i c h e d i n i r o n m e t e o r i t e s were n o t observed o r were v e r y low i n occurrence. No evidence of b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l had been found. T r a n q u i l i t y Bzse s o i l was f i n e g r a i n e d , g r a n u l a r , cohesive, and w i t h hardness i n c r e a s i n g a t s i x - i n c h depth. it was s i m i l a r i n appearance and behavior t o s o i l a t Surveyor l a n d i n g sites. (program; Text ; ---' Science 9/19/69) . NASA announced withdrawal of t h r e e Apollo range i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n s h i p s - USNS Redstone, Mercu_ry_, and Huntsville--from t r a c k i n g network s u p p o r t i n g Apollo f l i g h t s . Remaining t r a c k i n g s h i p , USNS Vanguard, would be c o n t i n u e d on s t a t i o n i n A t l a n t i c about 1 , 0 0 0 m i s o u t h e a s t of Bermu-da. NASA s a i d r e d u c t i o n of Apollo s h i p support was based on h i g h s u c c e s s o f Apollo m i s s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i r e x c e l l e n t "launch on t i m e " (NASA Release 69-133) record. . ------ House passed H . J . R . 775, t o a u t h o r i z e P r e s i d e n t " t o award a p p r o p r i a t e medals honoring t h o s e a s t r o n a u t s whose p a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e w e l f a r e of t h e Nation and of mankind have been excep(CJ, ~ 8 7 0 - 2 ) t i o n a l l y m e r i t o r i o u s . 'I September 1 6 : A s t r o n a u t s N e i l A. Armstrong, Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , and Michael C o l l i n s r e p o r t e d on Apollo 11 m i s s i o n t o j o i n t s e s s i o n of Congress c a l l e d i n t h e i r honor. A s t r o n a u t Armstrong s a i d : "Several weeks ago I enjoyed t h e warmth of r e f l e c t i o n on t h e t r u e meanings of t h e s p i r i t of Apollo. I s t o o d i n t h e h i g h l a n d s o f t h i s Nation, n e a r �September 1 6 ( c o n t i n u e d ) t h e C o n t i n e n t a l D i v i d e , i n t r o d u c i n g t o my sons t h e wonders of n a t u r e qnd p l e a s u r e s of l o o k i n g f o r d e e r and f o r e l k . I n t h e i r enthusiasm f o r t h e view t h e y f r e q u e n t l y stumbled on t h e rocky t r a i l s , b u t when t h e y looked o n l y t o t h e i r f o o t i n g , t h e y d i d not s e e t h e e l k . To t h o s e of you who have advocated l o o k i n g h i g h we owe o u r s i n c e r e g r a t i t u d e , f o r you have g r a n t e d u s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s e e some of t h e g r a n d e s t views of t h e C r e a t o r . To t h o s e of you who have been o u r honest c r i t i c s , we a l s o t h a n k , f o r you have reminded us t h a t we d a r e not f o r g e t t o wstch t h e trail. " A s t r o n a u t A l d r i n s a i d : "Our s t e p s i n space have been a symbol o f t h i s c o u n t r y ' s way o f L i f e a s we open o u r doors and windows t o t h e world t o view o u r s u c c e s s e s and f a i l u r c s and a s we s h a r e w i t h a l l n a t i o n s our d i s c o v e r y . The S a t u r n , Columbia, and Eagle, and t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r m o b i l i t y u n i t have proved.. . t h a t t h i s Nation can produce equipment of t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t y and d e p e n d a b i l i t y . T h i s should g i v e a l l o f us hope and i n s p i r a t i o n t o overcome some of t h e more d i f f i c u l t problems h e r e on ? a r t h . The Apollo l e s s o n i s t h a t n a t i o n a l g o a l s can be met where t h e r e i s a s t r o n g enough w i l l t o do so. " A s t r o n a u t C o l l i n s s a i d : "We have t a k e n t o t h e moon t h e wealth of t h i s Nation, t h e v i s i o n of i t s p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s , t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o f i t s s c i e n t i s t s , t h e d e d i c a t i o n of i t s e n g i n e e r s , t h e c a r e f u l craftsmans h i p of i t s workers, and t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c support of i t s p e o p l e . We have brought back r o c k s . And I t h i n k it i s a f a i r t r a d e . For j u s t a s t h e R o s e t t a s t o n e r e v e a l e d t h e language of a n c i e n t Egypt, s o may t h e s e r o c k s unlock t h e mystery of t h e o r i g i n of t h e mom, of our e a r t h , and even of o u r s o l a r system. " A s t r o n a u t s p r e s e n t e d Congress w i t h two U. S. f l a g s which p r e v i o u s l y had flown o v e r Senate and House of C a p i t o l and had been c a r r i e d t o moon aboard Apollo 1 1 spacecraft. 9/16/69, ~ 9 3 7 - 9 ) (s, . At Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ceremony a t t e n d e d by Apollo 11 A s t r o n a u t s , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0. P a i n e , p r e s e n t e d two-pound, g r e y , l u n a r r o c k of igneous, b r e c c i a t y p e t o Smithsonian S e c r e t a r y , D r . S. D i l l o n R i p l e y , f o r Smithsonian c o l l e c t i o n . It would be s e a l e d i n n i t r o g e n - f i l l e d c o n t a i n e r covered by t h r e e - f o o t g l a s s bubble and d i s p l a y e d t o p u b l i c beginning S e p t . 17 f o r i n d e f i n i t e p e r i o d i n A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s Building. A t p r e s e n t a t i o n , A s t r o n a u t Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r , , s a i d : "Every human b e i n g , every animal who has looked up i n t o t h e heavens h a s seen t h a t rock. It i s a f o r t u n a t e t i m e f o r mankind t o l o o k up and be a b l e t o say, ' h e r e i s t h e moon. ' " (Smiths o n i a n Release SI-150-69; S h e l t o n , W P o s t , 9/17/69, ~ 1 ) -- �S e n a t e passed H . J . R . 775, " t o a u t h o r i z e t h e P r e s i d e n t t o 16: award, i n t h e naze o f Congress, Congressional Space Medals o f Honor t o t h o s e a s t r o n a u t s whose p s r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s and c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e welfare of t h e Nation and of mankind have been e x c e p t i o n a l l y m e r i t o r i o u s . " (g, 9/16/69, ~ 1 0 6 3 0 ) September - . New ---- -- Yorli Times e d i t o r i a l commented on Apollo 11 and Mariner V I and V I I : "The unprecedented advances i n t h e s t u d y b o t h o f t h e moon and of M3rs d u r i n g t h e p a s t few weeks have produced a s t u n n i n g crop of s u r p r i s e s about b o t h c e l e s t i a l bodies. On t h e c l o s e s t examination y e t , t h e s e neighbors i n space have proved f a r more complex and s t r a n g e t h a n p r e v i o u s t h e o r i e s have l e d men t o b e l i e v e . And t h e m a g n i f i c e n t , l i f e l e s s d e s o l a t i o n of t h e l u n a r and Martian s u r f a c e s emphasizes more t h a n e v e r how wonderful it i s and how l i t t l e s c i e n c e u n d e r s t a n d s why it i s t h a t t h i s t h i r d p l a n e t from t h e sun i s s o u n i q u e l y g r e e n , v i b r a n t and overrunning w i t h l i f e . " 9/16/69, 40) (m, September 17: Spsce Task Group r e p o r t t o P r e s i d e n t on post-Apollo spsce program [ s e e S e p t . 151 was r e l e a s e d a t White House p r e s s conference by Vice P r e s i d e n t S p i r o T . Agnew and Space Task Force Group msrnbers D r . Thomas 0. P a i n e , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r ; D r . Robert C. Seaxans, J r . , S e c r e t a r y of t h e A i r Force; D r . Lee A. DuBridge, P r e s i d e n t i a l Science A d v i s e r ; and Willim A. Anders, NASC Executive S e c r e t a r y . Vice P r e s i d e n t Agnew s a i d Group had r e j e c t e d " c r a s h program of t h e magnitude t h a t would t u r n l o o s e every b i t of o u r t e c h n o l o , ? i c a l a b i l i t y " t o a c h i e v e q u i c k e s t p o s s i b l e manned Mars l a n d i n g because " t h e r e a r e competing p r i o r i t i e s i n a d i f f i c u l t time of i n f l a t i o n . " Group had a l s o r e j e c t e d "foregoing t h e s u b s t a n t i a l b e n e f i t s t h a t have come out o f t h e Apollo p r o g r a z , t h e b e n e f i t s of N a t i o n a l p r e s t i g-e . " D r . Paine s a i d a l l t h r e e o p t i o n s recommended t o P r e s i d e n t i n r e p o r t would e n a b l e NASA t o "hold t o g e t h e r t h e team" and g r o v i d e "major c h a l l e n g e . " D r . DuBridge s a i d a l l t h r e e o p t i o n s h e l d "heavy emphasis on e a r t h a p p l i c a t i o n s , s a t e l l i t e s , f o r s t u d y i n g t h e geology, t h e geography, t h e atmosphere of t h e oceans o f t h e e a r t h and b r i n g i n g space t e c h n o l o g y d i r e c t l y and immediately t o t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e p e o p l e on e a r t h . A 1 1 t h r e e programs a l s o . . . i n c l u d e heavy emphasis on s c i e n t i f i c programs, t o extend o u r s c i e n t i f i c knowledge o f t h e e a r t h i t s e l f , of t h e moon, through a d d i t i o n a l l u n a r e x p e d i t i o n s , i n t e r p l a n e t a r y spsce and a d d i t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e moon and t h e p l a n e t s . " He a l s o c i t e d emphasis on i n t e r n a t i o n a l collaboration. (Transcript ) �September 17 ( c o n t i n u e d ) NASA r e l e a s e d America's Next Decade i n Space: A Report f o r t h e Space Task Group. Major p o i n t s had been i n c o r p o r a t e d i n Task Group r e p o r t [ s e e Sept. 151. ( ~ e x t ) . First day of p u b l i c d i s p l a y of l u n a r r o c k a t Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n a t t r a c t e d 8,200 v i s i t o r s , i n c l u d i n g former NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r James E . Webb. Webb s a i d : he rock r e p r e s e n t s a l l t h e work and a l l t h e submergence of p e r s o n a l ambitions t h a t thousands p u t i n t o t h e space e f f o r t . It proves we have t h e s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n i c a l and managerial c a p a b i l i t y o f expanding our space v a l u e s f o r use urlder t h e s e a , on t h e l a n d and i n t h e a i r . " (Schaden, W S t a r , 9/18 '63, - ~4 . S e n a t e adopted by 85-0 v o t e a ~ e n d m e n t o f f e r e d by Sen. William Proxmire (D- is ) t o S. 2546, FY 1970 m i l i t a r y procurement a u t h o r i z a t i o n , which would r e q u i r e s t u d y and review by Comptroller General o f p r o f i t s made by Government a g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g NASA, on c o n t r a c t s f o r which t h e r e (CR, ~ 1 0 7 4 3 - 5 2 ) had been no f o r m a l l y a d v e r t i s e d c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g . . - . Rep. George A. Goodling (R-pa. ) i n t r o d u c e d H.R. 13838 " t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e distribution t o t h e several States, f o r display t o t h e public.. samples of t h e l u n a r r o c k s and o t h e r l u n a r m a t e r i a l s brought back by t h e Apollo 11 mission. " 9/17/69, ~ 8 0 9 8 ) . (s, . h he space age i s h e r e t o s t a y , b u t t h e p r e c i s e New York Times e d i t o r i a l : c o n t o u r s o f how f a r and how f a s t t h i s n a t i o n w i l l go i n t h e decades ahead w i l l have t o be determined on a pragmatic b a s i s , almost y e a r by y e a r and A d m i n i s t r a t i o n by A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . 9/17/69, 40) (m, September 1 8 : U.S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXCIX from Baikonur i n t o o r b i t w i t h 2l9-Xrn (136.1-mi) apogee, 2 0 7 - k m ' m - m i ) p e r i g e e , 89.2-min (GSFC p e r i o d , and 64.9' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept. 22. SSR, 9130169; E , 9/19/69, 8 1 ) -- . NASA's HL-10 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by NASA t e s t p i l o t John A . Manke, reached 79,000-ft a l t i t u d e and mach 1 . 3 9 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t west of Rosamond, C a l i f . Parpose of f l i g h t , 25th i n s e r i e s and 1 2 t h u s i n g engine, was t o o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d a t a a t v a r i o u s a n g l e s o f a t t a c k i n speed range around mach 1 . 2 . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �- September 1 8 : NASA and AEC announced s u c c e s s f u l completion of NERVA n u c l e a r e x p e r i m e n t a l r o c k e t engine ( X E ) t e s t i n g i n J a c k a s s F l a t s , Nev. T e s t s , conducted from March through August, had i n c l u d e d 28 s u c c e s s f u l engine s t a r t u p s and 3 h r s 48 min cumulative o p e r a t i n g t i m e , w i t h 3.5 min a t f u l l power (55,000-lb t h r u s t ) . XE program had explored wide v a r i e t y of o p e r a t i n g modes and p r e s s u r e and temp-rature c o n d i t i o n s , demonstrated automatic s t a r t u p s u s i n g boot s t r a p t e c h n i q u e s , demonstrated s t a b i l i t y o f n u c l e a r r o c k e t engine performance, and v a l i d a t e d d e s i g n and o p e r a t i o n o f engine t e s t s t a n d No. 1. XE engine r u n s concluded s e r i e s of s u c c e s s f u l t e c h n o l o g y t e s t s over s e v e r a l y e a r s . Design and development o f f l i g h t - r a t e d 7 5 , 0 0 0 - l b - t h r u s t NERVA r o c k e t was being i n i t i a t e d on b a s i s o f i n f o r m a t i o n produced. Nuclear r o c k e t p r o g r m was managed (NASA Release 69-134; b y AEC-NASA S p x e Nuclear P r o p u l s i o n O f f i c e . AEC-NAS4 Release M - 2 l 6 ) . . NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0 . Paine, and Chairman o f I n d i a n Spsce Research O r g a n i z a t i o n , D r . Vikrarn A. S a r a b h a i , on b3half of I n d i a and U.S. s i g n e d agreement a t XASA Hq. t o p r o v i d e d i r e c t TV b r o a d c a s t s from s a t e l l i t e t o soTe 5,030 s m a l l I n d i a n v i l l a , g e s . Broadcasts would b f i r s t from s a t e l l i t e t o sfla11 r e c e i v e r s withoat ground r e l a y . E x p e r i ment would u t i l i z e ATS-F, s i x t h i n NASA s e r i e s of A p p l i c a t i o n s Technology S a t e l l i t e s , scheduled f o r mid-1972 launch. I n d i a would u s e e x p e r i m e n t a l ground s t a t i o n a t Ahmedabad and o t h e r s t o t r a n s m i t TV programs t o s a t e l l i t e , which would r e l a y them t o v i l l a g e r e c e i v e r s . I n c r e a s e d onboard power and deployable s a t e l l i t e antenna w i t h h i g h (NASA Release p o i n t i n g a c c u r a c y m2de d i r e c t b r o a d c a s t p o s s i b l e . 69-135) S e n a t e began c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f 1I.R. 11271, FY 1970 NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n b i l l passed by House June 1 0 and r e p o r t e d w i t h amendment i n form of s u b s t i t u t e b i l l by S e n a t e Committee on A e r o n a u t i c a l and Spsce S c i e n c e s June 24. Sen. William Proxmire (D- is.) i n t r o d u c e d new earmarked f o r S e c t i o n 7: " O f t h e funds a u t h o r i z e d . . . $ 3 30,030,000 o p e r a t i o n of t h e Apollo m i s s i o n s s h a l l not be o b l i g a t e d o r expended u n t i l t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r , i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e S t a t e Department, has f u l l y explored t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperation and c o s t - s h a r i n g i n space e x p l o r a t i o n , and h a s r e p o r t e d t o Congress on t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e e f f o r t s . " E f f o r t s should i n c l u d e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l consortium w i t h NASA a s manager of o p e r a t i o n s o r p o s s i b i l i t y of b r i n g i n g space e x c l u s i v e l y w i t h i n U.N. j u r i s d i c t i o n agd c o n t r o l , e s t a b l i s h i n g "United Nations Space Council 9/18/69, S10895 modeled a f t e r t h e World Health Organization. " 907 ) ... (g, �Sqtember 18: P r e s i d e n t Nixon addrcs::cd 24th s e s s i o n of U . N . General Assembly: "Of a l l man's g r e a t ~ n t e r p r i s e s ,none l e n d s i t s e l f more l o g i c a l l y o r more compellingly t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n t h a n t h e v e n t u r e i n t o space. Iiere, t r u l y , mankind i s one: a s f e l l o w creatures from t h e p l a n e t E a r t h , e x p l o r i n g t h e heavens t h a t a l l o f u s enjoy. Tlie journey of Apollo 1 1 t o t h e moon and back was not an end, but t h e beginning. here w i l l be new journcys of d i s c o v e r y . Beyond t h i s , we a r e J u s t beginning t o comprehend t h e b e n e f i t s t h a t space technology can y i e l d h e r e on e a r t h . And t h e p o t e n t i a l i s enormous. For example, we a r e now developing e a r t h r e s o u r c e survey s a t e l l i t e s , w i t h t h e f i r s t e x p e r i m e n t a l s a t e l l i t e t o be launched sometime e a r l y i n t h e decade of t h e s e v e n t i e s . P r z s e n t i n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t t h e s e s a t e l l i t e s should be capable of y i e l d i n g d a t a which could a s s i s t i n a s w i d e l y v a r i e d t a s k s a s t h e s e : t h e l o c a t i o n of schools of f i s h i n t h e oceans, t h e l o c a t i o n o f m i n e r a l d e p o s i t s on l a n d , t h e h e a l t h of a g r i c u l t u r a l crops. "I f e e l it i s o n l y r i g h t t h a t we should s h a r e b a t h t h e a d v e n t u r e s and t h e b e n e f i t s o f space. As a n example of our p l a n s , we have d e t e r mined t o t a k e a c t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o e a r t h r e s o u r c e s s a t e l l i t e s . . The purpose. i s t h a t t h i s program w i l l be d e d i c a t e d t o produce i n f o r mation not o n l y f o r t h e United S t a t e s , but a l s o f o r t h e world community. We s h a l l be p u t t i n g s e v e r a l p r o p o s a l s i n t h i s r e s p e c t b e f o r e t h e United N a t i o n s . These a r e among t h e p o s i t i v e , c o n c r e t e s t e p s we i n t e n d t o t a k e toward i n t e r n a t i o n a l i z i n g man ' s e p i c v e n t u r e i n t o space- -and adventure t h a t belongs n o t t o one n a t i o n but t o a l l mankind. " 9/22/69, 127581) .. .. (g, . Post O f f i c e Dept. announced d e l a y i n d e l i v e r y of moon l a n d i n g stamp f i r s t day c o v e r s because of "unprecedented number o f r e q u e s t s . " P r o c e s s i n g crew of 100--more t h a n t w i c e number normally employed--were working l o n g e r s h i f t s w i t h more s p e c i a l c a n c e l i n g equipment t h a n e v e r b e f o r e t o handle "response from people a l l over t h e world." (PO Dept P h i l a t e l i c Release 50) . L i s t of U. S. a t t e m p t s d u r i n g 1969 t o e f f e c t c o o p e r a t i v e space agreement w i t h U.S.S.R. was e n t e r e d i n Congressional Record: A p r i l 30, NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , D r . Thomas 0 . P a i n e , forwarded copy Space F l i g h t I n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o o f O p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r P a r t i c i p a t i o ni nAcademician D r . Anatoly A. Blagonravov and a s s u r e d him t h a t p r o p o s a l s by S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s of experiments t o f l y on NASA s p a c e c r a f t would be welcomed. Supplements t o NASA document were t o be s e n t r o u t i n e l y t o S o v i e t Academy. �September 8 (continued) -- -- - 1 Msy 29, D r . Paine i n v i t e d Academician Blagonravov t o a t t e n d Apollo -11 launch and t o d i s c u s s , i n f o r m a l l y , mutual i n t e r e s t s i n c o ~ p e r ative -- s p m e p r o j e c t s . D r . Blagonravov had d e c l i n e d . Augl~st ;'1, D r . Paine i n v i t e d Academician P r o f . M s t i s l a v V . K~:ldysh t o send S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s t o S e p t . 11-21 b r i e f i n g a t NASA H q . f o r i n v e s t i g a t o r s who might wish t o propose experiments f o r 1973 Viking m i s s i o n s t o Mzrs, D r . Paine s u g s e s t e d meeting s e r v e a s o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d i s c u s ~ i o n o f p l a n e t a r y e x p l o r a t i o n p l a n s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o c o o r d i n a t e d e f f o r t s benef i c i a l t o both c o u n t r i e s . P r o f . Keldysh had d e c l i n e d , but asked f o r c o p i e s o f meeting m a t e r i a l s s o S o v i e t s c i e n t i s t s might develop p r o p o s a l s . He had s u g 2 e s t e d p o s s i b i l i t y o f l a t e r d i s c u s s i o n s . (g, 9/18/69, S l 0 9 j - G) . . S e n a t e swore i n Sen. Ralph T . Smith (R-111.) t o s e r v e unexpired term of ) and adopted r e s o l u t i o n a s s i g n i n g l a t e Sen. E v e r e t t T . Dirksen (R-111. him t o S e n a t e Connittee on A e r o n a u t i c a l and Space Sciences t o r e p l a c e Sen. Charles McC. Mathias (R-Md. ) , r e a s s i g n e d t o Government Operat i o n s Co~nmittee. (g, 9/18/69, ~ 1 0 7 6 3 ) S e n a t e passed by v o i c e v o t e S. 1857, FY 1 9 / 0 NSF a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $487,150,000. ( -C R , 9/18/69, 510764-70) . Senate p a s s e d by r e c o r d v o t e o f 8 1 t o 5, S. 2546, FY 1970 m i l i t a r y Procurenent a u t h o r i z a t i o n which i n c l u d e d amendment r e q u i r i n g s t u d y a n 3 r e v i e w by Comptroller General of p r o f i t s on Governnent c o n t r a c t s f o r which t h e r e had been no a d v e r t i s e d c o q e t i t i v e b i d d i n g [ s e e S e p t . 171. (~ 2 9/18/69, , ~10838-91) September 19: Canadian Black Brant IV sounding r o c k e t was launched by NASA f r a n B a r r s i r a do I n f e r n o , N a t a l , B r a z i l , c a r r y i n g MSC-Univ. of C a l i f o r n i a payload t o p r o v i d e d e t a i l e d s c i e n t i f i c measurements of charged p a r t i c l e s environment i n South A t l a n t i c A n m a l y r s g i o n . Secondary o b j e c t i v e s were t o measure magnetic f i e l d s t r e n g t h and Rocket f l i g h t - e v a l u a t e payload t e l e m e t r y - s y s t em performance r e a c h e d 532-mi (856-km) a l t i t u d e , w i t h performance h i g h e r t h a n expected. A l l experiments performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and d a t a were o b t a i n e d on a l l channels. ( K ~ S ARpt SRL) . . Senate passed by v o i c e v o t e H . R . 11271, FY 1970 NASA a u t h o r i z a t i o n of $3.716 b i l l i o n , a l l o c a t i n g $3.020 b i l l i o n f o r R&D, $58.2 m i l l i o n f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f a c i l i t i e s , and $637.4 m i l l i o n f o r r e s e a r c h a n 3 grogram �September 19 ( c o n t i n u e d ) m z n s ~ e ~ n m t .T o t a l was $250.85 m i l l i o n l e s s t h a n had been passed by I i o ~ s e:June 1 0 [ s e e a l s o June 251. Senate i n s i s t e d on i t s amendments S10g7(7-93, 11032; T e x t ) and r e q u e s t e d conference w i t h House. (z, . White 1lo;ise auln~uncedApollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s would make 22-nation t o u r s ' t a r t i n s S e p t . 29, t o s t r e s s U.S. w i l l i n g n e s s t o s h a r e space knogledge. I t i n e r a r y would i n c l u d e Mexico City; Bogota, Colombia; B ~ e n o sA i r e s , A r g e n t i n a ; Kio 3e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l ; Lss Palmzs, Canary I s l a n d s ; Madrid; P a r i s ; Amzter~tam2nd B r u s s e l s ; Oslo; Cologne, Germany; B e r l i n ; London; Rom.?; Belgrade, Yugoslavia; Ankara, Turkey; Kinshasa, Congo; Teheran, I r a n ; Ijoabzy, I n d i a ; Dacca, P a k i s t a n ; Bangkok, Thailand; Darwin and Sydney, A u s t r a l i a ; Guam; S e o u l ; Tokyo; Honolulu; and r e t u r n t o H o u s t o ~ , T e u . , Nov. 5. A d d i t i o n z l t r i p t o Ottawa and Montreal, Canada, was p l s n n x i f o r December. (UPI, 9/23/69, 5 ) z, . U . K . ' s f i r s t l u n a r samples--3 oz of moon d u s t i n 16 contamination-proof b 3 x e s - - a r r i v e d i n London and were shown t o s c i e n t i s t s a n 3 p r e s s a t Science Research Council. D r . S. 0. A g r e l l of Cxmbridge Univ. and D r . P. E. Clegg o f Lon3on Univ. had f l o - m t o MSC t o c o l l e c t them. (AP, Kansas They would be s c r u t i n i z e d by 1 4 B r i t i s h r e s e a r c h tearns. C i t y Tim?s 9/23/69) ------, . French s c i e n t i s t s , u s i n g " w o r l d ' s m ~ s tp o d e r f u l l a s e r " a t L i m e i l l Weapons Research Center o f French Atonic Egergy Commission near P a r i s , had g e n e r a t e d s u c c e s s i o n of t i n y thermonuclear e x p l o s i o n s , Walter S u l l i v a n s s i d i n New Times. --York - --- It was important s t e p toward taming hydrogen bomb energy and u n d e r l i n e d concern o f s c i e n t i s t s t h a t l a s e r s might s i m p l i f y d e s i g n o f d e v a s t a t i n g n u c l e a r weapons. (NF, 9/19/69, 1 ) . Repor5 o f P r e s i d e n t Nixon's Task Group on Space and Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s ' speeches t o Congress [ s e e S e p t . 161 h z i "brodght s G e r a t i o n a l i t y back t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n of w h i t h e r t h e spsce program," WashinGon Post e d i t o r i a l s a i d . Acceptance by P r e s i d e n t o f r?,zomnenlation " w o ~ l de l i m i n a t e t a l k of abandoning msnned spsce f l i g h t , which would bz a f o o l i s h course of a c t i o n , o r o f proceeding t o x a r d Mzrs i n a c r a s h e f f o r t t o g e t t h e r e a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . " It -das important " f o r t h e n a t i o n t o p ~ s hahead on t h e im-nediate r?conmendations o f t h e Task Group--exploring t h e moan, developing t h e t o o l s t h a t a r e needed f o r s y s t e n s t i c e x p l o i t a t i o n o f o u r space t r a v e l c a p a b i l i t y , and e x t r a c t i n g f r o n t h e space program more b e n e f i t s f o r t h o s e o f u s who 3 r e earthb3und." (W ___Post 3 9/19/69) --- ---- �Washington Sunday S t a r commented on d i s p l a y of moon rocks September 21: h he l u n a r chunk does indeed l o o k l i k e a t Sqithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n : s o n e t h i n g t h a t , if it t u r n e d up i n a Bethesda [ ~ d] . backyard, would not draw a second g l a n c e . And y e t it i s somsthing t h a t , u n t i l two It i s a promise o f unimagined months ago, no man had seen before. t h i n g s t o come." Judging by crowds queued up, "Smithsonian has booked i t s b e s t a c t s i n c e t h e Mona L i s a came t o town s i x y e a r s ago. " (W S t a r 9/21/69, c l ) ... -, . Parade magazine c a l l e d f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t of J u l y 4, 1976--200th a n n i v e r s a r y o f U.S.--as n a t i o n a l d e a d l i n e f o r conquering some of e a r t h ' s s o c i a l l l ~ a v i n gh a r n e s s e d our s p e c i a l strengths--money, men, m z t e r i a l s problems. and t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l genius t o c o n t r o l them--we conquered space b e f o r e 1970. Why can we n o t conquer some of o u r s o c i a l problems on e a r t h by 1976?11 ( p a r a d e , 9/21/69, 1) . h he n o t i o n has o c c u r r e d t o more t h a n one person t h a t NASA, having reached t h e moon and now f e a r i n g i t s way t o t h e p l a n e t s p o s s i b l y blocked by budg e t a r y o b s t a c l e s , might f i n d t h e r e q u i s i t e new worlds t o conquer r i g h t h e r e , a t home," W i l l i a m Hines s a i d i n Washingtnn Sunday S t a r . It was "fundamental p r e c e p t of modern technology t h a t a n y t h i n g which can be imagined can be accomplished. A c u r e f o r cancer, an end t o poirerty, a cleanup o f t h e environment, t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e Vietnam war, even e f f e c t i v e n u c l e a r disarmament? I f it i s conceivable it i s a c h i e v a b l e . " While NASA could be depended on t o g i v e good account of i t s e l f i n s c i e n t i f i c and e n g i n e e r i n g s i t u a t i o n s , " i t s a b i l i t y t o handle problems w i t h a b i g ' p e o p l e ' component i s l a r g e l y u n t e s t e d . " S i n c e "peopleproblems" were predominant t h e s e days, maybe NASA wouldn't work o u t so w e l l a f t e r a l l . " D J . ~on t h e second t h o u g h t , no o t h e r government agency i s showing much f l a i r f o r coping with t h e human element, e i t h e r . " ( W S t a r , 9/21/69, ~ 4 ) USAF launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB September 22 : by Thorad-Agena b o o s t e r i n t o o r b i t w i t h 157.2-mi (253-km) apogee, 1 1 0 . 0 - n i (177-km) p e r i g e e , 88.7-min p e r i o d , and 850' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC 9/30/69; UPI, W P o s t , 9/23/69, ~ 2 0 ) E, . P r e s i d e n t Nixon announced appointment of NAS P r e s i d e n t , D r . P h i l i p Handler, t o P r e s i d e n t f s Science ~ d v i s o r y -Conxittee. He would r e p l a c e D r . F r e d e r i c k S. S e i t z , P r e s i d e n t of R o c k e f e l l e r Univ. i n New York. (PD, 9/29/69, 1335; -2 W News 9/23/69, 44) - �Septel~lbcr ------22: F r e s i d e n t Nixon announced e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s e r i e s of P r e s i t i a r l t i a l t a s k f o r c e s , i n c l u d i n g Task Force on Oceanography, t o review p u b l i c and p r i v a t e e f f o r t s i n oceanography and suggest a c t i o n s t o a c c e l e r a t e development of " i n c r e a s i n g l y important a r e a of e x p l o r a t i o n " ; and Task Force on Science P o l i c y , t o review p r e s e n t p o l i c y and make recommendations f o r f u t u r e scope and d i r e c t i o n . (PD, 9/29/69, 1304) Septe~nber23: - U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos CCC i n t o o r b i t w i t h 189-km - ( r i l i apogee, 51.5' i n c l i n a t i o n . 183-krn (113.7 - m i ) p e r i g e e , 89.0-min p e r i o d , and S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d Sept Ti. (GSFC SSR 9130169; S m , 9/25/69, 1 0 s ) . -, . Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NASA from WSMR w i t h VAM-20 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d Univ. of Hawaii payload t o 108.4-mi (174.4-krn) a l t i t u d e . O b j e c t i v e s were t o o b t a i n h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n s p z c t r a of s o l a r d i s c from 1 , 8 0 0 8 t o 2,000 8 , u s i n g h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n e c h e l l e :;r' ',in[; s p e c t r o g r a p h Rocket and p o i n t e d by Univ. of Colorado b i a x i a l p o i n t i n g cont,r !I i n s t r u m e n t s f u n c t i o n e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y and photographic s p e c t r a were (NASA Rpt SRL) o b t a i n e d on b o t h camera c y c l e s . . . P r e s i d e n t Nixon announced d e c i s i o n t o c o n t i n u e development of SST. " T ~ e sup2rsoni.c t r a n s p o r t i s going t o be b u i l t . The q u e s t i o n i s whether i n t h e y e a r s ahead t h e people of t h e world w i l l b2 f l y i n g i n American s u p e r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t s o r i n t h e t r a n s p o r t s of o t h e r n a t i o n s . .whether t h e United S t a t e s , a f t e r s t a r t i n g and s t o p p i n g t h i s program. finally I have made t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t we should go d e c i d e s t o go ahead ahead.. .because I want t h e United S t a t e s t o continue t o l e a d t h e world i n a i r t r a n s p o r t . And it i s e s s e n t i a l t o b u i l d t h i s p l a n e i f we a r e t o naintain t h a t leadership I have made t h e d e c i s i o n , a l s o , because t h r o u g h t h i s p l a n e we a r e going t o be a b l e t o b r i n g t h e world c l o s e r t o g e t h e r i n a t r u e p h y s i c a l and t i m e s e n s e . . . . This i s a massive s t r i d e forward i n t h e f i e l d of t r a n s p o r t . " P r e s i d e n t s a i d p r o t o t y p e would be flown i n 1972. 9/29/69, 1309) . .. .... ... .... (g, . P r e s i d e n t Nixon would a s k Congress t o a p p r o p r i a t e $662 m i l l i o n over f i v e y e a r s t o a s s i s t i n SST developxent, S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n John A. Volpe announced. F e d e r a l Government would spend e s t i m a t e d $761 m i l l i o n through FY 1974, i n c l u d i n g $99 i n i l l i o n i n funds a l r e a d y a2pro-g-i-ted, t o c o n s t r ~ c tand f l i g h t - t e s t two p r o t o t y p e Boeing SST mo3els. T o t a l developxent c o s t was e s t i m a t e d $1.5 b i l l i o n , w i t h $ 1 . 3 - b i l l i o n Government p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o be r e p a i d from s a l e of approximately 300 a i r c r a f t capable of c a r r y i n g 303 passengers each a t maximidm 1,800-mph speeds. ( D ~ TRelease 21069) �USA Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory helium-f i l l e d balloon L ':j ~ a : ; u c c e s s f u l l y launched f r o n WSMR, c a r r y i n g 7 0 - l b s c i e n t i f i c psyloa,d t o mcasurc ozone c o n c e n t r a t i o n , cosmic r a d i a t i o n , and atmospheric p r e s s u r e , t e m p e r a t u r e , and d e n s i t y a t 160,000-ft a l t i t u d e . The 6 0 3 - f t t a l l , 1 , 7 0 3 - l b b a l l o o n d r i f t e d t o New Mexico where it r e l e a s e d payload f o r r e c c v e r y on ground. Da,ta would be used f o r number o f WSMR p r o j e c t s . ( ~ S A FPIO: UPI, W News, 9/24/63, ( 2 ) St.pt cn1bi.r ------ . Associated P r e s s quoted Col. Edwin E . A l d r i n (USAF, R e t . ) a s s a y i n g NASA had r e j e c t e d h i s p r o p o s a l t o pastpone Apollo 1 2 and run it i n tandem w i t h Apollo 1 3 s o crews could p r o t e c t o r r e s c u e each o t h e r i n emergency. A l d r i n was f a t h e r of Apollo 11 Astronaut Edwin E. A l d r i n , J r . , and a NASA s a f e t y c o n s u l t a n t . NASA Manned Space F l i g h t S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Jerome F. Lederer had c a l l e d p r o p o s a l i m p r a c t i c a l , "tremendously expensive, and I d o n ' t know if it could be done. " Lederer had s a i d t h e r e was no q u e s t i o n t h a t a s t r o n a u t r e s c u e c a p a b i l i t y from l u n a r s u r f a c e o r o r b i t a l emergency must be provided, but it was "out of t h e p i c t u r e f o r Apollo. " ( ~ a u g h l a n d ,AP, W S t-a r , 9/22/69, ~ 4 ) . ~ 6 d 6 r a t i o nA6ronautique I n t e r n a t i o n a l e posthumously awarded i t s h i g h e s t honor--Gold Medal--to NASA t e s t p i l o t Joseph A. Walker f o r " h i s many e n d u r i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e advancement of a v i a t i o n made d u r i n g a 21-year f l i g h t r e s e a r c h c a r e e r marked by e x t r a o r d i n a r y p e r f e c t i o n and v a l o r . " Award was r e c e i v e d by h i s widow a t Edwards AFB ceremony. As FRC c h i e f r e s e a r c h p i l o t , Wa.1ker had flown X-15 t o i t s h i g h e s t a l t i t u d e , 354,233 f t (67 m i ) ; was f i r s t man t o f l y LLRV a s t r o n a u t t r a i n i n g c r a f t ; was a u t h o r of 20 t e c h n i c a l p a p e r s and a r t i c l e s ; and had t a u g h t Apollo 11 (FRC Release 17-69) corrimsnder N e i l A. Arms-trong a t FRC. . MSFC announced. award of $19,073,032 n o d i f i c a t i o n t o IBM c o n t r a c t f o r f a b r i c a t i o n , checkout, and d e l i v e r y of 8 instrument u n i t s f o r S a t u r n IS and S a t u r n V b o o s t e r s . M o d i f i c a t i o n r e v i s e d d e l i v e r y s c h e d u l e , extended performance p e r i o d 15 mos, and provided f o r assessment of (MSFC Release 69-214) c e r t a i n MSFC e n g i n e e r i n g change r e q u e s t s . . FAA, A i r T r a n s p o r t Assn., and manufacturers McDonnell Douglas Corp., Bendix Corp., and Wilcox-Sierra s u c c e s s f u l l y f l i g h t - t e s t e d t h r e e s e p a r a t e b ~ compatible t d e v i c e s composing a i r c r a f t c o l l i s i o n avoidance system (CAS) capable of i s s u i n g microsecond warning. T e s t s were h e l d a t Mart i n - M a r i e t t a A i r p o r t , Baltimore CAS i n c l u d e d cesium atoinic clock s o p r e c i s e t h a t watch of s i m i l a r cons t r u c t i o n would l o s e o n l y one second i n 67 y r s . System o p e r a t e d l i k e b a l l o o n a r o m d a i r c r a f t which, when p e n e t r a t e d by s i m i l a r l y equipped p l a n e , provided p i l o t s with command t o make e v a s i v e . �September -------- 23 ( c o n t i n u e d ) msneuver. A l l a i r c r a f t would need system f o r it t o be e f f e c t i v e . System, product of $12-million, 13-yr R%D, could be o p e r a t i o n a l by 191. ( ~ a r b r o u ~ hW , -S9 t a r 9/24/69? A 7 ) . I'aris p r e s s conference P r e s i d e n t i a l Science A d v i s e r , D r . Lee A . DuHridge, and French M i n i s t e r f o r I n d u s t r i a l and S c i e n t i f i c Developm?nt F r a n c o i s X. O r t o l i announced p l a n s t o i n c r e a s e flow of s c i e n t i s t s and s p e c i a l i s t s between France and U.S. t o broaden s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n i n wide a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g n u c l e a r r e s e a r c h f o r p e a c e f u l purpDses. (W P o s t , 9/24/69> ~ 2 2 ) I11 September - 24: observatory Two photometers on board NASA's OGC V o r b i t i n g g e o p h y s i c a l (launched Msrch 4, 1958) had s u c c e s s f u l l y scanned. Lyman- . a l p h a r a d i a t i o n , NASA announced. Data were expected t o p r o v i d e new i n f o r m a t i o n on Lyman-alpha emission frorn Milky Way and t o h e l p determine what p o r t i o n of observed r a d i a t i o n was from geocorona and what p o r t i o n OGO - V had p o i n t e d a t sun and spun was f r o n o u t e r space. On S e p t . 1 2 slowly while scanning m i r r o r i n Univ. of P a r i s experiment r o t a t e d , c o v e r i n g 30" of c e l e s t i a l s p h e r e . On S e p t . 1 4 s p a c e c r a f t r e t u r n e d t o norms1 t h r e e - a x i s - s t a b i l i z e d o p e r a t i o n , where it would r2mai.n u n t i l December when second s e r i e s of maneuvers would be conducted t o cover remaining p o r t i o n of sky and provide f i r s t complete mapping o f e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l Lymsn-alpha r a d i a t i o n . Univ. of Colorado photometer, which provided broader coverage of Lymsn-alpha r a d i a t i o n a t 180' t o Univ. of P a r i s experiment, would b2 used t o confirm measurements and verify calibration levels. OGO V had 1 8 of 24 onboard experiments s t i l l o p e r a t i n g . It had p r o v i d e d f i r s t measurements of e l e c t r i c f i e l d s i n e a r t h ' s bow shock and comprehensive d a t a on p a r t i c l e s and f i e l d s i n e a r t h ' s magnetosphere. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 69-137) . U. S. S.R. launched Cosmos C C C I from Baikonur i n t o ' o r b i t w i t h ;r/g-krn (173.4-mi) apogee, 192-km (119.3-mi) p e r i g e e , 89.2-min p e r i o d , and 65.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . S 2 t e l l i t e r ? e n t e r e d Oct 2. (GSFC SSR, 9/30/69; 10/15/69; 9/25/69, 1 0 6 ) my . . . NASA's X-2bA l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj J e r a u l d R. Gentry (USAF), r e a c h e d mach 0.62 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 4~ , 0 0 0 - f t a l t i t u d e over South Rogers Lske Bed, C a l i f . Purpose of f l i g h t , f i f t h i n s e r i e s , was t o o b t a i n d a t a on u p p e r - f l a p c o n t r o l e f f e c t i v e n e s s , h a n d l i n g q u a l i t i e s d u r i n g change from l o w e r - f l a p t o u p p e r - f l a p c o n t r o l , and e f f e c t of rudder p o s t i o n on a i r flow around t a i l . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �Septeiul~er2 ' : Aerobee 150 M I sounding r o c k e t , launched by NAS4 f r o n bJSMR w i t 1 1 VAM-20 b o o s t e r , c a r r i e d Univ. of Colorado L s b a r a t o r y f o r Atmospheric and Spact. I-'~iysicspayload t o l2$-mi (193.5-km) a l t i t u d e . O b j e c t i v e was t o o b t a i n l ~ i g h - r e s o l u t i o n s p e c t r a of Carbon IV resonance doublet a t l , 5 ' + 8 8 and 1,550 8 u s i n g h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n , narrow-band s p e c t r o g r a p h w i t h t ~ c l i e l l ea:: p r i n c i p l e d i s p e r s i n g element and SPARCS s o l a r p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l . (NASA Rpt SRL) Rdcket and i n s t r u m e n t s f u n c t i o n e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . . Bert Greenglass, former head o f Apollo program Control O f f i c e a t KSC, and l a t e r Deputy D i r e c t o r of Management Systems Div. i n NASA O f f i c e of Technology U t i l i z a t i o n , had joined HUD a s D i r e c t o r of Management Information and Program Control Systems. (W -2S t a r 9/24/69) Board of I n v e s t i g a t i o n which probed Feb. 17 d e a t h of S e a l a b 111 Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon had concluded p r o b s b l e cause was carbon d i o x i d e p o i s o n i n g due t o f a u l t y d i v i n g g e a r , USN announced. Gear had l a c k e d s u b s t a n c e f o r f i l t e r i n g carbon d i o x i d e from exhaled b r e a t h . A s s o c i a t e d P r e s s s a i d S e a l a b I11 p r o j e c t had been "shelved'' bzcause of i n s u f f i c i e n t funds f o r FY 1970 and quoted USN spokesman a s s a y i n g it would be continued l a t e r . S e a l a b h a b i t a t was undergoing r e p a i r s n e a r San F r a n c i s c o . P r o j e c t had (DOD R e l e a s e 794-69; W Star-, been suspended s i n c e Cannon d e a t h . 9/24/69, A9) . Shswbury, England, innkeeper J a c k Warner had asked U.S. Government f o r l i c e n s e t o open f i r s t pub on moon,Associated P r e s s s a i d . He wauld c a l l it The Space Inn o r The L u n a t i c Tavern. (W S t a r , 9/24/69, 8 1 6 ) September 25: Ap9llo 9 c o m ~ s n d e rJames A . McDivitt was a p p o i n t e d Manager of Apollo ~ ~ 3 c e c r a f t - ~ r o ~ r aartn MSC, r e p l a c i n g George M. Low who was t e n p o r a r i l y on s p e c i a l assignment t o MSC D i r e c t o r t o p l a n f u t u r e L4SC p r o g r a m and work on o r g a n i z a t i o n a l m a t t e r s . (MSC Release 69-66) . E a s t Germany's P e o p l e ' s chamber unanimously r a t i f i e d n u c l e a r n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y . West Germany had not y e t signed. ( P I n q , 9/25/69) . House Conmittee on Science and A s t r o n a u t i c s r e p o r t e d f a v o r a b l y S. 1287, which a u t h o r i z e d a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r FYs 1970, 1971, and 1972 f o r m e t r i c system study. (g, 9/25/69, ~ 8 4 8 8 ) �(Glazing discovered on I unar s u r f a c e by Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s St ~ember t 26 : was analyz,ed i n Science by Thomas G o l d of C o r n e l l Univ., s e n i o r i n v e s t i g a t o r f o r c l osr-up photography. Glossy s u r f a c e s s i m i l a r t o g l a s s found clumped i n c e n t e r s of s m a l l l u n a r c r a t e r s appeared t o have been swept i n a f t e r c r a t e r s had been formed. Glazed a r e a s were a l s o c o n c e n t r a t e d toward t o p s of p r o t u b e r a n c e s and, i n some c a s e s , d r o p l e t s appeared t o h&ve r u n down i n c l i n e d s u r f a c e and congealed on s i d e s . Glazing phenomena might have o r i g i n a t e d from e f f e c t of exhaust of LM descent s t a g e , s p l a s h i n g of l i q u i d drops from l a r g e r impact elsewhere, shock h e a t i n g o r v o l canism on moon, same impact t h a t c r e a t e d c r a t e r s i n which g l a z i n g was found, o r i n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g . I n t e n s e r a d i a t i o n was most probable c a u s e , Gold s a i d . Source could have been impact f i r e b a l l on moon, impact f i r e b a l l on e a r t h , o r most l i k e l y , s o l a r o u t b u r s t i n g e o l o g i c a l l y r e c e n t times. ( S c i e n c e , 9/26/69, 1345-9) . I n a d d r e s s a t Clarkson College of Technology i n P o t s d m , N . Y . , D r . Thornas 0 . P a i n e , NASA A d m i n i s t r a t o r , s a i d : "We know t h a t hydrogen bombs work ( u n f o r t u n a t e l y ) --the Lord made t h e Universe t h a t way. And, of c o u r s e , we know t h a t ( f o r t u n a t e l y ) f u s i o n energy keeps t h e sun s h i n i n g e v e r y day. Our g r e a t v i s i o n a r y dream i s t o f i n d out how t o unlock t h i s energy f o r s p a c e s h i p p r o p u l s i o n . T h i s i s a g r e a t c h a l l e n g e but c o n s i d e r t h e new t o o l s t h a t we have a v a i l a b l e : g i a n t magnetic f i e l d s w i t h superconducting magnets, tremendous power d e n s i t i e s from l a s e r s , t h e g r e a t energy of n u c l e a r power, and new h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e m a t e r i a l s . These, w i t h new plasma dynamic developments, may u s h e r i n f u s i o n power i n t h e e i g h t i e s , t h e n i n e t i e s , o r i n t h e n e x t c e n t u r y . Harnessing f u s i o n power f o r p r o p u l s i o n i s an even f a r t h e r - o u t c h a l l e n g e , but it could prove t o be one of t h e more d i r e c t a p p l i c a t i o n s . We won't have t o convert t h e f u s i o n energy t o e l e c t r i c i t y ; j u s t f u s e a couple of deuterium atoms and t h e n l e t them b l a s t out t h e back of t h e v e h i c l e ! "So f u s i o n remains a t a n t a l i z i n g promise f o r t h e f u t u r e I f we e v e r do a c h i e v e such p r o p u l s i o n , w e ' l l be a b l e t o move w i t h some e a s e out from our l i t t l e 8,003-mile-diameter S o l a r System. A l l of t h e 9 p l a n e t s , 32 moons and 1603 known a s t e r o i d s w i l l come w i t h i n r e a c h of o u r v e h i c l e s . And, indeed, i f we could a c h i e v e high e f f i c i e n c i e s i n a f u s i o n p r o p u l s i o n p r o c e s s , we could t a l k of e v e n t u a l r e l a t i v i s t i c v e l o c i t i e s , of t i m e conpression, and of t r a v e l t o t h e n e a r e s t s t a r s . " ( ~ e x) t .... . Venus, " l e a s t understood o f t h e i n n e r p l a n e t s , " should be U. S. space prggram p r i o r i t y t a r g e t , K i t t Peak n a t i o n a l Observatory p h y s i c i s t D r . Donald M. Hunten and Harvard Univ. p h y s i c i s t D r . Richard M. Goody s a i d i n Science. Some fundamental d a t a were a v a i l a b l e ; q u a n t i t a t i v e t h e o r i e s had been s t a t e d ; q u e s t i o n s about atmosphere could be answered �Sc~l~iJ~~m 26l ~ (cc7or n t i n u e d ) - by i 7 c a s i g l e m i s s i o n s ; and g e o p h y s i s t s ' i n t e r e s t had been aroused and ~>ff'ercd s p e c i a l i z e d knowledge needed t o understand complex p r o c e -o- u ~ s . ti!~t NASA kiaJ no p r e s e n t p l a n s f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of Venus ' lower atmosphere. U n c e r t a i n t y a s t o S o v i e t i n t e n t j o n s had been c i t e d a s r c a s o n f o r g i v i n g Venus low p r i o r i t y . But u n t i l c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h U:S.S.R. and o t h e r European c o u n t r i e s could b e g i n , "we have no choice but t o base our judgment upon our own s c i e n t i f i c and t e c h n i c a l a b i l i t i e s and d e s i r e s . Our program should be f l e x i b l e enough t o acconvnodatc new i n f o r m a t i o n from any s o u r c e ; i f it s t r e t c h e s o u r c a p a b i l i t y and imagination t o t h e l i m i t , we need not f e a r i t s u l t i m a t e v a l u e . " (S c i e n c e 9/26/69, 1317-23) - --, . -----Wall S t r e e t J o u r n a l e d i t o r i a l : "While i s t r a t i o n ' s a p p r o v a l of a go-ahead on t h e r e w i l l be debate on t h e Admint h e supersonic t r a n s p o r t , t h e I ' r e s i d e n t p l a i n l y picked t h e proper method f o r f i n a n c i n g f u r t h e r development of t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l p l a n e . E a r l i e r t h e r e had been t a l k of s e t t i n g up 3 s p e c i a l SST a u t h o r i t y t h a t would r a i s e money by s e l l i n g Governmentc_.:iaranteedbonds t o t h e p u b l i c . The i d e a never had much t o recom-nend i t . A t t,lie moment t h e SST f a c e s an u n c e r t a i n econornic f u t u r e . . I f the p l a n e i s a f l o p , t h e Government would be s t u c k one way o r t h e o t h e r . . . .t h e b m d p l a n would e a s e t h e c u r r e n t p r e s s u r e on t h e F e d e r a l budget. Gut it a l s o would f o o l a t l e a s t p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c about t h e f i n a n c i a l Whether one e s p e c i a l l y r i s k t h a t t h e Government a c t u a l l y i s assuming r e l i s h e s t h e n o t i o n o r n o t , s u p e r s o n i c t r a v e l i s s u r e t o cone sooner o r l a t e r . I n heading toward t h a t development, t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s wise t o avoid f i n a n c i a l s u b t e r f u g e . " (WSJ, 9/26/69) .. .... Evidence f o r d e t e c t i o n of high-energy cosmic g % m a r a d i a t i o n Se tember i2J" 0 i n ) f r m p a i n t source i n c o n s t e l l a t i o n S a g i t t a r i u s was r e p o r t e d i n Nature. ----Case Western Reserve Univ. p h y s i c i s t s G. M. F r y e , J r . , J . A. S t a i b , and A . D . Zych and Univ. of Melbourne ( ~ u s t r a l i a )p h y s i c i s t s V . D . Hopper, W. R . Rawlinson, and J. A. Thomas - p r e s e n t e d p r e l i m i n a r y r s s u l t s from c o l l a b o r a t i v e program i n which two h i g h - a l t i t u d e b a l l o o n f l i g h t s were made from Parkes, A u s t r a l i a , Feb. 5-6 and Feb. 2 6 - q . Object was f i r s t such p o i n t source of gamma r a y s d e t e c t e d i n heavens. Research was supported by NASA, NSF, and A u s t r a l i a n Research Grants Conmittee. ( ~ a t u r e ,9/F(/69, 1320-1; S u l l i v a n , NYT, - 10/2/69, 33) . S a t e l l i t e system which combined n a v i g a t i o n a l and a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l and c o l l i s i o n p r e v e n t i o n had been proposed t o FAA and D3D by TRW I n c . Systems Group, Washington Evening S t a r r e p o r t e d . P r o p o s a l c a l l e d f o r f o u r s a t e l l i t e s , one i n permanent o r b i t w i t h o t h e r s r e v o l v i n g around it a t lower a l t i t u d e s . A i r c r a i ' t would r a d i o d i s t i n c t s i g n a l t o s a t e l l i t e s and i t s �Scpt elilber ?/ ( c o n t i n u e d ) ----- p o s i t i o n r g l a t i v e t o two o r more s a t e l l i t e s would bs determined by g r o u r ~ d cornput e r s t h a t could f i g u r e p r e c i s e l a t i t u d e and l o n g i t u d e o f a i r c r a f t , w i t h i n 50 f t . System, based on d e l i c a t e measurement of time f o r a i r c r s f ' t J L' iil;ll3ls t o r e a c h s a t e l l i t e , would c o s t e s t i m a t e d $100 m i l l i o n , could bc: i l l o l > ? r a t i o n by mid-1970s, and was a l s o being proposed t o a v i a t i o n i n d u s t r y . (Lannan, W S t a r , 3/?7/69, ~11) Septt'mbt3r ----- --28: --- I n t e l e p h o n e c a l l t o Apollo 11 comnander N e i l A . Armstrong on c>ve of R p-----o l l o 11 a s t r o n a u t s ' round-the-world t o u r , P r z s i d e n t Nixon asked a . s t r o n a u t s t o i n v i t e f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s t o b'scone " p a r t n e r s i n space" w i t h U. S. fie a l s o i n v i t e d a s t r o n a u t s and wives t o White IIouse d i n n e r Nov. 5. (UPI, W --S t a r , 9/29/69, ~ 3 ) . WashingLon Post columnist F r a n k l i n R. Bruns, J r . , s a i d 1 0 days a , f t e r i s s u a n c e of moon l a n d i n g a i r m a i l stamp i n Washington, D . C . , "an a l r e a d y t i r e d c i t y p o s t o f f i c e crew had j u s t passed t h e two-million f i r s t day cover mark." Post O f f i c e had gone " a l l o ~ t "t o c o o p s r a t e w i t h t h o s e o f o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i n r e t u r n i n g covers and w i t h Voice of America, NASA, and r e g u l a r s e r v i c e r s . There was l i t t l e doubt t h a t "new f i r s t day cover r e c o r d i s i n t h e making." (W P o s t , 9/28/69, -- ~ 9 ) Septelnb?r 29: ------ Apollo 11 a s t r o n a u t s and wives a r r i v e d i n Mexico C i t y f o r s t a r t of 39-day t o u r o f 22 c o u n t r i e s [ s e e S e p t . 191. (AP, B -9Sun 9/30/69, A l ) . P r e s i d e n t Nixon approved H . J . R . 7 7 5 , t o a u t h o r i z e P r e s i d e n t t o award Congressional Space Medals o f Honor t o a s t r o n a u t s [ s e e S e p t . 151. (CR, -- 10/6/69, 1362) 30: USAF launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB by Thorad-Agena D b o o s t e r i n t o o r b i t w i t h 303.2-mi (488-km) apogee, 233.5-mi (482-km) p e r i g e e , 93.8-min p e r i o d , and 69.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . (GSFC -SSR, 9/30/69; -SBD, 10/7/69, 1 6 2 ) September --- . NASA's . EL-10 l i f t i ~ g - b o d yv e h i c l e , p i l o t e d by Maj P e t e r Hoag (USAF), reached msch 0 . 9 a f t e r a i r - l a u n c h from B-52 a i r c r a f t a t 45,003-ft a l 5 i t u d e over FRC. Purposes of f l i g h t , 26th i n s e r i e s and f i r s t pz~weredf l i g h t f o r Maj. Hoag, were t o provide p i l o t t r a i n i n g and o b t a i n s t a b i l i t y and c o n t r o l d a t a . Winds r o s e f r o n 5 k n o t s a t l a u n c h t o 23 k n o t s a t touchdown, but d i d not i n t e r f e r e w i t h f l i g h t . (NASA P r o j o f f ) �September 3d: I n speech b e f o r e Chicago Executive Club i n Chicago, I l l . , Vice P r e s i d e n t S p i r o T . Agnew s a i d o p e r a t i o n of m i l i t a r y systems i n space " t o enhance t h e n a t i o n a l defense" m l s t be one o b j e c t i v e o f U.S. f u t u r e space program t o ensure " t h e r e w i l l be no b l i n d r e l i a n z e on good f a i t h . " Vice P r e s i d e n t +4gnew a l s o was chsirman o f NASC and o f P r e s i d e n t ' s Space Task Group. ' Two 4uz:;tions drsrnirlated s p e c u l a t i o n oTrer n a t i o n a l spsce p o l i c y , lie s a i d : Way s p a c e ? Rnil Why Mars?. " ~ a r sh o l d s t h e g r e a t e s t prornise of a c a p a b i l i t y t o s u s t a i n human l i f e . It i s a p o t e n t i a l r e s o u r c e and r e s e r v e . More important f o r t h e p r e s e n t i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e mind o f America Punztions b e t t e r when it f o c u s e s upon a c l e a r t a r g e t . Msnned e x p l o r a t i o n o f t h s S o l a r System i s t o o n 3 b J l o ~ st o c a p t u r e t h e p ~ b l i c ' s a t t e n f i o : ~ . A rnmned l a n d i n g on Msrs i s a s u r d e r s t a n d s b l e a c h s l l e n g e t o t h e c i t z e n a s it i s t o t h e s c i e n t i s t . It i s a t e s t t h a t can be p u t i n a t i m e frame and i t s s r t i c i p s t i o n can be a p p r e c i a t e d by a l l . " ( ~ e x t ) . NSFC arnounced s e l e c t i o n of Bzndix Corp. and Boeing Co. f o r f u r t h e r coni2et it i v e n e g o t i a t i o n s on c o s t - p l u s - i n c e n t i v e - f e e c o n t r a c t f o r d e s i g n , develo?rne-nt, t e s t , and d e l i v e r y of f o u r msnuled l u n a r r o v i n g vel?icles f o r f l i g h t t o l u n a r s u r f a c e aboard d e s c e n t s t a g e of Apollo LM [ s e e J u l y 111. F i r s t o g e r a t i o n a l ve'hicle wollld be d e l i v e r e d i n e a r l y 1971 f o r l a u n ? h l a t e t h a t y e a r . MSFC a l s o had awarded $233,430 - o n t r a c t t o Bryson C o n s t r u c t i o ~ and $224,889 c a n t r a c t t o M i l l e r and Berry f o r constru:tion o f two c l e a n r o a n s f o r Apollo t e l e s c o p e Mount (ATM)assembly and t e s t and h ~ d c a l l e d f o r b i d s f o r che-kout s t s t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n . Bids were due Oct. 21. (W?C ? e l e a s e s 69-223; 69-221) . F e d e r a l E l e c t r i c Corp, IT&T Corp. s u b s l d i a r j r , announced it had r e z e i v e d $21,321,680 NASA c o n t r z c t f o r c o a t i n u e d work a s KS? prime c o n t r a c t o r . (UPI, W -9S t a r 9/39/69, u) . Washington A i r l i n e s had t e r m i n a t e d f i r s t and o n l y STOL s e r v i c e between Xashin&on and Eklt imbre a f t e r one ;rear s : ~ dwould 1 i c p i d : t t e I t s t h r e e D o r n i e r a i r e r a % , Washington Post s a i d . Com;mny had l o s t n e a r l y $5,000 weekly and c a r r i e d 25,009 p a s s e n g e r s i n s t e a d of t a r g e t e d 108,000 s i n c e i n a u g u r a t i o n o f s e r v i c e Bept. 23-25, 1968. ( ~ a m u e l s o n ,-W P o s t , 9,/30/69) During September: D r . Robert C. Seamans, d s f e n d s d . ~ r a l l ~oef Safeguard iZB4 defense J r . , S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A i r Force, a.nd z l s o d i s c u s s e d u s e o f space f o r s t r a t e g i c d e t e r r e n c e , w r i t i n g i n Air --- ~ o r c e / ~ ~ aDci gee s t : "1n t e r m s o f s e c u r i t y , t h e space age p r e s e n t s dangers--bu-t it a l s o a f f o r d s oppor- �During September ( c o n t i n u e d ) t u n i t i e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g s t r a t e g i c s t a b i l i . t y . " Dangers stemmed f r o n wzapons p l a c e d i n o r b i t : "It might be p o s s i b l e t o t r i g g e r such weapons w i t h v e r y l i t t l e warning, t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e r i s k o f s u r p r i s e a t t a c k . " Outer Spsce T r e a t y of 1957 might h e l p a v o i d t h i s danger, "while p r o v i d i n g u s o p p a r t u n i t i e s f o r o t h e r s o r t s of m i l i t a r y systems t h a t could s t r e n g t h e n d e t e r r e n c e r a t h e r t h a n weaken it." Each generat i o n of space vehicl-es would provide a d d i t i o n a l improvements i n monitor "We a r e now warking on a s a t e l l i t e early-warning i n g enemy a c t i v i t i e s . system t h a t would d e t e c t m i s s i l e s a s t h e y a r e launched from l a n d o r s e a . " D i s p e r s e d bomber f o r c e "would be a b l e t o t a k e o f f f r o n i t s b s s e s b e f o r e t h e impzct of enemy weapons, even i f t h e t i m e o f f l i g h t of t h e l a t t e r were g r e a t l y reduced." (AF/SD, 9/69, 61-4) . . USAF magazine Airman p u b l i s h e d i n t e r v i e w with S e c r e t a r y o f t h e A i r Force, D r . Robert C. Seamans, Jr former NASA Deputy A d m i n i s t r a t o r . N4S.4 USAF X-15 program had been h i g h l y s u c c e s s f u l i n p r o v i d i n g d a t a f o r mzuy d i s c i p l i n e s and "very good t e s t bzd" f o r atmospheric probe i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n . XB-70 program, i n i t i a t e d a s msnned s u ~ e r s o n i cbombi n g system, was " v e r y b o l d s t e p " i n speeds over mach 3. When t e c h n o l o g i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s and r i s i n g c o s t s r e s u l t e d i n d e c i s i o n a g a i n s t X B - 7 0 product i o n , NASA w i t h USAF had i n i t i a t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l program. D r . Seamans f e l t USAF was n o t u s i n g KAS-4 e x p e r t i s e t o f u l l e s t e x t e n t and t h a t it needed new manned boinber, new f i g h t e r , and modernization o f a i r d e f e n s e . He was not convinced USAF had y e t e s t a b l i s h e d " b e s t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h i n d u s t r y t o g e t t h e s e t h i n g s done. " ( ~ i r m s n , 9/69, 7-91 ., here a p p e a r s t o be much more t o be squeezed from Apollo t h a n j u s t t h e i n c a l c u l a b l e v a l u e of n a t i o n a l p r e s t i g e o r s c i e n t i f i c d i s c o v e r y , " a b i l i t y t o mine t h e s e . Michael G e t l e r wrote i n ~ ~ a c e / ~ e r o n a u t i c s"The s u p p o r t i n g t a l e n t s , t o judge t h e i r v a l u e o u t s i d e msnned space f l i g h t and d i s s e m i n a t e and a p p l y them may w e l l prove t h e most t e l l i n g and measurable argument i n t h e d e b a t e which i s bound t o c o n t i n u e over A p o l l o ' s r e a l v a l u e . " Apollo had cornbined " m ~ c ho f what we have with what we do b e s t . Though complex, it was manageable. It had c l e a r g o a l s , was w e l l f'unded, enjoyed f a i r l y widespread p u b l i c s u p p o r t , and dangled t h e element o f competition i n f r o n t o f o u r i n v o l u n t a r y r e f l e x . Most i m p c r t a n t l y , it t a p p e d an i n d u s t r i a l base and a n enthusiasm f o r g a d g e t r y t h a t arc? unmstched anywhere Because many o f t o d a y ' s c h a l l e n g e s c o n f r o n t humsn n a t u r e and n o t t e c h n o l o g y , Apollo can b? made t o seem i r r e l e v a n t . I n f a c t , however, we a r e n o t l e f t a l o n e w i t h o u r b e h a v i o r a l t r o u b l e s . There i s s t i l l an economy t o keep sound, i n d u s t r y and commerce t o be k e p t c o m p e t i t i v e , and a .... �D u r i x-----September --- (continued) government t o be made more e f f i c i e n t . F a i l u r e t o t a k e t h i s e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r o j e c t a p a r t , p i e c e by p i e c e , and examine i t s u s e f u l n e s s i n t h e s e a r e a s would indeed be w a s t e f u l . " 9/69, 42-53) (Yh, . A--t l a s p u b l i s h e d t r a n s l a t i o n o f a r t i c l e i n -L'Espresso, Rome, by I t a l i a n n o v e l i s t A l b e r t o Moravia on i m p l i c a t i o n s of &pollo ---- 11. "In Colwnbus's days, men were o f f e r e d f i n i t e g o a l s , l i k e t h e d i s c o v e r y o f America; o r t h e y were o f f e r e d s p i r i t u a l aims, l i k e t h e s e a r c h f o r goodness, t r u t h and beauty. A t t h a t t i m e , no one could have guessed t h a t Columbus's d i s c o v e r y was o n l y a beginning. Thst o t h e r d i s c o v e r i e s would f o l l o w , a second America, a t h i r d , a f o u r t h , and s o on t h r o u g h m i l l i o n s o f y e a r s and b i l l i o n s of k i l o m e t e r s . But t o d a y t h a t i s Conpared t o our new s e t o f g o a l s , t h e aims o f Marx and happening. communism a r e p u r e imagination. For t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e r e a l and t h e r a t i o n a l a r e about t o becone one. We a r e now a t t h e end of h i s t o r y - and p o s t - h i s t o r y i s j u s t beginning. " ( ~ t l a s 9/69, 40-3) -, . A t l a s s a i d i t s " ~ a l kof t h e World" s e c t i o n had "got a l i t t l e h o a r s e " on s u b j e c t o f ---Apollo 11. It quoted "a few o f t h e more unusualmoont h o u g h t s " from i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r e s s . E l Tiempo i n Bogota had r e p o r t e d Colonbian wool f a b r i c s were used i n Apollo 11 s p a c e c r a f t u p h o l s t e r y . Canada' s Kitchener Waterloo Record had saidhad touched down on moon w i t h l e g s made i n Canada by Montreal f i r m . -7Oiga i n Lima Peru, had s a i d when S p u t n i k went i n t o o r b i t "it was n o t e d t h a t Pedro P a u l e t Mostajo had i n v e n t e d a j e t - p r o p e l l e d r o c k e t back i n 1595. " A t l a s commented t h a t " t h i s could go on f o r e v e r . " (3- ~ t l a s 9/69, 10) p - . I n A s t r o p h y s i>c- - -a l J o u r n a l P r i n c e t o n Univ. a s t r o n o n e r s J. P. O s t r i k e r and J. E. Gunn r e p o r t e d r e s u l t s o f q u a n t i t a t i v e e x p l o r a t i o n o f p u l s a r model. Assuming s e a t of p u l s a r phenomenon was r o t a t i n g neutron s t a r w i t h d i p o l a r msgnetic f i e l d n o t p a r a l l e l t o r o t a t i o n a x i s , t h e y showed such s t a r s would emit l a r g e a m o - ~ n t sof msgnetic-dipole and g r a v i t a t ional-quadrupole radia-tion, t h a t t h e s e energy l o s s e s were a s s o c i a t e d w i t h l o s s e s of a n g u l a r momentum and i n c r e a s e s i n r o t a t i o n p e r i o d s , and t h a t e m i t t e d , low-frequency magnetic-dipole r a d i a t i o n was e f f i c i e n t a t a c c e l e r a t i n g charged p a r t i c l e s t o r e l a t i v i s t i c e n e r g i e s . E x p l i c i t e x p r e s s i o n f o r p e r i o d a s f u n c t i o n o f time allowed c a l c u l a t i o n o f age o f Crab Nebula and p r e d i c t i o n o f unobserved second d e r i v a t i v e o f p e r i o d . Luminosity o f nebula and high$&-energy e l e c t r o n s being i n j e c t e d i n t o it were deterinined and found t o be i n good agreement w i t h independent o b s e r v a t i o n s . I n extreme c a s e s , a c c e l e r a t i o n mechanism c o u l d produce p r o t o n s w i t h e n e r g i e s i n e x c e s s o f most e n e r g e t i c �D u r i n g e----p t ember --- (continued) c o s n i c r a y s y e t observed. A f t e r determining msgnetic decay time t o be about 4 m i l l i o n y r s , r e p o r t p r e d i c t e d few p u l s a r s should be found with p e r i o d s over 1 . 5 secs. ( ~ s t> r- - o- - ~, , h ~ s iJco au rl n a l 9/69, 1395-1417 ) -- �Scc Atomic Energy Commission. AEC-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Off'ice, 373 Aerobee 150 M I (sounding r o c k e t ) , 361, 378, 381 A e r o n a u t i c s , 351, 379, 395 Aerospace Corp. , 366 Agnew, Vice Prssiderit S p i r o T . , 371, 385 Agrzenent, 373 A g r e l l , D r . S. O . , 376 A h ~ e d a b s d I n d i a , 37 3 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronailtics and A s t r o n a u t i c s . A i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 393-394 A i r Transport Assn. of America, 379 A i r t r a n s p a r t a t i o n , 378 AirzraFL, 358, 359, 361, 355, 372, 378, 380, 393, 394, 385, 3% A l d r i n , Col. Edwin E . (US.@, R e t . ) , 379 A l d r i n , L / C ddwin E., Jr. (USAF) 360, 362, 369-370 A l v i z i e r i i s , D r . A l g i r d s s A. , 360 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and A s t r o n s l ~ t i c s (ATAA), 358 America's --------- Next Decade i n Spsce: ---------A Report f o r t h e Space Task G r o ~ p , 372 Amistad Dam, 361 Ams terd%m, Netherlands, 376 Anders, L/C Villiam A. (usAF), 359, 371 Anderson, G . P . , 359 Ankara, Turkey, 376 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABV s ~ s t e z ) ,395 Apollo (program), 358, 352, 369, 371, 373 Apallo ----- 9 mission, 359 Apollo --11 mission, 359 comnemorative stamp, 362, 374, 394 Congress, r e p o r t t o , 369-370 i m p l i c a t i o n s o f , 361, 359-370, 374, 387 p r e s s conment, 397 Apollo 1 2 ,nission, 379 Apol10 1 3 mission, 379 Apallo Achievenent Awsrd (NASA), 362 Apollo A p p l i c a t i o n s (AA) program, 358 Apollo T e l e s -ope Mmnt (ATM) 385 Aquanaut, 331 Armstrong, N e i l A . , 350, 362, 369-370, 379, 394 A s t r o n a u t , 381 Apollo ------- 11 mission cormnsmorative stamp, 362, 374, 384 Congress, r e p o r t t o , 369-370 awards and honors, 359, 360 Congressionsl Space Medal of ilonar, 369, 371, 394 AEC. , , ---- , �Astronaut (continued) g ~ o J w i l 1t o u r , 360-361, 376, 384 hanetow11 c e l e b r a t i o n , 389 m2,norial c c u l p t u r e , 365 Niuon, P r e s i d e n t Richard V., mzssage, 394 Sa i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n ceremony, 370 Rstrono!ny, 359, 337-389 RTM. See Apollo Telescope M o ~ n t . Atomic Energy Com~nission (AEC), 373 ATS-F ( ~ ~ ~ l iiocn sa Technology t s a t e l l i t e ) , 373 A u s t r a l i a , 383 A u s t r a l i a n Research Grants Committee, 383 A v i a t o r ' s Trophy, 359 Awards, 359, 361, 362, 365 B-52 ( S t r a t o f o r t r e s s ) , 358, 351, 372, 390, 394 B c k contaminat i o n , 365 Faikonur, U.S.S.R., 358, 390 B l l o o n , 379, 393 = l t i n o r e , Md. 395 Bangkok, T h a i l a n d , 376 Eiarr3ira do I n f e r n o , N a t a l , B r a z i l , 375 B z r t h , D r . Cnarles A. 359, 364 Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 376 Bendix Corp., 379, 395 B s r e s f o r d , Spencer M . , 365 Black Brarlt IV ( ~ m a d i a nsoun3ing r o c k e t ) 375 Blagonravov, D r . Anat o l y A. 374-375 B l o ~ n t , Post?l%ster General Winton M. 352 W e i n g Co., 358, 378, 395 Bdeing 747 ( j e t t r a n s p o r t ) , 355 Bogota, Colonbia, 376 m a b a y , I n d i a , 376 Bordeaux, France, 359 Bar~nzn, L/C Prank (US.!@), 359 Browne, Secor D . 335 Bruns, F r a n k l i n R . , J r . , 394 B r u s s e l s , Belgiun, 376 Bryson C o n s t r d c t i o n Co., I n o . , 385 Bdenos A i r e s A r g e a t i n s , 376 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology ( ~ a ~l e a h ) ,359-363, 363-354 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. o f , 375 Berkeley, 364 Cambridge Univ., 376 Can8da, 375 , , , , , , , (ii) �- SEPTEMBER 1959 Cannon, Berry L. , 331 Cape Kennldy, 356 CAS. See C o l l i s i o n avoidance system. Case I n s t i t u t e of Technology, 3G6 Case Western Rsserve Univ., 383 Chicago Executive Club, 385 Cnicago, I l l . , 385 C i v i l Aeronautics b a r d , 365 Clarkson College o f Technology, 382 Clegg, D r . P. E . , 376 Coshuila, Mex., 360 C o l l i n s , Col. Michael (us.~F),380, 362, 369-370 C o l l i s i o n avoidance system ( a s ) , 379, 383-384 Cologne, Germany, 376 Colorado, Univ. o f , 359, 354, 378 Laboratory f o r Atmospheric and Space Physics, 381 Comp~t e r 363 Congress, 370, 373, 376 Congress , House of Representatives, 370 b i l l s introduced, 372 b i l l s passed, 369, 375 Cornnittee on Science and A s t r o n a u t i c s , 381 Congress, Senate, 370 b i l l s passed, 371, 375 Connittee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 373, Connitt ee on Governm2nt Operations, 375 Congressionsl Space Medzls of Hmor, 359, 371, 384 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 362 Cornell Univ., 361, 382 Cosmos -- CCXCVII (u.s.s.R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 355 Cosnos C C X C ~ ~ I ~ I 368 , Cosmos CCXCIX, 372 ---Cosaos CCC, 379 Cosaos CS'ZI, 380 -Crab x e b ~ l a ,337 Cronley, Roy, 359 Crooker, John H. 365 Dacca, Pakistan, 376 Dsna, William H . , 358 Darwin, A u s t r a l i a , 376 Defense, Dspt. of ( D ~ D ) , 368, 383 Dlmbling, Paul G. 352 Diaz Ordaz, P r e s i d e n t Gustavo, 360 Dirksen, Sen. E v e r e t t M., 375 , ----- , , (iii) 375 �SEPTEMBER 1969 I ~ i s t i n g u i s h e dS e r v i c e Medal, 361 D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e M2dzl (NASA), 362 D03. See Defense, Dept. of D a o l i t t l e , L/G J a a z s 11. (USAF, Ret. ) , 366 DuBridge, D r . Lee A , , 366, 371, 380 E w--t h---Pnotogrdphs from Gemini VI Through X I 1 (NASA S P - ~ T ~ 355 ), Edwards AFB, C a l i f . , 379 E i n s t e i n , A l b e r t , 362 EL Scgundo, C a l i f . 365 E ~ c z p t i o n s lS e r v i c e Awsrd ( U S . ~ ) 356 , E h t r a t e r r e s t r i a l l i f e , 364 FAA. Sce F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Fancher, Has, 359 F a s t i e , William C., 359 F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n ~ d m i n i s t r aito n (FAA), 379, 353 F e d e r a l E l e c t r i c Corp. 385 ~ 6 d 6 r ai to n A6ranzu.t i q u e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e , 379 F l i g h t Research Center (FRC) (NASA), 361, 379 F r ? d r i k s s o n , D r . Kurt, 356 Frsnch Atomic E n 2 r g y Comnission, 376 F r y e , G. M . , J r . , 393 Fusion energy, 382 G z l i l e i , G a l i l e o , 362 Gamaz r a y , 383 GCA Corp. , 352 Gemini (program), 366 Gentry, Maj J e r a u l d R . (USAF) 359, 361, 384 Gemsay, E a s t , 381 Germany, West, 331 G e t l e r , Michael, 356-387 Goddsrd, D r . Robert H . , 362 Soddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 359 Gold, Thanas, 332 372 Goodling, Rep. George A. Goody, D r . Richard M . , 332 Greenglass, B e r t , 381 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Guzm, 376 Gunn, J . E. 387-388 Hsge, George H . , 382 Hamon I n t e r n a t i o n a l A s t r o n a u t ' s Trophy, 359 Harvard [Jniv., 382 Hawaii, Univ. o f , 378 Y i l t e r , Adolf, 359 - ------ , , . , , , �SEPTEMBER 1969 IIines , W i l l i a m , 377 HL-10 ( l i f ting-body v e h i c l e ) , 358, 359, 372, 394 Hoag, Maj. P e t e r (USAF), 384 Horolul-u, Hawaii, 376 Ho?per, V . D . , 383 Hord, C. W . , 359 IIoroQitz D r . Normzn H. 3tj4 Hoilsing and Urban Uev.elopment (Hun), Dept o f , 381 110- sto on, Tex. 376 Yunten, D r . Donald M . , 392 :Eydrogen bomb, 376 I l l i n o i s , Univ. o f , 352 l n l i a n Space Research Organization, 373 I n t e r a g e n c y C o n x i t t e e on Back Contamination, 365 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Mschines Corp. (IBY) 379 I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , 362, 366, 380 I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n , spac?, 371, 374-375, 376, 383 I o n o s p h s r e , 362 I'r&T Corp. 385 J a c k a s s F l a t s , Nef., 373 Japan, 358 J e t P r o p u l s i o n L2boratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,359, 350, 364 Johns Hopkins Univ., 359 J o h n s t o n , S. P a u l , 359 JPL. See J e t P r o p n l s i o n Laboratory. J u n k e r s 393 ( b o n b e r ) , 359 J u p i t e r ( p l a n e t ) , 350 Keldysh, P r o f . M s t i s l a v V., 375 K e l l y , K. K . , 359 Kennedy Spsce Center (KSC), 360, 366, 335 Kepler, Johann, 362 Kinshasa, Congo, 376 K i t t P?ak X s t i o n a l Observatory, 392 KSC. See Kennedy Space Center. L z ~ b d s( ~ a p n s s er o ~ k e t ) ,358 Lsngly Research Center ( L ~ R C )361 , L a s e r , 376 Las PaLmzs, Canary I s l a n d s , 376 L e d e r e r , Jerofle F . , 379 night on, D r . ~ o b e r tB., 353 L i f t i n g body v e h i c l e , 359, 361, 372, 384 Lims, Peru, 387 L i m e i l l Weapons Research Center, 376 See h n s r Landing Research V e h i c l e . LSRV. , , , . , , �SEPTEMBER 1969 Lonlon, U . K . , 376 London Univ., 376 Los h g e l e s , C a l i f . , 361 L o v e l l , Capt. James A , , Jr. (USN), 359, 363 Low, George M . , 391 LRL. See Lunar Receiving Laboratory. f i ~ n a rL ~ n d i n gResearch Vehicle (LT~v),379 I,~lnar Module (LV) 382, 395, ?37 h l n a r Recziving Laboratory (LYL) 3 5 , 365, 368 Lunzr Rock Conference, 363-369 L J - I r~o ~ v i n g v e h i c l e , 395 Lyman-alphs r a d i a t i o n , 330 McDivitt , L / C ,Tamss A. (US.LLF),391 Mcllonnell n o ~ g l a sA s t r o n a u t i c s Co. 358 McDonnell Douglas Corp., 360, 379 McLucas, John L . , 366 Mzdrid, Spzin, 376 Mznke , John A. 37 2 Mznned spac? f l i g h t , 367-339, 376, 395 Manned S p a c e c r a f t Center ( N ~ c ) ,363, 355, 375, 376, 381 VI ( ~ a r p s r o b e ) , 359, 363-354 Mariner ----Mariner---VII ( ~ s r sp r o b e ) , 363-364 Mars T p l a n e t ) , 385 atnosphere, 359, 353-364 e x p l o r a t i o n of manned, 367, 385 unmanned, 3C7 l i f e on, 364 photographs, 363-354 s u r f a c e , 363 w s t e r on, 364 ? 4 z r s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC) 358, 360, 379, 395 M s r t i n - M s r i e t t a A i r p o r t , Baltimore, 379 Nsson, D r . Bryan H . , 366 J l z t h i a s , Sen. Caarles McC., 375 Melbourne, Univ. o f , 383 M ? t r i c system, 351 Msxico, 360-351 M3xico C i t y , Mexico, 376, 334 M i c y o ~ dAssembly F a c i l i t y , 360 Milky Way ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 33J M i l l e r and Berry, 385 Minuternan ( m i s s i l e ) , 358 M i s s i l e , 358, 335-356 M o n t c l a i r , N.J., L i b r a r y , 360 , , , , - , �SEPTEMBER 1969 Montreal., Canada, 376, 387 M~on b a s e , ?kt;-( e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 371, 376 landing manned conmemorative stamp, 362, 374, 384 i m p l i c a t i o n s o f , 369-370, 374, 397 memorial s c u l p t u r e , 366 L l ~ n a rLanding Receiving L2boratory (LRL) 365, 366, 368 l u n s r r o v i n g v e h i c l e , 395 photographs, 368 s u r f a c e , 371 g l a z i n g , 382 sample, 363, 365, 366, 368-369, 370, 376 e x h i b i t , 37 2, 377 t s v e r n , 391 Moravia, A l b e r t o , 387 MSC. See Mmned S p a c e c r a f t Center. MSFC. See M a r s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center. Mueller, D r . George E . 362 N-4S4 P r e l i m i n a r y Examination Team (PZ'T) 363 , , , N a t i o n a l Academy of Sciences (N--IS), 377 N a t i o n a l Aeronautics and Space A c t , 362 X a t i o n s l Aeronailtics and Space Administration (NASA), awards and honors, 359, 362 budget, 367 Senate c o n s i d e r a t ion a u t h o r i z a t i o n , 373, 375 c o n t r a c t , 358, 350, 361, 379, 385 c o o p e r a t i o n , 37 3, 336 cooperat i o n , i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 373-375, 376 f a c i l i t i e s , 375 launch s o ~ n d i n gr o c k e t , 361, 362, 378, 391 l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e , 358, 361, 372, 384 l u n a r samples. See Moon. m e m ~ r i a l , l u n a r l a n d i n g , 366 p e r s o n n e l , 358, 351, 362, 365, 366, 331 programs a e r o n a u t i c s , 336 Ap0110, 358, 352, 369, 371, 373, 379 Apollo A p 2 l i c a t i o n s (AA) 395 , ( v i i) 377 �Nzt i o n a l Aeronautics and Space A d n i n i s t r a t i o n ( c o n t i n u e d ) Apollo Telescope Mo-~nt(ATM) 385 Gzlnini, 366 manned spzce f l i g h t , 367-368, 385 Mzriner, 353-364, 371 NL;IVA, 173 RAD, 375 t r a c k i n g , 369 Viking, 375 space r e s c u e , 379 S p c e T a s k Group r z p o r t , 367-368, 371, 376, 385 N a t i o x a l A e r o n a u t i c s a n 3 Space Council (NASC) 395 N a t i o n a l A i r a n 1 Space Vusewn, 358 N a t i o x a l Research C o ~ n c i l(NRC) 358 Nat i o n s 1 Science Foandzt i o n (NSF) 375, 383 & a ti o n a l s e c u r i t y , 353 N?y~tun? ( p l a n e t ) 353 See Nuclear E n ~ i n ef o r Rocket Vehicle A p p l i c a t i o n . NER7CA. Neiq :\Ie.iico, 379 New O r l e a n s , Lz. 350 Newton, S i r I s a a c , 352 Nike-Apache ( s ~ u n d i nr a~z k e t ) 352 Nixon, P r e s i d e n t Richard M. ap2ointments and n m i n a t i o n s by, 365, 377 a s t r o n a u t gaod w i l l . t o n , 360-361, 334 Congressional Space Mxizl of Honor approved, 334 Space Task Grodp r e p o r t t o , 371, 376 s u p z r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t , 378 t a s k f o r c e s , 378 U.N. a d d r e s s , 374 i\Torth -4merican Rockwzll Corp., 350 NRC. See N a t i o n a l Research Coluncil. NSB. See N a t i o n a l Science Fo7mdation. Nuclear Engine f o r Rozket V e h i c l e A p 2 l i c a t i o n (NERVA), 373 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e 3 t y , 331 O ~ e a n o g r a p h y , 378, 391 0120 J ( o r b i t i n g g e o p h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t o r y ) , 383 --O r t o l i , F r a n c o i s X . , 333 Oslo, NorwAy, 376 O s t r i k e r , J . P. 397-383 O t t a $ ~ a , Canada, 376 Pains, D r . Thlmss O . , 362, 335, 373, 332 P a r i s , France, 376, 393 P a r i s , Univ. o f , 339 , , , , , , , , (viii) �P a r k e s , A u s t r a l i a , 393 Faillet Mostajo, Pedro, 387 P e a r c e , J. B. , 359 See N4S.4 PreLiminary Examination Team. PE'I!. PET Sum-nary o f-----Apollo ll Limar Sam l e s 368 Phillips, Smuel C ? d ; - $ l , 362 Pimentel, Dr. George C . , 364 P l e s e t s k , U.S.S.R., 358 P l u t o ( p l a n e t ) 360 The Space Program: D -Poat-Apollo -i r e c t-i o n s f-o r t h-e F u t -u r e P a s t O f f i c e Dept., 362, - 3 Potsdam, N . Y . , 382 P r a t t & Wnitney Div., United k i r c r a f t Corp., 365 P r e s i d e n t ' s Science Advisory C o n n i t t e e , 37'7 P r s s s connent A p o l l o 11 f l i g h t , 371 l u n a r r o z k s%mples, 377 Mariner V I , 371 Mzriner ------ V I I , 371 space program, n a t i o n a l , 372, 376 s u p e r s o n i c t r a n s p o r t (SST), 393 P r e s s confer?nce Mariner V I 363-364 Mariner V I I ,. -363-364 _ - Space Task G r o ~ pr e p o r t , 371 P r i n c e t o n Univ., 397 Praxrnire, Sen. William, 372 P d l s s r 397-333 Q a t r o n Corp. 359 R a d i a t i o n , 332, 383 Rzp?r, 0 . F . , 359 Rswlinson, W. R . , 383 Recher, Mzrcsl, 365 R h ~ A e s , Gov. James A , , 369 Rio fie Zaneiro, B r a z i l , 376 R i p l e y , D r . S. D i l l o n , 370 R o - k e f e l l e r Univ., 377 Ron?, I t a l y , 360, 376 Rosmond, C a l i f . , 355, 372 S a b i n , D r . A l b e r t , 360 Safeguard ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 395-386 S a g i t t a r i u s ( c o n s t e l l a t i o n ) , 333 See USAF Space a n 3 M i s s i l e S y s t e m Organization. S4M.50. S s r a b ' i s i , D r . Vikram A . , 373 ---- , A ---,--, , , --- 367-368, 371 �SEPTEMBER 1969 Syturn IE ( b o o s t e r ) , 379 S3tur-n V ( b o o s t e r ) , 358, 363, 379 S z t u r n \I \fl~rlcshop( s p s c e c r a f t ) , 358 G-ience, 378 Science Research C o - ~ n c i l ,376 S n i e n t i s t s 389 Sealkb I11 (underwater l a b o r a t a r ~ ) , 381 Semlsns, S e t r z t a r y of the A i r Force D r . Robert C . , S e i t e , D r . F r e d e r i c k S . , 377 S e l f - t e s t i n g - a ~ i d r e p a i r i n g (STAR) compu-ber, 360 S?oill, j7G Shsrp, D r . Robert P. 3G3 S h z w b ~ r y ,U. K . , 381 , J r . , 361, 371, 395-335 , , Skinner, S.lerr3.l E. 366 S:nith, D r . rienry J . , 363 Smith, Sen. Ralph T . , 375 Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , 358, 366, 370, 377 Sounding r o z k e t , 360-361, 375, 378, 391 Sozth A t l a n t i c Anomaly r e g i o n , 375 South Rogers Lake Bed, C a l i f . , 351, 383 Space biology, 364 Space law t r e a t y , 335 Space, m i l i t a r y use o f , 335 -386 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 367-368, 371-372, 376, 377, 332-333, Space r s s c u e , 379 Space r e s u l t s , 359, 371, 376, 386-397 Space s h u t t l e , r e u s a b l e , 367 Space s t a t i o n , 360, 367 Space Task Group, 367-358, 371, 372, 376, 395 Space t u g , 367 Spectrometer experimsnt , 364 ST. See Supersonic t r a n s p o r t . S t a i b , J. A . , 393 Stamp, connemorative, 362, 374, 384 STm. See S e l f - t e s t i n g - a n 5 r e p a i r i n g eanpater. S t a t e , Dept. o f , 373 S t e w a r t , A. I. 359 STOL z i r c r a f t , 335 S s ~ l l i v a n Walter 376 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST), 378, 393 Sydney, A u s t r a l i a , 376 Task Force on Ozeanography, 378 Task Force on Science P o l i c y , 378 , , , 385 �Tellerctn , I r a n , 376 Tt?Levision, 363, 373 Tt~omas, 11. K., 359 Tho,nas, J. A . , 383 Thorad-Agena ( b o o s t e r ) , 377 Ti~orad-Agena D, 334 Tyli~k?, Japan, 376 'Cckyo U l i v . , 353 Trackin2 s h i p , 369 T r a n q u i l i t y R?se (moon), 363, 368-369 'TRX Tn:. Syztens C:ro~p, 393-334 linidentif'ied s a t e l l i t e , 37'7, 394 United A i r c r a f t Corp. P r d t t & Whitney Div., 365 United Kingdon (u.K.), 376 United Nations (u.N. ), 373 General Asseinbly, 374 U a i t e d Nations Space Co.mci.1 (proposeq), 373 USW Space and M i s s i l e Systenzs Organization (s~wo), U. S. A i r Force?. ( ~ ~ ~ 4 . 3 ' ) a i r c r a f t , 335 awrrd, 366 c a o p e r a t i o n , 396 laimch s a t e l l i t e , 377, 39'4 U. S. Amy (USA) Atmospheric Sciences Labora'tory, 379 U. S. Comytroller General, 372 U.S. Navy (USN), 381 USNS H - ~ n-stv i l l e 3G9 U'VS Mercurv. ----&a -359 ' USNS Redstone, 369 USXS Vanpa.rd, 369 . U. S. ST.m9ion o f S o a i e t S o c i a l i s t Republics) c o o p e r a t i o n , space, 374-375, 333 launch s a te l l i t e Cosnos, 358, 368, 372, 378, 333 spsce prograT, 393 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . 377, 394 Venus ( p l a n e t ) 382-383 Viking, P r o j e c t 375 Volpe, S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .Tolis A, 378 Walker, Joseph A. 379 J , , , , , 358, 361 �Wallops S t a t i o r ~( ~ 4 ~ , 4 ) 362 , Wapkoneta, 511. .%O War:it.r, <l:tr-k, 381 Wa~;l~iri;toriA i rl incs, 385 lllzsl~in$on, D . C . , j G j , 384, 385 Wll i t e :io+~::e, j66, 3G7-369 ~Vllite'Ssrici:; Missile Range (WSVR), 361, 378, 379 W i l c ~ x - S i e r r a Div. of American Standard, Inc , 379 Xing, a i r c r a f t , 351 World Health Organizstion, 37 3 WS,?4R. See 'dnite Sarlds M i s s i l e Range. X-15 (rocket r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) , 356 X - 2 4 ~( l i f t i n g - b o d y v e h i c l e ) , 361, 383 XB-70 ( s ~ ~ e r s o n si icr c r a r t ) , 386 XF ( n u c l e a r r o c k e t e n g i n e ) , 373 Z i e g l e r , Ronald L., 359 Zych, A. D . , 383 , . (xii) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000127 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics September 1969: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 33, Folder 16 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18239 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1271/spc_stnv_000128.pdf f282b2ec6298f3ffaf27b51d01d5f4ba PDF Text Text COMMENT DFAFT O F 0 R R E L EA s E I qcVT SRTuRN H I ~ ~ .~0Cbb.~" ~ z y ,,g?u'ie ' Unl,,ersi~y h\;l;a:a T~c~:,GIo;\ GbOLP ~ i ~ i of ~ rSience y & Date ---------A S T R O N A U T I C S A N D APRIL AERONAUTICS 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HHR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division L i b r a r y of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) Office of P o l i c y National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 o or I n s e r t i o n i n Your ~ o l d e r ) DOC.\\i0. -- -- - �A P R I L 1968 �A p r i l 1: F l i g h t s of USAF F-111A a i r c r a f t had been h a l t e d pending r e s u l t s of i n v e s t i g a t i o n of March 28 and 30 crashes, Associated Press reported. (AP,W S t a r , 4/1/68, ~ 3 ) . Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, was e l e c t e d member of National Academy of Engineering "in recognition and i n honor of h i s important contributions t o engineering and of h i s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e f i e l d . " He' was c i t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r h i s work i n a i r c r a f t design and t e s t i n g and f o r development and operation of manned spacecraft. (NAE PIO; MSC Roundup, 4/12/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l i n support of F-111A a i r c r a f t : "The d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t have beset t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l F-111 swing-wing plane r e c e n t l y provide new evidence of t h e f o l l y of allowing p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s t o v e t o o r d i l u t e t e c h n i c a l judgment. "These a d d i t i o n a l blows t o a plane t h a t s t i l l has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l promise emphasize what most experts have been saying f o r seven years-t h e F-111 has been b u i l t t h e wrong way from t h e beginning. It r e f l e c t e d former S e c r e t a r y of Defense McNamarals i n s i s t e n c e , i n t h e name of 'commonality' and savings, t h a t t h e Navy and t h e A i r Force buy one plane f o r two e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t missions. "But, though t h e Navy's v e r s i o n may never--as Congress believes-meet t h e Navy's needs, t h e A i r Force model has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l capab i l i t i e s a s a supersonic high- and low-level all-weather f i g h t e r bomber. [and] must be developed, t e s t e d and u t i l i z e d t o i t s f u l l e s t c a p a b i l i t y . " (E,' 5/1/68) .. . Atomic Energy Commission-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office awarded Aerojet General Corp. extension of cost-plus-fixed-fee c o n t r a c t f o r nuclear propulsion work. Extension covered period through Sept. 30, but NASA funding would be r e s t r i c t e d t o e f f o r t through J u l y 31 pendi n g Congressional a c t i o n on NCISA's FY 1969 budget request. Extension brought t o t a l estimated cost t o $59.4 m i l l i o n f o r Oct. 1, 1967, through Sept 30, 1968, including $25.8-million NASA share. (NASA Release 68-57; WSJ, 4/2/68, 12; SBD, 4/2/68, 179) . . Marshall - - Space F l i g h t Center c o n t r a c t awards : $2.1-million c o n t r a c t modification t o RCA f o r continued support of RCA l l O A computers f o r use i n checkout, and launch of Saturn I B and Saturn V launch v e h i c l e s , bringing t o t a l contract value t o $12.7 m i l l i o n ; and $1.8-million follow-on c o n t r a c t t o Sanders Associates, I n c . , t o provide l o g i s t i c s and engineering support t o Saturn V o p e r a t i o n a l d i s p l a y systems a t (MXFC MSFC, bringing t o t a l value of contract t o $3.9 million. Releases 68-57, 68-58) �A p r i l 1: USAT awarded RCA $100,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $1.5-million f i x e d - p r i c e contract f o r study, evaluation, and t e s t i n g of advanced e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l techniques f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e of h i g h - a l t i t u d e space vehicles. (DOD Release 288-68) A p r i l 2: Senate Armed Services Committee, a f t e r hearing DOD witnesses i n closed session, voted t o appropriate $297 million--including $170 m i l l i o n f o r contract d e f i n i t i o n of Navy VFX-1 a s p o s s i b l e replacement f o r F-111B--for continuation of USNT.s fighter-bomber program and procurement of F - 4 ~Phantom j e t a i r c r a f t . Committee had v o t e d March 28 t o deny t h e funds. Contract d e f i n i t i o n phase was expected t o t a k e (W -3S t a r 4/3/68, ~ 8 ) 8 t o 1 2 mo. . NASA and German Federal Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF)were conducting s e r i e s of f o u r sounding rocket launches from Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLS)t o study upper atmosphere near Equator. NASA Nike-Apache sounding r o c k e t s e j e c t e d barium clouds between 90- and 120-mi a l t i t u d e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e e l e c t r i c f i e l d s i n upper atmosphere region of i n t e n s e e l e c t r i c current. Results would be a v a i l a b l e t o world s c i e n t i f i c community. BMwF was responsible f o r chemical payloads, photographic equipment, and cloud observation; Indian National Committee f o r Space Research provided launch s e r v i c e s ; and NASA supplied sounding rockets and rocket launcher. (NASA Release 68-58) . President Johnson, i n l e t t e r t r a n s m i t t i n g t o Congress F i f t h Annual Report on Communications S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962, said: " [ ~ e p o r]t r e f l e c t s . steady progress toward t h e u l t i m a t e goal of providing mankind with new c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r worldwide commwnication. I n t h e b r i e f span of f i v e y e a r s , s a t e l l i t e technology has grown dynamically. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s envisioned i n 1962 have been g r e a t l y exceeded Communications, he s a i d must provide "'network f o r knowledge' so t h a t a l l peoples can share t h e s c i e n t i f i c , educational, and c u l t u r a l advances of t h i s planet. "Failure t o reach t h e s e goals can only c o n t r i b u t e t o apathy, ignorance, poverty and despair i n a very l a r g e p a r t of t h e world. Success i n our telecommunications p o l i c i e s can be a c r i t i c a l l i n k i n our search f o r t h e understanding and t o l e r a n c e from which peace springs. Communication by s a t e l l i t e i s a tool--one of t h e most promising which mankind has had t h u s f a r - - t o a t t a i n t h i s end." (Text; AP, W S t a r , 4/3/68, A7; D F ', 4/8/68, 637) .. ...." . .. �- A p r i l 2: D r . John C. Houbolt, Executive Vice President of Aeronautical Research Associates of ~ r i n c e t o n ,Inc., received American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics Structures and Materials Award f o r h i s "original, d e f i n i t i v e , and continous research leading t o t h e use of random processes i n a i r c r a f t gust loads design." (SBD, 4/4/68, 199) A ril 3 U.S.S.R. successfully launched Cosmos CCX i n t o o r b i t with (232.4-mi) apogee, 1984m (123-mi) perigee, 90.2-min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered April 11. (SBD, 4/4/68, 197; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . National Academy of Sciences president D r . Frederick S e i t z was elected president of Rockefeller Univ. t o succeed D r . Detlev W. Bronk, who would r e t i r e J u l y 1. D r . S e i t z would divide h i s time between NAS and University u n t i l e a r l y 1969, when he would assume h i s f u l l - t i m e educational duties. Member of President's Science Advisory Committee and of DOD's Defense Science Board, which he chaired four years ending i n March, D r . S e i t z had succeeded D r . Bronk a s NAS president i n 1962. He was re-elected, a s f i r s t resident, full-time president, i n 1965 f o r six-year term. His p r i n c i p a l f i e l d of research was theory of s o l i d s and nuclear physics. ( ~ a r b e r ,NYT, 4/4/68; NAS-NRC-NAF: News Report, 4/68 ) - - . Dr. Harold A, Rosen, Assistant Manger of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. ' s Space Systems Div. and Manager of Hughes S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, was named r e c i p i e n t of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronaut i c s f i r s t Aerospace Communications Award f o r h i s "leadership i n making synchronous s a t e l l i t e communications a global r e a l i t y , thereby opening a new challenge f o r t h e progress of mankind." Award a l s o honored l a t e Don Williams, former Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r Communications S a t e l l i t e Systems a t Hughes, f o r "his e a r l y recognition, t e c h n i c a l judgement, inventiveness, and singular dedication i n pioneering t h e development and design of synchronous communications s a t e l l i t e s . " (AIAA -News. 9 AIAA PIO) . USAF was f l i g h t - t e s t i n g t a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) subsystem which Would enable t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t t o perform a s reconnaissance vehicles. TAPIT, s e l f -contained i n pod mounted under a i r c r a f t wing with small control box i n cockpit, took panoramic p i c t u r e s from low a l t i t u d e s ; developed f i l m i n seven seconds; e l e c t r o n i c a l l y scanned photos; and transmitted r e s u l t i n g s i g n a l s from higher a l t i t u d e t o ground s t a t i o n within 100-mi radius, permitting m i l i t a r y commanders i n f i e l d t o view photos of t a r g e t s while f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t was s t i l l i n t a r g e t area. (AFSC Release 24.68) �A p r i l 3: Marshall Space F l i g h t Center awarded I m ' s Space Guidance Center $1.3-million contract f o r spare p a r t s and l o g i s t i c support of instrument u n i t s t h a t guided Saturn I B and Saturn V launch vehicles. (MSFCRelease 68-63) A 4: NASA's Apollo 6 (AS-502) was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center's Complex 39A a t 7:OO am EST on mission t o q u a l i f y Saturn V launch vehicle f o r f u t u r e manned space f l i g h t s . Primary objectives were t o demonstrate s t r u c t u r a l and thermal i n t e g r i t y and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft; conf i n n launch loads and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; demonstrate S-IC and S-IVB/S-11 stage separations; v e r i f y operation of propulsion (including S-NB r e s t a r t ) , guidance and control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) , and e l e c t r i c a l systems; evaluate performance of Emergency Detection System (EDS) i n closed-loop configuration; and demonstrate mission support f a c i l i t i e s and operations required f o r launch, mission conduct, and Command Module (CM) recovery. Launch v e h i c l e 1 s t - s t a g e performance was near nominal, but two of f i v e 2nd-stage J - 2 engines shut down prematurely, causing remaini n g 2nd-stage engines and 3rd-stage engine t o burn longer t h a n planned. As r e s u l t , spacecraft and 3rd stage entered e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t with 223.1-mi (395.1-km) apogee, 107-mi (172.1-km) perigee, and 89.8min period i n s t e a d of planned c i r c u l a r o r b i t of 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e . When 3rd stage f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e on command a f t e r two o r b i t s a s planned, NASA switched t o a l t e r n a t e mission, f i r i n g Service Propulsion System (SPS) t o place spacecraft i n t o t r a j e c t o r y with 13,823-mi (22,225.4-km) apogee. Since i n s u f f i c i e n t propellant remained af'ter extended burn, second SPS burn was not attempted and CM reentered a t 22,376 mph, j u s t under planned 25,000-mph r a t e . Spacecraft splashed down 50 m i o f f t a r g e t i n P a c i f i c 9 h r 50 min a f t e r launch arid was recovered i n good condition by U.S.S. Okinawa. Preliminary assessment indicated t h a t four of f i v e primary objectives were a t t a i n e d , even though launch vehicle performance and S-IVB r e s t & and guidance control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) were not f u l l y successful [see April 11 and 241. Apollo 6 was second f l i g h t ' f o r Saturn V launch v e h i c l e and b o i l e r p l a t e Lunar Module (LM) and f o u r t h f o r operational Block I command/~erviceModule (CSM) Spacecraft had been modified t o include Block I1 h e a t s h i e l d and instrumentation f o r unmanned configuration; d e l e t e crew provisions; incorporate new u n i f i e d quick-operating hatch and movie camera t o record Launch Escape System (US) j e t t i s o n and r e e n t r y conditions; and r e l o c a t e sequence camera f o r e a r t h landmark photography. (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, been highly S-111 . �A p r i l 4 (continued) successful, completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of all major p i e c e s of Apollo hardware. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn launch v e h i c l e development, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 6 8 - 5 4 ~ ; W Post, 4/5/68, A18; UPI, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A3) - . NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana flew X-15 No. 1 t o 185,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,546 mph (mach 5:11) t o t e s t spray-on foam i n s u l a t i o n , much l i g h t e r t h a n previously used i n s u l a t i o n , f o r use on Saturn V 2nd stage. Test, from Edwards AFB, was s a t i s f a c t o r y , with X-15 performing i n maximum-heating design t r a j e c t o r y c l o s e t o t h a t of Saturn V and s u s t a i n i n g temperatures of up t o 1 , 5 0 0 9 . (x-15 P r o j Off; MSFC Release 68-69; AP, P Inq, 4/5/68) . NASA Ames Research Center s c i e n t i s t s D r . W i l l i a m Quaide and Verne R. Oberbeck had developed method of c a l c u l a t i n g l u n a r s o i l depths using measurements based on Lunar O r b i t e r photos and Surveyor photos and surface analyses. Studies i n d i c a t e d t h a t many of moon's smaller c r a t e r s and much of s o i l and fragmental m a t e r i a l on l u n a r surface were r e s u l t of meteoroid impacts. By simulating impacts i n l a b o r a t o r y and comparing r e s u l t s with photos of l u n a r c r a t e r s s c i e n t i s t s i d e n t i f i e d f o u r c r a t e r types: (1) c r a t e r s w i t h up t o 12-f% d i a , round bottoms, and depths 2% of t h e i r diameter; ( 2 ) c r a t e r s with 12- t o 22-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and c e n t r a l mound; (3) c r a t e r s w i t h 22t o 30-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and no mound; and (4) c r a t e r s w i t h d i a meter g r e a t e r t h a n 30 ft with second c r a t e r gouged i n f l a t bottom. Thick l a y e r of fragmented m a t e r i a l , c a l c u l a t e d by new method t o be up t o 20 yd deep (8-yd maximum was c a l c u l a t e d i n preliminary surveys), coincided with densely-cratered a r e a s t o support impact theory. (NASA Release 68-59; SBD, 4/5/68, 202) . USAF' s Lincoln Experimental S a t e l l i t e (LES-5) (launched J u l y 1, 1967), f i r s t a l l s o l i d - s t a t e UHF band comsat, had been used i n f i r s t network of t a c t i c a l t e r m i n a l s t o include a comsat, f i r s t a i r - t o - a i r l i n k v i a s a t e l l i t e r e l a y , and f i r s t communications l i n k from high l a t i t u d e s v i a s a t e l l i t e a s p a r t of USAF program t o improve communications between a i r c r a f t . LES-5 was t e s t i n g UHF t e l e t y p e system which relayed 60-wpm messages over ground d i s t a n c e s of up t o 8,000 m i . S a t e l l i t e ' s 20,000-mi-altitude o r b i t allowed l i n e of s i g h t s t r e t c h i n g �A p r i l 4 (continued) n e a r l y halfway around t h e world. USA3 proposed using system f o r communications between low-altitude a t t a c k a i r c r a f t and r e a r a r e a c o n t r o l l e r s , f o r USAF worldwide l o g i s t i c c o n t r o l and s t a t u s r e p o r t i n g system, and f o r s t r i k e and reconnaissance reporting. (AFsc Release 23.68) . DLaboratory, r . W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Director of spoke a t Space Cal Tech's J e t Propulsion Fprum sponsored by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Astronautical Society, and I n s t i t u t e of Environmental Sciences i n Washington, D.C. Describing f i r s t decade i n space a s "most productive.. .i n h i s t o r y of technology," he f o r e c a s t manned l u n a r operations including l u n a r l a b o r a t o r i e s before end of second decade and p o s s i b l e t o u r of J u p i t e r , Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune by s i n g l e spacecraft i n 1977--as w e l l a s dramatic y i e l d from growing a p p l i c a t i o n s of near-earth s a t e l l i t e s during decade. D r . Pickering urged i n i t i a t i o n of "orderly planning cycle" t o replace major programs being phased out. Emphasis of next phase was l i k e l y t o be "gleaning more b e n e f i t s f f from space d o l l a r expenditure. National Space Council estimated annual r e t u r n from space would markedly exceed expenditures i n 10 yr. ( ~ e x t ) . NASA would n e g o t i a t e $3.5 -million, one-year , cost -plus-f ixed-fee c o n t r a c t with General E l e c t r i c Co. ' s Apollo Systems Div. f o r Apollo Applications engineering support. GE, under d i r e c t i o n of NASA Hq. Apollo Applications Program Office, would provide engineering support i n a r e a s of q u a l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , configuration and d a t a management, t e s t , and checkout. (NASA Release 68-61) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center contract a c t i v i t y : RCA was awarded $1.3-million contract t o modify RCA 110 computer module boards, by s y s t e m a t i c a l l y incorporating improved s o l d e r design. IBI was issued $1.5 -million supplemental agreement f o r adjustment and implementation of configuration management f o r f a b r i c a t ion, assembly, checkout, and d e l i v e r y of 27 ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u r n instrument u n i t s t ages and other support equipment. A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., received $2.3-million c o n t r a c t extension t o supply 1 2 m i l l i o n l b l i q u i d hydrogen by March 31, 1969, t o MSFC, purchasing agent f o r Government agencies and t h e i r supporting c o n t r a c t o r s i n e a s t e r n U. S. Three one-year contract renewals, e f f e c t i v e through March 31, 1969, were awarded f o r MSFC support services: $10.5 m i l l i o n t o Brown Engineering Co. f o r s e r v i c e s i n Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory, $4.5 m i l l i o n t o SPACO Inc. f o r s e r v i c e s �A p r i l 4 (continued) i n Quality. and R e l i a b i l i t y Assurance Laboratory, and $2.3 m i l l i o n t o Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r s e r v i c e s i n Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. (MSFC Releases 68-64, 68-65, 68-66, 68-67) A p r i l 5: ComSatCorp, on behalf of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications S a t e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT), l e a s e d antenna and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s at Fucino, I t a l y , e a r t h s t a t i o n from Telespazio, I t a l i a n company f o r space communications. Fucino f a c i l i t i e s , approved by INTELSAT1s Interim Communications S a t e l l i t e Committee (ICSC) , would be used f o r t r a c k i n g , telemetry, and command d u t i e s f o r INTELSAT comsat s . (Com~at Corp Release 68-15) . Crash of F-11lA i n Thailand March 30 had been caused by f a i l u r e i n t e r r a i n r a d a r guidance system, newspapers s a i d r e l i a b l e sources reported. A i r c r a f t had r e p o r t e d l y bucked and gyrated severely, f o r c i n g two crew members t o e j e c t . USAF team was conducting o n - s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and was expected t o r e p o r t f i n d i n g s i n two weeks. orto ton, A?, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A6; Beecher, -N 9Y T 4/6/68, 1 0 ) - . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center had awarded Harvard Univ. $1.9-million supplementary c o n t r a c t f o r development of W scanning spectrometer t o be flown a s s o l a r experiment on f i r s t launch of Apollo Telescope Mount. Award increased t o t a l value t o $6.5 m i l l i o n f o r experiments f o r use with manned s o l a r observatories. (MSFCRelease 68-68; SBD, 4/8/68, 210) USAF launched two u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e s from Vandenberg A p r i l 6: AFB with Atlas-F booster. (UPI, C Trib, 4/8/68; SBD, 4/9/68, 220) - . Third anniversary of launch of 85-lb I n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d ) ,world's f i r s t commercial comsat, owned by INTELSAT and managed by ComSatCorp. Although o r i g i n a l l y designed a s experimental-operational s a t e l l i t e with 18-mo l i f e expectancy, comsat launched by NASA i n t o 22,300-mia l t i t u d e synchronous o r b i t over A t l a n t i c , was s t i l l providing r e l i a b l e s e r v i c e between North America and Europe with 10% r e l i a b i l i t y . I n t e l s a t I had received and t r a n s m i t t e d more t h a n 200 hr of TV, and thousands of telephone c a l l s , d a t a and record messages, and o t h e r general communications without s a t e l l i t e service outage. TV use of I n t e l s a t I increased from 31 programs consuming 31 hr l e a s e d time i n 1965 t o 160 programs and 125 hr i n 1967. Highlights of TV broadcasts �April 6 (continued) included l i v e coverage of Atlantic splashdowns of Gemini spacecraft, sports events, public a f f a i r s , and news programs. (com~atcorpRelease 68-16) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: "What was i l l u s t r a t e d . . . was t h e extraordinary d i f f i c u l t y of assuring t h a t every one of t h e l i t e r a l l y millions of components i n such an extremely complicated system a s t h e Saturn 5 works perfectly. But t h e complexity of t h e t o t a l Apollo mechanism f o r t h e planned manned voyage t o t h e moon...is This f a c t argues f o r a slow but sure approach t o even greater future Apollo t e s t s , r a t h e r than an adventuresome policy aimed primarily a t completing t h e job by t h e end of 1969. "Regrettable a s were Saturn 5's deficiencies a s demonstrated i n t h i s week's t e s t , they provide a useful warning against renewed overconfidence and t h e costs it could again impose. " (NYT -3 4/6/68, 36) .... . U. S. Embassy i n .Thailand reported a r r i v a l of two USAF F - l l M a i r c r a f t a t Ta K h l i A i r Base t o replace a i r c r a f t l o s t i n crashes March 28 and 30. Embassy spokesman said recovery operations f o r second F-111A l o s t had been completed and a l l components accounted for. (UPI, W Star, 4/7/68, Al4; UPI, W Post, 4/7/68, ~ 2 6 ) - U. S. S. R. successfully launched Luna XIV unmanned spacecraft April 7: toward moon "to conduct f u r t h e r studies of near-lunar space," Tass announced. All systems were functioning normally and spacecraft; was traveling close t o planned trajectory. (~nderson,NYT, 4/8/68, 1; AP, W Star, 4/8/68, A3; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . Long-nosed USAF C-131 research a i r c r a f t was being developed f o r A i r Force Systems Command by Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., as a unique f l y i n g simulator t o t e s t various controls, instruments, and a i r c r a r t configurations of advanced a i r c r a f t such a s Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA), military C-5A cargo and passenger a i r c r a f t , and SST. Total In-Flight Simulator (TIFs ) configurationwith nose length varying t o simulate advanced a i r c r a f t and with second cockpit below and ahead of main cockpit and s i x independent controls--would r e a l i s t i c a l l y reproduce handling conditions of modeled a i r c r a f i and enable USAF t o determine inexpensively i n advance correct design and instrumentation fox advanced a i r c r a f t . (AFSC Release 45.68) - �Washington Sunday S t a r e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: A p r i l 7: Saturn 5 s l a t e s t performance. suggests t h a t our a s t r o n a u t s may not be a b l e t o c a r r y out t h e i r l u n a r mission u n t i l considerably l a t e r t h a n o p t i m i s t s have suggest ed--possibly not u n t i l 1971, i f then. However.. .it i s b e t t e r t o be s a f e t h a n sorry. Saturn 5"s d e f i c i e n c i e s must be eliminated, no matt.er how long t h e job t a k e s , before it i s used t o l i f t a manned Apollo spacecraft t o t h e moon. Despite l o o s e t a l k about a Soviet-American 'space r a c e 1 , t h e r e should be no a l l - o u t d r i v e , no senseless rush, t o score a f i r s t i n t h i s f i e l d . " (W 3-S t a r 4/7/68, ~ 1 ) ". . . .. ... . Sidney A. C a r i s k i , NASA Chief of Support Operations, Procurement Management, became Director of Procurement Management, Management Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t . He succeeded Daniel A. Linn, who resigned t o e n t e r p r i v a t e industry. (NASA Ann) NASA s e l e c t e d Teledyne Systems Co. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n of $950,000 A p r i l 8: 15-mo c o n t r a c t t o design and construct prototype airborne d i g i t a l computer u n i t f o r Centaur launch v e h i c l e ' s guidance and c o n t r o l system. Contract, which would include option f o r f i v e a d d i t i o n a l u n i t s with r e q u i r e d ground support equipment and spare p a r t s , would be managed by Lewis Research Center. (NASA Release 68-64) . Harold D. . . Babcock, 40-yr member of Mt WilsoLnand Mt Palomar Observat o r y s t a f f s , died. He was s p e c i a l i s t i n study of s p e c t r a of sunspots and d i s c o v e r e r of f a c t t h a t magnetic f i e l d of sun reversed p o l a r i t y periodically. (NAs-NRC-NAE News Report, 5/68, 1 0 ) A p r i l 9: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXI. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 1,545 km (960 mi) ; perigee, 1 km period, 102.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 81'. (SED~Y4110 GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - . NASA launched two J a v e l i n sounding r o c k e t s from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n . One c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere with vacuum-ion chamber and t o observe helium and oxygen-ion resonance dayglow w i t h f i l t e r e d photometer. Rocket and instrumentation performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . Telemetry s i g n a l was received f o r 16 min 40 sec. Second rocket c a r r i e d Syracuse University Research Corp. vacuum-ion chamber t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere and Univ. of Southern C a l i f o r n i a f i l t e r e d photometer t o observe helium- and �A p r i l 9 (continued) oxygen-ion resonance dayglow t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e . Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt s SRL) Federal Aviation Administration awarded $3.8-million c o n t r a c t t o IBM1s Federal Systems Div. t o modernize a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l a t 100 U.S. f a c i l i t i e s by i n s t a l l i n g p r i n t e r s and keyboards t o produce and i n i t i a t e a i r c r a f t f l i g h t data. Equipment would provide f a s t e r coordination and reduce c o n t r o l l e r s ' o r a l workload. Delivery of equipment, t o begin A p r i l 15, would be coordinated with d e l i v e r y of o t h e r automat i o n components f o r National Airspace System. (FAA Release 68-24) A p r i l 9-10 : E l e c t r o n i c s i g n a l s on .medical condition of USMC volunteer p a t i e n t i n Tokyo were t r a n s m i t t e d between Toyko , Houston, and Washington, D. C. , v i a s a t e l l i t e and t e r r e s t r i a l equipment t o show how worldwide diagnosis of complex medical problems could be achieved by advanced means of communications. INTELSAT 1 1 / ~ 2 ( p a c i f i c I ) comsat and AT&T l a n d l i n e f a c i l i t i e s yere used i n demonstration f o r 1968 National Telemetry Conference of I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) in,Houston. Signals were relayed from Brewster F l a t , Wash. e a r t h s t a t i o n t o Conference and t o computer c e n t e r s a t U.S. Public Health Service i n Washington, D.C., and Univ. of Texas. Demonstration was d i r e c t e d by ITT World Communications, I n c . , with cooperation of ComSatCorp and Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., Japan. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-17; AP, W -JS t a r 4/10/68, Al8; UPI, W Post, 4/12/68, ~ 1 5 ) , A p r i l 10: U.K. ' s J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t U. S. S. R. ' s Luna XIV spacecraft had apparently entered l u n a r o r b i t and was t r a n s m i t t i n g telemetry but no photographic s i g n a l s . U. S. S.R. had made no o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. (UPI, NYT, 4/11/68, 4; Cohn, W Post, 4/11/68, A27) . Ernest W. Brackett , Special A s s i s t a n t t o NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r I n d u s t r y A f f a i r s , was appointed Chairman of NASA Board of Cont r a c t Appeals, succeeding E. M. Shafer who became Chairman of NASA Contract - Adjustment Board. Matt hew J. McCart i n , Goddard Space F l i g h t Center, was appointed Vice-Chairman. (NASA Release 68-65) �A p r i l 11: Luna X I V had entered o r b i t around moon "close t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d one" t o study c o r r e l a t i o n between e a r t h and moon and c o l l e c t d a t a necessary f o r landing cosmonauts on moon, Tass announced i n f i r s t o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. S a t e l l i t e had e n t e r e d l u n a r o r b i t April 10 with 870-km (540.6-mi) apolune; 160-km (99.4-mi) p e r i l u n e , and 2-hr 40-min period. (UPI, W S t a r , 4/11/68, A3; SBD, 4/12/68, 239-40; Reuters, NYT, 4/14/68, 8 ) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center i.s sued r e p o r t containing preliminary r e s u l t s of A p r i l 4 Apollo 6 f l i g h t . Although "basic source of t h e , d i f f i c u l t i e s 1 ' had not y e t been determined, s c i e n t i s t s and engineers speculated t h a t wires carrying cut o f f comands t o t h e malfunctioning engines were interchanged. F i r s t stage had performed a s planned and stage t h r u s t was near p r e d i c t e d during f i r s t p o r t i o n of f l i g h t . Second s t a g e had performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through 1 s t - s t a g e boost, 2nd-stage i g n i t i o n , and e a r l y p o r t i o n of 2nd-stage powered f l i g h t . F i r s t i n d i c a t i o n s of anomaly were decreasing temperatures on main o x i d i z e r valve and i t s c o n t r o l l i n e on f i f t h engine and steady decrease i n second engine's yaw a c t u a t o r pressure. Third stage performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through f i r s t burn and o r b i t a l coast. Although engine and stage p r e s t a r t conditions appeared normal, engine received s t a r t s i g n a l , and valves opened properly, engine d i d not r e s t a r t . I n i t i a l d a t a suggested t h a t l e a k i n one of two p r o p e l l a n t l i n e s t o engine's augmented spark i g n i t e r may have caused i n s u f f i c i e n t o r inadequately mixed p r o p e l l a n t f o r proper s t a r t condition. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s were continuing on l o n g i t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n of v e h i c l e . Guidance and o t h e r instrumentation functions, telemetry performance, and onboard (MSFC Release 68-74; AP, -3NYT TV camera operation were s a t i s f a c t o r y . 4/12/68, 20) . USAF and NASA had agreed t o consolidate t h e i r photographic operations a t Eastern Test Range under one c o n t r a c t o r t o save estimated $1 m i l l i o n f i r s t year. Single c o n t r a c t o r , s e l e c t e d by competitive bid, would r e p o r t t o ETR contract manager. USAF and NASA each would provide one t e c h n i c a l manager t o monitor performance. New o p e r a t i o n would be e f f e c t i v e Jan. 1, 1969. (KSC Release 68-151) . V/A Hyman G. Rickover (USN), t e s t i f y i n g before House Committee on Banking and Currency hearings on H.R. 15683 t o renew t h e Defense Production Act of 1950 a s amended, warned against emergence of " f o u r t h branch of government," a p a r t n e r s h i p of f e d e r a l bureaucrats and g i a n t corporations "with men e x e r t i n g power without p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " DOD's industry-oriented philosophy, l a c k of inhouse c a p a b i l i t y , and absence of standardized accounting procedures �A p r i l 11 (continued) permitted government s u b s i d i z a t i o n of c i v i l i a n business of defense c o n t r a c t o r s and c o s t U. S. taxpayer b i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s , he s a i d . ransc script; P o r t e r , W Post, 5/2/68, ~ 2 ) A p r i l 12: NASA would n e g o t i a t e $900,000, one-year, cost -plus-f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t w i t h Chrysler Corp.'s Space Div. t o study needs and configuratLon a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r an intermediate payload launch v e h i c l e i n post1973 space operat ions. Payloads under consideration included longd u r a t i o n manned operat i o n s i n low e a r t h o r b i t , unmanned s a t e l l i t e s i n synchronous o r b i t , l o g i s t i c support f o r manned l u n a r exploration, and unmanned p l a n e t a r y and deep space probes. Contract would be managed by OMSF. (NASA Release 68-67; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 4/13/68) April14: Cosmos C C X I I was successfully1aunchedbyU.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 200-km (124.3-mi) apogee, 180-km (111.8-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 51.6' inclinat.ion. S a t e l l i t e docked with . . Cosmos C X I I I A p r i l 15 and r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19. (AP, B -2Sun 4/15/68; UPI, NYT, 4/15/68, 86; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - April15: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos C C X I I I i n t o o r b i t w i t h 254-km (157.8-mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 51.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . A t 1 : 2 1 Moscow time (3:21 Baykonyr time) s a t e l l i t e was automatically docked with Cosmos C C X I I (launched A p r i l 1 4 ) . Tass l a t e r announced t h a t s a t e l l i t e s used " s p e c i a l c l o s i n g - i n systems, r a d i o , t e c h n i c a l and computing devices, t o c a r r y out an automatic mutual search, closing-in, docking, and r i g i d coupling t o each o t h e r . " Maneuver was second automatic docking i n space and was filmed by TV cameras on board both s a t e l l i t e s . U.S.S.1 had s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished f i r s t automatic docking Oct. 30, 1967. F i r s t s u c c e s s f u l manned docking had been conducted by U.S. March 16, 1966. Cosmos C C X I I and cosmos -CCXIII remained docked i n n e a r - c i r c u l a l o r b i t 3 hr 50 min and were t h e n separated automatically by ground command and placed i n t o d i f f e r e n t o r b i t s . Cosmos C C X I I r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19 and Cosmos C C X I I I , A p r i l 20. (W Post, 4/16/68; -NYT 9 4/16/68; B -Sun 9 4/16/68; SBD 4/16/68, -2 -, . Flight reenactment had revealed t h a t USAF F-11lA a i r c r a f t c r a s h March 30 had been caused by malfunction of f l i g h t c o n t r o l system, p r e s s s a i d informed sources reported. Second F-11lA, which North Vietnam claimed t o have shot down, was s t i l l missing; U.S. o f f i c i a l s �A p r i l 1 5 (continued) speculated t h a t a i r c r a f t had crashed i n Thailand jungle area. NYT, - 4/16/68, 22; W News, 4/16/68, 7 ) (UPI, . Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO)was e s t a b l i s h e d i n Special Programs Office a t NASA Hq. t o manage s p e c i a l i z e d t a s k s where NASA's unique c a p a b i l i t i e s could provide needed support t o a l i m i t e d number of DOD p r o j e c t s . M. J. Raffensperger, D i r e c t o r , Advanced Manned Missions Planning and Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , was appointed Deputy Director of Special Programs Office and Acting Director of DPSO. (NASA Release 68-66; NASA Ann, 4/17/68) . Lawrence A. Flyland, Vice President and General Manager of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. , was s e l e c t e d by National Aeronautic Association t o r e c e i v e t h e Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r s i g n i f i c a n t achievement i n aeronautics and a s t r o n a u t i c s i n 1967 a s Hughes Surveyor program d i r e c t o r . Trophy would be presented May 7. (NAA Release; AP, W Post, 4/16/68, ~ 3 ) . Tass announced issuance of t h r e e stamps commemorating Soviet space achievements : March 18, 1965, space walk by Alexei Leonov; Oct. 30, 1967, automatic docking of two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s ; and Oct. 18, 1967, softlanding of Venus 4 on Venus. (W Post, 4/15/68, CX)) A p r i l 16: NASA Associate Administrator D r . Homer E. Newel1 s u m a r i z e d E a r t h Resources Survey program a t F i f t h Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment at Univ. of Michigan's I n s t i t u t e of Science and Technology i n Ann Arbor. Prospects i n f i e l d were promising, he s a i d , but only p r o j e c t s which could not be completed using a i r c r a f t o r ground-based techniques o r which could be done b e t t e r o r more economically using space should be i n v e s t i g a t e d . Greatest use of s a t e l l i t e s f o r e a r t h survey t o date was f o r meteorological d a t a , including g l o b a l cloud-cover photos, cloud motion, and ocean temperatures D r . Newel1 explained, but U. S. s t i l l lacked "much of t h e d a t a e s s e n t i a l f o r worldwide long-range weather f o r e c a ~ t i n g , ~ ~ such a s d a t a on three-dimensional. f i e l d s of density, wind v e l o c i t y , temperature, and water vapor within t h e atmosphere. Major contribut i o n s expected from research i n o t h e r f i e l d s included: completion of geodetic programs which would permit determination of r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of any two p o i n t s on e a r t h with improved accuracy; monitoring of s e a surface s t a t e , evaluation of marine b i o l o g i c a l resources, and surface observations of conditions of i n t e r e s t t o , �A p r i l 16 (continued) oceanographers; and improved i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e of v a r i o u s species f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , and geology. ( ~ e x;t -9SBD 4/19/68, 280) . John N. Wilford, w r i t i n g i n New York Times, described d e c l i n e i n U.S. space expenditures since 1966. "Under pressure from t h e war i n Vietnam, c i v i l i a n space spending has dropped from $ 5 . 9 - b i l l i o n i n t h e peak year of 1966 t o $4.8-billion t h i s year, and it i s expected t o drop much lower i n t h e f i s c a l year s t a r t i n g i n July. Employment i n space work a t p r i v a t e companies, u n i v e r s i t i e s and Government c e n t e r s has declined from 420,000 i n 1966 t o fewer t h a n 300,000 today, and it i s s t i l l dropping a t t h e r a t e of 4,000 a month." 7' Signs of d e c l i n e were c l e a r l y v i s i b l e , Wilford noted, i n ghost towns!' t h a t were once t e s t s i t e s , and i n removal of numerous p r o j e c t s from NASA's post-Apollo plans. Fortunately, impact of cutback was softened because NASA had not replaced many personnel who o r d i n a r i l y l e f t agency each year and because personnel dismissed were absorbed by growing a i r c r a f t i n d u s t r y and expanding m i l i t a r y space program. But t h e r e was a growing f e e l i n g , Wilford s a i d , " t h a t once a s t r o n a u t s have landed on t h e moon, t h e y w i l l have no o t h e r p l a c e of s i g n i f i c a n c e t o go f o r s e v e r a l years because of sharp budget c u t s . These c u t s have trimmed t o t h e bone a l l p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e missions. It i s a s i f t h e a s t r o n a u t s a r e heading f o r a dead-end on t h e moon." (E, 4/16/68, 1, 36) . U.K. Minister of Technology Anthony W. Benn announced t h a t U.K. would withdraw from European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Communications and would make no new committments t o European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), though it would increase i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o European Space Research Organization (ESRO)by up t o 6%. U.K. o f f i c i a l s r e p o r t e d l y s a i d d e c i s i o n not t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n proposed p r o j e c t f o r experimental European TV r e l a y s a t e l l i t e was made i n e f f o r t t o avoid u n r e a l i s t i c p r o j e c t s and concentrate on nonspace a i r c r a f t and computer i n d u s t r i e s . ( ~ h u s t e r ,NYT, 4/17/68, 79; Mott, W Post, 4/17/68, A l l ) - . MSFC awarded B a l l Brothers Research Corp. $134,500 c o n t r a c t f o r s i x s o l a r sensor systems, including one prototype and f i v e f l i g h t u n i t s , f o r Apollo Telescope Mount p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l system. (MSFC Release 68-76) �p U W launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB i 7 : (UPI, W Post, 4/18/68; -9SBD using T i t a n IIIB-Agena D booster. 4/18/68, 5'75) . NASA's Marc 42A2 Arcas booster launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 4.8-mi (7.8-km) a l t i t u d e i n b a l l i s t i c performance evaluation t e s t . Booster and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , with b a l l i s t i c parameters agreeing c l o s e l y with predictions. (NASA Rpt SRL) .U W F-11I.A a i r c r a f t crash March 30 i n Thailand had been caused by "a mechanic's mistake, not by a flaw i n design," U.S. m i l i t a r y command announced. Recovered a i r c r a f t r e v e a l e d t h a t p i l o t s l o s t c o n t r o l of a i r c r a f t because tube of s e a l a n t normally used t o s e a l f u e l t a n k s was l e f t loose i n a i r c r a f t , hardened during low-temperature f l i g h t , and jammed f l i g h t - c o n t r o l system. Loss of another F-111A March 28 remained mystery and search i n Thailand a r e a where it presumably crashed had ended unsuccessfully. (UPI, W Post, 4/16/68, A8; C a r r o l l , B Sun, 4/18/68, ~ 5 ) - . Charles W. Mathews, Director of IYASA Apollo Applications Program t o l d National Space, Club i n washington, D. C. , t h a t NASA' s manned space plan, beyond f i r s t Apollo landing, "contemplat e s a balanced a c t i v i t y of l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n and extension of man's c a p a b i l i t i e s i n e a r t h o r b i t . " Program had been designed f o r f l e x i b i l i t y so a c t i v i t i e s could be conducted i n harmony with a v a i l a b l e resources. "We a r e a l s o prepared t o move forward a t an increased pace when it i s d e s i r a b l e and p o s s i b l e t o do so," he s a i d . Both c i v i l b e n e f i t s and n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y implications of space program warranted cont i n u e d s t r o n g support. Contingency planning would leave more room f o r budgetary o r g o a l changes, t h u s p l a c a t i n g c r i t i c s i n Congress who claimed NASA had not provided them with s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y . Manned space f l i g h t s were t o be resumed by both U.S. and U.S.S.R. i n near f u t u r e . ( ~ e x;t Lannan, W 3-S t a r 4/18/68, A5; AP, B -Sun 9 4/18/68, All) . Sen. Margaret C. Smith ( R - ~ e . ) ,ranking member of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, on Senate f l o o r presented Government Accounting Office review of source s e l e c t i o n and award of m a j o r ~ s u b c o n t r a c tby NASA and i t s prime c o n t r a c t o r , Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., f o r development of landing and rendezvous r a d a r equipment f o r Apollo Lunar Module, compiled a t her request. Sen. Smith explained t h a t although another e l e c t r o n i c s firm had expressed i n t e r e s t i n performing under f i x e d - p r i c e c o n t r a c t , RCA �A p r i l 17 (continued) had received contract because of agreement between Gmunman and RCA "before t h e requirements and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e r a d a r components had been defined. " Noting t h a t RCA estimated cost of $23.4 m i l l i o n had now increased t o about $112 m i l l i o n , she suggested t h a t i f Grwnman r a d a r subcontract was i l l u s t r a t i v e of how NASA "maintains s u r v e i l l a n c e over i t s appropriated funds, it would appear t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l savings could be r e a l i z e d merely by strengthenin agency1s c o n t r a c t i n g p r a c t i c e s . " (NASA LAR ~11136 ; CR, 4/17 68, the S4138-46; AP, B Sun, 4/23/68, ~ 5 ) 7 . NASA had awarded Aero j e t General Corp. ' s Space Div. $316,776 contract t o perform preliminary design of spacecraft f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h on f r o g ' s balance mechanisrr, ( o t o l i t h ) under weightlessness and repeated a c c e l e r a t i o n . P r o j e c t , i n i t i a l s t e p i n NASA's Human Factor Systems Program t o i n v e s t i g a t e primary balance mechanism within inner e a r , would be managed by NASA Wallops S t a t i o n under directi'on of Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Ames Research Center would be responsible f o r o t o l i t h experiment package designed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. (WS Release 68-8; NASA Release 68-71) . MSFC awarded nine-month, $99,000 contract t o Raymond ~ o e w y / ~ i l l i a m Snaith, Inc., t o conduct h a b i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s of planned e a r t h o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n s . Basic goal would be t o ensure t h a t workshop configurations wefe comfortable and f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s i n which t o l i v e and work. (MSFC Release 68-79) . Naval Research Laboratory s c i e n t i s t D r . Richard C. Henry, speaking a t d e d i c a t i o n of NRL1s new E. 0. Hulburt Center f o r Space Research i n WashingLon, D.C., presented d a t a s t r o n g l y supporting closed universe concept. Aerobee sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range Sept. 7, 1967, carrying s o f t x-ray d e t e c t o r , had d e t e c t e d r a d i a t i o n from l a r g e , unexpected amount of t h i n l y - s p r e a d i n t e r g a l a c t i c hydrogen gas, evidence of existence of i n t e r g a l a c t i c matter previously supposed but undetected. Amount detected i n d i c a t e d presence of 100 times a s much matter between g a l a x i e s a s i n all s t a r s i n universe--enough t o f i l l up a l l space and s a t i s f y all t h e o r e t i c a l requirements f o r a closed universe. ( ~ e x;t Cohn, W Post, 4/18/68, 1 ) . Editorial comment on Soviet space achievements, including successful o r b i t i n g of Luna XIV and docking of Cosmos CCXII and C C X I I I , urged U.S. t o acknowledge challenge: �April 17 ( continued) "The Soviet Union's sense of purpose i n space i s apparently a s steady and unwavering a s it ever was. The U.S...after coming up f a s t from behind i n a wave of f e v e r i s h anxiety and enthusiasm, now seems t o have l o s t i n t e r e s t . That could be a dangerous--even fatal--tendency i n an age where space i s of key importance t o t h e s e c u r i t y of t h e Nation. It should be reversed, before g r e a t harm i s done." (P Inq, 4/17/68) " I f we muff what now looks - l i k e a good chance t o beat t h e Russians t o t h e moon with manned space ships, t h e p r e s t i g e l o s s t o t h i s n a t i o n w i l l probably be immeasurable. And i f our space people a r e n ' t paying a t l e a s t a s much a t t e n t i o n a s t h e Russians t o t h e m i l i t a r y p o s s i b i l i t i e s of space, t h e n we a r e i n grave danger and growing more .so. A l l of t o a whole s t r i n g of d i r e warnings t o Congress not t o which adds up be s t i n g y about space p r o j e c t s of any d e s c r i p t i o n . " (NY News, 4/17/68) ... A p r i l 18: U. S. S. R. launched two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s . Cosmos CCXIV entered o r b i t w i t h 370-km (229.9-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 90.1min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d June 26. Cosmos CCXV e n t e r e d o r b i t with 403-km (249.4-mi) apogee, 255-km 158. &mi) perigee, 91.1-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . (B, $22168, 292; GSFC SSR, 4/30/68) - . NASA announced appointment of two new members t o Aerospace S a f e t y Advisory Panel: D r . C. D. Harrington, President of Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , f o r six-year termy and S. T. Harris, O f f i c e r of t h e Board, Texas Instruments, I n c . , f o r f o u r years. (NASARelease 68-72) . Langley Research Center s e l e c t e d Northrop Corp. 's Norair Div. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n s on $2-million contract t o design and construct d i f f e r e n t i a l maneuvering simulator. System, c o n s i s t ing of two i d e n t i c a l p i l o t e d f l i g h t simulators l i n k e d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y through c e n t r a l computing equipment, would be used t o study p t u r e aerospace v e h i c l e concepts. (NASA Release 68-74) Sixty-day simulated e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission f o r f o u r UCLA A p r i l 19: s t u d e n t s ended when t h e y l e f t McDonnell Douglas Corp. M i s s i l e & Space Systems Div. space cabin simulator [ s e e Feb. 211. Although s t u d e n t s had t i r e d of food and missed female companionship, a t t e n d i n g doctor s a i d t h e y remained i n good h e a l t h . On l e a v i n g simulator t h e y f i rs t not i c e d extreme humidity and "myriad smells �A p r i l 19 (continued) and odors i n normal a i r . " Experiment had included cycles of r e s t and work, t e s t i n g air-water samples, and manning s c i e n t i f i c equipment. (AP, B &, 4/20/68, ~ 3 ) . Page Communications Engineers, Inc., and government of South Vietnam were n e g o t i a t i n g agreeaent t o permit Page t o finance and construct $7-million e a r t h s t a t i o n i n Vungtau. S t a t i o n , which would be used with ComSatCorp s a t e l l i t e t o be launched i n November, would have 60-channel capacity i n i t i a l l y and would be a b l e t o expand t o 120. South Vietnamese government would receive 2% of gross revenues-expected t o t o t a l $4-5 m i l l i o n annually--for f i r s t f i v e y e a r s and 5% f o r second f i v e years, a f t e r which operation would be turned over t o a Sbuth Vietnamese corporation. (page PIO; Wilson, W Post, 4/19/68) NATO's Nuclear Planning Group had concluded t h a t construction of a European AEM defense system was not j u s t i f i e d under present circumstances, Robert C. Doty reported i n New York Times. Recommendation, he s a i d "which appears c e r t a i n t o be endorsed by t h e a l l i a n c e a s a whole, ends f o r t h e foreseeable f u t u r e Europe i n t e r e s t i n any m u l t i - b i l l i o n - d o l l a r p r o j e c t t o match t h e a n t i m i s s i l e screen now under construction by t h e Soviet Union. " U.S. decision i n 1967 t o b u i l d S e n t i n e l ABM system t o p r o t a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e Chinese Communist a t t a c k had promoted NATO rev: of Europe's nuclear defense. Nuclear Planning Group, i n two-daj meeting a t The Hague, had concluded t h a t 'defense system, secure a g a i n s t "multimethod, a l l - o u t s t r i k e by a major nuclear power, " was not f i n a n c i a l l y or t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e and c a l l e d f o r "good offense," maintaining nuclear stalemate; continual review of Am defense; and acceptance of program f o r f u t u r e planning and cons u l t a t i o n with U. s. even a f t e r t h e pending n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t ] became e f f e c t i v e . ( ~ o t ~ , 4/20/68, 2) z, A p r i l 20: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVI. Orbital parameters: apogee, 265 km (164.7 'mi) ;p e r i g e e , 195 km (121.2 mi) ; p e r i o d , 89.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 51.8~. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d NYT, 4/21/68, 28; W S t a r , 4/21/68, A5; - . NASA Astrobee - 1500 sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Mime s o t a experiment t o 776 - m i (1,250-km) a l t i t u d e t o study l e v e l s of e l e c t r i c and magnetic �A p r i l 20 (continued) f i e l d v a r i a t i o n s i n magnetosphere, check ope ratio^ of antenna systems f o r use on s a t e l l i t e , and v e r i f y v e h i c l e design changes. Rocket performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Instrumentation s u f f e r e d p a r t i a l f a i l u r e , but cause had not been determined. (NASA Rpt SRL) . White House announced t h a t a c c e l e r a t e d clearance system t o f a c i l i t a t e e n t r y f o r incoming passengers would be t e s t e d a t John F. Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport i n New York. One-man, multi-agency i n s p e c t i o n would be r e i n f o r c e d by monitoring by s p e c i a l i s t s representing Customs, A g r i c u l t u r e , Immigration, and public Health and by computerized i n formation, t o maintain s e c u r i t y . (PO, 4/29/68, 696-7) w A r i l 2 0 21 Technical r e v i e w o f S a t u r n l a u n c h v e h i c l e s , a t t e n d e d b y about 1 0 s c i e n t i s t s , engineers, and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , was h e l d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. P a r t i c i p a n t s i n v e s t i g a t e d s t a t u s and (MSFC Release 68-77; f l i g h t schedule of Saturn launch v e h i c l e s . UPI, W S t a r , 4/21/68, ~ 5 ) - A p r i l 21: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d eighthMolniya I comsat. O r b i t a l parameters : apogee, 39,719 km (24, 6 8 0 . ~ r i g e e , 414 km '(257.2 m i ) ; period, 11 hr 53 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n 65'. (UPI, NYT, 4/23/68, 34; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s reported t h a t automatic docking of Cosmos C C X I I and C C X I I I A p r i l 15 had occurred only 47 min a f t e r p u r s u i t v e s s e l was launched. Cosmos C C X I I (launched April 1 4 ) was o r b i t i n g e a r t h a t 225.3-km (140-mi) a l t i t u d e and 17,500 mph when Cosmos C C X I I I e n t e r e d o r b i t t h r e e miles from it. According t o Tass, s a t e l l i t e s repeatedly changed t h e i r o r b i t s , r e o r i e n t e d , maneuvered i n space, and conducted various s c i e n t i f i c experiments during f o u r days i n o r b i t . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had r e p o r t e d l y developed t h r e e launch systems f o r spacecraft intended f o r automatic docking i n o r b i t : (1) simultaneous side-by-side launch with docking maneuvers beginning immediately a f t e r spacecraft separated from launch v e h i c l e s ; (2) separate launches from same or d i f f e r e n t s i t e s with second spacecraft launched a s close a s p o s s i b l e t o f i r s t s p a c e c r a f t i n o r b i t a s it passed over launch s i t e [method used f o r A p r i l 15 docking]; and (3) separate launches of spacecraft i n t o same plane, but w i t h d i s t a n c e s between them g r e a t enough t o r e q u i r e s e v e r a l I,J o r b i t a l c o r r e c t i o n s and maneuvers t o close gap. (Anderson, W 4/22/68, 9; gg,. 4/?3/68, 296-7) �p i : NASA announced app6intment of D r . Henry J. Smith, Deputy D i r e c t o r of Physics and Astronow Programs, OSSA, a s Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Space Science and Applications ( s c i e n c e ) , r e p l a c i n g D r . John E. Naugle who was reassigned Oct. 1, 1967. D r . Smith would be Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r OSSA, responsible f o r obtaining and implementing s c i e n t i f i c advice f o r t h e n a t i o n a l space program. (NASA Release 68-70) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory s o i l sciences group, headed by D r . Roy E. Cameron, r e p o r t e d t e s t s and c u l t u r e s of A n t a r c t i c s o i l samples i n JPL's walk-in f r e e z e r l a b o r a t o r y t o determine what t y p e s of micro-organisms l i v e i n extreme cold and t o help determine whether l i f e e x i s t e d on Mars. JPL s o i l samples had come from high, dry v a l l e y s i n V i c t o r i a l a n d near U. S. base a t McMurdo, Antarctica. S c i e n t i s t s discovered b a c t e r i a , y e a s t s , molds, and algae, which began t o grow w i t h i n two weeks when A n t a r c t i c s o i l kept laboratoryf r o z e n f o r over one year was subjected t o temperature 6 8 9 ' o r above. S t u d i e s were sponsored by NASA and National Science Foundation. (NASA Release 68-73) A p r i l 22: Representatives of 43 n a t i o n s signed space rescue t r e a t y a t s e p a r a t e ceremonies i n Washington, D.C., London, and Moscow. A t S t a t e Dept. ceremony i n Washington, D. C. , President Johnson s a i d he hoped t r e a t y would end wasteful competitive spacemanship between U. S. and U. S. S. R. and t h a t next decade i n space would i n c r e a s i n g l y become a partnership. Treaty, which provided f o r a s s i s t a n c e t o a s t r o n a u t s i n emergency and s a f e r e t u r n of a s t r o n a u t s and space hardware, had been unanimously approved by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1967. It would become e f f e c t i v e when r a t i f i e d by U. S. , U. S. S. R. , U. K. , and two o t h e r countries. (ward, B -9Sun 4/23/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on c u t s i n NASA FY 1969 budget: "Now t h a t t h e d e s i r e d space research c a p a b i l i t y has been created, it i s merely good sense t o s h i f t some of t h e resources t h u s employed t o o t h e r and more urgent n a t i o n a l needs. [ such a s ] cleaning up t h e n a t i o n ' s p o l l u t e d a i r and water, providing high-speed land t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , o r working out f a s t e r and cheaper ways t o b u i l d new housing t o replace t h e noxious and overcrowded slums.... "None of t h i s means.. . t h a t t h e United S t a t e s w i l l o r should abandon t h e e f f o r t t o explore space and e x p l o i t space technology.. . But f o r t h e moment t h e new r e l a t i v e l y svelte--though s t i l l very adequate-- space program meets t h e n a t i o n f s ---" - - - - i + s generously. (NYT, - 4/22/68; CRY 5/1/68, ~ 3 6 4 6 ) .. - . �A p r i l 22: E d i t o r i a l comment on Soviet space achievements: "Preoccupied with.. .Vietnam, stunned by r i o t s a t home, most Americans couldn't care less. [but] t h e y shouldn't neglect t h e Soviet space challenge. "Americans need a space program equally f a r - s i g h t e d Because it t a k e s y e a r s t o prepare f o r space missions, t h e United S t a t e s might again be caught o f f guard by a Russian spectacular i n t h e 1970's." (CSM, 4/22/68, 23) .. .... ... - A p r i l .22-24: NASA Deputy Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine v i s i t e d Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y , and Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r t o u r s and b r i e f i n g s . He was accompanied by Deputy Associate Administrator ( ~ e c h n i c a l,) Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , Harold T. Luskin; Executive Officer, Office of Administrator, Col. Clare F. F a r l y (USA, Ret. ) ; Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel member D r . Charles D. Harrington; NASA S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Bob P. Helgeson; and Executive A s s i s t a n t s James Long and Carl R. Praktish. (MXFCRelease 68-86) A p r i l 23: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences heard testimony i n support of NASA FY 1969 budget from prominent U.S. s c i e n t i s t s . D r . Harry H. Hess, Princeton Univ. , presented statement f o r t h e record by National Academy of Sciences President D r . Frederick S e i t z . Space program, D r . S e i t z s a i d , was "the l a t e s t and one of t h e g r e a t e s t human exploratory adventures i n a long sequence t h a t has enriched mankind. It o f f e r s u s t h e promise of extending t h e range of our domain...to t h e e n t i r e s o l a r system. We can expect many b e n e f i t s along t h e way, some of conceptual and some of d i r e c t m a t e r i a l value. .but t h o s e which w i l l prove t o be t h e most rewarding a r e probably, i n t h e main, s t i l l hidden from us over t h e horizon." D r . John A. Simpson, Enrico Fermi I n s t i t u t e and Univ. of Chicago, noted: "Researches i n space have made, through t h e bold programs which NASA e s t a b l i s h e d with u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e e a r l y 1960s, major c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c r i t i c a l problems of generating, developing The g r e a t f e a r a t and r e t a i n i n g f i r s t - c l a s s s c i e n t i f i c manpower. present i s t h a t t h e momentum e s t a b l i s h e d w i l l be d i s s i p a t e d by t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y deep budgetary c u t s made by NASA i n t h o s e a r e a s which most a f f e c t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s . " He s t r e s s e d "deeply f e l t conviction" t h a t U. S. was " i n danger of unwittingly destroying what we wish t o save and need . . . p re-eminence i n science and t e c h nology which i s c r u c i a l f o r each major problem of t h e nation, from proverty t o war." Actions taken i n Congress i n 1968 might " l a r g e l y determine whether t h e U. S. w i l l r e t a i n i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n t . h ~c n g n e sciences. " . ... . .. �A p r i l 23 (continued) D r . Simpson a l s o s a i d beginning on Pioneer concept was " u r g e n t , " , s t a t i n g . it was "absolutely c l e a r t h a t d i s c o v e r i e s important f o r t h e progress of science and technology may be made by...experiments and observations on spacecraft moving outward from t h e o r b i t of t h e Earth. . t h e program i s not a gamble and a hope, but an o b j e c t i v e of high importance and c e r t a i n t o produce f r u i t f u l r e s u l t s . " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ; NYT, - 4/24/68, 24; W -3S t a r 4/24/68, ~ 2 1 ) . . Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range c a r r i e d Univ. of Colorado experiment t o 1 1 1 . 9 - m i (185.4-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure i n t e n s i t y of s p e c t r a l l i n e s i n 3,400-1,1008 band. Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt .SRL) . Eleventh Saturn I B booster was s u c c e s s f u l l y s t a t i c f i r e d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center a t 1.6 million-lb t h r u s t f o r 145 sec by Chrysler Corp personnel. It would be returned t o Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r p o s t - s t a t i c checkout. Twelfth Saturn I B was enroute t o MSFC for static firing. (MSFC Release 68-85) . NAsStAe r announced t h a t model of wheel-shaped p l a n e t a r y landing c r a f t , i l i z e d by heat and dropped from 250-ft a l t i t u d e A p r i l 4 by J e t Propulsion Laboratory, had operated s u c c e s s f u l l y a f t e r impacti n g d r y l a k e i n Mojave Desert a t 80 mph--major s t e p i n demons t r a t i n g f e a s i b i l i t y of sending lightweight s c i e n t i f i c landing capsule t o Mars. C r a f t ' s r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r turned on 30 sec a f t e r c r a f t s t r u c k surface and operated 20 min. Anemometer deployed automatically 3 min a f t e r impact, t o measure wind v e l o c i t y . Following mission p r o f i l e i d e n t i c a l t o p r o j e c t e d Mars surface operations, r a d i o turned on again 22 hr a f t e r i n i t i a l transmission (when e a r t h would again be i n view). Signals from 3-w t r a n s m i t t e r were received f o r another 40 min t o conclude t e s t . Craft was powered by 1 2 - c e l l , s i l v e r - z i n c b a t t e r y , f i r s t known t o survive both heat s t e r i l i z a t i o n and high-velocity impact. (NASA Release 68-69; JPL Release 473) . Stanford Univ. p h y s i c i s t D r . W i l l i a m M. Fairbank, speaking a t American F'hysical Society Meeting i n Washington, D.C., described experiments on superconducting a c c e l e r a t o r s t h a t would enable s c i e n t i s t s t o a c c e l e r a t e e l e c t r o n s f a s t e r and f o r longer periods and, possibly, t o produce 1 0 times a s much energy a s world's present most powerful a c c e l e r a t o r , 2-mi-long, 20-bev Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) By immersing a c c e l e r a t o r i n l i q u i d helium cooled t o absolute zero, energy l o s s could be reduced so much t h a t e l e c t r o n s could be f i r e d . �A p r i l 23 (continued) continuously and a c c e l e r a t o r kept a t constant temperature. SLAC c u r r e n t l y could be f i r e d f o r only 0.001 sec because of excess heat generated by pulse. ~ ~ e r i m e n t preliminary s, t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of $5-million, 500-ft-long prototype a c c e l e r a t o r , had been conducted on 5 - f t model. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 4/24/68, 26C; OtToole, W Post, 4124168, A171 . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center announced award of $1,400 t o MSFC Test Laboratory Engineer John A. Hauser f o r invention of five-module system f o r p u r i f y i n g and f i l t e r i n g gas t o p u r i t y necessary f o r use (MSFC Release 68-82) i n development of Saturn rockets. . NASA announced swearing i n of D r . Waino W. Suojanen, Chairman of Univ. of f i a m i l s Dept. of Management, a s a consultant t o NASA Administrator James E. Webb. D r . Suojanen would serve a s a member of NASA Management Advisory Panel which reviewed NASA's p a t t e r n of administration and advised NASA Administration on s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s of organization and management. (NASA Release 68-78) . MSFC announced appointment of Keith Wible, chief of MSFCts Manpower U t i l i z a t i o n and Administration Office, a s head of new manpower u t i l i z a t i o n system f o r NASA Hq Operat ions Management Off i c e , OMSF. He would be succeeded by Paul L. S t y l e s , head of MSFC1s Labor Relations Office. (MSFCRelease 68-83; Marshall S t a r , 4/24/68, 1 ) . NASA announced t h a t Astronaut Brian T. OILeary had withdrawn from astronaut t r a i n i n g program because he d i s l i k e d p i l o t i n g a i r c r a f t . D r . OILeary, who had complete'd 15 hr f l y i n g time i n t r a i n i n g program a t Williams AFB, Ariz., hoped t o remain with space program a s r e s e a r c h e r i n p l a n e t a r y astronomy. Astronaut F. C u r t i s Michel, had received s p e c i a l permission t o spend 8% of h i s time teaching and studying a t Rice Univ. and Zl$ i n astronaut t r a i n i n g f o r one year. (MSC Release 68-32; AP, W S t a r , 4/24/68, A2; W Post, 4/24/68, . U. S. 4) and U. S. S. R. had included " l i t t l e - p u b l i c i z e d sanctions" i n proposed n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , John W. Finney reported i n New York Times. "Unless t h e y s i g n t h e t r e a t y o r accept i t s requirements f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l inspection over a l l t h e i r atomic a c t i v i t i e s , [ r e l u c t a n t ] n a t i o n s may f i n d themselves cut o f f from a s s i s t a n c e i n developing t h e peaceful uses of atomic energy." Such n a t i o n s would not be a b l e t o purchase atomic power p l a n t s o r t o o b t a i n nuclear f u e l from U. S. o r �A p r i l 23 ( continued) U. S. S. R. Further, t h e European Atomic Energy Community would not r e c e i v e f u e l u n l e s s it entered i n t o inspection agreement w i t h i n two y e a r s w i t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency. (E, 4/24/68, 1) A p r i l 24: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVII i n t o o r b i t w i t h 182-km (113.1-mi) apogee, 150-km (93.2-mi) perigee, 87.6-min period, and 62.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 26. (GSFC 4130168) z, . NASA Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USAF) t o l d p r e s s a t NASA Hq. b r i e f i n g t h a t Apollo 6 mission, i n s p i t e of anomalies, was "a s a f e mission from a crew s a f e t y standpoint" a s demonstrated by s p a c e c r a f t ' s recovery i n e x c e l l e n t condition a f t e r performing an a l t e r n a t e mission. He c i t e d t h r e e s u b s t a n t i a l t e c h n i c a l problems-J - 2 engine f a i l u r e because of f u e l l e a k , amplitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s during 1 s t - s t a g e burn (POGO e f f e c t ) , and apparent s e p a r a t i o n of l a r g e p i e c e of p a i n t o r s k i n from Lunar Module adapter during ascent--and one procedural problem--premature shutdown of second of two 2nd-stage engines because of wiring e r r o r made by North American Rockwell Corp. which was not discovered by NASA i n pre-launch t e s t s . He s a i d a l l could be corrected. From demonstrations of Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and information gained from Apollo 6 Gen. P h i l l i p s s a i d he had determined "the course of a c t i o n . . .necessary t o c o r r e c t and demonstrate t h e c o r r e c t i o n of t h e problems and. recommended t o t h e Administrator of NASA t h a t we proceed w i t h p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e manned f l i g h t of 205 with t h e 1 0 1 spacecraft which i s planned t o be t h e f i r s t manned f l i g h t i n Apollo, and...a Saturn I B He a l s o recommended t h a t NASA prepare t h i r d Saturn V (NO. 503) f o r manned f l i g h t i n l a t e 1968 w i t h option t o r e v e r t t o unmanned mission i f necessary correct i o n s d i d not meet requirements t o ensure crew s a f e t y on manned mission. NASA Administrator James E. Webb's d e c i s i o n on Gen. P h i l i p s ' recommendation was expected s h o r t l y . r ran script ; W Post, 4/25/68, ~ 9 ) .. ...." . NASA Administrator James E. Webb urged Senate Committee on Aeron a u t i c a l and Space Sciences t o r e s t o r e $48.3 m i l l i o n cut by House from NASA FY 1969 budget request f o r nuclear rocket program. Webb s t r e s s e d importance of proceeding with U. S. development of nuclear rocket propulsion a s p a r t of t o t a l c a p a b i l i t y i n aeronautics and space t o : (1)meet p o t e n t i a l c i v i l o r m i l i t a r y requirements f o r space v e h i c l e s and missions; �A p r i l 24 (continued) m v o i d short-sighted cutopfs o r c o n s t r a i n t of promising new t e c h n o l o g i c a l developments because t h e y had no s p e c i f i c j u s t i f i i n advance; ( 3 ) , prove t h a t U. S. "does not i n t e n d t o l i m i t i t s dt ment of l a r g e launch v e h i c l e s and payload c a p a b i l i t i e s " t o Satur c l a s s ; and (4) seive a s " c e n t r a l focus f o r continuing advance i n nuclear and o t h e r technologies involved." Responding t o quest ions, Webb c i t e d recent Soviet develop me^ of f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bombardment system, automatic docking flig?. and maneuvering of heavy payloads i n o r b i t a s evidence U.S.S.R. w "not neglecting any important c a p a b i l i t i e s . . Everything I know i n d i c a t e s t h e y a r e s t i l l probing f o r t h o s e a r e a s t h a t w i l l put the ahead t h e f a s t e s t and give them t h e l e a d over us t h a t we. cannot overcone i n a s h o r t time. " ( ~ e s t i m o n ~SBD, ; 4/25/68, 309; E, 4/25/68, 1 6 ) .. . Univ. of Wisconsin p r o f e s s o r D r . W i l l i a m Kraushaar, speaking a t dedication of new $4.3-million Center f o r Space Research a t MIT, r e p o r t e d discovery by NASA's OSO 111 of high i n t e n s i t y of gamma r a y s flowing from c e n t e r of Milky Way. D r . Kraushaar s a i d f i n d i n g was f i r s t observation t o support t h e o r y t h a t galaxy c e n t e r s were r i c h r e s e r v o i r s of cosmic rays. ( ~ i l f o r d ,NYT, 4/27/68, 40) . U.S. l e a d e r s h i p i n physics "very l i k e l y " would soon be overtaken by U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, D r . Marvin L. Goldberger, professor of physics a t Princeton Univ., s a i d a t 105th Annual Meeting of National Academy of Sciences i n Washington, D.C. D r . Goldberger, chairman of symposium on current advances i n high-energy physics, and o t h e r p h y s i c i s t s a t t r i b u t e d t h r e a t e n e d l o s s of l e a d e r s h i p t o budget cutbacks and U. S. f a i l u r e t o develop apparatus f o r producing c o l l i d i n g beams of high-energy p a r t i c l e s which would permit explorat i o n of realms of physics i n a c c e s s i b l e by o t h e r experiments. Plans f o r a c c e l e r a t o r s a t Stanford Univ. and a t Weston, Ill., provided f o r storage r i n g s f o r experiments, but t h e r e seemed t o be no e a r l y prospect f o r t h e i r construction. ( ~ e x;t Sullivan, NYT, 4/25/68, - 17 . ComSatCorp r e p o r t e d $1.8-million n e t income (18 c e n t s p e r share) f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1968--$569,000 (6 c e n t s p e r share) more t h a n f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1967--and operating revenues of record $6.9 m i l l i o n . As of March 31, ComSatCorp was l e a s i n g , f u l l - t i m e , equivalent of 754 h a l f c i r c u i t s , 453 more t h a n on March 31, 1967. Of number l e a s e d i n 1968, 421 were through two A t l a n t i c s a t e l l i t e s and 333 were through two P a c i f i c s a t e l l i t e s . One year ago only two s a t e l l i t e s were i n s e r v i c e , one over A t l a n t i c and one over P a c i f i c . ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-15 �A p r i l 24: National Science Foundation announced award of 16 g r a n t s t o t a l i n g more than $800,000 t o help school systems s e l e c t new science and mathematics curriculum m a t e r i a l s and use them e f f e c t i v e l y Funds would support conferences t o t r a i n i n d i v i d u a l s and groups a s competent resource personnel. A f t e r t r a i n i n g , personnel would conduct workshops f o r t e a c h e r s i n school d i s t r i c t where new curriculum m a t e r i a l s were being introduced. (NSF Release 68-130) . 3 1 A p r i l .25U. S. S.R. launched Cbsmos C C X V I I I i n t o o r b i t with 209.2-km ( apogee, 133.2-km ( 8 9 m i ) perigee, and 50' i n c l i n a t i o n . Period was not disclosed. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d same day. Simultaneously, U. S.S.R. d i s c l o s e d A p r i l 24 launch of Cosmos CCXVII. There was widespread speculation t h a t U. S. S. R. would soon attempt new space spectacular. Evert Clark had suggested i n New York Times t h a t U.S. S.R. was s e c r e t l y t e s t i n g t 1 a maneuverable rocket s t a g e t h a t could be used t o guide bombs down from o r b i t o r t o send instruments t o t h e moon." AP s a i d Soviet f a i l u r e t o r e v e a l p e r i o d of Cosmos CCXVIIJ suggested spacecraft might have r e e n t e r e d before completing one o r b i t t o t e s t f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bomb system (FOBS) described by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara Nov. 3, lark, NYT, 4/3/68, 1; AP, B Sun, 4/26/68, 2; GSFC -3SSR 1967. 4/30/68) - . - I n statement t o Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Milton Klein, Manager of NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office summarized progress of nuclear rocket program. A t t h e end of l a s t year major milestone was achieved with "operation i n l a t e 1967 of a s i n g l e r e a c t o r f o r 60 minutes a t i t s design power of 1,100 megawatts, a d u r a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y adequate f o r most missions. " Technology phase of NERVA program was nearing completion and next s t e p was t o develop engine t o f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t y , funds f o r which were included i n FY 1969 budget request, he said. No a c t i o n d e f e r r i n g t h i s s t e p could be t a k e n without l o s i n g a major p o r t i o n of c a p a b i l i t y i n t h i s f i e l d . Nuclear rocket was "a f o c a l point f o r pushing forward f r o n t i e r s of technology. . [and] only major advanced propulsion program i n t h e Nation. " High performance of nuclear r o c k e t s had been demonstrated i n nine consecutive power r e a c t o r t e s t s . S o l i d base of d a t a and underrating had been b u i l t f o r development of f l i g h t - r a t e d NERVA engine. "Development of t h e NERVA engine a t t h i s time," Klein s t r e s s e d , "woul3 c a p i t a l i z e on t h i s investment and provide a major fundamental advance i n propulsion c a p a b i l i t y . I t s high s p e c i f i c impulse w i l l provide a broad mission v e r s a t i l i t y f o r t h e high-payload, high-energy missions inevitably included i n a v i a b l e space program. " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ) . ... �D r . Norris E. Bradbury, Director of Los Alamos $ @ e n t i f i c A p r i l 25: Laboratory, t e s t i f i e d a t Rover Program Hearing of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences t h a t , since p r o j e c t ' s b a s i c r e a c t o r performance goals had been demonstrated along with b a s i c elements of complete engine system, major emphasis of Rover Program should s h i f t t o development of o v e r a l l f l i g h t engine. LASL would cont i n u e t o support NERVA program c h i e f l y i n development and evaluation of improved f u e l elements and o t h e r r e a c t o r core components. "It i s my f i r m opinion.. .we a r e a t t h e t h r e s h o l d of t h e use of nuclear energy There w i l l be even f u r t h e r gains a s b e t t e r f u e l elements i n space.... a r e i n e v i t a b l y developed. 'I "Deep space has always been known t o be t h e t r u e domain of nuclear e n e r a f o r both power and propulsion; it i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e atom w i l l be t h e work horse of near space a s well. " ( ~ e x t ) ... . Addressing Women's National Democratic Club i n Washington, D . C . , D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, said: "...we must not s e r i o u s l y impair o r hamper our progress i n space because we cannot f o r e s e e i m e d i a t e payoffs t o o f f s e t t h e investment we a r e making. " He urged t h a t U. S. "come t o grasp t h e unlimited o p p o r t u n i t i e s and t h e promise of space exploration. " U.S. space program, he s a i d , had "brief h i s t o r y stuMed with shining achievements and an enduring f u t u r e , b r i g h t w i t h t h e promise of even g r e a t e r d i s c o v e r i e s and b e n e f i t s t o come. " - He c i t e d manned o r b i t i n g space s t a t i o n a s next major advance a f t e r i n i t i a l manned l u n a r landing. ( ~ e x t ;SBD, 4/26/68, 321; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 3 ) - . European Space Research Organization (ESRO)announced c a n c e l l a t i o n of TD-1 and TD-2 s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e s , which were t o have been bu5lt under $20-million contract by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l consortium and launched from U.S. by Thor-Delta rockets. I t a l y had r e f u s e d t o pay i t s share of c o s t s , f e e l i n g i t s share of work t o o s l i g h t t o j u s t i f y contribution, John L. Hess l a t e r reported i n New York Times. E a r l i e r U.K. had refused t o c o n t r i b u t e t o proposed budget expansion of European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), p a r t n e r with ESRO i n p l a n s f o r European s a t e l l i t e communications system [see A p r i l 161 ( ~ e u t e r s ,NY'T, 4/26/68, 16; Hess, NYT, 4/28/68, 24) - . Federal Aviation Administration announced a l l o c a t i o n s of $74.7 m i l l i o n f o r construction and improvement of 397 p u b l i c c i v i l a i r p o r t s under Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP) f o r -FY 1969. Program, developed from record 773 r e q u e s t s f o r a i d by p u b l i c agencies, provided $67.7 m i l l i o n t o improve 356 e x i s t i n g a i r p o r t s and $7 m i l l i o n t o construct .41 new p u b l i c a i r p o r t s . (FAA Release 68-28) �A p r i l 25: FAA awarded $57,345 t o McDonnell Douglas Corp., $52,663 t o Western Co., and $28,000 t o Bureau of Mines f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on use of thickened s a f e t y f u e l s t o reduce chances and s e v e r i t y of p o s t -crash f i r e s i n survivable a i r c r a f t accidents. (FAA Release T 68-15) A p r i l 26: U. S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXIX--10th Cosmos i n A p r i l and 9 t h s p a c e c r a f t i n 1 2 days--into o r b i t with 1,747-km (1,085.5-mi) apogee; 225-km (139.8-mi) perigee, 104.7-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . Soviet s c i e n t i s t Prof. Georgi Pokrovsky i n Nedelya, Sunday supplement t o I z v e s t i a , p r e d i c t e d t h a t i n t e r l i n k e d s a t e l l i t e s might some day form a r t i f i c i a l Saturn r i n g s around e a r t h . NASC President D r . Edward C. Welsh s a i d U. S. S. R. ' s launch a c t i v i t y A p r i l 14-26 was most a c t i v e 1 2 days i n space h i s t o r y of any n a t i o n and "a g r e a t a c c e l e r a t i o n " of Soviet space e f f o r t . "For some time we've had i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e y ' r e p u t t i n g i n an i n c r e a s i n g r a t e of men and resources." James J. Haggerty, Jr., wrote i n J o u r n a l of t h e Armed Forces t h a t U. S. S.R. s a t e l l i t e launches i n 1968 might f o r t h e f i r s t time since 1957 exceed U.S. spacecraft o r b i t e d . Launches i n Cosmos s e r i e s , which included a v a r i e t y of spacecraft, had continued t o a c c e l e r a t e , he noted, with 34 Cosmos launches i n 1966 and 59 i n 1967. ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 4/27/68, A15; UPI, E,4 / 3 / 6 8 , 15; J/AF, 4/27/68, 9; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight (usAF) flew X-15 No. 1 t o 207,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,545 mph (mach 5 ) from Edwards AFB. Purposes of t e s t f l i g h t were t o check Saturn i n s u l a t i o n horizon scanner and f i x e d b a l l (NASA P r o j o f f ) nose. . A 15-lb p i g - t a i l e d monkey, l i k e one scheduled t o o r b i t e a r t h f o r 30 days onboard B i o s a t e l l i t e D i n 1969, had s u c c e s s f u l l y completed simulated space f l i g h t f u l l y instrumented with n e a r l y 24 separate b i o l o g i c a l sensors. Test, f i r s t joining of instrumented primate and i t s complete a r r a y of b i o l o g i c a l instrumentation with f l i g h t t y p e s p a c e c r a f t , met a l l o b j e c t i v e s , including 15-day medical count down, 3-day simulated f l i g h t , and 5 -day monitoring. (NASA Release 68-76; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 9 ) . NASA. e s t a b l i s h e d Aerospace Safety Research and Data I n s t i t u t e a t Lewis Research Center t o maintain highest s a f e t y standards p o s s i b l e i n n a t i o n a l aerospace program by solving t e c h n i c a l s a f e t y problems �A p r i l 26 (continued) and providing NASA and i t s c o n t r a c t o r s w i t h current information on s a f e t y d a t a and procedures. I n s t i t u t e would be d i r e c t e d by I. I r v i n g Pinkel, consultant on a i r c r a f t s a f e t y t o USAF and Federal Aviation Administration and former Apollo 204 accident i n v e s t i g a t o r (NASA Release 68-79; LeRC Release 68-32) and consultant. . NASA published Constructing Inexpensive Automatic Picture-Transmission Ground S t a t i o n s (NASA SP-5079), providing i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r b u i l d i n g from s u r p l u s p a r t s a $500 ground s t a t i o n t h a t could receive l o c a l cloud-cover p i c t u r e s aqywhere i n t h e world from U.S. meteorological s a t e l l i t e s . Booklet was a v a i l a b l e from Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information. (NASARelease 68-77) A p r i l 27: NASA Administrator James E. Webb approved recomendation of Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USA, Ret. ) t h a t NASA proceed with p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i r d Saturn V launch v e h i c l e f o r manned mission i n l a t e 1968 and r e t a i n option f o r another unmanned mission " i f f l r t h e r a n a l y s i s and ground t e s t i n g i n d i c a t e t h a t it i s t h e b e s t COW se l r Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. S c o t t , and R u s s e l l L. Schweickart were scheduled t o be launched on Saturn V i n second manned Apollo space f l i g h t . F i r s t manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 w i t h Saturn IB booster, was t o c a r r y Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , J r . , Donn F. E i s e l e , and Walter Cunningham i n t o e a r t h o r b i t i n t h i r d q u a r t e r of 1968. (NASA Release 68-81; W Y-S t a r 4/28/68) . . NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched 600-lb Reentry F payload by Scout booster from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n t o o b t a i n i n f l i g h t fundamental r e search d a t a on aerodynamic heating and t r a n s i t i o n from laminar t o t u r b u l e n t flow i n boundary l a y e r . Payload, graphite-tipped beryllium cone 1 3 ft long, t a p e r i n g from 0.01 i n a t nose t o 27.3 i n a t base, was designed t o measure heat t r a n s f e r i n slender cone a t hypersonic speeds f o r comparison with ground s t u d i e s . Three of Scout's f o u r s t a g e s were used: 1 s t and 2nd s t a g e s f i r e d during a s c e n t , boosting 3rd s t a g e and payload t o 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e ; and 3rd s t a g e drove payload a t up t o 13,500 mph through e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Impact occurred 800 m i downrange, northeast of Bermuda. Reentry F experiment, s i x t h mission i n NASA's Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , was designed and d i r e c t e d by Langley Research Center under sponsorship of NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Payload was constructed by General E l e c t r i c Co.'c Q ~ - r n t , r ySystems Div. (wS Release 68-9) �A p r i l 27: Aerobee 150 MOD I. sounding rocket launched from White Sands Missile Range c a r r i e d Naval Research Laboratory experiment t o 103.2-mi (166.1-km) a l t i t u d e t o photograph s o l a r corona t o get streamers and t o photograph i n t e r p l a n e t a r y dust shadows using two externally occulated coronographs and one s o l a r pointing control. Rocket and instrumentat i o n performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . (NASA Rpt SRL) . Crash of , . U W F-lllA a i r c r a f t near Bowie, Tex. Oct 19, 1967, had been caused by f a i l u r e of experimental speed break--only one ever i n s t a l l e d on F-111--USAF reported. Investigation had indicated hydraulic system tubing ruptured and f l i g h t control system was disrupted when bracket assembly f a i l e d a t 1,000 mph. (AP, W Post, 4/27/68) . Tass reported Moscow s c i e n t i s t s had compared "spectrometric analysis" of cactus growing i n cold areas with spectrographs of "dark areas" of Mars, and concluded areas on Mars were covered with cactus-like vegetation. Other t e s t s on cactus, t h e s c i e n t i s t s said, proved it was able t o stand up t o extremes of temperature and other conditions similar t o those on Mars. (UPI, W Star, 4/28/68, ~ 3 ) A p r i l 29: NASA awarded $25.8-million, one-year, cost-plus-f ee contract t o Bendix F i e l d Engineering Corp. f o r continued maintenance and operat i o n of major portion of NASA's Manned Space Flight Network, including 11 f a c i l i t i e s of 14-station unified 8-band network f o r Apollo. Cont r a c t extended o r i g i n a l two-year agreement containing t h r e e opt ions. (NASA Release 68-82) A p r i l 30: D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of W s h a l l Space Flight Center, t o l d Senate Committe'e on Aeronautical and Space Sciences he was g r e a t l y concerned about f u t u r e of e n t i r e space program without propulsion c a p a b i l i t y of nuclear rocket program. Nuclear propulsion was "a must f o r our f u t u r e space needs," he said, and should not be thought of "solely i n terms of any p a r t i c u l a r mission but r a t h e r i n terms of t h e o v e r a l l increase it w i l l give t o our space exploration c a p a b i l i t y and i t s p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o a very NERVA engine development and eventually wide range of missions.... a f l i g h t stage should be funded on t h e b a s i s of technology advancement, emphasizing mission v e r s a t i l i t y Failure t o proceed now i n t o a development phase w i l l r e s u l t i n l o s s e s of experienced personnel and cost-increase e f f e c t s on t h e t o t a l program.... A one-year delay i n funding could r e s u l t i n as much as two years delay i n having an .... �April 30 (continued) operat ion& nuclear engine. " Major j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r nuclear rocket development was t h a t it would provide "major advancement i n space propulsion capability. I' Nuclear vehicle as 3rd stage on Saturn V could s i g n i f i c a n t l y improve payload and mission v e r s a t i l i t y , and improved c a p a b i l i t y could be u t i l i z e d "to improve mission effectiveness, t o increase t h e mission and payload r e l i a b i l i t y , and t o extend t h e spectrum of p o t e n t i a l for missions i n t h e l a t e 1970's and t h e 1980's. Equally important high energy missions requiring the launch of two or more Saturn V's, with subsequent rendezvous i n e a r t h o r b i t , we w i l l be able t o reduce t h e number of Saturn V's needed through t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of a nuclear vehicle, " a t s u b s t a n t i a l cost savings. I n response t o questions by Sen. Howard C. Cannon (D-Nev. ), D r . von Braun s a i d space program was "cutting edge of our technology advancements and of many advances i n t h e applied sciences. [because] no other progr am... involves so many branches of technology and science. " Reduction i n NASA' s $60-million NERVA request t o $11million recommended by House would be disastrous, he indicated, because t o make manned space operations useful, "plenty of payload" was required. AEC funding f o r NERVA had been approved, but i f cuts were made i n ( ~ e s t i m o n ~Transcript ; ; NASA funding, program would be nonexistent. OIToole, W Post, 5/1/68, A3) ... .. . Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford asked House Committee on Armed Services t o r e s t o r e funds cut by Senate f o r compromise development program f o r Navy F-ll1B a i r c r a f t . According t o compromise plan, USN would con%inue -t;es t s on F-IUB experiment a 1 models and exploratory work on a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t , VFX-1, u n t i l March 1969 and then decide whether t o proceed with F-111B o r t o cancel program a f t e r f i r s t eight models and develop a l t e r n a t e . I f VFX-1 were chosen, F-111Bs already produced would provide sophisticated a i r defense u n t i l a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t became operational i n 1973. DOD had requested $425 million f o r 8 F-lllBs and 60 Phoenix missiles and $30 million Seliate instead had approved $170-million f o r VF f o r R&D on VFX-1. (~estimony;Sheehan, NYT, 5/1/68, 4; UPI, W S t a r , 5/1/68, ~ 1 2 ) - . Very reason f o r existence of - SST program was b e l i e f "that t h i s i s l o g i c a l step i n development of c i v i l aeronautics," M/G J. C. M a x k (USAF, ~ e t . ) , d i r e c t o r of Federal Aviation Administration SST devc ment, t o l d Wings Club i n New York. Supersonic t r a v e l was f i r s t toward hypersonic f l i g h t , he said. "Unless we take it now i t ' s t o be many years before c i v i l aviation advances beyond subsonic ' i f ever." Biggest problem facing SST program was sonic boom. �Api-il 30 (continued) have made a l l our program decisions...on assumption t h a t supersonic f l i g h t s over land may not be permitted. We a r e reasonably c e r t a i n . . . we can operate over t h e oceans on an inter-continental b a s i s , " and have s u f f i c i e n t market t o assure p r o f i t a b l e program on t h a t b a s i s , he said. ( ~ e x t ) . Univ. of Colorado physicist D r . Edward U. Condon announced t h a t Univ.'s $500,000 UFO study f o r USAF had been completed on schedule. D r . Condon declined t o discuss conclusions and s a i d f i n a l report would be submitted t o National Academy of Sciences i n September. He protested May 1 4 Look magazine a r t i c l e , which called project a f i a s c o , but s a i d completion of f i e l d investigations were not r e l a t e d t o t h e controversy. Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-1nd. ), c i t i n g a r t i c l e on House f l o o r , questioned s c i e n t i f i c profundity and o b j e c t i v i t y of project and urged Congress t o take over UFO investigation from USAF. (CRY 4/30/68, H3087; Clark, NYT, 5/1/68, 5) - . Republican Coordinating Committee released statement on U. S. -U. S. S. R. r e l a t i o n s including policy on space: "Outer space should be seen a s t h e focus f o r ever increasing United States-Soviet collaboration r a t h e r than a s t h e s i t e of an endless s e r i e s of increasingly expensive p r e s t i g e races. Because our society i s open, so much i s known about our space program t h a t i n v i t i n g Soviet p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e nonm i l i t a r y p r o j e c t s would be unlikely t o endanger national security. By i n s i s t i n g upon reciprocal p r i v i l e g e s we would acquire much a d d i t i o n a l knowledge about t h e i r space e f f o r t s , t h u s achieving a net gain f o r United S t a t e s security. A t t h e same time, we must not intimate t h a t t h e Soviets and ourselves have an exclusive r o l e t o play i n t h i s area. We must constantly r e i t e r a t e our willingness to collaborate with NATO and other A l l i e s i n space technolo " (~ext; wI, NYT, 4/30/68, 95; Unna, W Post, 4/30/68, A5; SBD, 5 E i 6 8 , 2) - . IUISA awarded General Dynamics Convair Div. $4.8-million supplemental agreement f o r construction of two additional Centaur launch vehicles which would be used with Atlas boosters t o launch two Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (OAO) i n 1969 and 1970. (NASA Release 68-83) �PROVISIONAL INDEX--APRIL 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. ARM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system. Accelerator, 117-118, 120 Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t (AMSA) Accident a i r c r a f t , 96, 107-108, 110, 125 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aerobee (sounding rocket ) 111 , 103 , 150 MI,117 150 MOD I, 125 Aeroj e t General Corp. , 96 Space Div., 111 Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc. 98 Aeronautics, 98, 105, 119, 126 Agreement, 106, 113 A g r i c u l t u r e , Dept. o f , 114 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 103 A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1 0 1 A i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 105 A i r c r a f t , 96-98, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 123 A i r p o r t s , 114, 122 American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society (US), 1 0 1 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) award, 98 ' American Physical Society, 117 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T),105 Ames Research Center (ARC), 100 See Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t . AMSA. Ann Arbor, Mich., 108 Anniversary, 102-103 A n t a r c t i c , 115 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABM)system, 113 Apollo (program) 100, 119, 124 Apollo 4 (AS-501) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 119 Apollo 6 (AS-502) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 103, 104, 106, 119 Apollo 7 , 124 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 101, 110 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) , 102, 109 Applied Physics Laboratory, 111 ARC. See Ames Research Center. Arcas ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Astrobee 1500 (sounding r o c k e t ) , 113-114 Astronaut, 104, 109, 115, 118, 124 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 102 Atlas-F ( b o o s t e r ) , 102 ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. , , �APRIL 1968 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 96 Award, 98, 108, 118 Babcock, Harold D. , 104 B a l l Brothers Research Corp., 109 Behdix F i e l d Engineering Corp., 125 Benn, Minister of Technology Anthony W. (u. K. ) 109 Bermuda, 124 B i o s a t e l l i t e D, 123 Bowie, Tex. 125 Brackett, Ernest W., 105 Bradbury, D r . Norris E., 122 Brewster F l a t , Wash. , 105 Bronk, D r . Detlev W., 98 Brown Engineering Co., 101 C-5A (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 103 C-131 ( r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) 103 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of TechnologJ ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,1 0 1 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of a t Los Angeles (ucLA) 104, 112 Cameron, D r . Roy E 115 Cannon, Sen. Howard C., 126 C a r i s k i , Sidney A. , 104 Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 104 , 127 Chicago, Univ. o f , 116 China, Comunist, 113 Chrysler Corp. 11'7 Space Div. 107 Clark, Evert, 1 2 1 Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, 124 C l i f f o r d , S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M., 126 C o l l i e r , Robert J. Trophy, 108 Colorado, .Univ. o f , l l 7 Command Module (CM) 99 Command Service Module (CSM), 99 Communications s a t e l l i t e , 97, 98, 100, 102, 113, 114, 120, 122 Communications S a t e l l i t e Corp. (cornsat ~ o r p ) 102, 113, 120 Computer, 96, 1 0 1 Condon, D r . Edward U., 13 Congress, 96, 127 Congress, House of Representatives, l l 9 Committee on Banking and Currency, 106-107 Congress , Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 110, 116, 119, 122, 125-126 Committee on Armed Services, 97 , , , , ., , , , , , (ii) �APRIL 1968 Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., 103 Cosmic ray, 120 Cosmonaut, 106, 108 Cosmos CCX (u.s.s.R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 98 Cosmos CCXI. 104 Cosmos C C X I ~ , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos C C X I I I , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos CCXIV, 112 Cosmos C W , 112 Cosmos CCXVI, 113 Cosmos CCXVII, - 119, 121 Cosmos C W I I I , 121 Cosmos CCXIX, 123 Cunningham, R. Walter, 124 Dana, W i l l i a m H., 100 Defense, Dept. of (DOD),96, 97, 106 Defense Science Board, 98 Defense Production Act, 106 Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO), 108 Docking, 107, 108, 111-112, 114, 120 Doty, Robert C . , 113 Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , 112 E a r t h Resources Sumrey program, 108-109 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 106 EDS. See Emergency Detection System. Education, 1 2 1 Edwards AFB, Calif., 100, 123 E i s e l e , Maj. Donn F. (USAF), 124 See European Launcher Development Organization. ELDO. Emergency Detection System (EDS) 99 See European Space Research Organization. ESRO. ETR. See Eastern Test Range. European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 119 European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Comunications, 109 European Launcher Development Organization (EI'JDO),109, 122 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 109, 122 F - 4 ~(phantom) ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 97 F-111A (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 96, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 125 F-111B, 97,. 126 Fairbank, D r . W i l l i a m M., 117 F a r l y , Col. Clare F. (USA, R e t . ) , 116 Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP), 122 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 105, 122, 124, 126 Fermi, Enrico, I n s t i t u t e , 116 , (iii) �APRIL 1968 Finney, John W., 118 F r a c t i o n a l O r b i t a l Bombardment System (FOBS), 120, 121 Fucino, I t a l y , 102 Fuel, 123 General E l e c t r i c Co. (GE) Apollo Systems Div., 101 Re-Entry- Systems Div., 124 Germany M i n i s t r y f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) , 97 G i l r u t h , D r . Robert R. , 96 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 104, 105 Goldberger, D r . Marvin L., 120 Government Accounting Off i c e (MO), 110 Grants, 1 2 1 Grwmnan A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., 110, 111 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Haggerty, James J., Jr., 123 The Hague, 113 Harrington, D r . Charles D . , 112, 116 Harris, S. T., 112 Hauser, John A , , 118 Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l 102 Helgeson, Bob P., 116 Henry, D r . Richard C. 111 Hess, D r . Harry H.,.116 Hess, John L., 122 Houbolt , D r . John C. 98 Houston, Tex., 105 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 108 S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, 98 Space Systems Div., 98 Hulburt, E. O., Center f o r Space Research, 111 Hyland, Lawrence A., 108 m e r s o n i c f l i g h t , 126-127 Indian National Commission f o r Space Research (INCOSPAR) , 97 See I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers. IEEE. I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) 105 I n s t i t u t e of Environment a 1 Sciences (IES) , 101 I n t e l s a t I Early ~ i r d )(communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 102-103 I n t e l s a t I1 F2 ( P a c i f i c I ) (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 105 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Association (IAFA), 119 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp. (IBM), 1 0 1 Federal Systems Div., 105 Space Guidance Center, 99 , , , , I �APRIL 1968 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecomunications S a t e l l i t e Consor-bium (INTELSAT) , 102 Invention, 118 I t a l y , 122 ITT World Communications, I n c . , 105 5-2 (rocket engine), 99, 119 Japan, 105 J a v e l i n ( sounding rocket ) , 104 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,101, 115, 117 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , 105 Johns Hopkins Univ., 111 Johnson, President Lyndon B. , 97, 115 JPL. See J e t Propulsion Laboratory. J u p i t e r ( p l a n e t ) 101 Kennedy, John F. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 114 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 99, 100 Klein, Milton, 1 2 1 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. ( u w ) , 123 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., 105 Kraushaar, D r . W i l l i a m , 120 Langley Research Center ( L a c ) 112 Launch Escape System (LES), 99 Leonov, L/C Alexei (U.S.S.R.), 108 LES-5 ( ~ i n c o l nLaboratory Experimental s a t e l l i t e ) , 100-101 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C ) , 104, 123 Linn, Daniel A. , 104 Liquid hydrogen, 1 0 1 LM. See Lunar Module. London, U. K. 115 Long, James, 116 Look, 12-7 Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, 122 Luna XIV (u. S. S. R. l u n a r probe), 103, 106, 111-112 Lunar Module (LM), 99, 110, 119 Luskin, Harold T. 116 McCartin, Matthew J., 105 McDivitt, L/C James A. ( U r n ) , 124 McDonnell Douglas Corp. Missile & Space Systems Div., 112 McNamara, S e c r e t a r y of Defense Robert S., 96, 1 2 1 Manned space f l i g h t , 110, 119, 122, 124, 125 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 96, 100 Mars ( p l a n e t ) , 117, 125 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 96, 99-101, 106, 109, 117, 12.5 Mathews, Charles W., 110 , , , , - , �APRIL 1968 Maxwell, M / G J. C. (uSAJ?, R e t . ) , 126 Meteorology, 108-109 M i a m i , Univ. o f , 118 Michel, F. C u r t i s , 118 Michigan, Univ. o f , 108 M i choud Assembly F a c i l i t y (MSFC) 116, 117 Minnesota, Univ. o f , 113-114 M i s s i l e , 113, 126 M i s s i s s i p p i Test F a c i l i t y (MTF) 116 Mojave Desert, C a l i f . l l 7 Molniya I (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 111' Monkey experiment, 123 Moon c r a t e r , 100 e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 101 landing manned, 101, 103, 104, 112, 124 photographs, 100 probe, 103, 105, 106 surface, 100 M t Palomar Observatory, 104 M t Wilson Observatory, 104 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. See National Academy of Sciences. NAS. NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (sNPo) 96, 1 2 1 NASA Apollo Applications Program Office, 101 NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (oART), 124 NASA Off i c e of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 100, 107, 116 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA),100 National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 98, 116, 120, 127 National Aeronautic Assn. 108 National Aeronautics and Space Admini s t r a t i o n (NASA) Aerospace Advisory Panel, 112, 116 award, 118 budget, 96, 115-11'7, 119-120, 126 c o n t r a c t , 96, 99, 101-102, 104, 107, 109-112 cooperation, 106, 115 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 97, 115, 127 launch sounding rocket, 97, 104, 113-114, ll7, 125 test Apollo 6 (AS-502)~99-100 Reentry F experiment, 124 , , , . . , , �APRIL 1968 National Aeronautics and Space Administrat i o n ( continued) Management Advisory Panel, 118 personnel, 96, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 115, 118 program aeronautics, 119 Apollo, 100, 119, 124 Apollo Applications, 101, 110 Human Factors Systems, 111 NERVA, 121, 122 Rover, 122 t e s t , 11'7 National A i r space System, 105 National Science Foundation (NSF) 115, 1 2 1 National s e c u r i t y , 127 National Space Club, 110 National Space Council (NSC), 101 Naugle, D r . John E . , 115 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 111, 125 Neptune l la net ) , 1 0 1 New York, N.Y., 114, 126 Newell, D r . Homer E . , 108-109 Nike-Apache (sounding r o c k e t ) , 97 North A t l a n t i c Treaty Organization (NATO), 127 Nuclear Planning Group, 113 Northrop Corp. Norair Div., 112 NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA),119-121 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 118-119 Nuclear propulsion, 96, 119-121, 125-126 Oberbeck, Verne R., 100 O'Leary, D r . Brian T . , 118 O r b i t i n g Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 127 OSO 111 ( o r b i t i n g Solar 0bservatory),'120 P a c i f i c Ocean, 99 Page Communications Engineers, Inc., 113 Paine, D r . Thomas O . , 116 P h i l l i p s , M / G Samuel C. (USAF) ,' 119, 124 Phoenix ( m i s s i l e ) 126 Physics, 120 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 1 0 1 Pinkel, I. I r v i n g , 124 Pokrovsky, Prof. Georgi, 123 P r a k t i s h , Carl R., 116 President ' s Science Advisory Cormnittee (PSAC), 98 , , , ( v i i) �APRIL 1968 P r e s s comment, 103, 104, 115 P r e s s conference, 119 Princeton Univ., 116, 120 Quaide, D r . William, 100 Radiation, 1l.l Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 96, 97, 111 Raff ensperger, M. J. , 108 Raymond ~ o e w y - / ~ i l l i a Snaith, m Inc. 111 Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , 124 Republican Coordinating Committee, 127 Rice Univ., 118 Rickover, V/A Qman G. (USN), 106-107 Rockefeller Univ., 98 Rosen, D r . Harold A. 98 Roush, Rep. J. Edward, lZj' Rover (program), 122 Sanders Associates, Inc. , 96 S a t e l l i t e , u n i d e n t i f i e d , 102, 110 Saturn l la net ) 101 Saturn I B (uprated Saturn I) ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 117, 124 Saturn V ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 119, 124, 126 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M., Jr., (USN), 124 Schweickart R u s s e l l L. 124 Science, 98, 116-117, 120 126 S c o t t , L/C David R. (USAF~,124 Scout ( b o o s t e r ) , 124 S e i t z , D r . Frederick, 98, 116 Sent i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 113 Service Propulsion System (SPS) , 99 Shafer, E. M., 105 Simpson, D r . John A . , 116 Smith, D r . Henry J . , 115 Smith, Sen. Margaret C., 110 S o l a r corona, 125 Sounding rocket, 97, 104-105, 111, 125 Space biology, 111-113, 123 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 101, 109, 110, 115, 116, 122, 123, 125-127 Space r a c e , 111-112, 116, 120 Space rescue t r e a t y , 115 Space r e s u l t s , 101, 105, 116, 122 Space s t a t i o n , 111 SPACO, Inc. 1 0 1 Spectrometer, 102 Stanford Univ. , 117, 120 , , , , , , , (viii) �APRIL 1968 S t a t e , Dept. o f , 115 S t y l e s , Paul L., 118 Suojanen, D r . Waino W., 118 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) 126-127 Surveyor (program), 108 Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 108-109 Syracuse University Research Corp. 104 Ta K h l i A i r Base, Thailand, 103 T a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) system, 98 TD-1 ( s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e ) , 122 TD-2, 122 Technology, 117, 126 Teledyne Systems Co., 104 Telemetry, 105 Telespazio, 102 Television, 102-103, 107 TERLS. See Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n . Texas Instruments, Inc. 112 Texas, Univ. o f , 105 Thailand, 102, 108, 110 Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 122 Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLs) , 97 T i t a n IIIB-Agena D ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Tokyo, Japan, 105 T o t a l I n - F l i g h t Simulator ( T I P S ) , 103 U n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g o b j e c t (UFO), 127 United Kingdom (u.K.), 105, 115, 122 United Nations (u. N. ) General Assembly, 115 Universe 111 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 109 Uranus ( p l a n e t ) , 1 0 1 U. S. A i r Force (USAF) a i r c r a f t , 96, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 123, 125 c o n t r a c t , 97 cooperation, 106 launch s a t e l l i t e , 102, 110 LES-5, 100-101 t e s t , 98 UFOs, 127 U. S. Bureau of Customs, 114 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 123 U. S. Enmigration and N a t u r a t i z a t i o n Service, 114 U. S. Navy (USN), 96, 106-107, 126 , , , , �APRIL 1968 U.S. Public Health Service, 105 U.S.S. Okinawa, 99 U. S. S. g m n of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,115, 118 cooperation, space, 127 1aun ch probe, 103 s a t e l l i t e , 123 Cosmos, 98, 104, 107, 112, 113, 119, 121, 123 Molniya I, 114 m i s s i l e and rocket program, 1 2 1 science and technology, 120, 125 space program, 105, 108, 111-112, 116, 121, 123 weapons, 1 2 1 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 102, 110 Venus l la net), 108 Venus IV (u. S. S. R. i n t e r p l a n e t a r y probe), 108 ~ S a i r c r a fNt ) , 97, 126 Vict o r i a l a n d , 115 Vietnam, North, 107 Vietnam, South, 113 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 122, 125 Vungtau, South Vietnam, 113 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 113, 124 Washington, D.C., 101, 105, 110, 115, 117, 122 Webb, James E . , 118, 119, 124 Weightlessness, 111 Welsh, D r . Edward C . , 123 Western Co., 123 Weston, Ill., 120 White House, l l 4 White Sands M i s s i l e Range (WSMR) 111, 125 Wible, Keith, 118 Wilford, John N., 109 W i l l i a m s AFB, A r i z . , 118 Williams, Don, 98 Wings Club, 126 Wisconsin, Univ. of, 120 Women' s National Democratic Club, 122 X-15 (rocket r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) , 100, 123 , � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000128 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics April 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17873 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1272/spc_stnv_000129.pdf a306bb731d0e758b829ce5bf73574869 PDF Text Text V H E A S T R O D Y N A M I C I S T ' S R O L E V I S - A - V I S T H E SYSTEMS E N G I N E E R bv REYNOLDS DUNCAN, JR. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama J. Smm U,-,iversitY WB~?'? ~esaarch\'*itUte ;enc;@, HistmY oF Sc Date ---------- Doc.NO. -------I . �Z)EE AS$RODY&MXCIST'S ROLE VIS-A-VIS THE SYSTgMS ENGINEER J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr. Aerospace Engineer NASA-Marshall Space P l i g h t Center W u n t s v i l l e , Alabmna The prablem o f e f f e c t i v e two-way c o m u n i c a t i o n s is t r e a t e d , w i t h emphasis p l a c e d upon t h e compilat i o n a d p r e s e n t a t i o n of astrodynamical d a m f o r w e by t h e systems e n g i n e e r i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p h a s e s o f m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g . Such d a t a s h o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d i n a form which is e a s i l y understood and v h i c h c a n n o t b e e a s i l y m i s i n t e r p r e t e d by p e r s o n s w i t h l i t t l e o r no k n o w l e d g e o f a s t r ~ d y ~ r a i c s . Wherever a s t r o d y n a m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s may b p o s e c o n s t r a i n t s upon a m i s s i o n , a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n o f t h e p o s s i b l e consequences f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . When a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , they should be indicated, along w i t h any p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r u s e . The r e s u l t of t h e astrodynamicist's e f f o r t should be a well-informed systems e n g i n e e r who h a s t h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e of t h e e f f e c t s o f astrodynamical parameters upon a m i s s i o n and t h u s w i l l be a b l e t o perform meaningful t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s w i t h r e g a r d s t o system d e s i g n a & performance. I. l n t r o d u c t i o n The r o l e a n a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t may p l a y i n a m i s s i o n des.ign s t u d y c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s : t h a t o f s u p p l y i n g background o r p r e p l a n n i n g i n f o r mation and t h a t o f p r o v i d i n g additions:, u s u a l l y more d e t a i l e d , i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u s e d u r i n g t h e s y s tem and subsystem d e s i g n phase. The t y p e and amount of d a t a s u p p l i e d t o the systems a n a l y s t d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p h a s e depends t o a l a r g e e x t e n t upon t h e completeness and u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e background i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d t o him e a r l i e r . The t y p e and method o f p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h i s background i n f o r m a t i o n i s t h e major t o p i c o f d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s paper. Background i n f o r m a t i o n , a s used h e r e , r e f e r s t o a s t r o d y n a m i c a l d a t a o f a g e n e r a l n a t u r e which may c o n t r o l o r i n f l u e n c e t h e d e s i g n o f systems a n d / o r subsystears. The g e n e r a l f t y o f t h e d a t a i m p l i e s t h a t t h e d a t a may b e used f o r m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s on a v a r i e t y o f m i s s i o n s . Of c o u r s e , a l l p o s s i b l e missions? c a n n o t b e covered, b u t by res t r i c t i n g t h e launch, p l a n e t t o b e t h e e a r t h and s p e c i f y i n g a s i n g l e t a r g e t p l a n e t , a manageable gr0.q o f c h a r t s and g r a p h s c o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d c o v e r i n g s u c h p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s d i r e c t and brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s f o r a l l r e a l i s t i c launch e n e r g i e s , and a r r i v a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s v a r y i n g from f l y b y t o low o r b i t a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e m i s s i o n s . The d a t a p r e s e n t e d s h o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t o r impact o f i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r s upon t h e o v e r a l l c l a s s o f possible missions. The p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s h o u l d b& a c m p l i s h e d i n s u c h a way a s t o i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e r a n g e s o f v a l u e s o f t h e parablerere. T h i s i s p r e f e r a b l e t o p r e s e n t i n g sample t r a j e c t o r i e s whieh g i v e only s p e c i f i c values of t h e parameters f o r Whenever t h e v a r i ous s e l e c t e d t r a jsc t o r i e s p o s s i b l e , p a r a m e t e r s which a r e f a m i l i a r t o t h e u s e r s h o u l d be used and when t h e r e i s any p o s s i b i l i t y o f m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e meaning o f t h e . p a r a m e t e r s , a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e i r meaning should accompany t h e c h a r t s o r g r a p h s . Also, t h e v a l a e s o f any c o n s t a n t s used i n the g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a should b e g i v e n , a l o n g w i t h a n y assumptions which were made which might a f f e c t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e d a t a . These may seem t o b e s m a l l p o i n t s , b u t t h e omission o f such items a s t h e s e may c a u s e problems i n t h e p r o p e r u s e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a . One o f t h e primary c a u s e s of t h e s e omissions i s the f a m i l i a r i t y of the astrodynamicist with the m a t e r i a l h e i s p r e s e n t i n g . Although t h i n g s may b e taken f o r g r a n t e d i n a d i a l o g u e between s p e c i a l i s t s i n t h e same d i s c i p l i n e , making t h e same assumptions when p r e s e n t i n g d a t a t o p e r s o n s i n a n o t h e r f i e l d u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n a c o m u n i c a t i o n problem. Thus, t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s h o u l d b e t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems e n g i n e e r d a t a which is e a s y t o understand, e a s y t o u s e , and which c a n b e r e g e n e r a t e d w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l informa t i o n . To i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e p o i n t s , some g r a p h s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d which would be used i n a m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s s t u d y o f a n unmanned m i s s i o n t o Mars d u r i n g t h e 1973-74 launch o p p o r t u n i t y . D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e g r a p h s w i l l c e n t e r around t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n which should accompany each graph i n o r d e r t o make t h e comunication of t h e information a s e f f e c t i v e a s p o s s i b l e . Space does n o t p e r m i t t h e d i s p l a y o f a more complete s e t ' o f c h a r t s and graphs which might b e used i n such a s t u d y . If. Supplemental I n f o r m a t i o n A graph such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 1 would b e one of t h e f i r s t graphs c o n s u l t e d i n a m i s s i o n a n a l v s i s s t u d y . F i g u r e 1 shows t h e o v e r a l l launch o p p o r t t i n i t y a s d e f i n e d by t h e launch energy, G. From t h i s c h a r t , t h e maximum ranges o f t h e launch d a t e , a r r i v a l d a t e , and time o f f l i g h t c a n b e o b t a i n e d . accompany in^ t h i s graph s h o u l d be i n f o r mation g i v i n g t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f Type I, 'llype I f , C l a s s 1, and C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s a l o n g w i t h a n explana t t o n o f C, a d a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e isccur8cy o f t h e d a t a . Also, mention s h o u l d b e made o f any pariameters which may e f f e c t t h e Cg determined launch o p p o r t u n i t y a l o n g w i t h any p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e a such a s broken-plane t r a n e f s r s . The accompanying i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h i s f i g u r e might b e p r e s e n t e d a s follows. - Definition of T e r n Type X t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e spacec r a f t would t r a v e l l e s s t h a n 180"around t h e s u n from t h e time t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h u n t i l i t a r r i v e s a t Mars. Type 11 t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t would t r a v e l b e t w e n 180' and 360' around t h e s u n . C l a s s 1 and C l a s s 2 t r a j e e t o r i e s a r e s u b c l a s s e s o f Type X: and 'Sypra I1 and d i f f e r p r i m a r i l y I n t h e f l i g h t times r e q u i r e d , C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s having l o n g e r f l i g h t times t h a n C l a s s 1 t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r t h e same launch d a t e and C3. The parameter, C, , comes from t h e e q u a t i o n which g i v e s t h e v e l o c i t y of, a n o b j e c t when t r a v e l i n g �Figure 1 - 1973-74 Launch Opportunity for Mars �250 days LAUNCH Figure 2 - DATE 1973 Type I Launch Opportunity for Mars �o n a c o n i c s e c t i o n . The c o n i c e q u a t i o n f o r t h e v e l o c i t y o f a n o b j e c t is (I) where is the e a r t h ' s gravitational constant, R i s t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t e r of t h e e a r t h , and a i s a measure o f t h e s i t e o f t h e c o n i c s e c t i o n . Bxpressed i n tenna o f %, Equathon (1) becomes C, is t h e i n j e c t i o n e n e r g y p r o v i d e d t o the spacec r a f t by t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e and i s e q u a l t o t w i c e t h e t o t a l e n e r g y p e r u n i t miss. A s R becomes v e r y l a r g e , C3 a p p r o a c h e s V?. When t h e s p a c e c r a f t leaves the g r a v i t a t i o n a l influence of the e a r t h , V becomes V-, which i s t h e " v e l o c i t y a t i n f i n i t y " o r t h e "hyperbolic-excess v e l o c i t y . " - I n f o r m a t i o n N e c e s s a r y t o U t i l i z e Graph The C3 l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e , a s p r o v i d e d by performance s t u d i e s , i s a l l t h a t i s needed. I n f o r m a t i o n O b t a i n a b l e from Graph Ranges o f l a u n c h d a t e s , a r r i v a l d a t e s , and f l i g h t t i m e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e C, l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e launch v e h i c l e . See F i g u r e 2 f o r a n e n l a r g e d view o f lower v a l u e s o f f o r Type I t r a j e c t o r i e s . See F i g u r e 4 f o r h and a r r i v a l Vm c u r v e s f o r t h e lower e n e r g y Type I t r a n s f e r s , These p a r a m e t e r s may l i m i t t h e s i z e o f t h e C, detgrmined launch opportunity. A d d i t i o n a l C o n s t r a i n t s t o Consider '. ( s e e F i g u r e 4 2 ; a r r i v a l V- ( s e e F i g u r e 4 ) ; ccmmunica t i o n d i s t a n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s ; t r a c k i n g c o n s t r a i n t s ( b o t h e a r t h o r b i t a l and deep s p a c e ) ; o p e r a t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s on minimum l e n g t h o f launch period. Assumptions Made/Accuracy o f , Data/Cons t a n t s Used Two-body c o n i c s were used i n t h e computation o f t h e d a t a because t h e c o m p u t a t i o n time r e q u i r e d f o r c o n i c t r a j e c t o r i e s is much l e s s t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r n u m e r i c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d t r a j e c t o r i e s . Accuracy of the d a t a i s considered adequate f o r mission a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s . u (sun) = .13271544E12, t h e a n a l y t i c ephemeris used t o o b t a i n t h e p l a n e t a r y p o s i t i o n s is d e s c r i b e d i n E n g i n e e r i n g P l a n n i n g Document No. 406, J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y , J u l y , 1966. Possible Alternatives It may b e p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h e launch opportuni'ty w i t h t h e u s e o f b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s . T h e s ~a r e t r a j e c t o r i e s on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t t r a v e l s p a r t o f t h e way t o Mars i n one f l i g h t p l a n e a n d , a f t e r a v e l o c i t y c o r r e c t i o n i s made, t r a v e r s e s t h e remaining d i s t a n c e i n a d i f f e r e n t f l i g h t p l a n e . The t o t a l e n e r g y expended (C, + p l a n e change bV + a r r i v a l Vm) i s l e s s f o r t h i s t y p e of t r a n s f e r t h a n f o r e i t h e r a Type I o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r y when t h e h e l i o c e n t r i c t r a n s f e r angle for a single-plane On t r a n s f e r (Type I o r Type T I ) is n e a r 18$. F i g u r e 1, t h e b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s o f i n t e r e s t would b r i d g e t h e narrow gap between t h e Type Z and Type f I c o n t o u r s . U n a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e the a d d i t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n a l complexity of t h e m i s s i o n and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i t t l e o r no r e t u r n o f s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e t a r g e t p l a n e t i f t h e plane-change maneuver f a i l s . The s i x subheadings used above r e p r e s e n t a usea b l e and e f f e c t i v e method o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n which should riccompany F i g u r e 1. The ma t e r i a 1 p r e s e n t e d under t h e s e subheadings i s , t o a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s , of a v e r y f a m i l i a r n a t u r e , and might b e c o n s i d e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n which i s n o t worth i n c l u d i n g s i n c e "everyone knows it." But, a g a i n , it is t h i s f a m i l i a r i t y o f t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t w i t h h i s m a t e r i a l t h a t i s o f t e n t h e c a u s e o f comnunication p r o b l b s . I f t h e above subheadings were used a s a g u i d e o r c h e c k l i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g whether t h e i n f o r mation accompanying t h e c h a r t s and graphs s u p p l i e d t o t h e systems a n a l y s t i s complete, then t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a c o u l d b e reduced. I n t h e d i s c u s s i o n of the ensuing g r a p h s , t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l n o t b e broken down aad p r e s e n t e d under t h e above subheadings. I n s t e a d , t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e graphs w i l l be d i s c u s s e d and t h e terms o r concepts which would b e p r e s e n t e d i n g r e a t e r depth o r d e t a i l i n a n a c t u a l r e p o r t f o r u s e i n m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d i e s w i l l b e mentioned b u t not necessarily discussed i n d e t a i l . It s h o u l d b e noted t h a t t h e supplemental i n f o r mation f o r F i g u r e 1, a s p r e s e n t e d above, c o n t a i n s not o n l y Lnformation which may b e u s e f u l f o r t h e c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e graph b u t p e r i p h e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n which p r o v i d e s t h e u s e r w i t h a backdrop a g a i n s t which t h e d a t a on t h e graph c a n b e viewed. T h i d p e r m i t s t h e systems a n a l y s t t o i n t e r p r e t t h e d a t a i n a more e f f e c t i v e and meaningful manner. The v a l u e o f a graph such a s F i g u r e 1 i s t h a t i t provides an indication, i n the large, of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by t h e launch energy. However, s i n c e t h e g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t probably c e n t e r s around t h e lower v a l u e s o f C,, graphs such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 2 should a l s o be provided. A complete s e t o f C3 c u r v e s f o r Mars would i n c l u d e seven o f t h e type p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1 and f o u r t e e n o f t h e t y p e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 2 (seven graphs o f t h e lower C, v a l u e s f o r t h e Type I t r a n s f e r s p l u s seven graphs o f Also t h e lowet C3 v a l u e s f o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r i e s ) . i n c l u d e d would be seven graphs showing t h e brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s which c o u l d b e used t o b r i d g e t h e energy r i d g e between t h e Type I and Type I1 c o n t o u r s . These t w e n t y - e i g h t graphs would r e p r e s e n t t h e f i f t e e n y e a r p e r i o d r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e a r t h and Mars t o r e t u r n t o a s i m i l a r s p a c e - f i x e d geometry. S i n c e t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n which should accompany graphs o f t h e type shown i n F i g u r e 2 would b e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t which i s provided w i t h t h e F i g u r e 1 type o f g r a p h , t h e e n t i r e group o f l a r g e and s m a l l s c a l e C3 c u r v e s f o r both 5 p e I and Type 11 could b e i n c l u d e d under t h e same supplemental informa t i o n s h e e t . The graphs r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e broken-plane t r a n s f e r s would d i s p l a y n o t only t h e launch energy c u r v e s b u t curves r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e AV needed f o r t h e plane-change maneuver i n o r d e r t h a t a proper a s s e s s ment o f t h e energy requirements can b e made. The method o f computation o f t h e AV would need t o b e e x p l a i n e d and a d e t a i l e d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e compari s o n between s i n g l e - p l a n e and broken-plane t r a n s f e r s should a l s o be provided. �8 = DECLINATION OF = INCLINATION OF ORBIT P : Figure 3 - Constraints It would a p p e a r from F i g u r e 1 t h a t a continuous o p p o r t u n i t y t o l a u n c h e x i s t s from a b o u t t h e middle of J u n e , 1973 t o t h e m i d d l e o f assuming t h a t a C, o f 3 0 & / s e t h e maximum launch energy a v a i l a b l e . T h i s month launch o p p o r t u n i t y would indeed b e a v a i l a b l e i f t h e o n l y r e s t r i c t i o n f o r a Mars m i s s i o n was t h e launch energy. However, t h e r e a r e many o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t s which need t o b e c o n s i d e r e d and which impose some r a t h e r s e v e r e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h i s twenty month launch o p p o r t u n i t y , Consider f i r s t the d e c l i n a t i o n of the outgoing asymptote, F i g u r e 3 shows t h a t i s one of t h e two a n g l e s which d e f i n e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e o u t going a s y m p t o t e ( t h e o t h e r a n g l e b e i n g t h e r i g h t ascension). The o u t g o i n g asymptote i n d i c a t e s t h e d i r e c t i o n t h e s p a c e c r a f t must b e t r a v e l i n g r e l a t i v e t o t h e e a r t h when t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e . The t h r e e views shown i n F i g u r e 3 i n d i c a t e t h a t any v a l u e o f i may b e used t o obtain the d e s i r e d value of 6 a s long a s i 2 h. T h i s may n o t seem l i k e much o f a r e s t r i c t i o n e x c e p t t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f i which c a n b e o b t a i n e d (assuming t h a t t h e n e a r - e a r t h f l i g h t t a k e s p l a c e i n a pace-fixed p l a n e ) a r e l i m i t e d by t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e and t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s . The minimum i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p a r k i n g o r b i t which may be o b t a i n e d from a l a u n c h i n g a t Cape Kennedy i s approximately 21;.28', which c a n be a c h i e v e d by l a u n c h i n g due E a s t on a launch azimuth *. - THE ASYMPTOTE E A R T H ' PARKING I HYPElE8OLA VALUES ACHIEVE OF THE i MAY SAME BE 8, USED t i L 81 , R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e Parking O r b i t P l a n e t o t h e D e c l i n a t i o n o f t h e Outgoing Asyslptote 111. E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e h and ,V OF MANY TO s OuttOiNG PLANE PERIGEE. NOTE: THE of 90' E a s t of North. The maximum v a l u e o f i i s determined by t h e range s a f e t y r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d / o r t r a c k i n g requirements which r e s t r i c t t h e a v a i l a b l e range o f launch azimuths. Thus, a r a n g e of launch azimuths such a s 70' t o 110' would r e s u l t i n a this maximum a t t a i n a b l e v a l u e of i o f a b o u t 35' would r e s t r i c t t h e u s a b l e v a l u e s of R t o a r a n g e o f +3s0. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between launch azimuth and h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n Section IV. - The h y p e r b o l i c - e x c e s s v e l o c i t y a t a r r i v a l , Vm, is a n o t h e r parameter which r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y . It p r o v i d e s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e minimum amount of veloc'ity which t h e s p a c e c r a f t must l o s e i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a n o r b i t a b o u t Mare. Of c o u r s e , t h e s m a l l e r t h e d e s i r e d o r b i t a b o u t Mau, (assuming t h e shape of o r b i t , e , i s c o n s t a n t ) t h e g r e a t e r w i l l be t h e impulse o r AV t h a t t h e spacec r a f t w i l l have t o supply. Thus, knowledge of t h e range o f v a l u e s o f Vm would p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s i z e o f r o c k e t motor and amount of f u e l which would be n e c e s s a r y t o a t t a i n an o r b i t a b o u t Mars. Shown i n F i g u r e 4 a r e p l o t s of c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . The h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t l c a l s c a l e s a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e used i n F i g u r e 2 s o t h a t t h e e f f e c t af t h e s e two parameters on t h e o v e r a l l Type I launch o p p o r t u n i t y c a n b e e a s i l y e v a l u a t e d . A more e f f e c t i v e way o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e combined e f f e c t of C a r Vm, and h i s t o reproduce t h e c u r v e s o f Vm end h on t r a n s p a r e n c i e s which would o v e r l a y t h e Cg c u r v e s . It can b e s e e n from F i g u r e 4 t h a t f o r Type I �. - . ARRIVAL DATE - .- MAY APR 1974 JAN DEC 1973 NOV 21 ! , , 6 44 JUN 73 1 , , , 16 21 26 , I JUL Figure 4 - , 6 ./ , , , , , , , , , , , 10 15 20 25 30 4 9 AUG SE P LAUNCH DATE I 1 16 21 26 31 5 Curves of b n d Vm f o r the 1973 Q p e I Launch Opportunity for Mars . I 14 i �t r a n s f e r s , t h e e a r l i e s t a r r i v a l d a t e a t %rs would p r o b a b l y b e determined by ,V a n d t h a t e a r l y launch d a t e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d by h . The r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y by V- and 6 a r e more s e v e r e i n o t h e r launch y e a r s than is t h e c a s e i n 1973. For m i s s i o n d e s i g n purposes, c u r v e s o f 6 and ,V would a l s o b e provided f o r use w i t h F i g u r e 1 t y p e g r a p h a s w e l l a s t h e lower enargy Type I1 graphs. A f t e r imposing upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y t h e c o n s t r a i n t s which have thus f a r been d i s c u s s e d , i t m y b e u s e f u l t o i n c l u d e some p i c t u r e s t o i l l u s t r a t e what some o f t h e a v a i l a b l e t r a j e c t o r i e s would look l i k e . Shown i n F i g u r e s 5 and 6 a r e t h r e e o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s t h a t c o u l d b e used f o r a 1973 mission. The t r a n s f e r s , and t h e o r b i t s o f e a r t h and Mars, a r e drawn t o s c a l e and a r e viewed from a v a n t a g e p o i n t above t h e North E c l i p t i c P o l e , with t h e s u n a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e f i g u r e s . An examinat i o n o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s would r e v e a l t h a t i n t r a v e r s i n g t h e d i s t a n c e from e a r t h t o Mars, a l l three of the transfers require a heliocentric transf e r a n g l e o f l e s s t h a n 180°, and thus a l l t h r e e a r e Type I t r a n s f e r s . Using t h e p r e v i o u s l y mentioned r e s t r i c t i o n s on A and f& (6 5 +3s0, C j 5 30 & / s e c 2 ) and p l a c i n g a r e s t r i c t i o n upon VW 5 4.0 laa/sec., i t can b e s e e n from F i g u r e s 2 and 4 t h a t t h e t h r e e EARLY LAUMCH - EAALY ARRIVAL t r a j e c t o r i e s f a l l on t h e boundary of t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y d e f i n e d by t h e upper l i m i t s o f V , :, and $ . The t r a j e c t o r y shown i n P i g u r e 5 is c h a v a c t e r i z e d by v a l u e s o f C3 and which a r e n e a r t h e upper l i m i t s of t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e s o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . The two t r a j e c t o r i e s shown i n F i g u r e 6 a r e t h e r e s u l t o f launches which o c c u r l a t e i n t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y w i t h t h e s h o r t f l i g h t time t r a n s f e r having high ,V and C3 v a l u e s , and t h e long f l i g h t tit r a j e c t o r y r e q u i r i n g t h e maximum a 1 lowa b l e value of &. P l o t s o f t r a j e c t o r i e s such a s t h e s e would be o f v a l u e i n h e l p i n g t o visualize t h e s i m u l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e t r a n s f e r s which a r e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g a launch o p p o r t u n i t y . For completeness, a group o f t h e s e p l o t s i n t e n d e d f o r use i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y would a l s o i n c l u d e i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a few Type I1 t r a n s f e r s a s w e l l a s some broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s . IV. Launch Windows Thus f a r , t h e d i s c u s s i o n of m i s s i o n d e s i g n c h a r t s h a s c e n t e r e d around t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y a s d e f i n e d by 6 , Vm, and C3. T h i s launch o p p o r t u n i t y ( s e e f i g u r e s 2 and 4 ) is a g r i d , w i t h e v e r y p a i r of launch and a r r i v a l d a t e s r e p r e s e n t i n g a s m a l l s q u a r e w i t h i n t h e g r i d . The p e r i o d o f time w i t h i n e a c h o f t h e 24 hour s q u a r e s d u r i n g which a launch c a n o c c u r *D LA'E LATE . A L ~ I C ~ -I L A ' E A R R I V A L LAUNCH E A R L Y ARRIVA! - Pigure 6 Figure S 1973 Type I T r a n s f e r s Drawn to S c a l e �Figure 7 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function o f Launch Time w i t h D e c l i n a t i o n a s t h e Parameter e i s known a s t h e launch window. Note t h a t w i t h i n each launch window t h e v a l u e s o f C,, 6 , and Vm remain r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t . The u s e o f a launch window is d e s i r a b l e s i n c e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e l a u n c h i n g of a v e h i c l e a t a p r e c i s e t i m e , would n o t p e r m i t a n y unscheduled d e l a y s i n t h e launch prep a r a t i o n s and would n o t a l l o w any h o l d i n g time f o a w a i t improved w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . The d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window depends upon t h e r a n g e of a v a i l a b l e launch a z i m u t h s , t h e l a t i t u d e o f t h e launch s i t e , and t h e d e c l i n a t i o n of t h e o u t g o i n g asymptote, S i n c e t h e v a l u e o f 6 is e s s e n t i a l l y f i x e d , and t h e launch s i t e i s r e l a t i v e l y f i x e d ( a t a l a t i t u d e o f t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t can b e v a r i e d t o a b o u t 28.28'), a c h i e v e a n extended p e r i o d d u r i n g whi,ch t o launch is t h e launch azimuth. The use o f a v a r i a b l e h u n c h azimuth implies t h e use of a parking o r b i t s o t h a t t h e Eirtel b u r n of t h e o r b i t i n g b o o s t v e h i c l e c a n be properly pos~.rionedw . t t h r e s p e c t t o t h e outgoing asymptote. F i g u r e 7 shows t h e s i z e o f t h e launch window t h a t c a n be o b t a i n e d by v a r y i n g t h e launch me b f s w i t h the a s t e r i s k s ( * I s ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y a r e t o b e r e a d a g a i n s t t h e upper launch t i m e s c a l e , w i t h t h e remaining A ' s t o be r e a d ' a g a i n s t t h e losJer s c a l e . ~h~ e x c e p t i o n i s 6 = 0' which i s r e a d a g a i n s t b o t h launch time s c a l e s . m e d o u b l e v a l u e d n a t u r e of t h e launch time i n d i c a t e s t h a t two s e p a r a t e launch windows may e x i s t w i t h i n one 24 hour p e r i o d . When t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s is k n a j n and t h e v a l u e o f 8 is known ( t h i s c a n b e o b t a i n e d from graphs such a s shown i n F i g u r e 4 1 , t h e n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a v a i l a b l e launch window(s) c a n be o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner. A s s m i ng t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y (5 110', 2 70') and R h o f +15', f i n d t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e h = 15'* curve with the horizontal l i n e representing a lqunch azimuth (LAZ) of 70' and n o t e t h e v a l u e of * launch time on t h e s c a l e -1.93 h o u r s . Now move a l o n g t h e 6 = 15'* c u r v e towards t h e upper r i g h t (always move a l o n g t h e c u r v e s o f S i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g time on t h e launch time s c a l e ) u n t i l t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h LAZ = 110' i s reached and n o t e t h i s time on t h e s c a l e below -6.93 h o u r s . Take t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s e two times and f i n d t h a t t h e launch window d u r a t i o n i s f i v e hours. Now t r a c e a l o n g t h e 6 = 15' c u r v e i n a s i m i l a r mannet from LAZ = 70' t o LAZ = 110' and, r e a d i n g a g a i n s t t h e lower launch time s c a l e , t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e launch window w i l l be found t o b e 22.07 h o u r s minus 17.07 h o u r s , o r f i v e hours. When t h e ran$e of launch azimuths i s s w e t r i c a l a b o u t 90' ( a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h 70°and 110' ) t h e l e n g t h o f t h e two launch wir~dowsw i l l b e i d e n t i c a l . Assume now t h a t t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e 6 8 _< LA2 5 loo0 and t h e v a l u e of 6 is +30°. Tracing along t h e = 30°* c u r v e shows t h a t i t never r e a c h e s t h e r a n g e o f al1o;able launch azimuths and t h u s does n o t prov i d e any launch window. However, t r a c i n g a l o n g t h e = 30' does p r o v i d e a launch window o f 23.77 h o u r s minus 17.50 h o u r s , o r 6.27 h o u r s . The launch times shown on F i g u r e 7 do n o t correspond t o t h e S a s t e r n Standard o r Greenwich Mean times o f launch the time shown on t h e s c a l e s is a r e l a t i v e and n o t a n a b s o l u t e time. S e v e r a l o t h e r s e t s o f c u r v e s , used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h F i g u r e 7 , would be n e c e s s a r y t o supply t h e a c t u a l launch times. The primary r e a sons f o r p r o v i d i n g a f o l d e d launch time w a l e on F i g u r e 7 were t o make i t e a s y t o compute t h e l e n g t h o f time between t h e end o f t h e f i r s t launch window and t h e beginning o f t h e second and t o h e l p r e l a t e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h a t on F i g u r e 8. The p r o c e d u r e whieh has been o u t l i n e d above f o r u s i n g F i g u r e 7 i s v a l i d only f o r p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of 6 . When n e g a t i v e v a l u e s o f A a r e ueed i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o move t h e a s t e r i s k s (*IS) from t h e top launch t i m e s c a l e t o * - �thi? bottom launch time s c a l e and then proceed a s before. I n a d d i t i o n t o the d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window, t h e time t h e boost v e h i c l e must spend c o a s t i n g i n t h e parking o r b i t can a l s o be expressed a s a funct i o n of t h e launch azimuth and 6. The use of a c o a s t a r c provides an e f f i c i e n t method f o r t h e prop e r p o s i t i o n i n g of t h e f i n a l burn a r c of t h e boost vehicle t h i s is . t h e burn which removes t h e spacec r a f t from i t s e a r t h parking o r b i t and p l a c e s it o n t o t h e d e s i r e d i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y . Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide a means f o r determining what t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o a s t time ( o r c o a s t a r c ) must be i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e proper e a r t h d e p a r t u r e geometry. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 i s accomp l i s h e d i n a manner very s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n Figure 7. Knowing t h e v a l u e of fi needed and t h e range of launch azimuths which can b e used, t h e range of c o a s t a r c s ( c o a s t times) which a r e required can be found on t h e s c a l e s a c r o s s t h e bottom o f t h e graph. The a s t e r i s k s (*'s) have t h e same meaning on Figure 8 a s they d i d on F i g u r e 7 , including t h e switching of s c a l e s f o r n e g a t i v e values o f h . The primary d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 a s opposed t o Figure 7 is t h a t t h e s c a l e s f o r t h e c o a s t time and c o a s t a r c on Figure 8 a r e a b s o l u t e , and t h e r e f o r e i n d i v i d u a l values of c o a s t time (coast a r c ) can be read from t h e graph (on Figure 7 i t was only p o s s i b l e t o read time spans, a s t h e i n d i v i d u a l times on t h e graph were r e l a t i v e ) . For example, assuming a launch azimuth range o f 70' 5 LAZ _< 110' and a 6 of +IS', i t can be seen from Figure 8 t h a t t h e c o a s t a r c - r e q u i r e d f o r one launch window ranges - " from about 85' t o 150°, while a range £ran a b o u t 210' t o 275' is necessary f o r the o t h e r launch window. Since t h e values of t h e c o a s t s r c a r e a b s o l u t e , then i t can a l s o be s a i d t h a t i f a launch azimuth of 70' i s used t o achieve a 6 o f +15', it would be necessary f o r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e earth o r b i t a l c o a s t i n g a r c to* be e i t h e r 1 5 6 o r 275'. *By using Figures 7-and 8 t o g e t h e r , t h e behavior of t h e c o a s t a r c a c r o s s t h e launch wtn%ow(s) can be observed. From t h e above example i t i s h n n n t b d t t h e c o a s t a r c s f o r t h e two launch windavs r a n g e To determine from 85O t o 150' and 210' t o 275'. which is t h e i n i t i a l and which L s t h e f i n a l v a l u e of the c o a s t a r c s it i s necessary to r e f e r back t o Figure 7. Using Figure 7, t r a c e a l o n g t h e curves = +15' i n t h e sense of i n c r e a s i n g launch time. of Notice t h a t both launch windows open using a launch azimuth o f 60' and both c l o s e , f i v e hours l a t e r , with a launch azimuth o f 118. Now, using F i g u r e 8 , t r a c e along t h e 6 = +15' curves and n o t e t h a t t h e only way t h e behavior of t h e launch a z i m t h , a s noted on Figure 7, can be d u p l i c a t e d , i s t o t r a c e along t h e curves o f d e c l i n a t i o n from r i g h t t o l e f t . This method o f nro\reprent alpng t h e l i n e s of c o n s t a n t -%a -&be d e c l i n a t i o n , always moving t o t h e c o r r e c t procedure f o r u t i l i z i n g Figure 8, i.e., within a launch window, a s t h e launch t i m e i n c r e a s e s , t h e c o a s t time (coast a r c ) decreases. 2he ranges of c o a s t a r c s (and c o a s t times) obtained from F i g u r e 8 can be matched t o t h e launch windows o b t a i n e d from Figure 7 by combining t h e values from t h e a s t e r i s k (*) s c a l e s t o d e f i n e one launch window and combining t h e values from t h e unmarked s c a l e s to form t h e o t h e r launch window. ' K e r e f o r e froan the range LAUNCH AZIMUTH (dep) COAST TIME (rnlnl Figure 8 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function of Coast Arc and Coast Time with Declination a s t h e Paradleter �o f launch azimuths and t h e v a l u e o f b used i n t h e example above, t h e following information i s obtaina b l e front Figures 7 and 8. Two launch witidows a r e a v a i l a b l e , both o f f i v e hours d u r a t i o n . The f g r s t launch w i d o w opens w i t h a launch azimuth o f 7@ and a c o a s t time o f d m u t 37 minutes. As t h e launch tZme *ncreases, the launch azimuth slowly i n c r e a s e s and t h e c o a s t time slowly d e c r e a s e s u n t i l , a t t h e end of t h e f i r s t window, t h e launch a z i m t % has reached 110' and t h e c o a s t time h a s d e c l i n e d to about 21 d n u t e s . About 1 0 hours l a t e r the second launch window opens w i t h a launch azimuth of 70' and a c o a s t time o f about 67 minutes. Acxoss t h e window, t h e launch azimuth and c o a s t time v a r y slowly, a s b e f o r e , u n t i l a t t h e end o f tIy f i v e hour wendow, t h e launch azimuth a t t a i n s 110' and t h e c o a s t t i m e reaches 51 minutes. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e launch azimuth and 6, t h e c o a s t a r c 19 a l s o a f u n c t i o n of such t h i n g s a s t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s , t h e i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h e t&e aneomely of' t h e iWje.ction. i t i W a t h e escape hyperb o l a , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i r s t and second burn a r c s of t h e b o o s t v e h i c l e , t h e r a d i u s o f c l o s e approach of t h e escape hypefbola, and t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e . Constant values were assumed f o r a l l of t h e s e parameters and t h e values t h a t were used should c e r t a i n l y b e included w i t h thh supplemental information provided w i t h t h e graph. It may n o t be necessary t o i n c l u d e a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e meani n g of t h e s e parameters, b u t t h e aystems a n a l y s t should be provided w i t h t h e knowledge t h a t assumpt i o n s were made and should be given t h e values of . t h e c o n s t a n t s t h a t were used. The values o f t h e c o n s t a n t s used i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a o f Figure 8 a r e , i n t h e o r d e r given above and beginning = 6583 km (a 100 w i t h t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s : 12.125 n a u t i c a l m i l e a l t i t u d e parking o r b i t ) ; C, k d ? s e c 2 ; u = 16.2'; 4 = 20.47'~ I)1 = 29.0'; RCA = 6583 km; m = 28.28'. Since Pigure 8 could be expected t o be used w i t h a wide range of Cj '8, and a change i n t h e C3 does a f f e c t t h e v a l u e of t h e c o a s t time ( c o a s t a r c ) , t h e e f f e c t o f a v a r i a t i o n i n C, upon t h e launch window w i l l be discussed b r i e f l y . A s f o r t h e e f f e c t of t h e o t h e r parameters upon t h e c o a s t time, s u f f i c e i t t o say t h a t i f a launch i s made from Cape Kennedy w i t h a S a t u r n V c l a s s v e h i c l e , t h e information obtained from Figure 8 would be completely adequate f o r use i n mission design s t u d i e s . I f t h e launch window information obtained from Figure 8 i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y which r e q u i r e s a n i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h a t i s d i f f e r e n t from 12 .I25 I& /sec2, then a c o r r e c t i o n should be made t o t h e c o a s t times ( c o a s t a r c s ) provided by Figure 8. Figure 9 shows t h e amount of t h e c o a s t time c o r r e c t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of Simply combine t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o a s t time C,. c o r r e c t i o n from Figure 9 w i t h t h e values of t h e c o a s t time obtained from Figure 6. + COAST TIME ( m i n l , % - To complete t h e supplemental informatioh which would accompany Figures 7 and 8 i n a mission design document, mention should be made of t h e use of "dog- leg" maneuvers which could be used t o extend t h e launch window. Of course, t h e p e n a l t i e s i n c u r r e d from t h e use of a "dog-leg" maneuver should a l s o be d i s c u s s e d . A s mentioned previously, i f t h e s i x subheadings l i s t e d under S e c t i o n I1 a r e used a s a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental information which should accompany each c h a r t o r graph, then t h e l i k e l i h o o d of misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s can be reduced, and t h e systems engineer can u t i l i z e t h e d a t a with f u l l knowledge of t h e options which a r e a v a i l a b l e t o him. Figure 9 .. . V. - Parking-Orbit Coast Time Correction a s a Function of C, - < ~t eal l i t e O r b i t a l Considera t i o n s The f i n a l phase t o be considered i n a mission design study i s t h e a r r i v a l of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e trjirget p l a n e t . The a s trodynamica 1 d a t a supplied t o the' systems a n a l y s t i n support of t M s phase of t h e study i s c h i e f l y concerned with t h e r e p r e s e n t s t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a l l a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s about Mars, and t h e method by which these o r b i t s can be a t t a i n e d . It i s n o t f e a s i b l e , w i t h i n t h e l i m i t e d space a v a i l a b l e i n t h i s paper, t o p r e s e n t and d i s c e s s the c h a r t s and graphs which would b e used t o c l a s s i f y and l o c a t e s p e c i f i c o r b i t s of i n t e r e s t . The d i s c u s s i o n w i l l d e a l p r i marily with the major s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a i n t s which must be considered i n the course of t h e o r b i t s e l e c t i o n process. Since t h e primary reason f o r an o r b i t a l reconnaissance mission t o Mars i s the s c i e n t i f i c invest i g a t i o n of t h e p l a n e t , i t would seem reasonable t o c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e s c i e n t i f i c c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These requirements might i n c l u d e r e s t r i c t i o n s on, o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , t h e o r b i t ' s s i Z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n f o r such purposes a s photography, W photometry, meteorology, f i e l d s and p e r t i c l e s measurements, S-band o c c u l t a t i o n s , magnerometer measurements, o r r e l e a s e of a lander capsule. When a l l of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s which r e s u l t from experiments such a s these a r e imposed upon t h e o r b i t , t h e r e s u l t i n g number of p o s s i b l e o r b i t s which could be used i s , a t b e s t , s e v e r e l y reduced. Nat, consider t h e engineering c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These c o n s t r a i n t s a r e imposed s o t h a t t h e various s p a c e c r a f t systems and subsystems w i l l o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y , and thus permit t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s mentioned above t o proceed normally. The engineering c o n s t r a i n t s may p l a c e requirements on the o r b i t f o r such things a s power generation ( s p a c e c r a f t must remain i n s u n l i g h t �.- p 5 -. a s much a s p o s s i b l e ) , navigation ( s p a c e c r a f t must maintain f i x on n a v i g a t i o n a l s t a r t s ) ) , and commun i c e t i o n s (spacpcraf t must maintain c o n t a c t with e a r t h f o r t h e transmission of d e w ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o these c o n s t r a i n t s t h e l i m i t a t i o n imposed by t h e performance of t h e s p a c e c r a f t retro-propulsion system must be conaiderad. This performance ca2ab i l i t y p l a c e s a lower bound on t h e s i t e and shaoe of t h e o r b i t s which can be a t t a i n e d about Mars. The l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by t h i s c o n s t r a i n t a r e represented on t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y launch opportunity c h a r t s by t h e parameter VW (see Figure 4). When a l l o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a t n t s which have thus f a r been discussed a r e imposed, i n t o t a l , a s requirements upon t h e o r b i t , t h e number of o r b i t s which can provide t h e d e s i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is o f e n zero. Thus, s i n c e i t w i l l very l i k e l y be t h e c a s e t h a t everything which i s required o r d e s i r e d cannot be achieved, i t w i l l be necessary f o r t h e systems a n a l y s t t o perform t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s i h o r d e r t o maximize t h e t o t a l s c i e n t i f i c r e t u r n from t h e mission. The arrtrodpnamicist should t h e r e f o r e supply d a t a which would r e p r e s e n t , i n an e f f e c t i v e manner, t h e impact of each of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e s i z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n , and o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s , and which would i n d i c a t e t o t h e a n a l y s t t h e a v a i l a b l e ranges of t h e q r b i t a i parameters s o t h a t t h e s t u d i e s can be perfomed i n a n e f f i c i m t and m n i n g f u l manner. , The e f f e c t i v e t r a n s f e r of d a t a from t h e a s t r o dynamicist t o t h e systems engineer can be accomp l i s h e d r a t h e r e a s i l y i f e l i t t l e c a r e i s taken i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemenU1 information which should aceompany each of t h e c h a r t s and graphs. The use of a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n may help t o e l i m i n a t e omissions which may occur because of t h e a s t r u dynamicist's f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h h i s own m a t e r i a l . The o b j e c t i v e of the astrodynamicist should be t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems engineer material'whicF can be used e s s i l y and e f f e c t i v e l y , and which w i l l cont a i n a l l of t h e supplemental information necessary t o enable t h e system a n a l y s t t o perform meaningful tradeof f s t u d i e s atid make knowledgeable d e c i s i o n s . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000129 Title A name given to the resource "The Astrodynamicist's Role vis-a-vis the Systems Engineer." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. AIAA Paper No. 69-124 Description An account of the resource By J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr., Aerospace Engineer, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. AIAA 7th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York City, New York, January 20 - 22, 1969. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Duncan, J. Reynolds, Jr. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrodynamics Communication of technical information Space flight to Mars Systems engineering Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 14 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18064 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1273/spc_stnv_000130.pdf 4c014933feea0e6dbd20c76d08f8fbe3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000130 Title A name given to the resource Saturn Launch Vehicles Astrionics System Handbook, 2nd revised edition. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA-CR 71607 Description An account of the resource This updated edition of the Astrionics System Handbook instructs, "The enclosed pages change, delete, or supplement the information in the Astrionics System Handbook (1 August 1965). Insert these pages and destroy the pages they replace." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Decher, Rudolf George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Astrionics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-08-15 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrionics Control Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Spacecraft electronic equipment Type The nature or genre of the resource Operating manuals Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 18, Folder 24 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17518 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1274/spc_stnv_000130.pdf 4c014933feea0e6dbd20c76d08f8fbe3 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1274/spc_stnv_000131.pdf 42d68b2d0e38e333e1249983547fbe29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000131 Title A name given to the resource Saturn Launch Vehicles Astrionics System Handbook. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA-CR 71607 Description An account of the resource Includes change pages. Contract NAS8-14000. Second revised edition. V66-15610. NASA-CR71607. The introduction notes, "This second revised edition of the Astrionics System Handbook has been developed under the direction and overall supervision of Dr. Rudolf Decher of the Astrionics Systems Engineering Office. This description of the Saturn Astrionics System has been generated by personnel of the Astrionics Laboratory, the staff of the Astrionics Systems Engineering Office, and by personnel of the International Business Machines Corporation working under Contract NAS8- 14000. The handbook will be updated and expanded as it becomes necessary due to changes or refinements in the system concept and hardware. Sections not contained in the first release of this document will be made available within three months." Signed by Ludie G. Richard, Chief, Systems Engineering Office, Astrionics Laboratory. The document is missing pages in the following locations: Chapters 8, 9, 12. Sections 15.2, 15.3, 15.4-1 thru 15.4-16, 15.5-1 thru 15.5-2, 15.5-5 thru 15.5-8. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Decher, Rudolf George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Astrionics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrionics Control Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Spacecraft electronic equipment Type The nature or genre of the resource Operating manuals Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 14, Folder 43 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17190 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1275/spc_stnv_000132.pdf 1ec6b2cf18c7d1a13dd310a5a5133c22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000132 Title A name given to the resource "A Study of Saturn V and Intermediate Vehicle Improvement Programs Executive Summary Report." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA TM X-53723 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "The purpose of this report is to summarize the results of three companion studies designed to investigate both the performance growth potential of the Saturn V and the utilization of Saturn V equipment to fill the performance gap in the intermediate payload range between the Saturn IB and the Saturn V. This report includes significant data which is intended to aid the planning of future missions. This data reflects some of the various vehicle configurations which can be used by mission planners to satisfy payload desires in excess of the Saturn IB and Saturn V." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Davies, Robert George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-04-16 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Government contractors--United States Payloads Saturn 5 launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Saturn S-2 stage Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 24 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17871