4 20 970 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1271/spc_stnv_000128.pdf f282b2ec6298f3ffaf27b51d01d5f4ba PDF Text Text COMMENT DFAFT O F 0 R R E L EA s E I qcVT SRTuRN H I ~ ~ .~0Cbb.~" ~ z y ,,g?u'ie ' Unl,,ersi~y h\;l;a:a T~c~:,GIo;\ GbOLP ~ i ~ i of ~ rSience y & Date ---------A S T R O N A U T I C S A N D APRIL AERONAUTICS 1968 A CHRONOLOGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND POLICY (HHR-23) Text Drafted by Science and Technology Division L i b r a r y of Congress NASA H i s t o r i c a l Division (EH) Office of P o l i c y National Aeronautics and Space Administration Washington, D. C. 20546 o or I n s e r t i o n i n Your ~ o l d e r ) DOC.\\i0. -- -- - �A P R I L 1968 �A p r i l 1: F l i g h t s of USAF F-111A a i r c r a f t had been h a l t e d pending r e s u l t s of i n v e s t i g a t i o n of March 28 and 30 crashes, Associated Press reported. (AP,W S t a r , 4/1/68, ~ 3 ) . Dr. Robert R. Gilruth, Director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center, was e l e c t e d member of National Academy of Engineering "in recognition and i n honor of h i s important contributions t o engineering and of h i s l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e f i e l d . " He' was c i t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r h i s work i n a i r c r a f t design and t e s t i n g and f o r development and operation of manned spacecraft. (NAE PIO; MSC Roundup, 4/12/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l i n support of F-111A a i r c r a f t : "The d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t have beset t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l F-111 swing-wing plane r e c e n t l y provide new evidence of t h e f o l l y of allowing p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s t o v e t o o r d i l u t e t e c h n i c a l judgment. "These a d d i t i o n a l blows t o a plane t h a t s t i l l has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l promise emphasize what most experts have been saying f o r seven years-t h e F-111 has been b u i l t t h e wrong way from t h e beginning. It r e f l e c t e d former S e c r e t a r y of Defense McNamarals i n s i s t e n c e , i n t h e name of 'commonality' and savings, t h a t t h e Navy and t h e A i r Force buy one plane f o r two e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t missions. "But, though t h e Navy's v e r s i o n may never--as Congress believes-meet t h e Navy's needs, t h e A i r Force model has g r e a t p o t e n t i a l capab i l i t i e s a s a supersonic high- and low-level all-weather f i g h t e r bomber. [and] must be developed, t e s t e d and u t i l i z e d t o i t s f u l l e s t c a p a b i l i t y . " (E,' 5/1/68) .. . Atomic Energy Commission-NASA Space Nuclear Propulsion Office awarded Aerojet General Corp. extension of cost-plus-fixed-fee c o n t r a c t f o r nuclear propulsion work. Extension covered period through Sept. 30, but NASA funding would be r e s t r i c t e d t o e f f o r t through J u l y 31 pendi n g Congressional a c t i o n on NCISA's FY 1969 budget request. Extension brought t o t a l estimated cost t o $59.4 m i l l i o n f o r Oct. 1, 1967, through Sept 30, 1968, including $25.8-million NASA share. (NASA Release 68-57; WSJ, 4/2/68, 12; SBD, 4/2/68, 179) . . Marshall - - Space F l i g h t Center c o n t r a c t awards : $2.1-million c o n t r a c t modification t o RCA f o r continued support of RCA l l O A computers f o r use i n checkout, and launch of Saturn I B and Saturn V launch v e h i c l e s , bringing t o t a l contract value t o $12.7 m i l l i o n ; and $1.8-million follow-on c o n t r a c t t o Sanders Associates, I n c . , t o provide l o g i s t i c s and engineering support t o Saturn V o p e r a t i o n a l d i s p l a y systems a t (MXFC MSFC, bringing t o t a l value of contract t o $3.9 million. Releases 68-57, 68-58) �A p r i l 1: USAT awarded RCA $100,000 i n i t i a l increment t o $1.5-million f i x e d - p r i c e contract f o r study, evaluation, and t e s t i n g of advanced e l e c t r o - o p t i c a l techniques f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e of h i g h - a l t i t u d e space vehicles. (DOD Release 288-68) A p r i l 2: Senate Armed Services Committee, a f t e r hearing DOD witnesses i n closed session, voted t o appropriate $297 million--including $170 m i l l i o n f o r contract d e f i n i t i o n of Navy VFX-1 a s p o s s i b l e replacement f o r F-111B--for continuation of USNT.s fighter-bomber program and procurement of F - 4 ~Phantom j e t a i r c r a f t . Committee had v o t e d March 28 t o deny t h e funds. Contract d e f i n i t i o n phase was expected t o t a k e (W -3S t a r 4/3/68, ~ 8 ) 8 t o 1 2 mo. . NASA and German Federal Ministry f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF)were conducting s e r i e s of f o u r sounding rocket launches from Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLS)t o study upper atmosphere near Equator. NASA Nike-Apache sounding r o c k e t s e j e c t e d barium clouds between 90- and 120-mi a l t i t u d e s t o i n v e s t i g a t e e l e c t r i c f i e l d s i n upper atmosphere region of i n t e n s e e l e c t r i c current. Results would be a v a i l a b l e t o world s c i e n t i f i c community. BMwF was responsible f o r chemical payloads, photographic equipment, and cloud observation; Indian National Committee f o r Space Research provided launch s e r v i c e s ; and NASA supplied sounding rockets and rocket launcher. (NASA Release 68-58) . President Johnson, i n l e t t e r t r a n s m i t t i n g t o Congress F i f t h Annual Report on Communications S a t e l l i t e Act of 1962, said: " [ ~ e p o r]t r e f l e c t s . steady progress toward t h e u l t i m a t e goal of providing mankind with new c a p a b i l i t i e s f o r worldwide commwnication. I n t h e b r i e f span of f i v e y e a r s , s a t e l l i t e technology has grown dynamically. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s envisioned i n 1962 have been g r e a t l y exceeded Communications, he s a i d must provide "'network f o r knowledge' so t h a t a l l peoples can share t h e s c i e n t i f i c , educational, and c u l t u r a l advances of t h i s planet. "Failure t o reach t h e s e goals can only c o n t r i b u t e t o apathy, ignorance, poverty and despair i n a very l a r g e p a r t of t h e world. Success i n our telecommunications p o l i c i e s can be a c r i t i c a l l i n k i n our search f o r t h e understanding and t o l e r a n c e from which peace springs. Communication by s a t e l l i t e i s a tool--one of t h e most promising which mankind has had t h u s f a r - - t o a t t a i n t h i s end." (Text; AP, W S t a r , 4/3/68, A7; D F ', 4/8/68, 637) .. ...." . .. �- A p r i l 2: D r . John C. Houbolt, Executive Vice President of Aeronautical Research Associates of ~ r i n c e t o n ,Inc., received American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics Structures and Materials Award f o r h i s "original, d e f i n i t i v e , and continous research leading t o t h e use of random processes i n a i r c r a f t gust loads design." (SBD, 4/4/68, 199) A ril 3 U.S.S.R. successfully launched Cosmos CCX i n t o o r b i t with (232.4-mi) apogee, 1984m (123-mi) perigee, 90.2-min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e reentered April 11. (SBD, 4/4/68, 197; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . National Academy of Sciences president D r . Frederick S e i t z was elected president of Rockefeller Univ. t o succeed D r . Detlev W. Bronk, who would r e t i r e J u l y 1. D r . S e i t z would divide h i s time between NAS and University u n t i l e a r l y 1969, when he would assume h i s f u l l - t i m e educational duties. Member of President's Science Advisory Committee and of DOD's Defense Science Board, which he chaired four years ending i n March, D r . S e i t z had succeeded D r . Bronk a s NAS president i n 1962. He was re-elected, a s f i r s t resident, full-time president, i n 1965 f o r six-year term. His p r i n c i p a l f i e l d of research was theory of s o l i d s and nuclear physics. ( ~ a r b e r ,NYT, 4/4/68; NAS-NRC-NAF: News Report, 4/68 ) - - . Dr. Harold A, Rosen, Assistant Manger of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. ' s Space Systems Div. and Manager of Hughes S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, was named r e c i p i e n t of American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronaut i c s f i r s t Aerospace Communications Award f o r h i s "leadership i n making synchronous s a t e l l i t e communications a global r e a l i t y , thereby opening a new challenge f o r t h e progress of mankind." Award a l s o honored l a t e Don Williams, former Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r Communications S a t e l l i t e Systems a t Hughes, f o r "his e a r l y recognition, t e c h n i c a l judgement, inventiveness, and singular dedication i n pioneering t h e development and design of synchronous communications s a t e l l i t e s . " (AIAA -News. 9 AIAA PIO) . USAF was f l i g h t - t e s t i n g t a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) subsystem which Would enable t a c t i c a l f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t t o perform a s reconnaissance vehicles. TAPIT, s e l f -contained i n pod mounted under a i r c r a f t wing with small control box i n cockpit, took panoramic p i c t u r e s from low a l t i t u d e s ; developed f i l m i n seven seconds; e l e c t r o n i c a l l y scanned photos; and transmitted r e s u l t i n g s i g n a l s from higher a l t i t u d e t o ground s t a t i o n within 100-mi radius, permitting m i l i t a r y commanders i n f i e l d t o view photos of t a r g e t s while f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t was s t i l l i n t a r g e t area. (AFSC Release 24.68) �A p r i l 3: Marshall Space F l i g h t Center awarded I m ' s Space Guidance Center $1.3-million contract f o r spare p a r t s and l o g i s t i c support of instrument u n i t s t h a t guided Saturn I B and Saturn V launch vehicles. (MSFCRelease 68-63) A 4: NASA's Apollo 6 (AS-502) was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center's Complex 39A a t 7:OO am EST on mission t o q u a l i f y Saturn V launch vehicle f o r f u t u r e manned space f l i g h t s . Primary objectives were t o demonstrate s t r u c t u r a l and thermal i n t e g r i t y and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft; conf i n n launch loads and dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; demonstrate S-IC and S-IVB/S-11 stage separations; v e r i f y operation of propulsion (including S-NB r e s t a r t ) , guidance and control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) , and e l e c t r i c a l systems; evaluate performance of Emergency Detection System (EDS) i n closed-loop configuration; and demonstrate mission support f a c i l i t i e s and operations required f o r launch, mission conduct, and Command Module (CM) recovery. Launch v e h i c l e 1 s t - s t a g e performance was near nominal, but two of f i v e 2nd-stage J - 2 engines shut down prematurely, causing remaini n g 2nd-stage engines and 3rd-stage engine t o burn longer t h a n planned. As r e s u l t , spacecraft and 3rd stage entered e l l i p t i c a l parking o r b i t with 223.1-mi (395.1-km) apogee, 107-mi (172.1-km) perigee, and 89.8min period i n s t e a d of planned c i r c u l a r o r b i t of 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e . When 3rd stage f a i l e d t o r e i g n i t e on command a f t e r two o r b i t s a s planned, NASA switched t o a l t e r n a t e mission, f i r i n g Service Propulsion System (SPS) t o place spacecraft i n t o t r a j e c t o r y with 13,823-mi (22,225.4-km) apogee. Since i n s u f f i c i e n t propellant remained af'ter extended burn, second SPS burn was not attempted and CM reentered a t 22,376 mph, j u s t under planned 25,000-mph r a t e . Spacecraft splashed down 50 m i o f f t a r g e t i n P a c i f i c 9 h r 50 min a f t e r launch arid was recovered i n good condition by U.S.S. Okinawa. Preliminary assessment indicated t h a t four of f i v e primary objectives were a t t a i n e d , even though launch vehicle performance and S-IVB r e s t & and guidance control (optimum i n j e c t i o n ) were not f u l l y successful [see April 11 and 241. Apollo 6 was second f l i g h t ' f o r Saturn V launch v e h i c l e and b o i l e r p l a t e Lunar Module (LM) and f o u r t h f o r operational Block I command/~erviceModule (CSM) Spacecraft had been modified t o include Block I1 h e a t s h i e l d and instrumentation f o r unmanned configuration; d e l e t e crew provisions; incorporate new u n i f i e d quick-operating hatch and movie camera t o record Launch Escape System (US) j e t t i s o n and r e e n t r y conditions; and r e l o c a t e sequence camera f o r e a r t h landmark photography. (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and Apollo 5 (launched Jan. 22, been highly S-111 . �A p r i l 4 (continued) successful, completing i n f l i g h t t e s t s of all major p i e c e s of Apollo hardware. Apollo program was d i r e c t e d by NASA Office of Manned Space F l i g h t ; MSC was responsible f o r Apollo spacecraft development, MSFC f o r Saturn launch v e h i c l e development, and KSC f o r launch operations. Tracking and d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n was managed by GSFC under o v e r a l l d i r e c t i o n of NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition. (NASA P r o j Off; NASA Release 6 8 - 5 4 ~ ; W Post, 4/5/68, A18; UPI, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A3) - . NASA t e s t p i l o t W i l l i a m H. Dana flew X-15 No. 1 t o 185,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,546 mph (mach 5:11) t o t e s t spray-on foam i n s u l a t i o n , much l i g h t e r t h a n previously used i n s u l a t i o n , f o r use on Saturn V 2nd stage. Test, from Edwards AFB, was s a t i s f a c t o r y , with X-15 performing i n maximum-heating design t r a j e c t o r y c l o s e t o t h a t of Saturn V and s u s t a i n i n g temperatures of up t o 1 , 5 0 0 9 . (x-15 P r o j Off; MSFC Release 68-69; AP, P Inq, 4/5/68) . NASA Ames Research Center s c i e n t i s t s D r . W i l l i a m Quaide and Verne R. Oberbeck had developed method of c a l c u l a t i n g l u n a r s o i l depths using measurements based on Lunar O r b i t e r photos and Surveyor photos and surface analyses. Studies i n d i c a t e d t h a t many of moon's smaller c r a t e r s and much of s o i l and fragmental m a t e r i a l on l u n a r surface were r e s u l t of meteoroid impacts. By simulating impacts i n l a b o r a t o r y and comparing r e s u l t s with photos of l u n a r c r a t e r s s c i e n t i s t s i d e n t i f i e d f o u r c r a t e r types: (1) c r a t e r s w i t h up t o 12-f% d i a , round bottoms, and depths 2% of t h e i r diameter; ( 2 ) c r a t e r s with 12- t o 22-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and c e n t r a l mound; (3) c r a t e r s w i t h 22t o 30-ft d i a , f l a t bottoms, and no mound; and (4) c r a t e r s w i t h d i a meter g r e a t e r t h a n 30 ft with second c r a t e r gouged i n f l a t bottom. Thick l a y e r of fragmented m a t e r i a l , c a l c u l a t e d by new method t o be up t o 20 yd deep (8-yd maximum was c a l c u l a t e d i n preliminary surveys), coincided with densely-cratered a r e a s t o support impact theory. (NASA Release 68-59; SBD, 4/5/68, 202) . USAF' s Lincoln Experimental S a t e l l i t e (LES-5) (launched J u l y 1, 1967), f i r s t a l l s o l i d - s t a t e UHF band comsat, had been used i n f i r s t network of t a c t i c a l t e r m i n a l s t o include a comsat, f i r s t a i r - t o - a i r l i n k v i a s a t e l l i t e r e l a y , and f i r s t communications l i n k from high l a t i t u d e s v i a s a t e l l i t e a s p a r t of USAF program t o improve communications between a i r c r a f t . LES-5 was t e s t i n g UHF t e l e t y p e system which relayed 60-wpm messages over ground d i s t a n c e s of up t o 8,000 m i . S a t e l l i t e ' s 20,000-mi-altitude o r b i t allowed l i n e of s i g h t s t r e t c h i n g �A p r i l 4 (continued) n e a r l y halfway around t h e world. USA3 proposed using system f o r communications between low-altitude a t t a c k a i r c r a f t and r e a r a r e a c o n t r o l l e r s , f o r USAF worldwide l o g i s t i c c o n t r o l and s t a t u s r e p o r t i n g system, and f o r s t r i k e and reconnaissance reporting. (AFsc Release 23.68) . DLaboratory, r . W i l l i a m H. Pickering, Director of spoke a t Space Cal Tech's J e t Propulsion Fprum sponsored by American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics, American Astronautical Society, and I n s t i t u t e of Environmental Sciences i n Washington, D.C. Describing f i r s t decade i n space a s "most productive.. .i n h i s t o r y of technology," he f o r e c a s t manned l u n a r operations including l u n a r l a b o r a t o r i e s before end of second decade and p o s s i b l e t o u r of J u p i t e r , Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune by s i n g l e spacecraft i n 1977--as w e l l a s dramatic y i e l d from growing a p p l i c a t i o n s of near-earth s a t e l l i t e s during decade. D r . Pickering urged i n i t i a t i o n of "orderly planning cycle" t o replace major programs being phased out. Emphasis of next phase was l i k e l y t o be "gleaning more b e n e f i t s f f from space d o l l a r expenditure. National Space Council estimated annual r e t u r n from space would markedly exceed expenditures i n 10 yr. ( ~ e x t ) . NASA would n e g o t i a t e $3.5 -million, one-year , cost -plus-f ixed-fee c o n t r a c t with General E l e c t r i c Co. ' s Apollo Systems Div. f o r Apollo Applications engineering support. GE, under d i r e c t i o n of NASA Hq. Apollo Applications Program Office, would provide engineering support i n a r e a s of q u a l i t y and r e l i a b i l i t y , configuration and d a t a management, t e s t , and checkout. (NASA Release 68-61) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center contract a c t i v i t y : RCA was awarded $1.3-million contract t o modify RCA 110 computer module boards, by s y s t e m a t i c a l l y incorporating improved s o l d e r design. IBI was issued $1.5 -million supplemental agreement f o r adjustment and implementation of configuration management f o r f a b r i c a t ion, assembly, checkout, and d e l i v e r y of 27 ~ ~ o l l o / ~ a t u r n instrument u n i t s t ages and other support equipment. A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., received $2.3-million c o n t r a c t extension t o supply 1 2 m i l l i o n l b l i q u i d hydrogen by March 31, 1969, t o MSFC, purchasing agent f o r Government agencies and t h e i r supporting c o n t r a c t o r s i n e a s t e r n U. S. Three one-year contract renewals, e f f e c t i v e through March 31, 1969, were awarded f o r MSFC support services: $10.5 m i l l i o n t o Brown Engineering Co. f o r s e r v i c e s i n Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory, $4.5 m i l l i o n t o SPACO Inc. f o r s e r v i c e s �A p r i l 4 (continued) i n Quality. and R e l i a b i l i t y Assurance Laboratory, and $2.3 m i l l i o n t o Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l f o r s e r v i c e s i n Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory. (MSFC Releases 68-64, 68-65, 68-66, 68-67) A p r i l 5: ComSatCorp, on behalf of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecommunications S a t e l l i t e Consortium (INTELSAT), l e a s e d antenna and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s at Fucino, I t a l y , e a r t h s t a t i o n from Telespazio, I t a l i a n company f o r space communications. Fucino f a c i l i t i e s , approved by INTELSAT1s Interim Communications S a t e l l i t e Committee (ICSC) , would be used f o r t r a c k i n g , telemetry, and command d u t i e s f o r INTELSAT comsat s . (Com~at Corp Release 68-15) . Crash of F-11lA i n Thailand March 30 had been caused by f a i l u r e i n t e r r a i n r a d a r guidance system, newspapers s a i d r e l i a b l e sources reported. A i r c r a f t had r e p o r t e d l y bucked and gyrated severely, f o r c i n g two crew members t o e j e c t . USAF team was conducting o n - s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and was expected t o r e p o r t f i n d i n g s i n two weeks. orto ton, A?, W S t a r , 4/5/68, A6; Beecher, -N 9Y T 4/6/68, 1 0 ) - . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center had awarded Harvard Univ. $1.9-million supplementary c o n t r a c t f o r development of W scanning spectrometer t o be flown a s s o l a r experiment on f i r s t launch of Apollo Telescope Mount. Award increased t o t a l value t o $6.5 m i l l i o n f o r experiments f o r use with manned s o l a r observatories. (MSFCRelease 68-68; SBD, 4/8/68, 210) USAF launched two u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e s from Vandenberg A p r i l 6: AFB with Atlas-F booster. (UPI, C Trib, 4/8/68; SBD, 4/9/68, 220) - . Third anniversary of launch of 85-lb I n t e l s a t I ( ~ a r l y~ i r d ) ,world's f i r s t commercial comsat, owned by INTELSAT and managed by ComSatCorp. Although o r i g i n a l l y designed a s experimental-operational s a t e l l i t e with 18-mo l i f e expectancy, comsat launched by NASA i n t o 22,300-mia l t i t u d e synchronous o r b i t over A t l a n t i c , was s t i l l providing r e l i a b l e s e r v i c e between North America and Europe with 10% r e l i a b i l i t y . I n t e l s a t I had received and t r a n s m i t t e d more t h a n 200 hr of TV, and thousands of telephone c a l l s , d a t a and record messages, and o t h e r general communications without s a t e l l i t e service outage. TV use of I n t e l s a t I increased from 31 programs consuming 31 hr l e a s e d time i n 1965 t o 160 programs and 125 hr i n 1967. Highlights of TV broadcasts �April 6 (continued) included l i v e coverage of Atlantic splashdowns of Gemini spacecraft, sports events, public a f f a i r s , and news programs. (com~atcorpRelease 68-16) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: "What was i l l u s t r a t e d . . . was t h e extraordinary d i f f i c u l t y of assuring t h a t every one of t h e l i t e r a l l y millions of components i n such an extremely complicated system a s t h e Saturn 5 works perfectly. But t h e complexity of t h e t o t a l Apollo mechanism f o r t h e planned manned voyage t o t h e moon...is This f a c t argues f o r a slow but sure approach t o even greater future Apollo t e s t s , r a t h e r than an adventuresome policy aimed primarily a t completing t h e job by t h e end of 1969. "Regrettable a s were Saturn 5's deficiencies a s demonstrated i n t h i s week's t e s t , they provide a useful warning against renewed overconfidence and t h e costs it could again impose. " (NYT -3 4/6/68, 36) .... . U. S. Embassy i n .Thailand reported a r r i v a l of two USAF F - l l M a i r c r a f t a t Ta K h l i A i r Base t o replace a i r c r a f t l o s t i n crashes March 28 and 30. Embassy spokesman said recovery operations f o r second F-111A l o s t had been completed and a l l components accounted for. (UPI, W Star, 4/7/68, Al4; UPI, W Post, 4/7/68, ~ 2 6 ) - U. S. S. R. successfully launched Luna XIV unmanned spacecraft April 7: toward moon "to conduct f u r t h e r studies of near-lunar space," Tass announced. All systems were functioning normally and spacecraft; was traveling close t o planned trajectory. (~nderson,NYT, 4/8/68, 1; AP, W Star, 4/8/68, A3; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - - . Long-nosed USAF C-131 research a i r c r a f t was being developed f o r A i r Force Systems Command by Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., as a unique f l y i n g simulator t o t e s t various controls, instruments, and a i r c r a r t configurations of advanced a i r c r a f t such a s Advanced Manned Strategic Aircraft (AMSA), military C-5A cargo and passenger a i r c r a f t , and SST. Total In-Flight Simulator (TIFs ) configurationwith nose length varying t o simulate advanced a i r c r a f t and with second cockpit below and ahead of main cockpit and s i x independent controls--would r e a l i s t i c a l l y reproduce handling conditions of modeled a i r c r a f i and enable USAF t o determine inexpensively i n advance correct design and instrumentation fox advanced a i r c r a f t . (AFSC Release 45.68) - �Washington Sunday S t a r e d i t o r i a l on Apollo 6 mission: A p r i l 7: Saturn 5 s l a t e s t performance. suggests t h a t our a s t r o n a u t s may not be a b l e t o c a r r y out t h e i r l u n a r mission u n t i l considerably l a t e r t h a n o p t i m i s t s have suggest ed--possibly not u n t i l 1971, i f then. However.. .it i s b e t t e r t o be s a f e t h a n sorry. Saturn 5"s d e f i c i e n c i e s must be eliminated, no matt.er how long t h e job t a k e s , before it i s used t o l i f t a manned Apollo spacecraft t o t h e moon. Despite l o o s e t a l k about a Soviet-American 'space r a c e 1 , t h e r e should be no a l l - o u t d r i v e , no senseless rush, t o score a f i r s t i n t h i s f i e l d . " (W 3-S t a r 4/7/68, ~ 1 ) ". . . .. ... . Sidney A. C a r i s k i , NASA Chief of Support Operations, Procurement Management, became Director of Procurement Management, Management Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t . He succeeded Daniel A. Linn, who resigned t o e n t e r p r i v a t e industry. (NASA Ann) NASA s e l e c t e d Teledyne Systems Co. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n of $950,000 A p r i l 8: 15-mo c o n t r a c t t o design and construct prototype airborne d i g i t a l computer u n i t f o r Centaur launch v e h i c l e ' s guidance and c o n t r o l system. Contract, which would include option f o r f i v e a d d i t i o n a l u n i t s with r e q u i r e d ground support equipment and spare p a r t s , would be managed by Lewis Research Center. (NASA Release 68-64) . Harold D. . . Babcock, 40-yr member of Mt WilsoLnand Mt Palomar Observat o r y s t a f f s , died. He was s p e c i a l i s t i n study of s p e c t r a of sunspots and d i s c o v e r e r of f a c t t h a t magnetic f i e l d of sun reversed p o l a r i t y periodically. (NAs-NRC-NAE News Report, 5/68, 1 0 ) A p r i l 9: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXI. O r b i t a l parameters: apogee, 1,545 km (960 mi) ; perigee, 1 km period, 102.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 81'. (SED~Y4110 GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - . NASA launched two J a v e l i n sounding r o c k e t s from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n . One c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere with vacuum-ion chamber and t o observe helium and oxygen-ion resonance dayglow w i t h f i l t e r e d photometer. Rocket and instrumentation performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . Telemetry s i g n a l was received f o r 16 min 40 sec. Second rocket c a r r i e d Syracuse University Research Corp. vacuum-ion chamber t o observe helium i o n i z a t i o n l e v e l s i n exosphere and Univ. of Southern C a l i f o r n i a f i l t e r e d photometer t o observe helium- and �A p r i l 9 (continued) oxygen-ion resonance dayglow t o 497-mi (800-km) a l t i t u d e . Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt s SRL) Federal Aviation Administration awarded $3.8-million c o n t r a c t t o IBM1s Federal Systems Div. t o modernize a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l a t 100 U.S. f a c i l i t i e s by i n s t a l l i n g p r i n t e r s and keyboards t o produce and i n i t i a t e a i r c r a f t f l i g h t data. Equipment would provide f a s t e r coordination and reduce c o n t r o l l e r s ' o r a l workload. Delivery of equipment, t o begin A p r i l 15, would be coordinated with d e l i v e r y of o t h e r automat i o n components f o r National Airspace System. (FAA Release 68-24) A p r i l 9-10 : E l e c t r o n i c s i g n a l s on .medical condition of USMC volunteer p a t i e n t i n Tokyo were t r a n s m i t t e d between Toyko , Houston, and Washington, D. C. , v i a s a t e l l i t e and t e r r e s t r i a l equipment t o show how worldwide diagnosis of complex medical problems could be achieved by advanced means of communications. INTELSAT 1 1 / ~ 2 ( p a c i f i c I ) comsat and AT&T l a n d l i n e f a c i l i t i e s yere used i n demonstration f o r 1968 National Telemetry Conference of I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) in,Houston. Signals were relayed from Brewster F l a t , Wash. e a r t h s t a t i o n t o Conference and t o computer c e n t e r s a t U.S. Public Health Service i n Washington, D.C., and Univ. of Texas. Demonstration was d i r e c t e d by ITT World Communications, I n c . , with cooperation of ComSatCorp and Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., Japan. ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-17; AP, W -JS t a r 4/10/68, Al8; UPI, W Post, 4/12/68, ~ 1 5 ) , A p r i l 10: U.K. ' s J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t U. S. S. R. ' s Luna XIV spacecraft had apparently entered l u n a r o r b i t and was t r a n s m i t t i n g telemetry but no photographic s i g n a l s . U. S. S.R. had made no o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. (UPI, NYT, 4/11/68, 4; Cohn, W Post, 4/11/68, A27) . Ernest W. Brackett , Special A s s i s t a n t t o NASA A s s i s t a n t Administrator f o r I n d u s t r y A f f a i r s , was appointed Chairman of NASA Board of Cont r a c t Appeals, succeeding E. M. Shafer who became Chairman of NASA Contract - Adjustment Board. Matt hew J. McCart i n , Goddard Space F l i g h t Center, was appointed Vice-Chairman. (NASA Release 68-65) �A p r i l 11: Luna X I V had entered o r b i t around moon "close t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d one" t o study c o r r e l a t i o n between e a r t h and moon and c o l l e c t d a t a necessary f o r landing cosmonauts on moon, Tass announced i n f i r s t o f f i c i a l statement since A p r i l 7 launch. S a t e l l i t e had e n t e r e d l u n a r o r b i t April 10 with 870-km (540.6-mi) apolune; 160-km (99.4-mi) p e r i l u n e , and 2-hr 40-min period. (UPI, W S t a r , 4/11/68, A3; SBD, 4/12/68, 239-40; Reuters, NYT, 4/14/68, 8 ) . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center i.s sued r e p o r t containing preliminary r e s u l t s of A p r i l 4 Apollo 6 f l i g h t . Although "basic source of t h e , d i f f i c u l t i e s 1 ' had not y e t been determined, s c i e n t i s t s and engineers speculated t h a t wires carrying cut o f f comands t o t h e malfunctioning engines were interchanged. F i r s t stage had performed a s planned and stage t h r u s t was near p r e d i c t e d during f i r s t p o r t i o n of f l i g h t . Second s t a g e had performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through 1 s t - s t a g e boost, 2nd-stage i g n i t i o n , and e a r l y p o r t i o n of 2nd-stage powered f l i g h t . F i r s t i n d i c a t i o n s of anomaly were decreasing temperatures on main o x i d i z e r valve and i t s c o n t r o l l i n e on f i f t h engine and steady decrease i n second engine's yaw a c t u a t o r pressure. Third stage performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y through f i r s t burn and o r b i t a l coast. Although engine and stage p r e s t a r t conditions appeared normal, engine received s t a r t s i g n a l , and valves opened properly, engine d i d not r e s t a r t . I n i t i a l d a t a suggested t h a t l e a k i n one of two p r o p e l l a n t l i n e s t o engine's augmented spark i g n i t e r may have caused i n s u f f i c i e n t o r inadequately mixed p r o p e l l a n t f o r proper s t a r t condition. I n v e s t i g a t i o n s were continuing on l o n g i t u d i n a l o s c i l l a t i o n of v e h i c l e . Guidance and o t h e r instrumentation functions, telemetry performance, and onboard (MSFC Release 68-74; AP, -3NYT TV camera operation were s a t i s f a c t o r y . 4/12/68, 20) . USAF and NASA had agreed t o consolidate t h e i r photographic operations a t Eastern Test Range under one c o n t r a c t o r t o save estimated $1 m i l l i o n f i r s t year. Single c o n t r a c t o r , s e l e c t e d by competitive bid, would r e p o r t t o ETR contract manager. USAF and NASA each would provide one t e c h n i c a l manager t o monitor performance. New o p e r a t i o n would be e f f e c t i v e Jan. 1, 1969. (KSC Release 68-151) . V/A Hyman G. Rickover (USN), t e s t i f y i n g before House Committee on Banking and Currency hearings on H.R. 15683 t o renew t h e Defense Production Act of 1950 a s amended, warned against emergence of " f o u r t h branch of government," a p a r t n e r s h i p of f e d e r a l bureaucrats and g i a n t corporations "with men e x e r t i n g power without p o l i t i c a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . " DOD's industry-oriented philosophy, l a c k of inhouse c a p a b i l i t y , and absence of standardized accounting procedures �A p r i l 11 (continued) permitted government s u b s i d i z a t i o n of c i v i l i a n business of defense c o n t r a c t o r s and c o s t U. S. taxpayer b i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s , he s a i d . ransc script; P o r t e r , W Post, 5/2/68, ~ 2 ) A p r i l 12: NASA would n e g o t i a t e $900,000, one-year, cost -plus-f ixed-f ee c o n t r a c t w i t h Chrysler Corp.'s Space Div. t o study needs and configuratLon a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r an intermediate payload launch v e h i c l e i n post1973 space operat ions. Payloads under consideration included longd u r a t i o n manned operat i o n s i n low e a r t h o r b i t , unmanned s a t e l l i t e s i n synchronous o r b i t , l o g i s t i c support f o r manned l u n a r exploration, and unmanned p l a n e t a r y and deep space probes. Contract would be managed by OMSF. (NASA Release 68-67; S e h l s t e d t , B Sun, 4/13/68) April14: Cosmos C C X I I was successfully1aunchedbyU.S.S.R. i n t o o r b i t with 200-km (124.3-mi) apogee, 180-km (111.8-mi) perigee, 88.3-min period, and 51.6' inclinat.ion. S a t e l l i t e docked with . . Cosmos C X I I I A p r i l 15 and r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19. (AP, B -2Sun 4/15/68; UPI, NYT, 4/15/68, 86; GSFC SSR, 4/15/68) - April15: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d Cosmos C C X I I I i n t o o r b i t w i t h 254-km (157.8-mi) apogee, 186-km (115.6-mi) perigee, 89.1-min period, and 51.6' i n c l i n a t i o n . A t 1 : 2 1 Moscow time (3:21 Baykonyr time) s a t e l l i t e was automatically docked with Cosmos C C X I I (launched A p r i l 1 4 ) . Tass l a t e r announced t h a t s a t e l l i t e s used " s p e c i a l c l o s i n g - i n systems, r a d i o , t e c h n i c a l and computing devices, t o c a r r y out an automatic mutual search, closing-in, docking, and r i g i d coupling t o each o t h e r . " Maneuver was second automatic docking i n space and was filmed by TV cameras on board both s a t e l l i t e s . U.S.S.1 had s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished f i r s t automatic docking Oct. 30, 1967. F i r s t s u c c e s s f u l manned docking had been conducted by U.S. March 16, 1966. Cosmos C C X I I and cosmos -CCXIII remained docked i n n e a r - c i r c u l a l o r b i t 3 hr 50 min and were t h e n separated automatically by ground command and placed i n t o d i f f e r e n t o r b i t s . Cosmos C C X I I r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 19 and Cosmos C C X I I I , A p r i l 20. (W Post, 4/16/68; -NYT 9 4/16/68; B -Sun 9 4/16/68; SBD 4/16/68, -2 -, . Flight reenactment had revealed t h a t USAF F-11lA a i r c r a f t c r a s h March 30 had been caused by malfunction of f l i g h t c o n t r o l system, p r e s s s a i d informed sources reported. Second F-11lA, which North Vietnam claimed t o have shot down, was s t i l l missing; U.S. o f f i c i a l s �A p r i l 1 5 (continued) speculated t h a t a i r c r a f t had crashed i n Thailand jungle area. NYT, - 4/16/68, 22; W News, 4/16/68, 7 ) (UPI, . Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO)was e s t a b l i s h e d i n Special Programs Office a t NASA Hq. t o manage s p e c i a l i z e d t a s k s where NASA's unique c a p a b i l i t i e s could provide needed support t o a l i m i t e d number of DOD p r o j e c t s . M. J. Raffensperger, D i r e c t o r , Advanced Manned Missions Planning and Operations, Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , was appointed Deputy Director of Special Programs Office and Acting Director of DPSO. (NASA Release 68-66; NASA Ann, 4/17/68) . Lawrence A. Flyland, Vice President and General Manager of Hughes A i r c r a f t Co. , was s e l e c t e d by National Aeronautic Association t o r e c e i v e t h e Robert J. C o l l i e r Trophy f o r s i g n i f i c a n t achievement i n aeronautics and a s t r o n a u t i c s i n 1967 a s Hughes Surveyor program d i r e c t o r . Trophy would be presented May 7. (NAA Release; AP, W Post, 4/16/68, ~ 3 ) . Tass announced issuance of t h r e e stamps commemorating Soviet space achievements : March 18, 1965, space walk by Alexei Leonov; Oct. 30, 1967, automatic docking of two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s ; and Oct. 18, 1967, softlanding of Venus 4 on Venus. (W Post, 4/15/68, CX)) A p r i l 16: NASA Associate Administrator D r . Homer E. Newel1 s u m a r i z e d E a r t h Resources Survey program a t F i f t h Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment at Univ. of Michigan's I n s t i t u t e of Science and Technology i n Ann Arbor. Prospects i n f i e l d were promising, he s a i d , but only p r o j e c t s which could not be completed using a i r c r a f t o r ground-based techniques o r which could be done b e t t e r o r more economically using space should be i n v e s t i g a t e d . Greatest use of s a t e l l i t e s f o r e a r t h survey t o date was f o r meteorological d a t a , including g l o b a l cloud-cover photos, cloud motion, and ocean temperatures D r . Newel1 explained, but U. S. s t i l l lacked "much of t h e d a t a e s s e n t i a l f o r worldwide long-range weather f o r e c a ~ t i n g , ~ ~ such a s d a t a on three-dimensional. f i e l d s of density, wind v e l o c i t y , temperature, and water vapor within t h e atmosphere. Major contribut i o n s expected from research i n o t h e r f i e l d s included: completion of geodetic programs which would permit determination of r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of any two p o i n t s on e a r t h with improved accuracy; monitoring of s e a surface s t a t e , evaluation of marine b i o l o g i c a l resources, and surface observations of conditions of i n t e r e s t t o , �A p r i l 16 (continued) oceanographers; and improved i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s p e c t r a l s i g n a t u r e of v a r i o u s species f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , and geology. ( ~ e x;t -9SBD 4/19/68, 280) . John N. Wilford, w r i t i n g i n New York Times, described d e c l i n e i n U.S. space expenditures since 1966. "Under pressure from t h e war i n Vietnam, c i v i l i a n space spending has dropped from $ 5 . 9 - b i l l i o n i n t h e peak year of 1966 t o $4.8-billion t h i s year, and it i s expected t o drop much lower i n t h e f i s c a l year s t a r t i n g i n July. Employment i n space work a t p r i v a t e companies, u n i v e r s i t i e s and Government c e n t e r s has declined from 420,000 i n 1966 t o fewer t h a n 300,000 today, and it i s s t i l l dropping a t t h e r a t e of 4,000 a month." 7' Signs of d e c l i n e were c l e a r l y v i s i b l e , Wilford noted, i n ghost towns!' t h a t were once t e s t s i t e s , and i n removal of numerous p r o j e c t s from NASA's post-Apollo plans. Fortunately, impact of cutback was softened because NASA had not replaced many personnel who o r d i n a r i l y l e f t agency each year and because personnel dismissed were absorbed by growing a i r c r a f t i n d u s t r y and expanding m i l i t a r y space program. But t h e r e was a growing f e e l i n g , Wilford s a i d , " t h a t once a s t r o n a u t s have landed on t h e moon, t h e y w i l l have no o t h e r p l a c e of s i g n i f i c a n c e t o go f o r s e v e r a l years because of sharp budget c u t s . These c u t s have trimmed t o t h e bone a l l p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r f u t u r e missions. It i s a s i f t h e a s t r o n a u t s a r e heading f o r a dead-end on t h e moon." (E, 4/16/68, 1, 36) . U.K. Minister of Technology Anthony W. Benn announced t h a t U.K. would withdraw from European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Communications and would make no new committments t o European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), though it would increase i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o European Space Research Organization (ESRO)by up t o 6%. U.K. o f f i c i a l s r e p o r t e d l y s a i d d e c i s i o n not t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n proposed p r o j e c t f o r experimental European TV r e l a y s a t e l l i t e was made i n e f f o r t t o avoid u n r e a l i s t i c p r o j e c t s and concentrate on nonspace a i r c r a f t and computer i n d u s t r i e s . ( ~ h u s t e r ,NYT, 4/17/68, 79; Mott, W Post, 4/17/68, A l l ) - . MSFC awarded B a l l Brothers Research Corp. $134,500 c o n t r a c t f o r s i x s o l a r sensor systems, including one prototype and f i v e f l i g h t u n i t s , f o r Apollo Telescope Mount p o i n t i n g c o n t r o l system. (MSFC Release 68-76) �p U W launched u n i d e n t i f i e d s a t e l l i t e from Vandenberg AFB i 7 : (UPI, W Post, 4/18/68; -9SBD using T i t a n IIIB-Agena D booster. 4/18/68, 5'75) . NASA's Marc 42A2 Arcas booster launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d GSFC payload t o 4.8-mi (7.8-km) a l t i t u d e i n b a l l i s t i c performance evaluation t e s t . Booster and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , with b a l l i s t i c parameters agreeing c l o s e l y with predictions. (NASA Rpt SRL) .U W F-11I.A a i r c r a f t crash March 30 i n Thailand had been caused by "a mechanic's mistake, not by a flaw i n design," U.S. m i l i t a r y command announced. Recovered a i r c r a f t r e v e a l e d t h a t p i l o t s l o s t c o n t r o l of a i r c r a f t because tube of s e a l a n t normally used t o s e a l f u e l t a n k s was l e f t loose i n a i r c r a f t , hardened during low-temperature f l i g h t , and jammed f l i g h t - c o n t r o l system. Loss of another F-111A March 28 remained mystery and search i n Thailand a r e a where it presumably crashed had ended unsuccessfully. (UPI, W Post, 4/16/68, A8; C a r r o l l , B Sun, 4/18/68, ~ 5 ) - . Charles W. Mathews, Director of IYASA Apollo Applications Program t o l d National Space, Club i n washington, D. C. , t h a t NASA' s manned space plan, beyond f i r s t Apollo landing, "contemplat e s a balanced a c t i v i t y of l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n and extension of man's c a p a b i l i t i e s i n e a r t h o r b i t . " Program had been designed f o r f l e x i b i l i t y so a c t i v i t i e s could be conducted i n harmony with a v a i l a b l e resources. "We a r e a l s o prepared t o move forward a t an increased pace when it i s d e s i r a b l e and p o s s i b l e t o do so," he s a i d . Both c i v i l b e n e f i t s and n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y implications of space program warranted cont i n u e d s t r o n g support. Contingency planning would leave more room f o r budgetary o r g o a l changes, t h u s p l a c a t i n g c r i t i c s i n Congress who claimed NASA had not provided them with s u f f i c i e n t f l e x i b i l i t y . Manned space f l i g h t s were t o be resumed by both U.S. and U.S.S.R. i n near f u t u r e . ( ~ e x;t Lannan, W 3-S t a r 4/18/68, A5; AP, B -Sun 9 4/18/68, All) . Sen. Margaret C. Smith ( R - ~ e . ) ,ranking member of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, on Senate f l o o r presented Government Accounting Office review of source s e l e c t i o n and award of m a j o r ~ s u b c o n t r a c tby NASA and i t s prime c o n t r a c t o r , Grumman A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., f o r development of landing and rendezvous r a d a r equipment f o r Apollo Lunar Module, compiled a t her request. Sen. Smith explained t h a t although another e l e c t r o n i c s firm had expressed i n t e r e s t i n performing under f i x e d - p r i c e c o n t r a c t , RCA �A p r i l 17 (continued) had received contract because of agreement between Gmunman and RCA "before t h e requirements and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e r a d a r components had been defined. " Noting t h a t RCA estimated cost of $23.4 m i l l i o n had now increased t o about $112 m i l l i o n , she suggested t h a t i f Grwnman r a d a r subcontract was i l l u s t r a t i v e of how NASA "maintains s u r v e i l l a n c e over i t s appropriated funds, it would appear t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l savings could be r e a l i z e d merely by strengthenin agency1s c o n t r a c t i n g p r a c t i c e s . " (NASA LAR ~11136 ; CR, 4/17 68, the S4138-46; AP, B Sun, 4/23/68, ~ 5 ) 7 . NASA had awarded Aero j e t General Corp. ' s Space Div. $316,776 contract t o perform preliminary design of spacecraft f o r b a s i c r e s e a r c h on f r o g ' s balance mechanisrr, ( o t o l i t h ) under weightlessness and repeated a c c e l e r a t i o n . P r o j e c t , i n i t i a l s t e p i n NASA's Human Factor Systems Program t o i n v e s t i g a t e primary balance mechanism within inner e a r , would be managed by NASA Wallops S t a t i o n under directi'on of Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Ames Research Center would be responsible f o r o t o l i t h experiment package designed by Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. (WS Release 68-8; NASA Release 68-71) . MSFC awarded nine-month, $99,000 contract t o Raymond ~ o e w y / ~ i l l i a m Snaith, Inc., t o conduct h a b i t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s of planned e a r t h o r b i t a l space s t a t i o n s . Basic goal would be t o ensure t h a t workshop configurations wefe comfortable and f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s i n which t o l i v e and work. (MSFC Release 68-79) . Naval Research Laboratory s c i e n t i s t D r . Richard C. Henry, speaking a t d e d i c a t i o n of NRL1s new E. 0. Hulburt Center f o r Space Research i n WashingLon, D.C., presented d a t a s t r o n g l y supporting closed universe concept. Aerobee sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range Sept. 7, 1967, carrying s o f t x-ray d e t e c t o r , had d e t e c t e d r a d i a t i o n from l a r g e , unexpected amount of t h i n l y - s p r e a d i n t e r g a l a c t i c hydrogen gas, evidence of existence of i n t e r g a l a c t i c matter previously supposed but undetected. Amount detected i n d i c a t e d presence of 100 times a s much matter between g a l a x i e s a s i n all s t a r s i n universe--enough t o f i l l up a l l space and s a t i s f y all t h e o r e t i c a l requirements f o r a closed universe. ( ~ e x;t Cohn, W Post, 4/18/68, 1 ) . Editorial comment on Soviet space achievements, including successful o r b i t i n g of Luna XIV and docking of Cosmos CCXII and C C X I I I , urged U.S. t o acknowledge challenge: �April 17 ( continued) "The Soviet Union's sense of purpose i n space i s apparently a s steady and unwavering a s it ever was. The U.S...after coming up f a s t from behind i n a wave of f e v e r i s h anxiety and enthusiasm, now seems t o have l o s t i n t e r e s t . That could be a dangerous--even fatal--tendency i n an age where space i s of key importance t o t h e s e c u r i t y of t h e Nation. It should be reversed, before g r e a t harm i s done." (P Inq, 4/17/68) " I f we muff what now looks - l i k e a good chance t o beat t h e Russians t o t h e moon with manned space ships, t h e p r e s t i g e l o s s t o t h i s n a t i o n w i l l probably be immeasurable. And i f our space people a r e n ' t paying a t l e a s t a s much a t t e n t i o n a s t h e Russians t o t h e m i l i t a r y p o s s i b i l i t i e s of space, t h e n we a r e i n grave danger and growing more .so. A l l of t o a whole s t r i n g of d i r e warnings t o Congress not t o which adds up be s t i n g y about space p r o j e c t s of any d e s c r i p t i o n . " (NY News, 4/17/68) ... A p r i l 18: U. S. S. R. launched two Cosmos s a t e l l i t e s . Cosmos CCXIV entered o r b i t w i t h 370-km (229.9-mi) apogee, 199-km (123.6-mi) perigee, 90.1min period, and 81.3' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d June 26. Cosmos CCXV e n t e r e d o r b i t with 403-km (249.4-mi) apogee, 255-km 158. &mi) perigee, 91.1-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . (B, $22168, 292; GSFC SSR, 4/30/68) - . NASA announced appointment of two new members t o Aerospace S a f e t y Advisory Panel: D r . C. D. Harrington, President of Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , f o r six-year termy and S. T. Harris, O f f i c e r of t h e Board, Texas Instruments, I n c . , f o r f o u r years. (NASARelease 68-72) . Langley Research Center s e l e c t e d Northrop Corp. 's Norair Div. f o r n e g o t i a t i o n s on $2-million contract t o design and construct d i f f e r e n t i a l maneuvering simulator. System, c o n s i s t ing of two i d e n t i c a l p i l o t e d f l i g h t simulators l i n k e d e l e c t r o n i c a l l y through c e n t r a l computing equipment, would be used t o study p t u r e aerospace v e h i c l e concepts. (NASA Release 68-74) Sixty-day simulated e a r t h - o r b i t a l mission f o r f o u r UCLA A p r i l 19: s t u d e n t s ended when t h e y l e f t McDonnell Douglas Corp. M i s s i l e & Space Systems Div. space cabin simulator [ s e e Feb. 211. Although s t u d e n t s had t i r e d of food and missed female companionship, a t t e n d i n g doctor s a i d t h e y remained i n good h e a l t h . On l e a v i n g simulator t h e y f i rs t not i c e d extreme humidity and "myriad smells �A p r i l 19 (continued) and odors i n normal a i r . " Experiment had included cycles of r e s t and work, t e s t i n g air-water samples, and manning s c i e n t i f i c equipment. (AP, B &, 4/20/68, ~ 3 ) . Page Communications Engineers, Inc., and government of South Vietnam were n e g o t i a t i n g agreeaent t o permit Page t o finance and construct $7-million e a r t h s t a t i o n i n Vungtau. S t a t i o n , which would be used with ComSatCorp s a t e l l i t e t o be launched i n November, would have 60-channel capacity i n i t i a l l y and would be a b l e t o expand t o 120. South Vietnamese government would receive 2% of gross revenues-expected t o t o t a l $4-5 m i l l i o n annually--for f i r s t f i v e y e a r s and 5% f o r second f i v e years, a f t e r which operation would be turned over t o a Sbuth Vietnamese corporation. (page PIO; Wilson, W Post, 4/19/68) NATO's Nuclear Planning Group had concluded t h a t construction of a European AEM defense system was not j u s t i f i e d under present circumstances, Robert C. Doty reported i n New York Times. Recommendation, he s a i d "which appears c e r t a i n t o be endorsed by t h e a l l i a n c e a s a whole, ends f o r t h e foreseeable f u t u r e Europe i n t e r e s t i n any m u l t i - b i l l i o n - d o l l a r p r o j e c t t o match t h e a n t i m i s s i l e screen now under construction by t h e Soviet Union. " U.S. decision i n 1967 t o b u i l d S e n t i n e l ABM system t o p r o t a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e Chinese Communist a t t a c k had promoted NATO rev: of Europe's nuclear defense. Nuclear Planning Group, i n two-daj meeting a t The Hague, had concluded t h a t 'defense system, secure a g a i n s t "multimethod, a l l - o u t s t r i k e by a major nuclear power, " was not f i n a n c i a l l y or t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e and c a l l e d f o r "good offense," maintaining nuclear stalemate; continual review of Am defense; and acceptance of program f o r f u t u r e planning and cons u l t a t i o n with U. s. even a f t e r t h e pending n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t ] became e f f e c t i v e . ( ~ o t ~ , 4/20/68, 2) z, A p r i l 20: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVI. Orbital parameters: apogee, 265 km (164.7 'mi) ;p e r i g e e , 195 km (121.2 mi) ; p e r i o d , 89.1 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n , 51.8~. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d NYT, 4/21/68, 28; W S t a r , 4/21/68, A5; - . NASA Astrobee - 1500 sounding rocket launched from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n c a r r i e d Univ. of Mime s o t a experiment t o 776 - m i (1,250-km) a l t i t u d e t o study l e v e l s of e l e c t r i c and magnetic �A p r i l 20 (continued) f i e l d v a r i a t i o n s i n magnetosphere, check ope ratio^ of antenna systems f o r use on s a t e l l i t e , and v e r i f y v e h i c l e design changes. Rocket performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Instrumentation s u f f e r e d p a r t i a l f a i l u r e , but cause had not been determined. (NASA Rpt SRL) . White House announced t h a t a c c e l e r a t e d clearance system t o f a c i l i t a t e e n t r y f o r incoming passengers would be t e s t e d a t John F. Kennedy I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport i n New York. One-man, multi-agency i n s p e c t i o n would be r e i n f o r c e d by monitoring by s p e c i a l i s t s representing Customs, A g r i c u l t u r e , Immigration, and public Health and by computerized i n formation, t o maintain s e c u r i t y . (PO, 4/29/68, 696-7) w A r i l 2 0 21 Technical r e v i e w o f S a t u r n l a u n c h v e h i c l e s , a t t e n d e d b y about 1 0 s c i e n t i s t s , engineers, and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s , was h e l d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. P a r t i c i p a n t s i n v e s t i g a t e d s t a t u s and (MSFC Release 68-77; f l i g h t schedule of Saturn launch v e h i c l e s . UPI, W S t a r , 4/21/68, ~ 5 ) - A p r i l 21: U.S.S.R. s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d eighthMolniya I comsat. O r b i t a l parameters : apogee, 39,719 km (24, 6 8 0 . ~ r i g e e , 414 km '(257.2 m i ) ; period, 11 hr 53 min; and i n c l i n a t i o n 65'. (UPI, NYT, 4/23/68, 34; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s reported t h a t automatic docking of Cosmos C C X I I and C C X I I I A p r i l 15 had occurred only 47 min a f t e r p u r s u i t v e s s e l was launched. Cosmos C C X I I (launched April 1 4 ) was o r b i t i n g e a r t h a t 225.3-km (140-mi) a l t i t u d e and 17,500 mph when Cosmos C C X I I I e n t e r e d o r b i t t h r e e miles from it. According t o Tass, s a t e l l i t e s repeatedly changed t h e i r o r b i t s , r e o r i e n t e d , maneuvered i n space, and conducted various s c i e n t i f i c experiments during f o u r days i n o r b i t . Soviet s c i e n t i s t s had r e p o r t e d l y developed t h r e e launch systems f o r spacecraft intended f o r automatic docking i n o r b i t : (1) simultaneous side-by-side launch with docking maneuvers beginning immediately a f t e r spacecraft separated from launch v e h i c l e s ; (2) separate launches from same or d i f f e r e n t s i t e s with second spacecraft launched a s close a s p o s s i b l e t o f i r s t s p a c e c r a f t i n o r b i t a s it passed over launch s i t e [method used f o r A p r i l 15 docking]; and (3) separate launches of spacecraft i n t o same plane, but w i t h d i s t a n c e s between them g r e a t enough t o r e q u i r e s e v e r a l I,J o r b i t a l c o r r e c t i o n s and maneuvers t o close gap. (Anderson, W 4/22/68, 9; gg,. 4/?3/68, 296-7) �p i : NASA announced app6intment of D r . Henry J. Smith, Deputy D i r e c t o r of Physics and Astronow Programs, OSSA, a s Deputy Associate Administrator f o r Space Science and Applications ( s c i e n c e ) , r e p l a c i n g D r . John E. Naugle who was reassigned Oct. 1, 1967. D r . Smith would be Chief S c i e n t i s t f o r OSSA, responsible f o r obtaining and implementing s c i e n t i f i c advice f o r t h e n a t i o n a l space program. (NASA Release 68-70) . Jet Propulsion Laboratory s o i l sciences group, headed by D r . Roy E. Cameron, r e p o r t e d t e s t s and c u l t u r e s of A n t a r c t i c s o i l samples i n JPL's walk-in f r e e z e r l a b o r a t o r y t o determine what t y p e s of micro-organisms l i v e i n extreme cold and t o help determine whether l i f e e x i s t e d on Mars. JPL s o i l samples had come from high, dry v a l l e y s i n V i c t o r i a l a n d near U. S. base a t McMurdo, Antarctica. S c i e n t i s t s discovered b a c t e r i a , y e a s t s , molds, and algae, which began t o grow w i t h i n two weeks when A n t a r c t i c s o i l kept laboratoryf r o z e n f o r over one year was subjected t o temperature 6 8 9 ' o r above. S t u d i e s were sponsored by NASA and National Science Foundation. (NASA Release 68-73) A p r i l 22: Representatives of 43 n a t i o n s signed space rescue t r e a t y a t s e p a r a t e ceremonies i n Washington, D.C., London, and Moscow. A t S t a t e Dept. ceremony i n Washington, D. C. , President Johnson s a i d he hoped t r e a t y would end wasteful competitive spacemanship between U. S. and U. S. S. R. and t h a t next decade i n space would i n c r e a s i n g l y become a partnership. Treaty, which provided f o r a s s i s t a n c e t o a s t r o n a u t s i n emergency and s a f e r e t u r n of a s t r o n a u t s and space hardware, had been unanimously approved by U.N. General Assembly Dec. 19, 1967. It would become e f f e c t i v e when r a t i f i e d by U. S. , U. S. S. R. , U. K. , and two o t h e r countries. (ward, B -9Sun 4/23/68, 1 ) . New York Times e d i t o r i a l on c u t s i n NASA FY 1969 budget: "Now t h a t t h e d e s i r e d space research c a p a b i l i t y has been created, it i s merely good sense t o s h i f t some of t h e resources t h u s employed t o o t h e r and more urgent n a t i o n a l needs. [ such a s ] cleaning up t h e n a t i o n ' s p o l l u t e d a i r and water, providing high-speed land t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , o r working out f a s t e r and cheaper ways t o b u i l d new housing t o replace t h e noxious and overcrowded slums.... "None of t h i s means.. . t h a t t h e United S t a t e s w i l l o r should abandon t h e e f f o r t t o explore space and e x p l o i t space technology.. . But f o r t h e moment t h e new r e l a t i v e l y svelte--though s t i l l very adequate-- space program meets t h e n a t i o n f s ---" - - - - i + s generously. (NYT, - 4/22/68; CRY 5/1/68, ~ 3 6 4 6 ) .. - . �A p r i l 22: E d i t o r i a l comment on Soviet space achievements: "Preoccupied with.. .Vietnam, stunned by r i o t s a t home, most Americans couldn't care less. [but] t h e y shouldn't neglect t h e Soviet space challenge. "Americans need a space program equally f a r - s i g h t e d Because it t a k e s y e a r s t o prepare f o r space missions, t h e United S t a t e s might again be caught o f f guard by a Russian spectacular i n t h e 1970's." (CSM, 4/22/68, 23) .. .... ... - A p r i l .22-24: NASA Deputy Administrator D r . Thomas 0. Paine v i s i t e d Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, Mississippi Test F a c i l i t y , and Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r t o u r s and b r i e f i n g s . He was accompanied by Deputy Associate Administrator ( ~ e c h n i c a l,) Office of Manned Space F l i g h t , Harold T. Luskin; Executive Officer, Office of Administrator, Col. Clare F. F a r l y (USA, Ret. ) ; Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel member D r . Charles D. Harrington; NASA S a f e t y D i r e c t o r Bob P. Helgeson; and Executive A s s i s t a n t s James Long and Carl R. Praktish. (MXFCRelease 68-86) A p r i l 23: Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences heard testimony i n support of NASA FY 1969 budget from prominent U.S. s c i e n t i s t s . D r . Harry H. Hess, Princeton Univ. , presented statement f o r t h e record by National Academy of Sciences President D r . Frederick S e i t z . Space program, D r . S e i t z s a i d , was "the l a t e s t and one of t h e g r e a t e s t human exploratory adventures i n a long sequence t h a t has enriched mankind. It o f f e r s u s t h e promise of extending t h e range of our domain...to t h e e n t i r e s o l a r system. We can expect many b e n e f i t s along t h e way, some of conceptual and some of d i r e c t m a t e r i a l value. .but t h o s e which w i l l prove t o be t h e most rewarding a r e probably, i n t h e main, s t i l l hidden from us over t h e horizon." D r . John A. Simpson, Enrico Fermi I n s t i t u t e and Univ. of Chicago, noted: "Researches i n space have made, through t h e bold programs which NASA e s t a b l i s h e d with u n i v e r s i t i e s i n t h e e a r l y 1960s, major c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e c r i t i c a l problems of generating, developing The g r e a t f e a r a t and r e t a i n i n g f i r s t - c l a s s s c i e n t i f i c manpower. present i s t h a t t h e momentum e s t a b l i s h e d w i l l be d i s s i p a t e d by t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l l y deep budgetary c u t s made by NASA i n t h o s e a r e a s which most a f f e c t t h e u n i v e r s i t i e s . " He s t r e s s e d "deeply f e l t conviction" t h a t U. S. was " i n danger of unwittingly destroying what we wish t o save and need . . . p re-eminence i n science and t e c h nology which i s c r u c i a l f o r each major problem of t h e nation, from proverty t o war." Actions taken i n Congress i n 1968 might " l a r g e l y determine whether t h e U. S. w i l l r e t a i n i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n t . h ~c n g n e sciences. " . ... . .. �A p r i l 23 (continued) D r . Simpson a l s o s a i d beginning on Pioneer concept was " u r g e n t , " , s t a t i n g . it was "absolutely c l e a r t h a t d i s c o v e r i e s important f o r t h e progress of science and technology may be made by...experiments and observations on spacecraft moving outward from t h e o r b i t of t h e Earth. . t h e program i s not a gamble and a hope, but an o b j e c t i v e of high importance and c e r t a i n t o produce f r u i t f u l r e s u l t s . " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ; NYT, - 4/24/68, 24; W -3S t a r 4/24/68, ~ 2 1 ) . . Aerobee 150 M I sounding rocket launched from White Sands M i s s i l e Range c a r r i e d Univ. of Colorado experiment t o 1 1 1 . 9 - m i (185.4-km) a l t i t u d e t o measure i n t e n s i t y of s p e c t r a l l i n e s i n 3,400-1,1008 band. Rocket and instrumentation performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . (NASA Rpt .SRL) . Eleventh Saturn I B booster was s u c c e s s f u l l y s t a t i c f i r e d a t Marshall Space F l i g h t Center a t 1.6 million-lb t h r u s t f o r 145 sec by Chrysler Corp personnel. It would be returned t o Michoud Assembly F a c i l i t y f o r p o s t - s t a t i c checkout. Twelfth Saturn I B was enroute t o MSFC for static firing. (MSFC Release 68-85) . NAsStAe r announced t h a t model of wheel-shaped p l a n e t a r y landing c r a f t , i l i z e d by heat and dropped from 250-ft a l t i t u d e A p r i l 4 by J e t Propulsion Laboratory, had operated s u c c e s s f u l l y a f t e r impacti n g d r y l a k e i n Mojave Desert a t 80 mph--major s t e p i n demons t r a t i n g f e a s i b i l i t y of sending lightweight s c i e n t i f i c landing capsule t o Mars. C r a f t ' s r a d i o t r a n s m i t t e r turned on 30 sec a f t e r c r a f t s t r u c k surface and operated 20 min. Anemometer deployed automatically 3 min a f t e r impact, t o measure wind v e l o c i t y . Following mission p r o f i l e i d e n t i c a l t o p r o j e c t e d Mars surface operations, r a d i o turned on again 22 hr a f t e r i n i t i a l transmission (when e a r t h would again be i n view). Signals from 3-w t r a n s m i t t e r were received f o r another 40 min t o conclude t e s t . Craft was powered by 1 2 - c e l l , s i l v e r - z i n c b a t t e r y , f i r s t known t o survive both heat s t e r i l i z a t i o n and high-velocity impact. (NASA Release 68-69; JPL Release 473) . Stanford Univ. p h y s i c i s t D r . W i l l i a m M. Fairbank, speaking a t American F'hysical Society Meeting i n Washington, D.C., described experiments on superconducting a c c e l e r a t o r s t h a t would enable s c i e n t i s t s t o a c c e l e r a t e e l e c t r o n s f a s t e r and f o r longer periods and, possibly, t o produce 1 0 times a s much energy a s world's present most powerful a c c e l e r a t o r , 2-mi-long, 20-bev Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) By immersing a c c e l e r a t o r i n l i q u i d helium cooled t o absolute zero, energy l o s s could be reduced so much t h a t e l e c t r o n s could be f i r e d . �A p r i l 23 (continued) continuously and a c c e l e r a t o r kept a t constant temperature. SLAC c u r r e n t l y could be f i r e d f o r only 0.001 sec because of excess heat generated by pulse. ~ ~ e r i m e n t preliminary s, t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of $5-million, 500-ft-long prototype a c c e l e r a t o r , had been conducted on 5 - f t model. ( ~ u l l i v a n ,NYT, 4/24/68, 26C; OtToole, W Post, 4124168, A171 . Marshall Space F l i g h t Center announced award of $1,400 t o MSFC Test Laboratory Engineer John A. Hauser f o r invention of five-module system f o r p u r i f y i n g and f i l t e r i n g gas t o p u r i t y necessary f o r use (MSFC Release 68-82) i n development of Saturn rockets. . NASA announced swearing i n of D r . Waino W. Suojanen, Chairman of Univ. of f i a m i l s Dept. of Management, a s a consultant t o NASA Administrator James E. Webb. D r . Suojanen would serve a s a member of NASA Management Advisory Panel which reviewed NASA's p a t t e r n of administration and advised NASA Administration on s p e c i f i c a s p e c t s of organization and management. (NASA Release 68-78) . MSFC announced appointment of Keith Wible, chief of MSFCts Manpower U t i l i z a t i o n and Administration Office, a s head of new manpower u t i l i z a t i o n system f o r NASA Hq Operat ions Management Off i c e , OMSF. He would be succeeded by Paul L. S t y l e s , head of MSFC1s Labor Relations Office. (MSFCRelease 68-83; Marshall S t a r , 4/24/68, 1 ) . NASA announced t h a t Astronaut Brian T. OILeary had withdrawn from astronaut t r a i n i n g program because he d i s l i k e d p i l o t i n g a i r c r a f t . D r . OILeary, who had complete'd 15 hr f l y i n g time i n t r a i n i n g program a t Williams AFB, Ariz., hoped t o remain with space program a s r e s e a r c h e r i n p l a n e t a r y astronomy. Astronaut F. C u r t i s Michel, had received s p e c i a l permission t o spend 8% of h i s time teaching and studying a t Rice Univ. and Zl$ i n astronaut t r a i n i n g f o r one year. (MSC Release 68-32; AP, W S t a r , 4/24/68, A2; W Post, 4/24/68, . U. S. 4) and U. S. S. R. had included " l i t t l e - p u b l i c i z e d sanctions" i n proposed n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , John W. Finney reported i n New York Times. "Unless t h e y s i g n t h e t r e a t y o r accept i t s requirements f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l inspection over a l l t h e i r atomic a c t i v i t i e s , [ r e l u c t a n t ] n a t i o n s may f i n d themselves cut o f f from a s s i s t a n c e i n developing t h e peaceful uses of atomic energy." Such n a t i o n s would not be a b l e t o purchase atomic power p l a n t s o r t o o b t a i n nuclear f u e l from U. S. o r �A p r i l 23 ( continued) U. S. S. R. Further, t h e European Atomic Energy Community would not r e c e i v e f u e l u n l e s s it entered i n t o inspection agreement w i t h i n two y e a r s w i t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Agency. (E, 4/24/68, 1) A p r i l 24: U. S. S. R. s u c c e s s f u l l y launched Cosmos CCXVII i n t o o r b i t w i t h 182-km (113.1-mi) apogee, 150-km (93.2-mi) perigee, 87.6-min period, and 62.2' i n c l i n a t i o n . S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d A p r i l 26. (GSFC 4130168) z, . NASA Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USAF) t o l d p r e s s a t NASA Hq. b r i e f i n g t h a t Apollo 6 mission, i n s p i t e of anomalies, was "a s a f e mission from a crew s a f e t y standpoint" a s demonstrated by s p a c e c r a f t ' s recovery i n e x c e l l e n t condition a f t e r performing an a l t e r n a t e mission. He c i t e d t h r e e s u b s t a n t i a l t e c h n i c a l problems-J - 2 engine f a i l u r e because of f u e l l e a k , amplitude of o s c i l l a t i o n s during 1 s t - s t a g e burn (POGO e f f e c t ) , and apparent s e p a r a t i o n of l a r g e p i e c e of p a i n t o r s k i n from Lunar Module adapter during ascent--and one procedural problem--premature shutdown of second of two 2nd-stage engines because of wiring e r r o r made by North American Rockwell Corp. which was not discovered by NASA i n pre-launch t e s t s . He s a i d a l l could be corrected. From demonstrations of Apollo 4 (launched Nov. 9, 1967) and information gained from Apollo 6 Gen. P h i l l i p s s a i d he had determined "the course of a c t i o n . . .necessary t o c o r r e c t and demonstrate t h e c o r r e c t i o n of t h e problems and. recommended t o t h e Administrator of NASA t h a t we proceed w i t h p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r t h e manned f l i g h t of 205 with t h e 1 0 1 spacecraft which i s planned t o be t h e f i r s t manned f l i g h t i n Apollo, and...a Saturn I B He a l s o recommended t h a t NASA prepare t h i r d Saturn V (NO. 503) f o r manned f l i g h t i n l a t e 1968 w i t h option t o r e v e r t t o unmanned mission i f necessary correct i o n s d i d not meet requirements t o ensure crew s a f e t y on manned mission. NASA Administrator James E. Webb's d e c i s i o n on Gen. P h i l i p s ' recommendation was expected s h o r t l y . r ran script ; W Post, 4/25/68, ~ 9 ) .. ...." . NASA Administrator James E. Webb urged Senate Committee on Aeron a u t i c a l and Space Sciences t o r e s t o r e $48.3 m i l l i o n cut by House from NASA FY 1969 budget request f o r nuclear rocket program. Webb s t r e s s e d importance of proceeding with U. S. development of nuclear rocket propulsion a s p a r t of t o t a l c a p a b i l i t y i n aeronautics and space t o : (1)meet p o t e n t i a l c i v i l o r m i l i t a r y requirements f o r space v e h i c l e s and missions; �A p r i l 24 (continued) m v o i d short-sighted cutopfs o r c o n s t r a i n t of promising new t e c h n o l o g i c a l developments because t h e y had no s p e c i f i c j u s t i f i i n advance; ( 3 ) , prove t h a t U. S. "does not i n t e n d t o l i m i t i t s dt ment of l a r g e launch v e h i c l e s and payload c a p a b i l i t i e s " t o Satur c l a s s ; and (4) seive a s " c e n t r a l focus f o r continuing advance i n nuclear and o t h e r technologies involved." Responding t o quest ions, Webb c i t e d recent Soviet develop me^ of f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bombardment system, automatic docking flig?. and maneuvering of heavy payloads i n o r b i t a s evidence U.S.S.R. w "not neglecting any important c a p a b i l i t i e s . . Everything I know i n d i c a t e s t h e y a r e s t i l l probing f o r t h o s e a r e a s t h a t w i l l put the ahead t h e f a s t e s t and give them t h e l e a d over us t h a t we. cannot overcone i n a s h o r t time. " ( ~ e s t i m o n ~SBD, ; 4/25/68, 309; E, 4/25/68, 1 6 ) .. . Univ. of Wisconsin p r o f e s s o r D r . W i l l i a m Kraushaar, speaking a t dedication of new $4.3-million Center f o r Space Research a t MIT, r e p o r t e d discovery by NASA's OSO 111 of high i n t e n s i t y of gamma r a y s flowing from c e n t e r of Milky Way. D r . Kraushaar s a i d f i n d i n g was f i r s t observation t o support t h e o r y t h a t galaxy c e n t e r s were r i c h r e s e r v o i r s of cosmic rays. ( ~ i l f o r d ,NYT, 4/27/68, 40) . U.S. l e a d e r s h i p i n physics "very l i k e l y " would soon be overtaken by U.S.S.R. and Western Europe, D r . Marvin L. Goldberger, professor of physics a t Princeton Univ., s a i d a t 105th Annual Meeting of National Academy of Sciences i n Washington, D.C. D r . Goldberger, chairman of symposium on current advances i n high-energy physics, and o t h e r p h y s i c i s t s a t t r i b u t e d t h r e a t e n e d l o s s of l e a d e r s h i p t o budget cutbacks and U. S. f a i l u r e t o develop apparatus f o r producing c o l l i d i n g beams of high-energy p a r t i c l e s which would permit explorat i o n of realms of physics i n a c c e s s i b l e by o t h e r experiments. Plans f o r a c c e l e r a t o r s a t Stanford Univ. and a t Weston, Ill., provided f o r storage r i n g s f o r experiments, but t h e r e seemed t o be no e a r l y prospect f o r t h e i r construction. ( ~ e x;t Sullivan, NYT, 4/25/68, - 17 . ComSatCorp r e p o r t e d $1.8-million n e t income (18 c e n t s p e r share) f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1968--$569,000 (6 c e n t s p e r share) more t h a n f o r f i r s t q u a r t e r of 1967--and operating revenues of record $6.9 m i l l i o n . As of March 31, ComSatCorp was l e a s i n g , f u l l - t i m e , equivalent of 754 h a l f c i r c u i t s , 453 more t h a n on March 31, 1967. Of number l e a s e d i n 1968, 421 were through two A t l a n t i c s a t e l l i t e s and 333 were through two P a c i f i c s a t e l l i t e s . One year ago only two s a t e l l i t e s were i n s e r v i c e , one over A t l a n t i c and one over P a c i f i c . ( ~ o m ~ a t ~ Release orp 68-15 �A p r i l 24: National Science Foundation announced award of 16 g r a n t s t o t a l i n g more than $800,000 t o help school systems s e l e c t new science and mathematics curriculum m a t e r i a l s and use them e f f e c t i v e l y Funds would support conferences t o t r a i n i n d i v i d u a l s and groups a s competent resource personnel. A f t e r t r a i n i n g , personnel would conduct workshops f o r t e a c h e r s i n school d i s t r i c t where new curriculum m a t e r i a l s were being introduced. (NSF Release 68-130) . 3 1 A p r i l .25U. S. S.R. launched Cbsmos C C X V I I I i n t o o r b i t with 209.2-km ( apogee, 133.2-km ( 8 9 m i ) perigee, and 50' i n c l i n a t i o n . Period was not disclosed. S a t e l l i t e r e e n t e r e d same day. Simultaneously, U. S.S.R. d i s c l o s e d A p r i l 24 launch of Cosmos CCXVII. There was widespread speculation t h a t U. S. S. R. would soon attempt new space spectacular. Evert Clark had suggested i n New York Times t h a t U.S. S.R. was s e c r e t l y t e s t i n g t 1 a maneuverable rocket s t a g e t h a t could be used t o guide bombs down from o r b i t o r t o send instruments t o t h e moon." AP s a i d Soviet f a i l u r e t o r e v e a l p e r i o d of Cosmos CCXVIIJ suggested spacecraft might have r e e n t e r e d before completing one o r b i t t o t e s t f r a c t i o n a l o r b i t a l bomb system (FOBS) described by Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara Nov. 3, lark, NYT, 4/3/68, 1; AP, B Sun, 4/26/68, 2; GSFC -3SSR 1967. 4/30/68) - . - I n statement t o Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Milton Klein, Manager of NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office summarized progress of nuclear rocket program. A t t h e end of l a s t year major milestone was achieved with "operation i n l a t e 1967 of a s i n g l e r e a c t o r f o r 60 minutes a t i t s design power of 1,100 megawatts, a d u r a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y adequate f o r most missions. " Technology phase of NERVA program was nearing completion and next s t e p was t o develop engine t o f l i g h t c a p a b i l i t y , funds f o r which were included i n FY 1969 budget request, he said. No a c t i o n d e f e r r i n g t h i s s t e p could be t a k e n without l o s i n g a major p o r t i o n of c a p a b i l i t y i n t h i s f i e l d . Nuclear rocket was "a f o c a l point f o r pushing forward f r o n t i e r s of technology. . [and] only major advanced propulsion program i n t h e Nation. " High performance of nuclear r o c k e t s had been demonstrated i n nine consecutive power r e a c t o r t e s t s . S o l i d base of d a t a and underrating had been b u i l t f o r development of f l i g h t - r a t e d NERVA engine. "Development of t h e NERVA engine a t t h i s time," Klein s t r e s s e d , "woul3 c a p i t a l i z e on t h i s investment and provide a major fundamental advance i n propulsion c a p a b i l i t y . I t s high s p e c i f i c impulse w i l l provide a broad mission v e r s a t i l i t y f o r t h e high-payload, high-energy missions inevitably included i n a v i a b l e space program. " ( ~ e s t i m o n y ) . ... �D r . Norris E. Bradbury, Director of Los Alamos $ @ e n t i f i c A p r i l 25: Laboratory, t e s t i f i e d a t Rover Program Hearing of Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences t h a t , since p r o j e c t ' s b a s i c r e a c t o r performance goals had been demonstrated along with b a s i c elements of complete engine system, major emphasis of Rover Program should s h i f t t o development of o v e r a l l f l i g h t engine. LASL would cont i n u e t o support NERVA program c h i e f l y i n development and evaluation of improved f u e l elements and o t h e r r e a c t o r core components. "It i s my f i r m opinion.. .we a r e a t t h e t h r e s h o l d of t h e use of nuclear energy There w i l l be even f u r t h e r gains a s b e t t e r f u e l elements i n space.... a r e i n e v i t a b l y developed. 'I "Deep space has always been known t o be t h e t r u e domain of nuclear e n e r a f o r both power and propulsion; it i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e atom w i l l be t h e work horse of near space a s well. " ( ~ e x t ) ... . Addressing Women's National Democratic Club i n Washington, D . C . , D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of Marshall Space F l i g h t Center, said: "...we must not s e r i o u s l y impair o r hamper our progress i n space because we cannot f o r e s e e i m e d i a t e payoffs t o o f f s e t t h e investment we a r e making. " He urged t h a t U. S. "come t o grasp t h e unlimited o p p o r t u n i t i e s and t h e promise of space exploration. " U.S. space program, he s a i d , had "brief h i s t o r y stuMed with shining achievements and an enduring f u t u r e , b r i g h t w i t h t h e promise of even g r e a t e r d i s c o v e r i e s and b e n e f i t s t o come. " - He c i t e d manned o r b i t i n g space s t a t i o n a s next major advance a f t e r i n i t i a l manned l u n a r landing. ( ~ e x t ;SBD, 4/26/68, 321; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 3 ) - . European Space Research Organization (ESRO)announced c a n c e l l a t i o n of TD-1 and TD-2 s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e s , which were t o have been bu5lt under $20-million contract by an i n t e r n a t i o n a l consortium and launched from U.S. by Thor-Delta rockets. I t a l y had r e f u s e d t o pay i t s share of c o s t s , f e e l i n g i t s share of work t o o s l i g h t t o j u s t i f y contribution, John L. Hess l a t e r reported i n New York Times. E a r l i e r U.K. had refused t o c o n t r i b u t e t o proposed budget expansion of European Launcher Development Organization (ELDO), p a r t n e r with ESRO i n p l a n s f o r European s a t e l l i t e communications system [see A p r i l 161 ( ~ e u t e r s ,NY'T, 4/26/68, 16; Hess, NYT, 4/28/68, 24) - . Federal Aviation Administration announced a l l o c a t i o n s of $74.7 m i l l i o n f o r construction and improvement of 397 p u b l i c c i v i l a i r p o r t s under Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP) f o r -FY 1969. Program, developed from record 773 r e q u e s t s f o r a i d by p u b l i c agencies, provided $67.7 m i l l i o n t o improve 356 e x i s t i n g a i r p o r t s and $7 m i l l i o n t o construct .41 new p u b l i c a i r p o r t s . (FAA Release 68-28) �A p r i l 25: FAA awarded $57,345 t o McDonnell Douglas Corp., $52,663 t o Western Co., and $28,000 t o Bureau of Mines f o r a d d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h on use of thickened s a f e t y f u e l s t o reduce chances and s e v e r i t y of p o s t -crash f i r e s i n survivable a i r c r a f t accidents. (FAA Release T 68-15) A p r i l 26: U. S.S.R. launched Cosmos CCXIX--10th Cosmos i n A p r i l and 9 t h s p a c e c r a f t i n 1 2 days--into o r b i t with 1,747-km (1,085.5-mi) apogee; 225-km (139.8-mi) perigee, 104.7-min period, and 48.4' i n c l i n a t i o n . Soviet s c i e n t i s t Prof. Georgi Pokrovsky i n Nedelya, Sunday supplement t o I z v e s t i a , p r e d i c t e d t h a t i n t e r l i n k e d s a t e l l i t e s might some day form a r t i f i c i a l Saturn r i n g s around e a r t h . NASC President D r . Edward C. Welsh s a i d U. S. S. R. ' s launch a c t i v i t y A p r i l 14-26 was most a c t i v e 1 2 days i n space h i s t o r y of any n a t i o n and "a g r e a t a c c e l e r a t i o n " of Soviet space e f f o r t . "For some time we've had i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e y ' r e p u t t i n g i n an i n c r e a s i n g r a t e of men and resources." James J. Haggerty, Jr., wrote i n J o u r n a l of t h e Armed Forces t h a t U. S. S.R. s a t e l l i t e launches i n 1968 might f o r t h e f i r s t time since 1957 exceed U.S. spacecraft o r b i t e d . Launches i n Cosmos s e r i e s , which included a v a r i e t y of spacecraft, had continued t o a c c e l e r a t e , he noted, with 34 Cosmos launches i n 1966 and 59 i n 1967. ( ~ o h n ,W Post, 4/27/68, A15; UPI, E,4 / 3 / 6 8 , 15; J/AF, 4/27/68, 9; GSFC SSR, 4130168) - . Maj. W i l l i a m J. Knight (usAF) flew X-15 No. 1 t o 207,000-ft a l t i t u d e and 3,545 mph (mach 5 ) from Edwards AFB. Purposes of t e s t f l i g h t were t o check Saturn i n s u l a t i o n horizon scanner and f i x e d b a l l (NASA P r o j o f f ) nose. . A 15-lb p i g - t a i l e d monkey, l i k e one scheduled t o o r b i t e a r t h f o r 30 days onboard B i o s a t e l l i t e D i n 1969, had s u c c e s s f u l l y completed simulated space f l i g h t f u l l y instrumented with n e a r l y 24 separate b i o l o g i c a l sensors. Test, f i r s t joining of instrumented primate and i t s complete a r r a y of b i o l o g i c a l instrumentation with f l i g h t t y p e s p a c e c r a f t , met a l l o b j e c t i v e s , including 15-day medical count down, 3-day simulated f l i g h t , and 5 -day monitoring. (NASA Release 68-76; W Post, 4/26/68, ~ 9 ) . NASA. e s t a b l i s h e d Aerospace Safety Research and Data I n s t i t u t e a t Lewis Research Center t o maintain highest s a f e t y standards p o s s i b l e i n n a t i o n a l aerospace program by solving t e c h n i c a l s a f e t y problems �A p r i l 26 (continued) and providing NASA and i t s c o n t r a c t o r s w i t h current information on s a f e t y d a t a and procedures. I n s t i t u t e would be d i r e c t e d by I. I r v i n g Pinkel, consultant on a i r c r a f t s a f e t y t o USAF and Federal Aviation Administration and former Apollo 204 accident i n v e s t i g a t o r (NASA Release 68-79; LeRC Release 68-32) and consultant. . NASA published Constructing Inexpensive Automatic Picture-Transmission Ground S t a t i o n s (NASA SP-5079), providing i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r b u i l d i n g from s u r p l u s p a r t s a $500 ground s t a t i o n t h a t could receive l o c a l cloud-cover p i c t u r e s aqywhere i n t h e world from U.S. meteorological s a t e l l i t e s . Booklet was a v a i l a b l e from Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information. (NASARelease 68-77) A p r i l 27: NASA Administrator James E. Webb approved recomendation of Apollo Program Director M/G Samuel C. P h i l l i p s (USA, Ret. ) t h a t NASA proceed with p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i r d Saturn V launch v e h i c l e f o r manned mission i n l a t e 1968 and r e t a i n option f o r another unmanned mission " i f f l r t h e r a n a l y s i s and ground t e s t i n g i n d i c a t e t h a t it i s t h e b e s t COW se l r Astronauts James A. McDivitt, David R. S c o t t , and R u s s e l l L. Schweickart were scheduled t o be launched on Saturn V i n second manned Apollo space f l i g h t . F i r s t manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7 w i t h Saturn IB booster, was t o c a r r y Astronauts Walter M. S c h i r r a , J r . , Donn F. E i s e l e , and Walter Cunningham i n t o e a r t h o r b i t i n t h i r d q u a r t e r of 1968. (NASA Release 68-81; W Y-S t a r 4/28/68) . . NASA s u c c e s s f u l l y launched 600-lb Reentry F payload by Scout booster from NASA Wallops S t a t i o n t o o b t a i n i n f l i g h t fundamental r e search d a t a on aerodynamic heating and t r a n s i t i o n from laminar t o t u r b u l e n t flow i n boundary l a y e r . Payload, graphite-tipped beryllium cone 1 3 ft long, t a p e r i n g from 0.01 i n a t nose t o 27.3 i n a t base, was designed t o measure heat t r a n s f e r i n slender cone a t hypersonic speeds f o r comparison with ground s t u d i e s . Three of Scout's f o u r s t a g e s were used: 1 s t and 2nd s t a g e s f i r e d during a s c e n t , boosting 3rd s t a g e and payload t o 1 1 5 - m i (175-km) a l t i t u d e ; and 3rd s t a g e drove payload a t up t o 13,500 mph through e a r t h ' s atmosphere. Impact occurred 800 m i downrange, northeast of Bermuda. Reentry F experiment, s i x t h mission i n NASA's Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , was designed and d i r e c t e d by Langley Research Center under sponsorship of NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology. Payload was constructed by General E l e c t r i c Co.'c Q ~ - r n t , r ySystems Div. (wS Release 68-9) �A p r i l 27: Aerobee 150 MOD I. sounding rocket launched from White Sands Missile Range c a r r i e d Naval Research Laboratory experiment t o 103.2-mi (166.1-km) a l t i t u d e t o photograph s o l a r corona t o get streamers and t o photograph i n t e r p l a n e t a r y dust shadows using two externally occulated coronographs and one s o l a r pointing control. Rocket and instrumentat i o n performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y . (NASA Rpt SRL) . Crash of , . U W F-lllA a i r c r a f t near Bowie, Tex. Oct 19, 1967, had been caused by f a i l u r e of experimental speed break--only one ever i n s t a l l e d on F-111--USAF reported. Investigation had indicated hydraulic system tubing ruptured and f l i g h t control system was disrupted when bracket assembly f a i l e d a t 1,000 mph. (AP, W Post, 4/27/68) . Tass reported Moscow s c i e n t i s t s had compared "spectrometric analysis" of cactus growing i n cold areas with spectrographs of "dark areas" of Mars, and concluded areas on Mars were covered with cactus-like vegetation. Other t e s t s on cactus, t h e s c i e n t i s t s said, proved it was able t o stand up t o extremes of temperature and other conditions similar t o those on Mars. (UPI, W Star, 4/28/68, ~ 3 ) A p r i l 29: NASA awarded $25.8-million, one-year, cost-plus-f ee contract t o Bendix F i e l d Engineering Corp. f o r continued maintenance and operat i o n of major portion of NASA's Manned Space Flight Network, including 11 f a c i l i t i e s of 14-station unified 8-band network f o r Apollo. Cont r a c t extended o r i g i n a l two-year agreement containing t h r e e opt ions. (NASA Release 68-82) A p r i l 30: D r . Wernher von Braun, Director of W s h a l l Space Flight Center, t o l d Senate Committe'e on Aeronautical and Space Sciences he was g r e a t l y concerned about f u t u r e of e n t i r e space program without propulsion c a p a b i l i t y of nuclear rocket program. Nuclear propulsion was "a must f o r our f u t u r e space needs," he said, and should not be thought of "solely i n terms of any p a r t i c u l a r mission but r a t h e r i n terms of t h e o v e r a l l increase it w i l l give t o our space exploration c a p a b i l i t y and i t s p o t e n t i a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o a very NERVA engine development and eventually wide range of missions.... a f l i g h t stage should be funded on t h e b a s i s of technology advancement, emphasizing mission v e r s a t i l i t y Failure t o proceed now i n t o a development phase w i l l r e s u l t i n l o s s e s of experienced personnel and cost-increase e f f e c t s on t h e t o t a l program.... A one-year delay i n funding could r e s u l t i n as much as two years delay i n having an .... �April 30 (continued) operat ion& nuclear engine. " Major j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r nuclear rocket development was t h a t it would provide "major advancement i n space propulsion capability. I' Nuclear vehicle as 3rd stage on Saturn V could s i g n i f i c a n t l y improve payload and mission v e r s a t i l i t y , and improved c a p a b i l i t y could be u t i l i z e d "to improve mission effectiveness, t o increase t h e mission and payload r e l i a b i l i t y , and t o extend t h e spectrum of p o t e n t i a l for missions i n t h e l a t e 1970's and t h e 1980's. Equally important high energy missions requiring the launch of two or more Saturn V's, with subsequent rendezvous i n e a r t h o r b i t , we w i l l be able t o reduce t h e number of Saturn V's needed through t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of a nuclear vehicle, " a t s u b s t a n t i a l cost savings. I n response t o questions by Sen. Howard C. Cannon (D-Nev. ), D r . von Braun s a i d space program was "cutting edge of our technology advancements and of many advances i n t h e applied sciences. [because] no other progr am... involves so many branches of technology and science. " Reduction i n NASA' s $60-million NERVA request t o $11million recommended by House would be disastrous, he indicated, because t o make manned space operations useful, "plenty of payload" was required. AEC funding f o r NERVA had been approved, but i f cuts were made i n ( ~ e s t i m o n ~Transcript ; ; NASA funding, program would be nonexistent. OIToole, W Post, 5/1/68, A3) ... .. . Secretary of Defense Clark M. Clifford asked House Committee on Armed Services t o r e s t o r e funds cut by Senate f o r compromise development program f o r Navy F-ll1B a i r c r a f t . According t o compromise plan, USN would con%inue -t;es t s on F-IUB experiment a 1 models and exploratory work on a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t , VFX-1, u n t i l March 1969 and then decide whether t o proceed with F-111B o r t o cancel program a f t e r f i r s t eight models and develop a l t e r n a t e . I f VFX-1 were chosen, F-111Bs already produced would provide sophisticated a i r defense u n t i l a l t e r n a t e a i r c r a f t became operational i n 1973. DOD had requested $425 million f o r 8 F-lllBs and 60 Phoenix missiles and $30 million Seliate instead had approved $170-million f o r VF f o r R&D on VFX-1. (~estimony;Sheehan, NYT, 5/1/68, 4; UPI, W S t a r , 5/1/68, ~ 1 2 ) - . Very reason f o r existence of - SST program was b e l i e f "that t h i s i s l o g i c a l step i n development of c i v i l aeronautics," M/G J. C. M a x k (USAF, ~ e t . ) , d i r e c t o r of Federal Aviation Administration SST devc ment, t o l d Wings Club i n New York. Supersonic t r a v e l was f i r s t toward hypersonic f l i g h t , he said. "Unless we take it now i t ' s t o be many years before c i v i l aviation advances beyond subsonic ' i f ever." Biggest problem facing SST program was sonic boom. �Api-il 30 (continued) have made a l l our program decisions...on assumption t h a t supersonic f l i g h t s over land may not be permitted. We a r e reasonably c e r t a i n . . . we can operate over t h e oceans on an inter-continental b a s i s , " and have s u f f i c i e n t market t o assure p r o f i t a b l e program on t h a t b a s i s , he said. ( ~ e x t ) . Univ. of Colorado physicist D r . Edward U. Condon announced t h a t Univ.'s $500,000 UFO study f o r USAF had been completed on schedule. D r . Condon declined t o discuss conclusions and s a i d f i n a l report would be submitted t o National Academy of Sciences i n September. He protested May 1 4 Look magazine a r t i c l e , which called project a f i a s c o , but s a i d completion of f i e l d investigations were not r e l a t e d t o t h e controversy. Rep. J. Edward Roush (D-1nd. ), c i t i n g a r t i c l e on House f l o o r , questioned s c i e n t i f i c profundity and o b j e c t i v i t y of project and urged Congress t o take over UFO investigation from USAF. (CRY 4/30/68, H3087; Clark, NYT, 5/1/68, 5) - . Republican Coordinating Committee released statement on U. S. -U. S. S. R. r e l a t i o n s including policy on space: "Outer space should be seen a s t h e focus f o r ever increasing United States-Soviet collaboration r a t h e r than a s t h e s i t e of an endless s e r i e s of increasingly expensive p r e s t i g e races. Because our society i s open, so much i s known about our space program t h a t i n v i t i n g Soviet p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e nonm i l i t a r y p r o j e c t s would be unlikely t o endanger national security. By i n s i s t i n g upon reciprocal p r i v i l e g e s we would acquire much a d d i t i o n a l knowledge about t h e i r space e f f o r t s , t h u s achieving a net gain f o r United S t a t e s security. A t t h e same time, we must not intimate t h a t t h e Soviets and ourselves have an exclusive r o l e t o play i n t h i s area. We must constantly r e i t e r a t e our willingness to collaborate with NATO and other A l l i e s i n space technolo " (~ext; wI, NYT, 4/30/68, 95; Unna, W Post, 4/30/68, A5; SBD, 5 E i 6 8 , 2) - . IUISA awarded General Dynamics Convair Div. $4.8-million supplemental agreement f o r construction of two additional Centaur launch vehicles which would be used with Atlas boosters t o launch two Orbiting Astronomical Observatories (OAO) i n 1969 and 1970. (NASA Release 68-83) �PROVISIONAL INDEX--APRIL 1968 AA. See Apollo Applications program. ARM. See A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system. Accelerator, 117-118, 120 Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t (AMSA) Accident a i r c r a f t , 96, 107-108, 110, 125 AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission. Aerobee (sounding rocket ) 111 , 103 , 150 MI,117 150 MOD I, 125 Aeroj e t General Corp. , 96 Space Div., 111 Aeronautical Research Associates of Princeton, Inc. 98 Aeronautics, 98, 105, 119, 126 Agreement, 106, 113 A g r i c u l t u r e , Dept. o f , 114 AIAA. See American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics. A i r Force Systems Command (AFSC), 103 A i r Products and Chemicals, Inc., 1 0 1 A i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l , 105 A i r c r a f t , 96-98, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 123 A i r p o r t s , 114, 122 American A s t r o n a u t i c a l Society (US), 1 0 1 American I n s t i t u t e of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) award, 98 ' American Physical Society, 117 American Telephone & Telegraph Co. (AT&T),105 Ames Research Center (ARC), 100 See Advanced Manned S t r a t e g i c A i r c r a f t . AMSA. Ann Arbor, Mich., 108 Anniversary, 102-103 A n t a r c t i c , 115 A n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e (ABM)system, 113 Apollo (program) 100, 119, 124 Apollo 4 (AS-501) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 119 Apollo 6 (AS-502) ( s p a c e c r a f t ) , 99-100, 103, 104, 106, 119 Apollo 7 , 124 Apollo Applications (AA) program, 101, 110 Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) , 102, 109 Applied Physics Laboratory, 111 ARC. See Ames Research Center. Arcas ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Astrobee 1500 (sounding r o c k e t ) , 113-114 Astronaut, 104, 109, 115, 118, 124 A t l a n t i c Ocean, 102 Atlas-F ( b o o s t e r ) , 102 ATM. See Apollo Telescope Mount. , , �APRIL 1968 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 96 Award, 98, 108, 118 Babcock, Harold D. , 104 B a l l Brothers Research Corp., 109 Behdix F i e l d Engineering Corp., 125 Benn, Minister of Technology Anthony W. (u. K. ) 109 Bermuda, 124 B i o s a t e l l i t e D, 123 Bowie, Tex. 125 Brackett, Ernest W., 105 Bradbury, D r . Norris E., 122 Brewster F l a t , Wash. , 105 Bronk, D r . Detlev W., 98 Brown Engineering Co., 101 C-5A (cargo t r a n s p o r t ) , 103 C-131 ( r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) 103 C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e of TechnologJ ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,1 0 1 C a l i f o r n i a , Univ. of a t Los Angeles (ucLA) 104, 112 Cameron, D r . Roy E 115 Cannon, Sen. Howard C., 126 C a r i s k i , Sidney A. , 104 Centaur ( b o o s t e r ) , 104 , 127 Chicago, Univ. o f , 116 China, Comunist, 113 Chrysler Corp. 11'7 Space Div. 107 Clark, Evert, 1 2 1 Clearinghouse f o r Federal S c i e n t i f i c and Technical Information, 124 C l i f f o r d , S e c r e t a r y of Defense Clark M., 126 C o l l i e r , Robert J. Trophy, 108 Colorado, .Univ. o f , l l 7 Command Module (CM) 99 Command Service Module (CSM), 99 Communications s a t e l l i t e , 97, 98, 100, 102, 113, 114, 120, 122 Communications S a t e l l i t e Corp. (cornsat ~ o r p ) 102, 113, 120 Computer, 96, 1 0 1 Condon, D r . Edward U., 13 Congress, 96, 127 Congress, House of Representatives, l l 9 Committee on Banking and Currency, 106-107 Congress , Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, 110, 116, 119, 122, 125-126 Committee on Armed Services, 97 , , , , ., , , , , , (ii) �APRIL 1968 Cornell Aeronautics Laboratory, Inc., 103 Cosmic ray, 120 Cosmonaut, 106, 108 Cosmos CCX (u.s.s.R. s a t e l l i t e ) , 98 Cosmos CCXI. 104 Cosmos C C X I ~ , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos C C X I I I , 107, 111-112, 114 Cosmos CCXIV, 112 Cosmos C W , 112 Cosmos CCXVI, 113 Cosmos CCXVII, - 119, 121 Cosmos C W I I I , 121 Cosmos CCXIX, 123 Cunningham, R. Walter, 124 Dana, W i l l i a m H., 100 Defense, Dept. of (DOD),96, 97, 106 Defense Science Board, 98 Defense Production Act, 106 Defense P r o j e c t s Support Office (DPSO), 108 Docking, 107, 108, 111-112, 114, 120 Doty, Robert C . , 113 Douglas United Nuclear, I n c . , 112 E a r t h Resources Sumrey program, 108-109 Eastern Test Range (ETR), 106 EDS. See Emergency Detection System. Education, 1 2 1 Edwards AFB, Calif., 100, 123 E i s e l e , Maj. Donn F. (USAF), 124 See European Launcher Development Organization. ELDO. Emergency Detection System (EDS) 99 See European Space Research Organization. ESRO. ETR. See Eastern Test Range. European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 119 European Conference on S a t e l l i t e Comunications, 109 European Launcher Development Organization (EI'JDO),109, 122 European Space Research Organization (ESRO), 109, 122 F - 4 ~(phantom) ( f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t ) , 97 F-111A (supersonic f i g h t e r ) , 96, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 125 F-111B, 97,. 126 Fairbank, D r . W i l l i a m M., 117 F a r l y , Col. Clare F. (USA, R e t . ) , 116 Federal-Aid Airport Program (FAAP), 122 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 105, 122, 124, 126 Fermi, Enrico, I n s t i t u t e , 116 , (iii) �APRIL 1968 Finney, John W., 118 F r a c t i o n a l O r b i t a l Bombardment System (FOBS), 120, 121 Fucino, I t a l y , 102 Fuel, 123 General E l e c t r i c Co. (GE) Apollo Systems Div., 101 Re-Entry- Systems Div., 124 Germany M i n i s t r y f o r S c i e n t i f i c Research (BMWF) , 97 G i l r u t h , D r . Robert R. , 96 Goddard Space F l i g h t Center (GSFC), 104, 105 Goldberger, D r . Marvin L., 120 Government Accounting Off i c e (MO), 110 Grants, 1 2 1 Grwmnan A i r c r a f t Engineering Corp., 110, 111 GSFC. See Goddard Space F l i g h t Center. Haggerty, James J., Jr., 123 The Hague, 113 Harrington, D r . Charles D . , 112, 116 Harris, S. T., 112 Hauser, John A , , 118 Hayes I n t e r n a t i o n a l 102 Helgeson, Bob P., 116 Henry, D r . Richard C. 111 Hess, D r . Harry H.,.116 Hess, John L., 122 Houbolt , D r . John C. 98 Houston, Tex., 105 Hughes A i r c r a f t Co., 108 S a t e l l i t e Systems Laboratories, 98 Space Systems Div., 98 Hulburt, E. O., Center f o r Space Research, 111 Hyland, Lawrence A., 108 m e r s o n i c f l i g h t , 126-127 Indian National Commission f o r Space Research (INCOSPAR) , 97 See I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers. IEEE. I n s t i t u t e of E l e c t r i c a l and E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers (IEEE) 105 I n s t i t u t e of Environment a 1 Sciences (IES) , 101 I n t e l s a t I Early ~ i r d )(communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 102-103 I n t e l s a t I1 F2 ( P a c i f i c I ) (communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 105 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Atomic Energy Association (IAFA), 119 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Business Machines Corp. (IBM), 1 0 1 Federal Systems Div., 105 Space Guidance Center, 99 , , , , I �APRIL 1968 I n t e r n a t i o n a l Telecomunications S a t e l l i t e Consor-bium (INTELSAT) , 102 Invention, 118 I t a l y , 122 ITT World Communications, I n c . , 105 5-2 (rocket engine), 99, 119 Japan, 105 J a v e l i n ( sounding rocket ) , 104 J e t Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ( ~ a ~l e c h ) ,101, 115, 117 J o d r e l l Bank Experimental S t a t i o n , 105 Johns Hopkins Univ., 111 Johnson, President Lyndon B. , 97, 115 JPL. See J e t Propulsion Laboratory. J u p i t e r ( p l a n e t ) 101 Kennedy, John F. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport, 114 Kennedy Space Center (KSC), 99, 100 Klein, Milton, 1 2 1 Knight, Maj. W i l l i a m J. ( u w ) , 123 Kokusai Denshin Denwa Co., Ltd., 105 Kraushaar, D r . W i l l i a m , 120 Langley Research Center ( L a c ) 112 Launch Escape System (LES), 99 Leonov, L/C Alexei (U.S.S.R.), 108 LES-5 ( ~ i n c o l nLaboratory Experimental s a t e l l i t e ) , 100-101 Lewis Research Center ( L ~ R C ) , 104, 123 Linn, Daniel A. , 104 Liquid hydrogen, 1 0 1 LM. See Lunar Module. London, U. K. 115 Long, James, 116 Look, 12-7 Los Alamos S c i e n t i f i c Laboratory, 122 Luna XIV (u. S. S. R. l u n a r probe), 103, 106, 111-112 Lunar Module (LM), 99, 110, 119 Luskin, Harold T. 116 McCartin, Matthew J., 105 McDivitt, L/C James A. ( U r n ) , 124 McDonnell Douglas Corp. Missile & Space Systems Div., 112 McNamara, S e c r e t a r y of Defense Robert S., 96, 1 2 1 Manned space f l i g h t , 110, 119, 122, 124, 125 Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC), 96, 100 Mars ( p l a n e t ) , 117, 125 Marshall Space F l i g h t Center (MSFC), 96, 99-101, 106, 109, 117, 12.5 Mathews, Charles W., 110 , , , , - , �APRIL 1968 Maxwell, M / G J. C. (uSAJ?, R e t . ) , 126 Meteorology, 108-109 M i a m i , Univ. o f , 118 Michel, F. C u r t i s , 118 Michigan, Univ. o f , 108 M i choud Assembly F a c i l i t y (MSFC) 116, 117 Minnesota, Univ. o f , 113-114 M i s s i l e , 113, 126 M i s s i s s i p p i Test F a c i l i t y (MTF) 116 Mojave Desert, C a l i f . l l 7 Molniya I (u. S. S. R. communications s a t e l l i t e ) , 111' Monkey experiment, 123 Moon c r a t e r , 100 e x p l o r a t i o n o f , 101 landing manned, 101, 103, 104, 112, 124 photographs, 100 probe, 103, 105, 106 surface, 100 M t Palomar Observatory, 104 M t Wilson Observatory, 104 MSC. See Manned Spacecraft Center. MSFC. See Marshall Space F l i g h t Center. See National Academy of Sciences. NAS. NASA-AEC Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (sNPo) 96, 1 2 1 NASA Apollo Applications Program Office, 101 NASA Office of Advanced Research and Technology (oART), 124 NASA Off i c e of Manned Space F l i g h t (OMSF), 100, 107, 116 NASA Office of Tracking and Data Acquisition (OTDA),100 National Academy of Engineering (NAE), 96 National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 98, 116, 120, 127 National Aeronautic Assn. 108 National Aeronautics and Space Admini s t r a t i o n (NASA) Aerospace Advisory Panel, 112, 116 award, 118 budget, 96, 115-11'7, 119-120, 126 c o n t r a c t , 96, 99, 101-102, 104, 107, 109-112 cooperation, 106, 115 cooperation, i n t e r n a t i o n a l , 97, 115, 127 launch sounding rocket, 97, 104, 113-114, ll7, 125 test Apollo 6 (AS-502)~99-100 Reentry F experiment, 124 , , , . . , , �APRIL 1968 National Aeronautics and Space Administrat i o n ( continued) Management Advisory Panel, 118 personnel, 96, 104, 105, 108, 109, 112, 115, 118 program aeronautics, 119 Apollo, 100, 119, 124 Apollo Applications, 101, 110 Human Factors Systems, 111 NERVA, 121, 122 Rover, 122 t e s t , 11'7 National A i r space System, 105 National Science Foundation (NSF) 115, 1 2 1 National s e c u r i t y , 127 National Space Club, 110 National Space Council (NSC), 101 Naugle, D r . John E . , 115 Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), 111, 125 Neptune l la net ) , 1 0 1 New York, N.Y., 114, 126 Newell, D r . Homer E . , 108-109 Nike-Apache (sounding r o c k e t ) , 97 North A t l a n t i c Treaty Organization (NATO), 127 Nuclear Planning Group, 113 Northrop Corp. Norair Div., 112 NRL. See Naval Research Laboratory. Nuclear Engine f o r Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA),119-121 Nuclear n o n p r o l i f e r a t i o n t r e a t y , 118-119 Nuclear propulsion, 96, 119-121, 125-126 Oberbeck, Verne R., 100 O'Leary, D r . Brian T . , 118 O r b i t i n g Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 127 OSO 111 ( o r b i t i n g Solar 0bservatory),'120 P a c i f i c Ocean, 99 Page Communications Engineers, Inc., 113 Paine, D r . Thomas O . , 116 P h i l l i p s , M / G Samuel C. (USAF) ,' 119, 124 Phoenix ( m i s s i l e ) 126 Physics, 120 Pickering, D r . W i l l i a m H., 1 0 1 Pinkel, I. I r v i n g , 124 Pokrovsky, Prof. Georgi, 123 P r a k t i s h , Carl R., 116 President ' s Science Advisory Cormnittee (PSAC), 98 , , , ( v i i) �APRIL 1968 P r e s s comment, 103, 104, 115 P r e s s conference, 119 Princeton Univ., 116, 120 Quaide, D r . William, 100 Radiation, 1l.l Radio Corporation of America (RCA) 96, 97, 111 Raff ensperger, M. J. , 108 Raymond ~ o e w y - / ~ i l l i a Snaith, m Inc. 111 Reentry Heating P r o j e c t , 124 Republican Coordinating Committee, 127 Rice Univ., 118 Rickover, V/A Qman G. (USN), 106-107 Rockefeller Univ., 98 Rosen, D r . Harold A. 98 Roush, Rep. J. Edward, lZj' Rover (program), 122 Sanders Associates, Inc. , 96 S a t e l l i t e , u n i d e n t i f i e d , 102, 110 Saturn l la net ) 101 Saturn I B (uprated Saturn I) ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 117, 124 Saturn V ( b o o s t e r ) , 96, 99, 100, 103, 104, 119, 124, 126 S c h i r r a , Capt. Walter M., Jr., (USN), 124 Schweickart R u s s e l l L. 124 Science, 98, 116-117, 120 126 S c o t t , L/C David R. (USAF~,124 Scout ( b o o s t e r ) , 124 S e i t z , D r . Frederick, 98, 116 Sent i n e l ( a n t i b a l l i s t i c m i s s i l e system), 113 Service Propulsion System (SPS) , 99 Shafer, E. M., 105 Simpson, D r . John A . , 116 Smith, D r . Henry J . , 115 Smith, Sen. Margaret C., 110 S o l a r corona, 125 Sounding rocket, 97, 104-105, 111, 125 Space biology, 111-113, 123 Space program, n a t i o n a l , 101, 109, 110, 115, 116, 122, 123, 125-127 Space r a c e , 111-112, 116, 120 Space rescue t r e a t y , 115 Space r e s u l t s , 101, 105, 116, 122 Space s t a t i o n , 111 SPACO, Inc. 1 0 1 Spectrometer, 102 Stanford Univ. , 117, 120 , , , , , , , (viii) �APRIL 1968 S t a t e , Dept. o f , 115 S t y l e s , Paul L., 118 Suojanen, D r . Waino W., 118 Supersonic t r a n s p o r t (SST) 126-127 Surveyor (program), 108 Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, 108-109 Syracuse University Research Corp. 104 Ta K h l i A i r Base, Thailand, 103 T a c t i c a l photographic image transmission (TAPIT) system, 98 TD-1 ( s o l a r astronomy s a t e l l i t e ) , 122 TD-2, 122 Technology, 117, 126 Teledyne Systems Co., 104 Telemetry, 105 Telespazio, 102 Television, 102-103, 107 TERLS. See Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n . Texas Instruments, Inc. 112 Texas, Univ. o f , 105 Thailand, 102, 108, 110 Thor-Delta ( b o o s t e r ) , 122 Thumba E q u a t o r i a l Rocket Launching S t a t i o n (TERLs) , 97 T i t a n IIIB-Agena D ( b o o s t e r ) , 110 Tokyo, Japan, 105 T o t a l I n - F l i g h t Simulator ( T I P S ) , 103 U n i d e n t i f i e d f l y i n g o b j e c t (UFO), 127 United Kingdom (u.K.), 105, 115, 122 United Nations (u. N. ) General Assembly, 115 Universe 111 U n i v e r s i t i e s , 109 Uranus ( p l a n e t ) , 1 0 1 U. S. A i r Force (USAF) a i r c r a f t , 96, 100, 102, 103, 107-108, 110, 123, 125 c o n t r a c t , 97 cooperation, 106 launch s a t e l l i t e , 102, 110 LES-5, 100-101 t e s t , 98 UFOs, 127 U. S. Bureau of Customs, 114 U. S. Bureau of Mines, 123 U. S. Enmigration and N a t u r a t i z a t i o n Service, 114 U. S. Navy (USN), 96, 106-107, 126 , , , , �APRIL 1968 U.S. Public Health Service, 105 U.S.S. Okinawa, 99 U. S. S. g m n of Soviet S o c i a l i s t ~ e p u b l i c s ) ,115, 118 cooperation, space, 127 1aun ch probe, 103 s a t e l l i t e , 123 Cosmos, 98, 104, 107, 112, 113, 119, 121, 123 Molniya I, 114 m i s s i l e and rocket program, 1 2 1 science and technology, 120, 125 space program, 105, 108, 111-112, 116, 121, 123 weapons, 1 2 1 Vandenberg AFB, C a l i f . , 102, 110 Venus l la net), 108 Venus IV (u. S. S. R. i n t e r p l a n e t a r y probe), 108 ~ S a i r c r a fNt ) , 97, 126 Vict o r i a l a n d , 115 Vietnam, North, 107 Vietnam, South, 113 Von Braun, D r . Wernher, 122, 125 Vungtau, South Vietnam, 113 Wallops S t a t i o n (NASA), 113, 124 Washington, D.C., 101, 105, 110, 115, 117, 122 Webb, James E . , 118, 119, 124 Weightlessness, 111 Welsh, D r . Edward C . , 123 Western Co., 123 Weston, Ill., 120 White House, l l 4 White Sands M i s s i l e Range (WSMR) 111, 125 Wible, Keith, 118 Wilford, John N., 109 W i l l i a m s AFB, A r i z . , 118 Williams, Don, 98 Wings Club, 126 Wisconsin, Univ. of, 120 Women' s National Democratic Club, 122 X-15 (rocket r e s e a r c h a i r c r a f t ) , 100, 123 , � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000128 Title A name given to the resource "Astronautics and Aeronautics April 1968: A Chronology on Science, Technology, and Policy (HHR-23)." Description An account of the resource Comment draft. Text drafted by Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Library of Congress. Science and Technology Division NASA Historical Division (U.S.) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Saturn Project (U.S.) Science and state Space race Technology and state Type The nature or genre of the resource Chronologies (list) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 26 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17873 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1272/spc_stnv_000129.pdf a306bb731d0e758b829ce5bf73574869 PDF Text Text V H E A S T R O D Y N A M I C I S T ' S R O L E V I S - A - V I S T H E SYSTEMS E N G I N E E R bv REYNOLDS DUNCAN, JR. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Huntsville, Alabama J. Smm U,-,iversitY WB~?'? ~esaarch\'*itUte ;enc;@, HistmY oF Sc Date ---------- Doc.NO. -------I . �Z)EE AS$RODY&MXCIST'S ROLE VIS-A-VIS THE SYSTgMS ENGINEER J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr. Aerospace Engineer NASA-Marshall Space P l i g h t Center W u n t s v i l l e , Alabmna The prablem o f e f f e c t i v e two-way c o m u n i c a t i o n s is t r e a t e d , w i t h emphasis p l a c e d upon t h e compilat i o n a d p r e s e n t a t i o n of astrodynamical d a m f o r w e by t h e systems e n g i n e e r i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y p h a s e s o f m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g . Such d a t a s h o u l d b e p r e s e n t e d i n a form which is e a s i l y understood and v h i c h c a n n o t b e e a s i l y m i s i n t e r p r e t e d by p e r s o n s w i t h l i t t l e o r no k n o w l e d g e o f a s t r ~ d y ~ r a i c s . Wherever a s t r o d y n a m i c a l p a r a m e t e r s may b p o s e c o n s t r a i n t s upon a m i s s i o n , a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n o f t h e p o s s i b l e consequences f o r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . When a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , they should be indicated, along w i t h any p e n a l t i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e i r u s e . The r e s u l t of t h e astrodynamicist's e f f o r t should be a well-informed systems e n g i n e e r who h a s t h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e of t h e e f f e c t s o f astrodynamical parameters upon a m i s s i o n and t h u s w i l l be a b l e t o perform meaningful t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s w i t h r e g a r d s t o system d e s i g n a & performance. I. l n t r o d u c t i o n The r o l e a n a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t may p l a y i n a m i s s i o n des.ign s t u d y c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o two p a r t s : t h a t o f s u p p l y i n g background o r p r e p l a n n i n g i n f o r mation and t h a t o f p r o v i d i n g additions:, u s u a l l y more d e t a i l e d , i n f o r m a t i o n f o r u s e d u r i n g t h e s y s tem and subsystem d e s i g n phase. The t y p e and amount of d a t a s u p p l i e d t o the systems a n a l y s t d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p h a s e depends t o a l a r g e e x t e n t upon t h e completeness and u s e f u l n e s s o f t h e background i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d t o him e a r l i e r . The t y p e and method o f p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h i s background i n f o r m a t i o n i s t h e major t o p i c o f d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s paper. Background i n f o r m a t i o n , a s used h e r e , r e f e r s t o a s t r o d y n a m i c a l d a t a o f a g e n e r a l n a t u r e which may c o n t r o l o r i n f l u e n c e t h e d e s i g n o f systems a n d / o r subsystears. The g e n e r a l f t y o f t h e d a t a i m p l i e s t h a t t h e d a t a may b e used f o r m i s s i o n p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s on a v a r i e t y o f m i s s i o n s . Of c o u r s e , a l l p o s s i b l e missions? c a n n o t b e covered, b u t by res t r i c t i n g t h e launch, p l a n e t t o b e t h e e a r t h and s p e c i f y i n g a s i n g l e t a r g e t p l a n e t , a manageable gr0.q o f c h a r t s and g r a p h s c o u l d b e g e n e r a t e d c o v e r i n g s u c h p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s d i r e c t and brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s f o r a l l r e a l i s t i c launch e n e r g i e s , and a r r i v a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n s v a r y i n g from f l y b y t o low o r b i t a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e m i s s i o n s . The d a t a p r e s e n t e d s h o u l d i n d i c a t e t h e e f f e c t o r impact o f i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r s upon t h e o v e r a l l c l a s s o f possible missions. The p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a s h o u l d b& a c m p l i s h e d i n s u c h a way a s t o i n d i c a t e p o s s i b l e r a n g e s o f v a l u e s o f t h e parablerere. T h i s i s p r e f e r a b l e t o p r e s e n t i n g sample t r a j e c t o r i e s whieh g i v e only s p e c i f i c values of t h e parameters f o r Whenever t h e v a r i ous s e l e c t e d t r a jsc t o r i e s p o s s i b l e , p a r a m e t e r s which a r e f a m i l i a r t o t h e u s e r s h o u l d be used and when t h e r e i s any p o s s i b i l i t y o f m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e meaning o f t h e . p a r a m e t e r s , a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e i r meaning should accompany t h e c h a r t s o r g r a p h s . Also, t h e v a l a e s o f any c o n s t a n t s used i n the g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a should b e g i v e n , a l o n g w i t h a n y assumptions which were made which might a f f e c t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e d a t a . These may seem t o b e s m a l l p o i n t s , b u t t h e omission o f such items a s t h e s e may c a u s e problems i n t h e p r o p e r u s e and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e d a t a . One o f t h e primary c a u s e s of t h e s e omissions i s the f a m i l i a r i t y of the astrodynamicist with the m a t e r i a l h e i s p r e s e n t i n g . Although t h i n g s may b e taken f o r g r a n t e d i n a d i a l o g u e between s p e c i a l i s t s i n t h e same d i s c i p l i n e , making t h e same assumptions when p r e s e n t i n g d a t a t o p e r s o n s i n a n o t h e r f i e l d u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n a c o m u n i c a t i o n problem. Thus, t h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s h o u l d b e t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems e n g i n e e r d a t a which is e a s y t o understand, e a s y t o u s e , and which c a n b e r e g e n e r a t e d w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l informa t i o n . To i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e p o i n t s , some g r a p h s w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d which would be used i n a m i s s i o n a n a l y s i s s t u d y o f a n unmanned m i s s i o n t o Mars d u r i n g t h e 1973-74 launch o p p o r t u n i t y . D i s c u s s i o n o f t h e g r a p h s w i l l c e n t e r around t h e t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n which should accompany each graph i n o r d e r t o make t h e comunication of t h e information a s e f f e c t i v e a s p o s s i b l e . Space does n o t p e r m i t t h e d i s p l a y o f a more complete s e t ' o f c h a r t s and graphs which might b e used i n such a s t u d y . If. Supplemental I n f o r m a t i o n A graph such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 1 would b e one of t h e f i r s t graphs c o n s u l t e d i n a m i s s i o n a n a l v s i s s t u d y . F i g u r e 1 shows t h e o v e r a l l launch o p p o r t t i n i t y a s d e f i n e d by t h e launch energy, G. From t h i s c h a r t , t h e maximum ranges o f t h e launch d a t e , a r r i v a l d a t e , and time o f f l i g h t c a n b e o b t a i n e d . accompany in^ t h i s graph s h o u l d be i n f o r mation g i v i n g t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f Type I, 'llype I f , C l a s s 1, and C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s a l o n g w i t h a n explana t t o n o f C, a d a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e isccur8cy o f t h e d a t a . Also, mention s h o u l d b e made o f any pariameters which may e f f e c t t h e Cg determined launch o p p o r t u n i t y a l o n g w i t h any p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e a such a s broken-plane t r a n e f s r s . The accompanying i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h i s f i g u r e might b e p r e s e n t e d a s follows. - Definition of T e r n Type X t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e spacec r a f t would t r a v e l l e s s t h a n 180"around t h e s u n from t h e time t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h u n t i l i t a r r i v e s a t Mars. Type 11 t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e t h o s e on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t would t r a v e l b e t w e n 180' and 360' around t h e s u n . C l a s s 1 and C l a s s 2 t r a j e e t o r i e s a r e s u b c l a s s e s o f Type X: and 'Sypra I1 and d i f f e r p r i m a r i l y I n t h e f l i g h t times r e q u i r e d , C l a s s 2 t r a j e c t o r i e s having l o n g e r f l i g h t times t h a n C l a s s 1 t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r t h e same launch d a t e and C3. The parameter, C, , comes from t h e e q u a t i o n which g i v e s t h e v e l o c i t y of, a n o b j e c t when t r a v e l i n g �Figure 1 - 1973-74 Launch Opportunity for Mars �250 days LAUNCH Figure 2 - DATE 1973 Type I Launch Opportunity for Mars �o n a c o n i c s e c t i o n . The c o n i c e q u a t i o n f o r t h e v e l o c i t y o f a n o b j e c t is (I) where is the e a r t h ' s gravitational constant, R i s t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t e r of t h e e a r t h , and a i s a measure o f t h e s i t e o f t h e c o n i c s e c t i o n . Bxpressed i n tenna o f %, Equathon (1) becomes C, is t h e i n j e c t i o n e n e r g y p r o v i d e d t o the spacec r a f t by t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e and i s e q u a l t o t w i c e t h e t o t a l e n e r g y p e r u n i t miss. A s R becomes v e r y l a r g e , C3 a p p r o a c h e s V?. When t h e s p a c e c r a f t leaves the g r a v i t a t i o n a l influence of the e a r t h , V becomes V-, which i s t h e " v e l o c i t y a t i n f i n i t y " o r t h e "hyperbolic-excess v e l o c i t y . " - I n f o r m a t i o n N e c e s s a r y t o U t i l i z e Graph The C3 l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e l a u n c h v e h i c l e , a s p r o v i d e d by performance s t u d i e s , i s a l l t h a t i s needed. I n f o r m a t i o n O b t a i n a b l e from Graph Ranges o f l a u n c h d a t e s , a r r i v a l d a t e s , and f l i g h t t i m e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e C, l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e launch v e h i c l e . See F i g u r e 2 f o r a n e n l a r g e d view o f lower v a l u e s o f f o r Type I t r a j e c t o r i e s . See F i g u r e 4 f o r h and a r r i v a l Vm c u r v e s f o r t h e lower e n e r g y Type I t r a n s f e r s , These p a r a m e t e r s may l i m i t t h e s i z e o f t h e C, detgrmined launch opportunity. A d d i t i o n a l C o n s t r a i n t s t o Consider '. ( s e e F i g u r e 4 2 ; a r r i v a l V- ( s e e F i g u r e 4 ) ; ccmmunica t i o n d i s t a n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s ; t r a c k i n g c o n s t r a i n t s ( b o t h e a r t h o r b i t a l and deep s p a c e ) ; o p e r a t i o n a l l i m i t a t i o n s on minimum l e n g t h o f launch period. Assumptions Made/Accuracy o f , Data/Cons t a n t s Used Two-body c o n i c s were used i n t h e computation o f t h e d a t a because t h e c o m p u t a t i o n time r e q u i r e d f o r c o n i c t r a j e c t o r i e s is much l e s s t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r n u m e r i c a l l y i n t e g r a t e d t r a j e c t o r i e s . Accuracy of the d a t a i s considered adequate f o r mission a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s . u (sun) = .13271544E12, t h e a n a l y t i c ephemeris used t o o b t a i n t h e p l a n e t a r y p o s i t i o n s is d e s c r i b e d i n E n g i n e e r i n g P l a n n i n g Document No. 406, J e t P r o p u l s i o n L a b o r a t o r y , J u l y , 1966. Possible Alternatives It may b e p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d t h e launch opportuni'ty w i t h t h e u s e o f b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s . T h e s ~a r e t r a j e c t o r i e s on which t h e s p a c e c r a f t t r a v e l s p a r t o f t h e way t o Mars i n one f l i g h t p l a n e a n d , a f t e r a v e l o c i t y c o r r e c t i o n i s made, t r a v e r s e s t h e remaining d i s t a n c e i n a d i f f e r e n t f l i g h t p l a n e . The t o t a l e n e r g y expended (C, + p l a n e change bV + a r r i v a l Vm) i s l e s s f o r t h i s t y p e of t r a n s f e r t h a n f o r e i t h e r a Type I o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r y when t h e h e l i o c e n t r i c t r a n s f e r angle for a single-plane On t r a n s f e r (Type I o r Type T I ) is n e a r 18$. F i g u r e 1, t h e b r o k e n - p l a n e t r a n s f e r s o f i n t e r e s t would b r i d g e t h e narrow gap between t h e Type Z and Type f I c o n t o u r s . U n a t t r a c t i v e f e a t u r e s o f t h e broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s a r e the a d d i t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n a l complexity of t h e m i s s i o n and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l i t t l e o r no r e t u r n o f s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n from t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e t a r g e t p l a n e t i f t h e plane-change maneuver f a i l s . The s i x subheadings used above r e p r e s e n t a usea b l e and e f f e c t i v e method o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n which should riccompany F i g u r e 1. The ma t e r i a 1 p r e s e n t e d under t h e s e subheadings i s , t o a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t s , of a v e r y f a m i l i a r n a t u r e , and might b e c o n s i d e r e d i n f o r m a t i o n which i s n o t worth i n c l u d i n g s i n c e "everyone knows it." But, a g a i n , it is t h i s f a m i l i a r i t y o f t h e a s t r o d y n a m i c i s t w i t h h i s m a t e r i a l t h a t i s o f t e n t h e c a u s e o f comnunication p r o b l b s . I f t h e above subheadings were used a s a g u i d e o r c h e c k l i s t i n d e t e r m i n i n g whether t h e i n f o r mation accompanying t h e c h a r t s and graphs s u p p l i e d t o t h e systems a n a l y s t i s complete, then t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e d a t a c o u l d b e reduced. I n t h e d i s c u s s i o n of the ensuing g r a p h s , t h e supplemental i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l n o t b e broken down aad p r e s e n t e d under t h e above subheadings. I n s t e a d , t h e s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e graphs w i l l be d i s c u s s e d and t h e terms o r concepts which would b e p r e s e n t e d i n g r e a t e r depth o r d e t a i l i n a n a c t u a l r e p o r t f o r u s e i n m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d i e s w i l l b e mentioned b u t not necessarily discussed i n d e t a i l . It s h o u l d b e noted t h a t t h e supplemental i n f o r mation f o r F i g u r e 1, a s p r e s e n t e d above, c o n t a i n s not o n l y Lnformation which may b e u s e f u l f o r t h e c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e graph b u t p e r i p h e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n which p r o v i d e s t h e u s e r w i t h a backdrop a g a i n s t which t h e d a t a on t h e graph c a n b e viewed. T h i d p e r m i t s t h e systems a n a l y s t t o i n t e r p r e t t h e d a t a i n a more e f f e c t i v e and meaningful manner. The v a l u e o f a graph such a s F i g u r e 1 i s t h a t i t provides an indication, i n the large, of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed by t h e launch energy. However, s i n c e t h e g r e a t e s t i n t e r e s t probably c e n t e r s around t h e lower v a l u e s o f C,, graphs such a s t h e one shown i n F i g u r e 2 should a l s o be provided. A complete s e t o f C3 c u r v e s f o r Mars would i n c l u d e seven o f t h e type p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1 and f o u r t e e n o f t h e t y p e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 2 (seven graphs o f t h e lower C, v a l u e s f o r t h e Type I t r a n s f e r s p l u s seven graphs o f Also t h e lowet C3 v a l u e s f o r Type I1 t r a j e c t o r i e s ) . i n c l u d e d would be seven graphs showing t h e brokenp l a n e t r a n s f e r s which c o u l d b e used t o b r i d g e t h e energy r i d g e between t h e Type I and Type I1 c o n t o u r s . These t w e n t y - e i g h t graphs would r e p r e s e n t t h e f i f t e e n y e a r p e r i o d r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e a r t h and Mars t o r e t u r n t o a s i m i l a r s p a c e - f i x e d geometry. S i n c e t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n which should accompany graphs o f t h e type shown i n F i g u r e 2 would b e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t which i s provided w i t h t h e F i g u r e 1 type o f g r a p h , t h e e n t i r e group o f l a r g e and s m a l l s c a l e C3 c u r v e s f o r both 5 p e I and Type 11 could b e i n c l u d e d under t h e same supplemental informa t i o n s h e e t . The graphs r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e broken-plane t r a n s f e r s would d i s p l a y n o t only t h e launch energy c u r v e s b u t curves r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e AV needed f o r t h e plane-change maneuver i n o r d e r t h a t a proper a s s e s s ment o f t h e energy requirements can b e made. The method o f computation o f t h e AV would need t o b e e x p l a i n e d and a d e t a i l e d i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e compari s o n between s i n g l e - p l a n e and broken-plane t r a n s f e r s should a l s o be provided. �8 = DECLINATION OF = INCLINATION OF ORBIT P : Figure 3 - Constraints It would a p p e a r from F i g u r e 1 t h a t a continuous o p p o r t u n i t y t o l a u n c h e x i s t s from a b o u t t h e middle of J u n e , 1973 t o t h e m i d d l e o f assuming t h a t a C, o f 3 0 & / s e t h e maximum launch energy a v a i l a b l e . T h i s month launch o p p o r t u n i t y would indeed b e a v a i l a b l e i f t h e o n l y r e s t r i c t i o n f o r a Mars m i s s i o n was t h e launch energy. However, t h e r e a r e many o t h e r c o n s t r a i n t s which need t o b e c o n s i d e r e d and which impose some r a t h e r s e v e r e r e s t r i c t i o n s on t h i s twenty month launch o p p o r t u n i t y , Consider f i r s t the d e c l i n a t i o n of the outgoing asymptote, F i g u r e 3 shows t h a t i s one of t h e two a n g l e s which d e f i n e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e o u t going a s y m p t o t e ( t h e o t h e r a n g l e b e i n g t h e r i g h t ascension). The o u t g o i n g asymptote i n d i c a t e s t h e d i r e c t i o n t h e s p a c e c r a f t must b e t r a v e l i n g r e l a t i v e t o t h e e a r t h when t h e s p a c e c r a f t l e a v e s t h e e a r t h ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e . The t h r e e views shown i n F i g u r e 3 i n d i c a t e t h a t any v a l u e o f i may b e used t o obtain the d e s i r e d value of 6 a s long a s i 2 h. T h i s may n o t seem l i k e much o f a r e s t r i c t i o n e x c e p t t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f i which c a n b e o b t a i n e d (assuming t h a t t h e n e a r - e a r t h f l i g h t t a k e s p l a c e i n a pace-fixed p l a n e ) a r e l i m i t e d by t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e and t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s . The minimum i n c l i n a t i o n o f t h e p a r k i n g o r b i t which may be o b t a i n e d from a l a u n c h i n g a t Cape Kennedy i s approximately 21;.28', which c a n be a c h i e v e d by l a u n c h i n g due E a s t on a launch azimuth *. - THE ASYMPTOTE E A R T H ' PARKING I HYPElE8OLA VALUES ACHIEVE OF THE i MAY SAME BE 8, USED t i L 81 , R e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e Parking O r b i t P l a n e t o t h e D e c l i n a t i o n o f t h e Outgoing Asyslptote 111. E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e h and ,V OF MANY TO s OuttOiNG PLANE PERIGEE. NOTE: THE of 90' E a s t of North. The maximum v a l u e o f i i s determined by t h e range s a f e t y r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d / o r t r a c k i n g requirements which r e s t r i c t t h e a v a i l a b l e range o f launch azimuths. Thus, a r a n g e of launch azimuths such a s 70' t o 110' would r e s u l t i n a this maximum a t t a i n a b l e v a l u e of i o f a b o u t 35' would r e s t r i c t t h e u s a b l e v a l u e s of R t o a r a n g e o f +3s0. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between launch azimuth and h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n Section IV. - The h y p e r b o l i c - e x c e s s v e l o c i t y a t a r r i v a l , Vm, is a n o t h e r parameter which r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y . It p r o v i d e s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e minimum amount of veloc'ity which t h e s p a c e c r a f t must l o s e i n o r d e r t o a t t a i n a n o r b i t a b o u t Mare. Of c o u r s e , t h e s m a l l e r t h e d e s i r e d o r b i t a b o u t Mau, (assuming t h e shape of o r b i t , e , i s c o n s t a n t ) t h e g r e a t e r w i l l be t h e impulse o r AV t h a t t h e spacec r a f t w i l l have t o supply. Thus, knowledge of t h e range o f v a l u e s o f Vm would p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e s i z e o f r o c k e t motor and amount of f u e l which would be n e c e s s a r y t o a t t a i n an o r b i t a b o u t Mars. Shown i n F i g u r e 4 a r e p l o t s of c o n s t a n t v a l u e s of t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . The h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t l c a l s c a l e s a r e i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e used i n F i g u r e 2 s o t h a t t h e e f f e c t af t h e s e two parameters on t h e o v e r a l l Type I launch o p p o r t u n i t y c a n b e e a s i l y e v a l u a t e d . A more e f f e c t i v e way o f p r e s e n t i n g t h e combined e f f e c t of C a r Vm, and h i s t o reproduce t h e c u r v e s o f Vm end h on t r a n s p a r e n c i e s which would o v e r l a y t h e Cg c u r v e s . It can b e s e e n from F i g u r e 4 t h a t f o r Type I �. - . ARRIVAL DATE - .- MAY APR 1974 JAN DEC 1973 NOV 21 ! , , 6 44 JUN 73 1 , , , 16 21 26 , I JUL Figure 4 - , 6 ./ , , , , , , , , , , , 10 15 20 25 30 4 9 AUG SE P LAUNCH DATE I 1 16 21 26 31 5 Curves of b n d Vm f o r the 1973 Q p e I Launch Opportunity for Mars . I 14 i �t r a n s f e r s , t h e e a r l i e s t a r r i v a l d a t e a t %rs would p r o b a b l y b e determined by ,V a n d t h a t e a r l y launch d a t e s a r e r e s t r i c t e d by h . The r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y by V- and 6 a r e more s e v e r e i n o t h e r launch y e a r s than is t h e c a s e i n 1973. For m i s s i o n d e s i g n purposes, c u r v e s o f 6 and ,V would a l s o b e provided f o r use w i t h F i g u r e 1 t y p e g r a p h a s w e l l a s t h e lower enargy Type I1 graphs. A f t e r imposing upon t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y t h e c o n s t r a i n t s which have thus f a r been d i s c u s s e d , i t m y b e u s e f u l t o i n c l u d e some p i c t u r e s t o i l l u s t r a t e what some o f t h e a v a i l a b l e t r a j e c t o r i e s would look l i k e . Shown i n F i g u r e s 5 and 6 a r e t h r e e o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s t h a t c o u l d b e used f o r a 1973 mission. The t r a n s f e r s , and t h e o r b i t s o f e a r t h and Mars, a r e drawn t o s c a l e and a r e viewed from a v a n t a g e p o i n t above t h e North E c l i p t i c P o l e , with t h e s u n a t t h e c e n t e r o f t h e f i g u r e s . An examinat i o n o f t h e t r a j e c t o r i e s would r e v e a l t h a t i n t r a v e r s i n g t h e d i s t a n c e from e a r t h t o Mars, a l l three of the transfers require a heliocentric transf e r a n g l e o f l e s s t h a n 180°, and thus a l l t h r e e a r e Type I t r a n s f e r s . Using t h e p r e v i o u s l y mentioned r e s t r i c t i o n s on A and f& (6 5 +3s0, C j 5 30 & / s e c 2 ) and p l a c i n g a r e s t r i c t i o n upon VW 5 4.0 laa/sec., i t can b e s e e n from F i g u r e s 2 and 4 t h a t t h e t h r e e EARLY LAUMCH - EAALY ARRIVAL t r a j e c t o r i e s f a l l on t h e boundary of t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y d e f i n e d by t h e upper l i m i t s o f V , :, and $ . The t r a j e c t o r y shown i n P i g u r e 5 is c h a v a c t e r i z e d by v a l u e s o f C3 and which a r e n e a r t h e upper l i m i t s of t h e p e r m i s s i b l e r a n g e s o f t h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s . The two t r a j e c t o r i e s shown i n F i g u r e 6 a r e t h e r e s u l t o f launches which o c c u r l a t e i n t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y w i t h t h e s h o r t f l i g h t time t r a n s f e r having high ,V and C3 v a l u e s , and t h e long f l i g h t tit r a j e c t o r y r e q u i r i n g t h e maximum a 1 lowa b l e value of &. P l o t s o f t r a j e c t o r i e s such a s t h e s e would be o f v a l u e i n h e l p i n g t o visualize t h e s i m u l a r i t i e s and d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e t r a n s f e r s which a r e a v a i l a b l e d u r i n g a launch o p p o r t u n i t y . For completeness, a group o f t h e s e p l o t s i n t e n d e d f o r use i n a m i s s i o n d e s i g n s t u d y would a l s o i n c l u d e i l l u s t r a t i o n s o f a few Type I1 t r a n s f e r s a s w e l l a s some broken-plane t r a j e c t o r i e s . IV. Launch Windows Thus f a r , t h e d i s c u s s i o n of m i s s i o n d e s i g n c h a r t s h a s c e n t e r e d around t h e launch o p p o r t u n i t y a s d e f i n e d by 6 , Vm, and C3. T h i s launch o p p o r t u n i t y ( s e e f i g u r e s 2 and 4 ) is a g r i d , w i t h e v e r y p a i r of launch and a r r i v a l d a t e s r e p r e s e n t i n g a s m a l l s q u a r e w i t h i n t h e g r i d . The p e r i o d o f time w i t h i n e a c h o f t h e 24 hour s q u a r e s d u r i n g which a launch c a n o c c u r *D LA'E LATE . A L ~ I C ~ -I L A ' E A R R I V A L LAUNCH E A R L Y ARRIVA! - Pigure 6 Figure S 1973 Type I T r a n s f e r s Drawn to S c a l e �Figure 7 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function o f Launch Time w i t h D e c l i n a t i o n a s t h e Parameter e i s known a s t h e launch window. Note t h a t w i t h i n each launch window t h e v a l u e s o f C,, 6 , and Vm remain r e l a t i v e l y c o n s t a n t . The u s e o f a launch window is d e s i r a b l e s i n c e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e l a u n c h i n g of a v e h i c l e a t a p r e c i s e t i m e , would n o t p e r m i t a n y unscheduled d e l a y s i n t h e launch prep a r a t i o n s and would n o t a l l o w any h o l d i n g time f o a w a i t improved w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s . The d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window depends upon t h e r a n g e of a v a i l a b l e launch a z i m u t h s , t h e l a t i t u d e o f t h e launch s i t e , and t h e d e c l i n a t i o n of t h e o u t g o i n g asymptote, S i n c e t h e v a l u e o f 6 is e s s e n t i a l l y f i x e d , and t h e launch s i t e i s r e l a t i v e l y f i x e d ( a t a l a t i t u d e o f t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t can b e v a r i e d t o a b o u t 28.28'), a c h i e v e a n extended p e r i o d d u r i n g whi,ch t o launch is t h e launch azimuth. The use o f a v a r i a b l e h u n c h azimuth implies t h e use of a parking o r b i t s o t h a t t h e Eirtel b u r n of t h e o r b i t i n g b o o s t v e h i c l e c a n be properly pos~.rionedw . t t h r e s p e c t t o t h e outgoing asymptote. F i g u r e 7 shows t h e s i z e o f t h e launch window t h a t c a n be o b t a i n e d by v a r y i n g t h e launch me b f s w i t h the a s t e r i s k s ( * I s ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e y a r e t o b e r e a d a g a i n s t t h e upper launch t i m e s c a l e , w i t h t h e remaining A ' s t o be r e a d ' a g a i n s t t h e losJer s c a l e . ~h~ e x c e p t i o n i s 6 = 0' which i s r e a d a g a i n s t b o t h launch time s c a l e s . m e d o u b l e v a l u e d n a t u r e of t h e launch time i n d i c a t e s t h a t two s e p a r a t e launch windows may e x i s t w i t h i n one 24 hour p e r i o d . When t h e a v a i l a b l e r a n g e o f launch a z i m u t h s is k n a j n and t h e v a l u e o f 8 is known ( t h i s c a n b e o b t a i n e d from graphs such a s shown i n F i g u r e 4 1 , t h e n t h e l e n g t h o f t h e a v a i l a b l e launch window(s) c a n be o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner. A s s m i ng t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y (5 110', 2 70') and R h o f +15', f i n d t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e h = 15'* curve with the horizontal l i n e representing a lqunch azimuth (LAZ) of 70' and n o t e t h e v a l u e of * launch time on t h e s c a l e -1.93 h o u r s . Now move a l o n g t h e 6 = 15'* c u r v e towards t h e upper r i g h t (always move a l o n g t h e c u r v e s o f S i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g time on t h e launch time s c a l e ) u n t i l t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h LAZ = 110' i s reached and n o t e t h i s time on t h e s c a l e below -6.93 h o u r s . Take t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e s e two times and f i n d t h a t t h e launch window d u r a t i o n i s f i v e hours. Now t r a c e a l o n g t h e 6 = 15' c u r v e i n a s i m i l a r mannet from LAZ = 70' t o LAZ = 110' and, r e a d i n g a g a i n s t t h e lower launch time s c a l e , t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e launch window w i l l be found t o b e 22.07 h o u r s minus 17.07 h o u r s , o r f i v e hours. When t h e ran$e of launch azimuths i s s w e t r i c a l a b o u t 90' ( a s i s t h e c a s e w i t h 70°and 110' ) t h e l e n g t h o f t h e two launch wir~dowsw i l l b e i d e n t i c a l . Assume now t h a t t h e launch azimuth r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e 6 8 _< LA2 5 loo0 and t h e v a l u e of 6 is +30°. Tracing along t h e = 30°* c u r v e shows t h a t i t never r e a c h e s t h e r a n g e o f al1o;able launch azimuths and t h u s does n o t prov i d e any launch window. However, t r a c i n g a l o n g t h e = 30' does p r o v i d e a launch window o f 23.77 h o u r s minus 17.50 h o u r s , o r 6.27 h o u r s . The launch times shown on F i g u r e 7 do n o t correspond t o t h e S a s t e r n Standard o r Greenwich Mean times o f launch the time shown on t h e s c a l e s is a r e l a t i v e and n o t a n a b s o l u t e time. S e v e r a l o t h e r s e t s o f c u r v e s , used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h F i g u r e 7 , would be n e c e s s a r y t o supply t h e a c t u a l launch times. The primary r e a sons f o r p r o v i d i n g a f o l d e d launch time w a l e on F i g u r e 7 were t o make i t e a s y t o compute t h e l e n g t h o f time between t h e end o f t h e f i r s t launch window and t h e beginning o f t h e second and t o h e l p r e l a t e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h a t on F i g u r e 8. The p r o c e d u r e whieh has been o u t l i n e d above f o r u s i n g F i g u r e 7 i s v a l i d only f o r p o s i t i v e v a l u e s of 6 . When n e g a t i v e v a l u e s o f A a r e ueed i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o move t h e a s t e r i s k s (*IS) from t h e top launch t i m e s c a l e t o * - �thi? bottom launch time s c a l e and then proceed a s before. I n a d d i t i o n t o the d u r a t i o n of t h e launch window, t h e time t h e boost v e h i c l e must spend c o a s t i n g i n t h e parking o r b i t can a l s o be expressed a s a funct i o n of t h e launch azimuth and 6. The use of a c o a s t a r c provides an e f f i c i e n t method f o r t h e prop e r p o s i t i o n i n g of t h e f i n a l burn a r c of t h e boost vehicle t h i s is . t h e burn which removes t h e spacec r a f t from i t s e a r t h parking o r b i t and p l a c e s it o n t o t h e d e s i r e d i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y . Figure 8 and Figure 9 provide a means f o r determining what t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c o a s t time ( o r c o a s t a r c ) must be i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h e proper e a r t h d e p a r t u r e geometry. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 i s accomp l i s h e d i n a manner very s i m i l a r t o t h a t used i n Figure 7. Knowing t h e v a l u e of fi needed and t h e range of launch azimuths which can b e used, t h e range of c o a s t a r c s ( c o a s t times) which a r e required can be found on t h e s c a l e s a c r o s s t h e bottom o f t h e graph. The a s t e r i s k s (*'s) have t h e same meaning on Figure 8 a s they d i d on F i g u r e 7 , including t h e switching of s c a l e s f o r n e g a t i v e values o f h . The primary d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Figure 8 a s opposed t o Figure 7 is t h a t t h e s c a l e s f o r t h e c o a s t time and c o a s t a r c on Figure 8 a r e a b s o l u t e , and t h e r e f o r e i n d i v i d u a l values of c o a s t time (coast a r c ) can be read from t h e graph (on Figure 7 i t was only p o s s i b l e t o read time spans, a s t h e i n d i v i d u a l times on t h e graph were r e l a t i v e ) . For example, assuming a launch azimuth range o f 70' 5 LAZ _< 110' and a 6 of +IS', i t can be seen from Figure 8 t h a t t h e c o a s t a r c - r e q u i r e d f o r one launch window ranges - " from about 85' t o 150°, while a range £ran a b o u t 210' t o 275' is necessary f o r the o t h e r launch window. Since t h e values of t h e c o a s t s r c a r e a b s o l u t e , then i t can a l s o be s a i d t h a t i f a launch azimuth of 70' i s used t o achieve a 6 o f +15', it would be necessary f o r t h e l e n g t h o f t h e earth o r b i t a l c o a s t i n g a r c to* be e i t h e r 1 5 6 o r 275'. *By using Figures 7-and 8 t o g e t h e r , t h e behavior of t h e c o a s t a r c a c r o s s t h e launch wtn%ow(s) can be observed. From t h e above example i t i s h n n n t b d t t h e c o a s t a r c s f o r t h e two launch windavs r a n g e To determine from 85O t o 150' and 210' t o 275'. which is t h e i n i t i a l and which L s t h e f i n a l v a l u e of the c o a s t a r c s it i s necessary to r e f e r back t o Figure 7. Using Figure 7, t r a c e a l o n g t h e curves = +15' i n t h e sense of i n c r e a s i n g launch time. of Notice t h a t both launch windows open using a launch azimuth o f 60' and both c l o s e , f i v e hours l a t e r , with a launch azimuth o f 118. Now, using F i g u r e 8 , t r a c e along t h e 6 = +15' curves and n o t e t h a t t h e only way t h e behavior of t h e launch a z i m t h , a s noted on Figure 7, can be d u p l i c a t e d , i s t o t r a c e along t h e curves o f d e c l i n a t i o n from r i g h t t o l e f t . This method o f nro\reprent alpng t h e l i n e s of c o n s t a n t -%a -&be d e c l i n a t i o n , always moving t o t h e c o r r e c t procedure f o r u t i l i z i n g Figure 8, i.e., within a launch window, a s t h e launch t i m e i n c r e a s e s , t h e c o a s t time (coast a r c ) decreases. 2he ranges of c o a s t a r c s (and c o a s t times) obtained from F i g u r e 8 can be matched t o t h e launch windows o b t a i n e d from Figure 7 by combining t h e values from t h e a s t e r i s k (*) s c a l e s t o d e f i n e one launch window and combining t h e values from t h e unmarked s c a l e s to form t h e o t h e r launch window. ' K e r e f o r e froan the range LAUNCH AZIMUTH (dep) COAST TIME (rnlnl Figure 8 - Launch Azimuth a s a Function of Coast Arc and Coast Time with Declination a s t h e Paradleter �o f launch azimuths and t h e v a l u e o f b used i n t h e example above, t h e following information i s obtaina b l e front Figures 7 and 8. Two launch witidows a r e a v a i l a b l e , both o f f i v e hours d u r a t i o n . The f g r s t launch w i d o w opens w i t h a launch azimuth o f 7@ and a c o a s t time o f d m u t 37 minutes. As t h e launch tZme *ncreases, the launch azimuth slowly i n c r e a s e s and t h e c o a s t time slowly d e c r e a s e s u n t i l , a t t h e end of t h e f i r s t window, t h e launch a z i m t % has reached 110' and t h e c o a s t time h a s d e c l i n e d to about 21 d n u t e s . About 1 0 hours l a t e r the second launch window opens w i t h a launch azimuth of 70' and a c o a s t time o f about 67 minutes. Acxoss t h e window, t h e launch azimuth and c o a s t time v a r y slowly, a s b e f o r e , u n t i l a t t h e end o f tIy f i v e hour wendow, t h e launch azimuth a t t a i n s 110' and t h e c o a s t t i m e reaches 51 minutes. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e launch azimuth and 6, t h e c o a s t a r c 19 a l s o a f u n c t i o n of such t h i n g s a s t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s , t h e i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h e t&e aneomely of' t h e iWje.ction. i t i W a t h e escape hyperb o l a , t h e l e n g t h o f t h e f i r s t and second burn a r c s of t h e b o o s t v e h i c l e , t h e r a d i u s o f c l o s e approach of t h e escape hypefbola, and t h e l a t i t u d e of t h e launch s i t e . Constant values were assumed f o r a l l of t h e s e parameters and t h e values t h a t were used should c e r t a i n l y b e included w i t h thh supplemental information provided w i t h t h e graph. It may n o t be necessary t o i n c l u d e a f u l l e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e meani n g of t h e s e parameters, b u t t h e aystems a n a l y s t should be provided w i t h t h e knowledge t h a t assumpt i o n s were made and should be given t h e values of . t h e c o n s t a n t s t h a t were used. The values o f t h e c o n s t a n t s used i n t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e d a t a o f Figure 8 a r e , i n t h e o r d e r given above and beginning = 6583 km (a 100 w i t h t h e parking o r b i t r a d i u s : 12.125 n a u t i c a l m i l e a l t i t u d e parking o r b i t ) ; C, k d ? s e c 2 ; u = 16.2'; 4 = 20.47'~ I)1 = 29.0'; RCA = 6583 km; m = 28.28'. Since Pigure 8 could be expected t o be used w i t h a wide range of Cj '8, and a change i n t h e C3 does a f f e c t t h e v a l u e of t h e c o a s t time ( c o a s t a r c ) , t h e e f f e c t o f a v a r i a t i o n i n C, upon t h e launch window w i l l be discussed b r i e f l y . A s f o r t h e e f f e c t of t h e o t h e r parameters upon t h e c o a s t time, s u f f i c e i t t o say t h a t i f a launch i s made from Cape Kennedy w i t h a S a t u r n V c l a s s v e h i c l e , t h e information obtained from Figure 8 would be completely adequate f o r use i n mission design s t u d i e s . I f t h e launch window information obtained from Figure 8 i s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n i n t e r p l a n e t a r y t r a j e c t o r y which r e q u i r e s a n i n j e c t i o n energy (C,) t h a t i s d i f f e r e n t from 12 .I25 I& /sec2, then a c o r r e c t i o n should be made t o t h e c o a s t times ( c o a s t a r c s ) provided by Figure 8. Figure 9 shows t h e amount of t h e c o a s t time c o r r e c t i o n a s a f u n c t i o n of Simply combine t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c o a s t time C,. c o r r e c t i o n from Figure 9 w i t h t h e values of t h e c o a s t time obtained from Figure 6. + COAST TIME ( m i n l , % - To complete t h e supplemental informatioh which would accompany Figures 7 and 8 i n a mission design document, mention should be made of t h e use of "dog- leg" maneuvers which could be used t o extend t h e launch window. Of course, t h e p e n a l t i e s i n c u r r e d from t h e use of a "dog-leg" maneuver should a l s o be d i s c u s s e d . A s mentioned previously, i f t h e s i x subheadings l i s t e d under S e c t i o n I1 a r e used a s a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental information which should accompany each c h a r t o r graph, then t h e l i k e l i h o o d of misunderstandings and m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s can be reduced, and t h e systems engineer can u t i l i z e t h e d a t a with f u l l knowledge of t h e options which a r e a v a i l a b l e t o him. Figure 9 .. . V. - Parking-Orbit Coast Time Correction a s a Function of C, - < ~t eal l i t e O r b i t a l Considera t i o n s The f i n a l phase t o be considered i n a mission design study i s t h e a r r i v a l of t h e s p a c e c r a f t a t t h e trjirget p l a n e t . The a s trodynamica 1 d a t a supplied t o the' systems a n a l y s t i n support of t M s phase of t h e study i s c h i e f l y concerned with t h e r e p r e s e n t s t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a l l a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s about Mars, and t h e method by which these o r b i t s can be a t t a i n e d . It i s n o t f e a s i b l e , w i t h i n t h e l i m i t e d space a v a i l a b l e i n t h i s paper, t o p r e s e n t and d i s c e s s the c h a r t s and graphs which would b e used t o c l a s s i f y and l o c a t e s p e c i f i c o r b i t s of i n t e r e s t . The d i s c u s s i o n w i l l d e a l p r i marily with the major s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a i n t s which must be considered i n the course of t h e o r b i t s e l e c t i o n process. Since t h e primary reason f o r an o r b i t a l reconnaissance mission t o Mars i s the s c i e n t i f i c invest i g a t i o n of t h e p l a n e t , i t would seem reasonable t o c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e s c i e n t i f i c c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These requirements might i n c l u d e r e s t r i c t i o n s on, o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n s o f , t h e o r b i t ' s s i Z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n f o r such purposes a s photography, W photometry, meteorology, f i e l d s and p e r t i c l e s measurements, S-band o c c u l t a t i o n s , magnerometer measurements, o r r e l e a s e of a lander capsule. When a l l of t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s which r e s u l t from experiments such a s these a r e imposed upon t h e o r b i t , t h e r e s u l t i n g number of p o s s i b l e o r b i t s which could be used i s , a t b e s t , s e v e r e l y reduced. Nat, consider t h e engineering c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e o r b i t . These c o n s t r a i n t s a r e imposed s o t h a t t h e various s p a c e c r a f t systems and subsystems w i l l o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y , and thus permit t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s mentioned above t o proceed normally. The engineering c o n s t r a i n t s may p l a c e requirements on the o r b i t f o r such things a s power generation ( s p a c e c r a f t must remain i n s u n l i g h t �.- p 5 -. a s much a s p o s s i b l e ) , navigation ( s p a c e c r a f t must maintain f i x on n a v i g a t i o n a l s t a r t s ) ) , and commun i c e t i o n s (spacpcraf t must maintain c o n t a c t with e a r t h f o r t h e transmission of d e w ) . I n a d d i t i o n t o these c o n s t r a i n t s t h e l i m i t a t i o n imposed by t h e performance of t h e s p a c e c r a f t retro-propulsion system must be conaiderad. This performance ca2ab i l i t y p l a c e s a lower bound on t h e s i t e and shaoe of t h e o r b i t s which can be a t t a i n e d about Mars. The l i m i t a t i o n s imposed by t h i s c o n s t r a i n t a r e represented on t h e i n t e r p l a n e t a r y launch opportunity c h a r t s by t h e parameter VW (see Figure 4). When a l l o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c and engineering c o n s t r a t n t s which have thus f a r been discussed a r e imposed, i n t o t a l , a s requirements upon t h e o r b i t , t h e number of o r b i t s which can provide t h e d e s i r e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is o f e n zero. Thus, s i n c e i t w i l l very l i k e l y be t h e c a s e t h a t everything which i s required o r d e s i r e d cannot be achieved, i t w i l l be necessary f o r t h e systems a n a l y s t t o perform t r a d e o f f s t u d i e s i h o r d e r t o maximize t h e t o t a l s c i e n t i f i c r e t u r n from t h e mission. The arrtrodpnamicist should t h e r e f o r e supply d a t a which would r e p r e s e n t , i n an e f f e c t i v e manner, t h e impact of each of t h e c o n s t r a i n t s upon t h e s i z e , shape, i n c l i n a t i o n , and o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e a v a i l a b l e o r b i t s , and which would i n d i c a t e t o t h e a n a l y s t t h e a v a i l a b l e ranges of t h e q r b i t a i parameters s o t h a t t h e s t u d i e s can be perfomed i n a n e f f i c i m t and m n i n g f u l manner. , The e f f e c t i v e t r a n s f e r of d a t a from t h e a s t r o dynamicist t o t h e systems engineer can be accomp l i s h e d r a t h e r e a s i l y i f e l i t t l e c a r e i s taken i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemenU1 information which should aceompany each of t h e c h a r t s and graphs. The use of a c h e c k l i s t i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e supplemental i n f o m t i o n may help t o e l i m i n a t e omissions which may occur because of t h e a s t r u dynamicist's f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h h i s own m a t e r i a l . The o b j e c t i v e of the astrodynamicist should be t o p r e s e n t t o t h e systems engineer material'whicF can be used e s s i l y and e f f e c t i v e l y , and which w i l l cont a i n a l l of t h e supplemental information necessary t o enable t h e system a n a l y s t t o perform meaningful tradeof f s t u d i e s atid make knowledgeable d e c i s i o n s . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000129 Title A name given to the resource "The Astrodynamicist's Role vis-a-vis the Systems Engineer." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. AIAA Paper No. 69-124 Description An account of the resource By J. Reynolds Duncan, Jr., Aerospace Engineer, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. AIAA 7th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York City, New York, January 20 - 22, 1969. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Duncan, J. Reynolds, Jr. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-01-22 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrodynamics Communication of technical information Space flight to Mars Systems engineering Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 30, Folder 14 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18064 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1273/spc_stnv_000130.pdf 4c014933feea0e6dbd20c76d08f8fbe3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000130 Title A name given to the resource Saturn Launch Vehicles Astrionics System Handbook, 2nd revised edition. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA-CR 71607 Description An account of the resource This updated edition of the Astrionics System Handbook instructs, "The enclosed pages change, delete, or supplement the information in the Astrionics System Handbook (1 August 1965). Insert these pages and destroy the pages they replace." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Decher, Rudolf George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Astrionics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-08-15 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrionics Control Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Spacecraft electronic equipment Type The nature or genre of the resource Operating manuals Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 18, Folder 24 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17518 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1274/spc_stnv_000130.pdf 4c014933feea0e6dbd20c76d08f8fbe3 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1274/spc_stnv_000131.pdf 42d68b2d0e38e333e1249983547fbe29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000131 Title A name given to the resource Saturn Launch Vehicles Astrionics System Handbook. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA-CR 71607 Description An account of the resource Includes change pages. Contract NAS8-14000. Second revised edition. V66-15610. NASA-CR71607. The introduction notes, "This second revised edition of the Astrionics System Handbook has been developed under the direction and overall supervision of Dr. Rudolf Decher of the Astrionics Systems Engineering Office. This description of the Saturn Astrionics System has been generated by personnel of the Astrionics Laboratory, the staff of the Astrionics Systems Engineering Office, and by personnel of the International Business Machines Corporation working under Contract NAS8- 14000. The handbook will be updated and expanded as it becomes necessary due to changes or refinements in the system concept and hardware. Sections not contained in the first release of this document will be made available within three months." Signed by Ludie G. Richard, Chief, Systems Engineering Office, Astrionics Laboratory. The document is missing pages in the following locations: Chapters 8, 9, 12. Sections 15.2, 15.3, 15.4-1 thru 15.4-16, 15.5-1 thru 15.5-2, 15.5-5 thru 15.5-8. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Decher, Rudolf George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Astrionics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-08-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Astrionics Control Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Spacecraft electronic equipment Type The nature or genre of the resource Operating manuals Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 14, Folder 43 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17190 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1275/spc_stnv_000132.pdf 1ec6b2cf18c7d1a13dd310a5a5133c22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000132 Title A name given to the resource "A Study of Saturn V and Intermediate Vehicle Improvement Programs Executive Summary Report." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA TM X-53723 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "The purpose of this report is to summarize the results of three companion studies designed to investigate both the performance growth potential of the Saturn V and the utilization of Saturn V equipment to fill the performance gap in the intermediate payload range between the Saturn IB and the Saturn V. This report includes significant data which is intended to aid the planning of future missions. This data reflects some of the various vehicle configurations which can be used by mission planners to satisfy payload desires in excess of the Saturn IB and Saturn V." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Davies, Robert George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-04-16 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Government contractors--United States Payloads Saturn 5 launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Saturn S-2 stage Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 24 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17871 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1276/spc_stnv_000133.pdf edf64bbd3d902ac6210ed7bf14e1a2a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000133 Title A name given to the resource "Automatic Pressure Transducer Calibration System." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. NASA TM X-53678 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "The development of an automatic pressure transducer calibration system is discussed in this report. Evolution from past practices and systems into an automatic calibration system with computerized data handling is described." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Schuler, Albert E. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-11-29 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Calibrating Data processing Mechanization Pressure sensors Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Technical reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 24, Folder 8 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17771 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1277/spc_stnv_000134.pdf 9bf6179d2378e83535ed213299be89e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000134 Title A name given to the resource "Automatic Saturn V Page Test System." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. IBM No: 65-825-1430 Description An account of the resource The abstract notes, "This paper describes the Automatic Saturn V Page Test System. The system is used to evaluate microminiature Unit Logic Device (ULD) circuits. A page is an assembly consisting of a magnesium- lithium frame, an input-output connector, test points, and multilateral printed circuit boards that interconnect the IUDs into logic circuits. The test system automatically performs tests for shorted voltages and shorted diodes, static logic function, and pulse function." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wylie, W. D. International Business Machines Corporation. Federal Systems Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1965-05-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Automatic test equipment Computer arithmetic and logic units Logic circuits Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Technical reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 13, Folder 33 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17125 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1278/spc_stnv_000135.pdf 10d6261076f5e22d15b89eb43259281a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000135 Title A name given to the resource "Automated PCM Data Processor Theory of Operation." Description An account of the resource Includes a blueprint of DDAS System Block Diagram. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Toney, J. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Airborne/spaceborne computers Astronautics--Communication systems Data processing Saturn Project (U.S.) Space vehicle checkout program Type The nature or genre of the resource Reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Series X: Drawings University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/19754 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1279/spc_stnv_000136.pdf 2d5f38e62cbaa9f18b4b24cb48121131 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000136 Title A name given to the resource "Bendix: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow." Description An account of the resource This history has been abstracted from the text of a speech given by Mr. A. P. Fontaine, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer, The Bendix Corporation to the Newcomen Society of North American on December 8, 1966. This Newcomen address was delivered at the "1966 Michigan Dinner" of the society held at Detroit, Michigan when Mr. Fontaine was the guest of honor. Portions of Mr. Fontaine's talk relative to the Baltimore Divisions and Bendix Field Engineering were amplified locally to provide more historical detail concerning those organizations.; Stapled to this brochure is a letter to Mr. David L. Christensen, Documentation Coordinator, Saturn History Program, University of Alabama, Huntsville from Paul R. Leatherwood, Jr., Director, Public Relations, Bendix Field Engineering Corporation dated August 26, 1969. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Fontaine, A. P. (Athanas Paul), 1905- Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1966-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Christensen, David L. Leatherwood, Paul R., Jr. Bendix Corporation Bendix Field Engineering Corporation Government contractors--United States Type The nature or genre of the resource Histories (literary works) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 15, Folder 43 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17374 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1280/spc_stnv_000138.pdf c9bb3a070ddfa814f788381bfa212c11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000138 Title A name given to the resource "Bibliography of Research and Development Reports on the Centaur Program for Period 1958-1962." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. GDA-AOC63-0400 Description An account of the resource Contract AF 18(600)-1775AD 815-832. Original is 6 sheets of microforms. Pages i, ii, iv, vi-xii, 110 and 344 missing on microforms. The title page notes that the document "Supersedes AE62-0400 and Supplements -A, -B, &amp; -C." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Peck, T. P. General Dynamics Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-03-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Centaur launch vehicle Centaur project Government contractors--United States Research and development Type The nature or genre of the resource Bibliographies Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 8, Folder 15 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17312 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1281/spc_stnv_000139.pdf c9d0a1266d372271d5b8c89d34985d6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000139 Title A name given to the resource "A Bibliography of Wernher von Braun." Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. IN-MS-I-64-1 Description An account of the resource The document is designated for internal use only. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sharpe, Mitchell R. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964-02 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Communication in science German Americans Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Bibliographies Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 15, Folder 38 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17369 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1282/spc_stnv_000140.pdf 9140d41f818ff4b42018a5d9d11ddc7c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000140 Title A name given to the resource Bibliography of AEDC J-2 engine test reports. Description An account of the resource Includes a letter to David L. Christensen, Research Institute, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama from James Neely, dated March 18, 1969, with the subject line, "Technical paper entitled 'Start Transient Investigation of the Rocketdyne J-2 engine at Simulated Altitude Conditions.' " The bibliography of all AEDC J-2 engine test reports between July 1966 and Octoebr 1968 is attached. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Neely, James United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1969-03-18 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Altitude simulation J-2 engine Propulsion Type The nature or genre of the resource Bibliographies Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 31, Folder 7 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/18090 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1283/spc_stnv_000141.pdf c841792e63c9a68242ca19a17a8e2e88 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000141 Title A name given to the resource Bibliography of RIFT documentation, 1968. Description An account of the resource This bibliography appears to be an excerpt of a larger publication. The scan is very poor. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-21 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Nuclear rocket engines Saturn Project (U.S.) RIFT (reactor in flight test) Type The nature or genre of the resource Bibliographies Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 19 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17827 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1284/spc_stnv_000142.pdf 77fbfe010026bb6e2d609c82c4d4a9a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000142 Title A name given to the resource "A Bibliography of Wernher von Braun, 1967." Description An account of the resource This official bibliography includes English- and foreign-language books, articles, and interviews. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977 Communication in science German Americans Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Bibliographies Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 7 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17815 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1285/spc_stnv_000143.pdf ac8a57554dbbaca865efb65710a5c5fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000143 Title A name given to the resource "Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory Bimonthly Progress Report, April and May 1967." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1967-06-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource NASA space programs Project management Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Progress reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 22, Folder 30 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17690 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1286/spc_stnv_000145.pdf 45169c47a9bbdda76a436930c254a275 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000145 Title A name given to the resource "General Electric/MTSD's First Five Years as Prime NASA Support Contractor at Mississippi Test Facility, Bay St. Louis, Miss." Description An account of the resource A handwritten note on the title page notes that the document was received from Earl F. Rodriguez, General Electric Co., MTSD in Bay St. Louis. Includes a chronology of General Electric activity in south Mississippi. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource General Electric Corporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource General Electric Corporation Government contractors--United States Mississippi Test Facility Rocket test facilities Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Histories (literary works) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 24, Folder 30 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17793 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1287/spc_stnv_000146.pdf ab252a1a5e031df7b165e4ebc1ebd047 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000146 Title A name given to the resource "Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory Bimonthly Progress Report, December 1967-January 1968." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-02-01 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource NASA space programs Project management Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Progress reports Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 23 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17831 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1288/spc_stnv_000147.pdf 6701cb039eef0db91d057cfca7474e53 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000147 Title A name given to the resource Apollo 5 press kit. Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Release No: 68-6K Description An account of the resource For release Thursday P.M., January 11, 1968. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Office of Public Affairs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-01-11 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Apollo 5 flight Government contractors--United States Project Apollo (U.S.) Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) Type The nature or genre of the resource Press kits Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 12 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17820 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1289/spc_stnv_000148.pdf 055913793d944acd639d39bb12ccde9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000148 Title A name given to the resource Michoud Assembly Facility Historical Report, January 1, 1967-December 31, 1967. Description An account of the resource Pages 1 and 2 appear to have been cut out of the document. Page 14 is only half a page. Page 40 is repeated but each page has different information. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Michoud Assembly Facility (George C. Marshall Space Flight Center) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-02-24 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Government contractors--United States Michoud Assembly Facility (George C. Marshall Space Flight Center) Saturn 5 launch vehicles Saturn 1B launch vehicles Saturn S-1C stage Type The nature or genre of the resource Histories (literary works) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 25, Folder 36 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17844 https://digitalprojects.uah.edu/files/original/20/1290/spc_stnv_000149.pdf fc698302d42393fbf9497c7118565e6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saturn V Collection Relation A related resource <a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a> Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Saturn V Collection Description An account of the resource <p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p> <p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p> <p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context spc_stnv_000149 Title A name given to the resource System Safety Plan, Industrial Operations, Marshall Space Flight Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource O'Connor , Edmund F. George C. Marshall Space Flight Center Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968-03-12 Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1960-1969 Subject The topic of the resource Project Apollo (U.S.) Saturn launch vehicles Saturn Project (U.S.) System safety Type The nature or genre of the resource Plans (reports) Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saturn V Collection Box 26, Folder 6 University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama Language A language of the resource en Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections. Relation A related resource spc_stnv_000119_000149 Is Referenced By A related resource that references, cites, or otherwise points to the described resource. http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/archival_objects/17853