27 20 8239 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/9/1388/spc_dann_000162.mp4 f69f4661c39640ba1f94364279436a3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Konrad Dannenberg Collection Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Konrad Dannenberg Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/99">View the Konrad Dannenberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_dann_000162 MC_43_046 Title A name given to the resource "House, outside painting - septic tank." Description An account of the resource The first half of this film shows the outside of the Dannenbergs' new house being painted. Also shown are Konrad, Ingeborg and Klaus inspecting the new dwelling. The latter half of the film shows the construction crew digging a path for a pipe to be run into the building, presumably for septic waste. Fall 1958. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dannenberg, Konrad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1950-1959 Subject The topic of the resource Dannenberg, Konrad German Americans Construction Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 8 mm (photographic film size) Type The nature or genre of the resource Home movies Moving Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Konrad Dannenberg Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Donated by Klaus Dannenberg. Digitized for the 2019-2020 CLIR Recordings at Risk grant. Language A language of the resource de en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource clir_grant_film_metadata_04 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/23/14364/sdsp_skyl_000013-000014.pdf bf2d88b95a5190f4c837c0ab56cc3a39 PDF Text Text �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles A. Lundquist Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Charles A. Lundquist Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000013-000014 Title A name given to the resource "HOW COMET KOHOUTEK LOOKED TO SKYLAB 4 CREW." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1974 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program Skylab 4 Kohoutek comet Type The nature or genre of the resource One-Sheet Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Charles A. Lundquist Collection Box 60, Folder Photograph University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/193/13848/Defense_Billboard_51_001.pdf d57dd4bbbf09f2af4bc93c4e653d76be PDF Text Text rlOW YD cm •tiiif r r n i % £?v t';> «i®»K: * • 1I1I& ••/? $&& £j ]Exercise restrainl •SPMi# •HIK I i!S; '•'•'• • "-T fes o j •MZZZJ -• -*7^*' \ Mii C£K?ii$ saf^jj tn MmMM IMliflM •>••; £j-Jj_E - >» Repeat step 1. £2r *85 iWS?- |Sfliii©f?lli|W||l p-'n't-i'.: ;?M ;wm <p|l* American Forces Information Service, « M P*iO 601 N. Fairfax Street, Room 312, t - .fc« .» •»«-' I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Defense Billboard Posters Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Defense_Billboard_51 Title A name given to the resource "How To Change a Spare Tire" Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. D2.9:C36 Description An account of the resource Man running and avoiding sweets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Department of Defense Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1992-04-28 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1990-1999 Subject The topic of the resource Department of Defense poster United States--Department of Defense Health Nutrition Sundaes Type The nature or genre of the resource Posters Still Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The University of Alabama in Huntsville M. Louis Salmon Library Defense Billboards Posters Case 1, Drawer 1 Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Defense Billboards https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/132/9397/r10_02-02.pdf 7e3e9afcd80b1b76795bc31892a435b1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 10: Books and Pamphlets Title A name given to the resource Series 10: Books and Pamphlets Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r10_02-02 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Series 10, Box 2, Folder 2 Title A name given to the resource "Howard College Development Program" booklet, 1956 Relation A related resource r10-211020 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10666/ProsubFV1968_021508110056.pdf bc2862e81d6d81102bf6046ac14c382e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context ProsubFV1968.pdf spc_stnv_000635 Title A name given to the resource "Human factor systems." Description An account of the resource Reports and resumes detailing funds, guidelines and assets. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. Research Program Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-03-15 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Astronautics Man machine systems Human factors engineering Research and development Project management Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000625_000649 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10951/humafactatmsky1.pdf.pdf c81013b8c929d25bd12344014098093c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context humafactatmsky1.pdf spc_stnv_000329 Title A name given to the resource "Human Factor: ATM /Skylab." Description An account of the resource Statement of work: Man/Machine activities -ATM; ATM problem areas; EVA commuting problem; Other EVA considerations; Analysis of crew considerations Mission 211/212; Mission objectives Crew Considerations; Mission Fight Profile & Operations Crew Considerations; Experiment operations crew considerations; EVA equipment requirements; Crew considerations carrier recommendations; Conclusions and recommendations crew considerations; Crew operations requirements preliminary 10 August 1996; ATM stabilization and control; ATM Carrier habitability and profile; Other ATM man/machine considerations.; Original is a poor photocopy.; Document has no page numbering. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Marietta Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09-21 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Mission planning Manned space flight Manned orbital telescopes Skylab Program Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Reports Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000325_000349 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/14408/001.pdf 921170356ee20a1b14bfbade0ab86710 PDF Text Text ��ST/iTSSaST 07 WORK HAU/MVCBUST ACQJIVrriES - AIM SCOPE TMs^rvtccsMit of \Jovk. cjicoBroaasGs the oan/niaeMne effort reoulretl to optimize tho crew role cod the eysteas deslsn for the Apoilo Telescope Mouat (AT^!) erpcriaeat* OBJECrmS The objectives of the progrsia eret 1. To Id TiciCy the tcoho re®ilred to actuate, coir;i-ol and ncnitor the to rct.rl<Tve data casosttea ty EWl, end to ctov tlia cassettes aboard the AEl carri<ir. 2. To define cud cstabUsh apeclfiCGtlcns for the cquipE jiifc requited to support the crov dJtrlng EKA trcnslatlcai, do^.a retrieval. haadllDg and etovn^e. 3. To cpp3y huran casiaeerins criteria thru design outroort of those systems interfacing the orbital crew mcaibor. forj3lbimy of lr.tv.m p^rforannco on those tashs Identified ly caalj'Gia (inciud'jjs sittulatica) a£ crew variables and ccostralnts, equiprent UitViatloas, and alnsica roquircmsnfcs. 5. , To devadop a tradning program, Inclv.dlr-g coursti outlines, ^-quipmont description, personnel requirfiicnto, end fanllJ.ty utUlEaiion, to lEjiltBEnt indoctrinatlca of the crew to the ATIl, ASSUiPnOilS The follo»7lns esovurotious will be included emong thoca to be used in the performance of this prosrom. 1* The Apollo Elcch II suit shall be ;rtili2ed by the sstrcsmts. 2. Attitude stabilization, pointing and control el"'all be ccadr^rted by the nstrona'jtCc) within the AEi carrier. 3* The carrier configuration end flight profile shall be ccnoistcirb with the curitiatiy dsolgnated /-AP ccafiguratlozxs. �2 IV ERa'.RAIl OUTUES 1« 2. GeDcral a. Ka::irniax utlllT:t;tion vill l)is made of reaultn clrtaijiod from the G&*ainl and Apollo proc^ans. b. l^axlrai:! use shall -S hardware coiEpimeata and syeteans which oro either availnblo cosomQrciaUy or have teen developed uudior other rclr.tod prograias. c. The Ernsn Fac<:ors Ehciuorr.his Section shall fi-volop a de­ tailed progmu plan catega.'lsinc th? effort into a logical sequence cf outicireted tatla. Enoh task will ocntain obJ-.ctlvos, the Kcpected proiuet, allocated maa-hci;ro, relaticn to crthax' tasks, data rcxjuired from Gv-vamment scwraen; the plan shall also provida for mihistone event rcvicvs. d. CoaveJitlonal equlpiC'^ait, procedures, end tcehniyica \;j.ll be xrfcilizs.d ^dtenovcr possible-.' Crew/System Jtitecration a. The Eumon Feotcrs Enginccivlng Section shall idorttify critical system paramstci-s for both the ASIA and its carrie?.'. Such factors as pointing and Reciu'aciejj, motating character­ istics, tarcct nocuisition modes, cnvircnmiintal lijaitaticns, aoaitcring rccruirements, data rotrievol roouiremrnts (removal and/or rsTJlaceaoat, frequ:>ncy, inasscs), aoceoslbDity and interfaces will bo evaluntod for ccspatibmty with too htann opci'atcr. b. Those system rcguireincats which constitute a eonstraiat directly or indirectly on na interfacing system and which affect odrc-x'soly ths crew pcxrfommco will be identified, l/hcre possible Eltemato systems or procedures will bs x*econmcnd.cd which will clloviate the constx'aint or improve system cffcctivoncas« c. Identification will bo csdo of the varlcblns and constraints imposed ly crew mcaber plxis caadldiite crew support (IVA end EVA) equipaient, cixd incorporate this data into the task analyses and new equipment design specif1cations. d. All equlisEont with '.dilch tlxe crew will intorfaco ">>•^7) be analyzed and the opdratlixg and stowage rc^xlramsnts determined. This equirnx-at will include. ' �3 1) 2) 3) i;) 5) 6) 7) 0) « fSTA dioplay and ccatrol egjilpBent Gu-lflcnce and aaylgatlcn equipmant AE' data cassottas Datii hinadllng cq^alp22?nt (tools) D:j,ta atov.'aso crraj-prir^nt Li'Zo ciipport equlprant AlalocJca and nccossorlsa (hctch^a ond Ccmtro:^) Crav Bto.'billaeticc and traiislr.tion oquipiBunt (IVA artd eva) e. A dstallcd task aiS'Jyais iacludlng tinellns shall be conducted baosa on the follovins najor actlvitiea: 1) 2) 3) h) 5) 6) T) TciTcefc aeqtilsltion, otabiiization and control, Beta recording, Data rctrio%'al, Data Dtowego, E-q.u.'.pnint assembly, Crs-7 Qovcment to and frcaa the A2M work area* The enalyois shall bo updated basod on simulation results. f« Dwsicn opscifleatians will bs created for spnciol crf;w eqiJ-prc it and tools rcauirlng dovclopm-uat and vhnro rcoircsory modifi&itions will be rcec^snondcd for existing cduiui^at. AppUcablo hiwan englaeariag criteria wlU bo ro^crorced for boca now design and modifications. 3. Design Si^port % The principles of hunian factors cnginoerlng shall be applied to all related AKI eq^iisncnt to ensure the efficient inte^tioi of men into the design of the system. a. The EPS Inpirts shall con^l,y with system ena^sls regvli^ments as well as other appropriate inputs. Standard ^iS?'C-£TD-267 shall bo the basic jvcfereace doctnnsnt for the human €nginegring design features. b. Euirnn factors cri.teria end reccmmendatlons shall be fpplli.a to system and subsystem prelimiliary Ijycuts and related dratrings. The approval of Isyout drawings by the IF3 group shall verify that ths configuration end arrangamant of cqaipffo-'nt satisfy Esn/equipmcat perfomnnce rcguiremcnts, and that the design ccc^ilies with applicable criteria specified in Standcrd JBPC-STD-267. S �c. OsTrJi fnotora prJ.r^.ir--C3 rud proccdu-vcs cboll "be GxroHcxI, dVLTlac detail dc alfpa, -fco cquiinisnt di-avrlns3; sucli a;i pan<;l Inycuts, vorlaipccc I'v'oui^s, eon'trols, crew ciiuipTn-n-t oad •.•thcT dravinso <;japlofcirvs cqiii-prnDH-fc tiaccaBory for operation "by tho ABl caiTicr crow. d. nFB parsccmel sliall pjarfciclpi:to In dcalca rovicvo to enuvxe ccnalderatioa oi' crev oporationa and crew/eqjiiipra&nt intjractlons. SimtlAtioa a. Upon ccoiplotion of tho pxaHnicary task orolcrsls, e. airulatloa plzin vlll te vrittea and iiapl€n:ca:tod coverins the follcvdnc factors: 1) 2) Critical task? to he siaulcted, ?.2c:ar:-adcd a-.'le zf sl=;latlcn - aicohanical, SC-135, Itrt task, etc., 3) Sketches of noakeps required, k) Facilities required, 5) SiEulatloa schedule, h. The E-rrnn Factcrs Fa.-l2-~Sccticn skall write the .ietailed test prccedureo and suhnlt iioakup deslea xecpiirecents for the approved tasks to tie ajjprppriate doslGu s^^cups, c, 1F2 personnel ohrOl monitor the operation of all almlstitai tenting end participate in the dcelga evtOxvitions conducted on ccn^ncnt mockups which interface the Jaaaon ope rator, d. Prccc3ural changes end time iseasurcnients prodv.ccd oy sjarolrtion testing flhc.ll he incorporated into the detailed taok cna'^'sis, RcciBCzumdcd design changca rssidtlng from aiusulatioa rnd/OT lacckup drsloi evaluation shall be submitted by the Hunim Factors Eagineering Section to the appropriate design groups. Training a. The ATM task roqulrcs^rrts shall he evaluated and chose ckiU IsvcOa required to fulfill the oihital functions shall he presented. h. Prcm the detailed task analysis, H?3 porscmei sha^ldmtify those tasks vhsre training is neccssa^ end ^ dc^. of training xequirad to ensure their desired perfonrance, c. The Euman Factors Englnoerins Section shr^ training support personnel b? special-ty, traininc level «nd certiflcaticQ. �d. Training eqjilpncat and fanilitica shall be Iclentifici quantity, configuration, ntate of developEien-fc, location (if cxiatinc), and need date. e* ^ A trnlniDG pr Cfac outlintj shall be developed. This will include: f:ilGli-t crew. ^ w <)• rfJla ••cla3s:-u9a ir.";U:ri^il and equipacnt. 3) TraiDc?^s.> it) f p^racnnol and expcrlacnt c. ntrootcns. '4 "' Cvurse cutllnoa, frcquenc;' and duraticn, as vc.iJL as cquipasnt descriptions, iacludina sJffitchca, will be pro/ided with the traininc plan. ESPECTED rCBtJLiTS The fs-Uc^rlnc docuacntctitn will l>e submitted Saelneerins Section: the ffurnnri Factors 1. A listing f the syr^tems and/or prtcedures rolatad to ATi >4iich ara incoirpatiblo with bunaa p>.arfQraanoe crltej.*ia bti!? ov&r i^ch the contractor has no direct ccntr.1. 2, Related mission ccnstx'aints, A3S-I and corxder design constx'alnts, pers.nal equipment ccnstralats, and crew inrpi,i{ed constraints. ^3* A detailed task zinalysls and tiffiejlne conrncncing with th? pitspamtlon for iZA torcet cc<iuisition and cndinc with tha stLwace of the data cassettes within the AIM carrier ofter the final m. Design specificoticns f^r bcTth newly develvped crow sxQ^io-rt equipment end m. difIcatlon tt. existix^g e^ilxKoent. 5< The simulnticn plan and detal.Icd simulation results, concluslLns and recoBEcendatl ns* 6. Desl{pi cvaluatl n inputs ux related AT:-! subsystems requiring crew/equipment Interactions. 7* A training plan including course descripticn, material end eqpipBient requirements, skill levels and fcciU'ty rcccasnondstions. 8, A training irplementatlon plan containing a sched'alo of overall training events propcssd for .M!-!. 9. An outline and content description of an A33i flight crev training and familiarization manual. ��ATM FnOBI.TO AREAS 1« The general cost of EVA in ezcpendsblcSi crew end crew fotigiio. (See attnchceats 1 2). hours, oafoty, 2* The iJBpact of EVA whore vehicle configurations Involve crew traaafers by EVA. (See attachaent », 3* Other EVA consideratlono. h. The baeic everlond of the crew In reopect to nian hours nvailtible for expcrlrerts vorcus the can hours required by preaent experi-.;:ent dcfinitiona. On 211/2^ this chows 502 aaa hours avnilablo veraua 859 cian hours required. (Seo attachoem; 5). 5» Tho problea of dovolopinj and getting iraplcnentcd into exporinont dcaigno. basic principles of huaan factor cngineaj*ing and nlooioD oporation rcqu\rc-cnte. Thio io an cxtrc^caly tineGcnaitivo function. (Sea attGchoent 6 for a TOJV prolir-inary cot of the types of dntn that cuot get factored into the exporicent and carrior oquipnent designs). (See nttocfaj^ent 4). 6. Stabilization and Control requlrecents for ATM are the ooafc otringont ever attoapted in canned space fli^t. Consldorable study and cinulntion above that already ur.dertakon is probably required. (Soe attachncat 7 for eooe of the basic iteoo re­ quiring work in this area). 7« The I/EH io en extremely poor vehicle for extended habitation. Much huson factor effort nust be expended to provide reasonablo comfort to the crow. (See attaehnent 8 for oone considerations on this item. Also, refer to the section on crew habitabillty in attauhoent 5)* 8. See attacbxcent 9 for other AiOl Kan/^nchine Considerations. �/o �o 0 EVA CREW TIAU COST . vy CO 32 u CLOSE 12 5 REEVA « U2 u lUTCH O fj CH.^RGE S o w S 2 and o u BPLSS REPRES- O D O CO ^a and SURIZE kJ STOW u u CABIN "a STA®B'ir; b. -O k 3 u ec« 2s ce •••; ...'-v8 & u u H Q 0* 5 § 2 cu O b Q b. I','-"' CO CO ASIRCr^AUT f . CO R EST (2 lir) CO < CO •i.V CO 3VA.' As-rn(>""" HAUr CO CO CO CO h:,' - 9 •i.'i '' A';--' 0 *'. 'I • a™A /Ws}» ^ '"•"-l' '• • " •" .TiMS.. -(mlnutos) 8 .1. so X 60 X 70 X 80 90 K' •l-. Slv "-y-. ^rr ;.: £•'1--•'• •- "'-H • • •' *•• '•• * r- .*» • '> K . •A • J- r ••"•>'-"*':• '• .'•f'- , CO SVA -_yS•.•:-••. »V ' • - i.. •-•:- .?:.v'';-.--.I ..•••• „ •. -t- o : bV.' J. 100 TOTAL aiANHOvHS,® 0* .(3 X Period of Actual EVA) Attnchm^nt I �o O' •.» .2J ' ...• • .• ». :j: o ,:.;1;;-."V•.'-•»-> --'• ..~ > '• -. • OTHER EVA COSTS t fr •• • > • CONSUMABLES per EVA :r • •• ft-n *-» i- '1-^ ^ •< t—;• f^... •;» w:J.'. --jy lb Oxygen Cabin Loss 7.0+ Consumed by Astronauts (PLSS) 3.0+ Umbilical 6 IbAr Water I • • -.• •-. »=,• f-.-'. •' 14.66 LiOH (Contaminant Control Cartridge) Fuel (Stabll^e and Station Keeping) 7.2 ? SAFETY FACTORS Raciiation Exposure Meteoroid Exposure Astromut Fatigue Lo^v Systciii Safety .-V -.rv '- • -•"• ••-• ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS Wt (lb) PLSS Protective Oarments 64 Thermal 50 Meleorok1 15 Safety Tethers 10 EVA Astronaut Maneuvering System 10-140 PLSS Replaceables Battery Contaminant Control Cartridge Rescue Kit (est) TOTAL Vr rVol (ft^) Quantity 3 2 .5 1 2 2 f, .5 2 f- . 2 f" >>«- <1-9 ^' I »-- t_ - V- 5 .05 1 per 4 EVA 'S t 3,6 10 .04 .5 167-297 6.6-15.8 1 per EVA 1 i-r-: . - S'-.T ��'xHE g/A CO?g.TPTTm PPnarr^f Pcyhapo tho aoot olsiificeat diffeiwfo AV tionc lo a >oquirci=ent for rcEr.lsr comaytinn- toVork conflfpiraDr. MnoUcr and tho Altorrjtc /;a ccnfi-ajTc-tion S.^r.5^. i clic-.;a that ••.•hllo EVA caa bo RC'-canlioh"^ ia'iv-H-t' i i^^iperinent ha.9 l".bcrion3 to the crc-^. Ar.v clo^ig^ f-fficalt £«:cl nhould bo cnrofullo- aea3y=c;d and tho con;cqSSca PCrtcdlo EVA tho cafety foctoro and worlclcada Ir.volvod, every offo^ ^ ^ nxniniro tho qi-mtlty of m'o required., o^^^ort ebould bo ca(\o to D.. «to oori in tho l.:li/Ai;.. Ho oo-ola flea no' rtc-ro-rhir^f^^f =0 tfor.trbsp, cater the AL, ccciiro th-t j ^ the S-Iva veuld then AopTczav.^zo the AL and opcts fcha'^A^St°r Eo tfceeo aetlvltlcn tho r.otro"-auJ- ^,0 v,,, Wij.le .10 t-ao doing thocu-h a oiailnr cot of ooUi-ltioVin ^ prepared, tho firet aotrone.ut would then a ' ucro cuter the LEd and hook up ore of tho Dtsr£^va Iv^ ^'^5 Ea would then traacfor hlo Icrg urb^i^oal to K5?oilicalc to hio cuit. hock it up a-d diaooraoofc the .4ord:"j^fiMaeal ^^^roraut who would thou travoroe back to tho AL v.hile tho aatroraAtt would froa tho open hatch of tho Ii:i. Follcsr'-'^ procrecs ecouro tho LEj hatch, rcprcc-er'-e S^rVv S® as'crouaut would by the Chart, nfto? ah.a 5o the bSi: ^oo'sin^^SiSr& for short tora taslaj. Eowovo- the PLSS vould bo loncer. It is alco based ou^o dcvfi«n-.'^^^ ^^5 althoush tho tisa icfJiJuS'coSfbe ^tnntit. Of on,,. oon.«i .^rS; =-.t'rnSSt51S'?::o1^°Snnn. requeued. Due to'^voMclo^coSwrftiS^S^"^'^^'^^ ® sindlar EVA would bo r. desxrablo and the P15S vouid S S ? ®''^ rnbiUcal would be fiE •-ration woald be porhaaa 10-35 ^ probably ccnoiotius o* haadholde and riii Addittcnally, r. t^alkt.'sy, scroGo tho entire lorgth of tho coi^±s^lo^ developed of E/Ariri-iU So P-!>teo ri:;o Oithor tho Dr. MuoH^or « EOtivity is, orflcr to Ito root ohviof.s Kthed of aoins So iT^o j™ ".nfisoraiiono orootloal. nu tho noceocax^ natch rcouii-c^onto"^, ^^ZlZ Attachc;cat ^5 �/ . O • DEN OO6232 (11-62) ZVA 9 FOB SHIFT-CHANGEAUELLER COHFIGCRATION Hlnixnim Time Costs Activity Don and Check Out Suit " •4 filter and Secure long DnbiUcal AL, Connect ^2 Costs 20 10 Depressurize AL 3.5 lbs Open EVA Hatch Traverse to IM filter m. Switch to IM Umbilical Monitor #3 Traverse to AL Secure IM Hatch ID ' 5 12 lbs (DmbiUcal System loss) ID 2. Repressurize IM 15 Doff Suit and Stow 15 91 Dlnutea 6.9 lbs 22A lbs Developfflent Requirements: . • » . 150 foot DmbiUcal "Clothesline" Traverse Rig IM Hatches for Multiple Usage External Lighting CHART #1 ^ �o 0 ^ t66232,t1I-6Z,) CREW SCHSMJLE EXPERIMENTATIOH 1 1 WATCH NAP EVA n SLEEP SLEEP 0 2 ^ SLEEP EVA X 6 8 1 0 1 2 X X X 1d WATCH EXPERIMnfTATION WATCH ± L •4 tVA 1 KAP SLEEP X X X 1 ' » I 6 I 8 2 O 2 2 2 ^ X 2 6 2 8 3 0 J 3 2 3 4 J 6 Mueller Configuration and Alternative 1 (3'* hour cycle) - l8 Hour Exporinental Shift tXPERIMQITATION 2 SI.EEP ATCH E SLEEP ^ATCH EXPERIHENTATIOM SLEEP ATCH L X X X X 0 2 4 6 8 l 0 1 2 X X I I OPEN ATCfl WATCH^^SLEEP OPE» jEXPER. X X X WATCH X 1 i f l 6 l 8 2 0 2 2 2 % Alternative 2 (24 Hour Cycle) - 6-8 Hour Ibcperiaental Shift CHART #2 I �THE EVA COK^UTina PSDBLEH Pogo Z Md eiDlInr activitico. In fnjperiod the iiidivldiu 1 vdU ebtiiln Zh bouro of nlccp altho.n^ It would not be diatributcd 1 ^-hour baoio. ^ala cycle rey vcxy veil rot bo practical from a lloT ^ ®®'® ccaaideratioa cucfc as this ci;ot *? coafigurstiono r-ractical. The cocond of Clwrfc ^<2 soroly indlontos that la th® rblrt-oieoro ^ Altcr^to ilZ ccnfiguratioa, it is -pooaible to wori a ;iorBal o-hour day; 8-hour olcop cyclo. f^wbaj. Chart #3 providoa a r^r-aiy of opsrational differonccs botynoa the throo confasxiraticno for a 7-dry mission^ In ordor to nal-:o tho KncLler c^isuratiou and the Altorretc #1 corpotitivop tboy aro both barod on an Ib-hoi^ cxporincav vork cchcdulo as coapai-od to on B-hour work cchedulo for Altcmsio s^Z. Bf.ocd on tbia prsstce,- there ia no scrioua pa-ralty in t^e available for or-pcnrscnts between vaiilona config-jratioaa. Howctrer. thoro io a rajor difforccco ia tho aurbcr of EVA»3 aiid pr« est^isation cjclco required by the Altercate ij^ and tho othor two coalinuratlono..- If tho work schedule is changed to a 12-hour oicperli^sat duty cycle the iju-lbcr of EVA s Involved in the first t-wo configurations changos frca 18 to 28, and tha aur.oGr of prooourizatioa cyclca chrPees from 10 to 15. At tho onso tino. the amount of cino availrJjlo for experijcsnts crops to about SG hours. Althou^ tno txne available for AIH crpericoato io not greatly different for Altaraato ^Z, I Another feature choaii on tho eurcaaxy chart Is the feet that tho tins required for the crcv to rcatcfsblo into the CSH for ccGrgoncy abort is conoidcrobly loca for tho Alternate ^ corfigyrstioa. llhowieo, tho chart chouo an.orrdcp of ranking due to tho hazard of ETA. Bccavso of the fTcat ni^hor of EM'S required for tho first tuo ccnfigurations, there io a conoxdorablo spread b-t--.:r.a the number ono rating of Alternate j^S and the oocond and third ratings of tho other configurations. Another factor in this rating io the fact that the EVA at the cad of the work shift id.ll bo ficccoplich.-d by an. astronaut who nay already be hi^ly faticuod cud aoro prono to accidents. Ono pln.co on tho chart ropresento tho relative crow vorklcad for Mcccbl^g the basic configuration. Tho configunitica i?2 would be acconplicsc-d by a relative norcal Apollo dockljag maneuver. In both the Dr. Mueller wd Alternate #1 relatively complicated eijace erection techniqueo would bo involved. Horo again there is a wide spread between tho #1 rating and tho comparative evaluation of the second and third ratings. In GuiEmary, from a crow operation point of view, thore ia a caior bailee ia favor of Alternate ^ coafigurutionc Between tho Dr. tfuoUor Alternate j^^l there is little choice. It would appear that the ccmautxug problem is easier for the Dr. Mueller coafisuraticn- but the probloa of tho original structural build-up would be somewhat co«»' difficult. Attachment #3 ���OTHBR 17//. CO?:SI03?JVTXOIiS nVA cyclea and ducatloa To Reduce crcu workload to realistic level Insure conpatiblllcy with support equipment, I.e., life support ayatCD, caneuverins unit, A.L. hatch seal Reduce o.xygen required By Opclmltlng E?A procedures Eliniinatlng tasks not demandlns direct Vii,twiqTi input Siaq>lifylng required EVA tasks for mlnicaun crew e:;erticn Insurins cocpatlble hardware design, i.e., cascecce fartoncrs, iiandJ.es, tethers, controls Insuring optimum equipment Location for crev aecesstbllity Determine 5T7A support hardware requirements Including SLatilisatlon hardware IhuiGuvering oquipiscnt IUvrnlnaticn requireircnCs « Data cnsoette/crnw tethering harduare Data cassette protective equipmnnt Casratte attachment/detanhmcnt Cools Airlock hatch actuation toolc Sy Idoncifylng ajohility, dexterity, and visual acuity requirements for ea<:h task Simulating critical tasks to develop optlmua procedure and establish support requirements Analysing available support hardware far application and coEpatibillty Identifying AIM interfaces for crew tciherlng Dctcrtiinlag ATM data cassette envlrorjiintal lltaitations. �cj-vj-.z/oycCem By •• durlog EVA « E\-nluatln3 AT^l/carrier attitude stability oodoo Analyzing crew cquipcoafc failure wodeo Coternininc eonpliancc of AXH eyptora with applicable hiaaan enalncarinc critcfAa and avallablo Gcmini/Apollo data Siiaulatioa of critical casks to insure reaccnablc notabolic loads EctrbXiehins safety procedures to be undertaken in the event of an ejr.crgeacy Datrcnnlning ACS conotrainto on crewoan Insure crew/nisslon cosapatibility during EVA By Scheduling EVA for maximum operation during orbital light side Schcdiilias EVA during orbital perioda poesecsing mininun hazard, i.e., HKteorold shower activity. South Atlantic anomaly, solar radiation Scheduling EVA during periodu of minimum mieaioa operation ��AHAixsis OP csm camusmTnyss MlSSICai 2U/212 SEP 14 196S �TABTJS OP CCKTEiTrS BTTHOljirCSIOn Mission OETECTIVIS MISSION FUGEP PROFILE & 0PERAa?I(M3 EXPI21B5ZNP OPERATIOnS EVA E^UZE-IK® REQUIBESIEnrS CARRIER RECa-WEimATIOES CGRCLGSIonS 3s RECaM>-IBil!A!riOK3 �Sunxiry The anolysij of missico objectives, flicht profiles, spacecraft operations, cxpci-lmcait considerations end opcratioQS, and, carrier coapai-iscos for Liisoicn 211/212 is presented with ccnclus'lons and reca-asendntlons cs related to crcv c^naldoratioas end optratioas. The C3M/nc:'l/ATM offers crew advcntac«33 not available vrt,tMn the CSM/ LEl/AlIl confic:tu*ation. All ezipcrimeats con bo cccomplislicd with a reduction in the quantity but not the quality of desired infoxniaticci. The mission will bo trying and difficult for even the niO£;t MgMy motivotcd astronauts. Introduction The jiurposG of this study is to 03Cf;rtaln, in preliidnary form, the operational constraints end potential problems associated with crew participation during the mission. Fnctox-s considered aro mission oV jectivo, flight profiles, spacecraft opei*atlcns, experimnnta cparatlona and carrier considoratlcai. Conclusions and rccaumendatians are included for xiso by technical personnel. There ore many factors that can have an Influence on crev ciperaticaia during orbital or lunar missions. Some are very real, and can be evaluated, Willie many are qvdto nebulous and are a function of an individual crev member on a specific flight. Many in tliis category can only bs ovoluated at this time by Intuition and opinion, with little or no firm facts to substantiate the conclusion. Many of the opinionated iti^ms nust await actual Apollo flight experience before real answers are available. Therefore, this study will be revised and upgraded as more and better information becomes available. Basic crcv considerations must be evaluated for two categories, i.e., Intra-Vchiculor Activities including all spacecraft operations, hcusekceping, personal hygiene, and s:q>cTlniant operations; Extra-Vehicular activities. Including all preparations for external spacecraft cad experi­ ment operations, crew and cargo transfer, c:cternal maintenance and re­ pairs, and emergency operations including astronaut rescue and retrieval. The crew represents the most fleoible system contained In the space­ craft. It has a demonstrated capability of rapidly adjusting to the situation without severely effecting adjacent systems. Dual or triple redundancy Is incorporated depending upon the number of astronauts present. Adaptation to limited and restricted operating envircnmcnts has been rei>eatedly accCTplished with selected personnel in test flights for years. Eowcver, flights have been a relatively short duration limited to a few hours, or a fov days, in the cost extreme cases. Since the main objective of AAP Is the extcmsicn of luanned space flight function, eveiy effort must be exerted to increase tba ccanfort end working conditioas of the astronaut. �MISSION 0EJECT3VES crct; consideratiors �4 r Mtjjton O'o.lcc&lx'a The objective of Mission 211/212, as specified by HASA. is ns follows; ' 1. Conduct solnr astranotry observations using es^erlmezrt sensors. ircunted 2. Store cnrrler-AT2I in orbit for subsequent rcndc-avdo and reuse (see tUssion 213 - Lamch CSM into rendezvous orbit, coplnaor 'rfith carrier ATM from Mission 211/212), *3. Conduct rendezvous oxparimc-nts totveca CSM and corricy Vehicle for lunar rendezvous problem analysis early In flight program. Observation and zacnoureoent of extended duration space fUrJrt effects on crew mnmbors, *5. Conduct synoptic weather and mapping photogi^by cjcperlmeat using CSM as espsrliuent carrier. C » Objectives not supplied by HASA. ��A, Mission 211/212 - MISSION PROFILB AKALYSIS o A doecriptlon for 211/212 as deocribed In C-2-2n/212-2 9 «i>"3t 1906, forna the basis for theao ccmmeats as to obe relAtlve dcslmbillty of various possible miaslon profiles for Fllclits 211/212. TABLB I msslcn DeaerlPtloaa - 212 Firaf. launch Method I 212-LIi;i (ATM)-Dlr. inj. 200 n.ol. circular 211-03.1-Dlr» inJ. 120 n.mi, phuslnrt orbit 2L1-.CSM dock •.d.th 212 UM Ccnduot all e.^ei'icont8 In 200 a.mi. circular orbit Ccamonts; All ej:poi1m^ts vou-lcl be conducted at 200 n.ml. Altitude LF/ ^eter tb^ doslrGd. It may be neccssa.'y to separate LKi ^ 0^.1 durirs ATM experiment so that more than one exneria-at can be ccnaucted simultaascaisly. This method is rated #4 for crew ccnsideratlcn. Method II 212-LE-I (ATM)-Dlr. InJ. 200 n.ml. circular 2^-CoM (RQck)-Dlr. inj. 120 n.ml. circular phasing orhit 211-Conduct mapping expcrriments 2L1-Transfcr, rendezvous and doci with 212 lEM at 200 n.ml. Conduct AI2.I experiments Commits; This launch and orhitnl coquence is rated #2 and pcnnlts E^lmum utilisation of ths manned vt?hlclc at both the 120 n.mi, end 200 n.mi. orbits. Furthermore, If the LE-l must be separated frcm the CSM during the ATM cacpariinc.it, separation time fmd distance can be ^^mum (5 miles or less), This is required in the event the LE-I tt^t be abandoned or cn oi-bit short is required. It should bo rcalizea V Ii. ^snnod LE.J, when separated frca the OSM, brs no orbital rendezvous end crow transfer mist be acccmpUshed by ^,he CM prior to aborting the orbit. Therefore, a ciinned f c i r ^ d e s i r a b l e c c n f l g u r a t i o n e n d s h o u l d oc avoided. In the event this eonflguraticn is rcqvirod, the LEI crew is placed in a very hi^ risk situation. �I-tethod III 212-LE:I (A'.v:-L)-Dir.inJ. 200 n.ML. ci.rculQr 2L1-CSM (nr.elO-Dir. inj. 100 x 200 a.mi. 211-CuM i;i-2n3no30 rjid. dock to rack 211-COM (Rr.ck)-P,cadozvou3 witk 222 7JSd la 200 n.ml. clrculer orbit 2n-CSM imdcc]: rack 211-CSM deck to 212 LS-l cad troasfor two (2) crewmca 211-CSM vadock 2:2-LS-l 211-CSM dock to rock 211-CSM (Rcck)-Ti*an3fer to 120 n.ni. circulor CcEduct roappins o:qx»rlEent3 211-CEl (Rr^k)-Tj.'ca3fer ead readozvous with 212 LEM 212-Ln-l crow (IT/A) i*cGovcr rack data 2U-CS-I undcxk rack 211-CSII dock to 212 LEM Cczmcnts; SMa cequcacc Is nnich too con5)licated cad places oa uaac-cessory risk oa the 2-naa crc-w o? the LEI at 200 aoini. cad the CM at 120 aoml. This ssquencs is highly laiticceptable for crew ocfety la the event of a LK-l failure or orbi\>al abort. ^tcthcd IV 212-LE-: (AIM and MarFplns)-Dir.iBj. to 120 a.mi. circular 211-CSM-Dir.iaJ. 120 x 200 n.mi. phising orbit 211-Circularize, rendezvous and dock with 212 LSI At 120 a.mi. Conduct all experimcats CSM/ISI transfer to 200 n.mi. for LSI (AE^) storage « Corx^nts; This, method required lamcccssajy orbital changes by the manned vehicle, Sxiggest 211 CSI-I direct inject into 120 a.mi. phasing orbit with lE-I. Mochod V 212-LE'I (AS!d)-Dir. InJ. to 200 n.mi, circular 211-CSM (Eack)-Dir. Inj. to 100 x 200 n.mi. phrLq^-ng orbit 211-C^ transpose and dock to rack 211-CS!'! (Kack)-Readezvous with 212 LES'l in 200 n.ml. circular csrbit Transfer tvro (2) crewmen ty E7A from 211 CSM to 212 LEd Conduct ATM and mapping eaperimants 211-Cad undock rack dock to LEd Ccmrasnts; This method requires transfer of the craw by E/A and undcoking frca the rack by ths CM prior to dockdng with the LEd, Again, it veold appear that more time than is accessary would be spent ly the two cre^mien in the LEd with soparatlcm from the CSId, Not a desirable cocdition. �Mothcd VI (ATTO-Dlr. inj. 200 n.ffi. circular Sll-cni (Rcclcj-Dlr, InJ, 100 x 200 n.iai, 2ll-CG:i-TrQnspo3e and dccic to r:ick 2.U-CS-I rfadcrA-ouj with 212 LE-i zi 200 n.ol. Trsjiafcr two (2) ercwxa to LE-1 hy EVA an-CS-i (EccJ;)-Tr3n3fcr to 120 n.ai. circular Conduct uapiplnc c-^ipavliccnt "^o.^OO n.El. ond roadezvoua with 212 LEt-l LTL-I crew recover data (Fv'A) frca rack 211-CSM undcck froa rack 211-CS:-I dock to 212 LEM reecnreiy of tho two cwowtoii 4 5 I n.ai., CSM at 120 n.mi. Tb: method is not accejftable for safety reasons. Hlssloa PoaerlT^tlons - 211 First l-Icthod I ^ n.nO., itolns orbit (A!Ei'I)-Dir. laj, 200 n.mi, circular orbit n.mi. and rendezvous with 212 LSI 211-CSII-Dock with 212 LEI Conduct aU ci^crimcnts In 200 n.mi. circular orbit This sequence is acceptable for crew safety. However, tac 200 n.mi. mapplns orbit is not desirable when 120 n.nl. Is preferred. This method is rated #3. Mothcd II ^ ri.Toi. circular phasing orbit )^®*)-Ccnduct mapping and weather crocrimeirts oH**^ n.mi. circular orbit 211-CSIl-Transfor, rendezvous and dock with 212 LBI at 200 n.mi. Conount AIM esporlments Co^cnts: Tills seqv.eace is profcrrod from crew consideration and ^lers better utllizatim of e<^imezit than Method n - Table I. This seijuence Is rated from crew considemticn. �J'f.thccl III (Krj?ls)-Dir, Inj. 100 x SOO n*i!il* pbsslng crbll; ail-CSM-Tmnflpo?3 oad dock to ztick 212-IiEJ (A'iM)-Dlr, inj. 200 n»ai« circular orbit CU-CS!I-Uadcck r3ck 211-CS:!-Dcck to 2J5 LTSI and transfer two (2) crovcsa to LHI and conduct /.Ti'l c:ncriacnt5 m-CSM-Undcck 212 ISI 211-C3t-'-Dock to rack 211-CSM (Rr-clO-Tronsfcr to 120 n.ml. clrcxOor orbit 211-CSM-(Rr.cl:)-Conduct rcairpins experiments 211-CGI-!-(Rack)-Triia3fer and rendezvous 222 LSI 212-LE.I Crcv-Rccovc-r rack data by EVA , 211-CS-I-Undock rack 211-CSM-Dock to 222 LEM Cp^f.nto;_ Tills ssthod Is too cccipllcated end prefventa rapid racoveiy of the u^l crew by the COM, i.e., lEl at 200 n.ml. (SM at 120 n.ml. Totally unacccptablo for crow safety. Mathod IV 211-CSI-Dlr, inj. 120 x 200 n.ml. phasing orbit 212-LEI (AEI and Mapplag)-Dir. InJ. to 120 n.ml. circular orbit 21l-C3:l-ClrculGrlr.e, rendezvous and dock with 212 lE-C at 120 n.ml. Conduct all e^crlments CSM-Lni transfer to 200 n.ml, circular oiblt for lEJ! storage Co^T^onts: This scQjionce requires •unnccessaiy orbit changes the in order to rendezvous with the LDd, I.e., Cai 120 x 200 n.ml. LC-I 120 n.ml. This method Is more ccmpllcated than necessaxy. 2'Icthod V 211-CSM {Rack)-Dlr. InJ. to 100 x 200 n.ml. phasing orbit 212-IiIiM (ATM)-Dlr. InJ. 2C0 n.ml. circular orbit 211-CSI-Tran3po3C and dock to i*ack 211-C3M (Rcck)-F.eadGSVou3 with 212 LE-I in 200 n.ml. orbit Transfer two (2) crewxea by E/A from CSM to LBl Conduct AIM and mapping, and weather experlicents 211-CSK-ltodcck rack and dock to lEi CwEnents; Thin method requires jT/A transfer cf the crew from (^I to LSI, and undocMng from rack prior to docking with LS^. Appears to be unnccesseiy, conc'lic&'tc'd and time ccaisumlng If abort cf the L51 Is required. Sot a desirable sequence. �VI SU-Cfw'I (R?.cl£)-Diy» InJ* 3.00 x 200 phcolng orbll; 211-cr.l-Tro\ij3po3C» JiTKi do::!: to rack 212-U2I (ATi')-B1j*« IdJ. 200 n.iai, circulcs* orl>lt 211-C52! (Pv';rl:)-Rond02Vc-ao with 21S LEI at 200 n.iai. orbit (2) crcv.7.:.n to 212 LF^l by EVA and start A214 c::pcriacirto 211«CS!-I (Raok)-Tran3for to 120 a,ml. circular orbit 211-CS:i fRrok)-CcvnaE.ct mipplns csxpo-rlmcnto 2U.-CSM (Racl:)-Traasi'er to 200 a>mi<i cad readezrvouo with 212 LSI Lri crcv recover data from rack by EVA 23J.-CS'-Unclcck froia rack 211-CS:i-Dock to 212 LSI Cc-rr-ents; Totally unacceptable due to co.':c)l£Xity and orbital rci-m-aticai of manned LE-I cad CSM, i.e., LM at 200 n.mi,, CSM at 120 n.mi* Dot a deolrablo candltlcax. caicLUBicn Table 1 Method I Method n Method III Jlethod 17 Method 7 Method VI i?2 Dot aceeptablo Requires otra corbital cbt-i^es Rcquirco EWI and cornpllcatee emergency Dot acceptable TeCblo II #3 ^1 Dot c.ccaptable Rcauires extra orbiial chc'eges Pequirca EVA nr^d coaplicatos emergency Dcrc acceptable Table I lists tha 212 launch first folloircd "by 211 (manned). Table II lists 211 launch first foUowad by 212 (unmatmed). At this tino, uo cen state tiiat It is preferable to oeccroplish all rendezvous vith immnimsd vehicles having a passive rathc-r than sn active role. TfcGrefoi*a, the unmenncd 232 should be placed in orbit prior to launch of the mannad 211 80 tnat all Dnnojvcring is porfonncd end ccntrolled by the crevr vchi-clo (during its poxfcrcd phase). This is preferable frcm safety and pfcyclological reasons in that the crev is actually initiating and temlnaticg all povnred maneuvers and can tal:o abort action in tha event of a coHicion. Furthermore, the pilot has the plysiologlcal advcntaga of asoui'ing thTt he has ccn^plete control of the powered vehicle and con utilize his Judgment OS rcq\ilred. Therefore, ^AlsrQ the choice c::i3ts. It is always preferable �to plsce tho unEaonGd vehicle In or-bit prior to the Inunrh of the n enned vehicle? or In ths event the arjsiiGd veMclo is la orbit, to pla-- tl s ^ f .-nd P3rmit the tnsnn^d vgMcIo to Inltloto o povr3rca phase to accorTOlish the rcndcsvoia. 3aocd ou theea ^yr^.1^3, the first choice frcni sn operational poii; u Mctaod II of Table II as described belov: ^ circular phealns orbit mapplr^ and weather expcriiaerrfcs 200 n.jnl. circular orbit ? I ' rendezvous and dosk with 212 LBl at 200 n.ml. Conduct Ani ej^ierlaents B, OEERATIOHAI, MJIHEUVER RTIQUIRGIEnS (mssion 211/212) r.f ^ forcGolna elLosIcci profile, tha folloid.33 is an analvsls nancavera rcov_lred to perform the mLsslL ^iSS recard to ®^sriiSwat ccaisldezatlonad FnrOK; 21-1 1. Assinna velocity tilnmins and ffisncmvcrins is performed by S-r/B until separa-.ion. SMa includes orientation for tknspositiS Ld dcS^. 2. Tra^positlon and dwhins (starl; +X axis fcn.'oid and opprcximtely in the trajcotciy plane, +Z axla vp) ~ hO minutes. ^ a. b« c. d. e# f. g. 3« Add 2 FPS forvrard velocity to CSIi, Perform I80® pitch maneuver. Roll - 63°. Subtract 2 FPS forward velocity# For final docking, assume 15 mlnimtm pulse cyolaa of ECS control axes. Eotate mated I'chlcle 180° (place +X axis forward). Jottlsoa S-IVB using 3-IVB ECS. During the rack experiments operational phase of the mission at 120 n.mi., the following manemrcrs are performed m a basis: a, EttJ alignment cnce per day. (X axis unchanged, rotate +Z axis to +30" above horizon, maintain fine mode stability 20 minutes). �b. Uavleationcl clchtlnsa tvico poi» day, (X axis tnichoagccl, rotate +2 axis to local vortical mil por.ntcd toward aarl-h. Maintain fine node stability for 36 ninutco). c. Anoaiae the str-i-t up and stoi>plni» of alx barbecue nsncnvoro x>^r doy. Asauae c 90® yav or pitcli i-oallGav.rnt frcai nonral fll^ oUgnneat to the bai-bocuo at.&lt\\ile which orients the Y-Z plane tei^ard the sun (+20®), EstnbUsh a roU rate of 1 to 2,5 revo­ lutions per hcur obouc the }: axio. Aseur-.e driiil.iig mode oneo roll rate is obtained. On stoppjns, i-etum vehicle to original attitude. In preparing for the orbit chrnge, Uie *Z axis is fonrr.rd end appradLantcly parallel to the local horizcrrijal. Ihe -Z axis la down and epproxteateiy parrllcl to local vertical. Obtain required ^ V using SM idln CTiglne, luring orbit a. b. c. transfer perform the following; One aligon-.c-at (Ssc 3a). One navlGotlcnal sighting (See 3b). One midcourse corrtjction: Assuaj correction of 10 fps. Cli'cularlze orbit using main ffll engine. Adjust X axis about 10® In pitch. Brcrp RACX. Rendezvous with Plight 212. Use Qi-HCS for following maneuvers: a. Adjust velocity total of 60 ^>8. ,20 fps In fine incremants), b. Lateral translation of 3 miles» c. Vertical translation of 10 miles, (tO fps in coarse Incr^nents, d. Assume 30 mlnlsnna inpulsc Qrcles of each ccotrol axis. On a daily basis, the following maneuvers are reipjircd. (Same as item 3). If the I^/AIii is undecked fcr experiment purposes: a. Plight 211 will be tho target vehicle for subsequent dockings. Assume fine mode stability in normal flight attitude for 20 minutes for each docking. �n b. FHchfc 2U vlU ettttlon k.^op oa Flisht 212, i.e., a poaiticn abowi 1/2 rile below aoS vlthin 1 to 3 itiles aft. (Contiji«.o i*cciiilrer;c'-ts of Item 9 \^iilc 8ta{;ioBl::cplng), Poi» caeb imdocldas, subtract 2 fps oca then eajust tc achieve station position. H. At cccroleticn of fUcbt, rotate corablnad vehicle so +X axis Is forward and slow CSM (Plljj-it 211) h fps rjid translate down 1/2 mile to «-chlovo aeiorotlCBi from ths LH-I (Pll^^t 212). 12. Dui'ins the 8 hours prior to rc-entiy, cool tho fonara heat sliKld by rotating the -X axis tovrard tl«: sun. 13» For C-I/SM oepiration, the +X axis is rotated (50-70® above tho dJ.rEotloa fllj^t end in the trajectory plane. The +2 axis la oriented to upward local vertical. l^^. Entry starts vd,th the -X axis In the trajectory plans and rotatr'd epproxifxrtcly 26® carthvoitl frcm local horizontal cad with the +Z axis polnv-r-d awuy from earth. Bote; Winlmum RCS propellant at start of ro-rartiy will be pounds. Fllrht 212 1, Assume velocity trlDralng ond manf-urerlns is performocl ty S-rs?B vntU separation. This includes oricnrtatlcn for transposition end dorldng, 2, K tho tS'I remains docked there will be no maaeuvarlnj requirements (the.CSl of PUcht 211 will cOso provide maneuvcrinc for CKG unloading), 3» If LSI pperatcs undcclied: a. b. c. d. Assume one dally H-OJ aligcment (See 3a), Assume one dally navlgatlcml sighting (See 3b), There will be no barbecue requirement, For rcdccldag the LS-I will be the active vehicle, 1) Assume lateral translatica of one mile, vertical of cna mile, and longitudinal of three miles, 2) For final docklag, assume 15 minimum pulse ^cles of each control axis. �c. coTcifSKus concE-2ii;G Tins op^iy.iL'ioi'jLt. aspects (f Mirsica 2.u/2i2 Thl-s mioslon provides oovoral opblffial miosica proflloa, A rccomicndcd profile haa' been Given la paa-asraph. A. Bualc mission nnacnvcrs arc all slnilrj to Apollo reaulrcccato end will cnitall no nriW trainitiG cr cqvijsne-at revisions. IMs is on cltcimatc AAP missicn and the inlsoion as descirlbad, will ce-pler.-c-nt the dcvolopmeat of tlie basic Apollo miDGlon. The possible separation of the LS-I for csctendcd ptjrlod'j of c:^srlmont operations Is undesirable and will bo discussed lai^sr in this report. �o GF^9!\SI0k5 CREi-f cc3sm:niv?TfiTia C �t E^cpj'rjlracat Oporotloni sade: c Prior "to Mloslcm 211/212 analysis, tba Tollovin^ naansiptioas vare a. A CSII/Rack (211) in a 320 n«mi. circular orbit for a total of 13 "b. The l^Jth day sprint vlth the C3M trenoferrinG to a 200 ond rendezvouainfl and docldos vlth the carrier (232). c. Tho carrier (212) injected directly into a 200 n.mi. circular orbit after the launching of 211, d. The carrier spends 13 dtya in a 200 a.al. orhit. e. The 28th chiy spent in CoM-caxTier separation and CM re-cntrj' maneuvers. f. Six mcnlxours of <-:q)ci'iinental time avallahle on the first day of the 211/212 mission, orbit g« EiGht hours/day/mau are available for (3q)ei*i3neat3 (24 manhoura per day). h. The one astronaut in the CSM durij^ CSM-ccrrier eeparaticn, viU not be c:^ctcd to perform €:;^er3Jiionts, Tho preceding asaumptlons indicate thnt thcsre arc 294 coxhocra free for experiment time during Flight 211 (low orbit) and 208 ircnhcura arailable for carrier (based on 2 men) exqjcrlmjatatlon. This totals 502 nrnhcu's, A thorough onolyaio of the candidate cxpcric:.nt3 reveals a icivuireacat for 659 manhovcrs, including such expcriaeixt-rolatcd tasha as alicamciifej spocecraf-v attitude holds, un3toirf.ag and setting up cq.uipmi3it, EVA prepara­ tion, etc. It is obvlcvs that all these cxpcrim-ints cannot bo operated for the desired time because of the deficit of available time (859 desired cj^ierincnt time mirma 502 available eapcriment time = -357 manhours). T>i^ 055 cjgjcrimfnt times can bo brolan doun as follous in Tablx: I. V ' 3^ �TcbXo I All 3 crcwaen ncc(io<l ^Zwo erevmm ncsded One croua^n needed 1^50 maniainutee - 13th day 616 maaairnrtca - daily lot - 13th day 26 inamiiinc^ico - let, 7i;h & 13th dey c:onminutcs - dally, 15th - 27t;i day 600 Kfamlnutes - l^th & l£tb day 232 manmimrtcs - 17th • 25th day 367* - dally, 1st - 13th day 180' - and - 8th day 720 manminutcs - l6th day 900 maninlnutea - 27th day 170' - 3rd - 13th 903' - dally, 15th - 27th d;^ 10» - 17th - 25th cUy 120« - 15fch, 17th, 19th, 21st, aSrcl day 60' - 28th day Inr-'jrnueh do -three are avollahlc for & wpviTmiiT^ ctf 88O moainlaiites oa eny givtrn dry ( of -fiiGht 211 ), there appears to he no nausucl prohli^a in performing "of the oMperlircaifcii retpiirlnc three men. The ;jc?.vy ragjxlremcnto for all three ei-cvnrca on the 13th, l6th and 27th d-iys of the mission sharply cmtoil odditional c:qjer3.ma.itatlon on those drys- Ihc remainins tlir^ allocation oa thc^so three doys for the rcmainlns c-Aiv nzoabera io as follo-.ra, Txra msn available for a rmxlimrfl of 520 Daniuinutos. Eurins carrier operation vhcre only tvo men are c/arllable for c:q)srir.cnto, it Is estimated that there vlU be rrrsainutes available for two men and 200 nianteo available for one man. K can be seen that the 139ft manmlaute, doll-/ (l5th - 271;h day) requircmcato for two moa, cannot be net. Iloroover, the daily refi-iairciasnts of one for 903' per day (15th - 27th day) cannot be satisfied. It should be pointed out that e:q3criiK-nt3 l-Wll, 14022 and KQfjis have no In-flicht requircnonts. 14005 and MOO7 were combined for purposes of ecir tine study. ^-012 uas ccmbincd, in part, with MOI7. I-K>19 is also coribincd with iK)12. The FvA rcqulromcnts of S005 and SOOS were combined. rVA rcqulrcaBoats for S016, SOI7, S018, SOI9, S020, S052, S053, S05f^, end S056 were also combined. A total (rf 16 E7A's, requiring 97«2 uanhours were prescaitly required. Experiment SOI8 takes 5^ the manhcurs for EVA'a related to micrcmcteoroid collections. All these EVA hours Includa tbs pre and pcst-Fv'A eetivities OS well as the actual EVA tine; The longest period of ZJA outside the spacecraft is three hours. �(D rExpcr^nto SOO5 SOO6 vill bo flown on mebfc ru end wlU rcoulrs a I50 inlnufco EVA on oatronrcafc apendlcc 30 r'inu;:c3 ouiside tl^ c>rXt collcctlcs film ccnnlstois frcaa tbo raclc. liuc activity It ntjccaoniY to ccrry ono F13^3 for the EVA irorloir end 01,0 PISS for the Gtcndhy in tba cvoat It is nccosaaiy for him to rcscuo tho LVA wor:ser« There is ccricus donbt if the C/l-l can ctow tvo Pl-SS's, It mDy be aecesofuy vo pi'ovldc tlie stcndty an 'mbllicea., hooked into the C/il ECS lone cn^h to allow reccuc oporationo. Another desirable cpnrc-'a la to do the basic EVA by means of en unfblllcoa, Foi* EVA emcursioas tho carrier, it is ooomred that two PTSS's vrlU bo ovailable and that the carrier will have sufficient rcauprOy cranaoditlcs, Tho f EVA wherein all the iVE-I cJtperimsnt packecos ore to be rcti'iovcd (27th inissloa day) should not bo undertaken until the CSi has docked with the carrier, thus utllialns a full crew of throe aitroC&tluO« The followin£5 ei^crimcnts inrpose the greatest time diaipoT^/^c m tha Apollo crewEon: C M012 ^M020 ^005 esSOOo - 50h 270 180 170 Honnlnv.tca I'uuminutcs Kcnminutcs ilanicinutes per por per per toy cry day doy - drys deya dnys dcys 2-13 2-13 2-8 2-12 ) ) j ) Plight •*3018 - 270 I-iGnainutes per dry - days 15-27 (EVA) ) **3019 - 538 Manmimttes per dry - days 15-27 ) •*3053 - 193 Mauminutco per day - drys 15-27 ) SSA • iyi !f^ 15-27 «S05t> . 5i5 I-ianntnutes per day - days 15-27 ) ) Fllg^rt 212 « An additional factor which has a serious Impact on tho accctnpllohEsat of euoporirairts is the night and daytime experiment pperating requircaGnte. The e:^p^i-3;nt3 above, marked with can be done in deyllf^ only; •those marked ' con bo perfoimed only during the nl^rttime, A glance at the estsbiishad misoion timeline shora 90 manmlnutGS oU-CTtted of exercise time. Inasmuch as M012 requires e:'"ercising m the ergcmater, these allocated 90 manminvtes could be u-cillscd for performance of exportnant M012. Moreover, the set up time required for M012 is 60 ' menralnutes per day. If the ergometor can be left in an asscsiblcd poaition, this would save en additional hour of tixoc. 1! �c Ccn-t'rcJ. Ccnc.Tvnlon3 anfl Rogccxicndatlcma A typical" dry of lUsaioQ 211 ^ras timalined in texina of e:spei*lmontcl oporaticna and frm thlo tlmvline tho foUoulns conclofliona and roc cfor,gndntiona ware evolved; X, Periods of Watch xost be uf-ilizcd to occonrnlich the c:;porijacat8. Tho duration of »,'atch poric^ vhoroin tho crcCT.an can he e.wsy froa bio watch otation nrst ba ercbcndcd fra-a 15 to 20 minutes.# Otherwise, experiments reqtdrics I7 and 18 mimite continuous ciperatlano will have to be re-evoluated. 2. Astronauts miat give up po-tlans of ttelr sleep, nsps, nci-ocaial lygiciic and lunch hours in order to schedule the ej^jerlments. 3. Dally o::poplmcnt participaclOTi by crowmon will bo as follows; Pilot ITavigator Engineer - 319 minutes - 395 minvites - 36I minutes h. Eu^arlmznts requiring 30 continuous minutes of saqjeriment craoj.T'.tlon can be pcrforiKsd only during an astronaut's standly porlof.." Ihis means teat c:y crpcrimant i-cqulrine 30 successive minutes can bo pcrfor.r-^d only once per day per men \-nlcso it is all right to repeat the some eciperircnt within a men's 3 hour ctendTy period, Experimarcters should tiy to arr£mge c:<i!crlJn3nfco so that thmr can be porfonsed in 35-20 minute inororarrts. 5. Eccauso of the great demand on crowmen's tlma, it will be naccscniy to set up appoi-atus for cxpcrimairt "X" end do pert of that expcri* mantj while this apparatus is still set up, it will be ncccsoexy to se-t up apparatus for cuorerlzrent T" and then perform sera of that csq^oriciim.t., A complete caa3ysis of space problans need to be undcrtahca in connection with the csperimant timelines. (In other words, available craw time alone docs not give ics a realletic picture of \diat can be cpkimaUy nccccrolishcd within the C/li,) The value of simulation cannot be over-stressed. 6. Though the mlssion-sssigned experiments can be performod curing Plight 211 within the allocated tirus, the C/H will be a busy end crowdad laboratory. The aaditlon of e PCH to cany soas of the exp^icontal apparcrtus would significantly r3.Ueve this ccngestlon problem while saving a sizeable amount cxf time. The inclvalco of a EC2i on Flight 211 vcu3^ allow the crgjcrimcntnl aK?sratuc to he Initially set up and then left in an assembJad position. If experimsrrt apparatus for Ho. llOOk, WQ^, K012, MOlB and 1220 could remain assembled, the nstrcmauts would face a more realistic time schedule. c # 15 mimite watch period \33 rcccnnsnclod by I'Tcrtin CoBsajay m "Cre^Qperaticas Eequiremonta" dated 10 Aiypist 1965. �7* It l3 Intcrcotins to nots tiuit once tb© typical mission tl^rollne of events \ms ccnplctcd for FUx^lvb 211, there uerc a Diais!rm of 3^ hours for tbn three crcsnren por dcy on aa iiidlvichtal bnais. lOnly one icna free) Tliis cucsenta that O3>orim;ntcr3 should look very closely at the car^Erincnto to detonnino vcys la which e:-7/orlnents could bo cccdac-bcd by ctio person, rather than on a pair (subJcct-ezptriiKater) basis. ^ «, Jf«allx-d etperlmc-nt cpei-aticns data for mssion 211/212 con be found la Table I. The fcUoulns cocxeats ^ply to the Indlviaual espca-lmeate ^dilch present problems: 1. KOOl^ - This e^erimeat req.i^lre3 17 mlnube time Inorcccnts. HeccaECiia 17 minut-e avcy«fr(x>vorlc ollot.'ancc diurlnc astronaut's >ntch periods. 2. M012 - Thouch the annVsts have requested this experiment to be repeated three times a dry, it is reccmmonded tjrvt it bo done only tvice a dsy. Tho oajj' moans of scheduling it three times a Stbla ^0 ^1^ appuxatus scb up permnnontl;' - cn improbabllllgr 3. M020 - Bequlrcacnts for this 30 miaxite caroerimenfc incividr- its ®:c^tica tvrlcc per day on all astrcaau-ts. It io recoscrnded that it bo per*Oi-flcd only once per day. Otherwise, it inroosea serious schcouling proolems. 4. SOI8 - At tliis tine, this c:^parimsut reqj^ircs one 135' IVA per day fw the orientation of nicrccetcorlte detector plates for a total of twlve days. Reccmmand that: ' a. Tho number of FJA's be halved, or b. Means of rcmctcly reorienting the plates be devised, cr c. Detector plates be positioned so that visual inspection con be made from within the LEI, thus possibly cUninatlng the need for 12 EVA's. 5* SOI9 - Ccnpletely imreallstic rcquircnont for cons-taat sur/oillsnce ly on astrcaisut during all dark-sldo orbits. Reccanncnd tbjtthls tine demand bo reduced by 75^, Or develop an automatic device capable of meeting <u^>erlnieDt objectives. 6. SO55 - Requires two cstroaD.trts for a tottil of ^h6 minutes a d^. Reeenmead ttot this rsojiirciaent bo halved. 1, SO56 - Ells ei^^orlmcnt requires 320 hours of Plight 212 time, Incliiding spacecraft orientation. On a 12 day flight, this means ten hoars a dcy are to bo devoted to this one e:q>cilmsnt. Reccsmsead that the exporlmaafc be seriously analyzed to determine if it is worth this Each time. Reduce caqoerimeat time by at least 75^, �. / n c I>AP MrSStON- tim«um£ MJSSIOM- CVKV OF MISSION _ Day of . y of T events : JC 7A . .. • day mission DAY NIQHT 0<70UN0 -STATION-COS^fiASE ORfilT HOURS FROM K.Z /!?• V2 -V-»^ u < ?BC m w/^c EXPERIKIEWTS OPN ^ NS I EMM I M K M QMT 16 SO rroo laoo ^ifpi 11 [w^BC ^ I900 ./ t:aa-rc|%< ^)?N B B Iga!--""^TVYX g:!&gS^lfem»s fejv/g^cH •- 2000 a ^ ^ F-HI- EioQ eaoo : zaoo atoQ moo CBoo < 0300 oq oo isoo la oo DAY OF MISSION bAY NIQHT --^ROU NO•~a' STATION I -CO^AAOC- .' OR SIT HOORBFRONljC 10w ^ E IS < tu o <. . ^ 3 SLEEP WATCH- sleerN •WW V\\-\ \\ WATCH- - W V\A \ V\ \ \ \AA \ \ \ \ \ V\ CXPERlMBMTS r'XfipL^ H ^SW^i5^cs::^T -oyigg/rgtON QMT OSOO 0600 0700 <>soo 4- I *QOQ »">o 12CO isoo I Koo ^ �' MISSION 211/212 O A 4* B Q O o -H e .4-1 h rH I0 D U SXPERIHEICT ln»rilght HionocardlogrsD Blo-Aeeaye Body Flulda Calcium Balance Study In-Flight Sleep Analysis Human Otolith l^inction Cytogenie Study Bcercise Ergometer nioraclc Blood Flow Vector Cardiogram Hetabolic Bate Keasurement Pulmonary Function Red Blood Cell Survival Microbiological Assay Antl-Q riastic Qarment In-Flight Nephelometer Space Suits + Lunar Exp. Hardware Synoptic Terrain Photography Synoptic Weather Photography Trapped Particles Assyatetry X-Eay Astronocgr Hicrometeorite Collection OV Stellar Astronocy 0"/ X-tey Solar Photography Apollo Telescope Mount White Light Coronagrapb High Resnlutlon Photography of Solar Ataoaphere X-Ray Teleacope {21V215/216) Ultraviolet Spectrometer Intensity of Solar Flares gpectroheliogrephy in the EDV G O <> O ^O h ~ to M X X X X X X z X X z X X 'z T z X X X X X s- Xz X ZX X X X X z z X z z xz ZX Xz ZZ X Z Z X x.xx x x x x z XX z zz z zz X X X zzz X } z z .z z x.z X'X z_ xi X X X X z ZX X X zz X X X X X X z �•Mr -: ^-r--- - - • I. ' HffA/«pyiCj : . ff // "rv-Firw77—• , /•^PN-kakv/^^HTVI i ' '•// ff i/'il w_ I- ff'*'1/ /fYYi s • I" ^ I- v' ^ x'—.- Jtk^ 'i- •"' • /" -X V " ^ I m J/m . Ch^C^/^s.; J ; ff •: ay JA i ' c/4.L_ ' 1 .—i-_ *2iv..»6's v7; V -• MPP-f ,. , I S70AS3AYr apuy Ftujos.: I ... NOME /o^f NONC ANAiYSir i'.S_t„7 i Pfi RjpVAL'i-J V(> » .•A/f Ar'jtfC U«) £. yM. 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Sheet - ^ t>'P ��For o;-:p2rlnu-nt3 S005 Is ncodcd (In C/JI-Fllchfc 211); MOO6, tho following !27A e<iuipacrrt lunar SpiaCQ Suit Aaseabl^ (3) C'A (2) LCA (2) era (1*2) •PISS ( 2 ) and spores Al-dJ (i) and spares Aim P^iol Sijpport 20' Tcthor (2) EVA Visor (2) ) Boaed on ) iVDay Mission "^If only ono PLSS can "be sto"/ad in the C/M, the standby crowaon will need a twenty foot nmbillcal (hoohed into tho spacocraft ECS) to perform roooue nisoions if necescesy. It may also bo possible to substitute 75 foot itabilicolc for the PLSS'o. For experlcants SOI6 and SOI8, all the following EVA equlpoent vcwld bo transferred Into tho carrier (Fliglat 212): TI-IA (2) LCA (2) *C\'!Q (11*) FLS3 ( 2 ) and spares A^^J (1) and spai*cs Al'U j\xGl Sunport 20' Tethers (2) EVA Visors (2) *31och U Pressure Suits (2) •Portable Light )• ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Based ^ ll*-Day Missieu *19 additional C^vG's will be needed to "bo carried into orbit by the carrier. (2) Block II suits also to be carried by carrier. It should be noted that a handJiold system must be developed for crcwrnn stability at tho work locations. Morec/cr, if an AJS3 is not used, a handhold ^stcm will have to be developed for crewman transfer. �o CRsw con3r:rPMV.eio:3 CARRIER Ri:CO:.::-u-ro\TICTiS �Crev Ccnslflgratlcais - Mlsaica gl?./glS Tho cdcctlon of Q carric:.' tajod aololy c© crow con$idcra'lilons lo on cs^ircaaly dlfflcwll; •took. For c.-ftng>la, -fcha aMUly to iBa5.ntaln on otation for a pariod of two vcate ii tha Gcelnl has bean dcaonotratcd In a ain^jle flight by highly motivated astronavrts. this particular ease, tba accccmliohmant was a chaUcngo of e slncolar feat rathor than a routine occurrence. Tho tread today is to incrccae the vorKLoad ccd tho nisslca duration scvei*al fold in a spacecraft that is so/crly restricted end limited for a I'f-doy mission. Wo mart accept the rojulto of tto Gcsninl end tho initial threo nnn Apollo mlsslona as islnliim E;trada"da for crcv/ habltabillty and ccaaforb and attcagJt to iarprove thcsa standards for tho AAP missions. Habitability Environmental paramcrSors are not a consldsration for carrier tradeoff studios in tbat the cabin atniospherci idH be maintained at 5 + .2 p^i normal, 3^ cmnrgcney end prior to BVA egi^ss, 100^ orygonV relative humidity from hO to cabin toapc;rature 75 + 5*^ aad <5ebln dicoldc not to excc^ 5 millimeters of morcuzy for nOTngil operation end 7*6 mn. Eg maximum* Crew Comfort The LEi and AIEl rcpri>3cat3 a total iMressurizcd volnr:c of 8o0 with a vorldng space of 122 ft-^ for two ni'ai* Weiste disposal end storage, food and sleeping facilities are ninlmiaa end sized for o 2J<-~hcur mission with a reserve tlmj of 2k hours. Eor-iaii crew operation requires suited astronauts that may'or may not be prossurisod. Fccal collection with two cuit-id cramcn in tho LE'i would be very difficult. The ECM on the other bond, vlth 356 ft3 of pressurized volume with sepasrate waste focilisies, offers more privacy for waste collection. The cppoz'tunity to brcalc the routine ccn be tc3;en advantage of by utllizins the movements and tasks esscclated %7lth the food storage end preparation areas. In addition, the necessity for the astronauts to move around within the U".! is vciy liralting* TIis actual operation of the vehicle is acccngjlishcd from tho craw statlcais, Tho RCM could be designed to parciit mora moVGmmit of tho crow which is certalniy dcsixablG on missions of 2U hours or longer. The ability to r-aaovc the pressure suit for shirtsleeve cperatlon oiid for personal lyglene, is highly desirable for all Apollo Applications flights. Equipment and space for shaving and cleansing chcuid bo provided for dally use. The IE>I can be modified to provide this capcbillty for a two-man crow. Pressxxre suit opieratlcao, including EVA, will require suit storage, and ability for crew to inspect, clean, and diy each suit 53 �prior to storcoo end use. iluy siilt<:d opf^rafcion vill require both oxiw moT-jbcra to be la prereviro otdta so tho dressing ond denning of the salt, rcaovol and drj'ins, will probnbiy ;-ciiuirQ the utlli-Eatioa of all avallablo free prcssurited apace. I;o other taalts, ecporimcats, or pro­ cedures nofually will ba ecconqjllohcid imivll the suits nr« stored. Internal arrnngoiLcnto, Includirg proturberancos or £:harp edges, must be ccOTr.tlblo with tl-jy ncveatsnts oact aotlcoa rcqplrcd for two astroaeirts to adequately accomplish all cperatioas regplred with th.'> auits, ModlfIcatlcma ore required for alsoJ.ons that require separation a£ the U::-! from the Ccrmend Modulo for periods in excess of Sh hou.i-s, A seven day rcnnned Lul separated from the Ccancmd Module wz^.th a t\ro-ir2n crow, requires fccal collection and ston^go# vxine collection and storage/ dump. It is rcccavrcnded that (sclnting food storcge end juaparatica bo cnlnrced to include a preparation a:v^. Perocjial hygiene f^ilitics should be modified to Include provisicms for body and dojital clcannlng and shr.vlcg. Shirtsleeve should be normal operating modt;. Chnnge of clothing cvoiy other day, or threo changos for the seven day mlooioa are minimal roquircncnto. The LEI has ao^ provision for sleeplTig other than napping on stations during the normal 2h hcnu' mission, hhca awry from the OoTsend Module during a basic Apollo mission, tbo nrsw is crrpcctcd to falrlv BCtlve for the 2ij. hcji.u' period. no-«T.vor, on a ssven dry nlGcion with the existing ci-ew station restraints, napping on statlcn-c cannot be ex­ pected to suffice for sleeping faci:'J,tle9. Provlslcas for uninterrupted sleep for a miainrun of seven hours for each crew member la^at bs provided. Similarly, this feature mast bn retained in its existing form In the EC31, or suitable facilities provided. The Conmnnd Module aoncally provides the crow caaforfc reqoiremonts including a "gallsy" for food pi'sparation, and separated waste col­ lection and storage facilities. It would appear ot this time that the IttM cculd have at least the same capabilily as tho CM. In fact, depending upon the •Ission, the available facilltlGs could be euqpondcd to provide additional crew comfort. Craw Safety The separation of the experiment carrier. I.e., either the lEI and AIM or the ECIl and ZiE-I from the Command Module, represents an extremely high risk sitv.atlcsa In that the ability to abort from orbit is delayed until the crcv is aboard the Ccmmssd Module. �6) Ths ability to ecrcso froa the Lr:i tlira;3h tho batchss In tho eiroat two mm ore conaif.tia^ eiqiorliucats, la (UiTicult end tiying ^indnr noriLtJl coadltlocs. Es-jreoncy cgi-cos of two {Vitroniuto Siid trcnsfc:.' to" to the ^ preferred to roadozToaoing end docldLng, providing the Cli is ^-oondicg iry, Sio ECJI eoiUpped VTlth the airloc"':, cpprrers to offer M crislcr egress than thrcn-ii the tmmol aystoB on the Ul-l, Tm airlcc.: can ccccr--aodato only one astroaa-rt at a time; ho-^evcr, the opening dimensions aro considerably Inrger end more accocioodatln'j to the evltod ootroaaut. Escrgcacy egrcoe should bo quicker and less to tho astronaut. ability to provide assistance to a dlstreasad astronaut dm-ins or crcv transfer appeni-a to bo easier and milcker fToa the RC4 airlock in preference to tho LEi hatches. Retrieval of tho disabled astrcnaut through the airlock probably can bo ccc^Uoh^d with less difficulty and capenditure of energy than through the hatch on tho IS.I derivatives. " Conclusions n».ri I-S . conilr:^n.-Qtion for tho noraiaL 2h hour mloslon, and tho abinty wO incorporate addicloc-al crov hnbitabillty, confoit, and s^c.y rccalrod ^or a seven dry misolon, a revised LG-I cnn be dcsifncd to ^ccmplish the i^sslon. On the cthrr hand, the fcatur-es alrerdy available w Module, nodlficd end cxpsndcd in the ECM, ccabined vith the 3 an ^rlock, certainly pi-ovldes a safer, more hnbltabillty and coaiforfceblo configuration for a two-man crew on a seven day mission. « Carrier Chice - Ist, ECU; 2nd, LEI �c^cmrasj™ E^>?.fimy?ron3 CRBtf CCE3IPKRATI033 �V 4 Connliislono cind Reenwwi/;^^3^.^^ons mont ccjnaidoStioaa^ Sa°cSrl2'coS^°^ spscccrcft operations, cxpcri~ Prccnt^ OS relate to ^ LE!/Aa:i configuration.'^ CS^VJ^CM/Aril or with the CSt-1/ cecoii^lisbed i,^tlUn the mlosiok Pi^oscntly defined ccnaot be times and rcpoatabiHt^ ^ opezatlng the niosloa could preuce voluaWo oxporlmcnts, me^s,^^Quantlty of o::perlmental-dntf^f- ^.^^-1- inrtopoildait f ^riSSS™- ssi? LT? —-s ssSi~'/•~ \. presents a vc^ siSiS^'^rthQ^ caiTlc-r for seven d^ys event of nn emei^eS^ Invoi^rn^^^i^S^ abL^ ^ ^•psnmcnt comer roust soai-hw tiansSr ^ crewa=fl,.ln the Cororond Modulo before ro-entuy Prcccd^Ss^aJ'SliSrS''''^ ^ alccpiyat'S^^vS^^' iJito tho LHM and are asaiKscd part of the ROI. «incorporated •££'?^.iSSSS-.s?S~=-^i~ O s-? ��CRE'.v C:":V.T*Oi^S IJD l'-3b"IE^TS 'KE^lMJNAir •1 A-VjTJiiT if-6 Approwed (i. A» fiotUji,' / f^r9M Operas .ons, AAP �CKD/ (iPBoATJO^;? R£.;"^^;7^S^-TS YAHLE Oi CON" :nTS Human Factor SoqulrciBcrta Cperational Scqutreraeffis Astronaut Training Crow Equijauent Data �a. Miacion AS-2C'jA, fjC-012 Cpacf?raft Oijorauioa Ri es b» Aosusip fc '*.oin,3« c. Espcriaent Tallot Opp'-a^Aonal Conat.-.ilnt, fi5-3/?!AA; d. NASA Jftttort P0H/0]3VL~l3« datfd j5 L -Tairjajry .19£;6» e. NAA tntercal latter, 692-80't ^50-66-')17, dated 2 Fob;.'uai7 L^6, t. NAA internal Jitter, 692-3cA-050-66-020. dated g. Design Reference Kxetnotic LE7)~M0-l2., QAEC, dated 50 C.tober 196'». h. Apollo E.;i.a.ncioa Syeteaa - LC-5 Phass- D Fxae.1 Se,,or:-.. Vol. 3V, dated S 1965« i. Apollo S-;t£-ns3on Systems - LSI Hiasfj B Final Remrt. Vol, TTI, dated 8 Deccrrber 1965« J. Desj-gn CritorJa and Reference Data Jfcindbook for Uv>ar- Stpleration Systeasf Vol- II, NASA, li'ir.tsvllle. k, Systea A'^alysis Sxtnmary, Part II, Na\ SID-65-15;1>-.2, dated 29 Dcoeaber 1955, KOTS: HAA« !C101 Febi-Uery 1966. bliore appropriate, the l«iutf'- de »igcatiwi of tb© souree reference is placed by the psi'agraph nuBflsev", �r X.O HUMAN FACTOR PS^UIR>^-?}TS 1.1 Scop** Theco requ-trnraents applj to cqui.pfj»cit and warl: p.i.n^o which dlrcctlj affect the flight cre< durtn^ Intr?veh1ruJ-ar Ar tivUJos (IVA) and Extravehicular A:5tlvit5ea (BIX), 1-.2 Purpopo The primary purpose is to eptabldoo spcclficacionc for the equlpsenv ouppLiftr and AAP design and tticsios plaanlng g"o"o.t, Tu is an ohjoc bivB to tnaintai-T. st.nndordizer-i.on with the cr.le .ir.g Apoiio svotem hardware, 1-3 General Reqti^"roT.anta 1,3Ipplementatlon iBplcaeu^at-ioA will be ucrorplichod through decdgn roviowcioterfac© docuocrtation, oni -confiyirtttion copvrol. l,3-»2 f- _Equ'prerit. Slandqrdtz^At'on EquipRonl coaf'.guraticn ehojld be sini:ar to certstieg Apollo flight eqalpmcnt BO thti ere.- will require minlinal special trainingc 1«3®3 Equtp«>ent. Deslgrstioa / ' Bquipe-ent will be named for case of Idnitif-iration by the .crow rather than no confom with sciectt.o.r custom or academic precision. 1,3>^ Exceptiop-s to Specific Regvirrpcnta Exception to specific requlcements will be made by reference to the general requJrci'.ente, la3»3 Supplenonte to Sreclflc Beg ji rcmentg Vhen a des5gn requirement is not spccif.cdc typical Upoan 2hglneeriag practicfs will no followed, Tho following docunentB are recogrlzed as authoritative in coating good Euman Eogineering dfoigas a, KtL-ifn>-13036 Zk April 1962» (rriL-STD identification Marking of U.n,- FP.'.tn , P.roperly. G b. KT]>STD»^3A 1. c, HII-SIi>-803A-2 (US/if)j 1 Dcrcenhcr .I96'i; Rirt 2. d. HIL-£1».12B, 18 Kay 1959^ (AhbrcvJal ionc for use oi. drawings and technical type j.yb Ucnfcion.n). (£>•?- �NPC-^CO~lj 18 RTid ^{SC S-ofp" wont i^l, :?ev . B, 26 April 196i», (Ap')Llo Con^Jsun-Jlo" iiir-imi). MC-999-00'J7. 15 Septcraijer 1952. KAA, (Grrcr.il CpcclfiCQUoHtiaan ahcincering Seelgo nrltexlo fo;* Sfooecraft Syst©a3),. �'• • •* Ami PtfYSlU/iL PJKTGii HPXfJ^ !.-^?4r:r."".'^ - ''•1 P^ro-il Cr-.'-ti-.a 3jyi» Crr^ir'a Cj) Tfie 6£bo cf -be cr^wrar ahalJ. be wdfhii: the tpj'jjc froi 5» to pc?)i-.'aMon ac ^iven bei.ov.- y^GTRONAin' STZE Clfr'fI::n'A Mcnonreracnte* IIS.TGUT Fn02l FLCOR Stn,ure LVo Holghtj Standing t.cr.-it-ale Crcrch Foot Length Foot Braodth bpper Anu Langth Forparo-IIand Icagrh Hand Lnngih Cheat Braadth Wa.'-St Bri adth Hip Breadth Wrlot Brcodt-h Forc-nro to Grip Lcngih FuQciional Reach Eibow VJrioc teagth B"ihev;-Raot Height 66,30—70.9'3 62,1/V.6?.O5 56,'? —6'4.„25 30.31--33.79 lO.C:-11.25 5,70- i?..52 11.85—15-59 17.i?—20.39 7.2:— 7..83 n.3-'—12 80 10.53--12.'?8 12.7':--:'A.33 2,2?-. 2.'I8 13.1 >-1'? .56 29a:-.5J^,.hi? 10.8 j—11,96 7.51—iiooa 69.25 59.19 32,92 10.-56 h.07 •5.57 .'8.'t9 7-'?7 12-33 12.36 13.88 2 <35 -?3-67 31 ;i2 8,99 DEFras Ccc-ot Depth Waiet Depth Bj-^cok Depth 8.3?—• 7.M«— 9,92 8,«»2-^aD,55 8,95 9-2? SEATTD nEASBREHENTS ^ Sitting Height £?© Height^ Sitting Head Height Kr'ee Height E2bow«EUbow K'^ce-K&co Shoulder Breadth Rip Breadth Buttock-Knee Length 35,00—37,67 29,21—33.5'» 83—5.6? 20,r .—22-83 16,97-~20;20 13,31^-15^51 17 51 ••-I9.IK) 15^30 22.03—25.63 ?6.il Jl. 36 5,29 21,8.5 13,90 lV,8S 18-91 ;iij-58 23.9-9 �'"A •• ' c?r"r • i-) Kccijiureae'i le* HEAP lOEgth Bro-vcii-.h Cli^unforcnce 8.35 5.71— 6.1'f aa.Ofi—25.70 7.^3 r>.26 22.7A 55.3f»—'!l-53 28,8f.—3i?.''0 36.2(>'~38..'f6 21,0^^—2^ 15..2>-18.07 13-.9'' -.16.77 .Qif l2.0'/.-.i5„27 30.7f^-ll.8l 6,5"-.- 7.52 9.13 12.00-13.5<» -I'f,5'.'--16„06 J3.5^ 5U93 CIKGUMFiSEHCE Choal: Wnis" H^.p Opppr Th '.gh ij>wor Thjgh Calf Arvkic Bictpa (Flexed) Foitaro Wl-l3t KatJd WaisI; Front Haf.et Back =,0 vilie 1'>,1j6 .).o8 15,10 IL,39 7,03 8.7/ y,i.S3 isj<5 LlfIiV3 % Vertex to Seat *A1X ficasureacnta >.8a-59,oi 37„7i» ia Inches Dloplr»y and Coatrol IcnM'.lon (J) Control pot^ets and £i.iop".ays shall be so located An respect to tho cre*<?can''o restrained oponttiag oto'-Jon that they are wltWn the noriial reach dint-ance of a 5tt to 95'^ percentile Pnn, This fucctioral ans rca'-b dietaacp \a defined 5p tho foliowlcs tahle, PfiOoX Xnyorte should be constrained betveea tiere Units but noiT'.illy clo.^er to •:iat defined by the 5a percrntile cret7r:.->:^. All controls will bo adapteblo to efricicoi. opora^'ofl Jjj eifjor c)i»r»s of preecr.tro of esilt, PraleiKlnary Ita-tJi-- Cfper^aertol tiata indicntos n tKsxinuro forvard rea-?fc of a 5>2 pereentiJo cian in a epnce cruit Is lens than 17,0 inrhfis. (of �nsiGHT A30VE SF^T IW -_jNCHEs_ mmi 0 15 30 'if. et) V5 90 105 u>c 17.^! 23.9 2?..6 29-3 23.9 2S.3 25-1 20.3 IC.5 23.5 23.0 30.0 30.0 29.3 2S.9 21, :t 19^2 25.8 28,S 30.8 3U1 30,0 2G,9 22.2 19.2 25.3 29,1 30.7 31.2 29„i 25.7 ZO.k 21.0 26.5 29.5 31a 31.5 30.5 29.0 24,5 16,8 21.0 27.0 ro .0 32.0 32,5 31.5 29.0 25.>5 18,0 22 „0 28,0 53-0 " • T 22.0 27,5 50.5 2if.5 29.6 >a,i Zk,S Sib I-'arrr>zt.! !•» (Tr,) «6 0 6 12 18 24 30 56 42 48 • . 17,0 19-4 21.3 21,6 20a 17.4 12,7 * 21.5 22.9 23.4 22,0 18,7 13.2 25-5 25.4 24.9 25,7 20.2 13»6 16-0 22.4 24. 9 26.0 26,4 26 >4 22.4 36.0 17.9 25»3 27,0 28a 28.0 27,4 23c9 19a SOjbPorcflnfclle fin.) . % 23,5 25.8 26,0 25.2 25o0 .19,0 iao3 3.7.5 23.0 26,0 27.0 27,5 26,9 24.5 19.5 13.5 •19,0 24.5 27,5 29..0 29,5 28.4 25.5 22,0 15,0 20.0 26-0 28,5 30.1 30.5 29-5 27,0 23>0 16,0 33,0 32.2 30-.0 26.5 19o5 • r 19,5 22.5 24,0 24.5 25,6 21,0 17.0 11,0 0 ^6 0 6 12 18 24 50 56 42 48 32.4 30=0 26.0 19,0 PnrccntlTe (In.) S 0 6 12 18 24 30 >5 ^•2 48 22.7 25.1 26.6 26.3 25.9 24.5 20.8 .35,4 21.6 27.2 28.7 28,7 28-1 25.7 25.5 3i;..3 ?.l„2 Z2A 25.5 28,7 29..8 .30.1 29.4 28.1 24,6 18.3 27-3 29.7 31.2 31..L 50,6 28.1 24,5 ..8.2 2? 5 2B,6 3\a 32 5 53.0 31-9 29.5 26,5 20.> 34.0. 33.3 31a 27,5 " 30,3 33,.2 5'»<6 35.0 3U,-'i 32.0 29-0 21-9 25.5 30.5 33,5. 35.0 5s,:i 54.6 52.7 29,7 24.^<f. 35.1 25.2 >0.5 33,5 5sa y,,e >5,2 55.1 >0,0 �PrcL'r-.ry i j 1 tv Th- eq.j*i)0.;nt «. f I !)» il'- j)gnycJ pr^•8a•i^^ ctfit The fflt-Ml-i.iy e-^V.ecvjvliof jjiy ea-'Apollo do-a not pi-OJid;? fM'fldof The raflge of raovonnnt ar.d fr gure 2-1., v.-^ i-ju.a'v. *i;,;, ,b- pr«s«ntnd of -i : Fiiiinri- H-l. nir,r.k.'l', pjoTomeji in «nic!<iar'.scd a6i.) In all asco. In Table RRiDTREMENTS ^'OR THE mrE^™Y flODT >.OVmE?iTo IfiTRAVERICUIjlK AW) £.XTRA\ vfllCULAR VDH. AT 3,7 PSIQ A« NSIK M0311.TTY Flex-:on 'forward-! ackwsrd ) ' <^0 Flexlca (loft-r.Vgh-) ^ Rotation (AbdU'-tion) B, SHOHLDER 1KBT1.TTT Adduntlen ^3 Adbuctlon 225 Lateral - Medial jjO FlpjdorEKlencion Dcwn-up lateral Rotation 55 Medial Ro'-ation C, 1 ELBOW KC«rLTTT Fjexion - Ettenoion D. J55 FOREARM K0BTLTT7 Supination (pairs up) 150 Prooation (pains down) E. 75 WRIST KOBILiry Flexion (Adduction) Sxtoaaion Flexion (Ai)d'ict:ion) (Barkward) Extenoio.n (Forward) 55 • . 35 50 (x>1 �scvf mohilit: OF J50VEMEHTS ( fN Dro«EES) HOV&iEJ'TrS 'J?RUKK •• TORSO KOSfiLTTV Trunk Torso Torso Torso a» Rota^'Jon CAdbuci: lon^Ad^luction ' Flexion (Ini-.oral " Modlai) Flexion (For^'iard'^ Flexion (Bs'^kward) HIP MCETITTY Adbuftlon ;leg s^' cai.^l) Addnction (knea beat) AbducMon (knos beat) Rotation ^SitUjig) lateral Rotation (Sitting) Hadial F.loxioti Extonoion H, 'O 30 35 30 30 V3 35 KHEE kOBTLITY Flexion (striadlng) Rotov/'on (oedial) Ro^,?.-..lra (lateral) Flexion (kneeling) J. . 70 50 80 25 120 55 35 160 AFKL'-; riOSTLTTY Etctenelon F'jexioD Abduction Adduction kO 50 y) �• SPACE SUIT ASSEMBLY MOBJUTV PRESSUSlzeO. TO , ^ FOlO ' �Any f.rca rrjqulrius any iBinlrul.-.ttion ?rd/or r<>adou^. of an InatruTcnt by a crew racbor vrl l.,i bo provided with poi«l' vrt n-aos of crew restraint that will cctirol both trojie-(atlonal nnd r;>ratl9nal Biovrmenrla^o2.2 R* t,rr :tr.in<^ Drvji-oo Rt.r.tminloj; devleeo will be provided at 2WA work areao aod Jn Qro.vo ro.-juJring -.-row troasDntioBal no/enwii. Acceptab\ dcvie cf 1nr bide• "" developed EVCT haoclholdbe added).. (Ujegraa to b. Velcro Pads - Conditions to be oidcd. c« P/indHolda •• Gritert i to be added. d. P;l.j,3n " Pr<»l 1 CI 1 naiy ••?artin data indl-rato that rigid ral)T ut.lH;'.»d for longitudinal tracslatlooal should have .i re^rtaiigulvr crossosection 7/8" wide X l-l/'J * deep and be olovated 3" above tao .•Jd^accut yvrfare. e. Tc-'hors •• Conditioa.i to be added. S 1«4«3 AeseroibiV ty fi-ncl Openings - (P-reU'iinary Ke.r'.in Data) Ihe else of any op'jnlPg reiuli-lng the mut'»d sntronaut to rrnoh in wi.th oo^ bnnd ipint be nt le-^rt >>'/-•' «; v<t>' ivi handa« at Iflinl BY/^ high x 25" v>Mo, art! if visual viewing is neces isry, t'li opooing w.sv b t 8" wide x 11" big' for one am and 23" wldo x tl" high for -mo atns. SJoce the suited aoti-onsut h.-s li ;;le feel rapsbil'.ty, vis»iBl capobll.ti;, will gansraHy be required at any accoGO panel- All edgoa f h projoctlona near the op-riing must be rc-'-ided eo ao not to puncture the ^a'te cuit l.-4»3»2 Typo of Dcorn or Ponela A door OP ]«asel optnirg outwnrd should hive a a. ilhcd for 8eeur.ing ir the open po'iltlon. Lnvmrd opecing coors oust not trap the 3m 03 sfvii ....ocft during rr-at-ival.. Freo v.ypo panels rauet be provided rfith a positive 'Jraao of s^-owase adjacent to the area and located so ec not to intefere wlVii srboequent work activity. lclf.3,3 E/A Pntch Sizes (To be added)* �Is'j.-'to1 G .•';•• t", 1 1 w linttc which nun! hf tfio% «t1 rJjcll he 'rrovlded wUh lift poAnxe In T.ine v/itli thf crntci of rarr,, Tiie wricht of the ujj.lt " chslL be ffarkfd on the •'Jiit and tho ccntor of nana shall tr Ador,;.-;fied if it it. noi coinddent uith tho goffietrlcel cpn-T. lioto ,-ba7.l bf hnajoned to poinit Ttr,joval and r-- • ri:->i; wi'lh one hoi''d ur-df i- .TJmJ.tod vl;jibiUty coodiUons. i aboli aJJdo into pooifci C'U and be concfcrwotod no that nliyr. • mem is icpoasib le, Ur ;to chall slide ovt of position to • • Um tc and rhall be ret rved froffl til'.* sujijoriiafj panel or b.y .1 ranof- in tho dirt ftioa of reanval at the ritop. Dnl. fhil., be prca'ided vdth ritanda or rR.-.ls J'or moc »/hrai out opond or aclc. The uui i will have no piojoctioBOc coble/; r other tr.onrfcprap-ces whj th Ts--3\ b© v.'afivcd whl.l& the unit x-j. belli Thr. syeten "ufil; Tot present j:!jorp <«!ss.o or protrud.? boyord lh<? surface of t ho panel or rack whoa tho unit is ro'. in xhe operating positi c r . l.kA^2 U n i f G<iyv>r6 ly •?"""*?" "• «> 'owe ':hcy «. b, or r^oveo Kithout iootrurUon or tool.-, out oSall be p-ovlded With a method of Btor&yt . C f'iont! f 'rrj*ipt> To p-evont confkcten, f c-nponenta to be removed rhould be rd.or rcdod or othrruder oLiirly IdatiHfied d.tff>reatly f en the c«!|icnent:? usee as repliice;.:cnft".. Sau pmpnt S:-ae /-nd W e ' y h t Hsximum s.\se for novoable cqu'i'saent is »fci.! t--.jr.i Bf.sjn O r b i t a l TVA Oibiiral EVA Lutar TVA I?jnar SVA Voif^ht (TO BE ADDS3) Fasteners Grnc--ai Mount .ing faateTfTft ahal ? rrquirr r.o too)o and shall be op^^n-V tb either batid. When a fastener io net see^ircd, th-io Bacu.l.d be obviars on JrspcTEion^ Fasteners to be latchcJ •ualatobod ditrior S!k sb<'.fld not require an opcn.-i.ooo rpac-- v xorcce De/fl ^yr.cv faolv ccs art uufatiefar.rory siace ihey cquirc rluward and rotaiJcnol Tir®'S/-TTtj srrh'''oh cioo'; b<> r^nct,.? i ccthcrao ' O l-^o5®2 Fr.e-c.nor Pfrriorj T- 1 �O 1-5 TI.U'filtlATTO'.The estcnwl r-blonr Ught co^di. Ic-ns f >r the AAP ttlaaicA «vll vorr frota apnroxi«atoly rcro ro 12.2^0 foot t.vndi ,5, Secauao of the colllmted'notrrof thd Tishtv excfine contxa^n between Urec.f.ty ngl-.tort -traae end iboea 1ciLauov 07<]Rt be exfjcotcdo 1.5 =1 - Cn^lndlns aroaa .jc^aaslble oy EfA la u> whuh data recovery. «qulp,w;H c'lmgea, adjiiccrawCc, etc.. are com cnplatod) a. AabionJ lllumtna>.ion 'ox-els .i al.l arsao requlrins ary visual re.oronce by the aatronaut sHtll be adjucmb?./! wlthta the ran:r< of 25 to 50 focn -.tQad Leo, b. '.•.'here cabin windous are prov ..ted the jnrontRl bt-ightaess ratio eball be nontrollnble to ra* vos ?paB than lOrl. c. Light sources shall be of a 'li.ffuso type. d. All inrifcotora and panel are,..e ehnll have nn form nmbieat 1j gbt coveragu. ©.. L'ghc Gonrces ehaU bs e^ran,;-.d so thoc che vieidjig acglo of the vicaial worlc ar^ja is n-.t equal to the onglo of indidence f.roa the oouroft» C la5"2 <j) •> Work StcT-lcn tHuaufTvitlon Tho general requirements for the mumlnation of wrk stations ai-e; a. ' le5»3 (j) O No light aoureoB visible to 'he operator ( i v noraal worlting pooltioas)o b. Anti.-gl^re coatod iae'^nnjent <-over8.. c. Bulb rcplacoiBoni. froo the fr-jit of diisp1.!iy ptjielf no apocJai tools r.5quired» dn Sharply defined irmatllnolD :ed narkings ret'U-ible vhen vlevcd at any angle up to 60^? froo noraal of the display panel, Brirhtncse L9re.ls ard Ad1 <str!enf.<i Bo For map and obnrt reading: n diffuse scitrce. oontinnouoly adjustable to produce a hrig'-.tness level of 15 to 50 foot latrborlSo bo For inetrunent. jiantls; foofc'-levber^.B, whether Co Controls: allowance of nd.Ji>*_-;-caat "for saparene ponel light eoM.T-a to achieve apparent squa.i b.r-.ghtnesc. do £VA work areas: brig . .peso level adji-jtable froi*. 0 to 200 .J.rated from external or iotcmal oo?irce/: (To bo added) 7^ �!• I'lk'h(r.ep» ?.ii vcH f frrr tc< within: a., 5sl b/'lVA.'n ti,- h. 7^1 belwcf" the '• ' • >«< ,n.'« r, io» Jhould h, control j ;..ri3o«lat(^ :r..r>-»vr,.-;^hss. .i/id i - jfliti'sr ini-tr-Jiiola.. c. 20;1 befw?ei5 Ihe '.it-jk jrct stj.. reraotei our:';jceit, do '»0:1 befwseu a o-ui-® .i, :! the oui'Viife adjaceat "io Ifc. �c 1-.6 (J) C07.0R CODTKCJ '• .-houlj bo c.oiiip{it5*>;i.c ^llh U^/AdoIIo The appUcuble Tablon i-l acd 2-2 docuj.iin:-.ed in LlN " 5'iO-OOU of Z/WA, .»s changed c.t 6/3/64. are ohown in the foUowing tables: Ml..cd/,rds. COLOR CODCNO (C0> PONIJWl'S) Ttf|TC Tau 30227 Internal Kovoblo Stnicturr (balch.s, access panela) Ito Brown 5o:-.'to Brown 20099 •live Gray 35189 31'Je Gray 351S9 Gray 35189 Restraint Straps Restraint Structure Kcstraint Upholstry PLSS (Pa^lqvock) Harness Straps PLSS o Fed. Std Wal3a. Coiling^ Internal Stnict'ire Floor. Steps, Wori S'^rlac* c Color «bi te 37875 *bi te 37875 Cabling, Dixts, Internal oajse as Background Controlss Emergency OpEi!g*~yellov» <• Black Striped 25553 27058 Docking Ring I^nnel naite 27673 Glare Shield 'J iack 37058 Hand Grips Tellow 25793 Hand end Foot LoTcrs, Knobs» Control H-^jidlea- Son Illiua. Push But fcono Lt- Gray Handles* Assist latch Jatin Chrome HCPR Hardware* Instrunent Penel -ray 36a31 Inotru'ioct, Indicator Hezole Old Casct; Gray 56231 Instrument and Indicator Faces btitft or Black 37375-57058 �1.-6 "c-'Jrri.'irED Color Panola y^l- S?d, 50^ 'J .-ay ^231 tottering; Wsite 37375 Sw.-.tch, Icvera, Toggle Hatln Chroao Koae TeloB'opc and IMU It-- Grcea Z'iklO COLOS COHiXSNlIfTS (SYSTE3I?) xtrm Color Crow PJCTleions -t,.. Bll'rt Fed- Sl.d, CosiRu n ir a t i ona 1J;«. Gray 26132 EPS (Elocti*lcnl Pousr Syaton) Orange ZZZk6 N & 0 (Navigation 8t Guldarce) Lc„ Gracn Operat to.'ial TflGtniiDontatio'i iJlne Green 25195 S & C (£ ch?.lization & Control) 'ellow 23793 Ecpert::c".t Hardware -?<' �CptiBua panel ev.rfaco srenn r.houid be unj displays., ur.-H\ for prloiity 3vbtj*s!.ea contrelj With that enctpt^on, roD-.-N)lR ehculd bo 1) £aoo of Operation 2) Gequenee of Opera'ior. 3) Fr'rqueacy of Operntion k) CoatroVOlsplay Rclatirn^'jin.-^ 3) Minimal Hnnd/lJiro Excuri'io-: AecaLed for: Autonotie flyatoms with functlooa critical to crev safety shall have audibl and vicaal warning sigcals ajid n-mwil o 'lrridea.. Controls shall bo decigued to prevent; 1) Ircdverfcont Opera'-lon 2) CrewTnaa Tojuz^ 3) Dofrage to Syaieci All controls other than r.u..nd<rd Apollo tcu.ipmen« strata freedom from control --eve-ssl er<-sre and nl'all be tested to d&TO alia I t neot the system precisioa requlr.-mer.ts with no more tha i one overahcot error and rwo unde^ shoot errorsg l'7-l Gor'-rnl IbOcr. "or Controls (k) The direciio" of norextat of the -control will ho corsJstert with tb aovemcnt of rho conirjlied objec: or moving rortion of di^play^ Controls Bust be easily idc-ntifi.Viie by both^visinl scC 'actile ten Because vleual cues are pr^inary^ iowovort the control arr.rklngc are* ni?ot important coding method for ooaf:;^ol id^rtifioahioa.. % All eoDi.rGi.s will iiave two types of Inforoation Xaeatod px-oxinate r the control —• idsntiflcaf-loa of the control funrl ion and raethod control operat'on, vh-re r-«quirpl> Crebioed hmd two controls on concentric shaft i for g'-ocs >.nd flco 'nlj'.i be naod only when cjiace limMati )>s prohibit controls and accidental oovcmant hazardous cor/i.iUon. of coTf-^iV, s'^ the use of ludlvidoal >r the controls will xot create a When manual ixrfoxmanco rcqalrem:3ts are ouch t'm.t the rcni!;rollod object can be adjusted in a lioi ted number of dis-rrete stops, dncea controls will be uood.. When hlg'i-precirjlon iikTiu'pl ectflngc arc- rc quired over a wide 'range, assitirc-tationel cor.fc'-ols should he ueade All controls will be distributed so that no ^n© burdened. ll»Bb will be over­ All controls will be ieBigned, ori.cntcd. and located so that they ore in acoottlsE:? .-iti. lonrol vrork habit patLoruo, cusiomaiy reactions and hvnuo reflexes. It is des-.rable to recog­ nise the goneralised oovrcss of human error in t-he orer-vtioo of controls in order thi rh* .-say prKciurlo then.. for human error exlats in the foJ.lowiag ercamplrs: The potential �a Sim.l larity of control csvlcfiii, cauclng tl.R wi^ong coatrol to bt octiintrd borauflf. of ro\ftiMiijj; Lt vritli oi>t,}.hor, b. locatio*^ of controls t„o eaoc.ly rojsthcr 'r.nsln? ».nad»arteat operation of adjno^ot '-ontro:.. and iatoxf'x'ii.p; with eaco of . operation^ c. Improper aequonrj.i.ij, :n«o ofj.Jiatment, one orerly complicated adjuatmenta mutiny a',oUtkes .a coatro.1 cperotlon- d. l«ng oBd involved prorodupes dlffieuit tc oomnit ko oonoiy, Xa7t2 o. Operation of cont^^3la in a d;v'cctlon conlp.ix^ to normal novcme of the operator (}wrt.\cu\apl> tnibject to human error during tJof otresR or enerr;.3icy), f. location of coatrolfl .u mich positions that t]ie oporator can bruch or kcock againol theu, i;au3ing inrirJvcrleat opemtionp g« Arrangf r.ient of I ho ln:;t >'ii'3oa* panel 1n is'ch s. v/ay that It is .Impoosible or very dirficult c reach for one control vihilo operating another^ Gcnc'a'l S-sfsini.';!'^ rri- .»p^r» <k) Bcoanoo of the confjnc^l q- n.-^ ern .tad tho djf Crl v.-l, v of controlled Bovcmenr by the astronauts, in 2eix> g>'aviJ;y -•a-.'lrcjw»ni., safeguards iTiot be adhered to in tho d^nign -tf control? ixnd In/out of tho console bo prc-lude toadvcr net. (..ctuaiion .of coniroiso Recooaee Will be used for toggle ewitchos ^f it aprraro thau the rontrol olght bo acTn^aiod ir-advertcntly, Guarde-l'p«oljhnt';oas. toggle ewitrh ... ^or levcT-lock-t.ypa tv,Uoh.-3 are •.•.^:^ulred for'iVncticns that are ^irreversible.. They wl 11 nnv.; re' ->n3 installation depending the po­ tion, or> tho .main disp^uiy coraoXe ,)rovlously etlpulakedl,..7-3 (k) Toggle r.s-Jtr.hf^a Toggle or lever^typr j.-it hc.u ma.- be two^ or «-hr{-«-peollicn, tab handle,, or lei[er-lork "-.anile an 1 isotrentary cr Da;.rt3inirg in thai, switching action- Total ..hrow d .itaneoc of iogglo .aad J.;ve--lo'ri£ switchc.9 should be f 8 dcgree.'i. The force r.'cit'red to change poGitien should be ^jO-IOO ouiiccg Ad axial pill of 'fO • 30 oJUJces is rccoamended to release the lev.jr-lork switch f.-om a iorked pos-ltior:. Tho m.iaicaiin allov/eb.le spscing be^'^een log'jle switches grouped in hori.noDtai rows sliouid be oc« in i on centers- Vlien xi.vtd in locaticaa whore the baodle could po-'e n -ta /icd to «:r«v r'crb ^rs or be subje-icfd to inadvertent actuavicn, tho sw..t;ch should be sc-aireccssod and pro­ vided i.lth barrier guacdl -u rbo 'i in Figur? l-J.. distanctbocyocn barrier guards .?h-'uid ro- be Rorc than or,.. Jjvch. t>ierg:-a:-y s'/itchea or switches whose iiuidv<srteDt actuation would create a hazardoua condition rn.ist iiave a '.evor-lcrk handle or be pro»;ectcd by a guardc nl �RECESSED liVERLOCK TOGGLE Figure 1-5 Toggle SwitchcB - 112 STD 65-1534-2 �-ogg-/^-sw.Mch 0]ie.-atioii is varS-icol iv foBltloa jalrB sS=oa<i b. ,„ ac=< 7^ * -DOrfh _ . rgi»ARY BACKUP gj, Oif eit?':. Ctoi;; tl.b xc L'bv,ins brtbari , TMOK'•A^^s DJSAcm'm _ D.-.i'ipy dwoi.auinr Brc£s;»3B /ijjo JiT'LvrC Where a thlni position Jr added for OPi;, v;-e-oiild h« in «•»,« center position orrept. .tore thjr «ouW perforonnco.. In „h:r,. mrr OFF .tonM be In the litSr!'^Sunn. l.-7oA (k) Rotary Switrhc/ notary swi^ohoe (with not oore \hon - 12 floior-rohi. ^ * •. • \ ^oJeM'" ''"If "• "«»« l-*~ *li roia^^LThen I - ..ctpblc pocLtlonc Pbou.Xd be detnited. Eioh swJ tch ohould oy a detent cao, to hc»d the .rliva.ins nhaft ia ZToAZ nd.vldual ^Jtch positicne., A itop will be i>rovXC.TTl "he ^cnee of the actuatir,5 rkaft's cotation exooot. in oases reouirinr Joa-degree rotation, , . -""juA-riniT . ^csTj switch throw distc-ir.:a bttwaca poait.loaR chould be 30 dee'with a torquo required to change positions of .12 - 100 inch-ouacee of ^sitiona will be sjch that rleclcwJao ooveoent ie on , ascecdijig order", "incroaasd perforuiance", etc. I«7n5 (k) Rheostots l^ea the th^gtat 3.^ ncw.d rro^r. U« knob side, the maxi'M resir;. tnnce should be in the OFP diroc Uoo ^c^t-h d4--r<-a«Jr,. jvr.tw.n-- ™ dire.-t!.oa„ The ront-ol should .royatr, throui:a so a:^„. of 300 oegrers plus or mj.nun 5 d j^raes, A B:«p..n-}tion OFF positio . .B recommended to opaf the rhoos:ar. rircuit and should occur j stas the contact passes beyond the i<a5;in!nm ropj.Btanse polntb Depending on the ^st;allation rejuired. al;. -heoststa should to the rotary Knob nesign as shc#o in Fxgure V4. 1j7o6 ^nmhwheels .• PotentioKaterH (k.) contact nm should rotate throy.-h an arof 300 degrees plus or ai.-us ID degro^rs. Tf the poteatiora^ter is to be mo-Mtsd riush on th-s control ranel bf the tl„,nb»bb,l bh,uld �RANGSS A 8 C 0 E F G H MINIMUM -MAXIMUM 2. i2r. I.W a687 - a 812 asoo -0.678 0.31? - a 437 a 43? - 0.56? ao»3 - a 156 a093 - a 156 1.08 - 1.20 ROTARY KNOBS AND RHEOSTATS ri^ur-i 1-5 Thumbwheel and Rotar/-Knob Switches - 113 Sir �c Tho r'.arTclfjrd r trhb" ..i-:n 0. '/;0 jrch-?« nad •'onill iijiiaatud, < •'; J>r i 75 owucfte thnsusToul tl.? dw>r«sejoi5 v-n-.^pf. i'AS/iMv. toTi Si'-u-hry Sjy hM (i(.-jr:Kji rti or iiorl/.onhelly oa ons-inc'j ccr,tcT.-„ ^^c.-js i>-e to bs n'ourvcd fJus^h wj in the r^-Dcl nnd bavr- a mljtlr-in sf C, 125 '"nrh. S-;•^-~lte(l p»sh. b'iilontt Rhould iooorpcrotrr gvard » (P'y.fa j :.o p-.n-^nt Inadvart' ijctuatson . h o rolor of tho ilJuTin-i «cJ pufiiiattro sirf^cc. I'-pc^v.^of; on opplieatlon. wJLbo ^viaw .a yolLow. ni, or jn nccordar.cs wlh eho-11 ;v on H::.C-2505A. Vhen sot OluMira^^ed, ».he 'on facti or ca.-> ::ovf!T bA o ilcrcp^ruUr white with n 1:7 r-r gr^a^ ar '-an'-fasl r.nf jo !face to i««gcnd> and ir^e of tint, '.pon viaua-L 3r3pectloOB C 1,7.8 (k) ^i';y'jlt Breeker CJi'^uit breaker dori.gi should coifonn to dst.-.ilc of Fir;aro i~6. Circuit broekerH! gMieralJ;' iii-s o.f the pop-on: rolco.oa. puah-co^ rc5et-.type. Circuit V.ros ,r-n uiW be nordnf-nUns ho.-jilng thf? krob in the r -s«t jsoiiMon wjli rot oferi-tdt? (>.& r rcui ^-^brcak-tng fur-t ion . The -rri.ppod r.ooditioa of h- p'oi • .jer-t.yp- .--iicu-.? breaker la i.r.d.vc3''•d. by a white bcrJ whicr. is . nltiLina of f, ••.5/-..inc:h w.'de. The b.renk'jr body aid head vili b*' h? -Ir, r',-t.d«r.- |r ,^...,,.,-,.1 .,i,r.v *• Ii.T.itod to tbf to? .-vJcfaca of »;/ • virru'^t e-- ake,^ s roqn'r«d to re?i?1 a ph'vg.T- t.Tpe Aircjit bre..ker •rill i«>t exceed '2 pounds, and the forc-e rcqj-.rr» ic '-rip a c i nniLt brenker Battiei i u'ii.1 tiofc excefl 3 p->'.;cdBThe mioiaoiB a7.i'-vatle spare between rirrujt. trealjers g"cjuped tc. horizontal rows wl.li. bo 0- 8 ?.B!}x on center s.nd hhe dio*'oj>f-p.a bo'wfon rows a miri-j.; of o;:p o 31 �o rr* ;a ^•nG» < A XLUV. O'-v 'j:iO UG/ii : • 9.tir, P ttov • • • -A. 875 r.Oi; •K •*A<T'- . -KANOr. Ml>l A 0 " ON'.'*' A - i'<..\.'iv., .'J'0.«7 • 17$ - 0.8A3 r». •• - 0.156 c 0 E PUS E'JTTON SWITCH G RANOCS A B c 0 MINIMUM • M/ 0.W - 1.967 1.975 - 1. OCO 0.943 • 0.4t« 0.3IB - a 711 va•. - >-v. O' 3 ISHBUTTON :OVE! GUARD (TY»:C4 FigjUrs 1-5 1." • - /-?>>•*•» '• Pu^button Sv'itches �KANGCS MINIMUM-MAXIMUM A t a37S 0.«J7 a093 0. 156 0.167 0.250 0.37S a AS? a 281. asAS a 375 u. ISA lo® — a J/3 a «s »i - a 0 . 5593 93 « ».A I «t a 730 _ I.OOt c 0 t ff O o H o — — RESn CONDITION -> — — fJ Nw* — TRIPPED CONDITION r Figure 1-6 Circuit Breaker - 116 - SIC �In tt? dosign of a n y Uco thr.i ,!..-olv=£ op^mvor.-^ o- K,r ccn3-6' y r ^ i i o a t i i s th^r a ^ t h c d b y i-H.vch . t - r M n e n i \ u r r > " ^ 5 v i o n w i l l а. Display irfomif:i,.a wiU be limited to the desree of accuracy actoall^ -dovstandablo. Identified eo aa U, ot.-/i«te undue 5 •"• E.-=.p=d.»,, to . б. lDfomat...on will be prceenttcd in ouih a manner tbot any frilnre or apparent 7- All displays will be prorerly illuair^tel-• c-'V- --•> fureti-^r.. "' .. . •• lobol ^Keters <k) Tho opooir.tc,viion of aet.ro, InolodJog polutor loMtlon. oovomoot display scale,, and penersl frrm factor character-,ties, v-iii nrn^-. to tse fcl.is-/ir.2 'y.-*23 (r-^-rec '.•? a-;! !•£)• " ' 1 8-2 (k) O lo Single boriaontal moytng pol;ttar displayed 2o Single vertical moving iKJint.jx- displays. 3e Dual vertical ffioviag *»« Fc-u* vertical ajoving pointer diepiays. 5® Single circular diGplays. 6« Dual circular dleplayT- pointer displays. Meter Scale. linear ocaTes ara gene.rally prei-r^d., Idien accuracy r^-ouiranentn exceed there that can be at^alnM usi^tg a Uncnr .cSc SSS! "f e-pa=clcd to acquire the -Drdcd accuracv, rc;pi;'rc(', to b? f>r.'-ri;v,7,j trc.'i -i .-.(ij-j . -^ , --• �i. EL. n JL DUAL VERTICAL MOVING POINTERS SINGLE VERTICAL MOVING POINTER FOUR VERTICAL MOVING POINTERS Figure 1-7 Vertical Meters - I2r. - sr: �% DUAL CIRCULAR MOVING POINTER i figure 1-8 Circular Meters - 12" - € ( • '••o �rRANOrS MINIMUM - MAXIMUM .300 . .500 .187 .391 .093 A » c 0 ..362 .562 .250 .343 .156 - :C7 DRUM INDICATORS RANOCS A t C MINIMUM - MAXIMUM .718 .425 .093 . - .?«' .856 .156 DISC INDICATOR Figure Electromechanical Event Indicators 'O- 1?.7 SID A'>-lS34-2 �1>8 3 (k) D'np'i/'-- rcrr' 1 J A.Tnf>j?frt.'!n ' — >.ncr'.c <.t:aM.3 y rv»sdwto. d.gi'j l or Oa.nlos. nhonlC b« Doni^Uy-ea to read i n vr of »a* Mi-a !t«ihlo f.Uild t, 'olupw or walgh): as rer>prJ. V'r.;?'-Q.l eoalc indlcnt.or (Tiaup" for r-'bsyatea condltiou raeti.l toring ::ho. *<1 bw orrorged by aycteni fyj Jtloii ihon by displ-'jyod iv-.rn'i-jterv Chen by alpl.iibftt.Vc or Dusiftflc scc^itisnces 5c deoccaJJng o-dftr of fT>bgro«i.M. i'.n- typlr-oi ri„td syctctns, chc profcrrccl ord.-^r of dtspl/iy sf rongoutjitf rtadicg froci left to right O'r ffoo top to boiioo la pi.lol. Hxes Is cs follnvcJ In Gyafon fua- lion: Preo.Ttr 1 fOel., oxjilizor "a 2a ^ D.6p,.ay;d r^rAmetors: Plov., toiip'ratovo# prresnre, >ii.'antlty» TQlcot aaperes# 3® Alphabetic or ounoric rfquenco; S.Tst.e-3 A • Syvjten B or TcnU 1. 1<>8.4 (k) T&jik 2 DJcpVv pointsr Location nod NoT/nrnt Jbo pnlJitcr In vertica I single-'p< tnter diepL-iye fclll bo located to the right of t.he scale. Jointer 'loveinent- io na up direction indicaVea inrreasfch values® Tho pointer i a horizontal oinglc- oipter dl.nl'iyf c- <; ?. I above the ijcale (there isay be .lo/:U.taate exccptloJisJa f^'inter neve went to the right indl'-at?y itirri't.eed valueu.. lbs {rd..lvidvial peictcre on dunl-pclater •.ndl'-etors .'ihonld he lor.ifed oi'thoard of thalr rosp^•cttve scales (Ue., b--:el, po.'nler 1; icftle J., scale 2, pointer 2, berol). Pointer (aover-ient upward Indicates Iniroased values.. The individual pointers on four»i)ointer lndicctor.3 will be ao ohow'^ in Flg'jrc 1-7 flrC,, bezel- poin^^er 1, scale I, piintor 2, pointer _• pointer k, bezel)® The pointers In dual elrc-jlar io' lcetors shovild pVvot about the extrsaiitics of the horizoat?. I ex s- The lef- cfvxle cocuicrcea at nl.i i33=degr«''c point from the -.op cc-n er point end oonclMdee countercloclcvise o t t h e ^5* degree p»iiit The right scale co-itrcncea a t the 225''dGgroo poln' froa the top cc:\i.ftr point aad ronclude? clockwln at the 315'dflgree point.. Pointers for both circular arc vori'lcei dial fares should be close to the dial fr.ue and c^ale to reduce �parai-Vix to a o»Piou4. for c.cpro7«d tieisee, tha pointer h^^ad wi.ll be triar.|i«Ur m d the a i d s t of the pointer shaft, where required, vdU ha parallel (n.g'.reo 1-7 actl 1-8), 1.8-.5 (k) DlnclS"? Mni-kinera . , When oporationnlly useful., eolorel renije tear!' in.'is wet be used on vortical, borlaontal, and circular diopla:,-3 to Indieat.o operating ranges, "Kiree oporatiog rooge marl-rtngo arc recommendod to indicate the following oouditionsj 1, Nora.al 2, Marginal 1 Prohibited or limit mark 3- "" I Rargo Pirkireo ehould be 0. 05-loch mde and extend to the Umite of tlK; uiuile factor reprcscrted, Range mrkings vail bo imposed over Lbe scale index tnirklnga to enhance reRdnbllity and visual cue rcGTion.ce, Idmit ra-ixkaar: should be 0, 07'ln«ii wide end equal la Icngih to the loag graduation of the scale in qvestioa, Diraplaj* cover face© will ba coated wj.th an artiroflectlvs trans­ parent materials l.-8a6 (k) Alpiinr.'-V'erlc Roadouls " A.lphanuncric readouts should be ocmposod of dcctroluMaescent eoven-line characters that have :>ie following deaign details: Slant- - 14-2/2 degrees + 1/2 degree tc the right frw» the vcr. Height - 0. 500 Jnoh + 0, t>05 inch Width • - 0. 375 Inch i; 0, <>>5 inch Stroke Width - 0, 625 inch • 0, «>15 inch Spacing boiwecn nxwEorala - 0, IXy) inch ^ 0, C05 Inch DimlBsuiB Iraeasyrcd at the bace of the num-jml 1.8.7 (k) Elc t'-oirechanical Eo-eat. Trdlcaioca Blectronschanlcal event indicators are rocomtiandod for use when highly reliable go^no-go '!or two•oogition) iiTdicaoion^ o.r® r e q u i r e d a n d when e l e c t r i c a l p o w e r n v a l l j i b i l i t y i s o e v c r l y v e strtcted. These Indicators are recommended for use as go-no-go (opcrational/nonoperatloa.il! s{e .2s iad:'cator6 oni for vwo-positio'* positioning Indlcatorn, e.g. , no'^'mal-naxia-.ia and norrr.al-rtfiii.lawa poGitious, 1.8.8 (k) Two-Pos'ltion Dmia Xrd.lcators " ™ "• Two-position, electroncchanlcal dnia indicators will be need for status "indicators 1-8), The Mark (gray) poaitien of th? �drtia vrtll i-jTor tr« ^•^ane^^Te-J l e in or oi>Rrt«tJo'ial node or o r o t inhibited i i o n oneratic*?. rho baohcr poiw (n'U rmnie b 1 : . . / . n i v.1alr) position o," tio rirvrii iadlcntocs Kill Infer tint .!;c 'r.. •no-led pyatesc «>aiint lo i.ihibilsdl frto operation or 'in l:olflrnc05 -03<iLtirr., • A pair of »•:. ^etr^e-hvclcci.l dru.t iai'.cators t.'ill be uoed ao por.i >. . •>> i- icdieatore for eomo jsycteit <iericea« Ono will Indicate th .if:; ir.d c-3;d.itur. yt-sitjonB of the dt9vlce. second will i i i -ifi: : he r.omal std eiimtmiBi vasitlon of the dcvicoTbo pair of dr n ii.d -cotorB will t e referenced to a switoh pooitiori The dleplay face of th.* two-poottlon event Inilcoloro ohould ba Pcrtongular vi.-h a dleplay sine 3o Joss-?han D, 187 by Go 2Cl Inob ard iho lon^ nxla nourted horlzot1,nll,y„ Z'i<-< I-c^icch-nioal f:fatiJo t-d^cntorc tj/rinlly t i l l be localod above the nfjnooiatcd r o r t r o l cwAtohoa^ Rleetrooechsnlcal position in.'l.;eatr.rn vfii: be located with r.-'ference to aw.tcb positions1<&«9 (k) D.-f.r Irvl.''".TO"*. Eiectrononhana'al dJaf event i a d l ' a t o r s eay be uoed t o diaply cbacges onalofrora to a speceiu device poni^on, "nieec indicators are used In ttucoaatic syct/ns and.are rot dii'ic-tly asaociated vdth a ev;xt.oh opcrationa Th'y iT'xy t o Ufied for riystcm devlrr operational position BxatU3'. ir-d'. ;otor will tlispljiy the poaJ' J a of the i^sterj devic.from ore exlrc-iTie la the other wains a rotatablo biack pointer. Thorc should be two black indices on a white baclfgrovnd to indicate the extreraecs (?'ig-jre .1-8)'The display face of the electronfohanlcal di'.c e»cat ir.dl-:afcoro val be c.lrcular bavin,;.- a dtsp'sy dioircter no lees than O. 625 Inches. Tha Indices ffiy-ct be f j ted lisving a leegth of 0.. CIO and wldrh of O- 093 inches. Tho winter Aengvh ahould be 0- M ',m ':,c 0 . 093 inch. 'Tlie pointer opncinc from an index uhould be no sreatf than 0 . 016 inch 'Fisiire .1—S)» 1-8.10 Alarn S y s t n Any e>:porJ.rcent that has any oper.-jr.ins characteristic which can pro­ duce a ti'se-critical liasardous c<«iditioa requirin.g laasdiate corrective action will ba desagned with an i.ntcrfaoe Ine-trunantataor output ccapatible vd-th the CH Master Aiazwi Systca. (Additional crlteriii to be addnd) 1,8.11 VaJldation Tas^irq Kooslandard or intoerated displays which coobine related Inforaatlcn in a single display uni t , s h a l l be subjected t o huiraQ cngiv.eezliig t e s t s to dcterraine the effect of the lategrEcion on pyst era perfojTBaDce. Units which produce pcrfo:-nani'r equal to or batter thsn single purpose indicators are flccsptable. �_FHY.-JIOlonTCAl i T,T|i^mCW3 i-O'L Cr«>w Ont-Ta' Icn.-il ry.-:; . -.jij |,» Rygu^romcit./i (See Table i; (1) tor H.i'Vnrj) Food Pood quar.lity vill bp based <>a on Hndivjcual calorie intake of 3000K caloi -OB par tnon p«r d-if^ Cnc-ron dayo' food rrqoirca 179 cu. Irpbos nforcd volumo at 3.3 ponacs vfelslit. 2. (i> Wnter Water con)?-.itipc-or. .3 .10 folL-Jwai" 2,.6 ili-iiikf.Qjj aod food proparation 5.0 Ai/c:-.c dry,, ^aolcatioa and hygiene 3» ConotnTil" '-.'par C'ln^ente Each crew r.crbcr .-sr^ulrca a jjsw co-irtan'; i.ear garsent, (C^Q) r.'cry two dnyn., .Nuober of milte >-'iTU>r^d fnvr^cr of crow) X ' o | 2 ) where r -n m i z s t o n deration i n days. Wliare p. . 3 an odd nvcibp" 'ice the ne:ct afBal.ler p«»iri>er,^ •13 cu. ft- and pounda par auife, Stored volua® ie Pc^sopol HvffioPo (To be added) *5' EVA Opcrat-orval ror^nnptiofi a. (h) One PiSS UOH ar.-^dgo )»Qr wofgs; dlisena-lon * IV*, weight ^i->3 ^h}. Store 5 Lntera:illy, rf3.T,?»ii-r «.•- i« s t o r e d exte ?*nn l l y . b» (h) The PUiS lie: 3 'K rechnrgerililo battery that nrist be recbarccci for 10 hours per uaago. Allow '1 ysagen per battery- Dimcnrdon 3^* x VyA" x 6H", weight 3 ibs., store Jnternaliy, c. A full PISS oxygea c»iarge J.a pounds. tion Will average pounds per hour, Csyg-'O rtononpu- d. (1) During iWA the standby D'A acfronaut wil?. cperete frcw th-^ sMlt loop of the tCS, requiring operation of the suit loop fan at '52 watts ?ri* hoc • powar romrjoption! e. An additioDfll Constant Wnar Gament. (CV.^) iflll be included for each €re\-.3-n on ^iVA :»r EVA afsndby duty. (ThJa is in addition to the callout of pai^agraph 1-,2.5,1 (5^. �C?.Zv! OL'IvRATTON.H C0tvSiJM.*i3I.E Kf-vUIIiSHENTS Wir, C-^wi'ioclv f'j f 1 ECKMARi) V<» l'>mo Pcyer Ci'.. Xn. Watts . . . . Ar i I'er Msn Per Dcy Is Food 2a Water 3o Oaggen 2 Va CoQstanl' V/^ar Garrao,;iL ( 2-3 r.'9 7.6 2-a . \ 1 > (based on i ovoij? other day*) 4 (" ) Perooruel Iiyj^lene -• chowiji,3 5' gu.t tooth ijieanera M C - ) deodorant t OtCa 6~ < •^ Bo Per Kan Per IT/A • 1» PLSS LIOH cartridge 2a Battery a, after Uut ueage < - ) • ». 0 Constant Wear GnnaQnt Oxygen "'per hour) 5e fio Ecohargfl a.fter Jisaga bo fioplnce 3o * Coolicg Water 1.9"2 1J9 225 0..25 .1.83 Crnw Wor?fcc' Ppcf^nrnioB 1# i tJjitrented bloi.ogiral waatij eh.,11 not be allc-wed to bccoaa free residue in spnco. .J �2, (i) yao'c Vaslo Production Vol, .1, 3 Orino 3^2 Feces 0-3 Water Vnpo.r 5-3 Carbon Dioxide 2.3 There are additioDsl oinor-itcos of hyM-^a -.fci-.l;® that can be ignored frois a weight staadpoitit att total jn'odeetion for a i-isan crew for 30 doye is cbovt 1,25 pouod:?- Iheoe ilffluo i-ic.\ydo flavusr hairv naiJs,. n-j rrocrcani&'Jn, aliiia cells, a'"id mucins, 1,9-3 Radinti qp LIti;', rntlooo (To bo added) r": �FiTJiT or-:-:\'AT:rGi:AL 2.-01 Thopo requirerannwj cl«?faaa i-);o.';e «>ud oanotrBlats that •ffpcl the m ..ri.oic'i op'^ratloiia of A/a', 2«02 gnrpog-i T}ie priiicry r .vpoa" -f. i.o d. fice tlnr.^ rrqulr«:r>flata r-ncl rr\t-7rla 6.lth«»r pocuJp.-ii- to A/J" ->1' def?)icd by tho Anollo wlosion cor/ljuratlon tha.t five nc-'.-onary for nlaslon pli=,r.aiQg or l^ffect cquxpneat doaign, Tt 13 nn obrif.tivs to e>aint«:«ji the saria functioeai in-flighffilsalon p'-occiwresv t c-hnlquoa, and planning ti ar. oharactari ae the atacdsrd Apollo i-i}.6a5c:> �2 - 1 cr;^rf ArsiGT>7;:-:.vT.: •• nun stati<m>T7 j Crew Arr.'i. It ic findelpo^ .jQ that aXl <• ri^y wt-niboi-a \.lll recelvo a d'^grce of trA.';nlni; porro^ ts total later^hangcabi llty of crow dutJos on en oa<>r;tnry hcoiis, 'fhs onlsr of priori iy of crow ntiliaotiott in: a* ^kliatonarJCc of flight eafo^y h* Condvict of hasio c. Exploi-arion of natural phonoaeoa d« S;;hedulod pi?c:sureaents oBd eboervatioBe of natural pehnoneaa e. Repair. •^ali.braUoo and codifloation of olssJon-epcclflo cqu-lpcient.. oporations For the p-.r^cacn of rrov s'e.U^T. salei':tlou„ tvaicing plans, arid nora?al oloB*.en planning, the following ground rul9.-5 ehall apply: a» • "^c eoomnd asiron^ut viil nflrrFo'ti all major spacacraft taar.'iuvars froa the left haad poaiiloa of cither the CM or LS-lj He will also be the bacioip navigalor on the CM. responsible for Q}\ naYlgatler. a-^d cperailcTi of the CH Iccluding docking khea the XifJl io sinarated. E-n'recr -• Is pr5.raarily re.'iponslhl? for all experloent act-irltieo pins backnp operation and rarigatioa of the LEH, Aaoi (Tr"fnt l^'-iorlttes - The follo'dnc tab i o lioi B acslgnaeat priorities for the rorlo-.in crew meai'ei's. For purpoees of mission plaanlng no noroul oasLgacfflento will bo oatie where the crew n^tnher .Is listed as type 'in In t-hr va<" of CK 'v^,. ,»>;•» pcrlceni-s the ccr-snnder I3 lifted as bdh typo j5 and - *ypo > for repel (.••.!ve axpariB cnfcs or 'hoso otnou^ly requiring all or«u cecibsr.s such as most bio-oed» r.od type ^ for highly speoisl' typo of experluieata ewh as a 'clescciw prigrara, , Crrw Hersber CoaaiaTider lani-'ch 1 CM or OK Dochcd to VO'. or J iXri & I Experintn*- Carrier Operatioi'B J Orerniic^e Recovery i^larc 'ivers "^Javi'^Vica' h;^erire^t6»"^'.accu» erb liavT' t J i t 1 i 1 1 j 1 •i Navigator 2 1 2 1 2 Syecen Efegr. 3 1 ^ h 1 ' 2 c ' 1 2 Q - �priisc fi-r'.poti8; bJ li ty a-ileP i=>iU tmjjiina and capabiUty a- SocoQdery F.ecpoPclblll»-y - fjill tralulns 5> Operating CepaoiLlty -• S'jftl.c-venc. vr-aiuta^ to dfCQnabratf; capability o£ Bor.iial oporation Boorgency Capobil!.^ - Tj»do'2';riaQVioi> aad Xlaitcd praetice- Duty StnnlonB (To ba added) C « r-apabiUty �6, AL\ri>f zh bo*.' 'r between hVA'a fo;' <Tur-h crevmaii, 7« Maxur.,i!a hours c. o'Jtslds Hno for owo .^A operation Is thr^e 8-. Provlslosa w 31 be sisde to penult Ev'A d»4ring darkBeHa,, 2.2<.5 t»nd 'a'e^Con.ytrainfcs Jiard s'j-'.; 3!A oo ."urcr ourfe-ce vl H be 'Limltec to aix contlsuous hours per daj., (This reiju-.r-;r a .^'ISS char^ge) ;.:>r �n i l t h r ' f c .'ir-t r.-tri.;i ; • l i f y r.: An y'or • ; iVA ?'!- • i • r i v.->(111 j : j ; ;-r' v.-th ti* .i-f t h e atar'jb.^- ••• ';, kjjuo**" >N' cosimunitfatiena .».J .linllons of . r virau iticinr* j,"3ivT« rhe nur > f;ht L\A £.11 fliK?:*. ci« '-rev tjtlitl :5stl«:«3UL i y efaal". ..ivifr or « ' c h l c l i » . iOi bcv '-a •.in>l,o.or/ ;>• r ; . . e . - r , • ; ^' -ndby T/J: nnd rrv • • . . n - . - n v v o i , ' ? • t . . .i o r i fi'.u blinij epotp are the > " ii't be oroHab'' ^•inH .11' i - f l , , mo lo be'WttaR w1 'J. hnvs TnlroaanJ entetua vthiclea tvo-wey h-y v o i r e r o v e - - , •' '• .-rc-" ^j-atrcysnr' jon: '.n roqutrcd e c lollowst 3- AIJ C i f! b u r n ; ; bo Once p,>- oj'h'.' ni' v.,I lavr " ban .J-hou.v inioi ' a'l6> Deorblfc T/Mt voice, radar; i e required aa a* Xaoucii,. t>« Major Si'S burr^^ t o •iRci Cf Aoy cn : • • . .rin;j c - ' v a r - t j e f o l ':•••• i"oLT.ir»wi oijj3if:tri,nt n it-nft ctnl mJK ' atH'u'orial • cos.plf'tloit Jtars'j'jvor' i»airo two ;»f b j m (i5X«'ej;».if.a roOwOi:'- p r i o r Jg doorb?.t sijneitwc-r) �G:--'-: r-i. ON Er.'snr-jii' Ort:..ArMi<s } 1, llvtl-r.- 'n I.! j U.r.itlon of the cr<-"v lor n-dumjancy TPtiootcrlng tiod r?i.il»irp. stotJo coi-rro'.ion.T/otor-tiono ol «>;perJrt:a*«G viil tc sjp««d» ?. Gxpcrijn.^n'; (*atn oet-up, pr«- or i*03t«« nJjbrarion asi ooRratlon Mill bp 0'n-bo!*i\i rcjitrollcd sad will &ot roqu-xe ory groind upllnit euoporh sapabl\j. Ci-spo 3- Tao rcrrd , dunp or ."oGufi p reqii wiV. be h crsM roBponeibili'y aod will not requiro c.ny ground upliiJ: controls 4c It ie clsr lr-;blc not to hare "• PoUviiien oi'rtng major Jliglit ffipneu 'ero — iaunch- tra'isiLatinn and iloi , 'sa^oi* Sj^^S burns, deotbit, lun*r '-.adinij md aooenc^ .md rc--onti:' If roqu- rc.d., il will not. utili:;.' moro tlian or>e cx-nw m/t.bcr pef'ornliig Troi^i lis rtf^xhr duty otat jo.i. 5, Ibcpor-;:,! >;it .int.lri»lc8 xfil'. be co'rplo--i at Jr-ast togUt hours prior to dso.'bit ond ao notrd in a'jotion ?.. • �2,5 riTOfis T-T-'B T.if?2-,5-i Gefe'-al "»ro-;ad Puiilfrg Tho question of u prcpe.r worc/re^t dniy r y d e in b cpinloitat.rd variable., A fjj>aL ocovox- will not maalt x.\ a.L'. probablbty until after ccvaral .long period Arollo UlgSits have bees r.osipleUd. In th oioartlr.fi, a re.-jsonable rye l.e rrast be nelf.-ctad to p.^nnit inUi^ion analysis of celfvrtcd erperlR^nt granp.ngs- TIds ejr J.r will be used to anuljzo the bnslr arceptai'"! vt ty .of vrrious ex-jerimer.t groupings with tho ucderstijiidius tlmt whore i t beoocxja a .litn ! lug factor, a specif --r aoalysir. of altoraaSo GOlutlo«i3 will be madd- The cyclo eelected t based on the foilowing geDcral pre^'soss 4 1« One rreura.-iii -.iill always be awake rjid in rtiBrge of roiGoion lai:r/.;rity, i„e.M v.'stch duty. 2« The woi-iyrest cyc.le will be orUnted to itnlutain a nornal Uving i-coitine phased to coSn;idc with thu eastern U.S. t.imc zone, 3» i:,arh astronaut ul.ll have one sl?ep period of approximatej,y serec houro augjneated, wlien p;soltlft( by >• rap of not moro than one hour.. h.. Persem?l Triaha - cr.tirg hygLsne, exei-t-iae v/iil not be rigidly sch-duL'^dt and fo.r olsc.U'r p.>j-»nl;.'g p»'rpo.«.es ii^e allocatiODS for 'Ae.fe tasks will be ts^de by duty poriol. 5. Koutice micG'oa and for will be 1 ^ . 6. ml.':.3ica houflelc^ejiing :?.sks - stot .a checkc, LiOH changcsc log raa:lr.t.enaj)or, will ?!ot b€ rigidly rchodulsd, mis«non plrfoning f'urpor.os lima al'.c<atlonB for these ta. . • rsiy-c i by duty perJ.id- For prellBlaaiy AAP misft'on aiulysis i t wall ba asnu'^cd tSxat elgbl C8) hours p*>r day per or o tot-.-l of ?i» a-r.bourj» per day in aeailable for experitpeu actfvity. 2 * 5 S t a n d a r d ".U'rnjeft Cr-uw Duty Cycle -ind Ttnig Avtr-ilaliLe la Three^iwn operation with C.S o - GH docked <6 other vehicle. •20 24 D8 'v/T«--h Glean katch Ocea 1 1 V.'ei r.h 1 Oncn 1 ;,'al:<h Sleip i Si e .12 1,6- 1 ; Wa!;ch 1 Or .Iv'atvh •All tinea ere Eastern Standard Tines and the s t a r t of f i r s t d e e p period may be established for any given niseion f?*on i600 t o 20C0. . �^' Crev Tlac for gHtKiriT-ont Cirjoi-attooo (See sections and 1»3»5 iof derivation of tioec) ;jiii;;i>cr of Crev Avpi.loble jSpcn Tin ? 3 a UikO « ikskO 2 8 ?:X0 - 8:'fO 1 8 2:^-0 f nuiiours Avali&ble .for Z^poclmfoto 2>.:30 - 2S:00 (hrs.) 2* Thrc-'ngn Operation • one In (2M« TKO in uraocl-.gd II5H a> Pvtj Cycle 8 T^na: Doy/Niglit (x) XXX XXX XXX LE« n XXX Tx\ :oa i U3i HZ '••/atrh CM Ik rxx 18 16 xxx xxx 20 XXX XXX > i 1 V/p.tch na?' »>p#vn DUvv Watc'i end On'-r, l'u«y This duty cyolc ia based «a the folioving araolsoa: • 1) Kln-itaizlDj the tiipo aH.! three creii' 'fiC-'jero are asleep, simiiltaiseously. Ta tJ-.ls crisc- It le only for about 2 boura since ibc lac: ho»r of tbif sloop period la actually invdlvcc In personnel hy&iene and eating. 2) Kininieirg the niTJibcr of day u<-rlcdc »'jdc un.-ivnlLih)*for opers>::ions dc? to the LB4 rrsy bei-ug asleop. In this cas" only ore even day psrio'^ is lost. 3) This cycle Is based ai a 2-hour oibib- period for gro;utd scheduling purposes. Rjc actual cycle should be adjMsved to the tru-» orbit period tha*. vi.!! be closer to 1,9 hours for 'lO-tsile and 2.1 hi»urs for S-nile l»nor orbitn. 'PhiH will result Ir. ;u.-nor variations to the tine allotraeats available. 2.5.5 Zk Vatfh end Cofai D'*l v Cleeo Sloen 12 3U Watch Duty Period 2.5.3'1 Three lLm Operation vith 0" or CM JJoc"ifcd^co_0^ior V shlc le One crowr:aa vlU. be awake and oa vatch duty osslgcment at al': times. Durin-j these porlcda he v,lll be rsspensibir for the EMintentince of spacf'Crafo syGccr.S; roxauuicatioue. position and flight records or logs, and geaci-al operational actli'iti- —1 f I �Ta CHPo of rnei-fjcncy ?•© -illL f fcrt -wpilrle CowmadariEach cjcw (r'.'ti'.»er wt II v-'or^i two four-hour wa^ch duty aasSgnaicPta per d.ty, •>• cdt3tpl,y i'oliov.ng tbn sl«ep cycl# cod tiiQ ,'n':;';d.UteTy n.-ccosin,'^ t?i3 olifop cycla^ During each four-hoor vfTfi'b the roliotjojj aclirit.'.f.p 'jill ba perforseds 1. SJxteca (i6) n'cut.oq cut of every hour will he upcd for vehicle :sor ;.torJ loi: •V2"*ntoaanc.». Q. Stfl-up cbe-^k of ZfG hovvly (6 win.) recharge batter.' ae required. b. Statue ch-^rk of ECS hourly (1 mln.). e. Vo«ce oontnct vitt MSfS every 2 houru or once per orbit (5 atn.). d. Pi)r,^e fuel ct lle - al.i.ernate 3^ ard ©2 purgea every 5o5 hor.re (j.2 nie.), $ e. Si^-SCS eteluc check prsfcrftbi/ ulthln T/h range of HSFh every b houti' (3 mio.). f. Status check-of SES evsiy ^ haws (2 tnlo.). g. nritery check evsiy 7 hcurs (1 Bin.). h. S ii'^s check of CK-BCS in unpreseurLzed state every '2 Isoiu's (I ntn.) I, Alternate replacing the CK Id5H filter eloasata ever 12 hoMrs (5 ain,). J, Staiun chock of ryro batteri.es every k* Data aoBip to 11577 oa eocft (2 nxii- rj-aw tloci. Zh hours (1 oia na 2. Twcrty-i'l.t i .otn' teo fo,i. i-anco of poaiticm logs and bneir is'sc-icJ. rccrric, ; i-iboh crevoan wii. be expected to Raintsin cifficlert eppcecrair. pasdtioo ortenraf.-'on to be able to in\t.l«t! «d>o'-t pj-o-rlures at aoy tlae., 3" Twenty (20) aisiites for eating (gancrally enacka) during each wstob^ llils is ao arerage valiio that will be wprki'd on nn "as «*^'ai-Lable" baaio ly the crsu. Fifteen (15) MJ JI - tec .or exei'clse. This provides oni>half hour of cxerrlce during watch doty wliich will be added to one-half hour additional duriitg the open d»ity period. Tills • I cc- ^-orlced on e.n "ae available" basi-e by the crew,flo exert iso will be perfomed oa the da;, that a crevsan EKhea an £t;tra Vehicalsr operaiioa. « �5. 6. Tv/s»Dtj < 2 0 ) ffllPi:'.-op J*">r a i ' o i a p i ? v n l u e t o frs t h e ttSt.roiuiuJ , in^d c;i nu "hu ^bchty jKir \ M l c h ^ 8 o i o 1 n a t n.7 »*xp:!rioi''ni.nl the rptPro?-y hysrt«nt>. TbAs i n an rfquiiod" baale by : o u v a l l o b l o foT- 3 e r o n d o . r y 'ilicnc fliouifl prsmarlly f a l l into of nanlfujuf; ii; b<o-iied experiments or i f l l t - i a t j i i j ; an<J/o)* a e j . >;or:n.'* ' • o c k j . U c o n t r o i l o c l e x p o r t . ciPAte,. Gcnpp.all;- it-e :n'j -o t h a n ; 5 m.l.nntec e o n t l r i i c ^ ' M con-^ r-i r a . o'-« .'.i mental du-,..«o should l e c^a^•c!-•a. DurJivt frc.r: the eonKr-odi-r's f. or.'.- ported on oxperl** A' : c d i t i e d f o r the vatr^h d u ^ : h e i f a t c h d>i : y e r e w / ; s B w i l l o p e r a t e 'IJa) ' • 7» Thin c n v r ; j e'v^r<>D ( •>.> tjr'- t o a o n a e p i ^ n e d p e r w i t c h \rx i ; geeevolly ) o o r additional e::jjei-ltioPt 2.50»2 :-or rovljiatAonnl fjjcea T h r c - l i a e O p « i r a t ^ o •• o n r cian I4 i a Cll, iwo DCD In Lat '4'alrh Dfof Op3 l/ot in CM a» The ciagl? iituj i i Add'.n: onally, of b, t h e CI-! v i i l p a r f o T i n n l . l t h e f u c c t - i < in ntti ionc cal.icd ou'. 2..50-!. CD and 2,5.3.1 (2), h e w i l l c h e c k i i w i t h t h o I S i o n a niJji: r v ? ouce per hour ( 1 ci5.n.)» Tbr ouo-h^l.f O J ) >ioi:r •• i r i n s i i R t p l y p r i o r t o a n d lencirdi.? "c't foUovrtr.g tbo olr'-p poi-iod wiJl t o utfliaed to aco'icrilated s. • d. ooctionn .?»5.3ol < .\) and 2.5»3'>l (2) accoapLiRhod due 'O '?e,.nl«flp period. that ware not T h o s e prJ.iT'Erj- vo'Sch f u a c t i o n e w i l l a r e r a g e a b o u t Th.c r<'.v<iAain[; c o t . t r i t j o a eectioii notel In sactljuo 2-5-3.1 v m I I h-i l i s t e d u n d e r O p o n D u t y 2x3'^* ^ a t c h ^ Pti'-.; 0 3 o f ':Vo n-;n 1/ '.ig^ *• '-very C ) n i n u t e o on* of hour Hill, be iiard for vehlolo aonltoriri^ and salntorancei ^ chec): r,f ppg hourly (6 sin ), batteTdco, an roqutrsd, if capcbllity t. I. . ^fO cinutoo per hour. Ihrc'-ij;!! 2 . 5 "> 1 ..." pe.rfoi-3 t ' and Bainter-fineo functions of recharge e*ists, » O 2) 5) S t i t u i c>*eck 'f 0:^5 h o u r l y ( I t a i o . ) , V o i c e c o n t a c t w i t l i CK a o i a - l n u a o f c n c c h c u r l ? O fflin.) Voice centaol with y.STii per oriTit (5 niji,). every two hours o r onct �5^ i' j Og 6) 2-.5.'* '-f.abl'i - ait.fr-nnlB Hg . (12 n^C,), rep.\fl-'n ..f'M I. 01: niter elflttonto evory '5 »jn^). ho'irs Open t>L;ty Pt rir^r 2 . 5 . 4 T h r e r > ! : » a O r - - i v r ^ j a n W t U i T M r.•• C M Poe'tcd no tm Durlnr ari.y S'uUoiir perlcS K V H will bAve O'A© contlruoar oaf'T duly Il^rlod. D;:;-jrr.* thio period cortjjin houe'?ke3pir,7 r.:'^ nuai te p.;f i\-.r-scd hut the ren-eind^r of t';tl5c" ie tan> lible for cr.'r-. r.t acti'/ltj «»rd rc-quJrcd Pav^fjatlon.'il fAxca or .9pTf;aor.v.ft. jaiineivaro. Tho foliowing act:'.Ham ore iurludti jurieg thi.i psrlod: 1. "fciko ^.'ip (i hour), rhic ot-a bo eoho-Julyd by tho crew o "as cvoUabic" baoio r.nji be eUsipatod oi.crxionally 2. 3» OOP hot Baol (I 5our;. 'fbio le aohedu.lcd for one }>• v pli^'W cotae tvae fir rolavation or recreation. oxorriS'"; fox* I/? hosW' I'.xie vfou.ld riortnftlly bo broken Into tbra" 'n- C'-O) Hiaout-e parl.cic nnd cr.a be niuiJp.-xcoi cep jiona lly. J'O exercise in i t-nuirfd on vba day a ore-.msin piirforu? rn cxtrn rehicular operation# Perform waste e.llmlrntioa and body oloooins (1 hour)# 5c ' k 2c5»^t.2 'ITjo rcBiining tlfle i s avaUrsble for other activities to. o hours) . a. Flight optmtloa; - r-oe section.3.0 for required fit;!.' openitloa f»inctl>33- b. Bcfpriaent Three-Man 0:><-ratlon - on r In - to be dete/KinfJ» two in tBI. (To be added)# 2»5e5 Sleop Period 2«5->5«-l Three-»Man Oppratloa V.i1h TH or CH Docked •*<> L3i The sleep p«rl-od for escn nen will be eif;ht (8) hours. It anticipated that about eu^cn (?) bouro of this lice will be o f f e c t l v c e.'.n";-. Tt • r» -.-fria^ t l c e w i l l b-? ntlV;.'':.! t c p r a pait tin £.l^>p ca risixj, cl-v-ninr cp clxe ar.al1on, parf.vrraing pcrsuciicl irrglone, and earing b.ranktasl , T5ic iQ'Uviduals eigh.rh hour of deep will bo in the fora of a nap during the opea «!uty period, (Sao 1,5.5.1.1), / O 2, �J - One in CH. T^ Q Th- flc-p IVnr.i fry.' eacfc ooc uiU be 6c-7fn (7) hour3, n • a n t i c l r . » t ' : d tf., -. M?oct si:- ("S) heuro of t h i s t l a e i f i l l b e efro-rtiv.? Tljp roirinijis tiino rfili he uttliiod to pr.-. paro t h e alu'p otj^tuo aoc. o n riftios, cloanlng up the oloep BtatioQ. pevic-mJn^ F-eroci-nel K yfj I ousc. nncl sating brcakfosr. Depe..<jlng oil tl;s iength OJ' chis type vC operatiun a tuip of ono to two h;. -rs dwratlot ehOKld bo o^;hc€tulod durJac tho opc^ poricd- \v. 10^ �o^f:i?ATicNAL coNoTRAiNT.; 2<6^1 Kii;src;« c Tjiipch O.-'c"n". Io;:« to Liftoff 1, Inunrh cuUoff time io IfjCO hours Iccal t^me b^<-.PUoe of recovery (a) rcqulrcQcntg.. 2« Ho cxpcrjnent activity w^Xt r-s-iuire crcv tariicipatlon itore tfacJi (b) 90 minutes, or loss than I nluite prior, tc .dftoff. 3» lixpnrlijient uotivit-lea during "fie coi'Dtdowj* are iimitRd to those (b) that can bo perforned by the ayoteme ensinacr from his counh pooltlon. 266'.2 Pone Vi'iT'ch and Sa-rth Crbit 1« J'roa Liftoff to confirmation of orbit experlraeat activity is (b) u-ndruirablo.. It required, it should bo Itinitud to lha capabllliy of the .vycitoaa on^lnocr from hLs couch poeition. 2B A ctntun check of all systems wil-l bo pei*foni'.ei after insertion, (g) Aosume ^5 minutea with all BoiabArs occupied except as oote<'. above, 3' Eftttcrj-ca will bo recharged after .tj-'oertiru, Hcniml span is (a) 100 oln-'tes but crew loading :,a 2 nlautcs for jyeteca engineer, 4, There shall be a mloim'jra of o!ij orbit piicr to S--IVB/CSM (a) tioparatlon. 5, The S-IVB G&C and PCS shall b*? uaed for all aaJieuvers prior to (c) S^r/B/CSM Eoparation. I?iU fine alignment vill be required once per day for normal <c) epaccrraft raquirenents f20 ns.-mte), 7o IJTO alipanent requ'res hiving the '•X axis cj-.; i-•*'i- r?, '.1 (c) local horizontal^ pointed in -Ho direction of flight and aalntnliuvH within + JO' of the plane of • le orbit. The axis nict re-ajr. r least yj'* above the local hor ioo, 8, During near earth orbit cperav.ioas navigational sl^tiago will i>' (b) token 00 loss than twice per day (3^ urinates per set of three sightings). 9B Oribral navigational eightlnga require having the •••X axis in thn (c) dlrectioa of flight anl the +;• axis n-var iocal vertical and pointed toward earthB 2.6,3 Transluugr Tn.jectloa 1, The S-TV3 provides G?;C and thi^ust for the vraaslurar Icjsction. (c) The -j-X cxls is for-i.-arc rnJ approxiPiatcly parallel to local horisoatalft The *-3 axis la down aad appro^J-o-etcly pajvillcl to Jocol vortical. �& 2 <b) 5. (g) battcrjca 20 niratea Prejvrtmlioii crev tlrae l l o down, arlor to d « r b i t bum (20 siautoe) for tranalumir icjcctic® incbidee eyotsas IHU c o n r o e a n d f i n e a L i g a a ' . n t chcc'rr. — ^2 mljiut-es iOTOiv . - a l l crew acKboro» 2,oJt Trpr-.npoc-lllon npd Docjfln^ 1, (c) 2. <c) The i a tho active vohicle diirinj tmniposition and docking* Tl}r S—IVB l a l a The f.-l'VB o c p n P s M o n tranrpeoition noaeuver ol«rla with within + JO" of tho trajectory pleucs the 3* (g) r o l l i a order to s-.llgn +X a x i s f o r w a r d a n d *2. ^xla frofT t h e S - J V B t h o CSM p o r f o m j a + 1 8 0 " a --63° ' tfaa a t t i t u d e IiaLd n o d e - -Jp. After eeparation p'tch maneuver follovicd by for docking, Tioo for tranepoottlon anif decking including preparation, jettison o f SIA<. a n d p e r f o n v a n c e o f b a r v l d o c k i n g p r o c e d u r e o i s 4 0 m i n u t e s Inrolving a l l crcwucn. 4. (g) 2-6«5 Time f o r S-IVB ceparation including preparatoiy procedures i s 5 minutes. T r n n s l H c y . r Co.-5j^ 1(c) 2» (d) Tno coast period iacluiofi o mariruQ of nine nrdcourse Rovigaticr . c i g h t i n g a , f o u r THU a i i g n m o n t n a n d t h r o o d c i t n V c o r r e c t i o n s . Passjye Hiermnl Control (ITC) io required during cooct except a s Jnternipted by i'TC t h e Cf-H mte of ' \ axis. the j'equircmonts of y-Z phase l e pointed toward This Periods of nor ratio ITC o j u r a t i o n e r e I t i l ^ - - ? contlnucie f o r a long a t t l t i - d e hold t i n e , t.hs PTl*. the 7 aud ••cf The "nile-oi'''thUaE." iratlo of For ehort attitude hold tlnco (l';6e roll to hold ic than 15 minutes), tkf i s 7 to 1« Attttndff Eold 5 oin* Hequlrcd Roll Tine 55 15 laln. X'.75 h o u r n 30 min. 2.5 3 hrs (esx.) 3. i t s initial oi*lontation, if s,pp:-oviBatoly ^20" about must bo follovcd by 15 hc-sre of i s that the rollLog cictioa ^-onbines with vehicle residual d r i f t ra'-fto causing the X a r i a ro pi'^cees about 5 to lo Duri.-. tho tnm (•20") end a r o l I t o 2*5 rovolvi Jons ]v?r hour I s coteMlshcd about precession creating rocotiooe Z cscs. periods itrfo 1 abo-^e. hoars 15 hrs. Tine period for navigBtiocal ei^^tiugs i s 36 Bin. InyolTss one c m . (g) 10^ �P®rio^> Tor oid-courc? rcrr^^tion involvt>« oil thx-fy crewmea, includeo ri^noutfcr C/K to dooirM atUhide^ syatea en-up acd (g) checkout, firixij; of aj-uv.'> for tillnpc, SPS firing, rci-ifl'-etiou of doUa V cl'tnlapd (requ'rce contact vUh Wr-FtO^ poot ilrina eyoteia checkn, 25 oUa. j" 5 vg) 2.6 6 TXtno poriod for an TKU ocanfle oUgnriCit. £c:ji)onco is IL nlnutos, 6 min'itcs additiorjil for fine .lUEftmrnt, oad ? wlnutos for a finn allgninont cneck. lAxnur Or'olf Tn>;"vtJ on 1. (c) 2o (g) The X axis is appro^rlnvjtoljr pn-allcl to with -X forrfnrd. Y cr Z axes. th? limar local borizorr ' Ho reotriction ia placed on the direction of • TiiBO for lunar orbit inj&cticn Jjiclndcc sy-^teoi chorlca. lOT eoar, ollgnaeatp IMU fine alignnant. manouver C/H to decirjA alignfflent^ eet-«p lOI navigation pamneters, ullage firing, SFC firing, poo-: fire syetea checka - 1 hr. 5 oin. 2. 6^7 I.uner Orh: t 1. Co) Orbital aav5gr.~iorj.al. iiighcliign wil.l bo requ.ii^d durJ.og rbo first, two orbits for orbit coaC: nnatlon.. CSM aititudc will fc? with the During thin period the general cad +Z -X cxsa jwlateci below the local horJronfcal plane and the X ax-ls will .'io wlth.iu 6'J® of tha orbit p.i-.no;. C 2, (c) A Blnlojum of thros cib'tal car gotio-al s'.ghtlnge (iitiliaiiig IHO alignment of 'lO a.-lni-tea) will he x*ca«.tred daily. See itea ebove for atl.ttUfic3% 3. Proper ECS oporatioa in Invar >>rbtt la dejj.rndent upon the orien* (d) tioo of a plane which b.is'jcts (c) and which p^.rnlloi the X ttxia. .he CSK withjn 25" of th:i swbpoir-r po^it dxrertloa of i.-.a- rr . Devl.a'-.ior froa thia require- ortilts every two days. IKIJ aligaiaoiit ."cccasita«ea pli-.eliig the (c) i.h.f.e plr.r.? a-;iet; rtmi- < the r.str.t at vMc!i t-.c iise intersects the .lun.ar (rjrj".»<-e). Bent Is aIloj:;ed a n-uciM'.'ni of +Z/'"f and -Z/+T quadranta The edge of vX ax.ia in the general and wiiatcinirg it witnln 6o* of the oihit planelihe -fX axis susfc ^etEa^n at least 35® BJ»cve the IcK^al hori-zontal. 5, (g) Tlae fox in;-tl-al rotry ici o LfJi-fiq'iaLiac CSM c:\d .lor?: prcpsure.; roQove and etow CH preaeure aid thonsal fcatchear puTforvi CM eyotpm checks? diecoaaar t and blow probe and c-4*o.^e, cheek for Lffl pressure equal!tat loo. op-ri LBl hatch, tranafer unbiU.cnl O 6. <s) Time for initial ro trsnsfer tc 155'. - It. tiiin. rh-rkc.it activate and chocjcout •jo-oiunica-' tlona, control aed v.-^tning sysven, power ayatca, SXiSj ARS, fanB.^ transfer of PISS and other eei:..'.i:nca! to LEr!? suit transfer serond oan, d-:^ploy landing g?ar, checkout propuliUon r^ystcae? coarss and fine allgmjcnt of liEM TIPJ. set wp rarisation ia L£K, close up I~; -- 2 hro, -17 .?5n. jOfe �2n6.8 lii'/nv Trrnnfor and Uindtug lo Tho 1 hour pr.'.or to I£K e^^pnration frao tlin CM, all three CTv^ («) cc-j;hor3 will be totally' occupied w.Ub Ration nnd other ispaceoraft xreparatory aetivitias, Z . -Kroa lEM cop^ratron to ton-hdo-n, ao o.rperi.montQ will bo porforC' ' Ch) oithoT on-bcard LEM or CM, • 3# "^he two LEN trrt'vnflQ will have "•erapi.ritfd a ulcep cycle no store thcc <b) 6 hours prior to start of litoar trr.anfpr. 2..6,9 Lio.ar Surface 1. After landlns,. prallol.nary LSM cecxirtng and checlrout tiote Is 15 eiu. (g) 2.. Preparation tim? for initial Ivr-ar egress •• -^x^^llne .r>rface, (g) photograffti, review exploration plans ia light of actual conditions, check out ond don suits and PLT-S equ^poent., check out cconunlos* tions, get ocicntlflc oqulpmenl ready - 1 )jr,. 8 oin<c) Duoo lEH preosuro - 5 oin, U, Erf.t Lai, get scientific equipaent and 3ow.»r to gro'ind, oliBb dc.'o (g) loddcT to lunar surface, chock nobility cum iru"fnce coaditions 12 Din. 5. Conduct external inspection of LEW - 5 dn. (r) 6. Erect and align lunar surface S-band dish aotonna - 20 Bin. ^b-) 7. Climb ladder, transfer equlpfflcit into LW, enter Lra • 2 sin, (g) 50 sec, S 8. Repressuzdso LE31 - l8 nin. 50 <ee. (eirgie oysten) (g) 1 Bin. 20 £«, (both'eyctcr.6) 9. No biological waste shall be disposed on the lunar sarfsce withou (g) sterilization, • 10, The LBi is designed so that it con bo left unoccupied with the (g) cabin unpreaeurlzed on the lurar aorfnce. Etqic-rlment design should conform, or posnlble eil'ects be properly defined* # 11, Figure shows tkf- c-xim* disteaeo for E/A froa the I£K as a function of the duration cf the EI ertiwily, TlJo ig based on the amount of oxyger. available to provida purging of ^he SI ffJit in case of pressure stiit rcvitalizatlon syeteBi failure. 10-1 �2.6,10 T.i;inr 1 r:-.-? ZVOU8 f-rc.-^jror:.-'. fo-^ J.^-^ach - L t r - I = xE. 2. (b) Tl-.ore uj.li be r.o exi>9rici.iat activity dvwin? L5J1 iunor return, doekir-s, ="d period throu..^ trausearth a.iiJftCfc:;.on.. JJ. (g) Tft't I.TI vfl be "enof.derni the neiive dni^kJn^ "ncaber on th® roMiru fcr.irtzroua. .9 2f6«l.l Trencrifi'-tb T^jrcttoa 1. (c) 2- (c) (c) k, (b) C 5, (g) >2i.6vl2 1- FolloHiPg TI'U alignTBept the +:i lucla in dJ.r<ictod approx^natoly pnr.illel to rhe local bor-',zont;al prior to jr-Untiog transearth in.ief.ticr . Hocharge b:i>-tQrir-3 20 oiontea prior to dooiblt burn • 20 ain. Prcperat ion iinte for traeooanJi injectioa 3 hrso pr'or to engine ignltlo. xrill take approrltcatoJj -gnd TH/SM $*n^3rn_t loa 98 Trnr'.oluner Coaut '2,6r5'*l) 2e <c) Saoe as Tv;jnaluri.nr Coaat ''2.6.''-2) 5.. (c) Tn addition to tho .-TC ratiulrc.sants of Iterei 2 aboTe, It ia necoasary to provide pre- re'er.-;ry coolirg j!or the for,<ard heat 3l!i9ld> Tliio is acccaplifihcd by keeping the -X axis cumM sun-.T-aT^J i/itn,ln ^o lioitg specified for PTf*. 4. (a, b 8f c) * IflU allgr.r.er'j; io tJie aftnc as Innar orbit (2.6-7), Trrrn'-trth Co<^n (b & c) (a LSTH Jattlrcn orruro prior to oll^^ncDt ejkI la acooupllahod With tbf -X axis in the dircctLon of riJgbl. msd Uie *Z arts pointed tovmrdo the liiv'nr f.urfvjc. tt No e.-nJoriccntnl or .•3peri,n.l ope-.-atlooil activity rcoulring crrw attenticn e.-mll be echcJulcd during the final hours of the Ti'arcear'h Coast period dug to the cr.ltioality of «ct«blJ.shlng a cafe on'-ry corridor, liiui-pueat etownge bo rooplotGd during this period. 5. c) For CM/EM e rnr^^-e.tioe tho »X s.tis is rotated 60-70® nbovo the dlrectloo of flight and ti the trs.Jectory plane. The +Z axis baa s 'zcii.-.iTs prnjcctlcr. ra np-wr.rd l?c-^l Tartl'r.l. 6. (a) The zy^'"-- s-:-arE':i,:: a-i ;;re-sf:7y s.aiavTer r-j>t ce r: ::a-ci Its less thxn 5 clautas prior to reaeliiSr; ^O.CCO fee' entry altitude. i ICS. �7. ferforr iPS statu© clieck prior fo CH/SM c^pcratioo (6 mln.) and .n) © Bain bus status checlt eftar separation nr.d prior to ro-eatrr (5 nlQ,). • 8. Check pyro br.ttcriss prior to C.V5M esparstlon (1 ailoO, (a) 9« Disconnect fuot colla froo CM bnoses orlor to CH/5H aaparatioa (o) (Icda.), • 10. Porforra oTatuo check of ClVSCS tvo houro prior to CM/CM aeaaratlo . (a) (1 Din.), ' U, Preheat C^/RCS wigine vaivns 10-15 atnutes, to be corjplcte 10 ola'.tca (n) prior to ri-I/JSi saparaticn-. 2.6 15 Rg'-ertry nrri Piecoy.^ry 1- CM landing shall be planc^-d no earlier thsn one hour prior to (A) Eunriae, or later than three bo'.'ra prior to ouacet* 2. The longitude of entry for both the CH and .Ti ojuat bo such that (a) the GM doon not endanaer any lend raaaes., 5* Sitry stares vlth the —X axis In the trajectory p32me aod rotatr-' (c) appro::lnvite3y 26* earTh>fard from local horizontal and vd-th the *Z nsia pointed avay from earth. A, (fi) E^orin'-dta or data roturned In the CH. mu^t eorvivo a aaxiBua of two dayo aftor landing. % ((A �2.7 op.•^ATTO^?/.L 2 ^ 7 1 gns 1. (a) i n vattcr.,; •'^.^.-•,?(».- J-.o ;<.on." '. C?yr. - ra l"v« Tne ndiator inifti; toapL>^i-ntnrc r-ua^; ba i*A*3tr.ia:i r.bov® 75®F fo prevont frcftriiia and b-jl^v "F to prevoni bnlHua- 1'h« - folL- ving .nr® operational ••ni?.^of-thuB'a" ron-itrolata. Where expor. riai raquiremcata roquir-a rioUition .>r these rules, & d^tai.V-i vhffirmal balnnoe onaljats ohoald ba ci-.ie. •* 2.7,2 2®7»3 b(a) The apa-'.-ecraft attltvde ahould not be .-'cr.Btralned In an ir-crtlai or earth relftive orientation fc-r longer than 3 h-'-G .. C, (a) Eleetrieal loads of loss tlias l68o»l65K3'vatto require periodic oxpoctira of the radietor to tho sun to picvent freezing, Routiaa Ovi-Tn tlon.?! Coaatrglnts SPG prc.p ;llant O'lsi be rsintniiied clove 'tO®F, Alihongh no fixed rule if poGjiiblo, attitude bo:d? grc^t-er t-uir 3 hours in curatior without uoLrc incidence on the £»•! aft end should be avoided, bhoro cxpcrlrtent cctlvitJes exrresd this tiue, ti theroal aaaljalr should be conducted to check propellant tc«porr.tari?6, PCS fSM) routine Opcrattooal roGgt;-g.intq 1,. (a) 2»7«'f' Tha radiator ourfoc'j'nliould not be ercporad to ao^ar radlatlc. Incidenrro angles of for mora thar 20 clautss por orbit cn vhe n-emge to p.i-event boiling, Jln-:inuB expocurc of theo<' rnslao tor any one tine ifj one orbit, Service Pre'M! J'l i c.:t Syin c-n 1. (a) C a, (a) /'ny f pe quad of the ECS (SM) ihall not b® pclnted towards deep cpace for prrlode exceeding 6* "jO hours. S—IVB Po^itj.re ^'eratipoul^CquKV-raiuj-g i, (a) 'Hie S^TVB propellmt tar.k« oatv be veutod parittdlcally, probably about evnry 'i boors on aa avenig®. 2(a) The S-1V3 ofabie pJatfora in tha lb has a ::».dd!.e gimbnl restrlfttion of +45® about the X^dxis vehicle yaw at luunch, roll la. flight. 2.7.5 Ouidence end Jfevigatioo Syntem RovHoe Opftiational Con^t.'rslnta 1. (a) O The S-lb'S stable platform in ii.e 10 has a slddie glsfiai rectrlctiVon of ^5® about the X-ex<a vehicle ji-w at lauochs roll in flight,*' �2 8 Rr,^UIRg!ir.'iTg 2.8.1 1. SPS propolLs^t chctll b* kiiatainod above lift c^rnbutloa (a) Inatabl'Llt/ iovoi during any d<orbit ironeu^rr, (OX Yoot Iba.). 2 . Contiuuo':a iii'G abort capability will be ea'At-ntalacd. (o) 3. Tbo nicaloa rhall be aborted a® eoon aa i>038lblc after (a)- wnoontroliacl lo^3 of cabin prec^urizaltca. U- SK-KCS dcorbit capability chnll be provided during ary? portica (a) of near-earth orbital flight. 5« In-fl.''-ght contingency octious eb&ll b© initiated prircarily by Cg) oanual Rcr-an utilesn cfflorgsncy corditlon rc-iuirestcata ars cuch that c!.anual opo ation Is incoaelsteat with crew oafety. C - ��r- ATH Sfcr.MHzr.tior ai>:I Ccjcvn1 T ..— . •» t>i.«»-or-«v ^*^..4—-,—^-^- ui:;hia Coicr>'nc<&8 of huspa cr.pablllty By Anolyzina crow cfipability to acquire target within 10 oinutea \j Dotcrainios crew inputo for autcaiatic operation of the ATM ^ Evaluating ooquencc for cxperlnent cctamanda (tsaxiraum 100 ccxsands) Selecting control toodeo coopatible with operator capabilitioa Analysing available ATM target and status presentetioa har(h7are Selecting diaplsQ' and control coabinotlon which places least demand on operator skill and endurance Insuric^ that AiM to opGrstcr input 2. c end LE2I ASS prc'ide near synchronous respcnse D-Jtucwitie training requlreL^nts to ensuire ma-y<tmrm crew proflciencv t^ith selected /AM display ajid ccntrol hardware By Specifying critical tacke required for perfomeace of A'-AI alsoion Providing course and briefing outlines for crew fcsdUerizatioa and training InawiiiS direct ccrrolction between trainer and opcracionoi equipircnt •T h �ATM 1. r'Mtabll.'.(:y_rnd "roCj.\e Evaiuat* haoiualtiiity By Analysing ovorall usabla volutn.; Avnllabillty Insuring ATI! peeullcr and crev fiupport equipasnt ecaplles vltb buisaa enginacring and fllghc snfcty criCaria Inruring adequacy of Illumination for A1^! display and cnntrol eystems Entabliahing vrorb cycle conipecible with overall mission requlrcnonts and Gcailni/Apollo data 2. Evaluate carrier profile for coirpatibllity vitb ATM oysteas By Chacking ATM retrievable (EVA) cassette alze against hatch sizec Evaluating data ensootte maaseo to eisure crew translation capability Confirroing compatibility between cascettes and carrier otowago provisions C Evaluating ATM DJC for cdB^liance with human engineering work station criteria Confirming volume allocation and stot-age configuration for special EVA gear, i.e., maneuvering system, tools, lights, life support f O �Am u:^7^^Ac^^y::a co??57p};p,^Txo^ls n.^onj'.vof^jr.tfl Fvow ATd 1V\ Ground chsckout of ATH OrbJ.tnl checkout of All-I Sonceeraft poAntlnE end trncking prior and durlns experiment Crev notion reotri.ctlons during tracking Ara poiutlag end trucking design and techniques ATH enperlircnft Goqucnclng and control Tarseto of opportunity (in-flight noprosrninalng) ATH ocbltcl reactivation (potential rainfccnancc) Control/dicpley coinpatibllity with LEH/AXM C£-.D Orbital/baSC-H cosaounicationn and flig^C planning C ^ f, E7A ti'."/, film data retrieval (esasette management) r^'A crew equipment fcr frequent Bv'A'b (mod^s) Cr.--.- locc.-nction and tcthsring (hardware) Cv£!.* rr:tabolAc load (vork cchedulc) IllualnaCion duriaag EVA Crew corpartceut pre- during and post- KVA procedures Crcv; corrpartiMnt EVA coinpacibillty (b&tchcs, O2 supply) A'.il rc^tctiration and rafurhishmcnt (fcatterlea, Ci-';G'8, etc.) Crev force aiui morsant impacts on iVlM Instsllation design Special tools and test equipment. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000073 Title A name given to the resource "Human Factor: ATM/Skylab." Description An account of the resource The "Skylab" in the title was a later addition. This is a summary of the human factor aspects of the Apollo Applications space habitat. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Martin Marietta Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-09-21 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1965-1970 Subject The topic of the resource Martin Marietta Corporation Skylab Program Apollo applications program Human factors in engineering design Apollo Telescope Mount Onboard equipment Extravehicular mobility units Life support systems Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 19, Folder 9 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14409/001.pdf 57c118af0b27289322b6f8f251bd3c0e PDF Text Text NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas CONTRACT NAS2-11725 OCTOBER 1986 fVJASA ��SK (.58 NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Huntington Beach, California Prepared for Ames Research Center under Contract NAS2-11723 fUASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1986 ��CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION METHOD MECHANICS SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY GENERAL FINDINGS ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS APPENDIX A APPENDIX B ��SUMMARY Ten former NASA astronauts were Interviewed t o provide Information f o r use In planning f u t u r e space f l i g h t missions. Although no s t a t i s t i c a l analysis of t h e material was performed, t h e responses do provide Insight Into numerous aspects of space f l i g h t . Including psychological aspects, t r a i n i n g , command s t r u c t u r e , health and comfort, physical aspects, and many o t h e r s . The responses by t h e Astronauts t o t h e questions a r e presented together with coRTients by t h e researcher, himself a physician with long experience with the space program. Additionally, spontaneous matters t h a t came up 1n t h e questioning periods a r e reported upon together with t h e r e s e a r c h e r ' s comments on t h e s e a s w e l l . The r e s u l t s , which maintain the s t r i c t c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of the Individual respondents, contribute t o t h e basic Information required by those planning f u t u r e missions In space. INTRODUCTION This I s a report of information obtained during t h e course of separate Interviews with ten former NASA astronauts t h a t took place during t h e f i r s t half of 1984. The purpose of t h e Interviews was t o e l i c i t Information t h a t had not been previously reported and t h a t might open leads f o r f r u i t f u l research endeavors applicable t o the United S t a t e s Space Station program. There a r e many reasons why t h i s Information might not have been reported. I t might have been forgotten during the Astronaut's p o s t - f l i g h t debriefing, o r he might not have f e l t t h a t i t was Important a t t h a t time. There may have been personal reasons why he did not care t o mention some Items. Some material may have developed in h i s mind as a r e s u l t of r e f l e c t i o n s since h i s f l i g h t and of h i s observations of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y t h a t have occurred since h i s own mission. Every e f f o r t has been made t o safeguard t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of t h e inquiry, a s described in t h e section on c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y . 1 �METHOD A 11st of fifty-one questions (Appendix A) was formulated by the Investigator. Published documents, discussions with NASA personnel, and the Investigator's own personal knowledge of space f l i g h t human factors entered Into the formulation of the questions. Some changes were made In the l i s t of questions as Insights were gained during the course of the Interviews. The original thought was that each subject would be asked each question on the l i s t , but I t soon became apparent that t h i s approach would not be the best way t o proceed. Some of the questions clearly referred t o specific programs. Project ApoUo for example, and would be of l i t t l e use in Interviewing a person whose experience was restricted t o an e a r l i e r program. Further, I t was seen that s t r i c t adherence t o the l i s t of questions would result In s t i l t e d , stereotyped replies - the questions became boring rather than stimulating. After the f i r s t two o r three Interviews, I t was decided t o use the questions only t o stimulate discussion. Although some questions were given t o a l l ten contacts, some were only given t o one or two. with each question being presented t o an average of 6.2 contacts. This I s somewhat misleading because In certain Instances questions would stimulate answers t o l a t e r questions, and the responses were combined. (See Question 4) Ames Research Center provided the Investigator with a l e t t e r of Introduction (Appendix B), which described the program and I t s goals, and which reviewed the background of the Investigator. The l e t t e r gave absolute assurance that the Information given would be safeguarded In such a manner that no statement could be attributed e i t h e r t o an Individual o r t o his specific f l i g h t . The contacts were each paid a consultant's fee of $50.00 per hour. I t was originally Intended for Mr. Donald K. Slayton t o be present a t each Interview so as t o take advantage of his background, training, and knowledge of manned space f l i g h t operations. I t proved nearly Impossible t o coordinate the schedules of the Investigator, of Mr. Slayton, and of the contacts. 2 �without delaying the progress of the project to an unacceptable degree; Hr. Slayton, therefore, was present during only two of the interviews. The first interviews were with people known personally to the investigator or to Hr. Slayton (or both). These individuals made suggestions for subsequent interviews. MECHANICS The contacts were first called by telephone and the purpose of the study was explained to them. If they consented to being interviewed (and some declined because of their busy schedules), an appointment was made, and a copy of the letter of introduction was mailed to them in sufficient time to allow them to review it before the interview. Because of the preconceived opinion of the investigator that the presence of a tape recorder would be inhibitory to the free flow of information, the original plan specifically excluded the taping of the interviews. When the first individual was contacted, and when it was explained to him that a tape recorder would not be used, he said he felt the taking of handwritten notes would be distracting to him. interview. He then asked that a recorder be used in his When subsequent contacts were made, each person was given his option of using a tape recorder or not. reluctance to being taped. None expressed even the slightest One even asked for a copy of the tape for his children. In all cases the investigator traveled to the community where the contact lived. The interviews took place in the contact's office on three occasions, in his home on three occasions, and in the investigator's hotel room on four occasions. The environment was very informal. used only to stimulate discussion. question was selected and asked. As stated earlier, the questions were When the conversation lagged, another This usually resulted in a great deal more spontaneous conversation. 3 �SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY Each contact was assured at the time of the initial telephone conversation that anything he said would not be traceable to him or to his flight. The letter of Introduction contained these same assurances, and they were repeated in the investigator's letter that forwarded the NASA letter of Introduction. Finally, the subject was given the same assurances orally at the time of the Interview. It was apparent that most of them appreciated the assurances of confidentiality and were probably more open In their discussions as a result of those assurances. After each Interview the tapes (12 In all) were brought back to the Investigator's residence, where they have remained stored In a safe location. They are identified only with a numerical code number. does not appear on the cassette label. material verbatim In most Instances. The contact's name The Investigator transcribed the Paraphrasing was rarely used and then only when It became necessary to clarify syntax that was peculiar to the oral Interview situation. There are a few portions of the tape that have not been transcribed because they referred to the personal social relationships of the contact and the Investigator. The Investigator transcribed a11 the recorded material on an Apple He personal computer In his home, using the Apple Writer II word processing program. No secretarial assistance was used In either transcribing the taped material or In the preparation of this report. tapes of these Interviews. No other person has heard the To facilitate preparation of this report, the transcribed Interviews were printed on 104 single-spaced sheets. than the Investigator has seen these typed pages. No one other When not In use. they are kept In a combination-locked safe In the Investigator's office. Each transcription Is saved on a magnetic disc, and duplicate discs have been made and stored separately. 4 �GENERAL FINDINGS The subjects were, without exception, extremely cooperative. towards the investigator or the project was expressed. No animosity The investigator could detect no evidence of conscious withholding of information. A broad range of experienced people were interviewed, including persons who had flown on all NASA programs, with the exception of the Space Shuttle. Interviews were conducted with crew members from Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Stcylab. The Apollo contacts included men who had participated in the Earth-orbiting phase of the project, and in the lunar landing phase. One of these latter contacts landed on the moon and another was a Command Module Pilot who remained in lunar orbit alone during a lunar landing mission. No meaningful statistical evaluation can be made for several reasons: 1. The list of questions was not rigidly adhered to. All subjects were not asked all questions. 2. Answers to questions were subjective in nature. 3. Many spontaneous questions generated by the subject's comments evolved on the spot. interviews. Some of these were not really applicable to subsequent On the other hand, some of these spontaneously generated questions were asked at subsequent interviews, but no effort was made to contact earlier subjects to ask them to answer the newly generated questions. 4. Only ten people were interviewed. In this report the questions will be stated, and in cases where the question was presented to several individuals, an evaluation of the replies will be attempted. Spontaneous statements of importance and answers to spontaneously generated questions are included at the end of the answers to the list of fifty-one questions. NOTE: After the answers to each question, there is a section labeled "COMMENTS'. This section contains the investigator's own subjective remarks 5 �and evaluation of the statements made by the contacts. A COMMENTS section w111 be found after each spontaneous comnent as well as after the answers to the prepared questions. ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS 1. Opinion of the Crew Health Stabilization Program. Surprisingly, only 2 of 9 who were asked this question were opposed to the program. All stated either spontaneously (5) or upon questioning (2) that they thought It was helpful In keeping the crews Insulated from annoying contacts. •1 thought 1t was kind of fun. It kept the world away from us." •It allows the crews to concentrate on what It Is they have to think about. flight. They are not being pulled In a number of directions just before the It allows them to focus on the task and the training ahead." CoiMents; Inasmuch as the Crew Health Stabilization Program is no longer practiced with as much rigidity as It was In the early Apollo flights, 1t might be wise to develop some policy for providing a similar degree of privacy and seclusion for future missions. 2. Thoughts on Space Station maintenance activities. NOTE: Because of the similarity of responses to this question and Question 4 regarding tools, the responses to both questions have been cond>1ned here. This question was presented to all the contacts. Two had no comments on the subject. One man said that multipurpose tools were Important. Inclusion of files, wrenches, and other common tools. Swiss Army knife was especially valuable. tape with the adhesive on both sides. He urged the He stated that his He also suggested providing sticky This would be useful In restraining small parts to the workbench surface when making repairs. 6 �One man commented that the Apo11o tool kit was very good. Another urged that maintenance should be kept simple - at the 'black box' level. One respondent thought that neutral buoyancy training was good practice for maintenance, but another stated that it was misleading at best. He urged that any procedures developed in a neutral buoyancy tank be checked out in the zero-g aircraft before being adopted for use in space flight. Only one person mentioned the importance of foot restraints. One recommendation was to project maintenance instructions, and even diagrams, on the inside of the helmet visor in the manner of a Head-Up Display (HUD). A quotation from one of the contacts might prove interesting: •You design things for routine maintenance done there by people with tools in order to keep the system simple, and with simplicity you gain reliability. You get the reliability through that route rather than through redundancy and automation." Comments: The most significant response to this question is contained in the' last quotation. The recent remarkable successes in satellite recovery operations add emphasis to the quotation. Future satellites and future Space Station equipment should be developed with the plan in mind that crew members are capable of performing routine bench-level maintenance. 3. Alarm Systems. This question was presented to seven contacts. Two of them mentioned that they noticed a decrease in the loudness of sounds somewhat proportional to the reduction of pressure in the helmet. experience. Another denied that he had had that Other comnents included the reconmendation that the volume of the alarm be proportional to the severity of the situation; that for critical 7 �energencles t h e r e should be simultaneous visual and a u d i b l e alarms; and t h a t audible alarms should be a "warble t o n e ' a s i s used by some European police cars. Two individuals mentioned t h e g r e a t importance of e l i m i n a t i n g f a l s e alarms. One suggested t h a t a study of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f a l s e alarms might reveal a "signature" f o r f a l s e alarms. This s i g n a t u r e could be Incorporated i n t o a computer, and alarms could be evaluated a g a i n s t t h e s e signatures before being sounded. Comments: The suggestion t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e " s i g n a t u r e s ' of f a l s e alarms might be worthy of f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 4. Tools f o r o n - o r b i t r e p a i r and maintenance. Inasmuch a s t h i s was covered adequately in Question 2 , r e l a t i n g t o maintenance a c t i v i t i e s , t h e answers t o t h i s question have been combined with those obtained i n response t o Question 2 . Comments; 5. None. Food and meals. Of t h e ten persons Interviewed, one had no cormnent; t h r e e suggested t h a t meals be s elected from a menu i n - f l i g h t ; and f i v e advised t h a t a l l individuals e a t t h e same thing a t each meal with no s e l e c t i o n . Hention was made by these individuals t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y chow l i n e had much t o reconmend i t . One of the f i v e suggested t h a t snack Items be provided f o r f r e e s e l e c t i o n from a pantry, but he s t i l l did not recommend t h a t t h e r e be Item s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e main meals. One person said he f e l t a menu determined ahead of time by crew interviews was of l i t t l e value because people lose some of t h e i r a b i l i t y t o t a s t e when in zero-g. He a t t r i b u t e d t h i s t o loss of convection c u r r e n t s carrying aromatics i n t o t h e nose. He s a i d t h i s could be helped by providing strong condiments - pepper i n o i l s o l u t i o n , hot mustard, and s o f o r t h . 6 �One contact suggested the Investigation of foil-packaged foods that are marketed under the brand name of RETORT FOODS. These are not freeze dried, and may be eaten hot or cold. One contact urged that more attention be paid to the nutritional aspects of the diet. He distinguished between those aspects of food preparation that are conventionally performed by a dietician and those performed by a nutritionist. He suggested NASA pay more attention to the latter aspects of menu and diet selection. Comments; Those who advocated the military chow-line approach have probably not seen today's chow line. In present-day military dining halls, there is a remarkably broad selection of items available. One of the contacts suggested that each crew member be asked about his dislikes rather than his likes. disliked foods would not be provided in his menu. The This seems like a reasonable approach. 6. Trash disposal. This question did not stimulate much discussion in the early interviews so was eliminated later on. Two subjects suggested that trash be pyrolized - convert trash to energy. Two others who were asked had no comment. Five were not asked. Comments; 7. None. Clothing design. The overwhelming opinion was for a two-piece garment with lots of pockets (seven out of nine, with two "No Comments"). The advantage of being able to shed the upper garment for comfort in warm areas was comnented on twice. All agreed that many pockets were a necessity, but pocket closure should be with Velcro rather than with buttons, which could catch on things. Two unusual comments included the suggestion that a "dress" uniform be provided for special occasions- this for morale purposes. colors and styles was important for morale. 9 Another was that a variety of One individual stated the need �for strict dress-code enforcenient as an aid to maintaining discipline. One subject stated he had had some experience with polypropylene outdoor clothing and thought it might be worthwhile investigating. He said it was quite comfortable, but brought up the question of its fire resistance. One suggested a different garment for wear during exercise periods. One man suggested that two-piece uniforms have some means of fastening the shirt/jacket to the waist of the trousers to prevent uncomfortable gapping at that point. He suggested Velcro. There was a need expressed for a place to carry an emergency checklist at all times. Free choice of underwear was suggested. One man suggested that slippers be provided for off-duty wear. Coweents: As might be expected, there was a wide range of suggestions regarding clothing. When some of the more extreme suggestions are eliminated one reaches the conclusion that the basic in-flight uniform should be a two-piece garment with many pockets. The suggestion for the provision of a place to keep an emergency checklist available at all times is a good one. B. Personal hygiene equipment. Three contacts had no comments, and three were not asked. The remainder had comments that did not fit any pattern: One wanted to use an electric toothbrush and an electric razor. Another preferred manual toothbrushes and a blade razor. One man said that all on board should use whatever turned out to be 'issue' equipment. He also mentioned that he would insist on daily shaving as he felt it to be good for mental discipline. mental set. 10 He felt it establishes a good �Although not r e a l l y classed a s personal hygiene equipment, one man commented t h a t showers were important but he f e l t a sponge bath might do a s well. Comments; One might question t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of providing e l e c t r i c razors, what with t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of producing "whisker dust" In t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e face of t h e u s e r . Since e l e c t r i c razors seem t o be more p r a c t i c a l i n the Space S t a t i o n environment, i t might be worthwhile t o conduct s t u d i e s on t h e Shuttle t o determine whether o r not whisker dust r e a l l y i s formed in the v i c i n i t y of t h e external nares in a zero-g environment. One might a l s o perform animal s t u d i e s t o determine whether o r not dust produced from t h a t animal's own guard h a i r s produced any lung pathology when inhaled on a d a i l y basis f o r extended periods of time. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . The question was asked of only four people, and two of them had no comments. One person s a i d , "Put a loop of rope around i t and snub i t down." Another suggested t h e use of a "Brooklyn c l o t h e s l i n e " . loop of rope strung between two p u l l e y s . l i n e with c l i p s . This i s a continuous Objects could be attached t o the On t h e other hand, another contact mentioned, in response t o a d i f f e r e n t question, t h a t he had t r i e d such a device in t h e Weightless Environment Training F a c i l i t y (WETF) and found i t worked very well, but when he t r i e d i t in t h e zero-g a i r c r a f t i t became tangled t o such an extent as t o prove u s e l e s s . Comments: 10. None. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "Up" and "Down". Because of t h e s pecial i n t e r e s t of t h i s question, a g r e a t deal of time was spent on i t . Of t h e t e n subjects questioned, nine were very d e f i n i t e in s t a t i n g t h a t t h e r e was no need t o t a k e any p a r t i c u l a r pains t o i d e n t i f y up and down. Several commented t h a t down was always where t h e i r f e e t were. There appeared t o be no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e answers from individuals who had flown in confined spacecraft and answers from those who had flown in spacious 11 �vehicles. One Individual said he himself was not bothered by the lack of up and down, but stated he f e l t I t would be wise t o ensure t h a t everything In a given volume have the same orientation. One contact related that one of his colleagues had spent "hours and hours' In the simulator, then went Into f l i g h t and became 111 even before he had gotten out of the s eat . The point of t h i s observation I s t h a t t h i s person had excellent up and down references but became 111 anyway. In response t o a direct question, one man said t h a t even seeing his colleagues In an orientation different from his own did not disturb him. Two men conmented that the use of a simulator may drive the configuration of the Space Station, a t least In areas where simulator training 1s extensive. The simulator will have t o be constructed with an up and down orientation because I t I s used In a one-g f i e l d . The Space Station area must match the simulator for training If I t I s t o serve any purpose. The following quotations are presented: (1) 'Before I came Into the space program I tended t o have a great amount of familiarity with mathematical techniques of rotation and translation of axes systems...! tended t o look a t something and j u s t figure t h a t I had a rotated coordinate system. (In space) I ' d look out a t the Earth, and I ' d recognize the Earth had I t s own set of Earth-centered coordinates. The spacecraft had I t s space-centered coordinates. Whenever I saw the two In the same field of view 1 just automatically thought of the spacecraft as being oriented t o the Earth, but more Importantly, I had my own body-centered coordinates, and the Input, If somebody allows them t o , can be of those things. . . . I f you operate 1n egocentric coordinates "down" will be towards your f e e t . I t makes no difference whether you're going over the Earth upside down o r diving under I t , or any of those things, If you really look a t I t as your world Is where you are, and everything else I s oriented around you." (2) One contact said he thought I t fun t o look a t the world upside down. "Trying t o force a one-gravity mode of operation Into zero-gravity I s a mistake. I t defeats a l l of the freedom which you a r e given." 12 �(3) When he would go from one compartment t o another, one person s a i d , •There would be moments of d i s o r i e n t a t i o n and you would kind of f l i p your body around and you'd pick t h e work s t a t i o n you were going t o work a t , and then a s soon as you got your body flipped around t o where you were within about 45 degrees of t h a t work s t a t i o n ' s local v e r t i c a l then everything clicked in and you were comfortable." (4) " I think t h a t maybe i f you s t a r t i d e n t i f y i n g up and down you may be reminding people of t h i n g s they should be f o r g e t t i n g . " " I think we adapt e a s i l y t o most any environment, but I j u s t d o n ' t think there i s a g r e a t deal t o be gained by t r y i n g t o force people t o think as they do here on Earth when they a r e , i n f a c t , in space." Comments: If t h e opinions of t h i s small sample of people a r e f e l t t o be s i g n i f i c a n t one must conclude t h a t special e f f o r t s t o i d e n t i f y "up" and "down" in Space Station will not pay l a r g e dividends. The comment t o maintain a constant local v e r t i c a l i n each module seems worthwhile following, i f i t i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y f e a s i b l e and charges no penalty from a design standpoint. On t h e other hand, none of t h e ten subjects interviewed admitted t o having experienced any degree of nausea. If none of t h e ten contacts became i l l , and i f approximately 40X of S h u t t l e crew members become i l l , we a r e drawn t o four possibilities: (1) The sample i s s o small t h a t chance alone resulted in my interviewing only those individuals who did not become i l l . (2) There really i s some difference between those interviewed and Shuttle crew members. (3) flight. The persons interviewed did not admit t h a t they become i l l i n From t h e obvious s i n c e r i t y and d i r e c t n e s s of t h e s e ten contacts, I am convinced t h a t none of them became i l l . This, I must admit, i s a very subjective assessment, but i t i s my conviction t h a t they were a l l t r u t h f u l and f o r t h r i g h t in t h e i r answers t o my questions. This opinion i s substantiated by t h e f a c t t h a t one individual did admit t h a t he would have become i l l had he not paced h i s o n - o r b i t a c t i v i t y f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o r four days. This person's conments a r e found in t h e SPONTANEOUS COMHENTS s e c t i o n , which follows. 13 �(4) The flight environment of these ten contacts was different from the Shuttle environment. I suspect that the reason for the observed difference 1n distribution of nausea In this group Is a combination of (1) and (4). 11. Use of vented gases for attitude control. This was only asked of four contacts. One remarked that vented gases had been used as an expediency to control tumbling In Gemini V. Another had no coment regarding the use of gases for attitude control, but he did suggest that they be used to run turbines for power. One said he did not think It such a good Idea - use control moment gyros Instead. Comments: 12. None. Importance of private cwnnunlcatlons. This question was asked of all ten Individuals. Responses varied from, 'Hot all that Important' to 'Absolutelyl' Host of the respondents thought a private line was Important for personal connunlcatlon with families, but of equal Importance was Its use In operational control of the flight. One subject gave an example of a situation In which Instructions had to be paraphrased to keep them from being heard by the press. The paraphrased Instruction was misinterpreted to be a Joke and was not followed. The example cannot be further Identified or described here as it would reveal the source, but suffice It to say that the well-being of a crew member was Jeopardized by this misunderstanding. One contact said, 'The Administrator [NASA] doesn't have a microphone In his office with the world listening Into everything he says. astronauts have the same privilege?' 14 Why can't �Another s a i d , 'They ( t h e press) have no more r i g h t in your bedroom on o r b i t than they have in your bedroom on Earth. They a r e not allowed t o go t o your doctor and find out how you a r e and what you a r e doing (on Earth so they d o n ' t have t h a t r i g h t i n s p a c e ) . Coffinents: I d o n ' t c a r e who's paying t h e b i l l . " The respondents' r e p l i e s t o t h i s question were based more on t h e i r feelings of p r i v i l e g e r a t h e r than on t h e a c t u a l need f o r and u t i l i t y of a private communications l i n k . They admitted t h e importance of the r i g h t t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o t h e i r f a m i l i e s , but they did not seem too concerned with the beneficial e f f e c t such communications would have on mission accomplishment. The comment regarding the u t i l i t y of a p r i v a t e link t o discuss purely operational matters was s i g n i f i c a n t . I would l i k e t o point out t h a t during s t r e s s f u l t r a i n i n g exercises during the Mercury program I had many opportunities t o use t h e private l i n e and found i t t o be of g r e a t b e n e f i t in assessing the s t a t u s of t h e t r a i n e e . The t r a i n e e s more than once made statements a s t o t h e i r physical s t a t u s t o me on t h e p r i v a t e l i n e t h a t they would not make on t h e open loop. As an individual, and not a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i n t h i s study. I would strongly recommend t h a t an absolutely p r i v a t e communications l i n k be provided. The "Earth end" of t h e link would be under t h e control of t h e crew member. That i s , t h e crew member would decide who he would t a l k p r i v a t e l y t o , h i s family, t h e f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r , t h e physician, o r anyone e l s e . One of t h e contacts in t h i s investigation even mentioned t h a t a person spending many weeks o r months in a Space S t a t i o n might wish t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o h i s broker! 13. Use of portable f a n s . Five contacts were asked t h i s question, and none of t h e f i v e ventured an opinion. Comments: 14. The question was not presented t o t h e o t h e r f i v e . None. Opinions regarding t r a n s l a t i o n a l a i d s , control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices, o r i e n t a t i o n cues, and p r o t e c t i v e gear f o r personal wear. 15 �Five of t h e ten contacts were not asked any p a r t of t h i s q u e s t i o n . Of the f i v e remaining, only p a r t s were asked, o r only p a r t s were answered. Four subjects expressed s a t i s f a c t i o n with t h e coninon "wicket-type" switch guards. One person s a i d he could not v i s u a l i z e r o l l r a t e s of such a magnitude as t o require personal p r o t e c t i v e equipment such a s headgear. He a l s o said rounded corners and o t h e r methods should be used t o p r o t e c t a person moving about in t h e cabin. be required. Comments; 15. One o t h e r person s a i d he did not b e l i e v e headgear would None. Opinions regarding t h e a i r l o c k on Skylab. This question was presented t o only t h r e e people, and only one of them had an opinion. He s t a t e d , "There should always be a s a f e haven one can g e t t o . The racetrack design I s good. To have a s a f e haven in each module I s too c o s t l y , I t takes up t o o much room." Cocmaents: 16. None. Ideas regarding crew q u a r t e r s . This was addressed by nine out of t h e ten Interviewed. f e e l t h a t p r i v a t e crew q u a r t e r s were necessary. very Spartan conditions. Only two did not One of t h e s e two advocated He commented t h a t we c a n ' t a f f o r d t o build a Space S t a t i o n t o accormodate anybody and everybody. We must s e l e c t crews t h a t can t o l e r a t e Spartan l i v i n g conditions f o r ninety days. they can hang up anywhere." "Olve them a sleeping bag The o t h e r one of t h e s e two s a i d he compared a ninety-day Space S t a t i o n t o u r with an overseas m i l i t a r y t o u r o r a camping trip. He s a i d , " I d o n ' t t h i n k you need t o have a p r i v a t e room and a l l t h a t as long a s you have a place t o s l e e p . " 16 �One of t h e remaining seven who commented s a i d he saw two c o n f l i c t i n g requirements, one was t h e need f o r q u i e t and privacy, and t h e o t h e r was t h e need t o be near t h e work s t a t i o n t o respond t o emergencies. He suggested t h a t NASA explore t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing a "sea cabin" f o r one o r more crew members. He a l s o f e l t t h a t any alarms sounded In t h e crew q u a r t e r s should be p r i o r i t i z e d - perhaps only a " B a t t l e S t a t i o n s ! " type of alarm. One contact with Skylab experience said he thought t h e crew quarters should be a t l e a s t twice t h e s i z e of t h e Skylab q u a r t e r s . He a l s o advised t h a t they not be located near t h e exercise area t o diminish t h e noise l e v e l s . One person commented t h a t t h e Apollo s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were adequate, and one commented t h a t t h e Skylab s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were good. With t h e exception of t h e two "Spartans", everyone believed p r i v a t e , individual, comfortable q u a r t e r s should be provided. Comments: There seems t o be no question but t h a t p r i v a t e crew quarters should be provided. These should be a s large a s I s practicably possible. It Is evident t h a t t h e e a r l y Space S t a t i o n w i l l not be large enough t o provide commodious q u a r t e r s , but I t seems t h a t , given t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , privacy I s more t o be desired than volume. 17. Medical t r a i n i n g f o r crew members. This question was presented t o e i g h t of t h e ten c o n t a c t s . The most common response was t h a t e i t h e r a f l i g h t surgeon be on each crew, o r t h a t two of t h e crew members should be t r a i n e d t o t h e level of paramedics. One respondent said he believed a l l crew members should have extensive t r a i n i n g 1n physiology so t h a t they would b e t t e r understand medical o r physiological problems t h a t arose In themselves o r In o t h e r s . He a l s o f e l t t h e r e should be a f l i g h t surgeon on board f o r long-term exposures. Another f e l t t h a t every crew member should have t h e equivalent of paramedic t r a i n i n g , and t h a t a physician was not necessary unless he was dual t r a i n e d - a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t f o r example. One o t h e r contact suggested t h a t i f a physician were assigned he should be 17 �dual t r a i n e d . Another contact reconnended t h a t NASA. 1n t h e i r s e l e c t i o n program f o r mission s p e c i a l i s t s . Include s u f f i c i e n t physicians a s t o provide one f o r each Space S t a t i o n crew. Comments: C l e a r l y , a minimum of two people on each crew must have some competency 1n providing medical c a r e . other can take care of him. If one of t h e s e two becomes 111, the A good compromise would be f o r one of t h e crew members t o be a dual-trained ( a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t ) physician and t h e other a s a dual-trained person with medical t r a i n i n g e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t of a paramedic. 18. Need f o r group dynamics t r a i n i n g . Group dynamics t r a i n i n g was b r i e f l y described a s a psychological technique which helps people t o work together and t o give each o t h e r mutual support and tolerance. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . Only two f e l t no t r a i n i n g was required, and one f e l t I t should be given only If a problem a r o s e . stated he had heard t h e Russians had had a problem. One One commented a s follows: *I think t h a t I t ' s going t o be Increasingly important t h a t they have a t l e a s t some amount of t h i s [group dynamics t r a i n i n g ] because you would l i k e t o have a preconditioned a t t i t u d e of how t h e y ' r e supposed t o work t o g e t h e r . You d o n ' t want t o have some highly motivated mission s c i e n t i s t back t h e r e [ I n the space lab o r an analogous p a r t of a Space S t a t i o n ] who d o e s n ' t understand where t h a t p r i o r i t y I n t e r f a c e s with t h e s e o t h e r p r i o r i t i e s . " Another commented t h a t he f e l t f u t u r e crews, who would not have a s much I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g a s those of today, should be required t o function In some s o r t of environment together before they launch. He suggested t h a t Survival School might be useful f o r t h a t purpose. One contact was e s p e c i a l l y concerned In regard t o t h i s m a t t e r . His coenents took up more than a page of single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t , and Included t h e following statements: 16 �' I think t h a t [ t h e lack of p s y c h i a t r i c o r psychological support] i s one of the shortcomings of NASA over t h e y e a r s , and I d o n ' t know i f they've solved t h a t problem yet today, and t h a t i s t h a t t h e r e i s no a c t i v e program having t o do with t h e behavioral sciences t h a t helps e i t h e r t h e astronauts in dealing with one another o r t h e a s t r o n a u t s and t h e i r families dealing with t h e situation." ' I think i t i s unfortunate t h a t astronauts have never been given any kind of opportunity f o r behavioral science understanding. There has been such a stigma associated with psychologic o r p s y c h i a t r i c therapy t h a t everyone stays away from i t l i k e i t i s some kind of poison." ' I though i t was j u s t r e a l l y too bad t h a t t h e r e was not some s o r t of a program in NASA t o help i n some s o r t of an upbeat way - t o give them access t o these people - give them some t r a i n i n g on techniques of dealing with t h e s e problems. The problems a r e t h e r e ! " Another c o n t a c t ' s comments f i l l e d t h r e e single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t pages, but were mostly personal experiences with h i s f r i e n d s , and cannot be reported here because of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of revealing t h e source. He l e f t no doubt in t h i s i n t e r v i e w e r ' s mind t h a t he was strongly i n favor of professional psychological support f o r t h e crews and f o r t h e i r f a m i l i e s . Comments: 19. See comments t o Question 1 9 . Should f a m i l i e s have s i m i l a r psychological support? This question was posed t o e i g h t of t h e t e n c o n t a c t s . One had no comment, two said i t need not be provided, and one s a i d i t should be provided only on a voluntary b a s i s If t h e family member f e l t t h e need and asked f o r i t . The r e s t f e l t i t should be provided In some degree o r another. A commonly expressed suggestion was t o keep t h e f a m i l i e s very well informed about a l l a s p e c t s of t h e program, and t o g e t them involved with whatever i s going on. One man s a i d , "The more you involve t h e wives i n t o t h e 19 �operation, t h e more support you g e t from them. Keep them Informed and give them l i n e s of conmunlcatlon t o , f o r example. Mission Control Center." He also s a i d , ' I know when I was t h e r e [assigned t o NASA], t h e wives and t h e families were r e a l l y I s o l a t e d . They were r e a l l y pushed back In a c o r n e r . I s , t h a t kind of treatment was I n f e c t i o u s . The program t r e a t e d t h e wife t h a t way, and p r e t t y soon we s t a r t e d t r e a t i n g our wives t h e same way. really tragic." The problem " I know I t cost a l o t of guys t h e i r m a r r i a g e . " I t was He continued by saying. 'You c a n ' t t r e a t people l i k e numbers, and t h a t ' s what NASA d i d . t h e wives were unhappy, w e l l , t h a t ' s t o o bad! If 'Think of a l l t h i s Important work t h a t your husband I s doing and go home and s h u t u p ! ' I t d i d n ' t work." On the other hand, another contact s t a t e d , "The t h i n g s t h a t d o n ' t k i l l you make you s t r o n g e r . I , f r a n k l y , think t h e experience was a p o s i t i v e experience f o r my w i f e . " He was not one of those In favor of a formal program f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . Comments: Because Question 18 and Question 19 a r e s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , comments t o both of them w i l l be presented h e r e . For some reason t h e r e seemed t o be more enthusiasm expressed f o r providing some s o r t of psychological support f o r t h e crew members than f o r providing s i m i l a r support f o r t h e families. I had expected t h e reverse would prove t h e c a s e . I t would seem Important t o ensure t h a t f u t u r e Space S t a t i o n crews have t h e opportunity t o work very c l o s e l y together in s i t u a t i o n s t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e mutual support. Although I t might be d i f f i c u l t t o j u s t i f y giving survival t r a i n i n g t o Space Station crews, t h a t s o r t of s o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n would probably pay large dividends when t h e crew occupy t h e Space S t a t i o n . I t might a l s o be of benefit f o r NASA t o Introduce a c e r t a i n amount of psychological t r a i n i n g I n t o t h e program. The contacts, f o r the most p a r t , were not concerned about providing psychological support f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . However, t h o s e who were In favor of such support were very p o s i t i v e In t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s . My personal f e e l i n g s in t h i s regard, and many of t h e s e f e e l i n g s have been generated by t h e very strong �and sincere statements expressed by two of t h e c o n t a c t s , a r e t h a t NASA has been remiss In not Including t h e f a m i l i e s a s p a r t of t h e program. I t seems that more d e t a i l e d b r i e f i n g s might be given t h e wives so t h a t they would have a better Idea of of what t h e i r husbands a r e doing. This action might not Improve the effectiveness of t h e husbands, but nevertheless should be provided if only f o r humanitarian reasons. The question of r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s was never presented a s a formal question, but I t did come up spontaneously In t h e discussions with most of t h e contacts. From t h e i r expressions of belief and f a i t h 1 t I s my conclusion t h a t a resident chaplain a t JSC would be of g r e a t value t o t h e program. 20. Crew I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g In a one~g simulator. Because of t h e many very strong polarized f e e l i n g s brought out by t h e questions on group dynamics t r a i n i n g (Questions 19 and 20), I t was f e l t t h a t t h i s question should be eliminated. misinterpreted i t . I t was asked of only one contact and he His answer r e l a t e d t o command s t r u c t u r e of a Space Station crew, and will be included with t h e answers t o Question 45. Comments: 21. None. Problem of ambient nois e. Here I s another question t h a t was, f o r a l l I n t e n t s and purposes, eliminated. The contacts a c t u a l l y answered I t when speaking of t h e need f o r quiet In p r i v a t e q u a r t e r s . The question was posed t o t h r e e I n d i v i d u a l s . One Implied In h i s answer t h a t noise was not a big problem - one g e t s used t o I t . On t h e o t h e r hand, unanticipated noises o r motions of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a r e very d i s t r a c t i n g . The third said t h a t on h i s f l i g h t , crew member noise prevented sound sleeping In shifts. Comitents: None. 21 �22. Wardroom, e n t e r t a i n m e n t , e x t e r n a l v i e w i n g , and E a r t h p o s i t i o n . All t e n c o n t a c t s a g r e e d t h a t a wardroom was I m p o r t a n t . There was near-unanimous o p i n i o n t h a t p e r s o n a l l y s e l e c t e d books and music t a p e s were I m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o t a k e a l o n g . Other suggestions Included the p r o v i s i o n of movies on VCR t a p e s , and one I n d i v i d u a l s u g g e s t e d t h a t books, movies, and o t h e r forms of a u d i o - v i s u a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t c o u l d be p u t on l a s e r video d i s c s . Hany I n d i v i d u a l s commented on t h e f a c t t h a t r e a l - t i m e coimerclal news progratming and e n t e r t a i n m e n t shows c o u l d be u p - l i n k e d w i t h l i t t l e difficulty. Only one person had no s t r o n g o p i n i o n on t h e need f o r windows, b u t even he s a i d t h e y were h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e , b u t n o t o f prime I m p o r t a n c e . One person s a i d , 'Nobody e v e r g e t s enough t i m e l o o k i n g o u t o f w i n d o w s . ' Another s a i d , 'They should make s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e a s many windows a s p o s s i b l e . ' He suggested one be p u t n e a r t h e e x e r c i s e d e v i c e s o one c o u l d l o o k o u t w h i l e exercising. One man s a i d t h e windows a r e e x t r e m e l y 1nQ)ortant from a recreational as well an Inspirational standpoint. p o r t s and t i m e t o u s e t h e m . ' spacecraft the better. He s a i d , 'You need viewing One of t h e c o n t a c t s s a i d , ' T h e more windows In a One of t h e most e n j o y a b l e t h i n g s you have t o do up t h e r e 1 s t o look o u t t h e window. I n f a c t , even a b u b b l e window might be n i c e . * One of t h e more a r t i c u l a t e c o n t a c t s s a i d : ' I , f o r o n e , am t o t a l l y convinced t h a t t h e magic of s p a c e and t h e v a l u e of being t h e r e I n v o l v e s being a b l e t o s e e w h a t ' s o u t t h e r e . . . I t 1 s from t h e human s t a n d p o i n t t h a t I t h i n k you need l o t s of viewing p o r t s . Important. I d o n ' t c a r e I f 1 t does c o s t more money. I t h i n k t h a t ' s very The r e t u r n I n keeping p e o p l e ' s I n t e r e s t , and t h e m o t i v a t i o n and a l l t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g , t o d o more and more, and t o g o f u r t h e r , 1 s v e r y d r a m a t i c a l l y enhanced by b e i n g a b l e t o see.' Comments: The most c o n s i s t e n t answer t o a n y of t h e f i f t y - o n e q u e s t i o n s was t h e s t r o n g p o s i t i v e e x p r e s s i o n of a need f o r a wardroom w i t h some s o r t of entertainment equipment. Individual preferences. The s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h i s equipment c l e a r l y followed Of equal unanimity was t h e e x p r e s s e d need f o r many 22 �and large windows. This has such g r e a t importance t h a t i t would appear important t o consider t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing bubble windows, a s was suggested by one of t h e c o n t a c t s . 23. Body waste c o l l e c t i o n and d i s p o s a l . Six contacts were asked t h i s question. Two had no ccHwnents, and two said they f e l t t h a t t h e Skylab system was adequate, although they did not l i k e t h e idea of bagging t h e f e c e s . One man said even t h e Apollo system was a l l r i g h t in s p i t e of t h e need t o bag t h e f e c e s . The t h i r d comment related only t o urine collection and t h a t person said he f e l t t h e ordinary a i r c r a f t , r e l i e f tube was adequate. Although he d id not say s o , i t was c l e a r t h a t he meant such a device would have t o be adapted t o t h e zero-g environment. Comments: 24. None. Personal c l e a n l i n e s s . Since t h i s question had a l s o been addressed in Question 8 , Personal Hygiene Equipment, i t was presented t o only f o u r of t h e c o n t a c t s . Two of them had no comment; one recommended t h e use of a spring-driven razor; and another, who uses a blade r a z o r , s a i d he f e l t frequent o r d a i l y shaving was good f o r crew d i s c i p l i n e . Conments: 25. This was t h e second contact t o make t h a t comment. This was considered in t h e comments t o Question 8 . Exercise. This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . important. All agreed t h a t exercise was One s a i d he f e l t e x e r c i s e and good food were t h e two most in^ortant things t o provide f o r long-duration space f l i g h t . Two others said they f e l t e x e r c i s e was important from a psychological and morale standpoint a s well as from a physical well-being point of view. Five people recommended t h a t both a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill be provided. One mentioned only a treadmill and one mentioned only a bicycle. a �Two people mentioned that it Is also necessary to exercise the upper torso and arms. One of these recoimiended spring or bungee devices for this purpose. Another thought a Nautilus-type of exercise device should be provided. One person said he thought the Cxergenle was a very useful device, but another stated that he tried to use it on his flight and found that the nylon ropes heated from the friction of use and stretched, making the device useless. Another person said he believed there is a need for something that will provide structural stress to the skeletal system, but he had no ideas on how to do that. Only two people suggested a duration for the exercise period. One suggested ninety minutes and the other sixty minutes. Coniwents; The need for exercise was strongly supported by all. It Is my understanding that investigations into the types of exercise equipment needed are being conducted. I can only urge that these Investigations be continued both on the ground and In flight. 2b. How to manage books and manuals. This question was presented to only four of the ten contacts. One stated he preferred books, but could learn to live with Information presented on CRTs. One contact had no comments, and the other two said that they did not think that everything had to be In data banks. Some material can best be presented in book form, and other material can be stored In data banks for retrieval when needed. The feeling seemed to be that recreational material was best presented In book form, but technical material (with the exception of emergency checklists) could be stored In data banks. Cowaents: None. 24 �27. Han/machine interface. This question was put to five of the ten contacts. One suggested that color be used more in the design of the Space Station, and one said color was not a11 that important. One had no comment. One man suggested that NASA employ what he called "functional artists" to help in designing the interior of the Space Station. He stated that the wardroom should be of a "relaxing* color and the flight deck should be of an "alerting" color. One individual urged caution in accepting the use of digital displays. He said: "Digital offers various advantages in terms of accuracy, precision when you need precision, but the human being is an integrator, he doesn't take snapshots, and there is a lot of information and intelligence lost when you're looking at a digital display." Comments: The science of architecture is advancing at a great pace. NASA would be well advised to use the services of this discipline in establishing interior design criteria for the Space Station. I was impressed by the warning about digital displays. From a purely personal standpoint I find it easier to integrate analog informational displays than I do digital displays, but this may be purely cultural. An interesting area for investigation would be to assess whether people get more or less information from one display than the other. Unquestionably, it is easier and quicker to read, for example, the exact time from a digital display, but does one find it also easier to tell how many minutes have elapsed since a given event or how much time remains before a given action must be taken. I am sure similar analyses could be made of altimeters, and other displays of changing quantifiable information. 25 �2B. Three s h i f t s o r one? This question was asked of s i x people. One had no connient. Only one of t h e remaining f i v e f e l t t h a t a l l crew members should be allowed t o s l e e p a t t h e same time. times. They f e l t t h a t someone should be awake and on watch a t a l l One man s a i d t h a t t h e crews should be a b l e t o work longer than eight-hour s h i f t s . He s a i d , 'You're not t h e r e on a v a c a t i o n , even f o r three months.' One contact s t a t e d t h a t timelines should be f l e x i b l e enough t o accomnodate t h e mission, and t h e crew members should be i n d o c t r i n a t e d in t h e occasional need f o r working on t h e i r off-duty time. For exati^le, an Earth resources task night require t h a t t h e Earth resources s p e c i a l i s t t a k e photos a t a p a r t i c u l a r time on a p a r t i c u l a r o r b i t , and t h a t might occur during h i s o f f - d u t y time. This question a l s o asked t h e contact t o comment on whether e x e r c i s e should be an off-duty endeavor o r a duty-time a c t i v i t y . obtained. Only t h r e e answers were One man said exercise should be done during o f f - d u t y hours. The second said t h e question was i r r e l e v a n t because one i s never ' o f f d u t y ' In space. The t h i r d said he thought half of t h e e x e r c i s e should be done during on-duty time and half of i t when off d u t y . Comments: As was t h e case i n most of t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e was no r eal unanimity of opinion unless i t was t h a t someone should be awake a t a l l times. This seems t o be a most reasonable and l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n . 29. Importance of real-time TV. Here i s another example of a question t h a t was covered f a i r l y well i n an e a r l i e r question. See Question 22. which addresses wardroom accommodations. This question (29) was asked of only t h r e e persons. One had no comment: one thought i t was very important; and t h e o t h e r did not b e l i e v e i t t o be of g r e a t importance. Comments: None. �30. Who should s e l e c t t h e crews? All but t h r e e of t h e contacts were asked t h i s question and, a s one might expect, t h e r e was a wide range of opinion i n t h i s regard. person a r e summarized in t h e following paragraphs. (1) A crew s e l e c t i o n committee has v i r t u e . made by one person. The r e p l i e s of each No r e a l p a t t e r n emerged. The s e l e c t i o n should not be Perhaps t h e Captain should be s e l e c t e d f i r s t . He would then s e l e c t a second person; t h e two of them would s e l e c t t h e t h i r d ; and s o on until a l l crew members had been chosen. (2) Overall Management should make t h e s e l e c t i o n . The Commander should not have s o l e s e l e c t i o n a u t h o r i t y , but he should have veto powers. The peer review concept has v i r t u e i n t h a t i t i d e n t i f i e s t h e unpopular individuals. (3) The crew should be s e l e c t e d by Management - they have more information a v a i l a b l e t o them than does anyone e l s e . i s a useful t o o l . The peer review process Management needs an input from t h e crew Commander. This contact believed t h a t a small group of crews should be selected and flown frequently. This saves expensive t r a i n i n g time over t h e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e , which i s t o have a l a r g e pool of candidates from which crews a r e selected t o fly less fre q uently. (4) Believes a nucleus of crew members should be s e l e c t e d . These people fly frequently and t r a i n t h e i r own replacements ( t h e r i g h t - s e a t man eventually moves i n t o a l e f t - s e a t assignment). Whatever system i s used, i t should be well understood by a l l t h e candidates. Each should know what the s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e , and how t h e process o p e r a t e s . (5) Mentioned t h a t he l i k e d t h e way Slayton handled t h e s e l e c t i o n process, but believes t h e s e l e c t i o n pool i s much too l a r g e . (6) Also mentioned t h a t he liked t h e way Slayton did h i s job i n t h e p a s t . (7) NASA management should s e l e c t t h e operational crew. authority should s e l e c t t h e t e c h n i c a l crew. Some o t h e r The combined group should work together f o r a period of time, and t h e Commander should be a b l e t o e x e r c i s e veto power over members of both groups i f he f e l t an individual would not f i t in. Conments: I am i n c l i n e d t o go along with respondent Number 3 . Number 7 made e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same comments. 27 Respondent My disagreement with Number 3 i s �only i n regard t o t h e concept of peer review. I an s u r e i t does point out the unpopular i n d i v i d u a l s , a s s t a t e d by c o n t a c t Number 2 , but a t what expense? I am s u r e t h e unpopular individual i s already known by Management by t h e time they g e t around t o s e l e c t i n g t h e crews. One i s i n c l i n e d t o ask how important i s popularity anyway? 31. Does EVA require t h e 'buddy system"? Only four people were asked t h i s question. One had no conntent, and the other t h r e e said they believed i t was necessary. One of them s a i d he thought the buddy might be a f u l l y s u i t e d a s t r o n a u t who remained i n s i d e t h e s t a t i o n , but was ready t o go outside a t a moment's n o t i c e . None said they though t h e buddy system was unnecessary. Comments: 32. None. How can t h e EVA s u i t be in^troved? This question was asked of seven people. Again, t h e comments were not c o n s i s t e n t , and r e f l e c t t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s personal views. There i s a l s o some overlap in t h e answers with t h e answers t o some of t h e o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . (1) For prolonged EVA t h e astronaut should be provided with a 'motorman's f r i e n d * , a d i a p e r , water, but no food. (2) For missions t h a t w i l l require EVA soon a f t e r a t t a i n i n g o r b i t , t h e EVA crewman should be s elected from a pool of i n d i v i d u a l s who, by t h e i r past experience in o r b i t , have shown t o be r e s i s t a n t t o space motion s i c k n e s s . Nevertheless, vomitus containment apparatus should be provided ' j u s t in case.* (3) Consider using honey water a s a source of energy and f l u i d . glove needs improvement s o a s t o provide b e t t e r t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . The A wire saw (Gigli saw) should be taken along on every EVA f o r emergency u s e . (4) Mentions b e t t e r gloves with improved t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . (5) Suggests t h a t t h e problem of f i n g e r t i p i n j u r y could be solved by c l o s e r trimming of t h e f i n g e r n a i l s . (6) Recommends t h e hard, r i g i d , high-pressure ( 8 p s i ) s u i t . (7) One man had no comments. 28 �Cownents: The suggestion t o use honey water a s a source of nourishment and of fluids c e r t a i n l y deserves i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Methods f o r c o l l e c t i n g urine and feces (a diaper should be adequate f o r emergencies) a r e e s s e n t i a l , and I believe t h a t some s o r t of vomitus containment device i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l . People s t i l l become i l l , even on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e Earth in a one-g f i e l d , ^ and there i s no reason t o suspect t h i n g s w i l l d i f f e r i n space. ^ problem comes up with t h e food s t o r a g e equipment, t h e r e might well be some gastroenteric I l l n e s s e s developing. In f a c t , i f a F i n a l l y , i t seems logical t o develop a suit t h a t provides a t l e a s t 8 - p s i p r e s s u r e , more If f e a s i b l e . The advantages to such a garment a r e t o o well known t o warrant elaboration in t h i s r e p o r t . 33. EVA r e s t r a i n t s , t e t h e r s , hand holds, l i g h t s , e t c . After receiving t h r e e "no comments" i n a row, t h i s question was eliminated. I t was asked of f o u r c o n t a c t s and only one had any comments. His are as follows: "There i s a need f o r a s m a l l , multipurpose t o o l k i t with interchangeable end-effectors. Small l i g h t s on t h e f i n g e r t i p s a s were used in the Mercury program a r e extremely u s e f u l . These can be d i r e c t e d b e t t e r than a helmet-mounted l i g h t . " Comments; effective. 34. The use of f i n g e r t i p l i g h t s on t h e Mercury s u i t was most This might be i n v e s t i g a t e d again f o r t h e Space S t a t i o n s u i t . Suggestions regarding mortuary a f f a i r s . This question was posed t o f o u r of t h e persons interviewed. Two s t a t e d that the sensible t h i n g t o do would be some form of o n - o r b i t d i s p o s a l . said, in some s e r i o u s n e s s , "Shoot me i n t o t h e Sun!" (One He was aware of t h e high-energy c o s t of doing t h i s , s o t h e r e was some l e v i t y i n t h e remark t o o . ) 6ut they a l s o recognize t h a t t h i s would not be acceptable in today' s s o c i e t y . I ^ One of t h e contacts s a i d t h e problem should be addressed and solved before we go t o Space S t a t i o n , but he had no i d e a s . The f o u r t h person agreed with the necessity t o bring t h e body back i n a condition s u i t a b l e f o r an open-casket f u n e r a l , but he had no ideas on how t h i s could be accon4)lished. 29 �Conroents; One approach t o mortuary ser vices might be t o c o n s u l t with various museums of natural h i s t o r y . One of t h e modern methods of taxidermy i s t o place the animal In a l i f e - l i k e pose and f r e e z e I t in t h a t p o s i t i o n . A vacuum i s then drawn on t h e container, and t h e animal i s c o n p l e t e l y d e s i c c a t e d . The desiccated specimen i s then placed in a sealed c a s e . This technique could be adapted t o t h e Space S t a t i o n as a method of preserving t h e body of a deceased crew member u n t i l a r e l i e f vessel makes c o n t a c t . 35. Foot r e s t r a i n t s a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This question was given t o four s u b j e c t s . Three had no comments, and one s t a t e d t h e t r i a n g u l a r shoes used in Skylab worked f i n e . Topics explored in t h i s question were a l s o addressed i n Questions 33 and 36. Comments: 36. None. Locomotion a i d s . Only two s u b j e c t s were asked t h i s question. One had no comments, and the other s a i d , 'Only what i s needed f o r f a c i l i t y and s a f e t y . The best locomotion i s j u s t t o head out and across!* Co—mnts: 37. None. Body r e s t r a i n t s f o r t a s k s requiring extreme s t e a d i n e s s . This question was presented t o only t h r e e s u b j e c t s . Two f e l t i t t o be no problem, and one s t a t e d t h a t perhaps a r i g i d arm could be i n s t a l l e d a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This could be swung out from a stowed p o s i t i o n and used t o clamp t h e a s t r o n a u t i n t o p o s i t i o n . Comments: None. 30 �38. Thoughts on a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . This topic was discussed with nine c o n t a c t s . make. Two had no connients t o One s t a t e d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t he thought t h e r e i s a d i s t i n c t medical need for a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . Three were of t h e opinion t h a t a r t i f i c i a l gravity should not be considered unless an overwhelming physiological need developed. One expressed t h e opinion t h a t when t h e time comes when we can build very-long-term-exposure f a c i l i t i e s , a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y should be provided because t h e time expended in e x e r c i s e (he estimated one t o one and a half hours a day.) a r e nonproductive hours which could be put t o b e t t e r use i f a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y were provided. No respondent f e l t a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y i s required f o r psychological reasons. One was very s t r o n g l y opposed t o i t . Our conversation went a s follows: 'Another thing - I wouldn't worry about a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . i s considering a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y any more. I hope nobody I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of time. And you destroy many of t h e advantages you gain by being weightless. Particularly f o r those people who may have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap. don't have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap in space. They They ought t o be permitted t o participate a s f u l l - f l e d g e d workers and crew members i n space. 0. There i s some consideration being given t o t h e so-called t e t h e r system, which w i l l provide a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . A. Well, I ' l l t e l l you - I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of money, a waste of manpower and i n t e l l e c t s t o even worry about i t . have a good reason t o do i t . F i f t y years from now you may I d o n ' t t h i n k you have a good reason now. Certainly calcium loss i s not a j u s t i f i c a t i o n , i n my o p i n i o n . " One person f e l t t h a t t h e r e was a need f o r an a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y area in the Space S t a t i o n , but he had no ideas a s t o how t h i s could be accomplished. He said: 31 �•There are some good benefits from zero-g, but I would hope that in the Space Station there would be some area or some volume of the Space Station that would have artificial gravity. I don't know whether it should be the gravity of Earth or the gravity of the moon, but some light gravity field would prevent the deterioration, the decondltioning, of the cardiovascular system, and also the sickness that comes Initially with exposure to the weightless environment.' Comments: I am in agreement with the contact who stated that the provision of artificial gravity negates one of the more Important reasons for being there. Of course, it Is self-evident that If an overwhelming medical or physiological need arises for artificial gravity. It must be provided, but lacking that, I can see no justification for It. The concept that the provision of artificial gravity would eliminate the need for exercise and thus be an economically justifiable approach warrants study. The economics of this question Is beyond my area of knowledge, so I do not feel competent to coiment one way or another on the suggestion. 39. What about autonomy? This question was presented to eight contacts, and all but one had very definite opinions on the subject. Four contacts stated that they believed the Space Station Commander should be the final authority. ground should perform strategic planning only, Four felt that the other comaents included one that the Control Center should be used only for their more extensive resources. Two others stated that Hisslon Control Center should be used for routine data analysis only, and this because 1t was more economical to do this kind of Information processing on the ground than in the Space Station. Another connent was that the Control Center should be informative, not protective, and finally, one person commented that the Control Center should be absolutely honest with the flight crew; no information should be withheld from the crew using the Justification that they were being protected by this action. This respondent also said that the crew must be open and honest with the ground as well. 32 �Conments; All of t h e contacts were i n c l i n e d towards more autonomy f o r the Space Station, and l e s s r e l i a n c e on t h e ground. logical and a p p r o p r i a t e . This trend seems t o be most I concur with t h e conment t h a t t h e g r e a t e r analytical resources on t h e ground should be used in preference t o i n - f l i g h t analysis. 40. U t i l i t y of a miniature helmet-mounted TV camera. This question was presented t o only two c o n t a c t s . useful, but only f o r c e r t a i n (unspecified) t a s k s . One said i t might be The o t h e r contact had no connents t o make on t h e s u b j e c t . Conntents: 41. None. What about an expendable launch vehicle rescue c a p a b i l i t y . The question was put t o f i v e people, of which one had no comment. Only one person was e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e concept and he s a i d : "I d o n ' t s e e why n o t . I t would be expensive, but i t would be only a one-time expense. Once you got t h e t h i n g ready t o go, t h e expense of recycling i t would not be t h a t g r e a t . You could even go with a s o l i d . have t o be reserviced a s o f t e n . I t would not Over a period of years t h e r e ' s going t o be some times when i t j u s t might be needed, and i t would c e r t a i n l y pay f o r itself.' One said he would r a t h e r put t h e emphasis on more on-board r e l i a b i l i t y . Another said he would r a t h e r use t h o s e resources t o expand t h e o r b l t e r f l e e t so as t o provide a quick-rescue c a p a b i l i t y . One individual said he would rather have t h e escape c a p a b i l i t y b u i l t i n t o t h e Space S t a t i o n i t s e l f . Comments: 42. None. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? This question was presented t o only f o u r c o n t a c t s . that they had no comments. 33 Three of them said �One s t a t e d he did not want t o g e t Involved 1n a lengthy discussion of the question, but did want t o venture h i s opinion t h a t we a r e s t i l l designing too much redundancy I n t o experiments because t h e s c i e n t i s t s r e f u s e t o accept t h a t man can make up f o r i t . Cowwents; The comments following Question 2 point out t h e u t i l i t a r i a n value of man on t h e scene. Again, we should design equipment f o r r e p a i r and maintenance on o r b i t r a t h e r than provide layer s of redundancy. A3. Ideas f o r design of a safe haven. This question was put t o seven people. Two of them had no comments. One s t a t e d t h a t he did not think we needed more than two s a f e havens on t h e Space S t a t i o n ; another man said he thought every module should be I s o l a t a b l e ; and a t h i r d suggested designing t h e s a f e haven s o t h a t t h e occupants could continue t o be productive. He f e l t t h i s was e s s e n t i a l t o t h e i r morale. One contact s t a t e d , " I would put my e f f o r t s I n t o Introducing realism t o t h e public." When asked t o explain t h e statement he s a i d t h a t we must prepare the public t o accept the f a c t t h a t we're going t o lose a s p a c e c r a f t sometime. pomnents: The suggestion t o provide means f o r crews t o remain productive as a morale booster In t h e s a f e haven I s one t h a t deserves some thought. 44. Philosophy f o r EVA use. Of t h e f i v e people who were presented with t h i s q u e s t i o n , one had no comment; two f e l t t h a t I t should be used r o u t i n e l y ; one s a i d I t should be used when c o s t e f f e c t i v e ; and one s t a t e d only, " I am s u r e i t would be u s e f u l . " Conmmnts: 45. None. On-board command s t r u c t u r e . This question probably stimulated a s much discussion a s any of t h e 51. was presented t o a l l ten c o n t a c t s . Six of them unequivocally recomaended a strong Commander with a c l e a r and d i s t i n c t chain of conmend. p o s i t i v e voice In t h i s group was one who s a i d : 34 The most It �•The Commander 1s the boss—just like 1n a military vehicle [or] In polar exploration trips. He's the boss. varied opinions on things. He can appoint deputies. He's a real strong individual. 'This is the way it's donel [Strikes table for emphasis.]. He can ask for He's going to say, We're not even going to question it.'" A considerably milder comment was made by another contact who said that a clear chain of command was needed but, "...you don't need a man beating his chest." The nearly opposite view was expressed by a contact who said: "Yog know the stereotype of Marine Drill Instructor - you don't need those kinds of abilities up there - you need people with a broad perspective; people who are interested in enough different things outside their own area of expertise. I think that would be especially apropos of the Commander of the mission." He went on to say, "When you go to autonomy in space and you have your scientists up there [there are going to be conflicts which the Commander will have to solve]. You have to be able to compromise, and accommodate all those kinds of things. The Commander will have to be real diplomat." Another contact recommended a strong authoritative Commander, but he has to be the kind of person who knows how to lead, and "...just to give an order is not the best way to lead." But, he said, there also has to be a strong connand structure. One man who stated there must be a chain of command suggested that there night possibly be a Commander for each shift with interaction between them. He said that the Commander should be not be resistant or blind to suggestion and inputs from the rest of the crew. When asked if he would recommend a military hierarchial system, he replied that he would prefer a NASA hierarchial system, which he said is not as rigid as the military system. Another contact also recommended a dual command system, but constructed around different lines. He suggested a military Commander and a scientific 35 �conmander. The military Conroander would be in ultimate charge, but as long as things are going well, he would delegate command to the chief scientist. He agreed tha,t this might be somewhat analogous to the relationship that exists between the Captain of a carrier and his Air Sroup Commander. The contact stated that the ultimate responsibility must be assigned to one person. said, 'You cannot have a voting situation up there." NOTE: He The term "Hilltary Commander" as used above was not meant by the speaker to imply that he advocated the Space Station be conuianded by a DOD representative. Conments: He used it as a figure of speech. Most of the respondents focused on the role that the Conmander must play, and how he must act in exercising that role. One contact really caught the significant part of the question and stated that even more important than the Commander's actions was the need for a strong comaand structure. It has been my observation that some Military Commanders get the job done by virtue of the fact that their subordinates are afraid of them; others because they are respected:and others because they are idolized. Regardless of the Commander's attitude, the job always gets done unless the conmand structure breaks down. Even the autocratic Commander gets the job done unless he attempts to dissolve the command structure. When he does that, the organization falls apart and the mission is a failure. 46. How Hi-Fi should the Space Station simulator be? This question was given to five people. Only one recownended that the simulator have as much fidelity as possible recognizing the limits imposed by gravity. Two men felt that a complete simulator, a duplicate Space Station, was not needed. Part-task and modular simulation should be adequate. These were thought to be especially valuable devices for problem solving. one man suggested that the Space Station control room should be fairly well simulated, but the other functions of a Space Station need not be 36 �duplicated on the ground. He suggested a minimum ground training period and conpletion of training In the Space Station itself under the supervision of the crew. He presupposed that only part of the crew, perhaps two out of ten, would be replaced at any one time. One man had no comments. Conments: The suggestion that part-task and modular simulations should be adequate seems to be a reasonable approach. The concept of training after arriving on station is an interesting one and might be an area for investigation. 49. Accommodating diverse groups of people. Seven people were asked this question. Two people expressed disapproval of the concept of taking the "man on the street". Both of these contacts felt that, in the foreseeable future, we would be taking selected people. One mentioned that we would select them first for their skills, second for their motivation, and third for their physical and mental health. mentioned construction workers. One contact He thought we would ask for volunteers from the population of construction workers, then we would select the most skilled and the most fit. Three contacts mentioned their opposition to the practice of applying arbitary age limits. They felt that the results of a physical examination should determine a person's fitness to fly, not his age. One mentioned a Dr. Vincent in Houston who has a program that is an excellent predictor of mental acuity. The respondent thought some of the airlines were using Or. Vincent's technique. One stated that we could markedly relax our physical requirements because there are no stresses in space. Another felt that most of the problems will be societal, and the Commander will have to deal with them. 37 �Another suggestion was t h a t planning f o r medical c a r e f a c i l i t i e s must take Into consideration t h a t crew members of t h e f u t u r e may n o t be 1n t h e b e s t of health o r of optimum age. Comments; I was pleased t o hear one of t h e contacts s t a t e t h a t we could markedly relax our physical requirements because t h e r e a r e no s t r e s s e s In space. I do not know. In any g r e a t d e t a i l , what physical l i m i t a t i o n s NASA places on s e l e c t e e s f o r space f l i g h t , but senators and school t e a c h e r s a r e now being considered. From a purely s c i e n t i f i c standpoint 1 t seems reasonable t o f l y a group of "average" people t o see whether they perform any d i f f e r e n t l y than the highly selected and superbly f i t persons we have flown In t h e p a s t . There was r e a l l y no reason f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e cream of t h e crop a f t e r Mercury and Gemini. Both of those e a r l y missions had t h e unknown p o s s i b i l i t y of requiring t h e a b i l i t y t o s u s t a i n hIgh-Q reentry followed by a survival experience l a s t i n g several days a t sea o r on t h e d e s e r t . e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f i t human specimen was required. Obviously an We might be surprised t o find out t h a t the average person who I s accustomed t o a more sedentary l i f e might even perform I n t e l l e c t u a l t a s k s In space a t l e a s t a s well a s t h e more f i t person does. I have not followed up on t h e suggestion t h a t Or. Vincent In Houston be contacted because of h i s a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t mental a c u i t y s e p a r a t e from age. 50. Thoughts regarding s a f e t y hazards. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . nothing t o c o n t r i b u t e . One said t h e only thing he could t h i n k of was a k i t t o s e a l meteorold punctures. redundancy a s p o s s i b l e . Three s t a t e d t h a t they had Another suggested only t h a t we build In a s much One person said t h a t a s i d e from t h e pure vacuum of space, living In t h e Space Station I s no d i f f e r e n t , from a s a f e t y point of view, than l i v i n g on Earth. The hazards a r e t h e same and you p r o t e c t against them with s t r u c t u r a l design. You c a n ' t p r o t e c t a g a i n s t a l l e v e n t u a l i t i e s . f e l t compartmentallzatlon w i l l solve many problems. 38 He �Another person made t h e s e f i v e p o i n t s : 1. Follow e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s . 2. Have two c u e s t o a p r o b l e m , i . e . , a u d i o and v i s u a l warnings i n case one o r t h e o t h e r i s m i s s e d . 3. Eliminate single-point failures. He s a i d NASA has done a v e ry ?oo(l job of doing t h a t . 4. When a f a i l u r e d o e s o c c u r , f a l l back t o a s a f e p o s i t i o n iimediately, and examine t h e f a i l u r e . 5. Use e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y w e l l - t r a i n e d p e o p l e i n p o s i t i o n s of p r i n c i p a l responsibility. One respondent urged t h a t NASA d o c a r e f u l f a i l u r e mode a n a l y s e s , and where they discover h a z a r d s t h a t t h e crew w i l l have t o l i v e w i t h , t h e n make s u r e t h e crew i s well t r a i n e d , o r e v e n o v e r t r a i n e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e m . One of t h e most l e n g t h y and t h o u g h t f u l comments was: 'The hazardous s i t u a t i o n i s a c o m p l i c a t e d one i n which you a r e n o t q u i t e sure what t o d o . The s i m p l e r t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e l e s s d a n g e r t h e r e i s of screwing i t up. I t h i n k t h e most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g from t h a t s t a n d p o i n t i n Space S t a t i o n i s t o c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y and c o l o r - c o d e a l l t h e v a r i o u s p i e c e s of equipment a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of h a z a r d . The most s e r i o u s b e i n g r e d , t h e n e x t yellow, then maybe y e l l o w - a n d - b l a c k s t r i p e s . now. B a s i c a l l y l i k e t h e m i l i t a r y does Mark 'NO STEP' and 'HAND HOLD', and s o f o r t h . A c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t should be made t o s e e t h a t we d o n ' t g e t s h a r p c o r n e r s and t h a t s o r t of t h i n g . "The dangers a r e g o i n g t o be i n t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t p e o p l e w e a r . With a l o t of people up t h e r e working around t h e r e i s g o i n g t o be a s u i t p u n c t u r e , o r swneone i s n o t g o i n g t o p u t t h e w r i s t s e a l on p r o p e r l y and a g l o v e w i l l pop off. Those a r e t h e k i n d s of problems we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e . We a r e n o t going to have any problems i n s i d e . " Cowitents: Of a l l t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , I c o n c u r most c l o s e l y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l who made t h e f i v e p o i n t s . They s h o u l d be remembered and p r a c t i c e d by a l l who have any r o l e i n s a f e t y d e s i g n o r p r a c t i c e s - and t h a t i n c l u d e s n e a r l y everyone. 39 �51. Suggestions which would help maintain crew h e a l t h . This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . t o make. Two s t a t e d they had no comments Proper n u t r i t i o n o r d i e t was mentioned by t h r e e people, a s was proper e x e r c i s e . Recognition t h a t people have t h e same psychological needs In space as on Earth was mentioned frequently. One c o n t a c t urged t h a t t h e time l i n e be structured t o provide time f o r q u i e t r e f l e c t i o n and contemplation. The b e n e f i t In crew member contributions t o t h e mission w i l l outweigh any cost In time. Another said t h a t we must choose s e n s i t i v e . I n t e l l i g e n t people t o serve on Space S t a t i o n . You d o n ' t need t h e "machonnan", and b r u t e - f o r c e kind of people - they should be kept o u t . One man s t a t e d , "Try t o make I t a s much l i k e a normal c i v i l i a n l i f e a s possible, recognizing t h a t we're going t o have a connand s t r u c t u r e , and by t h a t I mean If a guy wants t o have a g l a s s of wine with dinner o r a s h o t of brandy a f t e r , he ought t o be e n t i t l e d t o do s o . I t ' s home!" He's not f l y i n g an a i r l i n e r - One other man had mentioned t h a t he thought moderate consumption of alcohol was probably b e n e f i c i a l . Another man, who I am s u r e would have agreed with the comments above regarding wine with t h e meals and brandy a f t e r , nevertheless warned against what he perceived a s t h e c u r r e n t s o c i a l acceptance of overindulgence by m i l i t a r y p i l o t s . s a f e flying t h e next day. He f e l t t h a t behavior was hazardous t o The mental health aspects of t h e Space S t a t i o n were considered by another contact. He s a i d , "He should allow a routine-enough work c y c l e and approach t o Space S t a t i o n operations so t h a t If someone does g e t s1ck they can go take a day off and r e s t . L e t ' s ease off on t h e work load. L e t ' s l e t the astronomers have some time t o j u s t s i t t h e r e and look through t h e telescopes. Hhat's wrong with t h a t ? g r e a t Ideas anyway." Coweents: T h a t ' s where a l l t h e g r e a t astronomers got a l l t h e i r Here a g a i n , I was pleased t o s e e t h e emphasis on f a c t o r s Influ e n c i n g m e n t a l h e a l t h . If one lesson should have been learned from a l l of 40 �our space f l i g h t p r o j e c t s , i t i s t h a t we must guard a g a i n s t overloading the crew metrtier. I was most impressed by t h e l a s t comment recorded, " L e t ' s ease off on the work load. L e t ' s l e t t h e t h e astronomers have some time t o j u s t sit there and look through t h e t e l e s c o p e s . What's wrong with t h a t ? That's where a l l the g r e a t astronomers g o t a l l t h e i r g r e a t ideas anyway." I can only applaud t h a t a d v i c e . SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS As stated in t h e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d METHOD, t h e 51 questions were a c t u a l l y used only t o s t i m u l a t e d i s c u s s i o n . Although a g r e a t many comments were received in response t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e were some additional statements •ade either spontaneously o r a s a r e s u l t of thoughts stimulated by t h e questions. Some of t h e s e spontaneous statements a r e presented in t h i s s e c t i o n . 1. I t had been several y e a r s , and even decades, since some of t h e contacts had flown. One of them opened t h e interview with t h i s statement: " I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g your coming around doing t h i s . I commented t o [ h i s wife] t h i s morning t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time anybody has asked my opinion about anything s i n c e t h e day I l e f t NASA. And, consequently, i t i s of a l o t less value than i t might have been a year a f t e r I l e f t NASA." Conments: In l i g h t of t h e remark made by one c o n t a c t t h a t h i s remarks might have had more value had he been contacted a year a f t e r leaving t h e program rather than several years l a t e r might suggest t h a t NASA give consideration t o establishing a procedure whereby a l l former a s t r o n a u t s would be interviewed a year or two a f t e r they leave t h e program. 1 f e e l confident t h a t individuals who are no longer competing f o r a f l i g h t p o s i t i o n , o r who a r e no longer hoping for advancement i n , o r rewards from, t h e system might well be a very valuable source of information. Among t h e t e n people I interviewed, 1 f e l t t h a t some of there were so long out of t h e program a s t o be of l i t t l e value t o t h i s project. On t h e o t h e r hand, some who were more r e c e n t menders of NASA had •any good conments which t h e y probably would not have made had they been corepeting f o r f l i g h t assignment. 41 �2. One stated that he feU gymnastics might be a good training procedure, particularly use of the trampoline, in combatting space motion sickness. Cowwents; 3. None. In view of the fact that EVA astronauts do not appear to use their legs very much, one contact was asked his opinion regarding a suit without separate legs. He replied; •Some of the EVA tasks would require that you anchor your feet somehow, because that's the way you apply the torque. If. of course, you have some umbilical 'belly-button' kind of thing with which you attach yourself rigidly through your center of gravity, then you could obviously use your arms pretty well without a foot restraint. I would kind of think that having your legs separate would give you much better torque and muscle control." In response to the same question another contact said•But If you're thinking In terms of a Space Station where you're going to have to do some manual work with your arms, and you look at the situation Where you put In a torque motion. I don't know how you would counteract that without having your feet somehow [stabilized], speaking of construction work 1n space he said. "It Is In that kind of a mode where I would envision that you might want [to use your legs].' Comments: 4. None. When speaking of training, one contact mentioned what he called an advocacy position In training, it Is sitting down ahead of time and asking what^one will do If a certain event takes place. He said: •Within certain limitations you could take the advocacy role ahead of time. It's a 'brain-washing', and I know that's a bad word, but you train to the point where, when you get there, the actual case Is a piece of cake. many times It doesn't have to be a hands-on kind of training. And You can sit In a room and discuss what we're going to do If this happens and why do that one. But you gotta go through that exercise. 42 It's a very Important part of �getting ready t o go." The contact then gave two examples from h i s f l i g h t where f a m i l i a r i t y with the system and procedures saved t h e mission. Cofiments; The remarks regarding "advocacy" t r a i n i n g were i n t e r e s t i n g t o me. The mental exercise of s i t t i n g q u i e t l y alone o r with o n e ' s colleagues and contemplating possible events and how t o cope with them I s probably an excellent way t o t r a i n f o r foreseeable e v e n t u a l i t i e s . Perhaps such t r a i n i n g methods could be encouraged. 5. At the close of h i s interview, one contact offered t h e following independent thought: "One of t h e t h i n g s I d o n ' t think we're doing t o o w e l l . . . i s designing things l i k e t h e Space S t a t i o n , taking advantage of t h e r eal and unique environment. Using t h e d e l t a temperature and t h e d e l t a pressure a s driving forces t o some degree in equipment design. We're s t i l l designing things f o r here t h a t we then make a l l s o r t s of special precautions t o operate up t h e r e instead of designing them t o r e a l l y optimize the environment they have t o be in. I think when t h a t happens we w i l l have problems t e s t i n g i t down here, but i t w i n [work b e t t e r up t h e r e . ] " When asked f o r examples he said t h a t he had none a t t h e moment. Comments: 6. None. Another contact i n explaining why he thought he did not g e t motion sickness i n f l i g h t s a i d : "We would go up and do parabolas in t h e T-38 where we could do between 15 and 23 r o l l s on a given parabola. with each r o l l . We put our head i n d i f f e r e n t o r i e n t a t i o n s I ' d do t h a t maybe twice, and a l l of a sudden t h e sweat would break out—you'd s i t t h e r e with t h e world going around and you'd t r y t o f l y s t r a i g h t and level f o r f i v e minutes u n t i l you could g e t t h e world back together again, then you'd go a t i t a g a i n . [before t h e f l i g h t ] . I did t h a t down a t t h e Cape I got t o where i t r e a l l y took something t o g e t me s i c k . I d o n ' t know whether i t was t h a t conditioning t h a t helped o r whether i t was t h a t I was j u s t more n a t u r a l l y r e s i s t a n t than some. 43 You can do t h e same thing �in a swlnwing pool. nystagmus.* You can get some pretty high rates—until you get severe He continued t o cowaent that performing r o l l s In a zero-g parabola and holding the head in different positions a t the same time was the most efficient way of producing nystagmus that he knows. He got t o the point where he could make the world 'twitch* in any direction depending upon how he held his head during the r o l l . £ommsntsj_ NASA might give some thought t o investigating t h e training routine described by the contact who stated he and his partner executed 15 t o 23 rolls while in a zero-g parabola, with t h e i r heads in a d i f f e r e n t orientation for each parabola. I am astounded a t the piloting s k i l l which t h i s maneuver requires, but if i t can be done I t might be of value i n anti-motion sickness training. I know that aerobatics have been attempted t o t r a i n against motion sickness, largely without benefit, but t h i s i s the f i r s t I have heard of stimulating the semicircular canals while in zero-g. 7. One contact was asked for his ideas regarding the changing crews. He said that i t might be necessary t o bring up one o r two s p e c i a l i s t s for short periods t o perform specific tasks, but he f e l t i t was important t o change the e n t i r e basic crew a t the same time t o maintain a cohesive u n i t . Comments: 8. None. Another Interesting concluding remark was: "There i s one other thing I always make a pitch on. and t h a t i s that they do not realize that people in space f l i g h t o r in zero-gravity condition are no different than down here. You have zero gravity and a b e t t e r view, but other than that you are dealing with the same person and the same working environment and they can do exactly the same thing they can do down here. If a person i s exceptionally good as an observer o r working out something analytically, or if he i s good a t doing any kind of a detailed task (for example, a photo interpreter), you can put him up there where he i s looking a t 44 �the real thing. He can do just as good a Job up there as down here. no reason for not using a person's intellect fully. There is So far, the way space flights have been constructed, they want to dictate everything by checklist and take away your ability to think. Coninents; 9. See comments following Statement 9. Another man expressed the same thoughts in this way: "My big 'soap box' effort is the thing about let's not forget who we are and what our needs are as people, and carry those things with us. Let's not lull ourselves into thinking that this is such a special environment that all the rules change and everything is different, and that people will give up this and give up that In order to be up there. They will do it for a ten-day mission, but they won't do it for ninety days." He went on to say, "One of the problems we ran into on our mission was that we forgot to think about those things, and we got ourselves caught up in a workaday thing where we were working fourteen to sixteen hours a day, and working strictly following a carrot - following a very precise agenda every day. Halfway through the mission we began to get inefficient and made mistakes. Me finally recognized our problem and did something about it, and came out at the end of the mission in good shape. We finished everything we were supposed to do and got it all right." Comments: I commend the two remarks regarding utilization of people for their capabilities and their human abilities to NASA for serious consideration. I agree with both comments. If we are to put people in space we must take advantage of their capabilities and their "humanness", whatever that is. He should recognize the tendency to overschedule and actively correct for that tendency. 10. One contact believes that the absence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space might have some physiological consequences. this radiation is commonly referred to as Schumann resonance. this subject he said: 45 He said that Speaking to �•W1th1n the Ionosphere-Earth surface cavity there is, I think, about an 8-H2 to 32-Hz oscillating field with a series of peaks in that field that is generated by lightning storms on Earth, but the net result of all that electromagnetic activity is that we're exposed from conception to death to this oscillating field, and there is some evidence that if you play with that field here on Earth, particularly by superimposing a 5-Hz, 4-Hz, or 3-Hz field on what is already there (and it is very difficult to isolate the individual from it unless you go underground) and you get some neurological problems. It does affect people, and it is probably related to what happens to you when you get a relatively low-frequency strobe light flashing at you. A lot of people feel very very uncomfortable neurologically when that happens. course, it's absent. In space, of Once you get above the ionosphere that field is absent, and there is some concern among physicists who have a background in neurophysiology that there might be an instantaneous effect contributing to the Space Adaptation Syndrome, but they are more concerned about what the long-term effect may be if the brain actually uses that frquency on occasion or continuously to reset it's own timing signals in it's central processor. So, 1 would FLAG that as an unknown." This contact was also concerned about "intermittent sleep." could cause difficulty from the standpoint of loss of REH sleep. sleep is different from simple insomnia. He felt it Intermittent Intermittent sleep is that situation where a person wakes up and goes back to sleep several times during a sleep period. It should cause no problem over short periods, but if continued for two months or so it might. It has been noticed in sleep labs on the Earth, but the contact was of the opinion that it occurs more frequently in space flight than it does on the Earth. Comments; I cannot connent on the role of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space and its physiological consequences and I am unaware of "Schumann Resonance", but I do want to underline this individual's connent as a possible route of inquiry, which NASA might investigate. I also am unable to comment on this same contacts remarks regarding "Intermittent Sleep". 46 �11. One man mentioned t h a t he f e l t h i s mind worked b e t t e r i n space. When asked t o elaborate on t h a t s u b j e c t he s a i d : ' . . . i t might be j u s t t h a t you a r e doing i t f o r r eal r a t h e r than in practice. The f a c t t h a t you're i n 100X oxygen environment - t h a t should allow you t o perform a l i t t l e b e t t e r . I think i n a place of reduced g r a v i t y , t h a t could have a contributing f a c t o r t o o . including mental. Cownent; 12. [There was a ] changed response p a t t e r n , That i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e in the weightless s i t u a t i o n . " None. One contact mentioned t h a t i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted to the zero-g environment. He s a i d t h a t he knew t h a t i f he moved about Quickly he would become s i c k , s o he moved very slowly and very d e l i b e r a t e l y until he became accustomed t o t h e environment. He a l s o mentioned t h a t upon h i s return t o Earth he had " v e r t i g o " . as if t h e bed was i n c l i n e d about 30 degrees head down. for about a week. He f e l t This sensation lasted He mentions t h a t he was unable t o c l e a r h i s e a r s during parachute descent a t t h e end of h i s mission and wonders i f t h a t did not contribute t o h i s f e e l i n g s of " v e r t i g o " . He believes i t would have been interesting t o go through v e s t i b u l a r t e s t i n g during t h a t period, but o t h e r matters seemed t o occupy t h e time of t h e physicians. Comments: The contact who said i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted t o the zero-g environment was t h e only one of t h e group t h a t admitted t o even the l e a s t t r o u b l e . I found i t i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t he experienced a head-down sensation a f t e r return t o Earth. I would have expected him t o experience a head-down sensation in f l i g h t due t o migration of f l u i d t o t h e head and a head-up sensation upon return t o Earth. 13. Several s u b j e c t s mentioned d i f f i c u l t y sleeping i n f l i g h t . The consensus seemed t o be t h a t f r e e - f l o a t i n g s l e e p was not comfortable o r r e s t f u l . One man mentioned t h a t i n o r d e r t o g e t a comfortable n i g h t ' s s l e e p , t h e head and hands have t o be r e s t r a i n e d t o prevent them from moving about i n random fashion. 47 �Coimients; I believe this last remark regarding the unsatisfactory nature of unrestrained or free-floating sleep has been made before, so It requires no further Investigation, but should be kept In mind when sleep restraints In the Space Station crew quarters are being designed. 48 �APPENDIX A 1. Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program; Discuss in context of SS vs Skylab, Apollo, and STS. Worthwhile? Retain? Eliminate? Modify? 2. Do you have any thoughts on facilitating SS maintenance activities of the crew? 3. Discuss alarm systems: False alarms. Lights. Horns. Voice. Tactile. 4. Any thoughts as to tools for on-orbit repair and maintenance? Including "work bench", location, equipment, etc. 5. What about food and meals? A11 eat same foods on same days? Individually selected menu? Suggested changes/improvements. 6. Any suggestions regarding trash disposal? 49 �7. Any thoughts on clothing design? One piece c o v e r a l l s v s . pants and s h i r t ? Pocket l o c a t i o n , design, closure? Off-duty and on-duty. Any d i f f e r e n c e ? Special clothing f o r e x e r c i s e ? What kind of sleepwear would you choose? Any personal Items of c l o t h i n g f o r you? 8. Suggestions a s t o personal hygiene equipment. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . 1 0 . Skylab crews found t h a t they o r i e n t e d t o t h e f l o o r In small compartments, but t r a n s l a t e d h e a d - f i r s t in large compartments. Does t h i s Influence your thinking In regard t o I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "up" and "down"? Would visual o r i e n t a t i o n cues a s t o "up" o r "down" be helpful o r harmful? [At l e a s t one Skylab crew member reported t h a t he always o r i e n t e d down towards h i s f e e t . ] n . What about using vented gases f o r a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l , o r what about using opposing vents t o cancel any e f f e c t from venting? 1 2 . What I s the Importance of p r i v a t e coniminlcatlons with o p e r a t i o n s s t a f f , medical s t a f f , f r i e n d s , and r e l a t i v e s ? 1 3 . Some Skylab crew members reported t h a t p o r t a b l e f ans were of l i t t l e use f o r crew comfort, but were useful f o r equipment c o o l i n g . Others reported that they a r e u s e f u l , e s p e c i a l l y t o cool a person during and a f t e r e x e r c i s e . I s your opinion? 1 4 . Oo you have any Ideas concerning: Translation a i d s ? Control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices? Orientation cues? Protective devices f o r personal wear (helmets, g l o v e s , e t c . ) 50 What �15. Skylab crew's coimients about the airlock Included such remarks as: It was too small for two crewmen. Insufficient stowage volume. "Like a rat's nest during EVA.' Lack of foot restraints. Poor location; -Between Multiple Docking Adapter and Orbital Workshop. -In mainstream of traffic. -Failure of any one of three hatches would be cause for mission abort or even catastrophic situation (EVA crewman being trapped outside). OUESTIOMS: Here any of these problems present on STS? What suggestions have you for Space Station? 16. Any Ideas about the Individual crew quarters? Location. General arrangement: (1) Size (Skylab nominal was 28 In. x 38 In. x 78 In.). (2) Restraints. (3) Stowage. Noise. Lighting. Temperature. Ventilation. What kind of sleep restraint? Should washing and toilet facilities be Included? -Cofflode? -Urinal? -Both? What about shift occupancy? Communications? Warning signals? 51 �17. How much medical training should crew members have? Equivalent to CNT? More? Less? 18. Oo you believe crew members should engage in 'group dynamics* training before being assigned to SS? Should one CH be trained in this discipline? 19. Should families be given similar psychological training and support? 20. What about crew interaction training in a one-g simulator? 21. How much of a problem is ambient noise? 22. Wardroom: What suggestions for entertainment? Will external viewing be of great importance from a recreational standpoint? Is It Important that the Earth appear "down"? 23. Discuss body waste collection and disposal. 24. Personal cleanliness. Shaving. Haircuts. Showers. 25. Exercise. What kind? 26. How best to manage books and manuals. Should everything be in data banks with CRT display? 27. Han/machine interfaces. Brightness. Shape, color, texture. 52 �28. Three shifts or one (or two)? All sleep at the same time? How long a work day? Eight hours? Hore? Less? Should work time Include one to two hours of exercise, or should all exercise be performed In off-duty time? 29. How Important would be real-time TV, Including network news? 30. l>/ho should select the crew? What Input should crew members have In regard to crew composition? 31. Does EVA require "buddy system" or can one person do It alone with monitoring from the Inside? 32. How can the EVA suit be Improved? Urine collection. Fecal collection. Provision for food and water. Vomiting. 33. EVA Restraints and tethers. Hand and foot holds. Lighting. Helmet mounted? Tools. 34. With a twenty-one-day rescue time at worst, do you have any suggestions regarding mortuary services? 35. What about foot restraints at the work station? Locking grid and shoe. Stirrups. Clangs. Velcro. Other. 53 �36. Loconotlon aids. Lines, slldewlres. Distributed handles. Other. 37. What about body restraints for tasks requiring extreme steadiness? 3B. Any thoughts on artificial gravity? Need. Methods. Rotating SS. Tether. Continuous or Intermittent? 39. What about autonomy? Is "control" by NCC a pain, or Is It reassuring? 40. Would a miniature helmet-mounted TV to record EVA activities be useful? 41. What about an ELV rescue capability? capsules. For example, a Titan with reentry 42. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? 43. Any Ideas for design of a safe haven for two to three weeks' occupancy? 44. What about EVA? Use only for contingency? Use for contingency and major tasks only? Design for and use routinely? 45. On-board command structure: Strong, authoritative Comnander with clear chain of command? Participative management? Coenlttee decision making? 54 �46. How H1-F1 should the SS simulator be? 47. Is the orbiter overdesigned for safety? Can safety requirements be relaxed for SS? Any examples? 48. Any suggestions as to docking techniques or aids? Proximity operations. Approach corridors. Plume impingement considerations. Others. 49. In the future many diverse groups of people will have to participate in Space Station activities. For many of these people—scientists, construction workers, and so forth—there will be no arbitrary age limit. Can you think of any investigations that should be performed now, either to select those persons or to accommodate them in flight? 50. Do you have any thoughts as regards safety hazards? 51. Do you have any suggestions as to measures that would help maintain crew health? 55 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration APPENDIX B Ames Research Center Moffett Field. California 94035 rUASA aeiirioAdnai: LMA:239-2 Dear Space Missioa Participant: The purpose of this letter is to introduce Dr« William K« Douglas and a project that he is conducting under the sponsorship of NASA's Anes Research Center. The Ames Man-Vehicle Systems Research Division under its Space Human Fac­ tors Office is in the process of planning research that will help to as­ sure high levels of crew effectiveness on future space missions, including NASA's proposed space station. Several expected differences between the space station and previous missions suggest that such research is warrant­ ed. Such differences include more heterogeneity of crew members in back­ ground and experience, broader variety of work requirements (including more EVA), larger crews, and longer durations. To accommodate some of these changes, plans and designs are being developed for configurations of the total station, individual modules, and work stations, as well as for habitability Issues and operational pro­ cedures. In many cases the appropriate design or plan for promoting and maintaining effective crew performance under the changing conditions is unknown. Numerous cases involving new designs for work stations and habi­ tats have been documented, in which serious performance problems have ar­ isen because of either the lack of human factors information or the failure to incorporate available information. The Division has been active for several years in research to support the aviation community in developing methods for avoiding such errors in design, and operations. One of the more valuable sources of Information that has directed our research activities has been the Aviation Safety Re­ porting System (ASRS), which we direct (through a contract, under the sponsorship of the FAA). The system solicits voluntary comments and recommendations from pilots and air traffic controllers that concern any procedural problems encountered in the aviation system, and how these might be corrected. The reports are completely deidentified to insure anonymity of the reporter. Publication of the obtained information is generally in the form of a report that synthesises Individual comments and recommendations related to some particular Issue. Information such as that generated by the ASRS has proven of value, not only by indicating problems that require research for their solution, but by Indicating when research is unnecessary, either because Information is available to effect a solution, research is already in progress, or the 57 �problem Is not amenable to research. When research has been prescribed, the value of Its product has been enhanced significantly by the direction received from such information. The project being conducted by Dr. Douglas Is consistent with the intent and spirit of the ASRS. We are convinced that the experience of partici­ pants in previous space missions can form the basis for cogent recommenda­ tions for design, operations, and appropriate research relevant to future space missions, similarly to our experience in aviation. Therefore, we have asked Dr. Douglas to solicit thoughts regarding apace station design and operational requirements. The information obtained will be used to help us (and others) supply guidelines to designers, and to discover inadequacies in available knowledge that Indicate a need for further research. Dr. Douglas has contacted you as part of that process. Dr. Douglas was the first flight surgeon for the Mercury astronauts. We sought his assis­ tance in this project because of his reputation for sensitivity, objec­ tivity, general knowledge of and appreciation for the human in space mis­ sions, and his acquaintance with many members of the astronaut corps. We are requesting your participation because of our sincere interest in helping to assure a high level of effectiveness for future manned space missions. Dr. Douglas' approach will be informal. He will ask you a series of questions designed to focus your consideration of design and operational Issues, which we judge are important to the success of future missions. In your answers to the questions we are asking you to project from your experience to the expected conditions on a space station. We are not interested in documenting or reporting problems, either person­ al or general, from past missions. Rather, we are asking for your judg­ ment of where impediments to task performance, motivation, morale, etc. could arise; what changes in design and operations would you recommend, based on your experience and expected mission differences. Dr. Douglas will be assisted on the project by Mr. Donald K. (Deke) Slayton, whom you may know personally. Mr. Slayton's experience and knowledge should be of great assistance to Dr. Douglas in interpreting and syn­ thesizing the information, and producing a useful report. Please be assured, should you elect to participate, that the information obtained by Dr. Douglas will be completely deidentified from you as the source. Not only will your individual anonymity be assured with respect to specific information that you volunteer, but the identity of those per­ sons interviewed will not be revealed by Dr. Douglas or Mr. Slayton. 58 ��1 fttcori No. NASA CR-3942 4. Titlf and SuMiM 2. Geynwuwi HICHDH NO. Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions J Autttorlll 3. Reopant't Cralog No. & Report Dite October 1986 e. Performing Orgeniotlon Code 8. Perfornung Or^izabon Report No. William K. Douglas 9. ^lormina Orfonitation Nama and Addras McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company 3301 Bolsa Avenue Huntington Beach, CA 92647 17 Soomortnf A^ncy Nama and Addra« National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 MDC H1363 10. Work Unit No. 11. Contract or Grant No. NAS2-11723 13. Type of Report and Period Ceiwad 14. Sporaoring Agency Coda FLS IS Supplamantary Nolat The author was the flight surgeon for the original Mercury Seven Astronauts. Point of Contact: Trleve A. Tanner, MS239-2 (415)694-5185 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. CA 94035 FTS464-5185 IS Aeanoei Ten former NASA astonauts were Interviewed using a set of 51 questions developed to encourage the contacts to discuss any thoughts, opinions, con­ clusions, or suggestions which might have evolved since they left the astronaut program. Strict confidentiality was maintained. The reader will not be able to attribute any recorded remark to an individual person or to a particular mis­ sion. At least one astronaut from each of the NASA manned space flight programs, excluding the Space Transportation System (Shuttle), was Interviewed. The report records the answers to the questions asked, spontaneous comments, and the Investigator's oim personal evaluations of the material obtained. No statistical analysis of the material was attempted. The professional opinions of these ten experienced astronauts will be of value to persons concerned with the design and operation of mannoH space craft and manned space stations. 17 Key Warm ISunxtad by AutbarNIl l& OtiMutMn StPMiweW Crew health, maintenance, alarms, food, Unclassified - Unlimited clothing, personal hygiene, "up and down" identification, private communi­ Subject Category 54 cations, psychological support, crew selection, group dynamics, crew quartet s 19 Secieity OmuI.|o(itM'•pert) 20. Sacurilv Otmri.lef tN* page) 21. No. of Pagn 22 Unclassified Unclassified 62 'Forseleby the Nst>onii T*hriieel Infemriitttn Semee.Spnflgfield, Virgmi* 22161 . A04 ^ NASA'LANGLEY, 1986 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration Code NIT-4 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID NASA Permit No. G-27 Washington, D.C. 20546-0001 0*hcrat Business Penalty toi Pftfjie Use. S300 rwvsA M-sCT^ AcxrB • njS>lMA^IkK. If Undelfvcrablc (SBCCiun 156 MtnuBl) Do Not Return � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000074 Title A name given to the resource "Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions." Description An account of the resource This is a series of interviews with various anonymous astronauts from various programs including Skylab, focused on the future of manned spaceflight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas, William K. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1990 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Skylab Program Human factors in engineering design Neutral buoyancy simulation Provisioning Airlock modules Extravehicular mobility units Experimentation Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection Box 16, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10734/Nortamerrockaug1869_011811140805.pdf 60e89c7120ee0664c04c950d645ee46a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Nortamerrockaug1869_011811140805.pdf spc_stnv_000559 Title A name given to the resource "Hundreds of Apollo employees submit Apollo names." Description An account of the resource A news article detailing a program for Apollo staff to name command modules. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Elliott, J. S. Space Division Skywriter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-08-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project Aircraft industry Employees Periodicals Type The nature or genre of the resource Text News Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 33, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000550_000574 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18225 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6828/r01b23-09.pdf 4fb11826cea934585c1bf2266b1697a9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b23-09 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Democrat" Description An account of the resource September 17 1868 Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 23, Folder 9, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6829/r01b23-08.pdf bb94d602a2e7435432b5db637de32c29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b23-08 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Independent" Description An account of the resource November 17 1866 Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 23, Folder 8, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6822/r01b24-00-002.pdf 9c0be3bd2d4d0a32cb20fe8134add71f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b24-00-002 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Independent", Friday, January 14, 1870, Vol. 4, No. 27 Description An account of the resource Microfilm Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 24, Item 2, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6823/r01b24-00-001.pdf 2cdef63ee7912380c16cc88c2aebd9df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b24-00-001 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Independent", Saturday, June 1, 1867, Vol. 2, No. 116 Description An account of the resource Microfilm Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 24, Item 1, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6834/r01b23-03.pdf 4e55f58dfaba18a5ea49eb5409e390da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b23-03 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Mercury" Description An account of the resource July 30 1890 Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 23, Folder 3, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6821/r01b24-00-003.pdf 6aa297fcebe9d855372ddd74159df040 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b24-00-003 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Daily Mercury", Tuesday, September 18, 1888, Vol. 4, No. 19 Description An account of the resource Microfilm Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 24, Item 3, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6830/r01b23-07.pdf 39a7212fd6f242dc965a9ed99b0275fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b23-07 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Weekly Democrat" Description An account of the resource October 18 1867 Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 23, Folder 7, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6820/r01b24-00-004.pdf acbc20fa155c9e4562d975dd155032de Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b24-00-004 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Weekly Democrat", Friday, March 15, 1867, Vol. 1, No. 22 (Microfilm) Description An account of the resource Microfilm Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 24, Item 4, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/108/6819/r01b24-00-005.pdf 0265964c89019fe82f1bfbf148dba82a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Title A name given to the resource Series 01, Subseries B: Cabaniss Professional Business Description An account of the resource Sub series B (CPB) deals with a small, but active, legal practice of Septimus Cabaniss with his various partners, who included men considered to be outstanding lawyers in the state, from the 1890s to 1938 at the office on the town Square. He studied law in Huntsville under Silas Parsons and practiced law with Leroy Pope Walker, Robert C. Brickell, and Francis P. Ward. These papers are sorted by year, except when an obvious grouping of an estate is evident. The papers continue through professional activities at the Madison County Courthouse including those of his son, James Budd Cabaniss, and his daughter, Fanny Cabaniss, who were clerks of the Chancery Court and a few papers of his son, Septimus, Jr., who owned a bookstore for a brief period. Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context r01b24-00-005 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville Weekly Democrat", Wednesday, March 27, 1907, Vol. LXXXIV, No. 11 Description An account of the resource Microfilm (missing?) Relation A related resource r01b-210907 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Frances C. Roberts Collection, Series 1, Subseries B, Box 24, Item 5, University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/103/4841/spc_kube_000001.pdf d70ebbe9aef20839eb9c2a2e01dc0845 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Willi Karl Kuberg Collection Title A name given to the resource Willi Karl Kuberg Collection Description An account of the resource Willi Karl Kuberg (July 8, 1917 to August 13, 1994) "trained in industry as a mechanical technician" from 1934 to 1939 (Lundquist). Kuberg worked at Peenemünde from January 1942 to July 1945, "first as a solder, and later as a civilian technician" (Lundquist). He worked under Wernher von Braun at Peenemünde, and he joined von Braun's rocket team in the United States in 1952 (Campbell). Kuberg was in the 1960 Marshall Space Flight Center directory, and he was in the in February 1969 directory, listed "in the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div" (Lundquist). Sources Campbell, Kay. “Hilde Kuberg, along with Her Husband, Willi, Accomplished Her American Dreams.” Al.com, 24 Aug. 2014, www.al.com/news/huntsville/2014/08/hilde_kuberg_life_story.html. Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015. Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/116">View the Willi Karl Kuberg Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_kube_000001 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville, Alabama: Missile and Space Capital." Description An account of the resource This promotional booklet describes the facilities offered by the City of Huntsville, Alabama, during the 1960s, including various city departments, utilities, schools, industries, and cultural institutions. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Huntsville (Ala.) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Tec-Productions, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965 circa Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Cities and towns City promotion Municipal government Huntsville (Ala.) Madison County (Ala.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Pamphlets Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Willi Karl Kuberg Collection Box 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/10950/HsvSpacCityUSA_062408165736.pdf 7d79a4107ac5ec357bdaaeb9cdf33372 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HsvSpacCityUSA.pdf spc_stnv_000328 Title A name given to the resource "Huntsville: Space City, U.S.A." Description An account of the resource An article describing Huntsville's role in various space related projects. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dolan, Patricia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn project History Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Articles Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000325_000349 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17848"> View this item in ArchivesSpace. </a>