1 20 63 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14409/001.pdf 57c118af0b27289322b6f8f251bd3c0e PDF Text Text NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas CONTRACT NAS2-11725 OCTOBER 1986 fVJASA ��SK (.58 NASA Contractor Report 3942 Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions William K. Douglas McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company Huntington Beach, California Prepared for Ames Research Center under Contract NAS2-11723 fUASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Branch 1986 ��CONTENTS SUMMARY INTRODUCTION METHOD MECHANICS SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY GENERAL FINDINGS ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS APPENDIX A APPENDIX B ��SUMMARY Ten former NASA astronauts were Interviewed t o provide Information f o r use In planning f u t u r e space f l i g h t missions. Although no s t a t i s t i c a l analysis of t h e material was performed, t h e responses do provide Insight Into numerous aspects of space f l i g h t . Including psychological aspects, t r a i n i n g , command s t r u c t u r e , health and comfort, physical aspects, and many o t h e r s . The responses by t h e Astronauts t o t h e questions a r e presented together with coRTients by t h e researcher, himself a physician with long experience with the space program. Additionally, spontaneous matters t h a t came up 1n t h e questioning periods a r e reported upon together with t h e r e s e a r c h e r ' s comments on t h e s e a s w e l l . The r e s u l t s , which maintain the s t r i c t c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of the Individual respondents, contribute t o t h e basic Information required by those planning f u t u r e missions In space. INTRODUCTION This I s a report of information obtained during t h e course of separate Interviews with ten former NASA astronauts t h a t took place during t h e f i r s t half of 1984. The purpose of t h e Interviews was t o e l i c i t Information t h a t had not been previously reported and t h a t might open leads f o r f r u i t f u l research endeavors applicable t o the United S t a t e s Space Station program. There a r e many reasons why t h i s Information might not have been reported. I t might have been forgotten during the Astronaut's p o s t - f l i g h t debriefing, o r he might not have f e l t t h a t i t was Important a t t h a t time. There may have been personal reasons why he did not care t o mention some Items. Some material may have developed in h i s mind as a r e s u l t of r e f l e c t i o n s since h i s f l i g h t and of h i s observations of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y t h a t have occurred since h i s own mission. Every e f f o r t has been made t o safeguard t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y of t h e inquiry, a s described in t h e section on c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y . 1 �METHOD A 11st of fifty-one questions (Appendix A) was formulated by the Investigator. Published documents, discussions with NASA personnel, and the Investigator's own personal knowledge of space f l i g h t human factors entered Into the formulation of the questions. Some changes were made In the l i s t of questions as Insights were gained during the course of the Interviews. The original thought was that each subject would be asked each question on the l i s t , but I t soon became apparent that t h i s approach would not be the best way t o proceed. Some of the questions clearly referred t o specific programs. Project ApoUo for example, and would be of l i t t l e use in Interviewing a person whose experience was restricted t o an e a r l i e r program. Further, I t was seen that s t r i c t adherence t o the l i s t of questions would result In s t i l t e d , stereotyped replies - the questions became boring rather than stimulating. After the f i r s t two o r three Interviews, I t was decided t o use the questions only t o stimulate discussion. Although some questions were given t o a l l ten contacts, some were only given t o one or two. with each question being presented t o an average of 6.2 contacts. This I s somewhat misleading because In certain Instances questions would stimulate answers t o l a t e r questions, and the responses were combined. (See Question 4) Ames Research Center provided the Investigator with a l e t t e r of Introduction (Appendix B), which described the program and I t s goals, and which reviewed the background of the Investigator. The l e t t e r gave absolute assurance that the Information given would be safeguarded In such a manner that no statement could be attributed e i t h e r t o an Individual o r t o his specific f l i g h t . The contacts were each paid a consultant's fee of $50.00 per hour. I t was originally Intended for Mr. Donald K. Slayton t o be present a t each Interview so as t o take advantage of his background, training, and knowledge of manned space f l i g h t operations. I t proved nearly Impossible t o coordinate the schedules of the Investigator, of Mr. Slayton, and of the contacts. 2 �without delaying the progress of the project to an unacceptable degree; Hr. Slayton, therefore, was present during only two of the interviews. The first interviews were with people known personally to the investigator or to Hr. Slayton (or both). These individuals made suggestions for subsequent interviews. MECHANICS The contacts were first called by telephone and the purpose of the study was explained to them. If they consented to being interviewed (and some declined because of their busy schedules), an appointment was made, and a copy of the letter of introduction was mailed to them in sufficient time to allow them to review it before the interview. Because of the preconceived opinion of the investigator that the presence of a tape recorder would be inhibitory to the free flow of information, the original plan specifically excluded the taping of the interviews. When the first individual was contacted, and when it was explained to him that a tape recorder would not be used, he said he felt the taking of handwritten notes would be distracting to him. interview. He then asked that a recorder be used in his When subsequent contacts were made, each person was given his option of using a tape recorder or not. reluctance to being taped. None expressed even the slightest One even asked for a copy of the tape for his children. In all cases the investigator traveled to the community where the contact lived. The interviews took place in the contact's office on three occasions, in his home on three occasions, and in the investigator's hotel room on four occasions. The environment was very informal. used only to stimulate discussion. question was selected and asked. As stated earlier, the questions were When the conversation lagged, another This usually resulted in a great deal more spontaneous conversation. 3 �SAFEGUARDING CONFIDENTIALITY Each contact was assured at the time of the initial telephone conversation that anything he said would not be traceable to him or to his flight. The letter of Introduction contained these same assurances, and they were repeated in the investigator's letter that forwarded the NASA letter of Introduction. Finally, the subject was given the same assurances orally at the time of the Interview. It was apparent that most of them appreciated the assurances of confidentiality and were probably more open In their discussions as a result of those assurances. After each Interview the tapes (12 In all) were brought back to the Investigator's residence, where they have remained stored In a safe location. They are identified only with a numerical code number. does not appear on the cassette label. material verbatim In most Instances. The contact's name The Investigator transcribed the Paraphrasing was rarely used and then only when It became necessary to clarify syntax that was peculiar to the oral Interview situation. There are a few portions of the tape that have not been transcribed because they referred to the personal social relationships of the contact and the Investigator. The Investigator transcribed a11 the recorded material on an Apple He personal computer In his home, using the Apple Writer II word processing program. No secretarial assistance was used In either transcribing the taped material or In the preparation of this report. tapes of these Interviews. No other person has heard the To facilitate preparation of this report, the transcribed Interviews were printed on 104 single-spaced sheets. than the Investigator has seen these typed pages. No one other When not In use. they are kept In a combination-locked safe In the Investigator's office. Each transcription Is saved on a magnetic disc, and duplicate discs have been made and stored separately. 4 �GENERAL FINDINGS The subjects were, without exception, extremely cooperative. towards the investigator or the project was expressed. No animosity The investigator could detect no evidence of conscious withholding of information. A broad range of experienced people were interviewed, including persons who had flown on all NASA programs, with the exception of the Space Shuttle. Interviews were conducted with crew members from Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and Stcylab. The Apollo contacts included men who had participated in the Earth-orbiting phase of the project, and in the lunar landing phase. One of these latter contacts landed on the moon and another was a Command Module Pilot who remained in lunar orbit alone during a lunar landing mission. No meaningful statistical evaluation can be made for several reasons: 1. The list of questions was not rigidly adhered to. All subjects were not asked all questions. 2. Answers to questions were subjective in nature. 3. Many spontaneous questions generated by the subject's comments evolved on the spot. interviews. Some of these were not really applicable to subsequent On the other hand, some of these spontaneously generated questions were asked at subsequent interviews, but no effort was made to contact earlier subjects to ask them to answer the newly generated questions. 4. Only ten people were interviewed. In this report the questions will be stated, and in cases where the question was presented to several individuals, an evaluation of the replies will be attempted. Spontaneous statements of importance and answers to spontaneously generated questions are included at the end of the answers to the list of fifty-one questions. NOTE: After the answers to each question, there is a section labeled "COMMENTS'. This section contains the investigator's own subjective remarks 5 �and evaluation of the statements made by the contacts. A COMMENTS section w111 be found after each spontaneous comnent as well as after the answers to the prepared questions. ANSWERS TO PREPARED QUESTIONS 1. Opinion of the Crew Health Stabilization Program. Surprisingly, only 2 of 9 who were asked this question were opposed to the program. All stated either spontaneously (5) or upon questioning (2) that they thought It was helpful In keeping the crews Insulated from annoying contacts. •1 thought 1t was kind of fun. It kept the world away from us." •It allows the crews to concentrate on what It Is they have to think about. flight. They are not being pulled In a number of directions just before the It allows them to focus on the task and the training ahead." CoiMents; Inasmuch as the Crew Health Stabilization Program is no longer practiced with as much rigidity as It was In the early Apollo flights, 1t might be wise to develop some policy for providing a similar degree of privacy and seclusion for future missions. 2. Thoughts on Space Station maintenance activities. NOTE: Because of the similarity of responses to this question and Question 4 regarding tools, the responses to both questions have been cond>1ned here. This question was presented to all the contacts. Two had no comments on the subject. One man said that multipurpose tools were Important. Inclusion of files, wrenches, and other common tools. Swiss Army knife was especially valuable. tape with the adhesive on both sides. He urged the He stated that his He also suggested providing sticky This would be useful In restraining small parts to the workbench surface when making repairs. 6 �One man commented that the Apo11o tool kit was very good. Another urged that maintenance should be kept simple - at the 'black box' level. One respondent thought that neutral buoyancy training was good practice for maintenance, but another stated that it was misleading at best. He urged that any procedures developed in a neutral buoyancy tank be checked out in the zero-g aircraft before being adopted for use in space flight. Only one person mentioned the importance of foot restraints. One recommendation was to project maintenance instructions, and even diagrams, on the inside of the helmet visor in the manner of a Head-Up Display (HUD). A quotation from one of the contacts might prove interesting: •You design things for routine maintenance done there by people with tools in order to keep the system simple, and with simplicity you gain reliability. You get the reliability through that route rather than through redundancy and automation." Comments: The most significant response to this question is contained in the' last quotation. The recent remarkable successes in satellite recovery operations add emphasis to the quotation. Future satellites and future Space Station equipment should be developed with the plan in mind that crew members are capable of performing routine bench-level maintenance. 3. Alarm Systems. This question was presented to seven contacts. Two of them mentioned that they noticed a decrease in the loudness of sounds somewhat proportional to the reduction of pressure in the helmet. experience. Another denied that he had had that Other comnents included the reconmendation that the volume of the alarm be proportional to the severity of the situation; that for critical 7 �energencles t h e r e should be simultaneous visual and a u d i b l e alarms; and t h a t audible alarms should be a "warble t o n e ' a s i s used by some European police cars. Two individuals mentioned t h e g r e a t importance of e l i m i n a t i n g f a l s e alarms. One suggested t h a t a study of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of f a l s e alarms might reveal a "signature" f o r f a l s e alarms. This s i g n a t u r e could be Incorporated i n t o a computer, and alarms could be evaluated a g a i n s t t h e s e signatures before being sounded. Comments: The suggestion t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e " s i g n a t u r e s ' of f a l s e alarms might be worthy of f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . 4. Tools f o r o n - o r b i t r e p a i r and maintenance. Inasmuch a s t h i s was covered adequately in Question 2 , r e l a t i n g t o maintenance a c t i v i t i e s , t h e answers t o t h i s question have been combined with those obtained i n response t o Question 2 . Comments; 5. None. Food and meals. Of t h e ten persons Interviewed, one had no cormnent; t h r e e suggested t h a t meals be s elected from a menu i n - f l i g h t ; and f i v e advised t h a t a l l individuals e a t t h e same thing a t each meal with no s e l e c t i o n . Hention was made by these individuals t h a t t h e m i l i t a r y chow l i n e had much t o reconmend i t . One of the f i v e suggested t h a t snack Items be provided f o r f r e e s e l e c t i o n from a pantry, but he s t i l l did not recommend t h a t t h e r e be Item s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e main meals. One person said he f e l t a menu determined ahead of time by crew interviews was of l i t t l e value because people lose some of t h e i r a b i l i t y t o t a s t e when in zero-g. He a t t r i b u t e d t h i s t o loss of convection c u r r e n t s carrying aromatics i n t o t h e nose. He s a i d t h i s could be helped by providing strong condiments - pepper i n o i l s o l u t i o n , hot mustard, and s o f o r t h . 6 �One contact suggested the Investigation of foil-packaged foods that are marketed under the brand name of RETORT FOODS. These are not freeze dried, and may be eaten hot or cold. One contact urged that more attention be paid to the nutritional aspects of the diet. He distinguished between those aspects of food preparation that are conventionally performed by a dietician and those performed by a nutritionist. He suggested NASA pay more attention to the latter aspects of menu and diet selection. Comments; Those who advocated the military chow-line approach have probably not seen today's chow line. In present-day military dining halls, there is a remarkably broad selection of items available. One of the contacts suggested that each crew member be asked about his dislikes rather than his likes. disliked foods would not be provided in his menu. The This seems like a reasonable approach. 6. Trash disposal. This question did not stimulate much discussion in the early interviews so was eliminated later on. Two subjects suggested that trash be pyrolized - convert trash to energy. Two others who were asked had no comment. Five were not asked. Comments; 7. None. Clothing design. The overwhelming opinion was for a two-piece garment with lots of pockets (seven out of nine, with two "No Comments"). The advantage of being able to shed the upper garment for comfort in warm areas was comnented on twice. All agreed that many pockets were a necessity, but pocket closure should be with Velcro rather than with buttons, which could catch on things. Two unusual comments included the suggestion that a "dress" uniform be provided for special occasions- this for morale purposes. colors and styles was important for morale. 9 Another was that a variety of One individual stated the need �for strict dress-code enforcenient as an aid to maintaining discipline. One subject stated he had had some experience with polypropylene outdoor clothing and thought it might be worthwhile investigating. He said it was quite comfortable, but brought up the question of its fire resistance. One suggested a different garment for wear during exercise periods. One man suggested that two-piece uniforms have some means of fastening the shirt/jacket to the waist of the trousers to prevent uncomfortable gapping at that point. He suggested Velcro. There was a need expressed for a place to carry an emergency checklist at all times. Free choice of underwear was suggested. One man suggested that slippers be provided for off-duty wear. Coweents: As might be expected, there was a wide range of suggestions regarding clothing. When some of the more extreme suggestions are eliminated one reaches the conclusion that the basic in-flight uniform should be a two-piece garment with many pockets. The suggestion for the provision of a place to keep an emergency checklist available at all times is a good one. B. Personal hygiene equipment. Three contacts had no comments, and three were not asked. The remainder had comments that did not fit any pattern: One wanted to use an electric toothbrush and an electric razor. Another preferred manual toothbrushes and a blade razor. One man said that all on board should use whatever turned out to be 'issue' equipment. He also mentioned that he would insist on daily shaving as he felt it to be good for mental discipline. mental set. 10 He felt it establishes a good �Although not r e a l l y classed a s personal hygiene equipment, one man commented t h a t showers were important but he f e l t a sponge bath might do a s well. Comments; One might question t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of providing e l e c t r i c razors, what with t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of producing "whisker dust" In t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e face of t h e u s e r . Since e l e c t r i c razors seem t o be more p r a c t i c a l i n the Space S t a t i o n environment, i t might be worthwhile t o conduct s t u d i e s on t h e Shuttle t o determine whether o r not whisker dust r e a l l y i s formed in the v i c i n i t y of t h e external nares in a zero-g environment. One might a l s o perform animal s t u d i e s t o determine whether o r not dust produced from t h a t animal's own guard h a i r s produced any lung pathology when inhaled on a d a i l y basis f o r extended periods of time. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . The question was asked of only four people, and two of them had no comments. One person s a i d , "Put a loop of rope around i t and snub i t down." Another suggested t h e use of a "Brooklyn c l o t h e s l i n e " . loop of rope strung between two p u l l e y s . l i n e with c l i p s . This i s a continuous Objects could be attached t o the On t h e other hand, another contact mentioned, in response t o a d i f f e r e n t question, t h a t he had t r i e d such a device in t h e Weightless Environment Training F a c i l i t y (WETF) and found i t worked very well, but when he t r i e d i t in t h e zero-g a i r c r a f t i t became tangled t o such an extent as t o prove u s e l e s s . Comments: 10. None. I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "Up" and "Down". Because of t h e s pecial i n t e r e s t of t h i s question, a g r e a t deal of time was spent on i t . Of t h e t e n subjects questioned, nine were very d e f i n i t e in s t a t i n g t h a t t h e r e was no need t o t a k e any p a r t i c u l a r pains t o i d e n t i f y up and down. Several commented t h a t down was always where t h e i r f e e t were. There appeared t o be no d i f f e r e n c e between t h e answers from individuals who had flown in confined spacecraft and answers from those who had flown in spacious 11 �vehicles. One Individual said he himself was not bothered by the lack of up and down, but stated he f e l t I t would be wise t o ensure t h a t everything In a given volume have the same orientation. One contact related that one of his colleagues had spent "hours and hours' In the simulator, then went Into f l i g h t and became 111 even before he had gotten out of the s eat . The point of t h i s observation I s t h a t t h i s person had excellent up and down references but became 111 anyway. In response t o a direct question, one man said t h a t even seeing his colleagues In an orientation different from his own did not disturb him. Two men conmented that the use of a simulator may drive the configuration of the Space Station, a t least In areas where simulator training 1s extensive. The simulator will have t o be constructed with an up and down orientation because I t I s used In a one-g f i e l d . The Space Station area must match the simulator for training If I t I s t o serve any purpose. The following quotations are presented: (1) 'Before I came Into the space program I tended t o have a great amount of familiarity with mathematical techniques of rotation and translation of axes systems...! tended t o look a t something and j u s t figure t h a t I had a rotated coordinate system. (In space) I ' d look out a t the Earth, and I ' d recognize the Earth had I t s own set of Earth-centered coordinates. The spacecraft had I t s space-centered coordinates. Whenever I saw the two In the same field of view 1 just automatically thought of the spacecraft as being oriented t o the Earth, but more Importantly, I had my own body-centered coordinates, and the Input, If somebody allows them t o , can be of those things. . . . I f you operate 1n egocentric coordinates "down" will be towards your f e e t . I t makes no difference whether you're going over the Earth upside down o r diving under I t , or any of those things, If you really look a t I t as your world Is where you are, and everything else I s oriented around you." (2) One contact said he thought I t fun t o look a t the world upside down. "Trying t o force a one-gravity mode of operation Into zero-gravity I s a mistake. I t defeats a l l of the freedom which you a r e given." 12 �(3) When he would go from one compartment t o another, one person s a i d , •There would be moments of d i s o r i e n t a t i o n and you would kind of f l i p your body around and you'd pick t h e work s t a t i o n you were going t o work a t , and then a s soon as you got your body flipped around t o where you were within about 45 degrees of t h a t work s t a t i o n ' s local v e r t i c a l then everything clicked in and you were comfortable." (4) " I think t h a t maybe i f you s t a r t i d e n t i f y i n g up and down you may be reminding people of t h i n g s they should be f o r g e t t i n g . " " I think we adapt e a s i l y t o most any environment, but I j u s t d o n ' t think there i s a g r e a t deal t o be gained by t r y i n g t o force people t o think as they do here on Earth when they a r e , i n f a c t , in space." Comments: If t h e opinions of t h i s small sample of people a r e f e l t t o be s i g n i f i c a n t one must conclude t h a t special e f f o r t s t o i d e n t i f y "up" and "down" in Space Station will not pay l a r g e dividends. The comment t o maintain a constant local v e r t i c a l i n each module seems worthwhile following, i f i t i s a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y f e a s i b l e and charges no penalty from a design standpoint. On t h e other hand, none of t h e ten subjects interviewed admitted t o having experienced any degree of nausea. If none of t h e ten contacts became i l l , and i f approximately 40X of S h u t t l e crew members become i l l , we a r e drawn t o four possibilities: (1) The sample i s s o small t h a t chance alone resulted in my interviewing only those individuals who did not become i l l . (2) There really i s some difference between those interviewed and Shuttle crew members. (3) flight. The persons interviewed did not admit t h a t they become i l l i n From t h e obvious s i n c e r i t y and d i r e c t n e s s of t h e s e ten contacts, I am convinced t h a t none of them became i l l . This, I must admit, i s a very subjective assessment, but i t i s my conviction t h a t they were a l l t r u t h f u l and f o r t h r i g h t in t h e i r answers t o my questions. This opinion i s substantiated by t h e f a c t t h a t one individual did admit t h a t he would have become i l l had he not paced h i s o n - o r b i t a c t i v i t y f o r t h e f i r s t t h r e e o r four days. This person's conments a r e found in t h e SPONTANEOUS COMHENTS s e c t i o n , which follows. 13 �(4) The flight environment of these ten contacts was different from the Shuttle environment. I suspect that the reason for the observed difference 1n distribution of nausea In this group Is a combination of (1) and (4). 11. Use of vented gases for attitude control. This was only asked of four contacts. One remarked that vented gases had been used as an expediency to control tumbling In Gemini V. Another had no coment regarding the use of gases for attitude control, but he did suggest that they be used to run turbines for power. One said he did not think It such a good Idea - use control moment gyros Instead. Comments: 12. None. Importance of private cwnnunlcatlons. This question was asked of all ten Individuals. Responses varied from, 'Hot all that Important' to 'Absolutelyl' Host of the respondents thought a private line was Important for personal connunlcatlon with families, but of equal Importance was Its use In operational control of the flight. One subject gave an example of a situation In which Instructions had to be paraphrased to keep them from being heard by the press. The paraphrased Instruction was misinterpreted to be a Joke and was not followed. The example cannot be further Identified or described here as it would reveal the source, but suffice It to say that the well-being of a crew member was Jeopardized by this misunderstanding. One contact said, 'The Administrator [NASA] doesn't have a microphone In his office with the world listening Into everything he says. astronauts have the same privilege?' 14 Why can't �Another s a i d , 'They ( t h e press) have no more r i g h t in your bedroom on o r b i t than they have in your bedroom on Earth. They a r e not allowed t o go t o your doctor and find out how you a r e and what you a r e doing (on Earth so they d o n ' t have t h a t r i g h t i n s p a c e ) . Coffinents: I d o n ' t c a r e who's paying t h e b i l l . " The respondents' r e p l i e s t o t h i s question were based more on t h e i r feelings of p r i v i l e g e r a t h e r than on t h e a c t u a l need f o r and u t i l i t y of a private communications l i n k . They admitted t h e importance of the r i g h t t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o t h e i r f a m i l i e s , but they did not seem too concerned with the beneficial e f f e c t such communications would have on mission accomplishment. The comment regarding the u t i l i t y of a p r i v a t e link t o discuss purely operational matters was s i g n i f i c a n t . I would l i k e t o point out t h a t during s t r e s s f u l t r a i n i n g exercises during the Mercury program I had many opportunities t o use t h e private l i n e and found i t t o be of g r e a t b e n e f i t in assessing the s t a t u s of t h e t r a i n e e . The t r a i n e e s more than once made statements a s t o t h e i r physical s t a t u s t o me on t h e p r i v a t e l i n e t h a t they would not make on t h e open loop. As an individual, and not a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r i n t h i s study. I would strongly recommend t h a t an absolutely p r i v a t e communications l i n k be provided. The "Earth end" of t h e link would be under t h e control of t h e crew member. That i s , t h e crew member would decide who he would t a l k p r i v a t e l y t o , h i s family, t h e f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r , t h e physician, o r anyone e l s e . One of t h e contacts in t h i s investigation even mentioned t h a t a person spending many weeks o r months in a Space S t a t i o n might wish t o speak p r i v a t e l y t o h i s broker! 13. Use of portable f a n s . Five contacts were asked t h i s question, and none of t h e f i v e ventured an opinion. Comments: 14. The question was not presented t o t h e o t h e r f i v e . None. Opinions regarding t r a n s l a t i o n a l a i d s , control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices, o r i e n t a t i o n cues, and p r o t e c t i v e gear f o r personal wear. 15 �Five of t h e ten contacts were not asked any p a r t of t h i s q u e s t i o n . Of the f i v e remaining, only p a r t s were asked, o r only p a r t s were answered. Four subjects expressed s a t i s f a c t i o n with t h e coninon "wicket-type" switch guards. One person s a i d he could not v i s u a l i z e r o l l r a t e s of such a magnitude as t o require personal p r o t e c t i v e equipment such a s headgear. He a l s o said rounded corners and o t h e r methods should be used t o p r o t e c t a person moving about in t h e cabin. be required. Comments; 15. One o t h e r person s a i d he did not b e l i e v e headgear would None. Opinions regarding t h e a i r l o c k on Skylab. This question was presented t o only t h r e e people, and only one of them had an opinion. He s t a t e d , "There should always be a s a f e haven one can g e t t o . The racetrack design I s good. To have a s a f e haven in each module I s too c o s t l y , I t takes up t o o much room." Cocmaents: 16. None. Ideas regarding crew q u a r t e r s . This was addressed by nine out of t h e ten Interviewed. f e e l t h a t p r i v a t e crew q u a r t e r s were necessary. very Spartan conditions. Only two did not One of t h e s e two advocated He commented t h a t we c a n ' t a f f o r d t o build a Space S t a t i o n t o accormodate anybody and everybody. We must s e l e c t crews t h a t can t o l e r a t e Spartan l i v i n g conditions f o r ninety days. they can hang up anywhere." "Olve them a sleeping bag The o t h e r one of t h e s e two s a i d he compared a ninety-day Space S t a t i o n t o u r with an overseas m i l i t a r y t o u r o r a camping trip. He s a i d , " I d o n ' t t h i n k you need t o have a p r i v a t e room and a l l t h a t as long a s you have a place t o s l e e p . " 16 �One of t h e remaining seven who commented s a i d he saw two c o n f l i c t i n g requirements, one was t h e need f o r q u i e t and privacy, and t h e o t h e r was t h e need t o be near t h e work s t a t i o n t o respond t o emergencies. He suggested t h a t NASA explore t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing a "sea cabin" f o r one o r more crew members. He a l s o f e l t t h a t any alarms sounded In t h e crew q u a r t e r s should be p r i o r i t i z e d - perhaps only a " B a t t l e S t a t i o n s ! " type of alarm. One contact with Skylab experience said he thought t h e crew quarters should be a t l e a s t twice t h e s i z e of t h e Skylab q u a r t e r s . He a l s o advised t h a t they not be located near t h e exercise area t o diminish t h e noise l e v e l s . One person commented t h a t t h e Apollo s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were adequate, and one commented t h a t t h e Skylab s l e e p r e s t r a i n t s were good. With t h e exception of t h e two "Spartans", everyone believed p r i v a t e , individual, comfortable q u a r t e r s should be provided. Comments: There seems t o be no question but t h a t p r i v a t e crew quarters should be provided. These should be a s large a s I s practicably possible. It Is evident t h a t t h e e a r l y Space S t a t i o n w i l l not be large enough t o provide commodious q u a r t e r s , but I t seems t h a t , given t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s , privacy I s more t o be desired than volume. 17. Medical t r a i n i n g f o r crew members. This question was presented t o e i g h t of t h e ten c o n t a c t s . The most common response was t h a t e i t h e r a f l i g h t surgeon be on each crew, o r t h a t two of t h e crew members should be t r a i n e d t o t h e level of paramedics. One respondent said he believed a l l crew members should have extensive t r a i n i n g 1n physiology so t h a t they would b e t t e r understand medical o r physiological problems t h a t arose In themselves o r In o t h e r s . He a l s o f e l t t h e r e should be a f l i g h t surgeon on board f o r long-term exposures. Another f e l t t h a t every crew member should have t h e equivalent of paramedic t r a i n i n g , and t h a t a physician was not necessary unless he was dual t r a i n e d - a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t f o r example. One o t h e r contact suggested t h a t i f a physician were assigned he should be 17 �dual t r a i n e d . Another contact reconnended t h a t NASA. 1n t h e i r s e l e c t i o n program f o r mission s p e c i a l i s t s . Include s u f f i c i e n t physicians a s t o provide one f o r each Space S t a t i o n crew. Comments: C l e a r l y , a minimum of two people on each crew must have some competency 1n providing medical c a r e . other can take care of him. If one of t h e s e two becomes 111, the A good compromise would be f o r one of t h e crew members t o be a dual-trained ( a s a payload s p e c i a l i s t ) physician and t h e other a s a dual-trained person with medical t r a i n i n g e q u i v a l e n t t o t h a t of a paramedic. 18. Need f o r group dynamics t r a i n i n g . Group dynamics t r a i n i n g was b r i e f l y described a s a psychological technique which helps people t o work together and t o give each o t h e r mutual support and tolerance. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . Only two f e l t no t r a i n i n g was required, and one f e l t I t should be given only If a problem a r o s e . stated he had heard t h e Russians had had a problem. One One commented a s follows: *I think t h a t I t ' s going t o be Increasingly important t h a t they have a t l e a s t some amount of t h i s [group dynamics t r a i n i n g ] because you would l i k e t o have a preconditioned a t t i t u d e of how t h e y ' r e supposed t o work t o g e t h e r . You d o n ' t want t o have some highly motivated mission s c i e n t i s t back t h e r e [ I n the space lab o r an analogous p a r t of a Space S t a t i o n ] who d o e s n ' t understand where t h a t p r i o r i t y I n t e r f a c e s with t h e s e o t h e r p r i o r i t i e s . " Another commented t h a t he f e l t f u t u r e crews, who would not have a s much I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g a s those of today, should be required t o function In some s o r t of environment together before they launch. He suggested t h a t Survival School might be useful f o r t h a t purpose. One contact was e s p e c i a l l y concerned In regard t o t h i s m a t t e r . His coenents took up more than a page of single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t , and Included t h e following statements: 16 �' I think t h a t [ t h e lack of p s y c h i a t r i c o r psychological support] i s one of the shortcomings of NASA over t h e y e a r s , and I d o n ' t know i f they've solved t h a t problem yet today, and t h a t i s t h a t t h e r e i s no a c t i v e program having t o do with t h e behavioral sciences t h a t helps e i t h e r t h e astronauts in dealing with one another o r t h e a s t r o n a u t s and t h e i r families dealing with t h e situation." ' I think i t i s unfortunate t h a t astronauts have never been given any kind of opportunity f o r behavioral science understanding. There has been such a stigma associated with psychologic o r p s y c h i a t r i c therapy t h a t everyone stays away from i t l i k e i t i s some kind of poison." ' I though i t was j u s t r e a l l y too bad t h a t t h e r e was not some s o r t of a program in NASA t o help i n some s o r t of an upbeat way - t o give them access t o these people - give them some t r a i n i n g on techniques of dealing with t h e s e problems. The problems a r e t h e r e ! " Another c o n t a c t ' s comments f i l l e d t h r e e single-spaced t y p e s c r i p t pages, but were mostly personal experiences with h i s f r i e n d s , and cannot be reported here because of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of revealing t h e source. He l e f t no doubt in t h i s i n t e r v i e w e r ' s mind t h a t he was strongly i n favor of professional psychological support f o r t h e crews and f o r t h e i r f a m i l i e s . Comments: 19. See comments t o Question 1 9 . Should f a m i l i e s have s i m i l a r psychological support? This question was posed t o e i g h t of t h e t e n c o n t a c t s . One had no comment, two said i t need not be provided, and one s a i d i t should be provided only on a voluntary b a s i s If t h e family member f e l t t h e need and asked f o r i t . The r e s t f e l t i t should be provided In some degree o r another. A commonly expressed suggestion was t o keep t h e f a m i l i e s very well informed about a l l a s p e c t s of t h e program, and t o g e t them involved with whatever i s going on. One man s a i d , "The more you involve t h e wives i n t o t h e 19 �operation, t h e more support you g e t from them. Keep them Informed and give them l i n e s of conmunlcatlon t o , f o r example. Mission Control Center." He also s a i d , ' I know when I was t h e r e [assigned t o NASA], t h e wives and t h e families were r e a l l y I s o l a t e d . They were r e a l l y pushed back In a c o r n e r . I s , t h a t kind of treatment was I n f e c t i o u s . The program t r e a t e d t h e wife t h a t way, and p r e t t y soon we s t a r t e d t r e a t i n g our wives t h e same way. really tragic." The problem " I know I t cost a l o t of guys t h e i r m a r r i a g e . " I t was He continued by saying. 'You c a n ' t t r e a t people l i k e numbers, and t h a t ' s what NASA d i d . t h e wives were unhappy, w e l l , t h a t ' s t o o bad! If 'Think of a l l t h i s Important work t h a t your husband I s doing and go home and s h u t u p ! ' I t d i d n ' t work." On the other hand, another contact s t a t e d , "The t h i n g s t h a t d o n ' t k i l l you make you s t r o n g e r . I , f r a n k l y , think t h e experience was a p o s i t i v e experience f o r my w i f e . " He was not one of those In favor of a formal program f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . Comments: Because Question 18 and Question 19 a r e s o c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , comments t o both of them w i l l be presented h e r e . For some reason t h e r e seemed t o be more enthusiasm expressed f o r providing some s o r t of psychological support f o r t h e crew members than f o r providing s i m i l a r support f o r t h e families. I had expected t h e reverse would prove t h e c a s e . I t would seem Important t o ensure t h a t f u t u r e Space S t a t i o n crews have t h e opportunity t o work very c l o s e l y together in s i t u a t i o n s t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e mutual support. Although I t might be d i f f i c u l t t o j u s t i f y giving survival t r a i n i n g t o Space Station crews, t h a t s o r t of s o c i a l I n t e r a c t i o n would probably pay large dividends when t h e crew occupy t h e Space S t a t i o n . I t might a l s o be of benefit f o r NASA t o Introduce a c e r t a i n amount of psychological t r a i n i n g I n t o t h e program. The contacts, f o r the most p a r t , were not concerned about providing psychological support f o r t h e f a m i l i e s . However, t h o s e who were In favor of such support were very p o s i t i v e In t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s . My personal f e e l i n g s in t h i s regard, and many of t h e s e f e e l i n g s have been generated by t h e very strong �and sincere statements expressed by two of t h e c o n t a c t s , a r e t h a t NASA has been remiss In not Including t h e f a m i l i e s a s p a r t of t h e program. I t seems that more d e t a i l e d b r i e f i n g s might be given t h e wives so t h a t they would have a better Idea of of what t h e i r husbands a r e doing. This action might not Improve the effectiveness of t h e husbands, but nevertheless should be provided if only f o r humanitarian reasons. The question of r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s was never presented a s a formal question, but I t did come up spontaneously In t h e discussions with most of t h e contacts. From t h e i r expressions of belief and f a i t h 1 t I s my conclusion t h a t a resident chaplain a t JSC would be of g r e a t value t o t h e program. 20. Crew I n t e r a c t i v e t r a i n i n g In a one~g simulator. Because of t h e many very strong polarized f e e l i n g s brought out by t h e questions on group dynamics t r a i n i n g (Questions 19 and 20), I t was f e l t t h a t t h i s question should be eliminated. misinterpreted i t . I t was asked of only one contact and he His answer r e l a t e d t o command s t r u c t u r e of a Space Station crew, and will be included with t h e answers t o Question 45. Comments: 21. None. Problem of ambient nois e. Here I s another question t h a t was, f o r a l l I n t e n t s and purposes, eliminated. The contacts a c t u a l l y answered I t when speaking of t h e need f o r quiet In p r i v a t e q u a r t e r s . The question was posed t o t h r e e I n d i v i d u a l s . One Implied In h i s answer t h a t noise was not a big problem - one g e t s used t o I t . On t h e o t h e r hand, unanticipated noises o r motions of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a r e very d i s t r a c t i n g . The third said t h a t on h i s f l i g h t , crew member noise prevented sound sleeping In shifts. Comitents: None. 21 �22. Wardroom, e n t e r t a i n m e n t , e x t e r n a l v i e w i n g , and E a r t h p o s i t i o n . All t e n c o n t a c t s a g r e e d t h a t a wardroom was I m p o r t a n t . There was near-unanimous o p i n i o n t h a t p e r s o n a l l y s e l e c t e d books and music t a p e s were I m p o r t a n t t h i n g s t o t a k e a l o n g . Other suggestions Included the p r o v i s i o n of movies on VCR t a p e s , and one I n d i v i d u a l s u g g e s t e d t h a t books, movies, and o t h e r forms of a u d i o - v i s u a l e n t e r t a i n m e n t c o u l d be p u t on l a s e r video d i s c s . Hany I n d i v i d u a l s commented on t h e f a c t t h a t r e a l - t i m e coimerclal news progratming and e n t e r t a i n m e n t shows c o u l d be u p - l i n k e d w i t h l i t t l e difficulty. Only one person had no s t r o n g o p i n i o n on t h e need f o r windows, b u t even he s a i d t h e y were h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e , b u t n o t o f prime I m p o r t a n c e . One person s a i d , 'Nobody e v e r g e t s enough t i m e l o o k i n g o u t o f w i n d o w s . ' Another s a i d , 'They should make s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e a s many windows a s p o s s i b l e . ' He suggested one be p u t n e a r t h e e x e r c i s e d e v i c e s o one c o u l d l o o k o u t w h i l e exercising. One man s a i d t h e windows a r e e x t r e m e l y 1nQ)ortant from a recreational as well an Inspirational standpoint. p o r t s and t i m e t o u s e t h e m . ' spacecraft the better. He s a i d , 'You need viewing One of t h e c o n t a c t s s a i d , ' T h e more windows In a One of t h e most e n j o y a b l e t h i n g s you have t o do up t h e r e 1 s t o look o u t t h e window. I n f a c t , even a b u b b l e window might be n i c e . * One of t h e more a r t i c u l a t e c o n t a c t s s a i d : ' I , f o r o n e , am t o t a l l y convinced t h a t t h e magic of s p a c e and t h e v a l u e of being t h e r e I n v o l v e s being a b l e t o s e e w h a t ' s o u t t h e r e . . . I t 1 s from t h e human s t a n d p o i n t t h a t I t h i n k you need l o t s of viewing p o r t s . Important. I d o n ' t c a r e I f 1 t does c o s t more money. I t h i n k t h a t ' s very The r e t u r n I n keeping p e o p l e ' s I n t e r e s t , and t h e m o t i v a t i o n and a l l t h a t s o r t o f t h i n g , t o d o more and more, and t o g o f u r t h e r , 1 s v e r y d r a m a t i c a l l y enhanced by b e i n g a b l e t o see.' Comments: The most c o n s i s t e n t answer t o a n y of t h e f i f t y - o n e q u e s t i o n s was t h e s t r o n g p o s i t i v e e x p r e s s i o n of a need f o r a wardroom w i t h some s o r t of entertainment equipment. Individual preferences. The s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h i s equipment c l e a r l y followed Of equal unanimity was t h e e x p r e s s e d need f o r many 22 �and large windows. This has such g r e a t importance t h a t i t would appear important t o consider t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of providing bubble windows, a s was suggested by one of t h e c o n t a c t s . 23. Body waste c o l l e c t i o n and d i s p o s a l . Six contacts were asked t h i s question. Two had no ccHwnents, and two said they f e l t t h a t t h e Skylab system was adequate, although they did not l i k e t h e idea of bagging t h e f e c e s . One man said even t h e Apollo system was a l l r i g h t in s p i t e of t h e need t o bag t h e f e c e s . The t h i r d comment related only t o urine collection and t h a t person said he f e l t t h e ordinary a i r c r a f t , r e l i e f tube was adequate. Although he d id not say s o , i t was c l e a r t h a t he meant such a device would have t o be adapted t o t h e zero-g environment. Comments: 24. None. Personal c l e a n l i n e s s . Since t h i s question had a l s o been addressed in Question 8 , Personal Hygiene Equipment, i t was presented t o only f o u r of t h e c o n t a c t s . Two of them had no comment; one recommended t h e use of a spring-driven razor; and another, who uses a blade r a z o r , s a i d he f e l t frequent o r d a i l y shaving was good f o r crew d i s c i p l i n e . Conments: 25. This was t h e second contact t o make t h a t comment. This was considered in t h e comments t o Question 8 . Exercise. This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . important. All agreed t h a t exercise was One s a i d he f e l t e x e r c i s e and good food were t h e two most in^ortant things t o provide f o r long-duration space f l i g h t . Two others said they f e l t e x e r c i s e was important from a psychological and morale standpoint a s well as from a physical well-being point of view. Five people recommended t h a t both a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill be provided. One mentioned only a treadmill and one mentioned only a bicycle. a �Two people mentioned that it Is also necessary to exercise the upper torso and arms. One of these recoimiended spring or bungee devices for this purpose. Another thought a Nautilus-type of exercise device should be provided. One person said he thought the Cxergenle was a very useful device, but another stated that he tried to use it on his flight and found that the nylon ropes heated from the friction of use and stretched, making the device useless. Another person said he believed there is a need for something that will provide structural stress to the skeletal system, but he had no ideas on how to do that. Only two people suggested a duration for the exercise period. One suggested ninety minutes and the other sixty minutes. Coniwents; The need for exercise was strongly supported by all. It Is my understanding that investigations into the types of exercise equipment needed are being conducted. I can only urge that these Investigations be continued both on the ground and In flight. 2b. How to manage books and manuals. This question was presented to only four of the ten contacts. One stated he preferred books, but could learn to live with Information presented on CRTs. One contact had no comments, and the other two said that they did not think that everything had to be In data banks. Some material can best be presented in book form, and other material can be stored In data banks for retrieval when needed. The feeling seemed to be that recreational material was best presented In book form, but technical material (with the exception of emergency checklists) could be stored In data banks. Cowaents: None. 24 �27. Han/machine interface. This question was put to five of the ten contacts. One suggested that color be used more in the design of the Space Station, and one said color was not a11 that important. One had no comment. One man suggested that NASA employ what he called "functional artists" to help in designing the interior of the Space Station. He stated that the wardroom should be of a "relaxing* color and the flight deck should be of an "alerting" color. One individual urged caution in accepting the use of digital displays. He said: "Digital offers various advantages in terms of accuracy, precision when you need precision, but the human being is an integrator, he doesn't take snapshots, and there is a lot of information and intelligence lost when you're looking at a digital display." Comments: The science of architecture is advancing at a great pace. NASA would be well advised to use the services of this discipline in establishing interior design criteria for the Space Station. I was impressed by the warning about digital displays. From a purely personal standpoint I find it easier to integrate analog informational displays than I do digital displays, but this may be purely cultural. An interesting area for investigation would be to assess whether people get more or less information from one display than the other. Unquestionably, it is easier and quicker to read, for example, the exact time from a digital display, but does one find it also easier to tell how many minutes have elapsed since a given event or how much time remains before a given action must be taken. I am sure similar analyses could be made of altimeters, and other displays of changing quantifiable information. 25 �2B. Three s h i f t s o r one? This question was asked of s i x people. One had no connient. Only one of t h e remaining f i v e f e l t t h a t a l l crew members should be allowed t o s l e e p a t t h e same time. times. They f e l t t h a t someone should be awake and on watch a t a l l One man s a i d t h a t t h e crews should be a b l e t o work longer than eight-hour s h i f t s . He s a i d , 'You're not t h e r e on a v a c a t i o n , even f o r three months.' One contact s t a t e d t h a t timelines should be f l e x i b l e enough t o accomnodate t h e mission, and t h e crew members should be i n d o c t r i n a t e d in t h e occasional need f o r working on t h e i r off-duty time. For exati^le, an Earth resources task night require t h a t t h e Earth resources s p e c i a l i s t t a k e photos a t a p a r t i c u l a r time on a p a r t i c u l a r o r b i t , and t h a t might occur during h i s o f f - d u t y time. This question a l s o asked t h e contact t o comment on whether e x e r c i s e should be an off-duty endeavor o r a duty-time a c t i v i t y . obtained. Only t h r e e answers were One man said exercise should be done during o f f - d u t y hours. The second said t h e question was i r r e l e v a n t because one i s never ' o f f d u t y ' In space. The t h i r d said he thought half of t h e e x e r c i s e should be done during on-duty time and half of i t when off d u t y . Comments: As was t h e case i n most of t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e was no r eal unanimity of opinion unless i t was t h a t someone should be awake a t a l l times. This seems t o be a most reasonable and l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n . 29. Importance of real-time TV. Here i s another example of a question t h a t was covered f a i r l y well i n an e a r l i e r question. See Question 22. which addresses wardroom accommodations. This question (29) was asked of only t h r e e persons. One had no comment: one thought i t was very important; and t h e o t h e r did not b e l i e v e i t t o be of g r e a t importance. Comments: None. �30. Who should s e l e c t t h e crews? All but t h r e e of t h e contacts were asked t h i s question and, a s one might expect, t h e r e was a wide range of opinion i n t h i s regard. person a r e summarized in t h e following paragraphs. (1) A crew s e l e c t i o n committee has v i r t u e . made by one person. The r e p l i e s of each No r e a l p a t t e r n emerged. The s e l e c t i o n should not be Perhaps t h e Captain should be s e l e c t e d f i r s t . He would then s e l e c t a second person; t h e two of them would s e l e c t t h e t h i r d ; and s o on until a l l crew members had been chosen. (2) Overall Management should make t h e s e l e c t i o n . The Commander should not have s o l e s e l e c t i o n a u t h o r i t y , but he should have veto powers. The peer review concept has v i r t u e i n t h a t i t i d e n t i f i e s t h e unpopular individuals. (3) The crew should be s e l e c t e d by Management - they have more information a v a i l a b l e t o them than does anyone e l s e . i s a useful t o o l . The peer review process Management needs an input from t h e crew Commander. This contact believed t h a t a small group of crews should be selected and flown frequently. This saves expensive t r a i n i n g time over t h e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e , which i s t o have a l a r g e pool of candidates from which crews a r e selected t o fly less fre q uently. (4) Believes a nucleus of crew members should be s e l e c t e d . These people fly frequently and t r a i n t h e i r own replacements ( t h e r i g h t - s e a t man eventually moves i n t o a l e f t - s e a t assignment). Whatever system i s used, i t should be well understood by a l l t h e candidates. Each should know what the s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a a r e , and how t h e process o p e r a t e s . (5) Mentioned t h a t he l i k e d t h e way Slayton handled t h e s e l e c t i o n process, but believes t h e s e l e c t i o n pool i s much too l a r g e . (6) Also mentioned t h a t he liked t h e way Slayton did h i s job i n t h e p a s t . (7) NASA management should s e l e c t t h e operational crew. authority should s e l e c t t h e t e c h n i c a l crew. Some o t h e r The combined group should work together f o r a period of time, and t h e Commander should be a b l e t o e x e r c i s e veto power over members of both groups i f he f e l t an individual would not f i t in. Conments: I am i n c l i n e d t o go along with respondent Number 3 . Number 7 made e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same comments. 27 Respondent My disagreement with Number 3 i s �only i n regard t o t h e concept of peer review. I an s u r e i t does point out the unpopular i n d i v i d u a l s , a s s t a t e d by c o n t a c t Number 2 , but a t what expense? I am s u r e t h e unpopular individual i s already known by Management by t h e time they g e t around t o s e l e c t i n g t h e crews. One i s i n c l i n e d t o ask how important i s popularity anyway? 31. Does EVA require t h e 'buddy system"? Only four people were asked t h i s question. One had no conntent, and the other t h r e e said they believed i t was necessary. One of them s a i d he thought the buddy might be a f u l l y s u i t e d a s t r o n a u t who remained i n s i d e t h e s t a t i o n , but was ready t o go outside a t a moment's n o t i c e . None said they though t h e buddy system was unnecessary. Comments: 32. None. How can t h e EVA s u i t be in^troved? This question was asked of seven people. Again, t h e comments were not c o n s i s t e n t , and r e f l e c t t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s personal views. There i s a l s o some overlap in t h e answers with t h e answers t o some of t h e o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . (1) For prolonged EVA t h e astronaut should be provided with a 'motorman's f r i e n d * , a d i a p e r , water, but no food. (2) For missions t h a t w i l l require EVA soon a f t e r a t t a i n i n g o r b i t , t h e EVA crewman should be s elected from a pool of i n d i v i d u a l s who, by t h e i r past experience in o r b i t , have shown t o be r e s i s t a n t t o space motion s i c k n e s s . Nevertheless, vomitus containment apparatus should be provided ' j u s t in case.* (3) Consider using honey water a s a source of energy and f l u i d . glove needs improvement s o a s t o provide b e t t e r t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . The A wire saw (Gigli saw) should be taken along on every EVA f o r emergency u s e . (4) Mentions b e t t e r gloves with improved t a c t i l e s e n s a t i o n . (5) Suggests t h a t t h e problem of f i n g e r t i p i n j u r y could be solved by c l o s e r trimming of t h e f i n g e r n a i l s . (6) Recommends t h e hard, r i g i d , high-pressure ( 8 p s i ) s u i t . (7) One man had no comments. 28 �Cownents: The suggestion t o use honey water a s a source of nourishment and of fluids c e r t a i n l y deserves i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Methods f o r c o l l e c t i n g urine and feces (a diaper should be adequate f o r emergencies) a r e e s s e n t i a l , and I believe t h a t some s o r t of vomitus containment device i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l . People s t i l l become i l l , even on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e Earth in a one-g f i e l d , ^ and there i s no reason t o suspect t h i n g s w i l l d i f f e r i n space. ^ problem comes up with t h e food s t o r a g e equipment, t h e r e might well be some gastroenteric I l l n e s s e s developing. In f a c t , i f a F i n a l l y , i t seems logical t o develop a suit t h a t provides a t l e a s t 8 - p s i p r e s s u r e , more If f e a s i b l e . The advantages to such a garment a r e t o o well known t o warrant elaboration in t h i s r e p o r t . 33. EVA r e s t r a i n t s , t e t h e r s , hand holds, l i g h t s , e t c . After receiving t h r e e "no comments" i n a row, t h i s question was eliminated. I t was asked of f o u r c o n t a c t s and only one had any comments. His are as follows: "There i s a need f o r a s m a l l , multipurpose t o o l k i t with interchangeable end-effectors. Small l i g h t s on t h e f i n g e r t i p s a s were used in the Mercury program a r e extremely u s e f u l . These can be d i r e c t e d b e t t e r than a helmet-mounted l i g h t . " Comments; effective. 34. The use of f i n g e r t i p l i g h t s on t h e Mercury s u i t was most This might be i n v e s t i g a t e d again f o r t h e Space S t a t i o n s u i t . Suggestions regarding mortuary a f f a i r s . This question was posed t o f o u r of t h e persons interviewed. Two s t a t e d that the sensible t h i n g t o do would be some form of o n - o r b i t d i s p o s a l . said, in some s e r i o u s n e s s , "Shoot me i n t o t h e Sun!" (One He was aware of t h e high-energy c o s t of doing t h i s , s o t h e r e was some l e v i t y i n t h e remark t o o . ) 6ut they a l s o recognize t h a t t h i s would not be acceptable in today' s s o c i e t y . I ^ One of t h e contacts s a i d t h e problem should be addressed and solved before we go t o Space S t a t i o n , but he had no i d e a s . The f o u r t h person agreed with the necessity t o bring t h e body back i n a condition s u i t a b l e f o r an open-casket f u n e r a l , but he had no ideas on how t h i s could be accon4)lished. 29 �Conroents; One approach t o mortuary ser vices might be t o c o n s u l t with various museums of natural h i s t o r y . One of t h e modern methods of taxidermy i s t o place the animal In a l i f e - l i k e pose and f r e e z e I t in t h a t p o s i t i o n . A vacuum i s then drawn on t h e container, and t h e animal i s c o n p l e t e l y d e s i c c a t e d . The desiccated specimen i s then placed in a sealed c a s e . This technique could be adapted t o t h e Space S t a t i o n as a method of preserving t h e body of a deceased crew member u n t i l a r e l i e f vessel makes c o n t a c t . 35. Foot r e s t r a i n t s a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This question was given t o four s u b j e c t s . Three had no comments, and one s t a t e d t h e t r i a n g u l a r shoes used in Skylab worked f i n e . Topics explored in t h i s question were a l s o addressed i n Questions 33 and 36. Comments: 36. None. Locomotion a i d s . Only two s u b j e c t s were asked t h i s question. One had no comments, and the other s a i d , 'Only what i s needed f o r f a c i l i t y and s a f e t y . The best locomotion i s j u s t t o head out and across!* Co—mnts: 37. None. Body r e s t r a i n t s f o r t a s k s requiring extreme s t e a d i n e s s . This question was presented t o only t h r e e s u b j e c t s . Two f e l t i t t o be no problem, and one s t a t e d t h a t perhaps a r i g i d arm could be i n s t a l l e d a t t h e work s t a t i o n . This could be swung out from a stowed p o s i t i o n and used t o clamp t h e a s t r o n a u t i n t o p o s i t i o n . Comments: None. 30 �38. Thoughts on a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . This topic was discussed with nine c o n t a c t s . make. Two had no connients t o One s t a t e d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t he thought t h e r e i s a d i s t i n c t medical need for a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . Three were of t h e opinion t h a t a r t i f i c i a l gravity should not be considered unless an overwhelming physiological need developed. One expressed t h e opinion t h a t when t h e time comes when we can build very-long-term-exposure f a c i l i t i e s , a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y should be provided because t h e time expended in e x e r c i s e (he estimated one t o one and a half hours a day.) a r e nonproductive hours which could be put t o b e t t e r use i f a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y were provided. No respondent f e l t a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y i s required f o r psychological reasons. One was very s t r o n g l y opposed t o i t . Our conversation went a s follows: 'Another thing - I wouldn't worry about a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . i s considering a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y any more. I hope nobody I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of time. And you destroy many of t h e advantages you gain by being weightless. Particularly f o r those people who may have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap. don't have a g r a v i t a t i o n a l handicap in space. They They ought t o be permitted t o participate a s f u l l - f l e d g e d workers and crew members i n space. 0. There i s some consideration being given t o t h e so-called t e t h e r system, which w i l l provide a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y . A. Well, I ' l l t e l l you - I t h i n k t h a t ' s a waste of money, a waste of manpower and i n t e l l e c t s t o even worry about i t . have a good reason t o do i t . F i f t y years from now you may I d o n ' t t h i n k you have a good reason now. Certainly calcium loss i s not a j u s t i f i c a t i o n , i n my o p i n i o n . " One person f e l t t h a t t h e r e was a need f o r an a r t i f i c i a l g r a v i t y area in the Space S t a t i o n , but he had no ideas a s t o how t h i s could be accomplished. He said: 31 �•There are some good benefits from zero-g, but I would hope that in the Space Station there would be some area or some volume of the Space Station that would have artificial gravity. I don't know whether it should be the gravity of Earth or the gravity of the moon, but some light gravity field would prevent the deterioration, the decondltioning, of the cardiovascular system, and also the sickness that comes Initially with exposure to the weightless environment.' Comments: I am in agreement with the contact who stated that the provision of artificial gravity negates one of the more Important reasons for being there. Of course, it Is self-evident that If an overwhelming medical or physiological need arises for artificial gravity. It must be provided, but lacking that, I can see no justification for It. The concept that the provision of artificial gravity would eliminate the need for exercise and thus be an economically justifiable approach warrants study. The economics of this question Is beyond my area of knowledge, so I do not feel competent to coiment one way or another on the suggestion. 39. What about autonomy? This question was presented to eight contacts, and all but one had very definite opinions on the subject. Four contacts stated that they believed the Space Station Commander should be the final authority. ground should perform strategic planning only, Four felt that the other comaents included one that the Control Center should be used only for their more extensive resources. Two others stated that Hisslon Control Center should be used for routine data analysis only, and this because 1t was more economical to do this kind of Information processing on the ground than in the Space Station. Another connent was that the Control Center should be informative, not protective, and finally, one person commented that the Control Center should be absolutely honest with the flight crew; no information should be withheld from the crew using the Justification that they were being protected by this action. This respondent also said that the crew must be open and honest with the ground as well. 32 �Conments; All of t h e contacts were i n c l i n e d towards more autonomy f o r the Space Station, and l e s s r e l i a n c e on t h e ground. logical and a p p r o p r i a t e . This trend seems t o be most I concur with t h e conment t h a t t h e g r e a t e r analytical resources on t h e ground should be used in preference t o i n - f l i g h t analysis. 40. U t i l i t y of a miniature helmet-mounted TV camera. This question was presented t o only two c o n t a c t s . useful, but only f o r c e r t a i n (unspecified) t a s k s . One said i t might be The o t h e r contact had no connents t o make on t h e s u b j e c t . Conntents: 41. None. What about an expendable launch vehicle rescue c a p a b i l i t y . The question was put t o f i v e people, of which one had no comment. Only one person was e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e concept and he s a i d : "I d o n ' t s e e why n o t . I t would be expensive, but i t would be only a one-time expense. Once you got t h e t h i n g ready t o go, t h e expense of recycling i t would not be t h a t g r e a t . You could even go with a s o l i d . have t o be reserviced a s o f t e n . I t would not Over a period of years t h e r e ' s going t o be some times when i t j u s t might be needed, and i t would c e r t a i n l y pay f o r itself.' One said he would r a t h e r put t h e emphasis on more on-board r e l i a b i l i t y . Another said he would r a t h e r use t h o s e resources t o expand t h e o r b l t e r f l e e t so as t o provide a quick-rescue c a p a b i l i t y . One individual said he would rather have t h e escape c a p a b i l i t y b u i l t i n t o t h e Space S t a t i o n i t s e l f . Comments: 42. None. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? This question was presented t o only f o u r c o n t a c t s . that they had no comments. 33 Three of them said �One s t a t e d he did not want t o g e t Involved 1n a lengthy discussion of the question, but did want t o venture h i s opinion t h a t we a r e s t i l l designing too much redundancy I n t o experiments because t h e s c i e n t i s t s r e f u s e t o accept t h a t man can make up f o r i t . Cowwents; The comments following Question 2 point out t h e u t i l i t a r i a n value of man on t h e scene. Again, we should design equipment f o r r e p a i r and maintenance on o r b i t r a t h e r than provide layer s of redundancy. A3. Ideas f o r design of a safe haven. This question was put t o seven people. Two of them had no comments. One s t a t e d t h a t he did not think we needed more than two s a f e havens on t h e Space S t a t i o n ; another man said he thought every module should be I s o l a t a b l e ; and a t h i r d suggested designing t h e s a f e haven s o t h a t t h e occupants could continue t o be productive. He f e l t t h i s was e s s e n t i a l t o t h e i r morale. One contact s t a t e d , " I would put my e f f o r t s I n t o Introducing realism t o t h e public." When asked t o explain t h e statement he s a i d t h a t we must prepare the public t o accept the f a c t t h a t we're going t o lose a s p a c e c r a f t sometime. pomnents: The suggestion t o provide means f o r crews t o remain productive as a morale booster In t h e s a f e haven I s one t h a t deserves some thought. 44. Philosophy f o r EVA use. Of t h e f i v e people who were presented with t h i s q u e s t i o n , one had no comment; two f e l t t h a t I t should be used r o u t i n e l y ; one s a i d I t should be used when c o s t e f f e c t i v e ; and one s t a t e d only, " I am s u r e i t would be u s e f u l . " Conmmnts: 45. None. On-board command s t r u c t u r e . This question probably stimulated a s much discussion a s any of t h e 51. was presented t o a l l ten c o n t a c t s . Six of them unequivocally recomaended a strong Commander with a c l e a r and d i s t i n c t chain of conmend. p o s i t i v e voice In t h i s group was one who s a i d : 34 The most It �•The Commander 1s the boss—just like 1n a military vehicle [or] In polar exploration trips. He's the boss. varied opinions on things. He can appoint deputies. He's a real strong individual. 'This is the way it's donel [Strikes table for emphasis.]. He can ask for He's going to say, We're not even going to question it.'" A considerably milder comment was made by another contact who said that a clear chain of command was needed but, "...you don't need a man beating his chest." The nearly opposite view was expressed by a contact who said: "Yog know the stereotype of Marine Drill Instructor - you don't need those kinds of abilities up there - you need people with a broad perspective; people who are interested in enough different things outside their own area of expertise. I think that would be especially apropos of the Commander of the mission." He went on to say, "When you go to autonomy in space and you have your scientists up there [there are going to be conflicts which the Commander will have to solve]. You have to be able to compromise, and accommodate all those kinds of things. The Commander will have to be real diplomat." Another contact recommended a strong authoritative Commander, but he has to be the kind of person who knows how to lead, and "...just to give an order is not the best way to lead." But, he said, there also has to be a strong connand structure. One man who stated there must be a chain of command suggested that there night possibly be a Commander for each shift with interaction between them. He said that the Commander should be not be resistant or blind to suggestion and inputs from the rest of the crew. When asked if he would recommend a military hierarchial system, he replied that he would prefer a NASA hierarchial system, which he said is not as rigid as the military system. Another contact also recommended a dual command system, but constructed around different lines. He suggested a military Commander and a scientific 35 �conmander. The military Conroander would be in ultimate charge, but as long as things are going well, he would delegate command to the chief scientist. He agreed tha,t this might be somewhat analogous to the relationship that exists between the Captain of a carrier and his Air Sroup Commander. The contact stated that the ultimate responsibility must be assigned to one person. said, 'You cannot have a voting situation up there." NOTE: He The term "Hilltary Commander" as used above was not meant by the speaker to imply that he advocated the Space Station be conuianded by a DOD representative. Conments: He used it as a figure of speech. Most of the respondents focused on the role that the Conmander must play, and how he must act in exercising that role. One contact really caught the significant part of the question and stated that even more important than the Commander's actions was the need for a strong comaand structure. It has been my observation that some Military Commanders get the job done by virtue of the fact that their subordinates are afraid of them; others because they are respected:and others because they are idolized. Regardless of the Commander's attitude, the job always gets done unless the conmand structure breaks down. Even the autocratic Commander gets the job done unless he attempts to dissolve the command structure. When he does that, the organization falls apart and the mission is a failure. 46. How Hi-Fi should the Space Station simulator be? This question was given to five people. Only one recownended that the simulator have as much fidelity as possible recognizing the limits imposed by gravity. Two men felt that a complete simulator, a duplicate Space Station, was not needed. Part-task and modular simulation should be adequate. These were thought to be especially valuable devices for problem solving. one man suggested that the Space Station control room should be fairly well simulated, but the other functions of a Space Station need not be 36 �duplicated on the ground. He suggested a minimum ground training period and conpletion of training In the Space Station itself under the supervision of the crew. He presupposed that only part of the crew, perhaps two out of ten, would be replaced at any one time. One man had no comments. Conments: The suggestion that part-task and modular simulations should be adequate seems to be a reasonable approach. The concept of training after arriving on station is an interesting one and might be an area for investigation. 49. Accommodating diverse groups of people. Seven people were asked this question. Two people expressed disapproval of the concept of taking the "man on the street". Both of these contacts felt that, in the foreseeable future, we would be taking selected people. One mentioned that we would select them first for their skills, second for their motivation, and third for their physical and mental health. mentioned construction workers. One contact He thought we would ask for volunteers from the population of construction workers, then we would select the most skilled and the most fit. Three contacts mentioned their opposition to the practice of applying arbitary age limits. They felt that the results of a physical examination should determine a person's fitness to fly, not his age. One mentioned a Dr. Vincent in Houston who has a program that is an excellent predictor of mental acuity. The respondent thought some of the airlines were using Or. Vincent's technique. One stated that we could markedly relax our physical requirements because there are no stresses in space. Another felt that most of the problems will be societal, and the Commander will have to deal with them. 37 �Another suggestion was t h a t planning f o r medical c a r e f a c i l i t i e s must take Into consideration t h a t crew members of t h e f u t u r e may n o t be 1n t h e b e s t of health o r of optimum age. Comments; I was pleased t o hear one of t h e contacts s t a t e t h a t we could markedly relax our physical requirements because t h e r e a r e no s t r e s s e s In space. I do not know. In any g r e a t d e t a i l , what physical l i m i t a t i o n s NASA places on s e l e c t e e s f o r space f l i g h t , but senators and school t e a c h e r s a r e now being considered. From a purely s c i e n t i f i c standpoint 1 t seems reasonable t o f l y a group of "average" people t o see whether they perform any d i f f e r e n t l y than the highly selected and superbly f i t persons we have flown In t h e p a s t . There was r e a l l y no reason f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e cream of t h e crop a f t e r Mercury and Gemini. Both of those e a r l y missions had t h e unknown p o s s i b i l i t y of requiring t h e a b i l i t y t o s u s t a i n hIgh-Q reentry followed by a survival experience l a s t i n g several days a t sea o r on t h e d e s e r t . e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f i t human specimen was required. Obviously an We might be surprised t o find out t h a t the average person who I s accustomed t o a more sedentary l i f e might even perform I n t e l l e c t u a l t a s k s In space a t l e a s t a s well a s t h e more f i t person does. I have not followed up on t h e suggestion t h a t Or. Vincent In Houston be contacted because of h i s a b i l i t y t o p r e d i c t mental a c u i t y s e p a r a t e from age. 50. Thoughts regarding s a f e t y hazards. This question was presented t o nine c o n t a c t s . nothing t o c o n t r i b u t e . One said t h e only thing he could t h i n k of was a k i t t o s e a l meteorold punctures. redundancy a s p o s s i b l e . Three s t a t e d t h a t they had Another suggested only t h a t we build In a s much One person said t h a t a s i d e from t h e pure vacuum of space, living In t h e Space Station I s no d i f f e r e n t , from a s a f e t y point of view, than l i v i n g on Earth. The hazards a r e t h e same and you p r o t e c t against them with s t r u c t u r a l design. You c a n ' t p r o t e c t a g a i n s t a l l e v e n t u a l i t i e s . f e l t compartmentallzatlon w i l l solve many problems. 38 He �Another person made t h e s e f i v e p o i n t s : 1. Follow e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e d u r e s . 2. Have two c u e s t o a p r o b l e m , i . e . , a u d i o and v i s u a l warnings i n case one o r t h e o t h e r i s m i s s e d . 3. Eliminate single-point failures. He s a i d NASA has done a v e ry ?oo(l job of doing t h a t . 4. When a f a i l u r e d o e s o c c u r , f a l l back t o a s a f e p o s i t i o n iimediately, and examine t h e f a i l u r e . 5. Use e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y w e l l - t r a i n e d p e o p l e i n p o s i t i o n s of p r i n c i p a l responsibility. One respondent urged t h a t NASA d o c a r e f u l f a i l u r e mode a n a l y s e s , and where they discover h a z a r d s t h a t t h e crew w i l l have t o l i v e w i t h , t h e n make s u r e t h e crew i s well t r a i n e d , o r e v e n o v e r t r a i n e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e m . One of t h e most l e n g t h y and t h o u g h t f u l comments was: 'The hazardous s i t u a t i o n i s a c o m p l i c a t e d one i n which you a r e n o t q u i t e sure what t o d o . The s i m p l e r t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h e l e s s d a n g e r t h e r e i s of screwing i t up. I t h i n k t h e most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g from t h a t s t a n d p o i n t i n Space S t a t i o n i s t o c l e a r l y i d e n t i f y and c o l o r - c o d e a l l t h e v a r i o u s p i e c e s of equipment a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of h a z a r d . The most s e r i o u s b e i n g r e d , t h e n e x t yellow, then maybe y e l l o w - a n d - b l a c k s t r i p e s . now. B a s i c a l l y l i k e t h e m i l i t a r y does Mark 'NO STEP' and 'HAND HOLD', and s o f o r t h . A c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t should be made t o s e e t h a t we d o n ' t g e t s h a r p c o r n e r s and t h a t s o r t of t h i n g . "The dangers a r e g o i n g t o be i n t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t p e o p l e w e a r . With a l o t of people up t h e r e working around t h e r e i s g o i n g t o be a s u i t p u n c t u r e , o r swneone i s n o t g o i n g t o p u t t h e w r i s t s e a l on p r o p e r l y and a g l o v e w i l l pop off. Those a r e t h e k i n d s of problems we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e . We a r e n o t going to have any problems i n s i d e . " Cowitents: Of a l l t h e r e s p o n d e n t s , I c o n c u r most c l o s e l y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l who made t h e f i v e p o i n t s . They s h o u l d be remembered and p r a c t i c e d by a l l who have any r o l e i n s a f e t y d e s i g n o r p r a c t i c e s - and t h a t i n c l u d e s n e a r l y everyone. 39 �51. Suggestions which would help maintain crew h e a l t h . This question was asked of nine c o n t a c t s . t o make. Two s t a t e d they had no comments Proper n u t r i t i o n o r d i e t was mentioned by t h r e e people, a s was proper e x e r c i s e . Recognition t h a t people have t h e same psychological needs In space as on Earth was mentioned frequently. One c o n t a c t urged t h a t t h e time l i n e be structured t o provide time f o r q u i e t r e f l e c t i o n and contemplation. The b e n e f i t In crew member contributions t o t h e mission w i l l outweigh any cost In time. Another said t h a t we must choose s e n s i t i v e . I n t e l l i g e n t people t o serve on Space S t a t i o n . You d o n ' t need t h e "machonnan", and b r u t e - f o r c e kind of people - they should be kept o u t . One man s t a t e d , "Try t o make I t a s much l i k e a normal c i v i l i a n l i f e a s possible, recognizing t h a t we're going t o have a connand s t r u c t u r e , and by t h a t I mean If a guy wants t o have a g l a s s of wine with dinner o r a s h o t of brandy a f t e r , he ought t o be e n t i t l e d t o do s o . I t ' s home!" He's not f l y i n g an a i r l i n e r - One other man had mentioned t h a t he thought moderate consumption of alcohol was probably b e n e f i c i a l . Another man, who I am s u r e would have agreed with the comments above regarding wine with t h e meals and brandy a f t e r , nevertheless warned against what he perceived a s t h e c u r r e n t s o c i a l acceptance of overindulgence by m i l i t a r y p i l o t s . s a f e flying t h e next day. He f e l t t h a t behavior was hazardous t o The mental health aspects of t h e Space S t a t i o n were considered by another contact. He s a i d , "He should allow a routine-enough work c y c l e and approach t o Space S t a t i o n operations so t h a t If someone does g e t s1ck they can go take a day off and r e s t . L e t ' s ease off on t h e work load. L e t ' s l e t the astronomers have some time t o j u s t s i t t h e r e and look through t h e telescopes. Hhat's wrong with t h a t ? g r e a t Ideas anyway." Coweents: T h a t ' s where a l l t h e g r e a t astronomers got a l l t h e i r Here a g a i n , I was pleased t o s e e t h e emphasis on f a c t o r s Influ e n c i n g m e n t a l h e a l t h . If one lesson should have been learned from a l l of 40 �our space f l i g h t p r o j e c t s , i t i s t h a t we must guard a g a i n s t overloading the crew metrtier. I was most impressed by t h e l a s t comment recorded, " L e t ' s ease off on the work load. L e t ' s l e t t h e t h e astronomers have some time t o j u s t sit there and look through t h e t e l e s c o p e s . What's wrong with t h a t ? That's where a l l the g r e a t astronomers g o t a l l t h e i r g r e a t ideas anyway." I can only applaud t h a t a d v i c e . SPONTANEOUS COMMENTS As stated in t h e s e c t i o n e n t i t l e d METHOD, t h e 51 questions were a c t u a l l y used only t o s t i m u l a t e d i s c u s s i o n . Although a g r e a t many comments were received in response t o t h o s e q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e were some additional statements •ade either spontaneously o r a s a r e s u l t of thoughts stimulated by t h e questions. Some of t h e s e spontaneous statements a r e presented in t h i s s e c t i o n . 1. I t had been several y e a r s , and even decades, since some of t h e contacts had flown. One of them opened t h e interview with t h i s statement: " I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g your coming around doing t h i s . I commented t o [ h i s wife] t h i s morning t h a t t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time anybody has asked my opinion about anything s i n c e t h e day I l e f t NASA. And, consequently, i t i s of a l o t less value than i t might have been a year a f t e r I l e f t NASA." Conments: In l i g h t of t h e remark made by one c o n t a c t t h a t h i s remarks might have had more value had he been contacted a year a f t e r leaving t h e program rather than several years l a t e r might suggest t h a t NASA give consideration t o establishing a procedure whereby a l l former a s t r o n a u t s would be interviewed a year or two a f t e r they leave t h e program. 1 f e e l confident t h a t individuals who are no longer competing f o r a f l i g h t p o s i t i o n , o r who a r e no longer hoping for advancement i n , o r rewards from, t h e system might well be a very valuable source of information. Among t h e t e n people I interviewed, 1 f e l t t h a t some of there were so long out of t h e program a s t o be of l i t t l e value t o t h i s project. On t h e o t h e r hand, some who were more r e c e n t menders of NASA had •any good conments which t h e y probably would not have made had they been corepeting f o r f l i g h t assignment. 41 �2. One stated that he feU gymnastics might be a good training procedure, particularly use of the trampoline, in combatting space motion sickness. Cowwents; 3. None. In view of the fact that EVA astronauts do not appear to use their legs very much, one contact was asked his opinion regarding a suit without separate legs. He replied; •Some of the EVA tasks would require that you anchor your feet somehow, because that's the way you apply the torque. If. of course, you have some umbilical 'belly-button' kind of thing with which you attach yourself rigidly through your center of gravity, then you could obviously use your arms pretty well without a foot restraint. I would kind of think that having your legs separate would give you much better torque and muscle control." In response to the same question another contact said•But If you're thinking In terms of a Space Station where you're going to have to do some manual work with your arms, and you look at the situation Where you put In a torque motion. I don't know how you would counteract that without having your feet somehow [stabilized], speaking of construction work 1n space he said. "It Is In that kind of a mode where I would envision that you might want [to use your legs].' Comments: 4. None. When speaking of training, one contact mentioned what he called an advocacy position In training, it Is sitting down ahead of time and asking what^one will do If a certain event takes place. He said: •Within certain limitations you could take the advocacy role ahead of time. It's a 'brain-washing', and I know that's a bad word, but you train to the point where, when you get there, the actual case Is a piece of cake. many times It doesn't have to be a hands-on kind of training. And You can sit In a room and discuss what we're going to do If this happens and why do that one. But you gotta go through that exercise. 42 It's a very Important part of �getting ready t o go." The contact then gave two examples from h i s f l i g h t where f a m i l i a r i t y with the system and procedures saved t h e mission. Cofiments; The remarks regarding "advocacy" t r a i n i n g were i n t e r e s t i n g t o me. The mental exercise of s i t t i n g q u i e t l y alone o r with o n e ' s colleagues and contemplating possible events and how t o cope with them I s probably an excellent way t o t r a i n f o r foreseeable e v e n t u a l i t i e s . Perhaps such t r a i n i n g methods could be encouraged. 5. At the close of h i s interview, one contact offered t h e following independent thought: "One of t h e t h i n g s I d o n ' t think we're doing t o o w e l l . . . i s designing things l i k e t h e Space S t a t i o n , taking advantage of t h e r eal and unique environment. Using t h e d e l t a temperature and t h e d e l t a pressure a s driving forces t o some degree in equipment design. We're s t i l l designing things f o r here t h a t we then make a l l s o r t s of special precautions t o operate up t h e r e instead of designing them t o r e a l l y optimize the environment they have t o be in. I think when t h a t happens we w i l l have problems t e s t i n g i t down here, but i t w i n [work b e t t e r up t h e r e . ] " When asked f o r examples he said t h a t he had none a t t h e moment. Comments: 6. None. Another contact i n explaining why he thought he did not g e t motion sickness i n f l i g h t s a i d : "We would go up and do parabolas in t h e T-38 where we could do between 15 and 23 r o l l s on a given parabola. with each r o l l . We put our head i n d i f f e r e n t o r i e n t a t i o n s I ' d do t h a t maybe twice, and a l l of a sudden t h e sweat would break out—you'd s i t t h e r e with t h e world going around and you'd t r y t o f l y s t r a i g h t and level f o r f i v e minutes u n t i l you could g e t t h e world back together again, then you'd go a t i t a g a i n . [before t h e f l i g h t ] . I did t h a t down a t t h e Cape I got t o where i t r e a l l y took something t o g e t me s i c k . I d o n ' t know whether i t was t h a t conditioning t h a t helped o r whether i t was t h a t I was j u s t more n a t u r a l l y r e s i s t a n t than some. 43 You can do t h e same thing �in a swlnwing pool. nystagmus.* You can get some pretty high rates—until you get severe He continued t o cowaent that performing r o l l s In a zero-g parabola and holding the head in different positions a t the same time was the most efficient way of producing nystagmus that he knows. He got t o the point where he could make the world 'twitch* in any direction depending upon how he held his head during the r o l l . £ommsntsj_ NASA might give some thought t o investigating t h e training routine described by the contact who stated he and his partner executed 15 t o 23 rolls while in a zero-g parabola, with t h e i r heads in a d i f f e r e n t orientation for each parabola. I am astounded a t the piloting s k i l l which t h i s maneuver requires, but if i t can be done I t might be of value i n anti-motion sickness training. I know that aerobatics have been attempted t o t r a i n against motion sickness, largely without benefit, but t h i s i s the f i r s t I have heard of stimulating the semicircular canals while in zero-g. 7. One contact was asked for his ideas regarding the changing crews. He said that i t might be necessary t o bring up one o r two s p e c i a l i s t s for short periods t o perform specific tasks, but he f e l t i t was important t o change the e n t i r e basic crew a t the same time t o maintain a cohesive u n i t . Comments: 8. None. Another Interesting concluding remark was: "There i s one other thing I always make a pitch on. and t h a t i s that they do not realize that people in space f l i g h t o r in zero-gravity condition are no different than down here. You have zero gravity and a b e t t e r view, but other than that you are dealing with the same person and the same working environment and they can do exactly the same thing they can do down here. If a person i s exceptionally good as an observer o r working out something analytically, or if he i s good a t doing any kind of a detailed task (for example, a photo interpreter), you can put him up there where he i s looking a t 44 �the real thing. He can do just as good a Job up there as down here. no reason for not using a person's intellect fully. There is So far, the way space flights have been constructed, they want to dictate everything by checklist and take away your ability to think. Coninents; 9. See comments following Statement 9. Another man expressed the same thoughts in this way: "My big 'soap box' effort is the thing about let's not forget who we are and what our needs are as people, and carry those things with us. Let's not lull ourselves into thinking that this is such a special environment that all the rules change and everything is different, and that people will give up this and give up that In order to be up there. They will do it for a ten-day mission, but they won't do it for ninety days." He went on to say, "One of the problems we ran into on our mission was that we forgot to think about those things, and we got ourselves caught up in a workaday thing where we were working fourteen to sixteen hours a day, and working strictly following a carrot - following a very precise agenda every day. Halfway through the mission we began to get inefficient and made mistakes. Me finally recognized our problem and did something about it, and came out at the end of the mission in good shape. We finished everything we were supposed to do and got it all right." Comments: I commend the two remarks regarding utilization of people for their capabilities and their human abilities to NASA for serious consideration. I agree with both comments. If we are to put people in space we must take advantage of their capabilities and their "humanness", whatever that is. He should recognize the tendency to overschedule and actively correct for that tendency. 10. One contact believes that the absence of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space might have some physiological consequences. this radiation is commonly referred to as Schumann resonance. this subject he said: 45 He said that Speaking to �•W1th1n the Ionosphere-Earth surface cavity there is, I think, about an 8-H2 to 32-Hz oscillating field with a series of peaks in that field that is generated by lightning storms on Earth, but the net result of all that electromagnetic activity is that we're exposed from conception to death to this oscillating field, and there is some evidence that if you play with that field here on Earth, particularly by superimposing a 5-Hz, 4-Hz, or 3-Hz field on what is already there (and it is very difficult to isolate the individual from it unless you go underground) and you get some neurological problems. It does affect people, and it is probably related to what happens to you when you get a relatively low-frequency strobe light flashing at you. A lot of people feel very very uncomfortable neurologically when that happens. course, it's absent. In space, of Once you get above the ionosphere that field is absent, and there is some concern among physicists who have a background in neurophysiology that there might be an instantaneous effect contributing to the Space Adaptation Syndrome, but they are more concerned about what the long-term effect may be if the brain actually uses that frquency on occasion or continuously to reset it's own timing signals in it's central processor. So, 1 would FLAG that as an unknown." This contact was also concerned about "intermittent sleep." could cause difficulty from the standpoint of loss of REH sleep. sleep is different from simple insomnia. He felt it Intermittent Intermittent sleep is that situation where a person wakes up and goes back to sleep several times during a sleep period. It should cause no problem over short periods, but if continued for two months or so it might. It has been noticed in sleep labs on the Earth, but the contact was of the opinion that it occurs more frequently in space flight than it does on the Earth. Comments; I cannot connent on the role of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation in space and its physiological consequences and I am unaware of "Schumann Resonance", but I do want to underline this individual's connent as a possible route of inquiry, which NASA might investigate. I also am unable to comment on this same contacts remarks regarding "Intermittent Sleep". 46 �11. One man mentioned t h a t he f e l t h i s mind worked b e t t e r i n space. When asked t o elaborate on t h a t s u b j e c t he s a i d : ' . . . i t might be j u s t t h a t you a r e doing i t f o r r eal r a t h e r than in practice. The f a c t t h a t you're i n 100X oxygen environment - t h a t should allow you t o perform a l i t t l e b e t t e r . I think i n a place of reduced g r a v i t y , t h a t could have a contributing f a c t o r t o o . including mental. Cownent; 12. [There was a ] changed response p a t t e r n , That i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e in the weightless s i t u a t i o n . " None. One contact mentioned t h a t i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted to the zero-g environment. He s a i d t h a t he knew t h a t i f he moved about Quickly he would become s i c k , s o he moved very slowly and very d e l i b e r a t e l y until he became accustomed t o t h e environment. He a l s o mentioned t h a t upon h i s return t o Earth he had " v e r t i g o " . as if t h e bed was i n c l i n e d about 30 degrees head down. for about a week. He f e l t This sensation lasted He mentions t h a t he was unable t o c l e a r h i s e a r s during parachute descent a t t h e end of h i s mission and wonders i f t h a t did not contribute t o h i s f e e l i n g s of " v e r t i g o " . He believes i t would have been interesting t o go through v e s t i b u l a r t e s t i n g during t h a t period, but o t h e r matters seemed t o occupy t h e time of t h e physicians. Comments: The contact who said i t took him four t o f i v e days t o g e t adjusted t o the zero-g environment was t h e only one of t h e group t h a t admitted t o even the l e a s t t r o u b l e . I found i t i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t he experienced a head-down sensation a f t e r return t o Earth. I would have expected him t o experience a head-down sensation in f l i g h t due t o migration of f l u i d t o t h e head and a head-up sensation upon return t o Earth. 13. Several s u b j e c t s mentioned d i f f i c u l t y sleeping i n f l i g h t . The consensus seemed t o be t h a t f r e e - f l o a t i n g s l e e p was not comfortable o r r e s t f u l . One man mentioned t h a t i n o r d e r t o g e t a comfortable n i g h t ' s s l e e p , t h e head and hands have t o be r e s t r a i n e d t o prevent them from moving about i n random fashion. 47 �Coimients; I believe this last remark regarding the unsatisfactory nature of unrestrained or free-floating sleep has been made before, so It requires no further Investigation, but should be kept In mind when sleep restraints In the Space Station crew quarters are being designed. 48 �APPENDIX A 1. Flight Crew Health Stabilization Program; Discuss in context of SS vs Skylab, Apollo, and STS. Worthwhile? Retain? Eliminate? Modify? 2. Do you have any thoughts on facilitating SS maintenance activities of the crew? 3. Discuss alarm systems: False alarms. Lights. Horns. Voice. Tactile. 4. Any thoughts as to tools for on-orbit repair and maintenance? Including "work bench", location, equipment, etc. 5. What about food and meals? A11 eat same foods on same days? Individually selected menu? Suggested changes/improvements. 6. Any suggestions regarding trash disposal? 49 �7. Any thoughts on clothing design? One piece c o v e r a l l s v s . pants and s h i r t ? Pocket l o c a t i o n , design, closure? Off-duty and on-duty. Any d i f f e r e n c e ? Special clothing f o r e x e r c i s e ? What kind of sleepwear would you choose? Any personal Items of c l o t h i n g f o r you? 8. Suggestions a s t o personal hygiene equipment. 9. Aids t o t r a n s f e r of massive o b j e c t s . 1 0 . Skylab crews found t h a t they o r i e n t e d t o t h e f l o o r In small compartments, but t r a n s l a t e d h e a d - f i r s t in large compartments. Does t h i s Influence your thinking In regard t o I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of "up" and "down"? Would visual o r i e n t a t i o n cues a s t o "up" o r "down" be helpful o r harmful? [At l e a s t one Skylab crew member reported t h a t he always o r i e n t e d down towards h i s f e e t . ] n . What about using vented gases f o r a t t i t u d e c o n t r o l , o r what about using opposing vents t o cancel any e f f e c t from venting? 1 2 . What I s the Importance of p r i v a t e coniminlcatlons with o p e r a t i o n s s t a f f , medical s t a f f , f r i e n d s , and r e l a t i v e s ? 1 3 . Some Skylab crew members reported t h a t p o r t a b l e f ans were of l i t t l e use f o r crew comfort, but were useful f o r equipment c o o l i n g . Others reported that they a r e u s e f u l , e s p e c i a l l y t o cool a person during and a f t e r e x e r c i s e . I s your opinion? 1 4 . Oo you have any Ideas concerning: Translation a i d s ? Control/switch p r o t e c t i v e devices? Orientation cues? Protective devices f o r personal wear (helmets, g l o v e s , e t c . ) 50 What �15. Skylab crew's coimients about the airlock Included such remarks as: It was too small for two crewmen. Insufficient stowage volume. "Like a rat's nest during EVA.' Lack of foot restraints. Poor location; -Between Multiple Docking Adapter and Orbital Workshop. -In mainstream of traffic. -Failure of any one of three hatches would be cause for mission abort or even catastrophic situation (EVA crewman being trapped outside). OUESTIOMS: Here any of these problems present on STS? What suggestions have you for Space Station? 16. Any Ideas about the Individual crew quarters? Location. General arrangement: (1) Size (Skylab nominal was 28 In. x 38 In. x 78 In.). (2) Restraints. (3) Stowage. Noise. Lighting. Temperature. Ventilation. What kind of sleep restraint? Should washing and toilet facilities be Included? -Cofflode? -Urinal? -Both? What about shift occupancy? Communications? Warning signals? 51 �17. How much medical training should crew members have? Equivalent to CNT? More? Less? 18. Oo you believe crew members should engage in 'group dynamics* training before being assigned to SS? Should one CH be trained in this discipline? 19. Should families be given similar psychological training and support? 20. What about crew interaction training in a one-g simulator? 21. How much of a problem is ambient noise? 22. Wardroom: What suggestions for entertainment? Will external viewing be of great importance from a recreational standpoint? Is It Important that the Earth appear "down"? 23. Discuss body waste collection and disposal. 24. Personal cleanliness. Shaving. Haircuts. Showers. 25. Exercise. What kind? 26. How best to manage books and manuals. Should everything be in data banks with CRT display? 27. Han/machine interfaces. Brightness. Shape, color, texture. 52 �28. Three shifts or one (or two)? All sleep at the same time? How long a work day? Eight hours? Hore? Less? Should work time Include one to two hours of exercise, or should all exercise be performed In off-duty time? 29. How Important would be real-time TV, Including network news? 30. l>/ho should select the crew? What Input should crew members have In regard to crew composition? 31. Does EVA require "buddy system" or can one person do It alone with monitoring from the Inside? 32. How can the EVA suit be Improved? Urine collection. Fecal collection. Provision for food and water. Vomiting. 33. EVA Restraints and tethers. Hand and foot holds. Lighting. Helmet mounted? Tools. 34. With a twenty-one-day rescue time at worst, do you have any suggestions regarding mortuary services? 35. What about foot restraints at the work station? Locking grid and shoe. Stirrups. Clangs. Velcro. Other. 53 �36. Loconotlon aids. Lines, slldewlres. Distributed handles. Other. 37. What about body restraints for tasks requiring extreme steadiness? 3B. Any thoughts on artificial gravity? Need. Methods. Rotating SS. Tether. Continuous or Intermittent? 39. What about autonomy? Is "control" by NCC a pain, or Is It reassuring? 40. Would a miniature helmet-mounted TV to record EVA activities be useful? 41. What about an ELV rescue capability? capsules. For example, a Titan with reentry 42. How can man-on-board reduce redundancy? 43. Any Ideas for design of a safe haven for two to three weeks' occupancy? 44. What about EVA? Use only for contingency? Use for contingency and major tasks only? Design for and use routinely? 45. On-board command structure: Strong, authoritative Comnander with clear chain of command? Participative management? Coenlttee decision making? 54 �46. How H1-F1 should the SS simulator be? 47. Is the orbiter overdesigned for safety? Can safety requirements be relaxed for SS? Any examples? 48. Any suggestions as to docking techniques or aids? Proximity operations. Approach corridors. Plume impingement considerations. Others. 49. In the future many diverse groups of people will have to participate in Space Station activities. For many of these people—scientists, construction workers, and so forth—there will be no arbitrary age limit. Can you think of any investigations that should be performed now, either to select those persons or to accommodate them in flight? 50. Do you have any thoughts as regards safety hazards? 51. Do you have any suggestions as to measures that would help maintain crew health? 55 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration APPENDIX B Ames Research Center Moffett Field. California 94035 rUASA aeiirioAdnai: LMA:239-2 Dear Space Missioa Participant: The purpose of this letter is to introduce Dr« William K« Douglas and a project that he is conducting under the sponsorship of NASA's Anes Research Center. The Ames Man-Vehicle Systems Research Division under its Space Human Fac­ tors Office is in the process of planning research that will help to as­ sure high levels of crew effectiveness on future space missions, including NASA's proposed space station. Several expected differences between the space station and previous missions suggest that such research is warrant­ ed. Such differences include more heterogeneity of crew members in back­ ground and experience, broader variety of work requirements (including more EVA), larger crews, and longer durations. To accommodate some of these changes, plans and designs are being developed for configurations of the total station, individual modules, and work stations, as well as for habitability Issues and operational pro­ cedures. In many cases the appropriate design or plan for promoting and maintaining effective crew performance under the changing conditions is unknown. Numerous cases involving new designs for work stations and habi­ tats have been documented, in which serious performance problems have ar­ isen because of either the lack of human factors information or the failure to incorporate available information. The Division has been active for several years in research to support the aviation community in developing methods for avoiding such errors in design, and operations. One of the more valuable sources of Information that has directed our research activities has been the Aviation Safety Re­ porting System (ASRS), which we direct (through a contract, under the sponsorship of the FAA). The system solicits voluntary comments and recommendations from pilots and air traffic controllers that concern any procedural problems encountered in the aviation system, and how these might be corrected. The reports are completely deidentified to insure anonymity of the reporter. Publication of the obtained information is generally in the form of a report that synthesises Individual comments and recommendations related to some particular Issue. Information such as that generated by the ASRS has proven of value, not only by indicating problems that require research for their solution, but by Indicating when research is unnecessary, either because Information is available to effect a solution, research is already in progress, or the 57 �problem Is not amenable to research. When research has been prescribed, the value of Its product has been enhanced significantly by the direction received from such information. The project being conducted by Dr. Douglas Is consistent with the intent and spirit of the ASRS. We are convinced that the experience of partici­ pants in previous space missions can form the basis for cogent recommenda­ tions for design, operations, and appropriate research relevant to future space missions, similarly to our experience in aviation. Therefore, we have asked Dr. Douglas to solicit thoughts regarding apace station design and operational requirements. The information obtained will be used to help us (and others) supply guidelines to designers, and to discover inadequacies in available knowledge that Indicate a need for further research. Dr. Douglas has contacted you as part of that process. Dr. Douglas was the first flight surgeon for the Mercury astronauts. We sought his assis­ tance in this project because of his reputation for sensitivity, objec­ tivity, general knowledge of and appreciation for the human in space mis­ sions, and his acquaintance with many members of the astronaut corps. We are requesting your participation because of our sincere interest in helping to assure a high level of effectiveness for future manned space missions. Dr. Douglas' approach will be informal. He will ask you a series of questions designed to focus your consideration of design and operational Issues, which we judge are important to the success of future missions. In your answers to the questions we are asking you to project from your experience to the expected conditions on a space station. We are not interested in documenting or reporting problems, either person­ al or general, from past missions. Rather, we are asking for your judg­ ment of where impediments to task performance, motivation, morale, etc. could arise; what changes in design and operations would you recommend, based on your experience and expected mission differences. Dr. Douglas will be assisted on the project by Mr. Donald K. (Deke) Slayton, whom you may know personally. Mr. Slayton's experience and knowledge should be of great assistance to Dr. Douglas in interpreting and syn­ thesizing the information, and producing a useful report. Please be assured, should you elect to participate, that the information obtained by Dr. Douglas will be completely deidentified from you as the source. Not only will your individual anonymity be assured with respect to specific information that you volunteer, but the identity of those per­ sons interviewed will not be revealed by Dr. Douglas or Mr. Slayton. 58 ��1 fttcori No. NASA CR-3942 4. Titlf and SuMiM 2. Geynwuwi HICHDH NO. Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions J Autttorlll 3. Reopant't Cralog No. & Report Dite October 1986 e. Performing Orgeniotlon Code 8. Perfornung Or^izabon Report No. William K. Douglas 9. ^lormina Orfonitation Nama and Addras McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company 3301 Bolsa Avenue Huntington Beach, CA 92647 17 Soomortnf A^ncy Nama and Addra« National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, DC 20546 MDC H1363 10. Work Unit No. 11. Contract or Grant No. NAS2-11723 13. Type of Report and Period Ceiwad 14. Sporaoring Agency Coda FLS IS Supplamantary Nolat The author was the flight surgeon for the original Mercury Seven Astronauts. Point of Contact: Trleve A. Tanner, MS239-2 (415)694-5185 Ames Research Center. Moffett Field. CA 94035 FTS464-5185 IS Aeanoei Ten former NASA astonauts were Interviewed using a set of 51 questions developed to encourage the contacts to discuss any thoughts, opinions, con­ clusions, or suggestions which might have evolved since they left the astronaut program. Strict confidentiality was maintained. The reader will not be able to attribute any recorded remark to an individual person or to a particular mis­ sion. At least one astronaut from each of the NASA manned space flight programs, excluding the Space Transportation System (Shuttle), was Interviewed. The report records the answers to the questions asked, spontaneous comments, and the Investigator's oim personal evaluations of the material obtained. No statistical analysis of the material was attempted. The professional opinions of these ten experienced astronauts will be of value to persons concerned with the design and operation of mannoH space craft and manned space stations. 17 Key Warm ISunxtad by AutbarNIl l& OtiMutMn StPMiweW Crew health, maintenance, alarms, food, Unclassified - Unlimited clothing, personal hygiene, "up and down" identification, private communi­ Subject Category 54 cations, psychological support, crew selection, group dynamics, crew quartet s 19 Secieity OmuI.|o(itM'•pert) 20. Sacurilv Otmri.lef tN* page) 21. No. of Pagn 22 Unclassified Unclassified 62 'Forseleby the Nst>onii T*hriieel Infemriitttn Semee.Spnflgfield, Virgmi* 22161 . A04 ^ NASA'LANGLEY, 1986 ��National Aeronautics and Space Administration Code NIT-4 BULK RATE POSTAGE & FEES PAID NASA Permit No. G-27 Washington, D.C. 20546-0001 0*hcrat Business Penalty toi Pftfjie Use. S300 rwvsA M-sCT^ AcxrB • njS>lMA^IkK. If Undelfvcrablc (SBCCiun 156 MtnuBl) Do Not Return � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context sdsp_skyl_000074 Title A name given to the resource "Human Performance Issues Arising From Manned Space Station Missions." Description An account of the resource This is a series of interviews with various anonymous astronauts from various programs including Skylab, focused on the future of manned spaceflight. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas, William K. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-10-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1980-1990 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Skylab Program Human factors in engineering design Neutral buoyancy simulation Provisioning Airlock modules Extravehicular mobility units Experimentation Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection Box 16, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource Skylab Document Scanning Project Metadata Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/54/skylab30anniv150_[1].mp4 ebb34a6dea31f99374ab85921261c6da Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Moving Image A series of visual representations imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, movies, television programs, videos, zoetropes, or visual output from a simulation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "SkyLab: An Oral History of America's First Space Station." Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Von Braun Symposium Skylab 30th anniversary Description An account of the resource This video was released in conjunction with Skylab's 30th anniversary in 2003. It contains video footage from the Skylab program as well as interviews with those associated with the program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context skylab30anniv150 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 2000-2009 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Type The nature or genre of the resource Interviews Moving Image Oral History https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/480/spc_skyl_001_004.pdf 8a509cf19b4249d8fb6ba0e68083cf92 PDF Text Text skylab NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER an adventure • • 1n science and ::photograRhy The significant role of the photographic process on Skylab can be appreciated when one realizes that nearly one-half of the ex­ periments onboard utilize some form of photography to gather their scientific data. The inherent advantages of returned photo­ graphic records, high information density and permanence, justifies the effort involved with its launch, stowage, and return. One of the more important aspects of Skylab photography is the entirely new portion of the spectrum revealed to solar and stellar astronomers. As shown on the chart below, the experiments of Skylab embrace wavelengths from Hard X-Rays to the Thermal Infrared. The areas of Vacuum Ultraviolet and X-Ray studies have only become feasible through space research because the Earth's atmosphere filters and scaners these wavelengths. Skylab Experiment Spectral Coverage ,,., J '"' , ... ... '""' - "" 5191 ..,l!!.... ,,.,� ""' ·'!• � _,_._ VISIJLl •• [W J-,,ii-EARTW 08S[RVAIIONS The camera systems aboard Skylab range from conventional 35mm cameras to exotic systems employing detraction gratings, articulated mirrors, and photocathodes emitting photoelectrons to be focused on film. Through the use of these systems and their films the scope of the studies is extremely broad. They will return information concerning subjects as varied as the intense Sun to the faint Zodiacal Light, cloud formations to the mass of the Universe, and the contamination around the spacecraft to the contamination of our Earth's atmosphere and rivers. The films to support these experiments vary from color interior films, similar to those commercially available, to films highly sensitive to Far Ultraviolet. The quantity of film involved is revealed in the fact that there are in excess of 125,000 exposures in the area of solar astronomy alone. �Skylab Films Name Shon Wave Radiation Vacuum UV RecQfding Related Types SC-5 104-06 101-05 101-06 Size 50 x 70mm Grus Plates 35mm Stnp$ $183-Ultrav,olet PanoralT\8 S082A-X/UV Coronal Spectrograph S0828-UV Corof'l81 Spectr09'3Ph 50 x 70mm Glass Plates 35mm Slides 7.5 x 150mm Suips Glau Plates S019-UV Stellar Aurof'lomv S183-Ultraviolet PanotalTli;I Spectregraphic 103a-O 16mm Pan,;nom1c�X Aerial 3400 3414 S0022 35mm 5 inch 70mm 70mm 70mm 026•02 35mm S0212 ExPL'f1m8nt Apphcation S183-Ultrav,olet Pano,ama Earth Resources S020-UV/X-Ray Solar Photography S183-Ultraviolet Panaroma T025-Coronograph Contam. Meas S190B-Eanh Terrain Camera S190A-Multispectral Photographic Facllttv S054-X Ray Spectrograph1c Telescope S056-X•Aay Telescope S052-Wn1te- Light Coronograoh 16mm 35mm S233-t<ohoutek Photomcu 1c Pho1ography S191-lnfrared $pactrometer 2403 35mm 35mm S063-UV Anglow Horizon Photography T025-Corono graph Contam Meas. Aerial Color S0242 S0356 5 inch 70mm S1908-Earth Terrain Camera S190A-Multispectra l PhQtograph1c Camera Oata Recordmg 2485 35mrn S063-UV Auglow Hotizon T027/S073-GetJensche,n/Zodiaeal Light S232-Banum Plasma Observation Ekt.Jchrome MS (Color) S0368 35mm 35mm 16mm& 70mm S063-UV Airglow Horizon T053 Earth Laser Beacon A$$essment Operational (E l(lf8Yeh 1cular ActiYity) Ektaehrome S0168 16& 35mm M151 T11-ne and Mo11on Study M479-Zero G1avHy Flammability M487-Hab1tab 1 1t1v/Crew Quarters M509- As1ronaut Maneu,..eung Equipment M516-Crew Act1111 t1es/Mamtenance S191-lnfrar&d Spectrometer T01J-Ctew Vehicle Disturbances T020-Foo1 Controlled ManeuYeong Unn T053-Earth Laser Beacon Assenment Student lnwst1ga11ons Science Ocmonstrations Plus-X Aerial 3401 Tri•X Aerograph, c Ef 16& 3 5 m m 35mm (Oayl19htJ 16, 35& 70mm Operational F,tm Solar Flare Palfol S0101 35mm Hydrogen Alpha Telescope Ektachrome lr'llfra,ed (Colorl 2443 3443 S0131 35mm 70mm 35mm 16mm 5 ir,ch S063-UV A1rglow Hor.zoo S190A-Mult1spectral Photographic Camera Operational Film M479-Zero GraYity Flammab1l1ty S190B- Earth Terr(lm Camera 2424 70mm $190A-Mult1spectn1I Photographic Camera NTB·3 35mm 5201-X/UV Electronograph1 c Camera lr'llfrared Aerograph1 c Nuc1ear Track Ma1er1al The Earth Resources Experiment Package is an integrated system of s·:msors for earth observations. Detecting electromagnetic radiation, either reflected or emitted in the Visible through Thermal Infrared wave· lengths. These sensors provide high resolution data covering widespread areas of the earth. This data is expected to yield information fundamental to the use and conservation of our natural resources. Some of the major d1sciplmes addressed are agriculture, geology, continental water resources, ocean investigations, and atmospheric investigations. Exp. Photog,aph1c Techmque No. TIiie ObjeCll'Ve S190A Multi• SpeCtral Pho109raph 1c Camera Determine the extent by \M11ch precision and rep&t1trve Muh 1speccral from Photography space can be applied 10 the Earth Resources Disc1pl 1nes m the Vis•· ble and Near IA regions. Six Channel High Prec1s1on 10mm camera with matched distortion aoo focal length, and bore1119hted so that photo­ graphs from all six Ci!lmeras will be accu,ately 1n reg,ster. Came,as utilize 70mm film !S0356, S0022. E� 2424 ond EK 24431 ,n cassettes hold mgapl)roxunately 400 frames S1908 Earth Terrain Camera Obtain high ,esolut1on photography 10 assess techniques in remote sensing for application in the use and con• se,...aoon of natural re• sources. Automatic operation for over• tapping topographic coverage and manual ooerat1on fo, sin­ gle photographs of selected scer'lles. Camera ut1liies 5 ,neh S0242, S0131, ond EK 3414 film in canettes of approx1• mately 450 frames e8ch and has a ,e$olutton of 37 feet from an atrnude of 23Snm,. S192 Mult1Speetr1I Scanner Assess Multisoectral techniQues for remote sensing of Eaqh re• sources. Spec1f1cally: Spectral Signat1.11e Identification and Map• ping ol 51tes related to Agriculture, Forestry, Geology, Hydrology, and Oceanography. Mechan1eal Optical Scanner combined 11111th a folded re• fleeting telescope osed as a radiation eollector to 9c1ther high re$Olut1on, quantttati11e da1a on ,ad1ation reflected and em,ued by selected test sites ,n thirteen discrete spectral bands of the Visible, Near IR and Thermal IA regions. Oata returneQ on magnetic t�pe is converted to pictorial repre­ sentation Film Storage Five aluminum filrn vaults are provid• ed aboard Skylab to serve as re�sitories for all experiment photographic film to reduce radiation exposures of the stored film to levels consistent with require­ ments for acceptable photographic data. These vaults vary in thickness from 0.5 to 3.4 inches, and the largest weighs approximately 2250 pounds. Four of the vaults are used to protect Apollo Telescope Mount {ATM) solar astronomy film. and the fifth (IJrgest) is used to store corollary experiment, general purpose, land operational films. In addition, the largest vault contains a passive humidity control system which assures a relative humidity of 45 ±: 5 per­ cent. 0 �Solar Observations The Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) serves as the painting base for eight solar telescopes. These telescopic observations are primarily in spectral ranges that are obscurecl by the Earth's atmosphere. The high resolution provided through photographic techniques 1s expected to greatly e)(pand our understanding of solar behavior and 1n the assessment of Its impact on our environment. Skylab provides th� first opportunity to perform long duration, high spectral and special resolution studies of the Sun ,n the Visible, Ultraviolet, Vacuum Ultrav,o·let: anci regions x:Ray s,multaneously E,cp. No Photographic Te,chnique S020 Obtain X•Rav/UV spec­ tr• of the Sun 1n the Solar Photography 10 to 200 ang5trom wavelength region. ExPosures obtained tA1ng Spectrograph conta1n1ng a h'IIOi>lrt grallng, sl,t, f,her. opt1CBI bores19h1er, and film drum w11h Kodak 101-06 film. S052 Wtute Obtain synopttC photo Ltght greph,c data of the Co,onagraph bflghtneH. form. and polarization of the corona from I 5 to 6 soi.Ir r�u. and observe assOc,ated tranrnmts 1A1th coronal radlO bursts Sun 1s occulted by disks mounted exurnaltv to a re• fract1ve teleM::ope Exposures of 3 durat,ons 11 one clear and three polartzat1on anglei Trans,enu are photographed e1 htgh re1es with no pol; ri• .Qlt!On ftlters. F1lrn type IS Kodak 026.02 Research Photograph spat.al and spectral d,stt1but1on of X Ray en"'mI0I, of the actH.re and QuIe1 corona Photogtaph flares, ac• 1,ve regions, coronal hea1,ngs.and ta,ge-scale magnetic l,elds Telescope has comp0und gru­ ,ng ,nc1denc:e ObJeC:t1ve reflec­ tor Spectral data 1s obtitmed by selec:t,ng 1ransm1u1on f1I• ten, an ob1ect1ve transm1ss1on grating or none Film tvoe ,s Kodak $0212 lunove-rcoa1e-d type w,th conduc11ve bi,ckmgl EUV Photograph 1ma9e1 of lower the coronal X-Ray emissions Telescope �s simple grazmg ,nctdence ob1ect1ve reflector w11h selective 1ransm1ss1on f1I• ters Film type u KodaS( S0212 ( unovercoated 'Nlth conduc:t1ve backings). and $0242 Aenal Color EUV Photograph corol'\ill im­ agery m the short XUV 10 de1e,m1 ne th•rmal and ma tenat structure of the inner corona Ob1ective focusmg reflec1,ng grattr'9 disperses images of the solar disk and corona onto 10-,nc:h strips of 35mm film. First and second order spectra are photographed sep1uately to cover the spectral range, Film type 1s Kodak 104-06 UV Photograph line spectra in the coronal chromo­ spher,.: trans111on zone for studv of the trans­ fer of energy into the corona Solar image is focuMKi on the entrance silt {1 x 60 arc• seconds) of a reflec:t1ve grating Spectrogreph Spectr•I range 1s achieved by recording f1ot �nd second ord•rs !oeperately. E,ght spectra ere recorded on eight 1 O•inch srnps of 35mm fllm. Film type Is Kodak 104-06 SOS• S056 S082A S0828 H-a X Rav Spec1r 9reph1c Camerc1 end X�ay Telescope Spec:trO• helio• griiph SpectrO• graph f<.a Telescope Provide reference pho­ tography rn the Hydro­ gen H-4 ltne with ground observations Except for spoce quelif1e9t1on. the H•a film telescope 1s 1im1lar to Earth-based un1ts. Film type 1s Kodak $0101, Stellar Observations As with solar observations, stellar researc:h is being conduc:ted in the Ultraviolet. Since these emissions are characteristic of "young" stars, it is hoped that they will provide ,m,ght to the origins of the universe. Efforts in mapping the universe have already shown that our galaxie is larger than previously believed. Comet Kohoutek presented Skylab with the opportunity to be the first to.view what may be the key to the origins of our own solar system. Comets are thought to be pr,moral matter, which in this case has been sitting at the fringes of our solar system, unaffected by our sun, possibly since ils beginning. Exp. No Photographic Techmqve S019 Ultraviolet Stellar Astronomy Obtain moderate and low resolut1on UVipec• ua of very ho1 stars, M,lky Way star ftelds, gala•ies, etc., 1n the 1300-to 3000,.ngstrom wa.,,..length reg,on Exposure$ obta.ned using UV Spect,ograph attached to an A.n,culated Mirror System, emp1oymg 164-frame rnaga ZIMS of Kodak 101-06 emul­ sion mounted on metal plat­ tens S063 UV Photograph Earth's o­ zone layer from above, m I he 2500· 10 3000angttrom wavelength region. and photograph twilight airglow em1s­ s1ons ,n the 2600- 10 6300-engstrom wave• length reg,on Photographs obuuned us.mg specially designed exper1meni hardware hnclud1ng a UV 1ransm,n1ve window> ,n con 1unct1on w11h two 35mm Nikon cameras ut1t1z:1ng Kodak 2485. S0368, 2403. and 2443 Fi lm Gegensche1n/ Measure the br,ghtnen and polanzet1on of the skyglow, and obtain data on th@ existence and nature of contam1nant matenal around the spacecraft Telemetry ob111n&d with a photoelectric polarimeter and also a camera svnem using a 35mm Nik.on camera and Kodek 2485 film $183 Ultravtolet Panoral'Nt Obtain color 1nd1ces of stars end clusters 1n the 1800·.2500·.•nd 3100angstrom �veleo91hs Exposures obtained us1ngwide f1 eld-0f•vtew Spectrograph. Articulated Mirror System, and carrou�ls containing slldes of Kodak 101-05, 103&0, and SC-5. T025 Corono­ graph Contam,­ nat,on Measure­ Detect and Identify light-scattering proper­ ties of small particles, and prO\lide detailed 1n• formauon on the verti• cal d1stnbut1on of o­ zone at high altitudes. Exposures Obtained USHlQ a canister assembly and 35mm Ntkon camera with Kodak 3400 and 2403 film Obte1n Lyman•Alphe and 01 imagery of geo­ phys,c:al and astrophv­ rn:el (come and tail of comet Kohoutek) tar• !)ell in the 1050· to 1304-engstrom �ve­ length region. E i.-posures <>btcu nl!(l usa ng en f/1 SChmldt camera conf 1gu­ rat1on with a K8r photocath­ Photoelectrons are ode, focused onto 35mm Kodak. S073 Airglow Hot,zon Photo• graphy G�n• sc:hein/ Zodiacal Light ment S201 xuv Electrono• graphic NTS-3 Mm. �At scheduled times and at other moments of opportunity the Skylab astronauts use general purpose cameras and accessories to record their performances of certain experiment tasks and to document specific happenings and conditions. The 35mm and 70mm instruments were procured as slightly modified versions of the commercially available units. The 16mm camera was developed for NASA early in the space program. 16MM DATA ACQUISITION CAMERA SYSTEM Unlike typical movie cameras, the Skylab Data Acquisition Camera provides the capability for selecting independent shutter speeds and framing rates. Its unique film magazine and transport mechanism was developed such that as one film cassette becomes depleted, it then serves as the take-up mechan­ ism for the next cassette, thus saving premium space and weight. The basic, portable camera is 6" x 3.75" x 2.4" in size and weighs but 2.7 pounds, including a 140-foot film cassette. The DAG system includes an additional assortment of lenses, remote cables, and auxiliary lighting, mounting, and extension devices. The primary application of the 16mm DAC system on Skylab is directed toward the documentation of crew activities and tasks of interest ,n crew motion studies, recording of scientific results of experiments, and the generation of documentaries and demon­ strations covering both planned and unplanned crew activities. Such tasks and activities include events as varied as preparing an evening meal, performing a complex operation such as manipulat­ ing a unique foot-controlled maneuvering unit, or visual inspection of the Skylab cluster during a fly-around. Over half of all experi­ ments requiring such photographic coverage further require the DAG. A majority of the photography is performed using color interior film (S0168 Ektachrome ); however, infrared film (3443) is used to record the results of space manufacturing experiments, and UV emulsion (103ao) is used during stellar observations. 35MM NIKON CAMERA SYSTEM ......................... The 35mm Camera System consists of two motorized dnd three manu­ ally operated Nikon cameras. These models are Nikon FTN 35mm re­ flex cameras, two having motorized film advancement mechanisms. Ac­ CP.Ssory ;enses include a 55mm f/1.2 visible, a 55mm f/2 UV lens, and an assortment of wide-angle through telephoto attachments. The Nikon cameras are used in conjunction with approximately one-third of the experiments requiring photographic records of scientific data or documentary records of tr.� performances of scheduled tasks. In addition, the cameras are used to obtain photographs useful in studies of the Earth's ozone layers, the horizon airglow in visible and UV light, and the skyglow caused by sunlight reflections from interplanetary dust (Zodiacal Light). General Purpose Camera ----Systems 70MM HASSELBLAD DATA CAMERA SYSTEM Two Hasselblad Data Cameras, slightly modified versions of the commercial, electric model (500 EL). are used on Skylab. The camera incorporates a qlass reseau plate wltt<.h is positioned immedi· ately in front of the film plate. This reseau plate causes a pattern of precision crosses to be placed on each photograph, which facili­ tates photogrammetric utilization of the photography. The Hasselblad cameras are used primarily by the astronauts for handheld photography in support of Skylab's Earth Visual Observation Program. This program permits the astronaut• operator to be both sensor and data processor, in that he is free to make real-time assessments relative to optimum data-gathering at pre-selected sites, and to identify/pursue alternate sites or other targets of opportunity. These targets may include such items as cloud formations, vegetation patterns. water/air contaminants, volcanic observations, deserts, African drought patterns, geology, or even cultural patterns. In addition, the cameras are used to document astronaut activities and to obtain reference photographs of the Skylab cluster as each crew departs. TELEVISION SYSTEM Two television systems are used frequently on Skylab for viewing the Sun, the Earth, and a variety of localized internal and external targets. For Sun viewing it is possible to display on black and white TV the information from five Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) cameras in various wavelengths. The display is monitored routinely by the crew on two screens at the ATM Control and Display Console. The display can also be downlinked to scientists on the ground as a check on the ATM instruments. A color TV camera on Skylab generates a color signal using a single tube with a tricolor, rotating filter wheel. Its output characteristics are compatible with commercial television. The camera can be fixed-mounted on the optical viewfinder/tracking system used by the crew to view the Earth, as seen by the Earth Resources experiments or mounted in various locations by the crew to televise Extra Vehicular Activities (EVAs) and onboard events, such as meal preparation and eating, science demonstra­ tions, and press conferences. A black and white monitor is mounted on the camera to assist in aiming, focusing, and adjusting the light level. Television is broadcast in real-time or recorded on video tape for later transmission to the ground. In either case, it is down­ linked only over selected ground stations. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Skylab: An Adventure in Science and Photography." Subject The topic of the resource Apollo Telescope Mount Skylab Program Space photography United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Description An account of the resource This leaflet gives an overview of types of film and camera systems being used in photography and observations on Skylab, the first space station launched by the United States. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Collection University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Language A language of the resource en Type The nature or genre of the resource Leaflets Text Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000001_000004 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14252/spc_skyl_000005_000045.pdf 8ad9a37cf9c0c5c380798ce43c3dfba7 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE BEING LOWERED INTO HORIZONTAL ROTATION FIXTURE IN PREPERATION FOR CCFF TESTING." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE RADIAL DOCKING PORT [illegible] RADIATOR PANEL STORED IN HIGH BAY AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "...for attachment of FT Adapter. Jul. Input" ��There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-1" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE IN SPACE SUPPORT BUILDING HIGH BAY AREA. VIEW SHOWS RADIAL DOCKING PORT, S190 WINDOW, AND S192 10-BAND MULTISPECTRAL SCANNER AREA." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-2" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 LOWERING INTO HORIZONTAL POSITION ON TRANSPORTER." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Exterior of MDA Flight Article showing developed tubing between radiator panels. Jan. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "FITTING FINAL RADIATOR PANEL INTO PLACE ON MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. MDA INPUT FOR SEPT 1971." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING INSTALLATION OF INSULATION BLANKETS" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article Electrical Equipment Bay prior to installation of mateoroid panel. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article ATM feed thru [sic] panel prior to installation of meteoroid panel. FDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. INSPECTING INSTALLATION OF METEOROID SHIELDS IN AREA OF EXTERNAL ELECTRICAL BAY." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article after installation of meteoroid panel over ATM feed thru [sic] panel and electrical equipment bay. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING ATM ELEC. CONN. FEEDTHRU AREA, MDA INTERNAL FEEDTHRU AREA. AND MDA/AM. ELEC. FEEDTHRU AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. S-191 EXPERIMENT. S-190 WINDOW CLOSURE IN PLACE. AND METEOROID PANELS INSTALLED IN AREA OF RADIAL DOCKING PORT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. CHECKING METEOROID SHIELD INSTALLATION IN AREA OF S190 WINDOW AND RADIAL PORT" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Window Cover in place on exterior of MDA Backup Article. MDAC Input for month of June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "S-190 WINDOW SHOWING METEROID PANEL INTERFACE WITH WINDOW COLLAR AND RADIATOR PANELS. MDA INPUT FOR SEPT 1971." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "VIEW OF THE L-BAND TRUSS ATTACHMENT TO THE DOCKING TUNNEL FITTING: AND THE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS FROM THE L-BAND WIRING HARNESS TO THE FLIGHT ARTICLE WIRING." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AXIAL DOCKING PORT OF MDA BACKUP ARTICLE, PORT COVER L-BAND TRUSS INSTALLATION AREA AND CONNECTORS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MMC MDA Backup Article Opposite side of cone area of MDA Backup Article prior to installation of L-Band Truss. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MMC MDA BACKUP ARTICLE CONE AREA OF MDA BACKUP ARTICLE PRIOR TO FIT CHECK OF L BAND TRUSS. MDAC INPUT FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE EXTERNAL VIEW OF AXIAL DOCKING PORT. DOCKING TARGET SUPPORT, RUNNING LIGHTS, AND ELECTRICAL TUNNEL AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "PROTON SPECTROMETER MOUNTED TO L-BAND TRUSS ON MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE DURING TEST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MMC MDA Backup Article Cone area of MDA Backup Article with L Bend Truss installed. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article Cone area with L Band Truss installed. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article Cone area with L Band Truss installed. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article Installation of wire bundles on Backup Articles L Bend Truss MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Input for June. MDA Zero G docking port tunnel docking probe installed" ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLES. VENT VALVE MOUNTING PLATE. PURGE LINE INSTALLATION AND RADIATOR PANEL STAND-OFF INSTALLATION." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR VIEW OF MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE SHOWING CONFIGURATION DURING HORIZONTAL CCFF TESTING." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-3" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Interior view of the MDA showing EREP Racks with Tape Recorder and 10-band Multispectral Electronics installed along the right side. Jul Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR OF MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE LOOKING FORWARD SHOWING CONFIGURATION DURING CCFF TESTING" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Interior view of MDA Flight Article showing Film Vault #2 and Fan and Muffler assembly #2 with Diffuser in foreground. Jul. Input." ��� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000005_000045 Title A name given to the resource External and Electronic Views of the Skylab Habitat. Description An account of the resource The images depict the assembly process for aspects of the Skylab habitat. The pictures primarily depict external views, and internal electronics. The pictures feature the Skylab docking port in various states of assembly. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Airlock modules Multiple docking adapters Film Vault Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 1 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14253/spc_skyl_000046_000061.pdf 24597d76ddbdb54f369012924aa875a2 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "CONE AREA SHOWING DROGUE STOWAGE STRAPS. WINDOW HEATER CONTROL, AND SPEAKER INTERCOM MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE AUG. 1971 INPUT." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING FAN AND MUFFLER INSTALLATION; WINDOW HEATER POWER SUPPLY AND CONTROL, AND ECS DUCT." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-4" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Flight Article cone area showing Window Heater Control, CSM Fan & Muffler, Ass'y, Speaker Intercom Tripod Mount, and Interior Light Switch, Jul Input. " �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA flight article cone area showing Interior Light Fixture, Vacuum Vent Panel, AM/MDA Feed thru [sic] Panel and Window Heater Control. Jul. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Interior view of MDA Flight Article cone area showing window center console. CSM Fan and Muffler ass'y and Speaker Intercom Tripod Mount. Jul. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING HANDRAILS, DOCKING DROGUE STOWAGE SLING, AND TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "CONE AREA SHOWING WINDOW HEATER CONTROL, CSM FAN, SPEAKER INTERCOM & INTERIOR LIGHT SWITCH. MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. AUG. 1971 INPUT" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: ""CONE AREA AND AXIAL DOCKING TUNNEL, MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE, AUG. 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "CABLE COVERS ON INTERIOR CONE AREA. JULY MDAC INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "Interior view of MDA Flight Article cone area showing Interior Light Switch. Lighting Fixtures, EOS Duct, and Docking port Heater Control Thermostat and Cable. July Input." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Flight Article cone area showing ECS Duct, and Docking Port Heater Control Thermostat Cable, Jul. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INSTALLATION OF TOOL KIT ON BACKUP ARTICLE AXIAL HATCH. TOOL KIT COVER CLOSED. MDAC INPUT FOR AUGUST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: " MDA BACKUP ARTICLE AXIAL HATCH TOOL KIT WITH COVER OPEN. MDA INPUT FOR AUGUST." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000046_000061 Title A name given to the resource Internal Views of Cone Area and Multiple Docking Adapter. Description An account of the resource The images depict the Skylab cone area, and includes descriptions of the stowage systems in the cone area. The images also depict the multiple docking adapter Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Airlock modules Multiple docking adapters Drag chutes Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 2 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14254/spc_skyl_000062_000086.pdf 6edbabfcb3057471c8217e54c70576f1 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE UPPER BARREL SECTION SHOWING S009 EXPERIMENT, EREP RACKS, S190 WINDOW, & RADIAL DOCKING PORT HATCH. AUG. 1971 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. INSTALLATION OF S-009 EXPERIMENT. EREP C&D PANEL AND TAPE RECORDER." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Flight Article upper area showing Window Heater Control (top) CSM Pan & Muffler ass'y Speaker intercom tripod mount. EREP C&D Console and S190 Window. Jul. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MMC MDA Backup Article Interior of MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING WIRING FOR RREP Racks 1 and 2 MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: " Completed wiring installation for S190 Window Heater S190 Experiment and FREP C&D Console. MDA Backup Article. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Flight Article upper cylinder area showing S190 Window, Radial Docking Tunnel, and Fan & Muffler ass'y. Jul. Input." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING S190 CAMERA WINDOW, FLEX DUCT STOWAGE INSTALLATION AND WALL HEATERS" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: " SHOWING ECS DUCT, SPEAKER BARREL SECTION SHOWING ECS DUCT, SPEAKER INTERCOM FILM, VAULTS 4&1, VACUUM VENT PANEL AND AM/MDA FEED THRU PANEL. MDA AUG. 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article showing wiring installation of M512 Experiment, UV Fire Sensor and Speaker Intercom MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING FILM VAULT NO-1 AND NO-4 CONE LIGHT." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INSTALLATION OF AXIAL DOCKING PORT HATCH DOOR DURING TEST. MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. MDAC INPUT FOR JULY." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "OPERATING AXIAL DOCKING PORT DOOR DURING CLOSURE TEST. MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. MDAC INPUT FOR JULY." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE COMPLETED WIRE BUNDLES ON INTERIOR OF MDA IN AREA OF S190 AND S191 INSTALLATIONS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR OF MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING S191 IR SPECTROMETER INSTALLATION AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "FILM VAULTS NO. 1 AND NO. 4, AND CO STOWAGE CONTAINER IN STOWED 2 CONFIGURATION." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INSTALLATION OF BACKUP ARTICLE ILCA MOUNTING PLATE. MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. MDAC INPUT FOR JULY." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR VIEW OF THE FLIGHT ARTICLE SHOWING THE S-009 EXPERIMENT. THE VENT VALVE PANEL & THE M512 FOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. S-190 FRONT SHIELDSTOWED ON DOOR OF FILM VAULT NO. 4, EREP C&D FOOT RESTRAINT, S-009 EXPERIMENT, FILM VAULT. NO-1." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE, UPPER BARREL SECTION SHOWING FLM VAULT NO. 4, PANELS. AUG 1971 INPUT" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. VENT PANEL FIT CHECK. AM FEED-THRU PANEL AND PENETRATIONS FOR ATM FEED-THRU." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING AM FEEDTHRUSECTION. CO2 ABSORBER CONTAINER. ATM FEEDTHRU SECTION, AND S009 EXPERIMENT RACK." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000062_000086 Title A name given to the resource Internal Forward View of the Skylab Habitat. Description An account of the resource The images depict the Skylab habitat from an internal forward view. The images depict the docking port and the docking tunnel. The images depict the stowage systems designed to hold experiments that would be carried out in space. The image depicts completed wiring systems. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Airlock modules Multiple docking adapters Experimentation Spacecraft electronic equipment Space habitats Film Vault Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 3 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14255/spc_skyl_000087_000100.pdf f0fe042b816d720cbbc1a907a9f8e625 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR OF MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE SHOWING EXPERIMENTS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "UPPER BARREL SECTION SHOWING AREA FAN NO. 1 UV FIRE SENSOR. SPEAKER INTERCOM AND UTILITY POWER OUTLET. MDA INPUT FOR AUG. 1971" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock AM/MDA bench review. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. INTERIOR VIEW OF M512/479 INSTALLATION." ��There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-5" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING INSTALLATION OF FILM VAULT 4. FILM VAULT 1. AND EXPERIMENT M512 INTERCOM SUPPORT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING BCS DUCT." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "AIRLOCK/ MDA FLIGHT [ILLEGIBLE] NO-1 SHOWING S190 IN LAUNCH POSITION." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "UPPER BARREL SECTION SHOWING EREP RACKS. S190 WINDOW, PRESSURE HATCH & ATMOSPHERE INTERCHANGE DUCT. MDA INPUT FOR AUG. 1971" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE. INSTALLATION OF S-190 AND S-191/VTS EXPERIMENTS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING S190 CAMERA ARRAY AND S190 WINDOW." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING EREP C&D AND EREP TAPE RECORDER". �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000087_000100 Title A name given to the resource Internal Views of Skylab Experiments. Description An account of the resource The images depict the Skylab experiments, as installed in the Skylab habitat. The images also depict the Skylab tape recorder, which would be used to record data from the three manned Skylab missions. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Experimentation Airlock modules Multiple docking adapters Film Vault Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 4 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14256/spc_skyl_000101_000130.pdf 5ef427ea9722da2fc4a5e8b69b70e62e PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MMC MDA Backup Article completed wire bundle installation for Tape Recorder No. 2 and Experiment S192 MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING 192 BLANKOFF PLATE. FILM VAULT NO-2 & NO-3" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE FILM VAULT-3 WITH CONTINGENCY TOOL BOX INSTALLATION. MDAC INPUT FOR AUGUST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MOSITE CUTOUTS AS INSTALLED IN THE MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE CONTAINER OF MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. MDAC INPUT FOR AUGUST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING FILM VAULT 2. AND S192 10-BAND SCANNER INSTALLATION AREA." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-7" ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Installation of cable trays in area of No. 2 fan. MDA Backup Article MDAC Input for month of June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INSTALLATION OF CABIN FAN-2 SUN END CASSETTE TREE, AND ASSOCIATED CABLE TRAY COVERS. MDA BACKUP ARTICLE. MDAC INPUT FOR JULY" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR VIEW OF THE FLIGHT ARTICLE SHOWING FAN & MUFFLER INSTALLATION AN ULTRAVIOLET FIRE SENSOR APPEARS AT LOWER RIGHT." ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE CONTAINER IN STOWED CONFIGURATION. MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR VIEW OF LOWER BARREL SECTION SHOWING AREA FAN NO. 2, INTERIOR LIGHTING FIXTURES, CABLE TRAYS. AUG. 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA FLIGHT ARTICLES FROM STS SIMULATOR PLATE LOOKING FORWARD. MDA AUG. 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Flight Article lower cylinder area showing Fan 7 Muffler Ass'y #2. ECS Duct and Interior Light Fixture, Jul. Input." There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "MFIM" ��There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING MISCELLANEOUS STOWAGE CONTAINER. FIRE EXTINGUISHER BRACKETRY AND S082 CANISTER INSTALLATION AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING S009 AND M512 FOOT RESTRAINT" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA Backup Article Final wire installation for ATM/C&D Console end digital address system backup. MDAC Input for month of June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "FLIGHT DATA FILE IN STOWED CONFIGURATION MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INERIOR VIEW OF THE FLIGHT ARTICLE SHOWING THE ATM C&D CONSOLE STRUCTURE WITH THE ATM FOOT RESTRAINT PLATFORM INSTALLED." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR VIEW OF LOWER BARREL SECTION SHOWING INSTALLATION OF ATM/C7D CONSOLE STRUCTURE, DIGITAL ADDRESS SYSTEM BACKUP, & FLIGHT DATA FILE AUG 19871 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock sone 1,11 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1, 11 stowage container MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "ATM Test area in 10K Clean Room Bldg. 4708 front view of C-D panel" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "ATM Test area in 10K clean room in 4708 3/4 side view of C-D Panel." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "MDA BACKUP ARTICLE SHOWING FLIGHT DATA FILE CONTAINER INSTALLATION AND WALL HEATERS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "SHOWING ATM/C&D CONSOLE STRUCTURE, FILM VAULT NO. 1 AND FLIGHT DATE FILE. MDA AUG. 1971 INPUT." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000101_000130 Title A name given to the resource Internal Views of Skylab Storage Systems. Description An account of the resource The images depict the storage systems in the Skylab habitat. These storage systems contain materials to support habitation, or they contain experiment components. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Provisioning Onboard equipment Space habitats Film Vault Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 5 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14257/spc_skyl_000131_000155.pdf e8de44944185984759cdf838bdae57c2 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK/MDA FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1, LOWERING INTO HORIZONTAL POSITION ON TRANSPORTER." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-9" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER-ROLL DOLLY DRIVEN MECHANISM. NASA-1930" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "36020" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-8" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 FAS IN CLEAN ROOM. INSTALLATION OF OXYGEN TANKS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 COOLANT PPUMP MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-BUILDUP FOR MODULAR TEST. NASA-1369" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1480, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 ON ROLL DOLLY LOOKING IN AFT COMPARTMENT AT AM FROM OWS END." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA+1490,TRAINER ON PRODUCTIONLINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 EXTERIOR VIEW SHOWING 02 & N2 TANKS AND FAS FROM OWS END." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86729" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 IN CLEAN ROOM. DE-MATE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. WEIGHT AND BALANCE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM, MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 /3/4 VIEWLOOKING AFT SHOWING STS CONTROL & CIRCUT BREAKER PANELS INTERIOR, 02 TANKS & EVA AREA." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-ORTATING INTO VERTICAL POSITION. NASA-1379." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 2 BATTERY MODULE NO. 1 STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY AND TRUSSES INSTALLED." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-DITMCO ELECTRICAL CHECKOUT-3/4 VIEW LOOKING FORWARD SHOWING ELECTRONIC MODULE #3 (T-15). NASA-1344." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-EAST BLDG. 101-DITMCO ELECTRICAL CHECKOUT-3/4 EVA HATCH SIDE LOOKING AFT. NASA-1340" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101 - ROTATING INTO VERTICAL POSITION. NASA-1380" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/ AM." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000131_000155 Title A name given to the resource External Views of Skylab Habitat and Skylab Airlock. Description An account of the resource The images depict external views of the Skylab habitat, and the Skylab airlock during the assembly process. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Airlock modules Provisioning Experimentation Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 6 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14258/spc_skyl_000156_000172.pdf 8244b289c3de8aa2375186d1a64429b1 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101 VIEW OF RESERVOIR MODULE LOCATED BETWEEN -Z AND -Y, AMS 60-135 AND UMBILICAL STOWAGE CONTAINER NASA-1718" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-103 - PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-OVERHEAD VIEW SHOWING ATM COOLING MODULE (T-64) AND RESERVOIR MODULE. (T-39). NASA-1346." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 - VIEW LOOKING TOWARD -Z TRUSS SHOWING MISC. EQUIPMENT PANELS NO. 1 & 3, ATM COOLANT PUMP MODULE,L AND COOLANT RESERVOIR MODULE. NASA-1771." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOMAT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-DITMCO ELECTRICAL CHECKOUT-OVERHEAD VIEW SHOWING RESERVOIR MODULE T-39, AND SPHERE FOR THE UMBILICAL STOWAGE. NASA-1354" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86061" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-11" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 ATM Module 61A830212 in clean room at MDAC-E Bldg. 101. Aug. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Radiator panel used for fit check to MDA Flight Article. Jan. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "NASA 1362" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101 - READY FOR INSTALLATION. NASA-1778." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 BATTERY MODULE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-R BLDG 101 - AVALIABLE FOR INSTALLATION. NASA-1349." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 BATTERY MODULE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG 101 - AVALIABLE FOR INSTALLATION. NASA-1368." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 ELECTRONIC MODULE NO. 5 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101 - AVAILABLE FOR INSTALLATION. NASA-1364." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "T-10" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 Elect. Module #4 in clean room at MDAC-E Bldg. 101 Aug. Input." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000156_000172 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock, and Skylab Airlock Components being Prepared for Installation. Description An account of the resource The images depict the electronic and external views of the Skylab airlock during the assembly process. The images also depict airlock components being prepared seperately from the Skylab airlock, in the cleanroom, to be installed on the Skylab airlock. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 7 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14259/spc_skyl_000173_000193.pdf c23a0d10c39d8dd8746b3699d1201e7e PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - EXTERIOR OF STS SHOWING MDA INTERFACE CONNECTIONS AND SEQUENTIAL POWER CONTROL PANEL. NASA-1566." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-103 - PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER-EXTERIOR OF STS SHOWING MDA INTERFACE CONNECTORS AND SEQUENTIAL POWER CONTROL PANEL, AND COOLANOL 15 RESERVOIRS. NASA-1567" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-103." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 VIEW OF EM NO. 6 LOOKING TOWARD +Y AXIS. NASA-1753." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86735." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1431, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 EXTERIOR VIEW SHOWING BATTERY MODULE-1 & N2 TANKS." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "36021" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "36022" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1432, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 EVA HATCH LOOKING FROM EVA AREA INTO AM LOCK COMPARTMENT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86817" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-3/4 VIEW LOOKING AFT SHOWING ELECTRONIC MODULE #1 AND #4 CT-15. NASA-1363" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 VIEW OF EM NO. 1 AND EV NO. 4 ABOVE EVA HATCH AND BETWEEN +Y AND -Z TRUSSES. NASA-1749" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86728" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-103." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. MATE AND ALIGNMENT OF FAS/AM" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. PREPERATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. PREPERATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-66" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000173_000193 Title A name given to the resource Internal Views of Skylab Control Systems, External and Internal views of Skylab Electronic Systems. Description An account of the resource The images depict in internal view of the Skylab control systems. The images depict the control systems for the Skylab airlock The images depict internal and external views of Skylab electronic systems. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Airlock modules Spacecraft control Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 8 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14260/spc_skyl_000194_000218.pdf 6621435edcba700c42f8ca3527a01036 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1, 11 Mol Sieve Fan MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1, 11 Mol sieve fan. MDAC input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 CONDENSATE HEAT EXCHANGER PANEL UNIT #1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-BUILD* UP FOR MODULAR TEST. NASA-1360" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 CONDENSATE HEAT EXCHANGER PANEL UNIT 2 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-BUILDUP FOR MODULAR TEST. NASA-1353" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 condensing heat exchanger module in clean room. MDAC input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 condensing heat exchanger module in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 AM cabin heat exchanger in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 cabin heat exchanger module in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 IVA control panel 217 in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 IVA control panel 217 in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 teleprinter paper storage container in clean room. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 ATM C&D filter MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 ATM C&D H2O filter on bench. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 CO2 endplate. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock CO2 endplate. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "airlock zone 1 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 Stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 Stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "INTERIOR OF AIRLOCK 1 G TRAINER SHOWING EVA HATCH OPEN. (N) (S-71-57616)." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1445, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG. -101 INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING TUNNEL FROM MDA END." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1444, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101, INTERIOR VIEW SHOWING LOCK COMPARTMENT WITH AFT HATCH CLOSED BETWEEN AFT AND LOCK COMPARTMENTS FROM MDA END." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-STS SHOWING: IVA CONTROL PANEL (T-61). H2O TANK MODULE (T-35). CONDENSATE MODULE (T-46). ATM TANK MODULE (T-71) AND THE MOLE SIEVES. TUNNEL SHOWING: TAPE RECORDER MODULE (T-77) AND EVA CONTROL PANELS. NASA-1366" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1443, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG. -101 VIEW SHOWING INTERIOR OF AM TUNNEL WITH AFT HATCH CLOSED ON OWS END, TAKEN FROM MDA END." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000194_000218 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock Components, and Skylab Airlock Internal Views. Description An account of the resource The images depict components of the Skylab airlock being prepared in the cleanroom. The images depict the Skylab airlock stowage container. The image depicts an internal view of the Skylab airlock. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Onboard equipment Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 9 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14261/spc_skyl_000219_000244.pdf 60eaeea2c034c8ab6f158a96d688aa31 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF LOCATION FOR LIQUID GAS SEPERATOR WITH MOCKUP OF SEPARATOR REMOVED. NASA-1421." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF LIQUID/GAS SEPARATOR INSTALLED IN IVA CONTROL PANEL WITH GAS CONNECTION REMOVED. NASA-1422" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86614" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF IVA CONTROL PANEL WITH DOOR OPEN FOR ACCESS TO LIQUID/GAS SEPARATOR AND SHOWING LOG SCHEMATIC. NASA-1416." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room at MDACE Bldg. 101 interior view of STS showing ATM tank Module and IVA Panel. Aug. Input" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 IVA Panel 61A830240 installed in STS in clean room at MDAC-E Bldg. 101. AUG. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone [illegible] closeup of fire sensor control panel 238 AM circulation fans heat exchanger. MDAC input for June. " �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 closeup of condensate module 3/4 control panel/gas line connection view. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of operational condensate module with hets bag coven open exposing condensate tank. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 internal section of STS -Z axis showing O2 IN2 control panel 225. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room [illegible] of forward compartment. STS and MDA Down X-axis MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room final checkout being made. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 MOL SIEVE. IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101-READY FOR ISTALLATION. NASA-1780" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 MOL SIEVE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101 - READY FOR INSTALLATION NASA-1781" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 O2 N2 CONTROL MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MFAC-E BLDG. 101-BUILDUP FOR MODULAR TEST. NASA-1367." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 O2/N2 CONTROL SYSTEM MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101 READY FOR ISTALLATION FRONT VIEW. NASA-1782." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 condensate tank manual pump. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 CONDENSATE MODULE NO. 2 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG 101-AVALIABLE FOR INSTALLATION." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 charcoal canister. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 H2O seperator plate. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 H2O separator plate, MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 solids trap. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone solids trap. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 Mol Sieve fan. MDAC input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 CABIN HEAT EXCHANGER MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-BUILDUP FOR MODULAR TEST. NASA-1358" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 H2O Tank Module 61A830200 in clean room at MDAC-E Bldg. 101 view looking outboard. Aug. Input." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000219_000244 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock Components, and Skylab Airlock Internal Views. Description An account of the resource The images depict components of the Skylab airlock being prepared in the cleanroom. The images depict the Skylab airlock stowage container. The images depicts an internal view of the Skylab airlock. The images depict the installation of Skylab airlock components in the Skylab airlock. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Onboard equipment Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 10 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14262/spc_skyl_000245_000268.pdf 0528c8e96df451282acae1eed7df4730 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86620" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of fan #3 mounted in AM circulation fan assembly. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 internal section of STS between +Y and -Z axis showing tunnel interface near spare condensate tank module AM circulation fans and Mol Sieve "B" Mdac Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86627" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1424, AIRLOCK NASA TR TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 OPERATIONAL STS VIEWING PORT WITH MOVABLE COVER ASSY FULLY OPEN." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK-ZONE-1, CLOSEUP OF FIRE SENSORS 238-1 AND 238-2 LOCATED IN THE AM CIRCULATION FANS ASSEMBLY. MDAC INPUT [illegible] FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF ATM C&D H2O FILTER ASSEMBLY LOCATION WITH FILTER DISCONNECTED AND REMOVED. NASA-1537." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG-101 PREPARATION FOR MOVE TO MDAC-E BLDG-103 FOR SST-INTERIOR VIEW OF STS SHOWING VIEWING PORT. NASA-1739" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 ATM Tank Module 61A830246 in clean room at MDAC-E Bldg. 101 view looking outboard. Aug. Input." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF ATM COOLANT RESERVOIR PRESS VALVE 235 (LEFT) AND ATM C&D H2O FILTER ASSEMBLY (RIGHT) NASA-1524" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK-STOWAGE CONTAINER M202 SWUNG BACK FROM ITS NORMAL LOCATION PROVIDING ACCESS TO STM C&D H2O FILTER, ATM H2O RESERVOIR TANK. MDAC INPUT FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK - ZONE-1. CLOSEUP OF STOWAGE CONTAINER M202 MOUNTING HINGES. MDAC INPUT FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF O2/ N2 CONTROL PANEL. NASA-1418." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK-ZONE-1 CLOSEUP OF STOWAGE CONTAINER M202 IN U1 WITH DOOR OPEN EXPOSING STOWED COMPONENTS. MDAC INPUT FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK-ZONE-1 CLOSEUP OF O2 IN2 CONTROL PANEL 225. MDAC INPUT FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of O2 sensors location with sensor cover open and O2 sensors removed. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101, LOCATION IN STS, OF IVA PANEL, O2/N2 CONTROL PANEL AND STORAGE BOX-202 NASA-1427." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 -z section of STS showing control panel MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING STS-IVA PANEL & ATM TANK MODULE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK 1 G TRAINER. iNTERIOR OF STS SHOWING O2/N2 CONTROL SYSTEMS. (N) (S-71-57617)" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-STS SHOWING: IVA CONTROL PANEL. (T-61), H2O TANK MODULE (T-35), CONDENSATE MODULES (T-48), ATM TANK MODULE (T-71) AND SPEAKER INTERCOM. TUNNEL SHOWING: TAPE RECORDER MODULE (T-77). NASA-1367" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM. INTERIOR VIEW OF STS." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of system of LCG reservoir pressure valve panel 324 and LCG MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - ACCESS DOOR OPEN SHOWING VIEWING MIRROR FOR INSPECTION OF LCG H2O TANK NASA-1608" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000245_000268 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Life Support Systems Internal Views, and Skylab Life Support Systems Electronic Views. Description An account of the resource The images depict an internal view of the Skylab life support systems. The images depict an electronic view of the Skylab life support systems. The images depict the Skylab coolant system which supported extravehicular activity. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Human factors in engineering design Life support systems Extravehicular mobility units Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 11 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14263/spc_skyl_000269_000293.pdf c13475324b49f4e80511d3408228fecc PDF Text Text There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-5" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-6" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-3" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-4" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-2" �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "fire sensor control panel MDAC Input for Aug." �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-1" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86727" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA-1459, AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-E BLDG-101 CLOSEUP OF PPCO2 SENSOR MODULE WITH ONE OUTLET FILTER CARTRIDGE ASSY LOOSENED AND PARTIALLY REMOVED EXPOSING ACTIVE & PASSIVE FILTER CARTRIDGES." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101-INTERIOR VIEW OF STS SHOWING MOLE SIEVES. NASA-1361" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK 1 G [illegible] INTERIOR OF STS SHOWING O2/N2 CONTROL SYSTEMS (N) (S-71-57618)" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER-FIRE SENSOR CONTROL PANEL WITH INDICATOR LAMP REMOVED NASA-1622" �There is a still caption on the back which is partially cut off. What remains reads: "SIEVE B FIRE SENSOR ASSY NASA-1645" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO-1 SHOWING MOLE SIEVE B." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86537" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of Mol Sieve "B" condensing heat exchanger air flow valve 239. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlcok #2 zone 1 closeup of Mol Sieve "B" condensing heat exchanger control panel 232. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1 closeup of Mol Sieve "B" valve control panels 227 & 229 MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 in clean room closeup of molecular sieve"B" installed showing the value control panels. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 in clean room closeup 3/4 view of molecular sieve "B" and condensing heat exchanger installed. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 in clean room [illegible ] section showing molecular sieve "B" and condensing heat exchanger [illegible] Input for month of August" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 1 internal section of STS +Y axis showing AM circulation Fans assembly. MDAC Input for month of June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone [illegible] closeup of fire sensor control panel 237 Mol Sieve B. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK - ZONE-1, CLOSEUP OF AM CIRCULATION FAN ASSEMBLY WITH FAN ACCESS DOOR OPEN. MDAC INPUT FOR JUNE." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86625" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000269_000293 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Molecular Sieve Components of Life Support System. Description An account of the resource The images depict internal and electrical views of the molecular sieve in the Skylab life support systems. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Human factors in engineering design Life support systems Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 12 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14264/spc_skyl_000294_000314.pdf 113eac46e33361dfe1af6eb08e6f66d0 PDF Text Text There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A26" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A27" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A25" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A23" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A24" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A21" �There is blue ink writing on the back which reads: "A22" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A19" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A26" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A17" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A18" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A15" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A16" �There is blue ink writing on the back which reads: "A14" �There is blue ink writing on the back which reads: "A12" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A13" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A10" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A11" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A8" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-9" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-7" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000294_000314 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Molecular Sieve Components of Life Support System. Description An account of the resource The images depict internal and electrical views of the molecular sieve in the Skylab life support systems. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Human factors in engineering design Life support systems Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 13 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14265/spc_skyl_000315_000335.pdf ad8db3c08d1893075056c01954e2c0be PDF Text Text There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A47" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A48" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A45" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A46" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A44" �There is blue ink writing on the back which reads: "A42" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A43" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A40" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A41" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A38" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A39" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A36" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A37" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A34" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A35" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A32" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A33" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A31" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A29" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A30" �There is black ink writing on the back which reads: "A-28" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000315_000335 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Control Panels. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource Skylab Program Spacecraft electronic equipment Space habitats Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 14 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14266/spc_skyl_000336_000366.pdf 8b7e44e5f7f831d099808837735d4952 PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86712" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room overall of forward hatch in stowed position MDAC Input for Aug" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 gas circulation duct cap assembly MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 gas circulation duct cap assembly MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - FORWARD COMPARTMENT PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE 300. NASA-1554" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86680" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 active PPCO2 filter cartridge. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 1&2 passive PPCO2 filter cartridge MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 passive PPCO2 filter cartridge. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 O2 sensor in canister MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of stowage container MDAC Input for Aug" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 active PPCO2 filter cartridge. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86779" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 PPCO2 filter cartridge. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86845" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86780" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 gas circulation duct cap assembly. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 sas circulated duct cap assembly. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86837" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86778" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zones 1&2 operational and stowage. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zones 1&2 stowage MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 2 stowage container. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zones 1&2 operational and stowage MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86696." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86704." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86842." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of cabling for AM tape recorder. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86676." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86706." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 71323." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000336_000366 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock Components. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 15 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14267/spc_skyl_000367_000379.pdf 02c13abef414703995c84f97cb4632af PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup for aft internal a hatch in stowed position. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of aft internal hatch handle MDAC Input for month of August 1972." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86781." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of EVA hatch handle. MDAC Input for month of August" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE-1 CLOSEUP OF EVA HATCH HANDLE IN "OPEN" POSITION WITH HATCH CLOSED. MDAC INPUT FOR AUGUST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86775." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE-1 OVERALL OF EVA HATCH IN CLOSED POSITION, HATCH HANDLE CLOSED, AND LOCKED HATCH RETAINER ROD IN STOWED POSITION. MDAC INPUT FOR AUGUST." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of lock compartment control panel 316 MDAC Input for Aug" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86723" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Zone 3 Closeup of lock compartment depressurization valve 318 in closed position. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - LOCK COMPARTMENT CLOSEUP OF TV STATION. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE 313. AND 20 WATT TUNNEL LIGHT NASA-1619" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room view of GSR closure connector plate. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of EVA #1 control panel 317 Aug MDAC Input" � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000367_000379 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock Components. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 16 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/21/14268/spc_skyl_000380_000399.pdf 1cb55ac28892cdefed9e52012f945b9a PDF Text Text There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - SECTION OF AFT COMPARTMENT SHOWING 391, HATCH COVER RETAINER YOKE. AND OWS AIR DUCT CONNECTION. NASA-1610" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 4 internal section of aft compartment showing OWS supply duct. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 4 aft hatch latching mechanism and with fairing removed. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - FIRE SENSOR CONTROL PANEL 392 (AFT COMPARTMENT) NASA-1576" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - PORTABLE LAMP WITH UTILITY CABLE CONNECTED. NASA - 1592" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room overall of OWS duct in aft compartment MDAC Input for Aug" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "D4C 86801" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "NASA TRAINER - OWS HEAT EXCHANGER LOCATION OF ONE FIRE SENSOR ASSEMBLY. NASA-1570" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER EXPERIMENT M509 N2 PRESSURE BOTTLE ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-EAST BLDG. -101 READY FOR TRAIL FIT END VIEW OF PRESSURE GAUGE. NASA-1327 INPUT FOR AUG. 1971." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of OWS heat exchanger fire extinguisher port with pip pin removed. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 4 closeup of OWS heat exchanger with door removed and PLV fan #1 removed. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK NASA TRAINER EXPERIMENT M-509 N2 PRESSURE BOTTLE ON PRODUCTION LINE IN MDAC-EAST BLDG. -101 READY FOR FIT CHECK. SIDE VIEW OF PRESSURE GAUGE. NASA -1328. AUG 1971 INPUT." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 OWS COOLING MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG 101-(PREPARATION FOR MODULAR TEST) NASA-1350" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "AIRLOCK FLIGHT ARTICLE NO. 1 OWS COOLING MODULE IN CLEAN ROOM AT MDAC-E BLDG. 101- (PREPARATION FOR MODULAR TEST). NASA-1352" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #2 in clean room overall view of OWS heat exchanger installed in aft compartment with cabling shown but PLV fans missing. MDAC Input for month of August." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 4 closeup of OWS heat exchanger with door open exposing 4 PLV fans. MDAC Input for June." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room closeup of ows heat exchanger fire sensor. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "OWS Heat Exchanger fans. MDAC Input for June" �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock Flight Article #1 in clean room overall of aft compartment. MDAC Input for Aug." �There is a still caption on the back which reads: "Airlock zone 4 closeup of OWS heat exchanger with door closed. MDAC Input for June." � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Skylab Collection Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973-1979 Relation A related resource https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=10578214<br /><br /><a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/80">View the Skylab Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Skylab Collection Description An account of the resource Skylab was the first space station operated by NASA; it was launched without a crew on May 14, 1973. Skylab had three manned missions: Skylab 2, launched May 25, 1973, lasting 28 days, Skylab 3, launched July 28, 1973, lasting 60 days, and Skylab 4, launched November 16, 1973, lasting 84 days. Crews on Skylab conducted a variety of experiments during their missions, including experiments in human physiology, circadian rhythms, solar physics and astronomy, and material sciences. Important earth resources studies were conducting including studies on geology, hurricanes, and land and vegetation patterns. Two of the more important components for conducting research on Skylab were the Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) and the Earth Resources Experiment Package (EREP). The ATM was a multi-spectral solar observatory, and NASA’s first full-scale manned astronomical observatory in space. The ATM yielded a significant number of images and provided useful data for understanding our sun. The EREP provided thousands of images of the Earth’s surface in visible, infrared, and microwave spectral regions. Skylab remained in orbit, unoccupied after the Skylab 4 mission, until July 11, 1973, when the space station reentered Earth’s atmosphere. References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab#Manned_missions https://www.nasa.gov/missions/shuttle/f_skylab1.html https://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/ch4.htm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_skyl_000380_000399 Title A name given to the resource Skylab Airlock Components. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1970-1979 Subject The topic of the resource McDonnell Douglas Corporation Skylab Program Airlock modules Type The nature or genre of the resource Photographs Image Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Skylab Photos Box 1, Folder 17 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_skyl_spc_skyl_000005_001188 Skylab 50th Anniversary